TY - JOUR AN - 00786905 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Everson, Jeffrey H AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - IMPACT OF ADVERSE WEATHER ON SENSORS FOR VEHICLE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - p. 163-168 AB - This paper looks at the use of in-vehicle imaging sensors to achieve lateral control to avoid single vehicle roadway departure crashes. Transformed imagery is used to determine the relationship between adverse weather versus the ability of the sensor/image processing algorithm to maintain lateral vehicle stability. KW - Automatic steering control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Optical detectors KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642006 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786907 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Zhang, Jian AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - AN INTERSECTION AUXILIARY SIGNAL SYSTEM PY - 1995 SP - p. 180-190 AB - This paper presents the Intersection Auxiliary Signal System (IAS) design to reduce intersection accidents due to drivers' misjudgments of traffic situations and/or agressive behavior. The system provides drivers with accurate information on dynamic traffic conditions and suggestions on correct actions to take. KW - Human factors KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642008 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786892 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - D'Agostino, Salvatore A AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - APPLICATION OF MACHINE VISION TO ELECTRONIC TOLL AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1995 SP - p. 10-16 AB - This paper reviews different types of electronic toll and traffic management (ETTM) applications using machine vision systems. It then looks at the types of machine vision systems and their evolution. It examines some current applications of machine vision to electronic toll automatic vehicle classification and violation enforcement. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Computer vision KW - Law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641993 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786894 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Furstenau, N AU - Janzen, D AU - Goetze, W AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - FIBER-OPTIC SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR AIRPORT GROUND TRAFFIC MONITORING PY - 1995 SP - p. 29-38 AB - This paper describes fiber-optic sensor systems developed for airport ground traffic monitoring and the first steps toward their installation in an experimental surface movement guidance and control system (ESMGCS). Initial results obtained with fiber-optic light barriers and vibrations sensors are reported. The feasibility of employing interferometric strain gauges for this application are also discussed. KW - Airports KW - Detectors KW - Fiber optics KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641995 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786901 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Weber, J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - AN INTEGRATED STEREO-BASED APPROACH TO AUTOMATIC VEHICLE GUIDANCE PY - 1995 SP - p. 116-127 AB - In this paper, the authors propose a new approach for vision based longitudinal and lateral vehicle control. The novel feature of this approach is the use of binocular vision. Two modules are integrated consisting of a new, domain-specific binocular stereo algorithm, and a lane marker detection algorithm. Integration results show improved performance for each of the modules. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Computer vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642002 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786903 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Stauffer, Don AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - MAGNETIC LATERAL GUIDANCE SENSORS FOR AUTOMATED HIGHWAYS PY - 1995 SP - p. 138-149 AB - This paper describes the application of a magnetic sensor combined with a magnetic highway marking system in providing an all-weather cost effective lateral guidance system. KW - Automated highways KW - In vehicle sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777460 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Mononen, Jussi AU - Nieminen, Turo AU - Rintanen, Kari AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AUTONOMOUS LAND VEHICLES PY - 1995 SP - 9 p. AB - This paper describes the development of a control system for autonomous land vehicles. Three major components comprise the bulk of the system: a Mission Planning and Control Unit, a Piloting System Unit, and a Positioning Unit. The system uses real-time Kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) positioning control with fiber optic gyros for high positioning accuracy. Kalman filters are used to achieve data fusion. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Autonomous land vehicles KW - Global Positioning System KW - Kalman filtering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777462 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - DeMers, Robert AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - VEHICLE CONDITION MONITORING FOR THE AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM PY - 1995 SP - 11 p. AB - This paper describes a system for monitoring the effectiveness of a vehicle in terms of capability to enter and operate in an Automated Highway System (AHS). The system possesses fault monitoring capabilities, enabling a vehicle to be a viable component of an AHS. A simulated steering system is shown to have an impact on the highway design, controller, and driver's role as part of the fault detection and reconfiguration process. KW - Automated highways KW - Fault monitoring KW - Steering systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511146 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777432 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Cherry, James R AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - APPLICATION OF ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY TO OBSTACLE DETECTION PY - 1995 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper focuses on the application of ultrasonic detection technology to obstacle detection systems. Field test results show that drivers are the key to the successful expansion of the application of obstacle detection devices. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Detectors KW - Ultrasonic detectors KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511131 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777434 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Kluge, Rudiger AU - Skabrond, Klaus AU - Ostermann, Jurgen AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - INTEGRATED DRIVER AND VEHICLE INFORMATION SYSTEMS : MODULAR DESIGN VERSUS INCREASING COMPLEXITY PY - 1995 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper describes KIIFIS, the Integrated Driver Information System which tracks deviations from established key vehicle monitoring values. The interactive system, through a monitor, can provide vehicle data and communication between a driver and the fleet office. The system can also perform diagnostic functions to determine malfunctions in the transmission control, the antilock brake system and the electronic diesel control system. KW - Driver information systems KW - Information display systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511133 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777464 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Rath, H AU - Knechtges, J AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - EFFECTIVE ACTIVE SAFETY TO REDUCE ROAD ACCIDENTS PY - 1995 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper looks at the concepts of passive and active safety technologies in vehicle design. The authors contend that the development of active safety technology has been less successful that passive safety, partly due to the factor of risk compensation, and partly due to the fact that drivers need technical assistance in order to overcome their own shortcomings. The authors present a program of active safety technology development which focuses on enabling drivers to reach higher levels of competency in critical situations. KW - Automatic braking KW - Crashes KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777466 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Weir, David H AU - Bourne, Simon M AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - AN OVERVIEW OF THE DRI DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1995 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper reports on a simulator that can be used for driver/vehicle applied research and driver behavior studies. The simulator has so far been utilized in steering and pedal controls layout, high speed brake in turn, and driver workload related to the use of an in-dash navigation and route guidance system. KW - Driving simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773965 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) PROJECTS PY - 1995 SP - xi, 421 p. AB - The National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program is focused on the development and deployment of a collection of user services. These user services are grouped into "bundles," based on likely deployment scenarios. This report describes those ITS projects that are wholly or partially funded by the Department of Transportation's (DOT) modal administration, including the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Transit Administration (FRA), and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The report is a complement to the National ITS Program Plan, and is organized to describe those DOT-sponsored activities which support the development of user services, national compatibility planning deployment, deployment support, and program assessment. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489901 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777430 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Woll, Jerry D AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - VEHICLE COLLISION WARNING SYSTEM WITH DATA RECORDING CAPABILITY PY - 1995 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper describes a vehicle collision warning system that has data recording capabilities. It examines the vehicle data management system and the accident reconstruction data system. Further discussion is presented on the driver and vehicle experiences based on customer utilization. KW - Consumer behavior KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511129 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777459 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Ziegler, Walter AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - COMPUTER VISION ON THE ROAD : A LANE DEPARTURE AND DROWSY DRIVER WARNING SYSTEM PY - 1995 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper first summarizes progress to date in truck safety-related technology. It then examines opportunities for advanced collision techniques, including electronic braking, object detection, and driver monitoring. The authors discuss the differences between active and passive safety systems. The paper concludes with a discussion on governmental roles and the need for consistent standards. KW - Driver monitoring KW - Emergency communication systems KW - Image processing KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775820 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - ITS America TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS : ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES : WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, RESTON VIRGINIA, MARCH 21-22, 1994 PY - 1995 SP - 208 p. AB - This report presents the proceedings from a workshop on collision avoidance systems. Focus of the workshop was on determining the driver's role in collision avoidance systems and what information is needed to evaluate the safety and benefits of the systems. The workshop also discussed the status of the development of intelligent cruise control systems and their related collision avoidance capabilities. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777427 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Riling, James J AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - SENSING AND DIAGNOSTIC MODULE FOR AIRBAGS PY - 1995 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper examines air bag sensors that are used in trucking applications. It focuses on passive and active air bag sensing and discrimination systems. The paper also describes features and functions of the Central Airbag Controllers in their application to airbag systems. KW - Air bags KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511126 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777429 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Mazzae, Elizabeth N AU - Garrott, W Riley AU - Flick, Mark A AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATION OF EXISTING SIDE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM DRIVER INTERFACES PY - 1995 SP - 46 p. AB - This paper presents an assessment of the driver interface component of side collision avoidance systems. It looks at the design of the interfaces, and recommendations are presented regarding ergonomically desirable or undesirable features. A preliminary set of driver interface performance specifications are listed. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Human factors KW - In vehicle sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777431 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Hyland, Warren AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - BLIND SPOT SYSTEMS : DESIGN ISSUES PY - 1995 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper examines design issues associated with collision avoidance systems. Focus is on considering the many parameters that need to be considered in the development of blind spot detection systems. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - In vehicle sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511130 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777433 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Thoma, Donald L AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - ENHANCED CARGO AND VEHICLE SECURITY THROUGH LOW-EARTH ORBITING PY - 1995 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper describes how low-earth orbiting (LEO) satellites can be used to increase operating efficiency and enhance cargo security for trailers and cargo containers. It focuses on the ORBCOMM Network which, in 1996, offered the first commercial LEO system for trailer tracking and vehicle monitoring. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Satellite communication KW - Security UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511132 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777463 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Akatsuka, M AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - COLOR STN-LCD FOR AUTOMOTIVE INFORMATION DISPLAY PY - 1995 SP - 7 p. AB - This paper describes a Super Twisted Nematic - Liquid Crystal Display (STN-LCD), designed for automotive applications. The display can be used in navigation systems, traffic information systems, and vehicle diagnostics. In comparison to Thin Film Transfer LCDs, the STN-LCD offers a high contrast ratio, fast switching speed, and better cost benefit. KW - Driver information systems KW - Information display systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777465 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Freeman, J S AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - THE IOWA DRIVING SIMULATOR : AN IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATION OVERVIEW PY - 1995 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper gives an overview of the Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS) designed to create high fidelity, operator-in-the-loop vehicle simulation and realistic cueing feedback to the driver. The paper refers to a number of human factors issues that are currently being investigated. Focus is on two specific applications of the IDS: a study of Automated Highway Systems (AHS) and vehicle virtual prototyping on a virtual proving ground. KW - Driving simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777458 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Huy, Gerrit AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - USE OF TELEMATICS IN CURRENT MERCEDES-BENZ PROJECTS PY - 1995 SP - 30 p. AB - This paper discusses efforts by Mercedes-Benz to include telematics in their vehicle products. Emphasis is on having the products and services be based on a common system architecture, with focus on flexibility, modularity and interoperability. KW - Electronic equipment KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Vehicle body parts KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777428 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Schoenian, Richard J AU - Cameron, Deborah L AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - CVO VEHICLE-TO-ROADSIDE COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS PY - 1995 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper studies vehicle to roadside communications systems and their application to commercial vehicle operations (CVO). It focuses on the roadside infrastructure, in-vehicle electronics, and industry standards. Additional issues for discussion include weigh station preclearance, electronic toll collection, automated border crossings and in-vehicle signing. The paper concludes with a discussion on an open and expandable architecture. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777461 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Borcherts, R AU - Oshizawa, H AU - Fujii, T AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Hughes Transportation Management Systems AU - Transportation Research Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Eaton Vorad Technologies AU - Autosense Ltd. AU - Armatron International, Inc. AU - Orbital Communications Corporation AU - VDO Adolf Schingling AG AU - Daimler-Benz A.G. AU - Modulaire Inc. AU - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AU - Zexel Corporation AU - Honeywell AU - Optrex Corporation AU - Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. AU - Lucas Braking Systems AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated TI - NAVMATE, AN ITS DEPLOYMENT EXAMPLE PY - 1995 SP - 11 p. AB - This paper describes the development of the NAVMATE route guidance system and its evolution, seven years later, into the Oldsmobile GUIDESTAR system. Focus is on three phases of the development: Phase I, which studied route guidance and vehicle positioning; Phase II which focused on hardware that used a CRT display and a touch screen and Phase III, which studied the man-machine interface, system installation and removal, and performance. KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Marketing KW - Navmate (Route guidance system) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511145 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747044 AU - Yoganandan, N AU - Pintar, F AU - SKRADE, D AU - Sances, A AU - Williams, A AU - UNGER, G AU - Hargarten, Stephen AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THORACIC TRAUMA IN A FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-04 SP - p. 110-7 AB - The objective of this study was to determine the biomechanics of the human thorax in a simulated frontal collision. Sled tests were conducted using unembalmed human cadavers at velocities of 32 or 48 kph. Specimens were restrained using air bag - knee bolster, air bag - lap belt, or air bag - three-point belt combinations. Deformation contours derived from the chest bands indicated regional differences in the biodynamic response. Nondisplaced rib fractures occurred without internal injuries or without the laceration of the costal pleura through the fractured rib. The number of rib fractures identified on routine clinical radiographs were consistently smaller than the number found at autopsy. The rib trauma mechanism was determined to be compression and/or bending-related for the air bag - three-point belt restraint system wherein fractures were concentrated around the shoulder harness region and the lateral-most area of the rib cage on the right side. The skeletal injury mechanism for the air bag - knee bolster system was secondary to a compressive force directed along the anteroposterior axis and applied bilaterally over the lower torso regions. The biomechanical response of the thorax is different between air bag - three-point belt loading, compared to the air bag - knee bolster restraint combinations. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Knee KW - Knee (human) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476824 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747055 AU - Hayano, K AU - ONO, K AU - MATSUOKA, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING OUT-OF-POSITION VEHICLE OCCUPANT INTERACTIONS WITH DEPLOYED AIRBAGS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-19 SP - p. 245-59 AB - The document "ISO/TC22/SC1O/WG3" currently discusses the standardization of test procedures for out-of-position occupants of vehicles with airbags.The purpose of the present experiments was to contribute to these ISO (International Standardization Organisation) activities by testing the major out-of-position items proposed in the draft ISO Technical Report, "Guidelines for Evaluating Out-of-Position Vehicle Occupant Interactions with Deploying Airbags". This was formally recognized as a draft at the meeting of the ISO working group (ISO/TC22/SC10/W93) in April 1990. Consequently, prospective test procedures were discussed that will enable to properly evaluate the occupant's out-of-position behaviour in relation to airbag deployment. Among the 212 cases of out-of-position tests provided in the ISO Technical Report, this report deals with the results of 30 cases that were experimented with from 1990 to 1992. A Hybrid III (AM50) dummy and an airbag three-year-old child dummy with driver and/or passenger airbags were used. The test results indicated the importance of the degree of dummy setting and the injury rating indicated by dummy responses. Therefore, the dummy positions of the 30 cases were studied, resulting in the selection of the eight most recommendable dummy positions. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Adult KW - Adults KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - International Organization for Standardization KW - International Standards Organization KW - Iso KW - Location KW - Location KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476835 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747062 AU - FUKANO, J AU - OKABAYASHI, S AU - SAKATA, M AU - HATADA, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE HEAD-UP DISPLAYS FOR NAVIGATION USE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-02 SP - p. 306-14 AB - This paper discusses the effectiveness of head-up displays (HUDs) in the following two major applications based on the results of preliminary visual-optical experiments: (1) as an interactive display system that improves both operating ease and display legibility; and (2) as a navigation system capable of giving drivers a large quantity of complex information efficiently and safely. It is shown that drivers can receive some critical or emergency information from their effective forward field of view while looking at a HUD, when the angle of depression of the display is small. The use of HUDs as interactive display systems can capitalize on the small angle of depression that is one of the advantages of the HUD design. A new HUD system for navigation use is also proposed. Other advantages of HUDs include the long distance to the displayed image, and the ability to superimpose the displayed information on the forward view in a compatible manner. The use of HUDs in navigation systems can effectively exploit these advantages. It is thought that a navigation system built around a HUD could contribute to enhanced driving safety, because drivers need not divert their attention from the road in order to see the displayed information. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Eye movement KW - Eye movements KW - Field of vision KW - Field of vision KW - Information display systems KW - Legibility KW - Legibility KW - Printed publicity KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Visual display KW - Visual display KW - Visual display units (Computers) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476842 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747069 AU - PACHIAUDI, G AU - CHAPON, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAR PHONE AND ROAD SAFETY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-09 SP - p. 360-3 AB - The aim of this study is to experimentally assess the potential risk on road safety when using a handsfree phone while driving in situation of interactive conversation. The exploratory research was carried out on an interactive driving simulator, and was based on about 40 routes performed by 17 subjects. In a first step, the observation of speed variations induced by the use of a phone brings two types of reaction into prominence: (1) no effect; and (2) a more rigid driving behaviour. This behaviour is shown by a speed increase or decrease, or by a longer period of oscillations around the required speed, or even by a total loss of speed control. These reactions were compared to answers to a questionnaire asking for the causes of difficulties encountered and how the driving task was disturbed by phoning while driving, and vice versa. This comparison has allowed to see how the subjects have managed the dual task. In most cases, they have used a time sharing strategy during which the main task, namely driving, is often perturbed by the second one, that is to say phoning. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Interview KW - Interviewing KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Telephone KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476849 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747080 AU - de Vos, A P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFE MANOEUVERS IN ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS - A SIMULATION STUDY OF ENTERING A MOTORWAY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-09 SP - p. 477-82 AB - In this paper an analysis is described of microscopic traffic behaviour when entering a motorway. The study is part of the DRIVE II ROad Safety Enhancement System (ROSES) project. In this project, an integrated infrastructure based and on-board road and weather monitoring system is developed and tested. A simulation model has been built, which incorporates the characteristics of vehicle performance and the driver control. For the subsequent phases of the entering procedure, a driver behaviour model has been designed. One specific road layout is investigated, while traffic situation and road friction are varied in a number of scenarios. Simulation results show that in slippery conditions a reduction of the mainstream traffic speed is required in order to maintain a proper safety level. The results of the study can be used in advanced traffic control and in-vehicle safety systems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Case study KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Merging traffic KW - Merging traffic KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Weather KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476860 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747087 AU - KOMPASS, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITS OF AN AIRBAG OPTIMIZATION BASED ON THE PASSIVE REQUIREMENTS OF STANDARD 208 PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-08 SP - p. 549-55 AB - Airbag systems that must satisfy Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 can only be optimized within narrow limits due to the passive restraint requirements. An airbag system developed according to Standard 208 brings with it, with reference to aggressivity among other things, such serious disadvantages that, considering the very high belt usage rates, one cannot speak of such a system as optimized for the majority of vehicle occupants. This presentation points out which problems originate from system development to meet passive requirements, and how an airbag can be optimized when it is designed as a restraint system supplemental to safety belts. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Optimum KW - Safety belt KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476867 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747094 AU - BLOCH, J A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTRODUCTION OF COMPATIBILITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRONTAL TEST PROCEDURE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-15 SP - p. 611-4 AB - In frontal impacts involving two light vehicles, two injury mechanisms are jointly involved, namely deceleration and intrusion. Generally speaking, the objective of research aimed at improving safety in case of an accident is primarily to improve the occupants' internal protection by acting on these two mechanisms. In this paper particular attention is paid to some research orientations with the aim of taking into account the occupants' safety of the antagonistic vehicle. It is attempted to determine the main parameters to be taken into account (mass, power/weight ratio, geometry, stiffness) as well as some indicators. A few research directions are given for study in the framework of the test procedures' definition. The aim is to take into consideration the notion of aggressiveness and more widely the compatibility between the frontal structures of the light vehicles. Among the paths worth exploring, it is suggested to work on the deformation of the obstacle which is defined in the regulatory test procedure projects. The work is supported by a literature study and experience of impact testing against rigid or deformable fixed obstacles. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Front KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476874 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747105 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAR SIZE AND SAFETY: A REVIEW FOCUSED ON IDENTIFYING CAUSATIVE FACTORS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-W-28 SP - p. 721-33 AB - In the last few years a number of additions to the technical literature on relationships between car size or mass and occupant risk of fatality or injury have appeared. This new information is reviewed, synthesized and used as the basis for additional calculations aimed at better identifying causal factors. Five studies from two countries consistently support that when cars of similar mass crash head-on into each other, driver risk is inversely related to the common car mass. Size is the dominant causative factor in this relationship, and in the higher rollover risk in lighter cars. Mass and size are causal factors in single-car nonrollover crashes. Mass exercises a dominant causal effect on car driver risk in crashes between vehicles whose masses differ by more than about 10%. As 70% of car occupant deaths occur in crashes involving only one car, and lighter/smaller cars increase driver risk in all of these, a smaller/lighter fleet causes increased casualties. Because mass is a dominant causal factor in crashes that account for over 50% of car occupant fatalities, mass reductions (even if size remained unchanged) would cause casualty increases. Any measure that reduces the mass of cars, even if car size remains unchanged, will increase car occupant fatalities. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Analysis (math) KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Dimension KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Risk KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476885 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747112 AU - REINHART, W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF COUNTERMEASURES TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF UNINTENDED ACCELERATION ACCIDENTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-O-07 SP - p. 821-45 AB - This paper provides a description of "Unintended Acceleration" (UA) in passenger cars. It presents data pertaining to the scope of the problem as defined by the number of accidents and injuries reported annually to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that are alleged to be associated with UA. The paper also discusses the causes of UA and countermeasures to reduce the incidence of UA. The paper provides analysis to assess the reductions in reported UA-related accident rates which have resulted from the use of automatic shift locks. UA reports are defined as incidents of high-powered unwanted vehicle acceleration from a stationary position or very slow speed, accompanied by reportedly ineffective brakes. Based on data obtained from NHTSA's computerized consumer complaint file system, and information obtained in the course of agency defect investigations, the paper concludes that the best known countermeasure to UA has been factory installation of automatic shift lock systems which prevent the driver from shifting the transmission out of Park unless the brake pedal is simultaneously applied. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerator (veh) KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Accident prevention KW - Accident rate KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Control KW - Control KW - Crash rates KW - Decrease KW - Decreases KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Error KW - Errors KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476892 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747119 AU - Viano, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF A SAFETY ADVERTISING CLAIM ON VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-W-18 SP - p. 891-5 AB - The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) publishes a list of fatality rates per 10,000 registered vehicles. In a report, the VW Jetta had a rate of 1.1 which was 21.4% lower than the Cadillac Brougham at 1.4. VW used this information in comparative advertising and claimed the reason for the difference was vehicle engineering. An indepth analysis of the crash data indicates that the Jetta is inherently less safe than the Brougham and that the observed difference is primarily due to an older occupant age, a lower fraction of single-vehicle crashes, and lower belt use by Brougham passengers as compared to Jetta. If the Jetta fatality rate is adjusted to a comparable driver age and safety belt use as in the Cadillac Brougham, the Jetta has an adjusted rate of 2.0 which is 42.9% higher than the Brougham at 1.4. This difference is consistent with expected inherent vehicle rates based on the weight advantage of the Brougham. The analysis indicates the potential for misuse of field accident data, which are heavily influenced by driver and environmental factors. Inappropriate advertising may mislead the public and cause inaccurate perceptions of vehicle safety. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Age KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747130 AU - Kanianthra, J N AU - Rains, G C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INNOVATIVE PADDING DESIGN FOR SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-11 SP - p. 1008-20 AB - This paper examined padding concepts to improve the effectiveness of padding. The paper is only intended to be an evaluation of various concepts as countermeasures for chest and pelvic protection in side impacts. In addition, a concept for a hydraulic bubble pad is analyzed. Parametric analyses of various padding characteristics and their effects on thoracic and pelvic injury potential are included. Corroboration of the findings given in the paper is suggested through bench testing and vehicle testing of suitable bubble pad designs. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Padding (safety) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476910 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747137 AU - HAALAND, Y AU - Lindqvist, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SENSOR FOR A SIDE AIRBAG: EVALUATION BY A NEW SUBSYSTEM TEST METHOD PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-W-26 SP - p. 1079-90 AB - This paper describes the evaluation of a door mounted side airbag sensor by a new pendulum subsystem test method. The sensor element is a percussion cap that fires above a certain impact speed. The sensor is located in the rear lower part of the door at a certain distance from the door outer surface. Full-scale tests with one car model and with mobile barrier front faces simulating rectangular (car-to-car impacts at right angle) and triangular (oblique car-to-car) side impacts were run at speeds around 20 km/h. Based on these full-scale tests, a large pendulum test rig was developed, consisting of an impactor and a partial and reinforced car body of the same type as that used in the low speed full-scale tests. The rig rested on four rubber pads to simulate wheel tire contacts. Only the door had to be exchanged between each test. With pendulum weights of 550 and 620 kg (for rectangular and triangular barrier fronts respectively) and with a car body rig weight of 470 kg, the initial deformations of the door outer and inner panels were in good agreement with the corresponding full-scale tests. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Pendulum KW - Pendulum tests KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476917 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747144 AU - VAN DRIESSCHE, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN ISO (INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION) STANDARD FOR MOTORCYCLE RESEARCH IMPACT TEST PROCEDURES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-05 SP - p. 1162-76 AB - As a result of more than 20 years of crashworthiness research for motorcycles, the need for an internationally recognized research methodology for motorcycle secondary safety research, has been judged essential by the United Nations/Economic Commission for Europe/Inland Transport Committee/Working Party 29. Consequently, the International Standards Organisation (ISO) was asked to set up a working group to develop such a standard which would include the following items: (1) terminology and definitions; (2) definition of impact conditions in relation to accident data; (3) dummy and dummy leg specifications; (4) instrumentation and measurement procedures; (5) injury criteria; (6) test procedures; (7) parameters for computer simulation; and (8) test reports. A group of experts in the field of motorcycle safety, motorcycle crashworthiness, and dummy research was formed (ISO/TC22/SC22/WG22). The objectives were: (a) to draft a standard on the basis of the best currently available technology in the field of motorcycle crashworthiness research; and (b) to have the draft standard ready in a period of 18 months, by Spring 1994, for presentation to SC22 and then to ECE/WP29. This paper is a progress report of ISO/TC22/SC22/WG22. It highlights the intensive efforts in this activity, by explaining and summarizing the objectives and the contents of the standard, and informing researchers in allied fields of recent developments. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash helmet KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Helmets KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - International Organization for Standardization KW - International Standards Organization KW - Iso KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Protective clothing KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476924 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747155 AU - Wech, L AU - HARTMANN, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A NEW APPROACH TO QUANTIFY PASSIVE SAFETY OF VEHICLES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-02 SP - p. 1305-11 AB - In recent years, the buyers of passenger cars have become increasingly aware of safety aspects. This resulted in enhanced active safety, but also in the consideration of passive safety. An objective evaluation procedure is necessary in order to comparatively present the crash test results of different vehicle types. Precise evaluation criteria must be found which make it possible to exactly judge a vehicle's passive safety. The electronically controlled vehicle (ECV) crash test, developed by the TUEV Bayern Group in Germany, makes it possible to evaluate a vehicle's deformation behaviour regardless of the passenger load. The main criteria for this test are the deformation of the vehicle's front, the stability of the passenger cell, the intrusion of interior components, fire risk and passenger rescue. This objective evaluation pattern makes it easier to understand the test results and can also be integrated into a biomechanical evaluation. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Electronics KW - Electronics KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fire KW - Fires KW - Front KW - Front KW - Hazards KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Interior (veh) KW - Risk KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Stability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476935 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747162 AU - Kahane, C J AU - Hackney, J R AU - Berkowitz, A M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORRELATION OF VEHICLE PERFORMANCE IN THE NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM WITH FATALITY RISK IN ACTUAL HEAD-ON COLLISIONS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-11 SP - p. 1388-1404 AB - The relationship between the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) test scores and actual fatality risk on the road was studied. Head-on collisions between two 1979-91 passenger cars in which both drivers wore safety belts were selected from the 1978-92 Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). There were 396 collisions (792 cars) in which both cars were identical with or very similar to vehicles which had been tested in NCAP. There are statistically significant correlations between NCAP scores for head injury, chest acceleration and femur loading and the actual fatality risk of belted drivers. In a head-on collision between a car with good NCAP score and a car of equal weight with a poor score, the driver of the car with the better NCAP score has, on average, a 15 to 25 percent lower risk of fatal injury. Cars built from 1979 through 1982 had, on the average, the poorest NCAP scores. Test performance improved substantially from 1983 onwards. In parallel, fatality risk for belted drivers in actual head-on collisions decreased by 20 to 25 percent in model years 1979-91, with the largest decreases just after 1982. The paper concludes with a survey of possible future goals for NCAP. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Correlation (math, stat) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Risk KW - Safety belt KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476942 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747169 AU - Clark, C C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CRASH-ANTICIPATING EXTENDED AIRBAG BUMPER SYSTEM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-W-22 SP - p. 1468-80 AB - This paper reviews the history of extended bumper designs, including the bumpers of the world-wide experimental safety vehicles, and the additional compatibility need of the larger vehicle to have the more yielding bumper. An airbag bumper design is presented, with airbags on the front, sides, and rear, extended 0.6 meters in the front, or 0.3 meters in the sides or rear, in the appropriate direction when a threat is sensed by near-field radar. In addition, airbags would inflate on each side of the roof when a rollover is sensed, whose crush will reduce the rollover energy. Compartmented airbags, with a low pressure deep airbag against the car and a rigid (high pressure) bumper face covered by a pedestrian soft face for the front bumper, are used. Preliminary manned crash tests of a prototype airbag bumper system using a swing crash simulator were carried out to a delta V (speed change) of 42 km/h. Crush of these airbags would leave the crush of other vehicle structures outside of the occupant compartment to provide survivable crashes at higher speeds. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Crushing KW - Crushing KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Pressure KW - Pressure KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Radar KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476949 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747180 AU - NAITO, G AU - YAGUCHI, E AU - OZAKI, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT IN VEHICLE DYNAMICS THROUGH ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE TORQUE SPLIT BETWEEN THE RIGHT/LEFT REAR WHEELS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-10 SP - p. 1560-7 AB - Three performance areas can be singled out in the human-machine system as key factors for improving active safety: (1) The vehicle should provide good response and controllability in relation to the driver's operational inputs; (2) Vehicle behaviour should be highly stable and free of any sudden changes; and (3) there should be a sufficient flow of information from the vehicle to the driver to assure accurate recognition of present vehicle conditions and good predictability of subsequent vehicle behaviour. Based on this framework, an analysis was made of the torque split between the right and left wheels, and an optimum traction control method was devised for improving the three performance areas. That method was incorporated into an electronically controlled limited slip differential system. Vehicle tests conducted with the system confirmed that it significantly improves vehicle dynamics, including traction, steerability and braking stability while cornering. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Bend (road) KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Control KW - Control KW - Driving KW - Dynamics KW - Dynamics KW - Electronics KW - Electronics KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway curves KW - Stability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Tension KW - Tension KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Torsion KW - Torsion KW - Vehicle handling KW - Wheel KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476960 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747187 AU - Lundell, B AU - Norin, H AU - PERSSON, M AU - PILHALL, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REAR SEAT SAFETY OF ESTATE CARS - NEW CONCEPTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S10-O-11 SP - p. 1645-54 AB - In this paper the safety of the rear seat of estate cars (station wagons) is discussed. Recent improvements to the rear seat safety systems of these cars are explained. The customer-oriented design process, using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) technique, of the new rear seats for estate cars, is described. The new designs include three-point belts and head restraints on all seating positions, integrated child booster cushion, convenient seat folding mechanisms, and integrated luggage restraints. The accident experience of the rear seats in passenger cars is summarized, with special attention to estate cars. The result is a new concept of estate car rear seats with a high level of safety, comfort and convenience. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident rate KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Comfort KW - Comfort KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Ergonomics KW - Ergonomics KW - Head restraint KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476967 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747194 AU - GASCOYNE, A R AU - SEYER, K A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUSTRALIAN DESIGN RULE FOR SEAT BELTS IN HEAVY OMNIBUSES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-O-05 SP - p. 1734-44 AB - In 1989, it was agreed that a new Australian Design Rule (ADR) 66/00 based on ECE Regulation 80 would be implemented. This ADR would require improved seat and seat anchorage strength and padding aimed at both cushioning and restraining the occupant without the use of seat belts. This requirement would offer protection in crashes with heavy vehicles at urban speeds, or with lighter vehicles at highway speeds. However, two tragic bus crashes at highway speeds towards the end of 1989 focused attention on the provision of lap sash seat belts in long distance coaches. This caused the development of ADR 68/00-Occupant Protection in Buses which would require lap sash seat belts integrated into the bus seat and aimed at providing protection at deceleration levels up to 20g. This paper describes the research and testing done to develop a test procedure to design and test seats to comply with the ADR. The work included a sled test series using Hybrid III instrumented dummies to record injury levels and an analysis of dummy kinematics. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Bus KW - Buses KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00747040 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, MAY 23-26, 1994, MUNICH, GERMANY. VOLUME 1 AND 2 PY - 1995 SP - XLIX+1798P AB - For abstracts of the papers presented at the conference see IRRD 894849-895021 and 896444. KW - Accident prevention KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Car KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lorry KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Road user KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Travelers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474106 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747048 AU - EPPINGER, R AU - KLEINBERGER, M AU - Morgan, R AU - Khaewpong, N AU - Bandak, F AU - HAFFNER, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED INJURY CRITERIA AND CRASH EVALUATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-11 SP - p. 144-52 AB - This paper addresses the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) rationale and current research efforts to develop and provide enhanced, mechanically based, injury sensing criteria for the head, thorax, and other body regions. The techniques and processes being developed to allow their application in the physical testing environment are also discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Foot KW - Foot (not a measure) KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476828 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747051 AU - BENDJELLAL, F AU - BRANDSCH, H AU - FULD, G AU - HAUTMANN, E AU - KOCH, M AU - MARKS, H-G AU - VAN DER STRAATEN, Y AU - WESTFAL, U AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACEA (ASSOCIATION DES CONSTRUCTEURS EUROPEENS D'AUTOMOBILES) INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING HYBRID III CHEST DEFLECTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-14 SP - p. 169-98 AB - The objective of this paper is to highlight the chest deflection measurement approach that was implemented in the Hybrid III dummy, and to present detailed results obtained in the Association des Constructeurs Europeens d'Automobiles (ACEA) research programme. During the static and pendulum tests, when the loadings to the chest have been moderate, the standard rod and the string potentiometers appeared to function without any obvious faults. In sled tests using different restraint systems, dummy locations and sled pulses, the string potentiometer seemed to function well, but the rod potentiometer has failed in a few cases. A general observation from all tests is, that the rod potentiometer in the large majority of cases shows an about 10 mm higher displacement than the one measured at the ends of the ribs. Concerning reliability, the data obtained support the string potentiometer approach for chest deflection measurement on the Hybrid III dummy. Even attached to the ribs, with more variations in load transfer, the string potentiometer showed acceptable repeatability. It is proposed to replace the standard rod potentiometer by a string potentiometer, using identical mounting position, in order to solve the chest deflection issue. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum KW - Pendulum tests KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Transducer KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476831 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747065 AU - SCHMIDT-CLAUSEN, H J AU - DAMASKY, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE FIELD OF VISION OF DRIVERS DURING NIGHTTIME PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-05 SP - p. 325-9 AB - In normal situation the drivers' field of vision is defined for the "straight road" situation. By means of video recording of street situations and computer generated street geometries the frequency distribution of location of traffic signs, pavement markings, objects, lighting equipments, etcetera in the driver observation field is derived. These recordings were made for a typical range of streets in Germany at a overall length of 5500 km. The data have been determined based on a computer evaluation system. From these results new requirements can be derived for example on behalf of: (1) light distribution of car headlights; (2) retroreflection of traffic signs, pavement markings; (3) glare values for headlamps; (4) light distribution for rearward lighting; and (5) on behalf of optical drivers' guidance. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Camera KW - Carriageway marking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Digital computer KW - Digital computers KW - Distribution (stat) KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Field of vision KW - Field of vision KW - Germany KW - Germany KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Image processing KW - Image processing KW - Layout KW - Layout KW - Location KW - Location KW - Night KW - Night KW - Road markings KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs KW - Video cameras UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476845 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747066 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Kantowitz, B H AU - KIGER, S M AU - Rockwell, T H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT OF IN-CAB HIGH TECHNOLOGY DEVICES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-06 SP - p. 330-42 AB - In the advent of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) programme, a variety of high technology in-cab devices have been proposed for use in heavy trucks and cars. These include land navigation and route guidance systems, text messaging systems, cellular phones and other communication systems, vehicle subsystem status and monitoring systems, Advanced Traveler's Information Systems (ATIS), and collision avoidance systems (CAS). Among other issues, concern has been expressed that many of these devices introduce subsidiary tasks, and make information available which may compete with the driver's primary task of safely controlling the vehicle at all times. The challenge of design, evaluation, and implementation of high technology from a driver-centered perspective is to determine the efficiency, effectiveness, and safety of such devices. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lorry KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Printed publicity KW - Psychology KW - Psychology KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476846 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747083 AU - BURGETT, A L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODOLOGIES FOR EVALUATING THE IMPACT ON SAFETY OF INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-12 SP - p. 499-512 AB - The Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) programme includes a wide variety of types of systems, all of which are intended to improve some aspect of highway travel. As these systems evolve, it is important to know if they are accomplishing their design goals; and it is also important to ensure that they are not introducing unwanted degradation of other aspects of travel. Safety is one of those aspects which should not be degraded; and if possible, should be improved. All operational tests which are supported by the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) include safety as an element of the evaluation. The impact on safety of systems which are already being deployed is also studied. This paper addresses the goals, methodologies, and preliminary results from safety evaluations, and presents a summary of studies which are underway. Systems which are discussed include the TravTek route guidance and navigation demonstration, collision avoidance systems, and the TravelAid in-vehicle hazard warning demonstration. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident prevention KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver information systems KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Prevention KW - Printed publicity KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476863 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747084 AU - BRAME, J L AU - JARRI, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURE ASSESSMENT ON REAL CRASH SITES PART 1 - DESCRIPTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-W-15 SP - p. 513-8 AB - This paper presents briefly the purpose of counter-measures, based on longitudinal and lateral control, developed at PSA Peugeot Citroen (France). Then the hardware framework is described. This includes the short range communication and video systems involved in the environment detection. The implementation on the vehicle is discussed. Hence the control strategies are detailed. These procedures are illustrated using academic examples. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accelerator (veh) KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Calculation KW - Calculation KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Control KW - Control KW - Detection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Printed publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476864 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747098 AU - SCHULTE, U AU - WEYERSBERG, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THEORETICAL OPTIMIZATION STUDY OF AN AIRBAG SYSTEM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-20 SP - p. 671-5 AB - In this paper a theoretical study is presented for an optimization process of an airbag system. Simulation methods are used for the study to show the relevance of different parameters in the development process. Several influence parameters are investigated affecting the contact between dummy and airbag, such as contact velocity, contact time, pressure level, and vent sizes. Some conclusions are presented concerning the development process, especially under the consideration of different dummy sizes. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Females KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Optimum KW - Pressure KW - Pressure KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476878 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747101 AU - SUGIMOTO, T AU - SHINDO, T AU - Reed, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR AIRBAG-INDUCED SKIN ABRASION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-W-23 SP - p. 689-97 AB - Eight airbag configurations were tested using a laboratory test procedure developed to predict skin abrasion potential. Abrasion is predicted when airbag fabric impact with a pressure-sensitive film produces pressures exceeding a threshold value. The effects of airbag design parameters on the fabric velocity and abrasion predictions were investigated. For the airbag modules studied, abrasions were predicted when the airbag fabric impact velocity exceeds 50 to 70 m/s, and when the peak inflator tank-test pressure slope exceeded 160 to 180 kPa/10 ms. Differentiation of airbag modules with respect to abrasion likelihood was found to be fairly insensitive to a range of abrasion-prediction threshold values. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Image processing KW - Image processing KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pressure KW - Pressure KW - Skin KW - Skin KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476881 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747115 AU - DIGGES, K H AU - Malliaris, A C AU - DEBLOIS, H J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPPORTUNITIES FOR CASUALTY REDUCTION IN ROLLOVER CRASHES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-O-11 SP - p. 863-8 AB - This paper applies on-the-road crash data and computer modelling to clarify opportunities for reducing rollover crash casualties. Countermeasures to reduce rollover casualties include increased belt use, and technological interventions to prevent ejection and to reduce the severity of body contacts with the vehicle interior. The vehicle speed immediately prior to the rollover is a pivotal predictor of rollover crash severity. The number of vehicle quarter turns, the vehicle damage, and the roll rate are also predictors, and are strongly related to the initial vehicle speed. Computer simulators described suggest that the severity of the tripping acceleration may also have a strong influence on occupant ejections and injuries. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Ejection KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Interior (veh) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747116 AU - WALSH, W H AU - Johnson, S W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH OUTCOME DATA EVALUATION SYSTEM - DATA LINKAGE OF MEDICAL PATIENT RECORDS WITH HIGHWAY CRASH DATA PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-W-14 SP - p. 869-78 AB - The Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) project has funded seven American states to generate linked statewide data bases to evaluate the benefits of safety belts and motorcycle helmets on injury costs and morbidity outcomes. Using probabilistic linkage techniques, data describing the characteristics of the crash, vehicle, and occupant from the crash report will be linked to medical descriptions of the type of injury, body region injured, severity, dispositions, and total charges from the occupant's medical records. This paper discusses early findings on the usefulness of these linked data for examining highway safety issues as well as their shortcomings from the standpoint of data quality, completeness, and ability to be linked. Advantages of using statewide, population-based data are also discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data banks KW - Data processing KW - Database KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Hospital KW - Hospitals KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Medical aspects KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476896 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747133 AU - HAERTL, A AU - MADER, G AU - PFAU, L AU - MUHR, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW SENSOR CONCEPTS FOR RELIABLE DETECTION OF SIDE-IMPACT COLLISIONS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-14 SP - p. 1035-8 AB - This paper describes new concepts to detect side impact collisions. Based on the specific system requirements for side impact detection, a new concept is described using the sensing of the pressure change within the cavity of the impacted door during a side impact collision. Based on this sensing principle, different system configurations are shown. The sensing principle was analysed in a large variety of different crash and misuse test conditions. A theoretical model was developed in order to understand the physics of pressure signals. A thermodynamical description is set up based on adiabatic compressions and the flow dynamics using the Navier-Stokes equation. The sensing principle appears to cause timely firing decisions, which are in most cases less than five milliseconds. The sensing system is capable to decide well between fire and nofire cases, as well as misuse conditions. A theoretical modeling can reproduce the experimental results and thus provides a further understanding of the entire physical process. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Detection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Pressure KW - Pressure KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476913 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747134 AU - BOURDILLON, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM OF COMPARISON OF SIDE IMPACT TESTING METHODS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-15 SP - p. 1039-57 AB - After many years of work, the international authorities of Geneva succeeded in finalizing a draft Regulation aimed to ensure the protection offered to the vehicle occupants during a side impact. During the development of the dynamic test, the European manufacturers of cars tried to define a quasi-statics test likely to provide an alternative to the dynamic test. The draft Regulation arriving in its final phase, it appeared necessary to check the equivalence of both procedures. The object of this publication is to clarify the test programme installed in order to evaluate the two testing methods, and to present the principal results. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747148 AU - VAN KAMPEN, LTB AU - HUIJBERS, JJW AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST OF PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING CAR FRONT ENDS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-09 SP - p. 1221-6 AB - A cost study has been carried out, based on Dutch insurance data of payments to victims (pedestrians and cyclists) of collisions against car front ends. The results of this study will be used for a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed amendment (a series of car front end crash tests) to the existing EC-Directive 74/483 on protruding external parts of new cars. The international aim is to improve the outcome of collisions of car front ends against pedestrians. It is expected that these improvements will benefit bicyclists as well. Therefore, injury costs of cyclists are also taken into consideration in the study. Results of the cost study indicate that insurance payment data may be applied for this purpose. Results indicate that the level of costs found is lower than the level of costs of injury found in other (international) cost studies. This may be partially due to the casualty data used, in which emphasis appears on children. and elderly, who have not incomes of their own. Therefore, the cost category 'loss of income' is not applicable. The results also indicate that the two casualty groups (cyclists and pedestrians) may be combined as far as the level of costs (payments) is concerned. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Front KW - Front KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Insurance KW - Insurance KW - Netherlands KW - Netherlands KW - Payment KW - Payment KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Severity (accid, injury) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476928 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747151 AU - OKAMOTO, Y AU - Akiyama, A AU - NAGATOMI, K AU - TSURUGA, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONCEPT OF HOOD DESIGN FOR POSSIBLE REDUCTION IN PEDESTRIAN HEAD INJURY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-W-14 SP - p. 1253-63 AB - This paper presents the result of a research on rigidity characteristics of the body which might help reduce head injuries, and on the specific structures designed to meet these requirements. The possible force-deformation (F-S) characteristics of the hood which makes the severity of head injuries no more than Head Injury Criterion (HIC) 1000 was first investigated. Then, candidate structures that might realize such F-S characteristics were studied using laboratory impact tests and computer simulations. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Force KW - Force KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747152 AU - CARRE, J-R AU - FILOU, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT RISKS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN FRANCE: SAFETY OF TWO-WHEELERS IS LARGELY SUBJECT TO THE SKILL AND VIGILANCE OF CAR DRIVERS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-W-15 SP - p. 1264-78 AB - Users of two-wheeled vehicles (cyclists, moped and motorcycle riders) are, along with pedestrians, the most vulnerable category of road users in an injury accident. In France, contrary to pedestrians, they have not derived any great benefit from recent safety improvements. Over the past ten years, the use of two-wheelers in France has greatly declined. The population groups representing the highest risk differ according to the category of two-wheeler concerned: children and elderly people for bicycles, teenagers for mopeds, and young adults (males) for motorcycles. The accident characteristics are also category-related, but most of the two-wheeler accidents involve a car. The greatest proportion of two-wheeler accidents originates in a manoeuvre undertaken by a car driver. Improving two-wheeler visibility is a major priority. But this also means that two-wheeler safety is largely subject to the skill and vigilance of car drivers. Technical solutions for improving the visibility of two-wheelers in traffic for car drivers are nevertheless not easy to find and are in themselves insufficient. Car drivers, the automobile industry and road authorities must not consider road safety only from the car occupants' point of view. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident rate KW - Age KW - Age KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycle KW - Bicycles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - France KW - France KW - Injury severity KW - Mopeds KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Skill (road user) KW - Sociology KW - Sociology KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476932 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747165 AU - KITAGAWA, Y AU - HAGIWARA, I AU - TORIGAKI, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE BODY STRUCTURES USING A BUCKLING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-16 SP - p. 1427-35 AB - In this study, the dynamic buckling phenomenon of a simple column including material plasticity was examined in detail using a finite element (FE) analysis. The analysis revealed the relationship between impact velocity and a higher order mode of buckling. The result indicates that it is necessary to introduce a numerical imperfection, representing a higher order buckling mode under a given velocity, in order to simulate dynamic buckling accurately. It has been known that crash problems do not accept a sensitivity analysis because of their nonlinear history curves. A new approach to apply a sensitivity analysis to dynamic buckling problems including material plasticity is presented, which treats a higher order buckling eigenvalues. This method can indicate the most effective location to modify in order to increase the buckling strength of vehicle body structures. The analysis results also show that the impact induced wave propagation has a large effect on dynamic buckling modes of the structure, which can hardly be observed in physical experiments. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Body (car) KW - Buckling KW - Buckling KW - Collision KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dynamics KW - Dynamics KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Sensitivity KW - Sensitivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476945 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747166 AU - FAERBER, E AU - WOBBEN, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF CORROSION ON THE PASSIVE SAFETY OF PASSENGER CARS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-W-15 SP - p. 1436-49 AB - The levels of corrosion of different cars were measured and their effects on safety features were assessed in frontal 50 km/h impact tests against the rigid 0 degree barrier. Seven French, German, Italian and Japanese cars with high corrosion levels were tested. In addition to that of three German car models vehicles with minor corrosion and vehicles with corrosion protection were tested. The total number of conducted tests is thirteen.Corrosion: (1) lowers the mean vehicle deceleration; (2) can cause failures of anchorage points of seats and seat belts; (3) increases especially the dynamic compartment intrusion; (4) increases the impact speed of the occupants against components of the car interior; and (5) decreases the necessary survival space of the frontal occupants. The test results have shown that the application of corrosion protected and additional steel sheet can prevent failures of safety relevant components of the car structure. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Damage KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Sheet (metal) KW - Sheet metal KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476946 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747183 AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - HUMMEL, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BIOMECHANICAL RISK FACTORS FOR CHILDREN IN CARS AND AGGRAVATION BY MISUSE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S10-O-01 SP - p. 1584-97 AB - The intensified research into accidents with children in cars during the last few years has provided more knowledge; safety standards have been updated and new solutions to problems are to be expected. In spite of this there are problem areas which are not sufficiently analysed yet. These are: (1) Level of biomechanical tolerance of children, especially injuries to head, neck and abdomen; (2) Safety measures for increased protection of children involved in side impacts; (3) Use of adult belts as "suitable system" for children up to 12 years of age; and (4) prevention of misuse. These problem fields are analysed on the basis of interviews, crash tests and new accident material "Child Safety 95". Preventing misuse has to be an aim of development for the future. A crash test programme has been started to analyse injury mechanisms of children restrained with adult belts, and to explain observations from real accidents. The influence of the special misuse "children restrained with adult belts" on injury risks is analysed in real accidents. This accident study showed that using adult belts too early results in a roughly two- to threefold risk increase - chiefly by raising the number of abdominal injuries. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Error KW - Errors KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Germany KW - Germany KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476963 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747184 AU - Mouchahoir, G E AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERACTION OF AIR BAGS AND CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S10-O-04 SP - p. 1606-18 AB - This paper summarizes the results of a research effort conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to determine the effects on child restraint systems by deploying air bags. The research consisted of identifying potential interaction problems and dynamically testing combinations of air bags and child restraint systems. Findings of this testing indicate that deploying passenger side air bags tend to increase substantially the head and chest accelerations of child dummies restrained in rear-facing child restraint systems. The testing also indicates that the values of these accelerations tend to decrease when the child restraint system is placed in a forward facing configuration. The paper also discusses actions that the agency undertook to address the potential negative interaction of passenger side air bags and rear-facing child restraint systems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Infant KW - Infants KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476964 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747198 AU - KUMAGAI, K AU - KABESHITA, Y AU - Enomoto, H AU - SHIMOJIMA, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS METHOD FOR ROLLOVER STRENGTH OF BUS STRUCTURES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-O-11 SP - p. 1776-84 AB - This paper describes the computer simulation of a bus rollover test. First, as a base, a live rollover test was conducted and the mode of deformation was studied. Next, window pillar test pieces were impact tested for absorbed energy characteristics. These impact tests were then simulated with the LS-DYNA finite element (FE) code LS-in order to study efficient and accurate modelling techniques. Applying the knowledge gained, a complete bus structure involving shells, beams and rotational springs was developed and a rollover test was simulated. The simulation results compared well with the live test results in both deformation mode and amount of deformation. From this simulation, it was determined that 42% of the initial potential energy was absorbed as plastic deformation and the remaining 58% was dissipated as elastic energy. The results confirmed the usefulness of the busmodel. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Buses KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476978 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747390 AU - BRAESS, H-H AU - Appel, H AU - FRIEDEL, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 25 YEARS OF ESV DEVELOPMENT. OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF GOVERNMENT-INDUCED GOALS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-01 SP - p. 13-21 AB - In this paper an overview of 25 years of developing passive and active safety systems is presented, within the ESV program. The first international technical conference on ESV was held in Paris in 1971, at which the fundamental objectives of the ESV program were given. Over the 25 year period it is concluded that the ESV program has provided stimuli for progress in automotive technology and road safety, and has led to progress in interdisciplinary and international cooperation. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident prevention KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - History KW - History KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477163 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747041 AU - ZOBEL, R AU - HERRMANN, R AU - WITTMUESS, A AU - ZEIDLER, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PREDICTION OF THORACIC INJURIES BY MEANS OF ACCELERATIONS, DEFLECTIONS AND THE VISCOUS CRITERIA DERIVED FROM FULL-SCALE SIDE-IMPACTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-01 SP - p. 78-88 AB - In the document "DOC.TRANS/SC1WP 29/GRSP/R 48" a future European side-impact test procedure in addition to the existing United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214 has been proposed. Besides the new "EURO-SID" dummy and instead of Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) two new protection criteria are to be introduced: (1) the thorax compression (C); and (2) the viscous response (VC) defined by the rate sensitive torso compression. The German Forschungsgemeinschaft Automobiltechnik (FAT) carried out an additional analysis of the 1985 FAT/Heidelberg side impact test series. This case-by-case study produces meaningful compression versus time histories for the thorax. As seen in a previous FAT study the most influencing parameters are human factors like age and other anthropometrical dimensions. TTI, VC or C are of minor injury predictive quality. A reasonable estimate of thoracic and often associated abdominal injuries (hard thorax injuries) is given by the TTI. A single protection criterion for both thoracic and abdominal injuries is most appropriate in order to facilitate the procedure in compliance tests. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Age KW - Age KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Human tolerance KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476821 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747043 AU - Bouquet, R AU - Ramet, M AU - Bermond, F AU - Cesari, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THORACIC AND PELVIS HUMAN RESPONSE TO IMPACT PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-03 SP - p. 100-9 AB - This paper gives a new approach to provide information on the human tolerance against the impacts with selected unembalmed cadavers whose principal physical characteristics follow the distribution of the 5th, the 50th and the 95th percentile male. A series of tests was conducted with a horizontal steel bar impactor. Two energy levels used were intended to be without bone fracture and to cause bone fracture for two impacted areas: the thorax at the mid-sternum in frontal impact or subaxillary in lateral impact, and the pelvis at the H point in lateral impact. Before the tests, each subject was instrumented. Three mounting plates for tri-axial accelerometer were screwed to the lumbar spine at D1, D12 and at the sacrum. Three small balls were installed on each accelerometer to serve as reference points in the three-dimensional analysis with the films from three high speed cameras. The impactor acceleration and the impactor forces were recorded. After each impact, the subject was examined, photographed, and positioned to the next impact. After the final impact, the subject was removed for autopsy to determine the injuries. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476823 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747056 AU - PORTA, D AU - Kress, T AU - SNIDER, J AU - Fuller, P AU - Russell, R AU - Hudson, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED FRONTAL BONE/FACIAL FRACTURES IN HUMAN CADAVERS WIT A CHARACTERIZATION OF IMPACT RESPONSE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-25 SP - p. 260-8 AB - In this study, twenty frozen human cadaver heads, ages ranging from 59 to 101, were sectioned from the body at various levels between the fifth cervical vertebra and the foramen magnum. Once thawed, they were impacted in order to induce fractures that are consistent with those seen in a clinical setting. Specific impact targets were the areas of the supraorbital rims, frontal sinuses, and junctions with the nasal and ethmoid bones. An impact cart was propelled to a mean velocity of 7.16 m/s to strike the supraorbital portion of the unrestrained head. Testing was recorded on standard VHS video. Analyses were made on data from palpation, photography, computed tomography (CT) scans, and selected anthropometric measurements. These data are discussed as they relate to the force recorded during impact. Average peak force values and calculated absorbed energies are presented and discussed as they pertain to impact response of the frontal bone/facial skeleton. The presence of skeletal injury to the cranium and face is better indicated by the energy absorption value rather than the tolerance level. It was also noted that severe to critical injury will almost always result from the type of impact defined in the paper. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Face KW - Face (human) KW - Force KW - Force KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Head KW - Head KW - Human tolerance KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476836 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747058 AU - SCHLOSSER, J AU - MARCAULT, P AU - RENTSCHLER, S AU - LASRY, D AU - LERENARD, A AU - HAUG, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINITE ELEMENT DUMMIES FOR FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-W-20 SP - p. 277-83 AB - In this paper the different levels of modelling of the Hybrid III dummy family are considered: starting with relatively simple rigid body dummies to fully deformable Finite Element (FE) modules. First tendencies in the development process can be achieved with rigid body dummies. Rigid dummy models with moving spring-connected parts, for example for thorax deformation, give more detailed results about the injuries of the occupant when parts of the car interior penetrate the chest. The best and most detailed results can be achieved with fully deformable FE modules, for instance a thorax model with ribs. The Hybrid III dummy family for frontal impact is under development. Based on the modelling and validation of the individual components of the dummies, full models are assembled. The modelling and validation process is presented for some examples, together with comparisons of experimental and numerical results. Standard certification procedures, like drop, impactor and sled tests serve as a tool for the evaluation of the FE models. Here, the close collaboration between those carrying out the experiments and those setting up the models, is essential in steadily improving the models. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476838 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747060 AU - URIOT, J AU - Page, M AU - Tarriere, C AU - BENDJELLAL, F AU - LOISELEUX, F AU - SALOUM, M AU - Fournier, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF SUBMARINING ON HYBRID III 50 DEGREE & 5 DEGREE PERCENTILE DUMMIES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-W-23 SP - p. 289-98 AB - Instrumentation for the study of submarining on the Hybrid II test dummy has already been described in a previous paper. The instrumentation consisted basically of two two-dimensional (2D) force transducers installed in the dummy's pelvis. The system has been evaluated, improved and installed on the 50th percentile Hybrid III dummy. The aim of this paper is to describe the general concept arrived at through this study, namely: (1) Detection of movement of the lap-belt via a simple system installed in the iliac wing of the pelvis; and (2) measurement of the amplitude of submarining via a 2D force transducer installed back from the iliac crests. The assembly was tested in various impact configurations (subsystem and sled configuration tests). The corresponding results show that the system detects submarining well and does not affect the overall response of the instrumented dummy by comparison with a standard dummy. The new system detecting seat-belt slippage was also installed on the 5th percentile Hybrid III dummy. Sled tests gave reliable recordings of the detection of submarining. From the results available, it seems that the two versions presented (50th and 5th percentile) enable improved study of submarining and accordingly the optimization of occupant restraint systems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Detection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact sled KW - Impact sleds KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety belt KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Transducer KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476840 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747073 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE OLDER DRIVER PROBLEM: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OVERVIEW PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-13 SP - p. 389-98 AB - An overview of the risks drivers themselves face, and the risks they impose on other road users, is presented using the dependence on age and sex of various United States crash and fatality rates. While some measures of crash involvement increase with age, their values remain below those for drivers in their late teens and early 20's. If a 16-year-old male driver's crash risk declines by 7% throughout his life, his longevity increases by more than the longevity increase a 65-year-old driver obtains by reducing crash risk to zero. Reducing the younger driver's overall crash risk by 12% reduces the risk pedestrians face by more than reducing the older driver's crash risk to zero. Compared to the other death risks as one ages, traffic risk plays an ever diminishing role. The older driver problem may be more one of reduced mobility than of reduced safety. The results are all based on cross-sectional analyses. A recent longitudinal analysis showed that because older drivers had higher rates when they were younger than today's younger drivers, the increases with increasing age are in fact less than indicated by the cross-sectional analyses. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident rate KW - Age KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Ageing KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Decrease KW - Decreases KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Females KW - Hazards KW - Human beings KW - Man KW - Old people KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476853 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747075 AU - BORK, M AU - HAMANN, C-D AU - Schubert, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC DISTANCE KEEPING: A VEHICLE COMFORT SYSTEM FOR IMPROVING SAFETY? PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-02 SP - p. 412-6 AB - In this paper the structure of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems is described. A simulation experiment was designed to find out how driving with ACC systems will effect safety. A moving base driving simulator was used to achieve the amount of realism needed. During a 60 min. journey with an ACC vehicle and with an standard vehicle, test subjects are exposed to several hazardous situations. Besides the subjective evaluation, done by psychologists, analysis of recorded data allows also to assess safety effects objectively. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Headway KW - Headways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476855 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747090 AU - SMITH, B W AU - BERGFRIED, D AU - FAYE, I AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SMART TM AIRBAG SYSTEM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-11 SP - p. 570-7 AB - The SMART TM airbag system is an adaptive restraint system which utilizes inputs on crash situations, occupant status and the vehicle environment to optimize the airbag system performance to an actual crash. This system is designed to function with improved performance over a wider range of crash situations than is possible with conventional airbag systems which have no adjustment capabilities. Tailorability is achieved by sensing changes in conditions such as occupant and vehicle status and utilizing an electronic control unit (ECU) which identifies the crash situation and adjusts a variable gas generation source appropriately. The ECU adapts the system performance level for the actual situation present at the time of the crash. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476870 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747092 AU - NEILSON, I D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED PROTECTION THROUGH GREATER COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN ROAD VEHICLES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-13 SP - p. 587-92 AB - This paper arises from the observations of several accident investigators that not many more fatalities in cars can be saved in present day traffic and speed conditions, because intrusion of damage is extending right back into the occupants in many cases. Even air bags cannot perform as intended in these circumstances. Therefore, it is proposed that the fronts of all vehicles are matched in respect of their height above road level (350 mm to 550 mm and then to 700 mm) as well as to their structural stiffnesses when impacted. The initial proposal is that this matching extends back 700 mm from the front face, although the proposal would be improved if this could be increased. The frontal structure is based on the needs in impact of the small car and the implications are discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Height KW - Improvements KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Size KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476872 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747107 AU - KREUZER, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE AIR INFLATOR - A CONTRIBUTION TO IMPROVING THE AIRBAG SYSTEM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-W-33 SP - p. 742-63 AB - A collision, particularly a collision of the head and chest against the steering wheel, caused by the forward rotary movement of the upper body resulting from the sudden deceleration of the vehicle in the event of an accident, has caused the development of new driver and passenger protection systems. The introduction of the airbag system meant a considerable improvement in the protection afforded to drivers and passengers. As a result of the short reaction times, modern airbag modules are fitted with pyrotechnic gas generation systems. The drawbacks involved with this, such as the high burning temperature, the splitting of carbon monoxide (CO) and disposal problems have been compensated by the development of a gas generation system on the basis of compressed air. This paper reports on the design, function and benefits of an airbag with this system, in terms of its protective function. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Compressed air KW - Compressed air KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Gas KW - Gases KW - Head on collision KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476887 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747109 AU - VON KOCH, M AU - Nygren, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPAIRMENT PATTERN IN PASSENGER CAR CRASHES, A FOLLOW-UP OF INJURIES RESULTING IN LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-O-02 SP - p. 776-81 AB - In this paper the impairment pattern for road accident injuries 1-5 years after the accident is identified. Different levels of impairment have been recorded as well as the type of road users. The impairment pattern was found to be unique for different types of road users and for different ages. It is also obvious that the impairment risk is focused around a few diagnoses. The result can be used for formulating what future priorities should be set up in the field of crash protection for car occupants and for unprotected road users. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Age KW - Age KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Classification KW - Classification KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Human body KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Insurance KW - Insurance KW - Long term KW - Long term KW - Loss KW - Loss and damage KW - Medical aspects KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Sweden KW - Sweden KW - Time duration KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476889 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747124 AU - DALMOTAS, D J AU - Newman, J AU - Gibson, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROSPECTS FOR THE FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION BASED ON CRASH TESTING PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-04 SP - p. 938-48 AB - The level of side impact protection provided currently by passenger vehicles has been examined in a series of crash tests performed following Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214 dynamic testing protocols, but employing EuroSID 1 and BioSID crash test dummies. The results are compared with those of earlier tests, performed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), of identical vehicle models with United States SID dummies. All three dummy designs produced similar vehicle performance rankings and pass/fail ratings based on Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) and peak pelvic acceleration values. Assessments of thoracic injury potential based on TTI typically showed good agreement with those provided by deflection based criteria. Significant loading of the abdomen was observed in all tests of production vehicles, including those which produced extremely low TTI values. Side interior designs or changes which provide low TTI values are not necessarily consistent with those required to minimize injury potential to the abdomen. The results of tests on modified vehicles show, however, that it is possible substantially to reduce acceleration, deflection and force responses by very modest changes in the design of production vehicles. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Force KW - Force KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Interior (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476904 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747126 AU - Yonezawa, H AU - TOYOFUKU, Y AU - Mizuno, K AU - IRIE, Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ABSORBED ENERGY OF SIDE STRUCTURE OF PASSENGER CARS BY 90-DEGREE SIDE-IMPACT TEST PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-06 SP - p. 957-63 AB - Side-impact tests by a moving deformable barrier with a foam plastic loading device were carried out using Japanese compact passenger cars with either, normal or reinforced side structure. Measured total energy consumed during impact was analyzed in terms of the energy consumption process including the kinetic energy of the car and the absorbed energy both by the side structure and by the loading device. A quasi-static structural test was conducted using the same loading devices and passenger cars as those in the side-impact tests. The aim was to evaluate the absorbed energies. The effect of side structure reinforcement on energy consumption in each process is also discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Force KW - Force KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcement (gen) KW - Side KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476906 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747141 AU - Cesari, D AU - Bouquet, R AU - Caire, Y AU - Bermond, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECTION OF PEDESTRIANS AGAINST LEG INJURIES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-02 SP - p. 1131-8 AB - A slightly different version of this study is published in the 'Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, September 21-23, 1994, Lyon, France', 1994, pp303-13, and for the abstract see IRRD 881093. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - France KW - France KW - Front KW - Front KW - Height KW - Height KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Long term KW - Long term KW - Mechanics KW - Mechanics KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Time duration KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476921 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747143 AU - CONSTANTINOU, C AU - GILES, A R AU - GREEN, J F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODELING OF EEVC (EUROPEAN EXPERIMENTAL VEHICLES COMMITTEE) PEDESTRIAN HEADFORMS AND EXPERIENCE WITH BONNET IMPACT TESTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-04 SP - p. 1147-61 AB - The proposed introduction of EEC legislation (1998) for the protection of pedestrians and vulnerable road users will, for head injury reduction, require a large number of bonnet impact tests with pedestrian headforms to prove compliance. Mathematical modelling of bonnet impact tests early in the design stage will enable problems to be identified and solutions to be found before committing to full practical testing. Adult and child headforms have both been modelled using the LS-DYNA three-dimensional (3D) code. The accelerations experienced by the headforms have been correlated with practical certification tests. Computer simulations of headform bonnet impacts have been compared with actual bonnet impact tests on a current production vehicle. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476923 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747158 AU - STEPHENS, V M AU - PIPER, A J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIMULTANEOUS ENGINEERING IN FRONTAL IMPACT CRASHWORTHINESS DEVELOPMENT PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-07 SP - p. 1359-63 AB - Simultaneous engineering of the occupant protection package and the vehicle structural crashworthiness is currently the fastest and most cost-effective development route. These parallel streams of activity can each benefit from extensive use of computer modelling to reduce the time and cost involved in attaining development targets. This paper concentrates on the implementation of passive driver and passenger restraint systems for the Morgan Sports Car, a project which demonstrates the benefits created by extensive use of computer modelling. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476938 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747160 AU - HOLLOWELL, W T AU - Hitchcock, R J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED FRONTAL IMPACT CRASH TEST DATA PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-09 SP - p. 1372-6 AB - In the United States, air bags will be required in all passenger cars and light trucks under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 208, Occupant Crash Protection. Even after full implementation of driver and passenger air bags as required by FMVSS No. 208, frontal impacts will still account for up to 10,000 fatalities and 120,000 Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) equal to or greater than 2 injuries. The objective of this research programme is to address these fatalities and injuries, and to provide a basis for the possible future upgrade of FMVSS No. 208. To date, a number of frontal offset crash tests using air bag equipped production cars have been conducted. The first test series involved moving car-to-car tests with a nominal 116 kmph (72 mph) closing speed and 60 percent engagement of the subject vehicle by the striking or bullet vehicle. In a second series, frontal offset tests were conducted similarly to the first series except that there were engagements of 50 and 70 percent of one of the subject vehicles. An additional test was conducted in this series to evaluate the effect of an oblique impact on the subject vehicle. Additional crash test evaluations include high speed full frontal rigid barrier impact tests. This paper presents an overview of the research programme and the results of crash tests. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476940 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747173 AU - TOSHIHARU, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIMULATION ON FRONT GLASS GHOST IMAGE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-03 SP - p. 1501-10 AB - Nothing is more irritating for drivers to see ever changing ghost images of himself and passengers reflected from windshield against the dark sky in the night. This image is greatly dependent on shape and arrangement of front glass. Interrelation between shape of front glass and ghost image was looked into by computer simulation to help solve this problem. As the results of vehicle test and simulation were very well matching the simulation calculation method is to be used for study of development of the next new model. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Front KW - Front KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Night KW - Night KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectivity KW - Safety glass KW - Safety glass KW - Shape KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Windscreen (veh) KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476953 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747175 AU - MOTOKI, M AU - Katayama, T AU - NOGUCHI, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAR DRIVER BEHAVIOUR IN TURNING RIGHT IN FRONT OF ONCOMING VEHICLE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-05 SP - p. 1517-23 AB - In this study, 41 drivers in right-turn timing judgment were tested while looking at an oncoming vehicle from a stationary car in an intersection."The hasty judgment rate" was obtained as the ratio of drivers who reported hasty judgment under different kinds of traffic conditions. The hasty judgment rate changes with the following factors: (1) speed of an oncoming vehicle; (2) "the time-gap" (gap in time units) for the oncoming vehicle to arrive at the intersection; (3) the category of the oncoming vehicle; and (4) daytime and nighttime. In addition, the gap acceptance practice for 27 car drivers was conducted to reduce the hasty judgment rate. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Daylight KW - Daylight KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Junction KW - Night KW - Night KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Time KW - Turning KW - Turning traffic KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle spacing KW - Vehicle spacing KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476955 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747177 AU - Costanzo, A AU - ORSI, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STRESS IN DRIVING RELATED TO VEHICLE SAFETY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-07 SP - p. 1528-34 AB - The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the influence of the driver's stress on the vehicle safety. This analysis concerns through one aspect of the active safety because of the possibility for reducing accidents when the capabilities of the drivers will be kept at the best level. Some anatomic regions of the body have been taken into consideration and analysed in terms of incorrect posture which will produce stress. The regions analysed are the head including cervical spine, trunk and pelvis, upper and lower limbs. The aspects of the posture related to the distribution of the mechanical loads, both static and dynamic, have been analyzed. The incorrect posture will modify the distribution of such loads and consequently will produce stress. Even though a deep analysis of biomechanics of the body regions taken into consideration, would involve more time, it is attempted to put down the guidelines and concepts for evaluating the relationship between load and posture. Therefore, the mathematical aspects and formulas involved have been kept to the minimum. It is concluded that a sound choice of the geometry of the seat, the steering, brake and clutch is fundamental for reducing stress and improving the car safety. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Ergonomics KW - Ergonomics KW - Human body KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Posture KW - Posture KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476957 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747190 AU - Ueyama, M AU - MAKISHITA, H AU - Hagita, K AU - HARIKAE, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF REAR SEAT BELTS - FULL SCALE COLLISION EXPERIMENTS AND FIELD CASE STUDIES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S10-W-18 SP - p. 1683-98 AB - This paper describes effects of lap-shoulder belts for occupants. The focus is on rear-seated occupants, in relation to collision configuration and seating position. The study was motivated by the need to provide the visual tool to make every passenger wear the seat belt in safety programmes. Fatal injury mechanism of rear-seated occupants and kinematics of vehicles are investigated in real world accidents by means of accident reconstruction. The results indicate that most rear-seated unbelted occupants received fatal head injury localized as they hit their heads against around center pillar immediately after collision. Six collision tests simulating the accident cases reconstructed are carried out to elucidate the dynamics and kinematics behaviour of rear-seated occupants. Mainly dynamics and kinematics of dummies are demonstrated with respect to usage and non-usage of lap-shoulder belt and seating position from high speed films and electronic instrumentation. Most unbelted rear-seated occupant has impacted against the vehicle interior directly. An aggressive aspect of rear-seat unbelted occupant to the front-seated occupant was realized on exposing the severe impact through the backrest by the impact. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Interior (veh) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reconstruction (accid) KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476970 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747192 AU - DE COO, PJA AU - NIEBOER, J J AU - REYS, B G AU - VERSCHUT, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-O-03 SP - p. 1718-26 AB - The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of recent research activities conducted at the TNO Crash-Safety Research Centre in the Netherlands dealing with heavy truck safety. Three different accident types are considered: (1) the protection of truck occupants in a frontal collision; (2) the protection of car passengers in head-on collisions with a truck; and (3) the protection of cyclists and pedestrians in contact with the side of a trailer. For the first two accident types emphasized in the paper an integrated approach of testing and computer simulation was used in order to achieve an improved crash protection. In the car/truck frontal collision configuration, this resulted in a prototype design for an energy-absorbing truck front underrun protection system. For the third accident type, computer simulations were conducted in order to study the potentials and limitations of possible design solutions. Results of tests and simulations are presented. Other results include insight into the validation level of the computer models used in the study and potential hardware solutions. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Lorry KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476972 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747045 AU - Nusholtz, G AU - KAIKER, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ABDOMINAL RESPONSE TO STEERING WHEEL LOADING PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-05 SP - p. 118-27 AB - Occupant kinematics in automotive collisions can result in loading of the abdominal region for the unbelted or belted occupant. Abdominal response may affect kinematics of other body regions. Therefore, it is important to determine the response of an occupant during a crash. Toward this end, the impact response of the thoraco-abdominal region was investigated utilizing unembalmed repressurized human cadavers subjected to frontal impact with a non-deforming steering wheel lower rim. The focus of this research programme was on the response of the soft tissue in the abdominal region and the kinematic response of the lower section of the thoracic cage. A description is given of a unique method, which merges accelerometer and film date, to determine abdominal response to impact loading conditions. In addition, abdominal response corridors are also presented. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Cinematography KW - Cinematography KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pendulum KW - Pendulum tests KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476825 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747047 AU - WASIOWYCH, A AU - DUIGNAN, P AU - LOZZI, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSING STEERING WHEEL IMPACTS USING A HYBRID III AND DEFORMABLE LOAD SENSING FACE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-09 SP - p. 136-43 AB - Accident data, from many countries, have identified the head and face as the body region most frequently injured in frontal car collisions. The steering wheel is one of the car interior components most responsible for these injuries. This investigation conducted comparative performance tests of energy absorption characteristics for a number of current production steering wheels. Emphasis was on evaluating the performance of steering wheels in Australian cars. In the paper the development of a test procedure is described which provides information on the performance variability between steering wheel types. Features that contribute towards better performance were also identified. The test involved the head of a Hybrid III dummy impacting against the steering wheel, and the resulting Head Injury Criterion (HIC) value used to compare steering wheels. Comparative testing was also conducted using the Deformable Load Sensing Face (DLSF). The test methodology proved reliable and repeatable. An analysis of the comparative testing reinforces the view that significant differences in injury potential exist, due to steering wheel styling differences. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Face KW - Face (human) KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Test rig KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476827 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747052 AU - Plank, G R AU - KLEINBERGER, M AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF THORAX/RESTRAINT SYSTEM INTERACTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-16 SP - p. 210-9 AB - Various modelling techniques are playing an increasingly important role as a cost effective means of supplementing crashworthiness data for gaining a better understanding of the injury mechanisms associated with automotive crashes. The interaction of a geometrically accurate (50th percentile male) finite element model (FEM) of the human thorax, and FEMs of a seat belt restraint system and an airbag are examined. Optimization of the thorax model under frontal impact conditions and the development of an improved shoulder structure are discussed. Using the LSDYNA3D three-dimensional FE structural analysis code, stress fields within the thorax model are examined. The results, using each restraint system in a comparable impact environment, are presented. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Shoulder KW - Shoulder (human) KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476832 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747054 AU - BEUSENBERG, M C AU - HAPPEE, R AU - Twisk, D AU - PLATTEN, G AU - PENHALLURICK, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF A NEW 18-MONTH-OLD CHILD DUMMY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-18 SP - p. 233-44 AB - In this paper, the development and design of a new prototype of the 18-month-old dummy (the TNO P1 1/2) are presented, and the rationale behind its design is discussed. Based on regulatory and research applications of the P1 1/2, performance specifications are set up. The most important specifications concern the anthropometry and biofidelity of the new dummy. In addition, other characteristics (repeatability, reproducibility, durability, etcetera) have been taken into account during the design process. Using the latest anthropometry data available, incorporating enhanced instrumentation and applying new materials to improve biofidelity, have provided an advanced child dummy design. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476834 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747077 AU - KHARDI, S AU - VALLET, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DROWSINESS OF THE DRIVER: EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM) AND VEHICLE PARAMETERS INTERACTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-06 SP - p. 443-61 AB - Three factors are involved in car accidents: the road, the vehicle, and the driver. Of these, the first two have recently received considerable attention; the third factor, the driver behind the wheel, is probably the most important. Attention is paid to the last two factors. The present study characterizes low vigilance periods relative to driver's drowsiness by simultaneous analysis of the recorded electroencephalogram (EEG), steering wheel movements, and vehicle speed signals during six hours driving period. The mechanical parameter thresholds ot the vehicle are discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Detection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Electroencephalography KW - Electroencephalography KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Limit KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476857 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747079 AU - KANEDA, M AU - Iizuka, H AU - UENO, H AU - Hiramatsu, M AU - TAGUCHI, M AU - TSUKINO, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DROWSINESS WARNING SYSTEM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-08 SP - p. 469-76 AB - The development of technologies for preventing drowsiness at the wheel is a major challenge in the field of accident avoidance systems. Preventing drowsiness during driving requires a method for accurately detecting a decline in driver alertness and a method for alerting and refreshing the driver. As a detection method, a system has been developed that uses image processing technology to analyze images of the driver's face taken with a video camera. Diminished alertness is detected on the basis of the degree to which the driver's eyes are open or closed. This detection system provides a noncontact technique for judging various levels of driver alertness, and facilitates early detection of a decline in alertness during driving. When a diminished state of alertness is detected, the system issues a signal that first activates an audible warning, and then generates a menthol scent. Compared with the stimulative effect of an audible warning alone, experimental results show that the provision of an audible warning combined with a menthol scent is more than twice as effective in keeping the driver alert. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Audible warning devices KW - Aural signal KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Detection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Image processing KW - Image processing KW - Odors KW - Odour KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Signals KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Vision KW - Vision KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476859 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747086 AU - KRUEGER, H J AU - HEUSER, G AU - KRAEMER, B AU - Schmitz, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOOT LOADS AND FOOTWELL INTRUSION IN AN OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-03 SP - p. 528-34 AB - From a series of comparative offset crash tests with five different passenger cars of the subcompact mass class, the measurement data of foot loads and objectives of the footwell intrusion are reported. Loads in terms of resultant acceleration range in a wide spread on 200 up to 1000 g. The extent of footwell reduction is fairly correlated with the loads. The inner foot position is mostly subjected to generally higher loads. From the loading mechanisms some injury preventional proposals of an advanced design in the footwell area can be derived. As a contribution to different existing measurement procedures for the foolwell reduction, a more sophisticated volumetric evaluation method is proposed. Footwell intrusion, foot loads and foot injuries with relatively severe consequences are highly correlated. Progress of internal safety can be established by means of an advanced deformation measuring method as a tool for a developed and more injury preventive design. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Decrease KW - Decreases KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Foot KW - Foot (not a measure) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Prevention KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476866 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747088 AU - EDWARDS, W R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF CHRYSLER DRIVER AIRBAGS AFTER FIVE YEARS EXPOSURE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-09 SP - p. 556-61 AB - This paper is a continuation of an earlier study assessing the effectiveness of Chrysler driver airbags. That study and this one compare the driver fatality rates of Chrysler passenger cars before and after the introduction of the driver airbag. Because of wide variation in fatality rate changes from carline to carline and the small sample sizes in the initial study, it was believed that a couple more years of exposure would lead to convergence among the carlines. The earlier study included 1986 through 1990 Fatal Accidents Reporting System (FARS) data, while this one includes 1986 through 1992 data. While the fatality and exposure data increased substantially between studies, the carline to carline variance largely remains unchanged. This indicates that carline driver demographic differences and other factors contribute to the system effectiveness. In the aggregate, the driver fatality rates are 29% lower in frontal crashes and 22% lower overall in Chrysler vehicles equipped with driver airbags. (A) See also IRRD 864744. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Females KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Human beings KW - Man KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476868 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747111 AU - KLANNER, W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF PASSIVE SAFETY BY CRASH TESTS AND ACCIDENT STATISTICS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-O-06 SP - p. 812-20 AB - A basic requirement for a realistic evaluation of crash tests is suitable rating procedures. The rating procedures published up to now largely use the dummy loading values obtained from crash tests. This paper deals with a rating procedure which gives the greatest possible consideration to all parameters having a bearing on the injury relevance and therefore considers not only dummy loading values but also to a large extent car-related data obtained by measuring and observation. Results of comparative head-on crash tests with small cars and space cars are given as examples in order to illustrate the efficiency of the procedure presented here. In order to be able to ascertain the limits of the validity of the results obtained using the rating procedure a suitable validating procedure is basically essential. Besides this, quite a large quantity of type-specific accident data must be known for a selection of car models. The basic features of a validation procedure are described which can be used to convert these data into assessment quantities in such a way that they can be directly compared with the results of the crash test rating procedure. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Classification KW - Classification KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476891 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747113 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY REDUCTION BY AUTOMATIC OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-O-08 SP - p. 846-55 AB - Automatic occupant protection, state belt laws, and greater voluntary belt use amount to a 'winning combination' that saves lives. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208, as amended on July 17, 1984, combined a nationwide effort to increase belt use through state belt laws, enforcement and education, and a requirement that automatic occupant protection, such as air bags or automatic belts, be phased into passenger cars and light trucks. The effectiveness of automatic occupant protection is measured by statistical analysis of fatal crashes involving model year 1985-93 passenger cars, based on Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data from 1986 through mid 1993. Fatality risk of occupants in cars equipped with air bags plus manual belts (at 1993 use rates) is 23 percent lower than in "baseline" cars with manual belts at 1983 use rates. In similar comparisons, the fatality reductions for the four types of automatic belts range from 11 to 19 percent. All reductions are statistically significant. In the 1993 model-year mix of cars with air bags or automatic belts, at 1993 belt use rates, the average fatality risk is 20 percent lower than for baseline, manual-belt cars at 1983 use rates. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Analysis (math) KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Decrease KW - Decreases KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476893 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747120 AU - Fontaine, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGH PERFORMANCE CARS, AGE AND SEX OF THE DRIVERS: EFFECTS ON RISK AND SAFETY PY - 1995 VL - 1 IS - 94-S5-W-19 SP - p. 896-903 AB - The type of vehicle driven, according to characteristics such as weight and power/weight ratio is an important criterium in risk and severity analysis. Age and sex of the drivers are also factors to be taken into account.The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of these criteria in crash involvement and severity, and their effects on different accident types. The accident data used are from 1991. The results show the over-risk of high-powered and light vehicles, taking into account the use made of them by their drivers. The analysis highlights the influence of the "vehicle/driver" combination. Young male drivers are more sensitive to the type of vehicle driven, both in terms of involvement in certain accident types and of increase of severity with the performance of the vehicle driven. (A) Forthe covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident proneness KW - Accident proneness KW - Age KW - Age KW - Analysis (math) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Females KW - Hazards KW - Human beings KW - Man KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Probability KW - Probability KW - Risk KW - Rural area KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Weight KW - Weight KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747122 AU - ALBERS, W AU - LEHMANN, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT REQUIREMENTS IN THE USA AND EUROPE - A CRITICAL COMPARISON PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-02 SP - p. 919-26 AB - In the United States, a test procedure for occupant protection in side impacts has been required since 1993. A procedure is expected for Europe. The test configuration, evaluation criteria and particulars of both methods are described and discussed from the viewpoint of one in safety development. Using the example of a full-scale test, mean values and scatter of measured occupant loads are illustrated and evaluated. Other considerations regarding dummy behaviour and the differences between the deformable test devices are explained with examples. The goal of vehicle development must be to offer the customer a high degree of occupant protection at a reasonable price. Standardization of specified test procedures and of dummies to be used would be a major step on the way to this goal. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476902 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747145 AU - SCHMELING, G AU - ARCHER, R AU - Wiley, K AU - ZELLNER, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE IMPACT PERFORMANCE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-06 SP - p. 1177-97 AB - This paper describes the results of 63 full-scale motorcycle/car impact tests to evaluate the effects of various add-on engine guard treatments on impact performance. Test variables included engine guard presence, engine guard design, motorcycle type, and impact configuration. Dynamic measurements comprised photo-optic time histories and measurements as well as electronically sensed dummy accelerations. For each test, a set of kinematic injury potential indices was calculated from the dynamic measurements. Differences in kinematic injury potential, due to the addition of various engine guard treatments and variations in other test variables, are discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Front KW - Front KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side KW - Side KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476925 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747147 AU - Bly, P H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REVIEW OF MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-08 SP - p. 1211-20 AB - This review is the result of a study by an ad-hoc working group set up by the European Experimental Vehicles Committee (EEVC) to examine all engineering aspects of motorcycle safety. The review contains the contributions of European experts in both primary and secondary safety, and in protective clothing. The paper contains the summary findings of the much larger study report. It covers accident and injury data, braking, handling, conspicuity, passive safety, airbags, leg protection, combined design measures, helmets, clothing, and the general road environment and furniture. Overall, it shows that, despite the intrinsic vulnerability of motorcycle riders, there is considerable scope for improving safety further. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident prevention KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Clothing KW - Clothing KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash helmet KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Helmets KW - Highway design KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Protective clothing KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476927 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747154 AU - KALLINA, I AU - ZEIDLER, F AU - BAUMANN, K-H AU - SCHEUNERT, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE OFFSET CRASH AGAINST A DEFORMABLE BARRIER, A MORE REALISTIC FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-01 SP - p. 1300-4 AB - The passive safety of passenger cars in frontal collisions is usually assessed by means of crash tests against a flat or angled rigid barrier. With respect to the frequency of asymmetrical frontal impacts in real world accidents, the most important crash test at Mercedes-Benz is an offset test with 40% overlap at 55 km/h against the rigid barrier. The rigid barrier should be replaced by a deformable barrier to further increase the proximity to road accidents of this offset crash. It should simulate the yielding structure involved in a car-to-car crash but at the same time with better efficiency and higher reproducibility. Based on extensive research Mercedes-Benz has defined such a realistic test. Since the deformable element according to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214 is well known and validated, it was chosen for this purpose. The force/deflection characteristics of the Honeycomb element represent the stiffness of the front end of a medium to large car. First results show that the vehicle deformation patterns are very similar to those found in real-world accidents. Another, also very important result is that the degree of overlap does not significantly influence the load on the occupants, in contrast to the tests against a rigid offset barrier. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Front KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476934 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747156 AU - SAKURAI, T AU - TAKAGI, M AU - HIBINO, T AU - Ihara, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY ON A VEHICLE BODY STRUCTURE FOR PASSIVE SAFETY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-03 SP - p. 1312-9 AB - The objective of this paper is to examine a stiffer passenger compartment for a frontal collision impact force, and a more efficient front end structure of the vehicle body for absorption of the impact energy. For design of the former, a sizing optimization analysis based on the fully stressed design is applied to determine the properties of the members that constitute the compartment. In this calculation, the balance between the strength of the floor side member and the impact force is reviewed. For design of the latter, impact energy absorption efficiency is increased by "hybrid" members composed of steel and fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials. The relationship between the energy absorption characteristics and fiber distribution angle is determined by collapse tests using simple specimens made of steel tubes with FRP adhered to their inner surfaces. A dynamic collision test is conducted with the front end structure consisting of hybrid members to evaluate the effect of energy management based on these preliminary tests. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fibers KW - Fibre KW - Force KW - Force KW - Front KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Interior (veh) KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476936 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747179 AU - LEFFLER, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DYNAMIC STABILITY CONTROL DSC - A WHEEL SLIP CONTROL SYSTEM WITH EXTENDED FUNCTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-09 SP - p. 1549-59 AB - Antilock Braking Systems (ABS) form the basis for different categories of traction and stability control systems. Combined traction and stability control systems in a similar manner as with ABS, are based on wheel speed information only. By intelligent analysis of the different wheel speed signals it becomes possible to differentiate between different driving situations. However, a more exact definition of the respective driving situation requires additional information besides the wheel speed signals only. This is especially true when more active corrective measures are considered for sophisticated wheel slip control systems. Besides conventional Automatic Stability Control (ASC), a new category of Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) was developed to allow for simultaneous consideration of longitudinal and lateral slip control. The technical system layout of the different wheel slip control systems, is briefly described. Results comparing the respective performance of the different controllers are shown. It can be concluded that the evolutionary development of the different stability control systems considered for this comparison, results in a highly remarkable contribution to the improvement of active safety. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Control KW - Control KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Dynamics KW - Dynamics KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Handling characteristics KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Stability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Tension KW - Tension KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476959 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747181 AU - Kullgren, A AU - LIE, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ABS (ANTI LOCKING BRAKES) IN REAL LIFE ACCIDENTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-11 SP - p. 1568-73 AB - In this study the effectiveness of Anti Locking Brakes (ABS) in the accident population is studied. By studying cars with and without ABS, but otherwise identical, it was possible to have a control group that was not affected by vehicle characteristics other than the braking system. Accidents were subdivided into those types more and less affected by the braking system as well as on road surfaces with different friction. The occurrence and severity of accidents were studied. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Accident rate KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Friction KW - Friction KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Surfacing KW - Surfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476961 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747186 AU - PARKER, D L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY OF ALTERNATIVELY FUELED MOTOR VEHICLES IN THE UNITED STATES: THE FEDERAL SAFETY PROGRAM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S10-O-10 SP - p. 1639-44 AB - A sizeable increase in the number of alternatively fueled motor vehicles in the United States is expected, due to the focus by the Congress, the President, State governments, and various private interests on these vehicles as a means of reducing air pollution and conserving energy. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has undertaken a comprehensive programme to assure the safe performance of these vehicles on the road and in crashes. This paper discusses the issues and potential approaches in the context of the agency's statutory authority regarding alternatively fueled motor vehicle safety, the safety issues that are unique to these vehicles, and the agency's current and potential future programme direction in providing national safety leadership in this area. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Alternate fuels KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Electric vehicle KW - Electric vehicles KW - Ethanol KW - Ethanol KW - Federal government KW - Fuel KW - Fuels KW - Gas KW - Gases KW - Government (national) KW - Methanol KW - Methanol KW - Policy KW - Policy KW - Renewable energy KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476966 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747188 AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - Brown, J AU - KELLY, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1995 IS - 94-S10-O-15 SP - p. 1655-67 AB - This paper reviews the following topics: (1) the development of child restraint systems in Australia; (2) current development work for improved standards; (3) lessons learnt from real world performances; and (4) experience with reducing misuse. Australian child restraints have taken on some unusual features compared to their North American and European counterparts: (a) Infant restraints are generally confined to the rear seat; (b) The most popular infant restraint is a detachable hand held capsule which leaves the base semi-permanently mounted in the car; (c) Most children go into forward facing restraints at the age of 5 or 6 months; (d) The forward facing restraints use a virtually mandatory 6 point harness with dual crotch straps, no shield style devices, no shoulder harness clips; (e) Top tether straps since 1976; (f) The Australian Standard is also arguably the toughest performance standard in the world with four separate crash sled tests for frontal, rearward, sideways and inverted impacts; and (g) network of "Safety Restraint Fitting Stations" and associated developments resulting in misuse rates falling to below 20%. Australia also looks forward to better booster chairs offering higher levels of protection for the four to ten year olds, and the incorporation of integrated child seats into new cars. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Development KW - Development KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Infant KW - Infants KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476968 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747046 AU - Ramet, M AU - Bouquet, R AU - Haddak, M AU - Bermond, F AU - HAM, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISON OF HUMAN FACIAL TOLERANCE AND MECHANICAL MODELS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-08 SP - p. 128-35 AB - This paper presents a comparison of the stiffness characteristics and the initial kinematics response of the face of cadavers and mechanical models. The two mechanical models, based on a modified Hybrid III dummy head, detect localised facial forces. One was equipped with a frangible facial insert. For the second model, a load sensing face (LSF) was developed with piezoelectric sensors providing pressure time histories. Design properties and characteristics of the LSF are described as well as the sensor technique used. Cadavers and dummy were fitted with triaxial accelerometers installed in the sagittal plane of the head at the coronal and lambdoidal sutures. The faces of all test subjects were impacted at the sub-nasal maxilla and nasion by a horizontal steel bar of 25 mm diameter. In addition, a mathematical model of the human face is now in progress in an explicit finite element (FE) code. Specific tests to analyse the soft tissue injuries were also carried out. All the results from tests are used: (1) to appreciate the means to evaluate the facial lesions; and (2) to understand the facial behaviour such as an interface, for instance between the airbag and the head. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Face KW - Face (human) KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Head KW - Human tolerance KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476826 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747053 AU - Yang, Jinglin AU - KAJZER, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PEDESTRIAN LOWER EXTREMITY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-17 SP - p. 220-32 AB - In this paper the mechanisms of injury and the injury tolerances of the lower extremity in car-pedestrian accidents are described and analyzed. Based on the analyses of injury mechanisms, a three-dimensional (3D) mathematical model of lower extremity with human-like knee joint and breakable leg elements was developed. The mechanical properties of the model are based on available biomechanical data. Validation of the new developed model was made with results from previously performed experiments with biological specimens. The computer simulations of these experiments were carried out with the model using the MADYMO 3D program. The bumper impact force, the leg acceleration, the condyle interface forces, the ligament forces, and the ligament relative elongation were calculated and compared with the results from experiments with biological specimens. The calculated values from simulations correspond in general to measured parameters in experiments. The model showed a higher biofidelity than the traditional MADYMO model of the lower extremity with a cardan knee joint and an undeformable representation of the leg. The model can be used to investigate impact response of the lower extremity under varying impact conditions. The injury risk of the lower extremity in car-pedestrian accidents can also be predicted by the model. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Human tolerance KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Joint (human) KW - Joints (Anatomy) KW - Knee KW - Knee (human) KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476833 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747064 AU - Ward, N J AU - STAPLETON, L AU - PARKES, A M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE IMPACT OF NIGHT-TIME DRIVING WITH HUD (HEAD-UP DISPLAY) CONTACT ANALOGUE INFRA-RED IMAGING PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-04 SP - p. 319-24 AB - This paper outlines the preliminary results of a field evaluation of a prototype near infra-red Vision Enhancement System (VES) using a contact analogue head-up display (HUD) presentation. The evaluation compared speed, cognitive workload and reaction times for the detection of simulated pedestrians while driving a route with the operational VES and without the VES at night. Results indicated that VES operation necessitated greater mental demand and effort, and resulted in slower speeds (at least initially) as well as a generalised trend to greater speed variation over time. The results are discussed in terms of the functional qualities of the demonstrated VES prototype. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Detection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Information display systems KW - Infrared KW - Infrared radiation KW - Motor reactions KW - Night KW - Night KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Psychology KW - Psychology KW - Reaction (human) KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Visual display KW - Visual display KW - Visual display units (Computers) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476844 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747071 AU - BECKER, S AU - SONNTAG, J AU - HEUSER, G AU - Krause, R AU - HOFMANN, O AU - GRAEBER, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY EFFECTS AND DRIVER ACCEPTANCE OF AN AUTONOMOUS DISTANCE WARNING AND INTERVENTION SYSTEM: RESULTS FROM FIELD TRIALS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-11 SP - p. 371-5 AB - One of the main reasons for accidents especially on freeways is falling too short of a safe headway distance. This behaviour is often unintentional, and is caused by a lack of attention and the driver's inability for precise distance estimation. Within the TUEV Rheinland's 'Integrated MMI-Solution for LOngitudinal COntrol (IMMIS- LOCO)' PROMETHEUS project, a driver assistance concept based on a visual display, an active gas pedal and an autonomous brake system (ITT Automotive Europe) is realized in an experimental vehicle. If the driver violates predefined distance limits, the assistance system presents a tactile warning (kick) on the active gas pedal combined with a visual explanation (pictogram) on the display. If the driver does not increase distance, the gas pedal is pushed back and the autonomous brake system is activated. This intervention can always be controlled and overridden by the driver. Based on field trials on German motorways with 'naive subjects', driver acceptance and safety consequences are estimated. Layout of display, gas pedal and brake system, and experimental results are presented. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accelerator (veh) KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Attitude (psychol) KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Headway KW - Headways KW - Information display systems KW - Printed publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Symbol KW - Symbols KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Visual display KW - Visual display KW - Visual display units (Computers) KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476851 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747078 AU - Wierwille, W W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON DRIVER DROWSINESS DEFINITION AND DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-07 SP - p. 462-8 AB - Four studies were recently undertaken, two of which have dealt with problems of drowsiness definition while two have dealt with on-line drowsiness detection. The first definitional study involved observer rating and the second involved prediction of reductions in task performance based on combinations of physiological measures. Both approaches appear promising. These definitions, as well as others, could then be related to measures taken from the vehicle itself (for instance measures of steering, lane position, and lateral acceleration), which could be combined to form drowsiness detection algorithms. The first detection study involved algorithm development and expected accuracy, and the second involved validation of typical algorithms. This paper provides an overview of the four studies and an assessment of the feasibility of on-line detection of drowsiness. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Detection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476858 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747089 AU - ROMEO, D J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MID-ATLANTIC DRIVER AIR BAG PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-10 SP - p. 562-9 AB - Seat belt usage is not zero percent in the United States nor is it one hundred percent in Europe. Yet, air bag systems have been and are still being designed in these areas as if this were the case. Additionally, very few air bag deployments occur in the United States under impact conditions for which they were designed. In fact percentage wise this is less than 6% for speeds greater than 25 mph and for 30 mph or greater, less than 2%. In this paper the concern is the relatively large number of air bag deployment injuries, which are occurring. It is often inferred that these deployment injuries are more or less the price which must be paid in order to have high speed crash protection. These injuries are not however, believed to be necessary. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Human tolerance KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Marketing KW - Marketing KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476869 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747096 AU - RICHTER, B AU - JAEHN, N AU - SINNHUBER, R AU - STENDER, C AU - ZOBEL, R AU - ZOGALLA, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW SAFE CAN LIGHTWEIGHT CARS BE? AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE LIMITS OF PASSIVE SAFETY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-17 SP - p. 622-40 AB - Growing environmental awareness and the desire to preserve fossil fuels have in the recent past caused some automobile manufacturers and a couple of small development teams to consider whether this goal can be achieved through, amongst other things, extremely small and light vehicles. Because of the low weight, the problem of compatibility - that is to say the affect of a collision with a larger vehicle - becomes particularly acute. In addition, the requirement that such vehicles are built as compact as possible contradicts the desire to include conventional deformation zones in the design. The question arises whether such a vehicle should be consciously built with lower standards of passive safety or what expense would be necessary to at least partially compensate these physical handicaps. It has been shown that through consequent application of a series of complementary measures, and by using the total physically available space, a thoroughly respectable safety potential can be achieved for small vehicles. However, decreased deformation length of smaller vehicles increases the deformation forces and the mass of the vehicle. Therefore, extremely short vehicles are not necessarily light vehicles. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dimension KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Limit KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Size KW - Ultimate load design KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476876 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747103 AU - Sonoda, Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE APPLICATION OF THE CRASH VICTIM SIMULATION WITH AIRBAG TO RECREATIONAL VEHICLE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-W-25 SP - p. 708-12 AB - In this report, it is confirmed that simulation can fully reproduce the conditions of a sled test. A case is illustrated in which simulation was applied in order to obtain the optimum specification of the collapse characteristic of the steering column which becomes more important as a restraint system when an airbag is installed. An attempt is made to develop and utilize this simulation technique. The aim is to efficiently introduce the optimum system of airbags in recreational vehicles (RV). (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Impact sled KW - Impact sleds KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Optimum KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Steering column KW - Steering columns KW - Test procedures KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476883 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747114 AU - Kullgren, A AU - LIE, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE USE OF CRASH RECORDERS IN STUDYING REAL LIFE ACCIDENTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-O-10 SP - p. 856-62 AB - A low cost crash recorder for frontal impacts, based on a mass spring system has been developed and mounted in a population of 30.000 cars. In this paper, the experience of the crash recorder is shown in terms of crashes and outcome in real life. The pulses of several crashes are presented as well as the change of velocity. Some typical crashes where a traditional reconstruction would have led to poor estimates are also presented. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Measuring instruments KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Speed KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476894 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747121 AU - Fildes, B AU - Vulcan, P AU - Lane, J AU - LENARD, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT CRASHES IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-01 SP - p. 906-18 AB - This study set out to evaluate the level of side impact protection to occupants of current model passenger cars in Australia to provide directions for future improvements in occupant protection. Inspections of 198 real world side impact crashes involving 234 hospitalised or killed occupants were undertaken between 1988 and 1992. Retrospective examination was carried out given that the principal focus was on secondary safety performance. Information was collected on the degree and extent of deformation using the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) inspection system, the change of velocity during impact (delta-V), seat belt wearing behaviour, the injuries sustained by the occupants, and the source of injury inside or outside the vehicle. Injury patterns for all and the most severe injuries were compared with their contact source by occupant seating position and whether it was a near or far side impact. The results are discussed in terms of reported findings overseas and recommendations were made for future improvements in side impact protection in Australia. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injury severity KW - Location KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476901 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747128 AU - BEUSENBERG, M C AU - JANSSEN, E G AU - SCHREUDER, JJH AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIVE YEARS EXPERIENCE OF USING EUROSID-1 IN SLED AND CAR TESTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-09 SP - p. 986-98 AB - The main objective of this paper is to show the EUROSID-1 responses in full-scale side impact tests with passenger cars. From these responses, an impression is given as to what can be expected from EUROSID-1 under these test conditions. A large database is set up for this purpose. This paper provides a follow-up of an earlier study and specific attention is given to dummy responses in relation to the protection criteria in the (proposed) European test procedure. The influence of car test weight and number of doors on the dummy responses is analyzed. Also included are experiences of using EUROSID-1 with respect to repeatability, reproducibility, and sensitivity. (A) See also IRRD 864695. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Sensitivity KW - Sensitivity KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476908 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747139 AU - HULTMAN, R W AU - HENSON, S E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AAMA (AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION) SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION RESEARCH: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-W-28 SP - p. 1097-1111 AB - This paper describes side impact research conducted under the auspices of the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA), formerly Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the United States, Inc. (MVMA). The AAMA has funded many research projects on side impact including component test device development, test procedure comparisons. (USA, European and Composite), dummy evaluations (SID, BIOSID, EUROSID-1 and EUROSID), basic biomechanics, and padding characteristics. The research effort reported on here begins in 1982 with the coordinated government/industry project to develop, and to compare full-scale with subsystem side impact test procedures. Following the end of the coordinated research, AAMA members pursued a vigorous coordinated effort on their own. This research effort continues today considering such timely issues as appropriate injury criteria and lateral head impact. The paper discusses each research project, its objectives, pertinent conclusions and places the total research programme into perspective. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Padding (safety) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Standardization KW - Standardization KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747146 AU - Zellner, J W AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - ROGERS, N M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY RESEARCH INTO THE FEASIBILITY OF MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG SYSTEMS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-07 SP - p. 1198-1211 AB - This paper summarizes the results of preliminary research carried out between 1990 and 1993 by the motorcycle industry and various research institutes, into the feasibility of applying airbag technology to motorcycles. Phase 1 of the research involved: literature review; identification of preliminary injury evaluation methods, injury indices and dummy requirements needed to assess motorcycle airbags; 19 sled tests; and computer simulation to evaluate systematically the effects of airbag design, vehicle, rider characteristics and impact configuration on airbag performance. Phase 2 of the research continued with: a review and analysis of existing airbag sensor technology; modification of existing motorcycle dummy to incorporate modifications to the neck and other body regions; human cadaver tests; dummy response validation; computer simulation of various airbag concepts including preliminary design optimization; full-scale impact tests; and further refinement of the dummy neck and airbag design. Overall, the results indicated that: (1) appropriate injury evaluation methods are needed to assess motorcycle airbag feasibility in a realistic manner; (2) for motorcycle airbags, a tradeoff exists between beneficial effects in some impact accident configurations and harmful effects in others; and (3) that the positive or negative influences of a motorcycle airbag are sensitive to airbag design parameters, and impact or deployment configurations. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476926 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747153 AU - ROGERS, N M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TRL (TRANSPORT RESEARCH LABORATORY) DESIGNED LEG PROTECTORS FOR A MEDIUM SIZED SPORT MOTORCYCLE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-W-16 SP - p. 1279-98 AB - This paper describes results of an evaluation of prototype leg protectors designed by the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) which meet the UK Draft Specification (UKDS) for motorcycle leg protectors, and which are fitted to a 500 cc sport motorcycle. Four full-scale impact tests and a series of laboratory tests and computer simulations were done in order to study the effects of different test methods and to evaluate the device. The full-scale impact tests involved: (1) 30 degree glancing impacts to the side of a moving car; and (2) offset frontal impacts to a stationary car, using test methodologies developed by the motorcycle industry. The test results are compared with test results of TRL for the same nominal impact conditions but using different test methodologies. The full-scale and laboratory test data, when used with a previously validated model, also provided a basis for a computer simulation of this leg protector in 163 impact configurations which occur in motorcycle accidents. The test and simulation results are compared with previous results for other UKDS leg protector designs tested by the motorcycle industry. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476933 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747164 AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - COXON, C AU - PETTIGREW, I AU - DE FOREST, R AU - CALDWELL, P AU - STOLINSKI, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUSTRALIA'S NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-14 SP - p. 1420-6 AB - In 1992, Australia commenced a New Car Assessment Program (NCAP). The first group of vehicles tested were medium/large family sedans. This group was tested at 56.3 km/h (35 mph) in a full frontal test identical to the United States NCAP test. Only Hybrid III dummies are used. Some of the vehicles performed significantly worse than their US counterparts. Some reasons for these differences were readily evident. For instance, it appears likely that occupant excursions were generally greater in the Australian vehicles due to high elongation seat belt webbing. The program has gone on to conduct the 56.3 km/h full frontal test and an additional 50% offset test at 60 km/h into an aluminium honeycomb energy absorbing barrier face, on small cars and four wheel drive vehicles. The program already appears to be having a significantly positive effect on the introduction and marketing of safety features in new vehicles. There appears to be a new strong safety marketing drive, airbags are now promised in GM and Ford family sedans. This paper presents the results of the test programs, a comparison to equivalent overseas fleets, and the improvement which the program appears to be bringing. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476944 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747171 AU - Hahn, W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VISION ENHANCEMENT - CONCEPTS FOR THE FUTURE? PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-01 SP - p. 1490-6 AB - Driving a car under conditions of reduced vision like during nighttime, rain, snowfall or fog can create considerable discomfort and is moreover a contributing factor to quite a number of traffic accidents. Among these the striking but rather rare mass-collisions in dense fog have gained much public attention. In the framework of PROMETHEUS various companies started research to overcome the existing problems. The different approaches and demonstrator projects have been summed up under the name "vision enhancement". This paper concentrates on the system concepts which make use of the Infrared Technology, but the other concepts are also shortly described. Specific emphasis is put on results of theoretical and experimental research which has been performed by BMW and some external partners to investigate the potential of the Infrared Technology for a vision enhancement system in vehicles. (A) For the original paper in German see IRRD 329621. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Fog KW - Fog KW - Hazards KW - Printed publicity KW - Risk KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476951 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747178 AU - KIPPOLA, W J AU - STANDO, M J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGING TRENDS IN SAFETY DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-08 SP - p. 1535-48 AB - The first third of the 1990's has been one of declining accident rates in the United States and increasing interest in vehicle safety by consumers and regulators worldwide. Consumers worldwide are demanding improved safety in vehicles. Ongoing studies by the governments in the U.S., Europe, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Australia, and New Zealand are expected to lead to the next generation of frontal impact, side impact, and rollover protection regulations. A focus on harmonization and real-world safety benefits is essential. Designing to meet these demands will expand the limits of today's technology. New technologies will evolve to meet these challenges in both the area of new design features and new design tools. Next generation features under development include "tailorable" frontal air bags, side air bags, personalized driving controls, and accident sensing radar applications. Next generation tools might include a family of biofidelic test dummies and human injury models. The new technologies will create a corresponding need to educate the users of these new technologies. New design strategies will need to be carefully evaluated to assure that the technology provided keeps the consumer in mind. Manufacturers and regulators must realize that approaches based on a "Technology-for-technology-sake" or a "Regulation-for-regulation-sake" may provide unexpectedly disappointing results. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Demand KW - Demand (econ) KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Development KW - Development KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Standardization KW - Standardization KW - Technology KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476958 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747189 AU - Friedman, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMPETITIVE MARKETING PY - 1995 VL - 2 IS - 94-S10-W-17 SP - p. 1679-82 AB - This paper describes General Motors studies of thirty years ago, the conclusions of which appear to still be appropriate today. The paper further relates the conclusion of these studies to the design and construction of electric and hybrid electric vehicles since that time, at present and in the future. That conclusion was (and still is) that electric automobiles cannot be consumer competitive practically, socially, or economically unless something changes, such as the available technology, or the consumers expectations, or the economic environment. The truth of the matter is that given any electric vehicle design, styling, structure and any set of amenities, substituting an equivalent performing internal combustion engine/transmission, with appropriate environmental modifications, the results will be a more competitive and marketable product than any electric or hybrid electric combination foreseeable in the past or present. The conclusion of the paper is that, it will not be possible for at least twenty years after the decision is made, and until some 20 billion American dollars in resources are available, to design an electrochemical engine to power a consumer competitive automobile that people would buy. Even so, the risk of failure is high and the cost estimates are optimistic. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Electric vehicle KW - Electric vehicles KW - Emission KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Marketing KW - Marketing KW - Motor KW - Motors KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476969 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747196 AU - Horii, M AU - TOMURA, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF FRONT UNDERRUN PROTECTORS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-O-07 SP - p. 1751-61 AB - A study is presented on the effectiveness of front underrun protector (FUP) for heavy duty vehicles based on the analyses of accident investigation data, full-scale front underrun tests on passenger car, and computer simulation. From accident investigation data, the magnitude of cars underrun travel where fatal or serious injury occurs is shown. The relation is shown between collision speed and the car underrun travel during the accident.This relation can be shown by the approximate formula with a parameter of the overlap ratio of the car width when colliding. For the final step, the effectiveness of FUP was estimated by computer simulation based on the results of full-scale tests when the strength and the ground clearance of FUP were variously changed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident rate KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Lorry KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476976 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747049 AU - KRABBEL, G AU - NITSCHE, S AU - Appel, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANATOMIC 3-D (THREE-DIMENSIONAL) FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE HUMAN HEAD UTILIZING CT (COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY) DATA PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-12 SP - p. 153-8 AB - A slightly different version of this study is published in 'Safety. Technical Papers from the 25th FISITA Congress, Beijing, 1994', Volume 4, 1994, pp82-7, and for the abstract see IRRD 880130. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Skull KW - Skull UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476829 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747050 AU - Gibson, T AU - SHEWCHENKO, N AU - WITHNALL, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BIOFIDELITY IMPROVEMENTS TO THE HYBRID III NECK PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-13 SP - p. 159-68 AB - This paper describes the steps taken to improve the biomechanical fidelity of the neck of the frontal impact test dummy, the Hybrid III, to make it more suitable for motorcycle crash testing. On the basis of volunteer and cadaver studies, several refinements have been made to the Hybrid Ill neck. These include changes to the range of motion of the head/neck joint and its means of static adjustment, a change in the neck stiffness in flexion/extension, and the improvement of torsional biofidelity. The purpose of these modifications is to improve the response characteristics of the neck: (1) to allow the dummy to be used in a larger range of postures than the standard; and (2) to make the neck and head respond more realistically during the testing of current motorcycle safety systems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476830 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747067 AU - HARA, T AU - KAMIYA, K AU - Furuichi, T AU - YOSHIDA, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY ON ACTIVE SAFETY USING DRIVING SIMULATOR: "DRIVER'S STEERING QUALITY IN A MONOTONOUS DRIVING" PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-07 SP - p. 343-9 AB - This paper concerns driver's steering quality, which could be one of the highest potentials to detect driver's performance deterioration. In an attempt to reduce the number of traffic accidents, several types of intelligent vehicles are under research, such as DRIVE, IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems), and ASV (Advanced Safety Vehicle). One of the applications could be a supporting system for a driver, which should function through detecting driver's status such as psychophysiological status. Using a chassis-dynamometer-type of driving simulator, driver's steering quality was investigated in a monotonous driving condition. A monotonous driving could induce drowsiness, hypoalertness and sleep at the wheel, which might deeply affect the characteristics of steering wheel operation. Additionally, a drunken driving was also investigated as one of the hypoalertness conditions. The results indicate that a comparatively high correlation was shown among the frequency characteristics of steering wheel angle operated, physiological status and vehicle's lateral fluctuation, which implies the possibility that the characteristics could be one of the measures to represent driver's steering quality. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Correlation (math, stat) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Drunkenness KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Field of vision KW - Field of vision KW - Frequency KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Intoxication KW - Physiology KW - Physiology KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476847 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747068 AU - ARTAUD, P AU - PLANQUE, S AU - LAVERGNE, C AU - CARA, H AU - DE LEPINE, P AU - Tarriere, C AU - GUEGUEN, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ON-BOARD SYSTEM FOR DETECTING LAPSES OF ALERTNESS IN CAR DRIVING PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-08 SP - p. 350-9 AB - Analysis of the circumstances surrounding motorway accidents clearly points to drowsiness at the steering wheel as one of the main causes. It is therefore not hard to understand the growing interest shown by the car makers in rapidly developing a system for detecting lapses of alertness. Renault's Departement Biomedical de l'Automobile (France) recently organized a series of tests to validate such a system. Twenty-one tests were performed on a driving track at night. Numerous lapses of alertness were obtained, leading to drivers often dozing off and leaving the road. In this paper the results are presented of the physiological recordings (electroencephalogram (EEG), electro-oculogram), and the behavioural recordings (analysis of the video film of the driver's face). It is shown how a physiological reference of the driver's level of alertness from this data is established. The correlation between the results provided by the EEG and those obtained by behavioural analysis is discussed. A multi-sensor approach, based on the analysis of driving behaviour, and the respiratory signal and the automatic processing of the film of the driver's face are dealt with. The study of the driver's reactions based on mechanical signals collected on the vehicle is also briefly described. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Electroencephalography KW - Electroencephalography KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Eye movement KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Night KW - Night KW - Physiology KW - Physiology KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Test track KW - Test tracks KW - Vision KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476848 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747081 AU - AUGER, G AU - VALADE, J-M AU - DE VAULX, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERVEHICLE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-10 SP - p. 483-90 AB - In the framework of PROMETHEUS, Renault, Thomson and PSA have launched with the support of the French government, the study and development of a communication system allowing data transmission between a cluster of vehicles. In this paper the the traffic circumstances are described where such transmission might improve driving safety. A description is given of the main features of the system, which can accommodate up to one hundred vehicles without any need of central management or synchronization. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Data communications KW - Data transmission (telecom) KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Telecommunication KW - Telecommunications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476861 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747082 AU - GALER, M AU - Jones, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTELLIGENT OCCUPANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-11 SP - p. 491-8 AB - This paper presents some ideas for the enhancement of the performance of secondary safety systems. The paper reports on the progress made at Loughborough University of Technology (United Kingdom) in the design and assessment of technological requirements and injury mitigation potential of intelligent secondary safety systems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Case study KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Injury severity KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476862 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747085 AU - Yamazaki, K AU - SONODA, N AU - SAKURAI, T AU - Matsui, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF IMPACT TEST PROCEDURE FOR STEERING WHEEL TO REDUCE FACIAL INJURIES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-01 SP - p. 520-7 AB - To study a steering wheel impact test procedure that reflects the actual conditions of automobile accidents in Japan, an analysis of these accidents was carried out to determine how injuries were inflicted by a steering wheel to a driver's head and face in a head-on collision; that is to say: the regions of injury, the types of injuries, and the parts of the steering wheel responsible for injuries. As a result, it was found that in addition to head injuries, it was necessary to study facial injuries. These include soft tissue injuries which account for more than 70% of the injuries sustained by occupants in the driver's seat in Japan. Regarding soft tissue damage (the most frequently inflicted case of head and facial injuries), data were arranged concerning the structure and mechanical properties of the skin to develop a new impactor with skin-simulated material. The test conditions were established by taking into account the findings of the analysis of automobile accidents and the behaviour of the dummy head in a crash. Finally, a series of impact tests was conducted to determine issues of consideration for an impactor necessary to study soft tissue injuries. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Face KW - Face (human) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Rubber KW - Rubber KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Skin KW - Skin KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Test rig KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476865 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747099 AU - Foret-Bruno, J Y AU - Le Coz, J Y AU - Thomas, C AU - BRUTEL, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IN DEPTH ANALYSIS OF FRONTAL COLLISIONS AS REGARDS THE INFLUENCE OF OVERLAP AND INTRUSION ON OCCUPANT SEVERE AND FATAL INJURIES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-21 SP - p. 676-83 AB - Improvements in frontal belted car occupant protection are the first priority in passive safety. Passenger compartment intrusion is considered by some as one of the main limiting factors of belt effectiveness. It is proposed to examine the effect of different amounts of intrusion at the dashboard level but also at the footwell level on overall severity of injuries, and to point out the balancing effect between intrusion and acceleration. The most effective protection of vehicle occupants can only be based on the analysis of real world crashes. This analysis concerns the intrusion but also the overlaps observed in frontal impact for the restrained front belted occupants, and uses two sources: (1) detailed survey by the PSA Peugeot-Citroen Renault Laboratoire d'Accidentologie et de Biomecanique (L.A.B) covering 8,000 vehicles and 14,000 occupants; and (2) the study of 1,280 police reports on fatal accidents which occurred in France in the second quarter of 1990. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Analysis (math) KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Human body KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Interior (veh) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety belt KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476879 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747100 AU - HOFFMANN, R AU - RENNER, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CITY CARS - A NEW CHALLENGE FOR OCCUPANT SAFETY SYSTEMS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-22 SP - p. 684-8 AB - This study uses simulation methods to find an optimised restraint system by studying the equivalent of 2000 sled tests. It is shown, that with the proper combination of off-the-shelf restraint system components, an occupant safety system for a city car with an extremely short crash zone is feasible. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dimension KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Front KW - Front KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Size KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476880 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747117 AU - Kullgren, A AU - LIE, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PHOTOGRAMMETRY USED FOR MEASUREMENT IN FIELD ACCIDENT STUDIES - DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SIMPLE SYSTEM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-W-16 SP - p. 879-83 AB - A photogrammetrical system has been developed and used for a couple of years on a large number of cases. In this paper, further development of the system is presented, where the time used on the field and in the measurement phase has been reduced. It is also shown how measured points are stored in the photographs, enabling a follow up of earlier measurements. As a complement to the measurement photographs video films from the field can be used for measurement. The video film can also be used for analysis of restraint use and documentation of contact points between the vehicle and the occupant. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Camera KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Digital computer KW - Digital computers KW - Image processing KW - Image processing KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photography KW - Photography KW - Video cameras UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747118 AU - Haddak, M AU - Ramet, M AU - ROMIEU, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISON OF ROAD USERS' INJURY TYPOLOGY AT TEN YEAR INTERVALS (FIRST PART) PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-W-17 SP - p. 884-90 AB - The short version of this study is published in the 'proceedings of the 40th annual conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, October 7-9, 1996', pp535-6, and for the abstract see IRRD 893938. For the second part see IRRD 894965. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Age KW - Age KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Delivery vehicle KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Females KW - France KW - France KW - Human beings KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Lorry KW - Man KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Trend (stat) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476898 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747132 AU - PILHALL, S AU - KORNER, J AU - OUCHTERLONY, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIPSBAG - A NEW, SEAT-MOUNTED SIDE IMPACT AIRBAG SYSTEM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-13 SP - p. 1026-34 AB - A slightly different version of this study is published in 'Advances in occupant protection technologies for the mid-nineties', 1995/02, pp141-52, and for the abstract see IRRD 875181. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476912 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747135 AU - Rueckert, J AU - MARCAULT, P AU - SCHLOSSER, J AU - LASRY, D AU - HAUG, E AU - ROGER, J AU - Cesari, D AU - Bermond, F AU - Bouquet, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCES IN FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF THE EUROSID-1 DUMMY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-W-17 SP - p. 1058-64 AB - In occupant safety analysis the development of validated numerical models for car crash dummies is necessary to assess accurately occupant loadings and potential injuries. In the case of side impact events, the strong coupling between the car structure deformation and the occupant kinematics motivates the use of Finite Element (FE) techniques for the modelling of the occupant. A previous publication of the authors presented the development and validation of a model for the EUROSID-1 thorax assembly. In this paper, further progress in the development of the full dummy is reported. (A) See also IRRD 856911. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Force KW - Force KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476915 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747149 AU - Ramet, M AU - Bouquet, R AU - BOUALLEGUE, M AU - Bermond, F AU - Cesari, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF AIR BAG INFLATION ON THE CINEMATIC AND THE LESIONS OF A MOTORCYCLIST PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-11 SP - p. 1241-6 AB - Despite the development of efficient individual protective means such as crash helmets and padded outfits, motorcyclists represent a high risk group. This is why it was proposed to complete this protection with devices integral with the motorbike: leg protectors and the air bag. The aim of the motorbike air-bag is to form a screen between the driver and the obstacle which he is likely to crash into when thrown off his machine. However, it is advisable to check the effect of the inflation when the driver's head is close to it. This is the purpose of this study in which 4 tests were carried out using corpses. These were instrumented to evaluate the violence of the shock received and high speed camera made it possible to determine the cinematic. Finally, medical imaging and autopsy enabled an exhaustive evaluation of the lesion to be made, and determine the seriousness of the lesions received. Checks were carried out using human corpses, to determine if the sudden application of an inflatable bag in front of a motorbike during an impact is likely to cause accelerations and/or injuries to the head or backbone. This is done by using cinematographic methods of acceleration measurements and medical examinations. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Cinematography KW - Cinematography KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476929 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747150 AU - Haddak, M AU - Ramet, M AU - ROMIEU, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY OF PEDESTRIAN LEG INJURY SEVERITY IN ROAD ACCIDENTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-W-13 SP - p. 1247-52 AB - An accidentology investigation called "TYPOLOGY' is carried out in two phases. The first study was conducted between 1981 and 1983. Ten years later, the second one started in 1993 and will be completed end 1994. In the second study, it is attempted to analyse pedestrian injury trends, taking into account the pedestrian's profile development according to sex, and age.Particular attention is paid to lower limb injuries, and especially possible changes in the lesion distribution over the length of the leg. In the study the Injury Impairment Scale (IIS) is introduced which makes it possible to measure the severity level of the physiological injury or the importance of the physical handicap suffered by the injured person and which is associated to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 90. (A) For the first part see IRRD 893938 and 894932. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Age KW - Age KW - Classification KW - Classification KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Females KW - France KW - France KW - Human beings KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Man KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Trend (stat) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476930 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747167 AU - THOMAS, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REAL WORLD COLLISIONS AND APPROPRIATE BARRIER TESTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-W-19 SP - p. 1450-60 AB - A slightly different version of this study is published in International Journal of Vehicle Design, 1995, Volume 16, Number 2/3, pp179-93, and for the abstract see IRRD 870142. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Angle KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476947 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747168 AU - CHAMBEAU, F AU - SAINT-PAUL, P AU - LE BORGNE, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN AND TESTING OF A REPLACEABLE LOW SPEED SHOCK ABSORBER PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-W-20 SP - p. 1461-7 AB - Not only crash performance at high speed, but also the concept of a removable absorber dedicated to low speed impacts (8 km/h to 15 km/h) is studied by PSA (France). This part would be fixed between the bumper and the front-end structure. The requirements for this absorber are the following: (1) at 8 km/h only the absorber participates in the crash and the structure must remain undamaged; and (2) at 15 km/h the absorber is crushed but the deformation of the structure must be limited to the front-end of the rail.The first phase of the design is based on the results of the PSA shock database set up during the EUREKA CAR MAterials (CARMAT) programme and which contains multiple information about the crush performances of different materials. Then a kinematic approach enabled the distance required to absorb the crash energy for a given set of parameters to be calculated. Various types of materials were selected to perform design and experimental studies including the optimised steel solution. The Citroen ZX 1.6 i was chosen as the support vehicle for the technical study which is presented in this paper. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Front KW - Front KW - Suspension (veh) KW - Suspension systems KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476948 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747182 AU - Jansen, STH AU - Lupker, H A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUEL TRUCK ROLL-OVER SIMULATION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-12 SP - p. 1574-82 AB - A driver controlled fuel truck roll-over situation, including the effect of load motions on the transient cornering behaviour of the vehicle, is analyzed. The vehicle velocity before entering the curve is 20 m/s. A driver controller is applied to account for steering actions. A new driver model is presented which is sensitive to the vehicle roll angle. The path deviation is reduced with this new driver model, but the risk of vehicle roll-over is increased. A dynamic threshold value for the steering angle is used to determine a worst case situation with response to the fill level of the tank. It is found that the relative difference between rigidly suspended and rolling load is largest for a fill level of about 40%. For three model configurations the same specified path, radius of turn of 83.3 m, is used as input for the simulations. The results show that load motions and driver behaviour influence the threshold values for roll-over. The case is studied where the tractor semi-trailer fuel tank truck after the roll-over slides over the pavement onto a tree. The tree, with a trunk diameter of 0.4 m, is assumed sufficiently strong to withstand the collision without any significant deformations. Even in that case it is found that rupture of the tank is unlikely for the accident analyzed. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Bend (road) KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Fuel tank KW - Fuel tanks KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway curves KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Lorry KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Trucks KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476962 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747185 AU - NILSON, G AU - SVENSSON, M Y AU - Loevsund, P AU - HAALAND, Y AU - WIKLUND, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REAR-END COLLISIONS - THE EFFECT OF THE SEAT-BELT AND THE CRASH PULSE ON OCCUPANT MOTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S10-O-07 SP - p. 1630-8 AB - Rear-end collision sled tests were carried out in order to investigate the influence of a standard three-point retractor seat belt system and that of the crash pulse magnitude on occupant response. A mathematical (MADYMO) model of the test set-up was implemented and validated. The model was used to further investigate the influence of the parameters. According to sled test results, the seat belt system did not have any significant effect on dummy response. However, using the MADYMO model it was possible to vary the friction between occupant and seat back, which resulted in a certain influence of the seat belt in limiting the ramping up of the dummy along the seat back at high velocity changes (delta-V) and low seat back friction. For a given velocity change a doubled sled crash pulse magnitude resulted in increased linear accelerations, angular accelerations and neck loads in the dummy. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476965 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747199 AU - TETARD, C AU - ROUMEGOUX, J P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNSAFE PRACTICES OF LORRY DRIVERS ON LONG GRADIENTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-W-12 SP - p. 1785-92 AB - The road between the Mont-Blanc Tunnel and Le Fayet (20 km) is a continuous gradient with a difference in elevation of about 700 m. Inertia forces the driver to constantly retard his vehicle by means of the different braking systems: service brake, engine brake, exhaust brake, and drive shaft brake. This study was motivated by accidents involving lorries which were caused by a loss of effectiveness of overheating brakes. The aim was to identify the factors of risk and to suggest appropriate measures to reduce them. The results enabled to identify four driving strategies. Two of these are hazardous, because the driver applies the service brake too much thereby causing the brake to overheat. Two factors cause these hazardous strategies: (1) the difficulties which inexperienced drivers have in implementing the necessary speed control skills, namely the selection of an appropriate gear ratio; and (2) working conditions, for example loading delays and mechanical incidents, coping with which sometimes causes risk taking amongst experienced drivers. A variety of recommendations have been made: guidance and information measures, recovery measures, professional training for driving on difficult routes. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Experience (human) KW - Gradient KW - Highway grades KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Knowledge KW - Lorry KW - Risk taking KW - Risk taking KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Temperature KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476979 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747200 AU - BOTTO, P AU - DESFONTAINES, H AU - FOUCHER, D AU - GERMAIN, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF A TRUCK IN THE CAR TO TRUCK FRONTAL CRASH PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-W-13 SP - p. 1793-96 AB - In the future a second step in the protection of car occupants in car to truck frontal crashes will include some form of energy absorption by the frontal structure of the truck. The results of recent studies into this type of crash permits to determine the most likely causes from the diversity of real life conditions, from which one or two typical situations can be brought out. More difficult is a sufficiently accurate evaluation of the situations surrounding the two vehicles involved, which is necessary when deciding upon a test speed representative of the majority of real crashes. At least, the choice in the method of testing, which should reproduce the situations of the car, its occupants and also the truck is questionable: how to obtain a method, sufficiently simple, which is representative of the complexity of the crash, will remain valid for several years and does not limit the choice in the improvement of the structures of trucks? (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Lorry KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476980 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747042 AU - Kallieris, D AU - BOGGASCH, F AU - Mattern, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECTION FOR THE THORAX INJURY SEVERITY IN THE 90-DEGREE LATERAL COLLISION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-02 SP - p. 89-99 AB - The qualities of the prediction of the Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) and the Viscous Criterion (VC) for the torso injury severity according to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) are tested in the 90-degree car to car lateral collision, and impact of the left torso against a rigid or a padded wall. Forty-two restrained human corpses in the age range of 18 to 65 years, located at the near-side front passenger seat were used. The impact velocity amounted 40 to 60 km/h. In the second group tested, the left side of the test subjects were impacted under one of two different test conditions: 24 km/h rigid wall and 32 km/h padded wall. The thorax deformation has been evaluated by a double integration of the acceleration difference at the 4th and 8th rib, near-side and far-side. The statistical analysis showed a stronger influence of the age among the test conditions regarding the injury severity than the loading criteria in the investigated collective. The TTI shows the highest correlation with thorax AIS and the number of rib fractures. VC is more suitable to predict abdomen AIS severity. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Age KW - Age KW - Analysis (math) KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476822 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747057 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - KAIKER, P AU - Wylie, E B AU - GLASCOE, L G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF THE SKULL/DURA INTERFACE AND FORAMAN MAGNUM ON PRESSURE RESPONSE DURING HEAD IMPACT PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-O-26 SP - p. 269-76 AB - A simple physical model was used to help evaluate the effect of the stresses generated in the brain during head impact. The biomechanical phenomena of interest were: (1) the skull-dura-boundary; (2) material flow through the foremen magnum; (3) the effects of skull deformation; and (4) the effects of free gas in the brain. The physical model was impacted by a 10 kg free-flying mass. During impact, the contact force, the acceleration, and the fluid pressures at various points in the physical model were measured. A finite-difference simulation which can address phenomena such as cavitation and the fluid motion was used to evaluate the pressure response of the physical model to impact. The analysis of these data indicate that the boundary conditions at the interface of the skull-dura coupled with material flow through the foramen magnum significantly affect the stresses generated in the brain during impact to the head. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Brain KW - Brain KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Head KW - Head KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Pressure KW - Pressure KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Skull KW - Skull UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476837 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747059 AU - KATO, H AU - OGATA, K AU - Kawai, H AU - ASAKURA, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY OF OPTICAL DEFLECTION SENSING SYSTEM IN THE AATD (ADVANCED ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICE) THORAX PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-W-21 SP - p. 284-8 AB - The optical thorax deflection sensing system for the Hybrid III dummy was studied for the feasibility in Advanced Anthropomorphic Test Device (AATD) dummy. The optical thorax deflection sensing system measures the displacement of target points based on trigonometry by sensing the light of light emitting diodes (LEDs) attached to the target points within a thorax with cameras fixed to the spine. The camera layout used before could not be employed because the lateral distance between the target points in the AATD dummy is greater. It was found that the system can be made feasible in the AATD dummy by rearranging the combination of the target points and cameras and optimizing the relative position between cameras and mirrors. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motion KW - Movement KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476839 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747074 AU - LEASURE, W A AU - BURGETT, A L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S) IVHS (INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS) COLLISION AVOIDANCE RESEARCH PROGRAM: STRATEGIC PLAN AND STATUS UPDATE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-01 SP - p. 400-11 AB - A slightly different version of this study is published in 'Towards an Intelligent Transport System. Proceedings of the first World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems, November 30 - 3rd December 1994, Paris', Volume 4, 1994, pp2216-23. For the abstract see IRRD 868807. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident prevention KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Case study KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Ergonomics KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factor KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476854 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747076 AU - COLINOT, J-P AU - LECHNER, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACTIVE COUNTER-MEASURES TESTING ON ACTUAL ACCIDENT SITES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S3-O-04 SP - p. 428-34 AB - In the framework of the PROMETHEUS European Safety Programme, PSA Peugeot Citroen had since 1989 a common action with the Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Securite - Departement Mecanismes d'Accidents (INRETS-MA), and the Laboratoire d'Accidentologie et de Biomecanique (L.A.B.). This was aimed at the specification and development of active counter-measure systems likely to help drivers to avoid the accident in the most frequent road fatality circumstances. The second part of this programme is presented here. Its aim is to validate the following two PSA counter-measures through experiments at actual accident sites, under the conditions of the accidents in question: Interactive road Signalling System (ISIS), and Automatic Guidance System. Three typical accidents are selected for detailed presentation, theoretical kinematic reconstruction and actual counter-measure testing: loss of control in curve, collision in curve and at a crossroad. The results show adequacy of the systems to selected cases.A partial impact study of Automatic Guidance System application effects on curve severe accidents breakdown concludes this presentation. (A) For the first part of the programme see IRRD 864669. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Accident prevention KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Bend (road) KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Guidance KW - Guidance KW - Highway curves KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intersections KW - Junction KW - Prevention KW - Printed publicity KW - Reconstruction (accid) KW - Safety KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476856 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747091 AU - GABLER, H C AU - HOLLOWELL, W T AU - Hitchcock, R J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS OPTIMIZATION OF VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-12 SP - p. 578-86 AB - This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for global optimization of vehicle impact designs, and considers total injuries in both the subject vehicle and its collision partners. The paper presents a systems approach to vehicle crashworthiness design which combines computer simulations of vehicle/occupant dynamic crash responses with a stochastic representation of the United States accident environment and crash victim population. The results of the safety systems design optimization of a 3,000-lb production passenger car are discussed illustrating the potential for design modifications which simultaneously improve passenger protection while reducing aggressivity. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Front KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Optimum KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Stochastic process KW - Stochastic processes KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476871 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747093 AU - Tarriere, C AU - MORAN, Y AU - Steyer, C AU - BELLOT, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA USEFUL FOR AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE INFLUENCE OF CAR STRUCTURAL INCOMPATIBILITY ON THE RISK OF ACCIDENT INJURY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-14 SP - p. 593-610 AB - Previous papers have already shown that a global assessment of the injury risk needs to take into account not only the victims inside a given vehicle but also the victims outside due to the vehicle's aggressiveness. New analyses have described all the phenomena, in absolute figures and as percentages. It appears for example that the injury risk is higher in accidents occurring between heavy cars than for accidents between lighter cars. An attempt is made to distinguish between the effects of car structural stiffness and the effects of car weight. Consequences are drawn concerning present trends in car design on the one hand and conflicting environmental and safety requirements on the other hand. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476873 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747108 AU - Luchter, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ESTIMATE OF THE LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF MOTOR VEHICLE INJURIES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-O-01 SP - p. 766-75 AB - The Functional Capacity Index (FCI) is a measure of a person's capacity to function following an injury. The index values vary between 0 and 1.00, where no loss of function is defined as 0 and full loss of function is defined as 1.00. When the index is multiplied by an injured person's life expectancy, the product is an estimate of the Life-years Lost as a result of the Injury (LLI). The FCI was applied to the injury data in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Crashworthiness Data System for the first six months of 1993. The aim was to estimate the LLI in 1993 resulting from police reported motor vehicle crashes in the United States where at least one of the vehicles was towed from the scene. The results are disaggregated by age, gender, body region and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) level, restraint use, vehicle type, and level of medical treatment. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Age KW - Age KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Classification KW - Classification KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Disabled person KW - Females KW - Hospital KW - Hospitals KW - Human beings KW - Human body KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Long term KW - Long term KW - Man KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Time duration KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476888 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747110 AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - BAEUMLER, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRIORITIES OF REAL CAR CRASHES AND THE AGREEMENT OF REAL ACCIDENTS WITH RESULTS FROM CRASH TESTING PY - 1995 IS - 94-S5-O-05 SP - p. 788-811 AB - The German Motor Insurers have continued their accident research programme with a new representative large-scale analysis "Vehicle Safety 90". This includes a data bank of 15,000 car-to-car crashes and over 1,000 single-car accidents. The distribution of collision types of this representative accident material with personal injuries is analyzed. The ranking of collision types in this new accident material based on the traffic environment of the year 1990 is demonstrated with respect to occurrence and intensity of crashes, combined with the frequency and severity of injuries. An analysis is carried out to ascertain whether collision characteristics are influenced by different mass categories of cars. The differences which have been observed might be due to other risk exposures by the driver, utilisation criteria or safety characteristics. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Data banks KW - Database KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Germany KW - Germany KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476890 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747123 AU - HENSON, S E AU - JANCZAK, S L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GLOBAL TRENDS IN SIDE IMPACT OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-03 SP - p. 927-37 AB - In this paper some trends in side impact occupant protection and their effects on future products are examined, from the perspective of a global manufacturer of cars and trucks. Interactions of side impact protection improvements with other societal goals such as fuel efficiency and the environment are studied. Emerging technologies are discussed such as side air bags, the potentially adverse consequences of international disharmony of side impact regulations, and the benefits of global agreement on injury mechanisms and injury criteria. Finally, the need for a family of anthropomorphic test dummies is stressed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Environment KW - Environment KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industries KW - Industry KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Standardization KW - Standardization KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476903 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747125 AU - MILTNER, E AU - Kallieris, D AU - Mattern, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INJURY CRITERIA IN REAL AND SIMULATED SIDE COLLISIONS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-05 SP - p. 949-56 AB - In this study the influence of cars' side deformations on injuries of near side belted front seat occupants in 27 real side collisions and 57 postmortal simulations is compared. In the real accident group the deformation had a significant influence on the occurrence of lung contusions and pelvic fractures. There was a significant correlation between the number of rib fractures and deformation in the real accident group, and between rib fractures and deformation and age in the postmortal group. The minimum deformations in the real accident group (numbers in parentheses for the postmortal group) were for brain injuries 67 cm (33 cm), for lung contusions 50 cm (33 cm), for liver ruptures 45 cm (25 cm), and for pelvic fractures 40 cm (38 cm). The sometimes higher minimum values in the postmortal tests result from the direct exposition of the body to the impact. In the real accident group there were no survivors at a deformation greater than 50 cm. By means of logistic regression analysis it was possible to classify 85% of the fatalities and 79% of the survivors correctly. In both real accidents and postmortal tests the critical range for life threatening injuries was between 35 and 50 cm. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Brain KW - Brain KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Human tolerance KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Internal organs KW - Regression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Viscera UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476905 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747140 AU - SAKURAI, M AU - Kobayashi, K AU - ONO, K AU - SASAKI, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION TEST PROCEDURE IN JAPAN - INFLUENCE OF UPPER BODY MASS ON LEG IMPACT TEST PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-01 SP - p. 1114-30 AB - This report first introduces statistical data on pedestrian accidents in Japan, with emphasis on the high frequency of head and leg injuries, and the high percentage of pedestrians who are hit from the side by vehicles. This report also describes leg impactor tests carried out as part of the pedestrian protection studies. Specifically, these tests were aimed at: (1) determining the influence of upper body mass on leg impact; and (2) at comparing the indirect measuring method (the knee-angle measuring method) and the direct measuring method (the force-measuring method). The vehicle frontal shape in terms of bumper height, bumper lead, and hood edge height was used as the main parameter. Results indicated the following: (a) The presence or absence of an upper body mass did not affect tendencies of varied measurement values, except for knee tensile force; and (b) among the leg impactor measured items, knee angle (dynamic deformation angle) and force (bending moment and shearing force) indicated different responses to the parameter under certain conditions. Therefore, it is judged inappropriate to consider knee angle and force as identical evaluation criteria. For the leg protection, however, there is no adequate index to be applied to the criteria except the knee angles and forces. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Force KW - Force KW - Hoods KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Knee KW - Knee (human) KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476920 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747142 AU - Zellmer, H AU - GLAESER, K-P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EEVC-WG (EUROPEAN EXPERIMENTAL VEHICLES COMMITTEE WORKING GROUP) 10 HEAD IMPACT TEST PROCEDURE IN PRACTICAL USE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S7-O-03 SP - p. 1139-46 AB - At the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV) in 1991, the European Experimental Vehicles Committee Working Group (EEVC-WG) 10 subsystem test procedures for cars to assess protection for pedestrians were presented. In the meantime, more than 150 single tests were carried out using the head impactors. It showed that this test method is a reliable tool to determine the potential of harm of car front surfaces with respect to pedestrian head impact. Bonnets of ten types of cars were tested with both the adult and the child head impactor. It showed that eight out of ten bonnets of the different cars were too stiff themselves to meet the test requirements of the child impactor. With the adult impactor, over 40% of the bonnet area tested, averaged over all cars, performed well and gave a Head Injury Criterion (HIC) value below 1000. As a result, between the undersurface of the bonnet and stiff parts of substructure there should be a minimum distance of around 50 mm in the child area of impact and around 70 mm in the adult one. Four different types of crash bars of off-road vehicles were also tested. The results of the child head impactor tests showed that HIC values can exceed the test criterion, even at impact speeds reduced to a half of the proposed 40 km/h speed. (A) See also IRRD 864645. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476922 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747157 AU - FOSSAT, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO EVALUATE STRUCTURAL FORCES IN FRONTAL CRASH TESTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-04 SP - p. 1320-33 AB - In this paper, a mathematical model is presented in order to evaluate the force-deformation characteristics of car structures in 0 degree frontal crashes using a dynamometric barrier. The method correlates the crash force with the car mass variation and the deceleration curve. Essentially, the model divides the crash pulse into two different parts: the first one (approximately the progressive deformation of the front structure) from 0-time to the beginning of the passenger compartment deformation; the second one (approximately the progressive deformation of the compartment itself) from the beginning of the passenger compartment deformation to the maximum deformation of the car. Experimental data sample allows to find, using a multi-linear regression analysis, a statistical correlation between car masses and average mass variation. Extension of this method to off-set, angular or full 0 degree frontal crashes without using a dynamometric barrier is also discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Correlation (math, stat) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Force KW - Force KW - Front KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Interior (veh) KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Regression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476937 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747159 AU - VALLET, G AU - O RIORDAIN, S AU - DERRIEN, Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANALYSIS OF AGGRESSIVITY IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-08 SP - p. 1364-71 AB - This paper is based on the results of a number of orthogonal dynamometric barrier tests carried out at the Crash Testing and Biomechanics Laboratory of INRETS in France. Eleven cars of different model and type were tested, drawn from cars that are common in Europe and being of widely varying lengths and masses. All these cars were equipped with either Hybrid II or IIIs. A large number of measurements were taken both inside and out. A force wall with 6 plates gave information on where the energy was dissipated. This information is used to ponder on aggressivity. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Force KW - Force KW - Front KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Interior (veh) KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476939 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747174 AU - Horowitz, A D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES IN ADVANCED REAR SIGNALLING SYSTEMS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-04 SP - p. 1511-6 AB - Integration of the human factors literature on rear-end crash causation with that of rear signalling and lighting, yields a conceptual categorization of potential advances. This paper addresses methodological human factors questions on how to strike a balance between minimizing nuisance signals and maximizing effective signals. Scenarios, characterized by vehicle motion, the driver's actions and/or the environment are discussed: (I) Braking at low speed or stationary; (II) Decelerating with no braking; (III) Sudden accelerator pedal release; (IV) Anti-lock braking system automatic activation; and (V) braking at any speed. For each scenario, human factors issues imply potential signals and functions. The paper helps in setting the foundation for an extensive evaluation programme of advanced rear signalling and lighting systems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident prevention KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake lamps KW - Brake light KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration KW - Human factor KW - Human factors KW - Prevention KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Signal KW - Signals KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476954 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747176 AU - PRIEZ, A AU - Petit, C AU - BRIGOUT, C AU - GUEZARD, B AU - BOULOMMIER, L AU - MOUTREUIL, M AU - Tarriere, C AU - Collet, C AU - VERNET-MAURY, E AU - Dittmar, A AU - DELHOMME, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF DRIVER'S BEHAVIOR AS A TOOL FOR ACTIVE SAFETY PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-06 SP - p. 1524-7 AB - Active safety is a generic expression for any system which improves the vehicle behaviour (for example braking, lightning, and dynamic behaviour). But a specific system can be considered as an active safety system only if it spares lives or injuries. As the driver is one of the most important factors in crash impairment, the study of his (her) behaviour must be taken into account when tuning a safety system. Psychophysiological measurements are performed in order to test the efficiency of the safety system with ordinary drivers in real driving conditions. Stress, and concentration can be evaluated and it is possible to explain the difference of efficiency of a system within the driver. At last, the vehicle can be modified in order to be as efficient as possible for a larger population. These techniques have already been used to evaluate the real efficiency of an Anti Blocking System (ABS) in emergency situation, and to determine the influence of the dynamic behaviour on driving. Psychophysiological measurements are correlated with measurements on the car and informative results are presented for the situations described. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Handling characteristics KW - Physiology KW - Physiology KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476956 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747191 AU - SHIOSAKA, Y AU - NAGAIKE, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH ON FORWARD FIELD OF VIEW OF TRUCKS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-O-01 SP - p. 1700-3 AB - The purpose of this research is to discuss the minimum field of view a truck requires for driving in a straight line. This is called the drivable field of view (DFV). The approach consists of investigating the drivers, vehicles, and road environments. The necessary basic data for analysing DFV were obtained. For example, the visual targets were analyzed from the records of the lines of sight of truck drivers. In addition, the drivable sight distance (DSD) between visual targets and driver was calculated based on gap acceptance and reaction time. The DFV was calculated using the visual target positions determined by actual road traffic surveys, DSD, and the position of the driver's eye point. The results show that the DFV is a fairly narrow area within the forward field of view. DFV is useful for determining the area which must be wiped by the windshield wipers of trucks in bad weather. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident prevention KW - Calculation KW - Calculation KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Field of vision KW - Field of vision KW - Lorry KW - Motor reactions KW - Prevention KW - Reaction (human) KW - Safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle spacing KW - Vehicle spacing KW - Weather KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476971 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747193 AU - RIECK, G AU - HAHN, H-J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SAFETY OF THE NEW MAN INTERURBAN COACH FRH 422 PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-O-04 SP - p. 1727-33 AB - In summer 1993 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG in Germany delivered the first coaches from the FRH 422 "Lion's Star" range presented in late 1992. Apart from improvements in environmental compatibility, economy, quality and reusability of materials, the development targets which characterised the concept were further increased in comfort, convenience and safety. The great importance of interior and exterior design too was taken into account in the new vehicle. All development activity was centred around the passenger, but the demanding requirements of the driver and the operator were not neglected. This paper describes in particular the improvements relating to the safety of the FRH 422. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Buses KW - Coach KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476973 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747061 AU - PORTA, D J AU - KRESS, T A AU - SNIDER, J N AU - Fuller, P M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT STUDIES OF EMBALMED HUMAN CADAVER THIGHS AND FEMURS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S1-W-24 SP - p. 299-303 AB - Research was performed in an attempt to better define tolerance levels (magnitude of loading that yields a specific degree of injury) of the human thigh. The objectives of this study are to ultimately provide data to be used in the enhancement of crash dummy biofidelity and the development of artificial bone for a frangible experimental dummy (FrED). For the study, seventy femurs and twenty-five intact lower limbs from embalmed human cadavers have been subjected to dynamic impact loading. The bones and limbs were mounted in one of two different configurations that simulated a standing or seated individual. The impact points in the configuration were the condyles of the femurs or the flexed knee of the intact legs. The impact apparatus consists of an accelerator that propels a cart headed by a pipe/or plate instrumented with a force transducer. The femur appears stronger when impacted in the anterior-to-posterior (a-p) direction than the lateral-to-medial (l-m) direction. Soft tissue damage was masked due to the fixation process. It was concluded that the soft tissue did not play a role in affecting fracture outcome. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Human tolerance KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476841 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747063 AU - Schmidt, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EURO-SCOUT - SAFE DRIVING WITH REAL TIME TRAFFIC INFORMATION PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-03 SP - p. 315-8 AB - Due to an increasing mobility rate several problems are experienced resulting from the insufficient traffic infrastructure. Driving in this enviroment without stress, without loosing time, and safely guided by all relevant information, is the paradise vehicle drivers are dreaming of. One step to a solution, which may be applied in short term, is the use of information and communication systems, for instance telematics, between driver and infrastructure. These systems enable prognostics of traffic patterns, and communicate the information without delay tailored to each individual driver needs. Combined with an ergonomic means of information dissemination in the vehicle, the driver will be able to drive to his destination in a guided mode with real-time information, reflecting all current traffic problems. As a consequence, stress reduction, shorter drives, reduction of obsolete traffic (search, congestion, etcetera) and an increased level of safety have been experienced. This paper describes the EURO-SCOUT system. This is an interactive route guidance and information system which fulfills the requirements described. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Data communications KW - Data transmission (telecom) KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver information systems KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Ergonomics KW - Ergonomics KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Printed publicity KW - Psychology KW - Psychology KW - Real time KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476843 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747070 AU - HIRST, S AU - Graham, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PRESENTATION OF HEADWAY INFORMATION TO DRIVERS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-10 SP - p. 364-70 AB - A large projection screen was used in conjunction with a stationary vehicle to investigate the most appropriate way of presenting headway information to drivers. Videos of moving approaches to a parked vehicle were shown on the screen, and overlaid by various auditory and visual displays to simulate head-up presentation of headway information. Subjects seated in the stationary vehicle were required to operate the brake pedal to indicate the last moment at which braking must commence in order to avoid collision with the vehicle shown on video. Objective measures of subjects' braking responses were captured via activation of the brake pedal. Subjective preferences concerning the various interface options were recorded by questionnaire. Analysis of the objective data showed a significant difference between 'abstract' and 'pictorial' display conditions, with the 'abstract' condition producing earlier braking. The subjective data revealed that subjects preferred the 'abstract' visual display and a non-speech auditory display. The findings are discussed with respect to the design of collision avoidance headway displays. The work reported here was conducted under the BRIMMI project: part of the EUREKA PROMETHEUS programme. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident prevention KW - Audible warning devices KW - Aural signal KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Color KW - Colour KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver information systems KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Headway KW - Headways KW - Information display systems KW - Prevention KW - Printed publicity KW - Safety KW - Signals KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Symbol KW - Symbols KW - Visual display KW - Visual display KW - Visual display units (Computers) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476850 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747072 AU - Eberhard, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILITY AND SAFETY: THE MATURE DRIVER'S CHALLENGE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S2-O-12 SP - p. 376-88 AB - As the numbers and licensure rates of older people increase, so does the need to focus on ways of ensuring the safety of all road users without unduly restricting the mobility of older drivers. The United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is now conducting a coordinated research programme designed to identify the safety and mobility needs of older people, with the intent of assuring that both can be satisfied. Driving patterns and accident involvement of the elderly are reviewed, with emphasis on the role of medical conditions and functional limitations. Drivers who understand their own limitations tend to change their behaviour to accommodate declining capabilities. Those unaware of limitations tend not to take corrective action, placing them at higher risk of crashes. Research under way to differentiate these groups and categorize their performance is presented. There is evidence that older drivers as a group are not a risk to others based upon their number of crashes per licensed driver. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Aged KW - Ageing KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Driving licence KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Hazards KW - Illness KW - Medical aspects KW - Mobility KW - Mobility (pers) KW - Old people KW - Perception KW - Perception KW - Risk KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vision KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476852 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747095 AU - LUTTER, G AU - Appel, H AU - Wils, O AU - VETTER, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE SAFETY OF AUTOMOBILES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-16 SP - p. 615-21 AB - A slightly different version of this study is published in 'Proceedings of the 1991 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, held in Berlin, 11-12-13 September 1991', 1991, pp41-8, and for the abstract see IRRD 845861. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Analysis (math) KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Manufacture KW - Manufactures KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476875 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747097 AU - AUGENSTEIN, J AU - PERDECK, E AU - STRATTON, J AU - DIGGES, K AU - LOMBARDO, L AU - Malliaris, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INJURIES SUSTAINED BY AIR BAG OCCUPANTS IN FRONTAL CRASHES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-O-18 SP - p. 641-8 AB - This paper provides case examples to illustrate types of chest and abdominal injuries associated with air bag cases. Two types of cases are presented: (1) Jackson study involving occult chest/abdominal injury; and (2) special investigation cases sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). It is suggested to use additional evidence from the crash scene in the triage criteria to assist in recognizing the extent of injuries to occupants protected by air bags. For the occult chest/abdominal cases observed in the Jackson study, deformation of the steering system was the vehicle characteristic most frequently observed. The challenges of recognizing injuries to air bag-protected occupants are discussed. The presence of steering wheel deformation may be a sufficient signal of caution to justify transporting the injured victim to a Level 1 or 2 trauma center so that a close examination for occult injuries can be made. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Hospital KW - Hospitals KW - Injury severity KW - Reconstruction (accid) KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476877 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747102 AU - Friedman, D AU - Forrest, S AU - Meyer, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENHANCED SAFETY FOR LIGHT TRUCKS AND VANS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-W-24 SP - p. 698-707 AB - To demonstrate how easy it would be to improve the safety of light trucks and vans (LTV's), the authors: (1) analyzed historical and current accident databases; (2) investigated and analyzed 11 accident case histories of a GM S-10 vehicle; (3) determined the safety improvements needed; and (4) chose simple and available subsystem design modifications which maximized safety payoff. The conclusion is that with small running design changes to the seating and restraint system weighing about 15 pounds, about 20 pounds of metall air gap padding, and 15 pounds of composite structural foam filling of roof support sections, an estimated 25% reduction in harm can be achieved, over and above the reductions resulting from increased restraint usage. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Delivery vehicle KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Expanded material KW - Expanded materials KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injury severity KW - Interior (veh) KW - Lorry KW - Manual safety belts KW - Padding (safety) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476882 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747104 AU - ZUPPICHINI, F AU - TRENCHI, G AU - RIGO, C AU - MARIGO, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEVERE AND FATAL LESIONS IN CARS FITTED WITH AIRBAGS: CASE REPORTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-W-26 SP - p. 713-20 AB - This paper describes some accidents involving airbag-equipped cars, in which the driver or the front passenger sustained severe or fatal lesions without severe intrusion of the passenger compartment. Two fatal cases regard drivers, with immediate or delayed exitus. One case regards an unrestrained passenger that was found dead at the scene. Postmortem data were available for two of the fatal cases; there is strong suggestion that the described lesions have been produced by airbags themselves. The data suggest that the airbag alone may not be able to prevent violent contact with the lower part of the steering wheel rim, and that airbag deployment may be dramatically dangerous if the seat belts are not worn. The last assertion is categoric especially for the right passenger, whose body may more easily be displaced within the air bag inflation area during the braking phase that often precedes the impact. Standard crash test do not foresee that a vehicle might be decelerating before the impact, nor that the space between passenger thorax and airbag surface could not be completely free. It seems that also the testing procedures ought to be trimmed in order to detect chances of out-of-position and therefore prevent potentially fatal outcome. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injury severity KW - Italy KW - Italy KW - Reconstruction (accid) KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476884 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747106 AU - Pilkey, W D AU - Sieveka, E M AU - Crandall, J R AU - KLOPP, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF FOOT PLACEMENT AND VEHICULAR INTRUSION ON OCCUPANT LOWER LIMB INJURY IN FULL-FRONTAL AND FRONTAL-OFFSET CRASHES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S4-W-31 SP - p. 734-41 AB - The biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the lower extremities in a vehicle crash environment are investigated by the Virginia University in the United States. Studies of accident databases have shown that the widespread use of seat belts and airbags has increased the relative importance of debilitating lower limb injuries significantly. This paper discusses the methods used to address this problem. These include accident investigation, computer simulation, and laboratory testing. A representative accident case has been selected for simulation with the Articulated Total Body (ATB) occupant simulator. The results indicate that a strong correlation may exist between foot position on the brake pedal and the load transmitted to the heel of the braking foot. The results ar less conclusive with regard to the effects of moderate amounts of intrusion (less than 20 cm). These simulations have set the stage for upcoming laboratory work involving an impact sled fitted with a special buck which provides toe pan intrusion, as well as a compound pendulum which will be used to perform highly controlled, component tests of lower limbs. The laboratory tests will make extensive use of the new Hybrid III Advanced Lower Limb. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Foot KW - Foot (not a measure) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact sled KW - Impact sleds KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Pendulum KW - Pendulum tests KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476886 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747127 AU - BENEDETTO, A M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIENCE AND DATA ANALYSIS ON SIDE IMPACT TESTING ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN PROCEDURE PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-07 SP - p. 964-85 AB - A review of more than 60 full-scale side impact tests using the EUROSID-1 dummy, according to the European Procedure, is presented. An analysis of instrumentation and results is carried out. The test configuration relating to the type of barrier, the barrier height, the seat positioning, and the test instrumentation is presented. From the full-scale side impact tests, a database has been created. A description is given of the database organization. Statistical analysis is carried out using the available data in order to find a correlation between biomechanics and the most relevant structural data. Finally, data relating to the most important "open" questions of the new procedure are presented and discussed in detail. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Analysis (math) KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747129 AU - DIEU, F AU - RISS, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL FOR SIDE IMPACT ANALYSIS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-10 SP - p. 999-1007 AB - This paper provides an overview of the "Side Impact Comprehension Program" conducted at PSA Peugeot Citroen in France. A simple Spring-Dashpot-Gap-Mass computer simulation model has been developed for representing both body side intrusions and biomechanical criteria. A Computer Test Procedure EUROSID-1 integrated in the simulation model indicates biomechanical criteria. The model has been used to reproduce the behaviour of a so-called "European Average Vehicle". Systematic sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate the influence of a structural modification (for example reinforcement body and doors) or a vehicle compartiment ergonomy change (padding, SID position, etcetera) on the intrusion magnitudes and biomechanical criteria. The computer simulation model framed in ABAQUS Finite Element (FE) code can be run on a Cray computer within a couple of minutes. The results are in very good agreement with the "European Average Vehicle" results for all intrusions, velocities, accelerations and biomechanical criteria (for instance rib deflection and velocity, and pelvis load). The parametric study clearly indicates the design modifications required to improve the behaviour of a tested prototype. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Body (car) KW - Car door KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747131 AU - BREED, D S AU - SANDERS, W T AU - CASTELLI, V AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SENSING SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-O-12 SP - p. 1021-5 AB - Now that airbags are the accepted solution for protecting occupants in frontal impacts, and now that safety sells cars, it is natural to look closely at the second largest killer of automobile occupants, side impacts. This paper develops the theory of sensing side impacts based on the assumption that airbags will soon be used for side impact protection. The trade-offs between the various sensor technologies are discussed including electronic and mechanical sensors. For mechanical sensors, fluid damped, undamped and crush sensing switches are compared. Finally, the requirements for a successful predictive sensor are presented. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Specifications KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747136 AU - Maurer, D AU - KOHLHOFF, S AU - DU BOIS, P A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCES IN SIDE IMPACT SIMULATION PROCEDURES PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-W-24 SP - p. 1065-78 AB - The simulation of side impact test procedures provides a new challenge to engineers to extend crashworthiness computations to this load case. The strong interaction between structure and dummy requires a completely coupled analysis of vehicle and dummy. Since the measured injury levels are the criteria on which the performance of the car is judged substantial work has to be performed to obtain a well validated finite element (FE) dummy model. This paper presents recent advances in modelling and validation of an EuroSID FE dummy. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476916 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747138 AU - FRANZ, J AU - HOFFMANN, R AU - VASEN, H-J AU - HILLENBRAND, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT LOAD CASES IN SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S6-W-27 SP - p. 1091-6 AB - Compared to the frontal crash, numerical and experimental investigations of the side impact are more difficult. The occupant comes into direct contact with the crushing structure or the striking object. Beside this, the behaviour of the vehicle and the restraints, the kinematics of the occupant and its interaction with the vehicle and the striking obstacle are different for most load cases. This paper informes about the experiences of the authors to manage this situation. The paper informes about the engineering tools used for the development of side airbags. Numerical simulation methods and nondestructive tests on a HYGE sled are presented. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Impact sled KW - Impact sleds KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476918 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747161 AU - BREED, D S AU - SANDERS, W T AU - CASTELLI, V AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPLETE FRONTAL CRASH SENSOR SYSTEM - II PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-10 SP - p. 1377-87 AB - This is the second paper in a series to present a coherent theory of sensing frontal crashes, to define the characteristics of future airbag sensor systems, and to present examples of how this theory can be implemented. After summarizing the relevant conclusions from the authors' previous papers, this paper demonstrates that future systems should contain: (1) crush zone sensors which, either used alone or in conjunction with electronic passenger compartment mounted sensors, sense relevant impacts to all portions of the vehicle front; and (2) a Vehicle Interior identification and Monitoring System (VIMS) to identify, and to determine the location of occupants and objects within the vehicle. It is further concluded that cars should be designed so that only impacts involving the front of the vehicle need be sensed for the deployment of frontal protection airbags. (A) For the first part see IRRD 886379. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Front KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Interior (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476941 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747163 AU - HAFFNER, M AU - KLEINBERGER, M AU - EPPINGER, R AU - HENNESSEY, B C AU - PRITZ, H AU - Beebe, M AU - HAGEDORN, A V AU - DESANTIS KLINICH, K AU - ORE, L AU - Tanner, C B AU - KUPPA, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FRONTAL DUMMY COMPONENTS FOR THE NHTSA (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) ADVANCED FRONTAL PROTECTION PROGRAM PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-O-12 SP - p. 1405-19 AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is now engaged in the design and development of improved frontal test dummy components and associated instrumentation for application to its ongoing Advanced Frontal Protection Program. New or modified versions of existing Hybrid III designs for the neck, shoulder, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities are currently in varying stages of development, test, and evaluation. An overview of the design approach and rationale employed for each body region is presented. A summary of evaluation efforts underway and planned by the NHTSA and other independent parties is provided. In conclusion, a discussion of anticipated future project direction and schedule is provided.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476943 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747170 AU - WITTEMAN, W J AU - KRIENS, RFC AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS FOR OPTIMIZED CRASHWORTHINESS DESIGN OF THE LONGITUDINAL MEMBERS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S8-W-24 SP - p. 1481-8 AB - In recent years a large number of frontal crash tests have been reported which were designed specifically to represent real crash situations. In these tests many cars showed a crash behaviour leading to unacceptable deformations of the passenger compartment. Apparent reason for this is that insufficient design efforts were made to cope with the high and uneven mechanical loads occurring in these realistic collisions. Improved frontal crashworthiness of cars necessitates additional design requirements, which take into account that the majority of collisions occur with partial frontal overlap, at oblique impact angles, and at velocities that deviate significantly from the regulated test speeds. Such a set of design requirements has been formulated. Based upon a numerical simulation study, a concept is proposed for a longitudinal member capable of the desired crash response. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Optimum KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Shape KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476950 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747172 AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sato, T AU - Traube, E C AU - Aoki, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BENEFITS OF FAST-RISE BRAKE LAMPS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S9-O-02 SP - p. 1497-1500 AB - This study evaluated reaction times to brake signals from standard incandescent brake lamps and from three alternative brake lamps with substantially faster rise times: neon, LED, and fast incandescent. The study, performed in a laboratory, simulated a daytime driving condition. The subject's task was to respond as quickly as possible to the onset of either of two brake lamps in the visual periphery, while engaged in a central tracking task. Brake signals were presented at two levels of luminous intensity. The results showed that reaction times to the alternative brake lamps were faster than to the standard incandescent lamp. The advantage averaged 166 ms for the LED and neon lamps (corresponding to a reduction of 4.6 m in effective stopping distance from 100 km/hr), and 135 ms for the fast incandescent lamp (corresponding to a reduction of 3.8 m in effective stopping distance from 100 km/hr). (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Brake lamps KW - Brake light KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Motor reactions KW - Reaction (human) KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476952 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747195 AU - BOTTO, P AU - CAILLIERET, M C AU - Tarriere, C AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RESTRAINT SYSTEM FOR COACH PASSENGERS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-O-06 SP - p. 1745-50 AB - This paper analyses the potential effectiveness of a restraint system for coach passengers and for all vehicle seats. The paper first clearly defines the type of restraint system required for effective coach passenger safety. Finally, the level of efficiency is estimated that can be achieved by such a restraint system based on a sample of 47 real world coach accidents occurred in France. The paper is based on the different types of main impact but above all on the various injury mechanisms. Results are provided after considering each passenger case involved in 47 coach crashes. For each passenger, the authors know precisely his or her location inside the vehicle before the crash, and the medical records of his or her injuries. The study shows to what extent it is necessary to improve safety for coach passengers and this can be achieved thanks to a specific restraint system. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Buses KW - Coach KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Ejection KW - Ejection KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Windscreen (veh) KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476975 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747197 AU - CLARKE, R M AU - PRASAD, A K AU - KHATUA, T P AU - CHENG, L Y AU - GIRVAN, D S AU - RAY, R M AU - Werner, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - U.S. EFFORTS TO IMPROVE HEAVY TRUCK OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION AND REDUCE AGGRESSIVITY IN FRONTAL TRUCK/CAR COLLISIONS PY - 1995 IS - 94-S11-O-08 SP - p. 1762-75 AB - Cooperative industry/government efforts are underway in the United States to improve heavy truck occupant crash protection, and to reduce heavy truck aggressivity in truck/car collisions in which the front structure of the truck contacts the car. The importance of this work is highlighted by the fact that in the U.S. in 1992, 584 medium/heavy truck occupants and 3,455 other vehicle occupants were killed in crashes involving medium/heavy trucks. The occupant crash protection work is focused on developing component or subsystems-level performance test procedures to assess the crash protection properties of restraint systems, cab interior surfaces/objects (primarily steering wheels), and cab structures. The front structure aggressivity work is focused on developing ways of reducing the geometric and structural mismatches that occur between trucks and cars when they collide. This paper provides an overview of the work completed to date and outlines the plans and direction of future work. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLESMunich,Germany StartDate:19940523 EndDate:19940526 KW - Accident KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Front KW - Front KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Lorry KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00881339 AU - Pomerleau, Dean A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Carnegie Mellon University TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES: TASK 3.. PY - 1995 IS - PB97-121941 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automatic control KW - Automobiles KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744492 AU - Breitenbach, R J AU - Carnes, J B AU - Hammond, J A AU - Mattes, P AU - McLain, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BABY SEATS, SAFETY BELTS, AND YOU! SECOND EDITION PY - 1995 SP - 54 p. AB - To properly install and use a child safety seat requires an understanding of the vehicle's safety belt system. This publication is a picturebook designed to illustrate the various types of child safety seats and safety belt systems. It shows how to properly secure: 1) the child into the safety seat, and 2) the safety seat in the vehicle. The book is designed for general guidance and illustration only. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Occupant restraint systems KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743867 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: STATE TRAFFIC DATA PY - 1995 SP - 13 p. AB - This publication consists of one figure (a map) showing Traffic Fatalities by State and Percent Change from 1994, and the following tables: Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates, 1995; Traffic Fatalities and Percent Change by State, 1975-1995; Traffic Fatality Rates and Percent Change, 1975-1995; Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Traffic Crashes, 1985 and 1995; Speeding Related Traffic Fatalities and Costs by Road Type and Speed Limit, 1995; Passenger Car Occupants and Motorcyclists Killed, 1995; Traffic Fatalities and Vehicles Involved in Fatal Crashes, 1995; Key Provisions of Safety Belt Use Laws, and Belt Use Rates as of December 1995; Impaired Driving High Priority Legislation as of December 1995; Child Passenger Protection Laws as of December 1995; and Status of State Motorcycle Helmet Use Requirements as of December 1995. KW - Alcohols KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Costs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycle helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passenger cars KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Road types KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety KW - Types of roads KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7274/std95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743868 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: SPEEDING PY - 1995 SP - 6 p. AB - This publication discusses speeding as one of the prevalent factors contributing to traffic accidents. It contains data related to speeding and traffic accidents in the following figures and tables: Fatal Crashes by Speeding Status, 1987-1995; Estimated Annual Economic Costs of Speeding Related Crashes (1994 Dollars per Year); Speeding Drivers in Fatal Crashes by Age and Sex, 1995; All Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes by BAC Level and Speeding Status; Drivers in Fatal Crashes by Alcohol Involvement, Speeding Status, and Time of Day, 1995; Percentages of Fatalities Related to Speeding and to Alcohol, 1987-1995; Speeding, Alcohol Involvement, and Failure to Use Restraints Among Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 1995; Speeding Related Fatalities by Road Type, 1995; and Speeding Related Traffic Fatalities and Costs by Road Type and Speed Limit, 1995. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Costs KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Occupant restraint KW - Periods of the day KW - Restraint systems KW - Road types KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Types of roads KW - Vehicle type UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7269/speed95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743834 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Huelke, D F AU - Mackay, G M AU - MORRIS, A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - VERTEBRAL COLUMN INJURIES AND LAP-SHOULDER BELTS PY - 1995 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - p. 547-556 AB - This article presents cases of vertebral column fractures or fracture dislocations that occur to restrained front seat passengers where there is no evidence of body contact with interior car components based on both medical records and car inspection. Car crash injury cases investigated at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and at the University of Birmingham (England), as well as the National Accident Severity Study files of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, were reviewed. Medical records and car inspections in the cases presented did not indicate any evidence of body contact with interior car structures. Results suggest that vertebral fractures or fracture dislocations sustained by front seat occupants who were wearing lap-shoulder belts are rare, as evidenced by the relatively few cases identified in the literature and in the crash injury files reviewed. The authors conclude that infrequently, in frontal crashes, vertebral fractures or fracture dislocations can occur to lap-shoulder belted front seat car occupants without head or torso impacts with interior car structures. Cervical spine injuries are due to neck flexion over the shoulder portion of the restraint. Thoracolumbar fractures can occur in the frontal crash even at low crash velocity. KW - Cervical spine injuries KW - Dislocations KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fractures KW - Front seats KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Lap-shoulder belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belts KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474682 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00743838 AU - Huelke, D F AU - Compton, C P AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - REAR SEAT OCCUPANTS IN FRONTAL CRASHES - ADULTS AND CHILDREN - THE EFFECTS OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - p. 421-427 AB - Data on passenger cars in frontal crashes were reviewed using NASS 1980-1991. Crashes with one or more rear seat passengers were included. Combinations (pairs) were made based on restraint use: lap-shoulder belts in the front seat (or no belts worn) and lap belts (or no belts worn) in the rear seat. The AIS was used for injury severity. The data indicate the rear seat is a safer environment. Lap belted rear seat occupants, children and adults, most always fared better than their front seat counterparts. U1 - 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of ImpactIRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impacts) Secretariat-INRETSBrunnen, Switzerland StartDate:19950913 EndDate:19950915 Sponsors:IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impacts) Secretariat-INRETS KW - Adults KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impacts KW - Injury severity KW - Lap belts KW - Lap-shoulder belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743780 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Bruhning, E AU - BERNS, S AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY ON MOTORWAYS PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 62-68 AB - The German motorway network with a length exceeding 11,000 km accounts for more than one quarter of the total kilometrage recorded in Germany. Although motorways are the safest roads, autobahn safety is the focus of interest. An overview is given on motorway safety at the international level with special aspects highlighted. KW - Europe KW - Freeways KW - Germany KW - Highway safety KW - Japan KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474631 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743778 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - BRENDICKE, R AU - FORKE, E AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - INSTITUT FUR ZWEIRADSICHERHEIT E.V. (IFZ): ELEMENTS OF ITS MOTORCYCLE SAFETY WORK PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 43-50 AB - Motorcycle safety in Germany has been improving for more than ten years. This positive trend means less motorcyclist fatalities and casualties, although motorcycle registrations are increasing. This paper describes the contribution of the 'Institut fur Zweiradsicherheit e.V. (IfZ)' [German Institute for Motorcycle Safety] founded in 1981, relating to aspects of motorcycle safety in Germany. The scientific approach of the IfZ always understands improvement of motorcycle safety as a combination of the system of three different interrelating elements: rider, vehicle and environment. For this reason the IfZ sets different goals: safety relevant information and campaigns for motorcyclists, as well as for other traffic participants, education of motorcyclists and improvement of licensing. Driving improvement in general and, for example, motorcycle rider training programs and scientific research are based on the research approach "Rider-Vehicle-Environment". Related to these goals the IfZ allows relevant information for motorcycle target groups as well as for government road safety policies. KW - Casualties KW - Driver training KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Licensing KW - Motorcycle operator education KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Public information programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474629 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743774 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - BREUER, B AU - BACHMANN, V AU - PRACKEL, J AU - Schmieder, M AU - Tomita, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - APPROACHES TO ENHANCE MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 7-17 AB - This paper describes some results of a joint study by the Automotive Engineering Department of Darmstadt University, and HONDA R&D Co., Ltd., Japan. It is based on an evaluation of world literature, interviews with safety experts, the answers to questionnaires for motorcycle riders and ongoing research activities of the partners. Large improvements in traffic safety have taken place in the highly developed countries. Safety measures are a must for the modern car. Even compact cars nowadays have to be fitted with devices like Anti-Lock Brake Systems or Airbags. Much research has been, and is being done to make vehicles and roads more "intelligent". By comparison, motorcycles have developed more slowly, and riding a motorcycle bears a much greater risk. Motorcycle accident situations are diverse and small changes in accident parameters can cause big differences in accident processes. The long term acceptance of motorcycles allows only small changes in the benefit/price ratio of motorcycles compared to cars. Hence chances of raising passive safety are limited. Primary safety and prevention of accidents are therefore of paramount importance for motorcyclists. This is why future motorcycles must have more "intelligence" to support the rider in critical situations. The paper describes technical features and benefits of what is called an Experimental Safety Motorcycle (ESMC). More man-machine-interface research must be carried out with such motorcycles to guarantee the desired progress in overall safety of the motorcycle-rider system. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Guides to the literature KW - Hazards KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent motorcycles KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Man machine interaction KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Prevention KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474625 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743779 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - NISHIYAMA, S AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR SENIOR CITIZENS IN JAPAN: PROMOTION OF SENIOR CITIZENS' EDUCATIONAL TRAINING AND ITS OUTLOOK PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 52-61 AB - The Traffic Countermeasures Headquarters, established in September 1988, educates senior citizens in traffic safety, a subject that has received attention from several prefectures. Since around 1972, education on this subject has been provided in many forms. In many cases, however, measures are directed only at protecting senior citizens. Programs that encourage the elderly to adapt to a society in which cars are a vital means of transportation are not always available. Now that we have entered an aging society, senior citizens play a different role than they have in the past. A growing number actively participate in society through work, hobbies, volunteer activities and the like. As a result, there are increasing opportunities for elderly persons to go out and unfortunately, more traffic accidents involving senior citizens are occurring. The increase in the number of aged drivers has heightened the need to implement traffic accident prevention measures. This report explains the necessity and effectiveness of a new style of traffic safety education for the aged. With this program, senior citizens gain real-life experience in traffic safety as they practice being pedestrians and drivers. This report gives precautions for implementing such a new style of education and discusses its future outlook. KW - Aged KW - Automobiles KW - Drivers KW - Japan KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474630 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743781 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - KARIM, M R AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - AN INVESTIGATION ON FATAL ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 69-72 AB - There is great concern on the increase of road traffic accidents in Malaysia, particularly those that result in fatalities. Despite efforts by various government agencies and private organizations to deal with the issue, the death toll due to road traffic accidents seems to continue on an upward trend. This paper discusses the trends and recent characteristics of fatal road accidents in Malaysia. Accident rates and fatality indices are also compared with selected developed countries. The nature of fatal accidents with respect to a number of parameters were analyzed and possible remedial measures proposed. An accident fatality prediction model developed using a time series approach is also presented. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Malaysia KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Roads KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743783 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Quium, A AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS IN BANGLADESH PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 102-103 AB - This paper discusses road traffic accidents, and the reporting of road traffic accidents in Bangladesh. It notes that accidents tend to be under reported for all types of accidents. The low rate of insured vehicles underlines the main reason for not filing property damage claims in accident reports. The country has an alarming annual average fatality rate of road accidents, as displayed in figures and tables. Systematic efforts need to be undertaken towards improving upon the current safety record. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Bangladesh KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474634 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743775 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Hagstotz, W AU - Ludsteck, W AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - MOTORCYCLE BRAKING - A 'GAP' BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND RIDER? INVESTIGATIONS ON DIFFERENT BRAKE SYSTEMS AND THEIR USEFULNESS FOR THE RIDER PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-26 AB - Although motorcycle riding in the industrialized countries and particularly in Germany has become safer during the past few years, accidents that could be avoided still occur. Incorrect braking is one of the most important causes for accidents in motorcycle riding. Since the technology of modern braking systems has brought considerable improvement in the motorcycle sector, the cause for frequent braking mistakes must be seen in the operator of the system, i.e. the rider. The gap between technology and man is the subject of this investigation. On the basis of the results of interviews with motorcyclists with differing riding experience, it was shown that the level of theoretical knowledge of most motorcyclists regarding ideal braking is insufficient. Riding and braking tests in the second stage of the investigation support the conclusion that only a few riders optimally operate conventional brakes with separate control of the front and rear wheels. The motorcyclists were also provided with motorcycles with combined brakes (integral braking systems) and ABS. The results of the braking tests show that a clear improvement can be expected with these systems. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Braking systems KW - Combined brakes KW - Integral braking system KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474626 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743777 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - KAGEYAMA, I AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RIDER AND THE TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE: A VIEW TO HANDLING AND SAFETY PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-42 AB - This paper describes the human factor for behavior of the rider-two-wheeled vehicle system. The human factor is divided into three parts. The first part is the dynamics of the human body, especially the effect of the rider's arms around the steering axis. The next is the main input for the rider to control the vehicle. The last part is the knowledge of the control algorithm of the rider and the vehicle. For the result of the first part, it was shown that the dynamic effect of the rider's arms can be given by equivalent mechanical elements, and it was also clear that the rider's arms have considerable influence on the stability, especially the wobble mode. For the second part, it was found that the most important input of the rider to the vehicle behavior is the steering torque, and that the sub input is the lean angle of the rider's body. The result of the last part suggests that the rider always changes his main information to decide the steering torque, which is the main output depending on the position in the riding course. KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Arm KW - Dynamics KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Human machine systems KW - Man machine interaction KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Torque KW - Traffic safety KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474628 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743773 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Tomita, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY IN THE NEAR FUTURE PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 6 AB - This editorial describes the articles on motorcycle safety which follow, in this issue of IATSS Research. It includes subjects such as an intellectual approach to motorcycle safety in the 21st century, braking performance and rider psychology, suggestions of new analyzing methods of handling stability, the basics of riding stability and the problem of crosswinds, and the benefits of reducing accidents through motorcycle safety campaigns. KW - Brake performance KW - Braking performance KW - Crosswinds KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Psychology KW - Public information programs KW - Safety KW - Stability analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743776 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Nishimi, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STABILITY, CONTROLLABILITY AND SAFETY PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 27-36 AB - Knowing vehicular behavior and the characteristics of motion are important in preventing traffic accidents. This paper provides a discussion with regard to the characteristics of motorcycle motion and the rider's handling behavior in relation to traffic safety. KW - Control KW - Controllability KW - Motion KW - Motorcycle driving KW - Motorcycle handling KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Prevention KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742379 AU - Hoskin, A F AU - Fearn, K T AU - Kao, L AU - Miller, T AU - Porretta, K AU - Adams, J AU - Munao, J AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS, 1995 EDITION SN - 0879121858 PY - 1995 SP - 160 p. AB - This 1995 edition of "Accident Facts" presents statistics on accidents for the years 1993 and 1994. This edition contains a change in format, and in estimation procedures of unintentional injury deaths by class. The contents are organized according to the following topics: All Unintentional Injuries; Work; Occupational Health; Motor Vehicle; Public; Home and Farm; and Environmental Health. Also provided are a list of other sources of accident data, a glossary, a technical appendix, and an index. The section on Motor Vehicle Accidents contains statistics on the following: Trends; How people died; State legislation; Alcohol; Occupant protection; Costs; Age, sex of driver; Time of day; Day of week; Day and month; Type of accident, vehicle movement; Type, location, age, urban/rural; Type of vehicle; Motorcycles; Pedestrians; Pedalcyclists; Improper driving; Residence; International; Death rates by state (maps); Deaths and rates by state; School bus accidents; Deaths and rates, historical; Pedestrian injuries; Type of accident, historical; Automobile occupant injuries; Type and location, historical; Deaths, rates by age, historical; Emergency vehicles; City traffic deaths; and Fleet accident rates. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bus crashes KW - Bycycle accidents KW - Costs KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fatalities KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Moving violations KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - State laws KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742390 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVELING WITH SUCCESS: HOW LOCAL GOVERNMENTS USE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - 55 p. AB - The federal government, through the U.S. Department of Transportation, has launched a national campaign to integrate application of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies. This initiative provides the building blocks needed to combine two or more of the following technologies: traffic signal control systems; freeway management systems; transit management systems; incident management systems; electronic fare payment systems; electronic toll collection systems; and multimodal traveler information systems. This pamphlet contains examples and contact names and addresses for ITS programs currently conducted around the U.S. The table of contents divides the examples into the following categories: traffic management, parking solutions, mass transit, incident management, traveler information, traffic safety, toll collection, public safety, and comprehensive success stories. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Automatic fare collection KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Local government KW - Magnetic farecards KW - Management KW - Parking KW - Passenger information systems KW - Public transit KW - Safety KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Transit management KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9409/4dv01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573916 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740045 AU - Marsh, J C AU - ITS America TI - EVALUATING THE SAFETY OF AIR BAGS--LESSONS LEARNED FOR ITS PY - 1995 SP - p. 145-169 AB - The purpose of this paper is to outline Ford Motor Company's air bag supplemental restraint system (SRS) field evaluation programs, including both the experience gained with occupant restraint systems, and some observations of the evaluation processes which are analogous to Intelligent transportation System (ITS) safety evaluation issues, in terms of methodology and institutional relationships. The success of modern-day supplemental air bag systems is clear, but key challenges remain. Field experience has confirmed that the combination of safety belts and air bags can provide the best overall risk reduction, but only if safety belts are used, and used properly. Continued in-depth field investigation and statistical analysis remain critical to the automotive safety community's understanding of "real world" occupant restraint system performance: the nature and extent of potential air bag deployment "side effects" on vehicle occupants; and new technology as it continues to be introduced, e.g., side air bags. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bags KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576298 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740044 AU - Crompton, M J AU - ITS America TI - SAFETY EVALUATIONS OF COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS: TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS FROM A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE PY - 1995 SP - p. 117-143 AB - Collision avoidance system (CAS) is used here to refer to a system that can intervene as distinct from merely warn of an impending collision. Reliability is one factor in a critical area of the capability of such systems. This paper first considers the need for such systems to be demonstrably reliable and capable if they are to meet inevitable and potentially stringent liability requirements on designers and manufacturers. It explains what liability requirements exist in Europe now and how they might bear on the particular nature of CASs. It identifies the importance of controllability in apportioning liability between the system designer and manufacturer and the driver. After looking at CASs as part of a progression of automotive developments that aim to interpret and give effect to driver intention, the paper focuses on one representative aspect, namely the particular difficulty of ensuring reliability of the software. The paper describes one possible approach which embodies the concept of controllability, to show how confidence in the reliability of CASs might be achievable in practice by a progressive approach. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Evaluation KW - Liability KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Software KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576297 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740046 AU - Leis, R D AU - ITS America TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEM SAFETY ANALYSIS OF THE AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM PY - 1995 SP - p. 171-228 AB - This paper summarizes the results of the safety analysis of an automated highway system. This analysis was performed as part of the "Precursor System Analysis" (PSA) portion of the FHWA's program to comply with the above mandate. The work supporting this paper was performed by the author as part of Battelle's PSA work. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Crash analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576299 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740043 AU - Perez, W A AU - ITS America TI - THE SAFETY EVALUATION OF TRAVTEK PY - 1995 SP - p. 99-115 AB - TravTek represents the first major operational test of an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS). The operational test was designed to answer a wide range of questions regarding the deployment and use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies and services. The TravTek system represents a distributed architecture where the ATIS vehicles planned routes based on real-time traffic information provided by a Traffic Management Center (TMC). The in-vehicle system provided drivers a wealth of travel related information that included a computerized yellow pages linked to the navigation system, navigation information, route guidance information, and incident and congestion information. The TravTek system provided drivers the information in various formats (e.g., map-like display versus simplified turn-by-turn display) and modalities (visual versus auditory). The system with respect to the driver interface and data collection capability was truly designed for conducting field research. One of the major evaluation goals for TravTek, was the examination of the safety impact for a fully matured system. This paper focuses on the methodology and lessons learned from the TravTek safety evaluation. Results of the evaluation are presented to illustrate methodological and analytical issues. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident detection KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576296 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740047 AU - Fleischman, R N AU - ITS America TI - APPROACHES TO ITS SAFETY EVALUATION: DISCUSSION OF CASE STUDIES PY - 1995 SP - p. 229-234 AB - Evaluating the safety of emerging technologies presents a number of challenges to the thinking, imagination, and resourcefulness of the safety research community. The four case studies discussed in this paper were presented in the context of an ITS America Workshop on ITS Safety Evaluations (May 1 & 2, 1995, Reston, VA). While these papers by Crompton, Leis, Perez, and Marsh differ in focus, they demonstrate some of the thinking and activity that is critical to increasing our understanding of ITS safety. Evaluating even a given ITS design challenges our traditional understanding of safety measures and current methodologies used for testing. Yet we need to apply ourselves to developing standards and guidelines for ITS not yet designed or implemented. Further, some of these technologies are revolutionary and may impact the behavior of users in ways that have not been anticipated. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Case studies KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety research KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576300 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740040 AU - Dingus, T A AU - ITS America TI - MOVING FROM MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE TO MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS IN THE SAFETY EVALUATION OF ITS PRODUCTS OR DEMONSTRATIONS PY - 1995 SP - p. 21-51 AB - The purpose of this paper is to address issues associated with converting practical measures of performance to measures of metrics of the safety impact of intelligent transportation system (ITS) products and demonstrations. For the purpose of this discussion, the dependent measures associated with driving will be termed "measures of performance" and the associated constructs with theoretically impact driving safety will be termed "measures of effectiveness." The paper focuses on the empirical, proactive evaluation of ITS safety prior to fleet-type evaluation studies and, ultimately, mass deployment. Therefore, the methods described in this paper attempt to predict safety utilizing measures that are removed from the direct, epidemiological assessment of safety (i.e., numbers of crashes), since achieving sample sizes to accurately predict actual crash rates is often impractical. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Impact factor KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576293 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740042 AU - Ervin, R D AU - ITS America TI - FOR MEANINGFUL EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY IMPACTS OF ITS PRODUCTS PY - 1995 SP - p. 79-95 AB - This paper serves as a discussion of four individual presentations made in the morning session of a Workshop on ITS Safety Evaluations, May 1 and 2, 1995, in Reston, VA. The original papers were as follows: "Overview and Methodologies of the ITS Safety Evaluation Process" by Alison Smiley; "Moving From Measures of Performance to Measures of Effectiveness in the Safety Evaluation of ITS Products or Demonstrations" by Thomas Dingus; "Systematic Evaluation of ITS/IVHS Safety Impacts" by Michael Van Aerde, and "DOT's Approach to ITS Safety Evaluations" by August Burgett. This discussion is in two parts. Firstly, an overall view of the process of ITS safety assessment is presented, synthesizing various aspects of the original papers into a global sketch. The contributions of each of the above authors to portions of this global view are cited in the discussion. In the second part, each of the four papers is briefly discussed in a manner that both summarizes prominent points of the original and includes my comments, as well. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Impact studies KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety program effectiveness KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576295 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740038 AU - Smiley, A AU - ITS America TI - OVERVIEW AND METHODOLOGIES OF ITS SAFETY EVALUATION PROCESS PY - 1995 SP - p. 5-19 AB - The ITS goal of reducing accidents is challenging indeed. Although driver attention and perception errors are a major cause of accidents, on an individual basis drivers are remarkably reliable. The risk of a lateral collision, for example, is estimated at once every 60 years for a given driver. To reduce such a low risk further will be no mean feat. The task of reducing accidents through its is also challenging because of severe driver limits in information processing capacity. As the number of ITS systems increases, drivers may be inundated with information and warnings, potentially overloading, rather than aiding them. This will be particularly a problem where its systems are optional extras, and are not integrated in an "intelligent" driver interface which prioritizes information and warning depending on the driver's task. Safety evaluations of each new device, as well as their impact in the context of other such devices, will need to be undertaken to determine the effects of this change in driver task on safety. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Guidance systems KW - Guidance systems (Aircraft) KW - Information processing KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety research KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576291 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740039 AU - Van Aerde, M AU - ITS America TI - ESTIMATING SAFETY IMPACTS OF FULL DEPLOYMENT OF AN ITS PY - 1995 SP - p. 53-60 AB - The implementation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has many objectives. The most common of these is the improvement of network efficiency and the reduction of navigational waste. However, equally important are the impacts on fuel consumption, vehicle emissions and the overall accident risk. It is anticipated that base efficiency levels are such that some of the initial ITS deployment efforts will be able to provide improvements in all of these measures. However, as the overall system gets optimized further, it is expected that further improvements in one of the above measures may only be possible at the cost of negatively impacting one or more of the others. An overall benefit assessment, therefore, needs not only to consider the potential impacts of ITS on one of these measures in isolation, but also needs to consider the concurrent impact on the various other measures that may be impacted indirectly. This analysis is further complicated by the need to consider these impacts for mature systems. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Accident risks KW - Deployment KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Emission factors KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Pollutants KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576292 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740041 AU - Burgett, A AU - ITS America TI - DOTS APPROACH TO ITS SAFETY EVALUATIONS PY - 1995 SP - p. 61-77 AB - The ability to assess the safety impact of new systems is an important part of the development and deployment of intelligent safety systems. One goal of the NHTSA ITS program is to develop assessment methodologies. A succinct statement of this goal is the requirement in the 1966 Safety Act (1) that systems, or performance standards for systems, should "meet the need for motor vehicle safety." One strength of this statement is the concise way in which it identifies the two parts to any safety assessment methodology. The first part is identification of the "need" and the second part is the determination of level of performance and how well that level "meets" the need. The NHTSA program includes projects that support both parts of this requirement. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Assessments KW - Deployment KW - Development KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Quality of work KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00867386 AU - LAMBERT, NADINE M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - ANALYSIS OF DRIVING HISTORIES OF ADHD SUBJECTS. T2 - ANALYSIS OF DRIVING HISTORIES OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER SUBJECTS PY - 1995 IS - PB96-188545 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder KW - Automobile drivers KW - California KW - Psychology KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/631069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00864229 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STEPS, SPECIAL TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS: PUT THEM TO WORK IN YOUR COMMUNITY: SAVE LIVES, REDUCE INJURIES AND CUT COSTS NOW.. T2 - SPECIAL TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS PY - 1995 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Law enforcement KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Traffic regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00864670 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONTRIBUTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT TO THE WAR ON CRIME.. PY - 1995 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crimes KW - Prevention KW - Security KW - Traffic regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725638 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DIGEST: A COMPENDIUM OF INNOVATIVE STATE AND COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTS - SUMMER 1995 PY - 1995 SP - 66 p. AB - This Traffic Safety Digest contains information on innovative state and community traffic safety projects. For each project the following information is provided: Title; State; Program Area(s); Type of Jurisdiction; Targeted Population(s); Project Characteristics; Jurisdiction Size; Problem Identification; Goals and Objectives; Strategies and Activities; Results; Funding; and Contact (person; address; telephone number). The 25 projects in this Digest are categorized in one of the following areas: Alcohol and Other Drugs; Emergency Medical Services; Occupant Protection; Pedestrian/Bicycle Safety; Traffic Records; Community/Corridor Traffic Safety Programs; Public Health/Injury Control; Youth Programs; and Other Traffic Safety Areas. KW - Adolescents KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical services KW - Highway corridors KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Innovation KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public health KW - Records management KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725639 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DIGEST: A COMPENDIUM OF INNOVATIVE STATE AND COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTS - FALL 1995 PY - 1995 SP - 70 p. AB - This Traffic Safety Digest contains information on innovative state and community traffic safety projects. For each project the following information is provided: Title, State; Program Area(s); Type of Jurisdiction; Targeted Population(s); Project Characteristics; Jurisdiction Size; Problem Identification; Goals and Objectives; Strategies and Activities; Results; Funding; and Contact (person; address; telephone number). The 25 projects in this Digest are categorized in one of the following areas: Alcohol and Other Drugs; Emergency Medical Services; Motorcycle Safety; Occupant Protection; Pedestrian/Bicycle Safety; Police Traffic Services; Community/Corridor Traffic Safety Programs; Public Information and Education; and Impaired Driving. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical services KW - Highway corridors KW - Impaired drivers KW - Innovation KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Police traffic services KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public information programs KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00861569 AU - CHAR, A R AU - NAGARAJA, H N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - RAINBOW TECHNOLOGY, INC. UNDER CONTRACT NO. TI - GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES. PY - 1995 IS - PB96-143946 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injuries KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/523321 ER - TY - SER AN - 00724880 JO - WARD'S AUTOMOTIVE INTERNATIONAL PB - Ward's Communications AU - Ward's Communications TI - HOW THE WORLD'S AUTOMAKERS ARE RELATED: 1995 EDITION PY - 1995 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is an oversize chart showing the relationships among the world's major automakers as of January 1995. Detailed explanations of the relationships are given in a separate booklet provided with the chart. (The booklet did not accompany the chart provided by NHTSA for entry in the HSL subfile of the TRIS data base. A note on the chart indicated that it is provided with the chart.) KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile manufacturers KW - Charts KW - Relationships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721528 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1994 YOUTH FATAL CRASH AND ALCOHOL FACTS PY - 1995 SP - 36 p. AB - The national effort to reduce motor vehicle deaths and injuries of young people, ages 15 through 20, has been a success story. Twelve years ago 8,508 young Americans in this age group died in crashes. In 1994, that number has been reduced to 6,226 - a 27% reduction. For alcohol-related fatalities, over 3,000 fewer young people died in 1994 compared to 1982 - a reduction of over 56%. The reasons for these reductions and the reasons why we should continue to emphasize programs that target teenage motor vehicle fatalities are briefly outlined, followed by a series of charts, graphs and bulleted information which describes the fatality trends since 1982. The figures and data contained in this report focus on impaired driving fatal crashes by young people, ages 15 through 20, from 1982 to 1994. The data fall into four categories: youth fatalities; young drivers involved in fatal crashes; young drivers killed; and youth fatalities by alcohol-involvement of young drivers. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Graphs KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459305 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721518 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN OVERVIEW OF AIR BAG DEPLOYMENTS AND RELATED INJURIES. CASE STUDIES AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE PY - 1995 SP - 7 p. AB - This overview of air bag injuries includes a review of the literature and descriptions of air bag related injuries to the various body areas. Some unusual injuries are also included. The cases presented are from the author's files and one from the Special Studies Division of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). KW - Air bags KW - Case studies KW - Deployment KW - Guides to the literature KW - Injuries KW - Literature reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721517 JO - SAE Special Publications PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Compton, C P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OFFSET FRONTAL COLLISIONS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND ANALYSIS OF UMTRI AND NASS CRASH INJURY DATA - CDC, AIS AND BODY AREA INJURIES PY - 1995 SP - p. 123-133 AB - Using the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) (SAE J224), a comparison of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) data and the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) field accident files (UM series) indicates a similar distribution of offset frontal crashes. Offset frontal damage occurs in 56-61% of crashes, often involving more than one-third of the front of the car. Lap-shoulder belted drivers sustain more AIS 2 or greater injuries when there is interior intrusion and these occur more often when the offset damage is in front of the driver. However, this may well be due to the severity of the crash. European studies have no uniformity as to offset frontal collision descriptors, so they are difficult to interpret, or to compare one to another. KW - Data analysis KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guides to the literature KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Intrusion KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical analysis KW - National Accident Sampling System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721511 AU - Education Development Center, Incorporated TI - MOVING FORWARD: EXPANDING COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN TRAFFIC SAFETY AND PUBLIC HEALTH PY - 1995 SP - 36 p. AB - This booklet contains five case studies demonstrating the following benefits of collaboration between state highway safety offices and public health agencies: (1) Working together on one specific project can lead to institutionalization of the collaborative process; (2) The strengths each agency contributes to a project result in a more effective intervention; (3) Public health/highway safety partnerships often leverage the support of many other groups; and (4) Collaboration among agencies at the state level can increase collaboration at the local level. Each case study begins with a brief history of the state's public health/highway safety collaboration to show how these experiences laid the groundwork for the current project. The joint project is then described to indicate the variety of strategies--such as training, data linkage, public information campaigns, and planning--that can be used in a collaborative effort and how each group of professionals approaches these tasks. These details will provide guidance for those in other states wishing to undertake a joint project with their counterparts in another agency. The case study concludes with descriptions of future plans for joint projects. KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Cooperation KW - Future projects KW - Government agencies KW - Highway safety KW - Interagency relations KW - Partnerships KW - Public health KW - State highway departments KW - State Highway Safety Offices KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459281 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721515 JO - Publication of: Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - LAHDENIEMI, E AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - EFFECTS OF DEFENSIVE DRIVING TRAINING IN A BUS COMPANY SN - 9515600316 PY - 1995 SP - 51 p. AB - The aim of the study was to determine the safety effects of defensive driving training intended for the drivers of heavy goods vehicles, and to obtain information for the further development of the training. All the drivers of a particular bus company took part in the defensive driving training. In order to determine the safety effects, the traffic accidents of the company were monitored for a four-year period, 1989-1990 (prior to the training) and 1991-1992 (after the training). In order to assess the general accident trend over the period of monitoring, the accidents of the company were compared with accidents involving buses in three city areas and in the country as the whole during the corresponding periods. The monitoring showed that the accidents of the bus company fell by 65% in the period after the training. Claims paid in respect of accidents fell by more than half a million Finnish marks. During the corresponding period accidents involving buses in the country as a whole declined by 27%. The bus accidents that occurred in the three city areas used as a control declined by 25% on average. When the downward trend occurring in bus accidents generally is taken into consideration in the results, there was still a decline of almost 40% in the accidents of the company under study. The accident risk for the company under study during the period following the training was 3.9 accidents per million km, whereas the corresponding ratio for buses in urban traffic in the country as a whole was 5.4 accidents per million km. An examination of the accidents classified by cause showed that the biggest decline occurred in sideways movements, then in rear-end collisions, reversing accidents and driving-off-the-road accidents. The biggest seasonal reductions in the accidents occurred in the winter and spring. A corresponding reduction was not observable in the bus accidents for the country as a whole over the monitoring period. A full month after the training the drivers were asked to assess the course. Three days, i.e. 20 hours, of training was regarded as a suitable length; as many as a third of the drivers thought that it could have been even longer. In particular there was a desire for more training on the practice circuit. 43% of the drivers assessed the training as being "excellent". KW - Accident risks KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Before and after studies KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus drivers KW - Crash types KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Maneuvering KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rear end crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461925 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721499 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - GUNNARSSON, S O AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - PROBLEMS AND NEEDS OF PEDESTRIANS PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - p. 47-57 AB - This is a study of means to promote walking in cities as an excellent way to keep healthy, to take part in city life, and to meet people. Walking is the most pro-environment way of getting around, aside from biking! However, the increasing motor traffic in cities negatively affects the safety and environment of pedestrians. Pedestrians make up 15-20% of the deaths in road accidents in industrialized countries; this is 40-50% in developing countries. Other problems related to comfort and security also have to be considered in order to obtain a more pedestrian-friendly environment that promotes walking as a means of transport. Urban planning and land organization must be directed towards preserving and providing more foot space, and proximity of work places and services should be improved. Public spaces must be made livable with attractive and comfortable furniture, trees, devices for weather protection, benches, kiosks, etc. Multidisciplinary research is needed to refine and increase knowledge of the behaviour of pedestrians, and to promote walking as a valuable way to enjoy city life and maintain health. To generate cities agreeable to pedestrians will be a great challenge in a program for developing sustainable cities. KW - Aesthetics KW - Behavior KW - Cities KW - City planning KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Land use KW - Needs assessment KW - Open space control KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Security KW - Structural design KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721504 JO - ROADSMART PB - Amoco Motor Club AU - Braunstein, J AU - McNamara, M AU - Amoco Motor Club TI - BOUND FOR SAFETY: YOUR BLUEPRINT TO CHILD RESTRAINT SEATS PY - 1995 SP - p. 36-39 AB - This article briefly discusses the options available in child restraints for infants, toddlers, and children 30-60 pounds, comments on the recommendations of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and other safety experts regarding child restraints, and points out that all 50 states and the District of Columbia have laws requiring child-safety restraints and that car accidents are the number one cause of death and permanent injury among children in the U.S. At the conclusion of the article, several interesting portable child safety seats with unique features are described. KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Infants KW - Innovation KW - Rearward facing child seat UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721505 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - 1994 MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH FACTS FOR ARIZONA PY - 1995 SP - 69 p. AB - This publication is a statistical review of the motor vehicle crashes in the state of Arizona for calendar year 1994. The data are compiled from Arizona Traffic Accident Reports submitted to the Arizona Department of Transportation by state, county, city, tribal, and other law enforcement agencies. The following sections are included, except where noted: (1) Highlights and Historical Trends; (2) Geographic Location; (3) Crash Descriptions; (4) Safety Devices (not available in this issue); (5) Motor Vehicle and Driver Characteristics; (6) Alcohol-Related Crashes; (7) Pedestrian and Pedalcyclists; (8) Motorcycle Crashes; and (9) School Bus Crashes (not available in this issue). KW - Annual reports KW - Arizona KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Geographical distribution KW - Human characteristics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719519 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM: NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS, CALENDAR YEAR 1994 PY - 1995 SP - 45 p. AB - This Nineteenth Annual Report to the Congress on the Automotive Fuel Economy Program summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1994, in accordance with 49 U.S.C. 32916 et seq., which requires the submission of a report each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during 1994 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III, of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Fuel conservation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Rule making KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719520 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1994 TO DECEMBER 31, 1994 PY - 1995 SP - 229 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1994 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 180 recall campaigns involving 4,713,327 domestic motor vehicles, 66 recall campaigns involving 1,783,733 foreign motor vehicles, 33 recall campaigns involving 3,531,628 units of domestic equipment, 5 recall campaigns involving 84,607 units of foreign equipment, 5 recall campaigns involving 93,090 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454179 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719434 JO - Access PB - University of California Transportation Center (UCTC) AU - Lave, C AU - University of California Transportation Center (UCTC) TI - THE ACCESS ALMANAC: SLOWDOWN AHEAD FOR THE DOMESTIC AUTO INDUSTRY PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 40-41 AB - Trends in the domestic auto industry are examined. Yearly vehicle sales doubled between 1960 and 1973, but has now nearly flattened out. This trend will continue. Comparison of the growth in the number of personal-use vehicles versus the growth of the population of driving age shows that, from 1950 to 1970, the vehicle population grew 2.9 times faster than the human population of driving age. From 1970 onward, there is evidence of vehicle saturation. The auto industry, sized to accommodate disproportionate vehicle growth, must now confront the implications of ownership saturation. Manufacturing capacity is excessive, and the "temporary" layoffs and plant closings of the last few years are likely to become permanent. Policies such as strict import quotas, future expansion of geographic markets, and trying to persuade each household to expand its portfolio of vehicles will not be easy to implement and do not promise large, long-term gains. KW - Automobile industry KW - Import quotas KW - Imports KW - Manufacturing KW - Market development KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Policy KW - Sales KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719421 AU - Danish Council of Road Safety Research TI - DANISH COUNCIL OF ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH: ACTIVITIES IN 1994 PY - 1995 SP - 67 p. AB - This report highlights the activities of the Danish Council of Road Safety Research in 1994 and gives a survey on present research projects including short descriptions of objectives, methods, and results. Further, it describes other types of activities, such as the Council's current assistance to the Danish Ministry of Transport, the Danish Road Safety Commission, and the Danish Road Directorate, the Council's efforts to collect new results of Danish and international research, as well as the Council's participation in committees, working parties and conferences - both in Denmark and abroad. A list of 1994 publications is included; earlier publications are listed in an appendix. KW - Activities KW - Documents KW - Publications KW - Radet for trafiksikkerhedsforskning KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719390 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCHOOL BUS SAFETY ASSURANCE PROGRAM RECALL LISTING: JANUARY 1990 THROUGH APRIL 1995 PY - 1995 SP - 24 p. AB - The School Bus Recall Listing consists of all school bus related safety recall campaigns that have been initiated by school bus manufacturers for the past five years. An updated Recall Listing will be published in May of each succeeding year, just prior to the beginning of the school bus summer vacation maintenance period. A supplemental listing of school bus safety recall campaigns initiated since the most recent publication is provided in the appendix. Each recall entry gives the following information: (a) the corporate name of the recalling manufacturer(s); (b) the phone number of the recalling manufacturer(s); (c) the production dates of the school buses being recalled; (d) the school bus model(s) being recalled; (e) the number of school buses being recalled; (f) the NHTSA assigned recall number; (g) the manufacturer assigned recall number if different from the NHTSA assigned recall number; and (h) a brief description of the safety recall campaign. KW - Defects KW - Recall campaigns KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400540 AU - Tessmer, J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - An analysis of fires in passenger cars, light trucks, and vans PY - 1994/12 IS - DOT HS 808 208 SP - 97p AB - This report contains an analysis of historical data on fire occurrence in fatal and less serious crashes as a function of crash, vehicle, and driver characteristics that influence the likelihood of post-collision vehicle fires. The report is organised into four sections. Data on the vehicles included in the study are for 1978 and later model years. The first two sections use 1979 to 1992 data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The first section contains raw cross tabulations of the data. The second section constructs multivariate statistical models. Section three examines raw cross tabulations of data from the state of Michigan from 1982 to 1991. The Michigan police accident report (PAR) collects data on fuel leaks which are used to estimate the relationship between fires and fuel leaks. Section four is based on the National Accident Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS CDS) for burn injuries from 1988 to 1993. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident type KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash types KW - Fire KW - Fire KW - Fuel KW - Fuels KW - Light commercial vehicle KW - Light vehicles KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748648 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1994/12 IS - DOT HS 808 206 SP - 149 p. AB - The accident involvement rates of passenger cars equipped with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) were compared to the rates of counterpart cars without ABS, based on 1990-92 Florida, Pennsylvania and Missouri data, and the 1989-93 Fatal Accident Reporting System. This statistical analysis of the initial years of exposure of the first groups of cars equipped with ABS showed mixed results. Involvements in multivehicle crashes on wet roads were significantly reduced in the cars equipped with ABS: fatal crashes were reduced by 24 percent, and nonfatal crashes by 14 percent. Fatal collisions with pedestrians and bicyclists were down a significant 27 percent with ABS. However, these reductions were offset by a statistically significant increase in the frequency of single vehicle, run-off-road crashes (rollovers or impacts with fixed objects), as compared to cars without ABS. Fatal run-off-road crashes were up by 28 percent, and nonfatal crashes by 19 percent. It is unknown to what extent this increase is a consequence of ABS, or is due to other causes. In particular, it is unknown to what extent, if any, the increase is due to incorrect responses by drivers to their ABS systems, and, if so, whether the effect is likely to persist in the future. The increase may involve all types of ABS or only certain ABS designs. (A) KW - Accident rate KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - United States KW - Usa UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20100/20139/PB98110976.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/483661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736078 AU - Eberhard, C D AU - Luebkemann, K M AU - Moffa, P J AU - Young, S K AU - Allen, R W AU - Harwin, E A AU - Keating, J AU - Mason, R AU - TRW Space and Electronics Group AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS FOR LANE CHANGE, MERGING AND BACKING. TASK 1 INTERIM REPORT: CRASH PROBLEM ANALYSIS PY - 1994/12 SP - 268 p. AB - Crashes associated with lane change, merging and backing maneuvers were studied. A taxonomy for classifying vehicle crashes was developed based on the maneuver in progress, vehicle role and manner and nature of the collision. Using the 1992 General Estimates System database, the population of each crash category was identified. For each category, the ambient conditions surrounding the crashes, including driver and vehicle variables, are tabulated. Statistical tests were performed on a variety of category populations to identify possible association between variables from which crash causes could be inferred, but little association was found. Statistical tests were also performed to determine possible correlation between crash severity and external variables, such as lighting, road conditions, etc. Here again, no compelling correlation was found. The hard copy data from 143 cases of lane change/merge crashes in the 1992 Crashworthiness Data System were studied and accident scenarios were developed. Approximately 200 police accident reports were studied to develop accident scenarios for backing crashes. KW - Accident scenarios KW - Accident studies KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash causes KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Lane changing KW - Maneuvering KW - Merging KW - Merging traffic KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Studies KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736051 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Lu, Z AU - Wicher, J AU - d'Entremont, K L AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF CALSPAN TIRE MEASUREMENTS OF GOODYEAR CUSTOM POLYSTEEL P195/75R14 TIRE PY - 1994/12 SP - 156 p. AB - This report covers the processing and analysis of an extensive set of data produced by the testing of one size and model of passenger-car tire. The tests included both free-rolling and braking-traction tire tests under high camber and slip angles, large slip ratios, and large normal loads. In addition, the validation of the tire frictional model employed by the Advanced Dynamic Vehicle Simulation (ADVS), developed at the University of Missouri-Columbia by A.G. Nalecz, is conducted using the processed results of the tire tests. Conclusions are drawn regarding the ADVS tire model and tire modelling in general. The tire tests were conducted by Calspan Corporation under Contract No. DTNH22-87-D-47174 and are discussed in the report entitled "Measurement of Tire Characteristics for P195/75R14 Custom Polysteel Tires". KW - Data analysis KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Test results KW - Tire frictional models KW - Tire tests KW - Tires KW - Validation KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730638 AU - Baldwin, J W AU - Charlson, E J AU - Graham, H AU - Lenau, C W AU - JONES, C AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LIGHT TRUCK AND ROADSIDE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROLLOVER. VOLUME II. VEHICLE PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS AND FIELD ROLLOVER TESTS PY - 1994/12 SP - 153 p. AB - Eight vehicles were instrumented and subjected to tripped rollover tests. Prior to the rollover tests, physical properties including mass, CG location, mass moments of inertia, one product of inertia, vertical suspension characteristics, horizontal suspension deformation characteristics, roll axis and steering sensitivity were measured in the laboratory. The driverless vehicles were self powered and controlled by an onboard computer control system that followed a prescribed path laid out on the test pavement. Computer recorded instrumentation consisted of a set of six accelerometers, wheel tachometers, string potentiometers for suspension deflection measurements, odometer, and dual video cameras. Test maneuvers included departure from the pavement in a turn with soft soil as a tripping mechanism, departure from the pavement in a turn with a 4-inch concrete curb as a tripping mechanism, departure from the pavement in a skid with a soft soil as a tripping mechanism, and departure from the pavement in a skid with a 4-inch concrete curb as a tripping mechanism. KW - Analysis KW - Computer aided analysis KW - Information processing KW - Light trucks KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Skidding KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730640 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Lu, Z AU - d'Entremont, K L AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LIGHT TRUCK AND ROADSIDE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROLLOVER. VOLUME VI. SIMULATION, ANALYSIS, AND FINAL CONCLUSIONS PY - 1994/12 SP - 556 p. AB - The primary objectives of the project are to investigate how the risks associated with vehicle rollover are affected by the interaction of a vehicle and roadside characteristics, and to provide appropriate recommendations for the improvement of rollover safety properties of light trucks while maintaining the desirable characteristics of these vehicles. Both experimental tests and simulated results using a validated computer simulation are employed. KW - Light trucks KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730642 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Lu, Z AU - d'Entremont, K L AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LIGHT TRUCK AND ROADSIDE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROLLOVER. VOLUME I: INTRODUCTION, TEST VEHICLE SELECTION, AND TESTING METHODOLOGY PY - 1994/12 SP - 125 p. AB - The primary objectives of the project are to investigate how the risks associated with vehicle rollover are affected by the interaction of a vehicle and roadside characteristics, and to provide appropriate recommendations for the improvement of rollover safety properties of light trucks while maintaining the desirable characteristics of these vehicles. Both experimental tests and simulated results using a validated computer simulation are employed. Full scale experiments are performed on six light trucks, vans and utility vehicles, and on two automobiles selected based on accident involvement, vehicle configuration, population, and design trends. Different roadside geometries include pavement and transition from pavement onto soil and into a curb. Results from experimental tests are extensively analyzed and used to validate the Advanced Dynamic Vehicle Simulation (ADVS) which is then employed to supplement analysis of vehicle rollover and to evaluate the rollover propensities of tested vehicles. The analysis considers the different causes of vehicle rollover in each of the maneuvers performed. The development of quantitative measure to assess vehicle rollover propensity and to rank the rollover risks is also presented. KW - Light trucks KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730644 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Lu, Z AU - d'Entremont, K L AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LIGHT TRUCK AND ROADSIDE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROLLOVER. VOLUME IV. ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS PY - 1994/12 SP - 738 p. AB - The primary objectives of this project are to investigate how the risks associated with vehicle rollover are affected by the interaction of a vehicle and roadside characteristics, and to provide appropriate recommendations for the improvement of rollover safety properties of light trucks while maintaining the desirable characteristics of these vehicles. Both experimental tests and simulated results using a validated computer simulation are employed. The analysis considers the different causes of vehicle rollover in each test case. The development of quantitative measures to assess vehicle rollover propensity and to rank the rollover risks is also presented. KW - Light trucks KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety factors KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730643 AU - Baldwin, J W AU - Charlson, E J AU - Graham, H AU - Lenau, C W AU - JONES, C AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LIGHT TRUCK AND ROADSIDE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROLLOVER. VOLUME III. APPENDICES FOR VOLUME II PY - 1994/12 SP - 650 p. AB - This volume contains the appendices for Volume II. Included are the analyses for reduction of the mass properties data, plots of suspension system characteristics, plots of steering sensitivity, measured suspension coordinates, and displacement plots from the field rollover tests. KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Light trucks KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Steering response KW - Steering systems KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730641 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LIGHT TRUCK AND ROADSIDE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROLLOVER. TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1994/12 SP - 9 p. AB - The objectives of the project were to investigate how the risk of vehicle rollover is affected by the interaction of vehicle characteristics and roadside features and to provide recommendations for improving vehicle rollover safety characteristics of light trucks without detracting from their desirable characteristics. This was to be accomplished through the use of experimental tests with actual vehicles and with computer simulation runs using the ADVS simulation which was to be validated in rollover maneuvers during the course of the project. KW - Light trucks KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730639 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Lu, Z AU - d'Entremont, K L AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LIGHT TRUCK AND ROADSIDE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROLLOVER. VOLUME V. VALIDATION OF ADVS SIMULATION PY - 1994/12 SP - 239 p. AB - This volume presents the results of the experimental validation of the Advanced Vehicle Dynamic Simulation (AVDS). The simulation validation is conducted for all eight test vehicles used in the experimental tests. Not only are all vehicles utilized, but the validations are conducted in both unloaded and loaded vehicle states and with dry and wet pavement. Curb discontinuities and soil discontinuities are employed as well. KW - Light trucks KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Validation KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721536 AU - JOHANSON, V A AU - Transport Canada TI - TRAFFIC COLLISION STATISTICS IN CANADA - 1992 PY - 1994/12 SP - 84 p. AB - This report provides basic information on police-reported records of all fatal and personal injury traffic collisions which occurred on public roads in Canada during 1992. Twenty-six statistical tables were compiled which provide environmental, victim, vehicle and driver characteristics of these collisions. KW - Canada KW - Crash data KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Environmental data KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Information organization KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721510 AU - South, D AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - ALCOHOL IN ROAD ACCIDENTS IN VICTORIA 1977-1993 SN - 0730648958 PY - 1994/12 SP - 30 p. AB - There is evidence that the number of serious road accidents in Victoria involving alcohol declined at three points in the period 1977-1993, and that this was due to changes in the patterns of drinking and drunk driving. A number of factors could have contributed to these changes. These factors are identified and described. Suggestions are made as to the measures that are likely to bring further gains in the 1990s. These measures include: (1) Measures to encourage safe driving or drinking practices (mass media use, driver education in schools, industry initiatives); (2) Measures to discourage unsafe drinking and drunk driving practices (general and specific deterrence); and (3) Measures affecting drinking and drunk driving, but which were not primarily introduced for that purpose (alcohol costs, alcohol availability, healthy lifestyles movement, changes in drinking environment). KW - Alcohol use KW - Availability KW - Costs KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Deterrence KW - Driver education KW - Drunk driving KW - Life styles KW - Mass media KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Supply KW - Traffic safety KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719523 AU - CLEVEN, A M AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A PEDESTRIAN SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAM FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUS RIDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 90 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a comprehensive pedestrian safety program for elementary (kindergarten through grade 6) school bus riders. Existing materials, crash data and state laws/regulations on school bus pedestrian safety were reviewed, and a list of 113 behaviors to be included in the program was developed. The major behavioral categories were: getting ready for school, walking to/from the bus stop, waiting at the bus stop, crossing to the bus, boarding the bus, riding the bus, exiting/crossing from the bus and evacuating the bus. The resultant program contains materials for teachers, parents and bus drivers. They include separate "Teacher's Guides" for each of the seven grade levels. Incorporated in the program for children are two previously produced NHTSA videos: "Stop and Look with Willy Whistle" and "Walking with Your Eyes" and one newly developed video titled "Willy Whistle Rides the School Bus". A course poster completes the classroom materials. Parent materials include a video titled "School Bus Safety Starts at Home" and a brochure titled "Reminder to Parents...School Bus Safety Starts at Home". Bus driver materials include a video titled "When They're Not on the Bus" and a brochure titled "They're Pedestrians When They're Not on the Bus". Two promotional pieces (a flyer and an 8-page brochure) were prepared to assist NHTSA in marketing the program. All student materials were evaluated in the East Ramapo Central School District, Spring Valley, New York, using a pre-post design with a comparison site. Statistically significant improvements were achieved in critical knowledge and skills as a result of student participation in the program. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - School bus passengers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719522 AU - CLEVEN, A M AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A PEDESTRIAN SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAM FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUS RIDERS. TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1994/12 SP - 6 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a comprehensive pedestrian safety program for elementary (kindergarten through grade 6) school bus riders. Existing materials, crash data and state laws/regulations on school bus pedestrian safety were reviewed, and a list of 113 behaviors to be included in the program was developed. The major behavioral categories were: getting ready for school, walking to/from the bus stop, waiting at the bus stop, crossing to the bus, boarding the bus, riding the bus, exiting/crossing from the bus and evacuating the bus. The resultant program contains materials for teachers, parents and bus drivers. They include separate "Teacher's Guides" for each of the seven grade levels. Incorporated in the program for children are two previously produced NHTSA videos: "Stop and Look with Willy Whistle" and "Walking with Your Eyes" and one newly developed video titled "Willy Whistle Rides the School Bus". A course poster completes the classroom materials. Parent materials include a video titled "School Bus Safety Starts at Home" and a brochure titled "Reminder to Parents...School Bus Safety Starts at Home". Bus driver materials include a video titled "When They're Not on the Bus" and a brochure titled "They're Pedestrians When They're Not on the Bus". Two promotional pieces (a flyer and an 8-page brochure) were prepared to assist NHTSA in marketing the program. All student materials were evaluated in the East Ramapo Central School District, Spring Valley, New York, using a pre-post design with a comparison site. Statistically significant improvements were achieved in critical knowledge and skills as a result of student participation in the program. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - School bus passengers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25846/DOT-HS-808-266.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714582 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY IMPACT OF PERMITTING RIGHT-TURN-ON-RED. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1994/12 SP - 53 p. AB - The Energy Policy Act of 1992 required NHTSA to conduct a study of the safety impact of permitting right and left turns on red lights. The report presents a brief summary of the current status of State implementation of laws permitting right and left turns at red lights, a brief review of previous research, and the results of analyses of currently available data assessing the safety impact of permitting right turns on red. KW - Case studies KW - Left turns KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Right turn on red KW - Safety factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712943 AU - Wierwille, W W AU - Wreggit, S S AU - Kirn, C L AU - Ellsworth, L A AU - Fairbanks, R J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH ON VEHICLE-BASED DRIVER STATUS/PERFORMANCE MONITORING; DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION, AND REFINEMENT OF ALGORITHMS FOR DETECTION OF DRIVER DROWSINESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 247 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a 3-year research project to develop reliable algorithms for the detection of motor vehicle driver impairment due to drowsiness. These algorithms are based on driving performance measures that can potentially be computed on-board a vehicle during highway driving, such as measures of steering wheel movements and lane tracking. A principal objective of such algorithms is that they correlate highly with, and thus are indicative of, psychophysiological measures of driver alertness/fatigue. Additional objectives are that developed algorithms produce low false alarm rates, that there should be minimal encumbering of (interference with) the driver, and that the algorithms should be suitable for later field testing. This report describes driving simulation and other studies performed to develop, validate, and refine such algorithms. KW - Alertness KW - Algorithms KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Development KW - Driver monitoring KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/9006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677682 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A NON-DEFORMABLE CRABBED IMPACTOR INTO A 1988 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1994/12 SP - 109 p. AB - This test was conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. This test was conducted on a 1988 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP5240SA215297, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on October 7, 1994. The impact speed was 54.1 kph. The maximum cumulative crush results were as follows: At Vehicle Axle Height: 235 mm; At Vehicle H-Point Height: 274 mm; At Vehicle Mid Door Height: 256 mm; At Vehicle Window Sill Height: 203 mm; and At Vehicle Window Top Height: -56 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Non-deformable crabbed impactors KW - Simulation KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677674 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR PASSENGER CARS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 153 p. AB - The accident involvement rates of passenger cars equipped with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) were compared to the rates of counterpart cars without ABS, based on 1990-92 Florida, Pennsylvania and Missouri data, and the 1989-93 Fatal Accident Reporting System. This statistical analysis of the initial years of exposure of the first groups of cars equipped with ABS showed mixed results. Involvements in multivehicle crashes on wet roads were significantly reduced in the cars equipped with ABS: fatal crashes were reduced by 24% and nonfatal crashes by 14%. Fatal collisions with pedestrians and bicyclists were down a significant 27% with ABS. However, these reductions were offset by a statistically significant increase in the frequency of single vehicle, run-off-road crashes (rollovers or impacts with fixed objects), as compared to cars without ABS. Fatal run-off-road crashes were up by 28%, and nonfatal crashes by 19%. It is unknown to what extent this increase is a consequence of ABS, or is due to other causes. In particular, it is unknown to what extent, if any, the increase is due to incorrect responses by drivers to their ABS systems, and, if so, whether the effect is likely to persist in the future. The increase may involve all types of ABS or only certain ABS designs. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash rates KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Handling characteristics KW - Increase KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavements KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Personnel performance KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677670 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM 1988-1990 PY - 1994/12 SP - 120 p. AB - During the period 1988 through 1990, an estimated 11.6 million vehicles each year were involved in police-reported traffic crashes. Approximately 88% of these were automobiles, pickup trucks, vans, and sport/utility vehicles, collectively referred to as passenger vehicles. Most of these vehicles were not seriously damaged: less than 30% of them were towed from the crash scene due to damage sustained. Approximately 51,000 were involved in fatal crashes each year. This report focuses attention on occupants of those passenger vehicles that were towed from the crash scene. NHTSA's National Accident Sampling System (NASS)/ Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) collects detailed information on towed passenger vehicle crashes, employing trained, professional accident investigation teams. The in-depth data collection, scientific protocols, and professionalism of those involved make the NASS/CDS database a valuable resource to many in the traffic safety community. NASS data are used by government, industry, and the private sector to conduct research, identify injury patterns and mechanisms, provide a basis for regulatory decision making, and provide a means of evaluating the association between occupant injury and various crash-related characteristics. This report is presented in the following sections: Executive Summary; (1) Introduction; (2) Perspective; (3) Vehicle Crash Data; (4) Occupant Injury Data; (5) Vehicle Damage Data; and Appendixes. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Damages KW - Data collection KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury statistics KW - Intrusion KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676462 AU - Tessmer, J AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF FIRES IN PASSENGER CARS, LIGHT TRUCKS, AND VANS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 97 p. AB - This report contains an analysis of historical data on fire occurrence in fatal and less serious crashes as a function of crash, vehicle, and driver characteristics that influence the likelihood of post collision vehicle fires. The report is organized into four sections. Data on the vehicles included in the study are for 1978 and later model years. The first two sections use 1979 through 1992 data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The first section contains raw cross tabulations of the data. The second section constructs multivariate statistical models. Section three examines raw cross tabulations of data from the State of Michigan from 1982 to 1991. The Michigan police accident report (PAR) collects data on fuel leaks which are used to estimate the relationship between fires and fuel leaks. Section four is based on the National Accident Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS CDS) for burn injuries from 1988 to 1993. KW - Automobiles KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fires KW - Fuel leaks KW - Fuel systems KW - Fuels KW - Leakage KW - Light trucks KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vans UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/fire.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/416231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676461 AU - JOHNSON, D M AU - Walz, M C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF LOWERING THE ILLEGAL PER SE LIMIT TO 0.08 IN FIVE STATES. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 8 p. AB - This report contains the results of a preliminary assessment of the impact of lowering the illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) per se limit to 0.08 in five states (California, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Vermont). The report provides a brief introduction to the rationale for encouraging the states to adopt the lower limit of 0.08 BAC. Six different measures of driver involvement in alcohol-related fatal crashes were examined for changes in the proportion of alcohol-related fatal crashes occurring before the 0.08 BAC limit became effective. These comparisons suggest that significant decreases occurred following implementation of the 0.08 BAC legislation. The report concludes that this preliminary assessment appears to indicate that implementation of 0.08 BAC laws (and other associated activities, such as public information campaigns) are associated with reductions in fatal crash driver alcohol involvement. The report also states that "additional and more in-depth analytical work is underway to further understand..." the nature of these reductions. KW - Before and after studies KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - California KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impact studies KW - Lowering KW - Maine KW - Oregon KW - Per se laws KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Utah KW - Vermont UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/pdf/bac08rpt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25850/DOT-HS-808-207.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/416230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675219 AU - Ulmer, R G AU - PREUSSER, C W AU - Preusser, D F AU - Preusser Research Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CALIFORNIA'S SAFETY BELT LAW CHANGE TO PRIMARY ENFORCEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 76 p. AB - Some states allow an officer to stop a vehicle for an observed belt law violation alone (primary). Most require that the initial stop be made for some other violation before a belt law citation can be issued (secondary). On January 1, 1993, California became the first state to implement an uninterrupted change from secondary to primary belt law enforcement. In the six study communities, the percentage of drivers observed wearing seat belts increased from 58% prior to the law change to 76% soon thereafter. Drivers surveyed at DMV offices indicated that they had knowledge of the new law and were more likely to wear their belts now than in the past. Police officers participating in focus groups indicated that they were pleased with the change to primary enforcement and had received no negative public reaction. KW - California KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - State laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674309 AU - WILLEMS, G AU - Plank, G R AU - Naval Biodynamics Laboratory AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF A SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT DEVICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 104 p. AB - This report describes the calibration of a six-degree-of-freedom acceleration measurement system designed for use in the measurement of linear and angular head accelerations of anthropomorphic dummies during crash tests. The calibration methodology, developed earlier, uses several different prime movers to extract the necessary information to characterize the system completely. The device calibrated consisted of any array of nine linear accelerometers in a non-coplaner (3-2-2-2) configuration. The calibration was carried out in the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory in New Orleans, Louisiana. KW - Accelerometers KW - Biophysics KW - Calibration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Head acceleration KW - Impact tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719359 AU - Bowman, B M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF HIC IN RELATION TO THE PROPOSED NEW FMVSS 201. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11/28 SP - 24 p. AB - The reported study investigated the mathematical limits on reduction of Head Injury Criterion (HIC) that are imposed by interior-trim design constraints on maximum deflection during head impact to a component of a vehicle interior. The analysis was based on head deceleration profiles of idealized square and triangular shape. The results of the analysis suggest that the design goal for vehicle-interior components that can be contacted by the head should be to attain head deceleration profiles that are as nearly square in shape as possible (i.e., of constant deceleration level) and with minimal rebound. Tabular and graphical results are given. Triangular head deceleration profiles are similar to ones that occur during actual head impacts and they are, therefore, a useful model for study. However, the use of a triangular profile imposes a force-deflection relationship of particular form, so a triangular deceleration pulse shape is not an entirely reasonable model. A dynamic model, one which uses specifiable mass and force-deflection properties, is recommended for studying Free Motion Headform impacts as described in the proposed, new FMVSS 201. KW - Deceleration KW - Deflection KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - FMVSS 201 KW - Head KW - Head forms KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00715256 AU - Klinich, K D AU - Pritz, H B AU - BEEBE, M S AU - Welty, K AU - BURTON, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY OF OLDER CHILD RESTRAINT/BOOSTER SEAT FIT AND NASS INJURY ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 95 p. AB - The Agency initiated this program to study the older child population with respect to the automotive environment. The program had three parts: an analysis of injuries using the National Accident Sampling System database, a restraint/booster seat fit survey with 155 volunteers aged 6-12, and an anthropometry study of the volunteers. The information gathered would provide guidance for future child safety initiatives. The NASS analysis revealed that older and younger children generally have the same injury patterns and similar injury frequencies in automotive accidents. However, restrained older children are more likely to receive an injury than restrained younger children (37.2% with MAIS 6-12 vs. 29.2% with MAIS 1-7). In the anthropometry study, weight, sitting height, and age data were collected for each child, and the averages by age were compared to results from an extensive child anthropometry study conducted by the University of Michigan in 1975. Height and sitting height matched well, while children in the current study appeared heavier. However, the clothing and shoes worn by the current volunteers partly accounts for the difference. In the restraint fit survey, each child sat in the rear seat alone and in three belt-positioning booster seats (Volvo, Kangaroo, Century CR-3) in three vehicles (Ford Taurus, Pontiac Sunbird, Dodge Caravan) KW - Age KW - Anthropometry KW - Child injuries KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Height KW - Injuries KW - Injury statistics KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistics KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677681 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1992 PLYMOUTH VOYAGER INTO A 50% LEFT OFFSET BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1994/11 SP - 268 p. AB - Five 50% left offset barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1992 Plymouth Voyager, VIN 2P4GH25K8NR555705, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on October 25, 1994. The speed and maximum cumulative crush for each test were as follows: (Test 941025-1) 7.7 kph, 25 mm; (Test 941025-2) 15.8 kph, 207 mm; (Test 941025-3) 15.8 kph, 282 mm; (Test 941025-4) 32.0 kph, 519 mm; and (Test 941025-5) 56.3 kph, 1016 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677684 AU - Palmer, J AU - Kantowitz, B H AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS AND TURN SIGNAL MASKING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 82 p. AB - The glare from daytime running lights can limit the visibility of front turn signals. This masking effect was quantified by measuring the turn signal intensity that maintains a given level of visibility as a function of the separation between the turn signal and the daytime running light. The results of several experiments provide guidelines for the design of front-end automobile lighting systems. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Glare KW - Luminous intensity KW - Running lights KW - Turn signals KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle front end KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421675 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00674250 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - Knipling, R R AU - Wang, J-S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASHES AND FATALITIES RELATED TO DRIVER DROWSINESS/FATIGUE PY - 1994/11 SP - 8 p. AB - This report summarizes recent national statistics on the incidence and characteristics of crashes involving driver fatigue, drowsiness, or "asleep-at-the-wheel". For the purposes of this report, these terms are considered synonymous. Principal data sources are the NHTSA General Estimates System (GES) and the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), although these data files are acknowledged to have limitations for quantifying this type of crash causal factor. Most data provided are for the five-year period 1989-93. Findings from other studies of the incidence of drowsiness/fatigue in crashes are reviewed. Finally, overviews are provided of NHTSA programs underway to help provide better data to assess this traffic safety problem and, more importantly, to develop effective countermeasures. KW - Asleep-at-the-wheel KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - General Estimates System KW - Statistics KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736803 AU - Hendricks, D AU - Pomerleau, D AU - Pierowicz, J AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES, TASK 1. VOLUME 1: TECHNICAL FINDINGS PY - 1994/10/28 SP - 233 p. AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is to address the single vehicle crash problem through application of technology to prevent and/or reduce the severity of these crashes. This report describes and documents the analysis sequence completed for Task 1. The sequence included three distinct analysis types which may be summarized as follows: Statistical Analyses - The General Estimates System (GES) and Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) national crash databases were examined to provide an updated estimate of problem size and to establish characteristics of the national crash population; Clinical Analyses - 201 hard copy case reports from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) crash database were evaluated to determine crash causation factors and to establish the circumstances in which these crashes occur; and Engineering Analyses - A subset of the NASS CDS case reports were examined to establish the dynamic scenarios associated with the clinical sample; these scenarios were represented as situation trees which delineated the specific combination of driver, vehicle, and environmental factors in each crash and driver response to critical events. KW - Case reports KW - Clinical analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness Data System KW - Engineering analysis KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - General Estimates System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Medical case reports KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6234/876.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736804 AU - Hendricks, D AU - Pomerleau, D AU - Pierowicz, J AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES, TASK 1. VOLUME 2: SUPPORT VOLUME PY - 1994/10/28 SP - 810 p. AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is to address the single vehicle crash problem through application of technology to prevent and/or reduce the severity of these crashes. This report contains a summary of data used in the clinical analysis conducted in Task 1. The data were extracted from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) cases selected for analysis. All NASS cases were selected from the 1993 NASS CDS data file. Each case is described by a data summary sheet, which contains descriptive data on the crash, a narrative of what occurred in the crash, a scene diagram illustrating the crash site with the vehicle's trajectory, and a situation tree summarizing the crash sequence. KW - Case reports KW - Clinical analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness Data System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Medical case reports KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6235/888.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719358 AU - Bowman, B M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHROPOMETRIC ANALOGOUS HEADFORMS. PROJECT TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/10/17 SP - 74 p. AB - This report discusses the technical support tasks that UMTRI provided for the study by Conrad Technologies, Inc. (CTI), which was conducted for the U.S. Army Air Research Laboratory. The overall goal of the CTI study is to design three manikin headforms--small, midsized, and large--for use in military ejection seat and crashworthiness testing, as well as retention and fit assessment, of helmet and head-supported devices. The headforms will be applicable to military male and female aviator populations. UMTRI conducted a literature search and review to help establish the most appropriate design specifications for headform characteristics and properties. The U.S. Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) database was selected from the literature review as the most suitable existing database for use in design of headforms. It includes data for 1,774 men and 2,208 women. An ANSUR data subset, obtained from the U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, includes, for each subject, 16 head and face traditional anthropometric variables and the (X, Y, Z) coordinates of 26 head and face landmarks. One major task of CTI's design effort was to establish the three-dimensional surface geometry of the face and head for headforms. The literature review identified candidate anthropometric modeling methods for this need. CTI developed a clustering method based on four head and face variables as independent variables and three subpopulations from which median values define 5th-, 50th-, and 95th-percentile surface geometries. Other head properties for which headform design specifications are required include head mass, head principal moments of inertia, and friction and force-deflection properties of the headform surface. Information relevant to these properties is discussed, as well as scaling of basic properties from midsized to small and large heads. Both cadaver data and Hybrid III crash dummy headform data are reviewed. Except for surface geometry and orientation of principal axes of inertia, it is recommended that the headform specifications be the same as for the Hybrid III headform (50th-percentile and scaled for small and large). KW - Anthropometric dummies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Ejection caused injuries KW - Head forms KW - Helmets KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398454 AU - Hendricks, D AU - Pomerleau, D AU - Pierowicz, J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Run-off-road collision avoidance countermeasures using IVHS countermeasures: Task 1 final interim report: volume 1: technical findings PY - 1994/10 IS - DOT HS 808 497 SP - 172p + appendices KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Crash analysis KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Run off the road accident KW - Single vehicle accident KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724881 AU - Department of Energy TI - MODEL YEAR 1995 FUEL ECONOMY GUIDE. EPA FUEL ECONOMY ESTIMATES, OCTOBER 1994 PY - 1994/10 SP - 15 p. AB - This Guide is published as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle. It lists estimates of miles per gallon (mpg) for each vehicle available for the new model year. These estimates are provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in compliance with Federal Law. This Guide is intended to help consumers compare the fuel economy of similarly sized cars, light duty trucks and special purpose vehicles. The vehicles listed in this Guide have been divided into three classes of cars (sedans, two-seaters, and station wagons), three classes of light duty trucks (vans, small pick-ups, and large pick-ups), and three classes of special purpose vehicles (2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, and cab chassis). By using this Guide consumers can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for any vehicle. The mileage data are most useful when comparing vehicles. The actual mileage when driving a vehicle may differ considerably from the predicted mileage. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel conservation KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Light trucks KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Special purpose vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719365 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - WHITE PAPER ON TRAFFIC SAFETY IN JAPAN '94. ABRIDGED EDITION PY - 1994/10 SP - 39 p. AB - This report is an abridged edition of the original White Paper; it provides information on road traffic only. Chapter 1 outlines trends in road traffic accidents and provides a comparison of the accident situation in recent years with that in 1993. Characteristics of fatal accidents are presented and the expressway traffic accident situation is discussed. Chapter 2 addresses the increase in the number of motor vehicle occupant fatalities and countermeasures under the following headings: (I) Progress of motorization and changes in traffic accident type; (II) Analysis of fatal accidents involving motor vehicle occupants; and (III) Measures to reduce number of motor vehicle occupants fatalities. The final chapter, Chapter 3, discusses primary measures for FY 1994, including (I) in-depth dissemination of traffic safety-mindedness, (II) securing safe driving (partial revision of road traffic law), and (III) securing the safety of motor vehicles. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Japan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677697 AU - Engineering Analysis Services, Incorporated AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST AND LEADTIME ESTIMATES FOR IMPROVED PILLAR PADDING, AUTOMATIC SLACK ADJUSTERS, VISUAL BRAKE ADJUSTMENT INDICATORS AND TRACTOR/TRAILER ABS CONNECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 909 p. AB - This report summarizes the cost and weight implications of four safety improvement areas: 1) pillar padding improvements; 2) visual brake adjustment indicators; 3) automatic slack adjusters; and 4) improved tractor-trailer ABS electrical connectors. For the pillar padding improvement analyzed, the results of the cost analysis indicated that a minimum cost penalty ranging from $15-$40 per vehicle can be expected. For the visual brake adjustment indicator analysis, the estimated variable cost is $0.13 per air chamber for the studied indicator with no weight effect. Variable cost differential to add automatic slack adjuster versus manual slack adjuster is $19.92 per air chamber/brake or $199.20 per 10 wheel rig. Cost savings of automatic slack adjuster over manual slack adjuster is estimated to be $7,270.80 over the life of a typical vehicle (600,000 miles). The contract study recommended that a more exhaustive study needs to be conducted of the ABS connector system before developing an improved ABS connector. Cost and weight analysis was performed, however, on some existing ABS connectors. KW - Abs electrical connectors KW - Automatic slack adjusters KW - Costs KW - Improvements KW - Lead time KW - Pillar padding KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visual brake adjustment indicators KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677677 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1992 CHEVROLET CAPRICE INTO A 30.5 CM DIAMETER POLE BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1994/10 SP - 268 p. AB - Five 30.5 cm diameter pole barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1992 Chevrolet Caprice, VIN 1G1BL5377NW138766, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on October 6, 1994. The speed and maximum cumulative crush for each test were as follows: (Test 941006-1) 8.4 kph, 12 mm; (Test 941006-2) 15.9 kph, 352 mm; (Test 941006-3) 16.3 kph, 508 mm; (Test 941006-4) 31.9 kph, 732 mm; and (Test 941006-5) 56.3 kph, 1078 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677669 AU - Rutland, K W AU - Spinney, B C AU - Clements, J S AU - Westphal, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INCREMENTAL COST, WEIGHT, AND LEADTIME IMPACTS OF ADDING IMPROVED PADDING TO MOTOR VEHICLE INTERIORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 52 p. AB - The study results indicate that improved interior designs using polyurethane material result in price increases to the vehicle purchaser of: $29-$46 for passenger cars, $26-$34 for pickup trucks, $42-$57 for sport utility vehicles, and $67-$89 for vans. Weight increases are projected to be 1.6 - 4.8 lb. for passenger cars; 1.5 - 2.9 lb. for pickup trucks; 3.1 - 6.3 lb. for sport utility vehicle; and 4.8 - 9.6 lb. for vans. Capital requirements for fleet-wide adoption of like designs are expected to be approximately $68-$86 million. Minimum leadtime is expected to be 28 months. HIC reductions of 42%-81% may be possible with the designs developed in this study. The updated padding designs analyzed in this study were established through the use of computer simulated crash modeling analysis. This methodology permits the development of designs nearly identical to those of the more expensive dynamic crash testing approach. Although not accurate enough to replace compliance tests for self-certification, computer-assisted design is fully adequate for preliminary cost, weight and leadtime projections. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Lead time KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672481 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1993: A COMPILATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH DATA FROM THE FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM AND THE GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM PY - 1994/10 SP - 204 p. AB - This annual report presents descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. Information from two of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) primary data systems has been combined to create a single source for motor vehicle crash statistics. These two data systems are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and the National Accident Sampling System/General Estimates System (GES). The report is presented in five chapters and three appendices. Chapter 1, "Trends", presents data from all years of FARS (1975 through 1993) and GES (1988 through 1993). The remaining chapters present data only from 1993. Chapter 2, "Crashes", describes general characteristics of crashes, such as when and how often they occurred, where they occurred, and what happened during the crash. Chapter 3, "Vehicles", concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in crashes and the damage to the vehicles. Chapter 4, "People", is the largest chapter of this report, with statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists. The last chapter of the report, "States", contains information about crashes for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Terms used throughout the report are defined in the Glossary. Appendix A contains FARS Data Elements, Appendix B GES Data Elements, and Appendix C a Technical Note. An Index is provided. KW - Characteristics KW - Cyclists KW - Damages KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - General Estimates System KW - Glossaries KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719513 AU - BRIZIUS, M AU - WATTS, L AU - Williams, M AU - MayaTech Corporation TI - UPDATE OF THE FINANCIAL SELF-SUFFICIENCY STUDY AND GUIDELINES. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/09/30 SP - 43 p. AB - This report is Volume Four of the four-volume final report on a contract to update the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) 1981 study of financial self-sufficiency for alcohol countermeasure programs and the corresponding 1983 guidelines manual. The primary goal of the project was to document the current status of legislated funding systems for impaired driving countermeasure in the states, in order to prepare the updated Guidelines Manual (Volume One), and two other technical assistance manuals: Funding Matrix and State Summaries (Volume Two) and Case Studies Manual (Volume Three). A pilot workshop was also developed and conducted. Activities conducted were: review of local, state, federal and national secondary data and published material on legislated funding for impaired driving programs; revision of the 1983 state funding matrix; design of data collection instruments tied to the funding matrix; analysis of primary data collected from the states; review of state applications for funding under Section 410 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991; conduct of five site visits to states with exemplary funding systems, supplemented by interviews with personnel from other exemplary states; development of a course curriculum; and planning, conduct and evaluation of a pilot workshop. KW - Capital KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financial self-sufficiency KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Impaired drivers KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454172 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01400268 AU - Brizius, M AU - Watts, L AU - Williams, M AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Update of the financial self sufficiency study and guidelines PY - 1994/09 IS - DOT HS 808 233 SP - 19p + appendices KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Drink driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Financing KW - Funding KW - National government KW - Road user education KW - State government KW - State government KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719532 AU - HAGEDORN, A V AU - Pritz, H B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TAD-50M THORAX. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 128 p. AB - This report describes the laboratory evaluation of an advanced ATD (Anthropomorphic Test Device) thorax system, denoted TAD-50M (Trauma Assessment Device, 50th percentile male), which has been integrated with Hybrid III lower and upper extremity, neck, and head components for testing. The evaluation program consisted of pendulum, quasi-static thorax compression, and sled tests in a variety of restraint environments, including air bag, two-point belt/knee bolster, and three-point belt systems. TAD-50M thorax instrumentation included four internal thoracic displacement measurement assemblies and two externally mounted chest bands. Baseline sled tests using the Hybrid III ATD were also conducted and are reported. KW - Air bags KW - Anthropomorphic dummies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Knee restraints KW - Laboratory tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prototype tests KW - Sled tests KW - Testing KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719511 AU - Marriott, A T AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory TI - VARIABLE DYNAMIC TESTBED VEHICLE STUDY. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III: APPENDIXES PY - 1994/09 SP - 122 p. AB - This report describes the concept of a test vehicle for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that is designed to evaluate the dynamics, human factors, and safety aspects of advanced technologies in passenger class automobiles expected to be introduced as a result of the Intelligent Vehicle/Highway System program. The Variable Dynamic Testbed Vehicle requirements were determined from the inputs of anticipated users and specific research needs of NHTSA. Design and implementation approaches are described, the benefits of the vehicle discussed, and costs for several options presented. This volume, Volume III, contains the Appendixes to the final report. KW - Dynamic tests KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Passenger car design KW - Passenger cars KW - Safety KW - Safety design KW - Technological innovations KW - Test beds KW - Vehicle design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/7883.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719509 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS OUTCOMES EVALUATION: KEY ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. PROCEEDINGS FROM THE NHTSA WORKSHOP ON METHODOLOGIES FOR MEASURING MORBIDITY OUTCOMES IN EMS, APRIL 11-12, 1994, WASHINGTON, D.C. PY - 1994/09 SP - 48 p. AB - During the past few decades, great strides have been made to improve the quality of emergency medical care. However, methods for evaluating the effectiveness of emergency medical services (EMS) systems have not kept pace with the rapid growth of these systems. Until recently, EMS systems have been empirically derived and the efficacy and effectiveness of most out-of-hospital EMS interventions remains to be clearly demonstrated. The Division of Emergency Medical Services, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently conducted a workshop on data methods for EMS effectiveness research, during which an expert panel was called upon to review current methods and outcomes used in EMS system evaluation. In addition to 10 national experts in the fields of EMS and outcomes research, representatives from five Federal agencies participated in the workshop. This report is a summary of the workshop proceedings. Workshop discussions related to existing tools and data collection systems with implications for EMS outcomes evaluation, potential intermediate and long term outcome measures, obstacles to EMS outcomes evaluation, and recommendations for supporting this type of evaluation in EMS. KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency medical services KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Medical services KW - Prehospital care KW - Recommendations KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719510 AU - Marriott, A T AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory TI - VARIABLE DYNAMIC TESTBED VEHICLE STUDY. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL RESULTS PY - 1994/09 SP - 83 p. AB - This report describes the concept of a test vehicle for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that is designed to evaluate the dynamics, human factors, and safety aspects of advanced technologies in passenger class automobiles expected to be introduced as a result of the Intelligent Vehicle/Highway System program. The Variable Dynamic Testbed Vehicle requirements were determined from the inputs of anticipated users and specific research needs of NHTSA. Design and implementation approaches are described, the benefits of the vehicle discussed and costs for several options presented. KW - Dynamic tests KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Passenger car design KW - Passenger cars KW - Safety KW - Safety design KW - Technological innovations KW - Test beds KW - Vehicle design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/7143.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454169 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719400 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Vaughan, C J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - MANAGING PRODUCT PROGRAMS TO HAVE THE COMPETITIVE EDGE PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 29-31 AB - The author, Vice President and Group Executive, North American Truck Platforms, General Motors Corporation, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, believes that automotive manufacturers have to be agile or flexible enough to meet the highs and lows in market demands for specific products. He sees gold in the truck business, with trucks taking over the consumer like a storm. He discusses the evolution in truck styling and engineering, the challenges being faced due to higher CAFE standards and globalization, and how GM is responding to these challenges. KW - Competition KW - Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Globalization KW - International KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Market development KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy KW - Standards KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458295 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719401 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - SIMON, F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE BIRTH OF A NEW CAR TEAM PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 32-34 AB - The author, Program Manager, 1995 Lincoln Continental Team, Ford Motor Company, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, discusses how investing time and money in training and team building created an empowered Continental Program Team that earned for the Continental more Ford Customer-Driven Quality Awards than any other car or truck has ever earned. He emphasizes how this learning experience established trust, openness, honesty, and interdependence. KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Customers KW - Luxury cars KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy KW - Product development KW - Team building UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719397 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Helmer, J-Y AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REGIONAL FOCUS AND GLOBAL AGILITY PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 20-22 AB - The author, Executive Managing Director, Automotive Division, PSA Peugeot Citroen, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, discusses how the medium-sized, regional car makers can guarantee their future by turning their size into a competitive advantage that makes them better attuned to their markets, more responsive, and more innovative. He points out that globalization in the automotive industry is not the only recipe for continued survival, access to new markets, sustained growth, and profits. KW - Competition KW - Economic growth KW - Markets KW - Medium-sized car manufacturers KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Profits KW - Regional car manufacturers KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719404 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Baker, K R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - GLOBAL AGILITY: THE R&D VISION FOR AN AGILE ENTERPRISE PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 47-49 AB - The author, Vice President - NAO Research and Development Center, General Motors Corporation, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, defines what an agile enterprise is and discusses what General Motors Corporation is doing in the area of research and development (R&D) as an agile organization. Among the examples he describes are GM's nationwide electric vehicle demonstration program, Information Accelerator (GM's new interactive multimedia technology), the role of GM in the Partnership for a New Generation Vehicle (PNGV), GM's Integrated Vehicle Design and Analysis (IVDA), and GM R&D's software-driven knitting process, called 3-D Knit, that can replicate a photograph or artwork throughout the interior of the car. KW - Changes KW - Development KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Product development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458299 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719396 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Leuliette, T D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY, RADICAL CHANGE, BLINDING SPEED: BUILDING BLOCKS FOR SURVIVAL IN THE NINETIES PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 17-19 AB - The author, President and CEO, ITT Automotive, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, sees strategic technology, radical change, and blinding speed as the determinants of survival among OEMs and suppliers in the automotive industry. OEMs and suppliers must plan now for good and bad times in the changing and competitive global automotive village. A battle is being waged right now, as there are only so many ways the rewards of a congested and economically confined automotive global market, driven by low cost, can be divided. The differentiator is time-to-market. There are six fundamental factors that drive profitability: sales price economics, labor costs, internal cost base, purchased material economics, mix (of products), and volume. The manner in which companies manage the profit equation is a fundamental trait as to who will be winners and losers. Systems integration will be one of the major new paths for growth. As suppliers gain greater and greater sophistication over time with areas of core competence and as technological advancements are made, wonderful things happen which create systems integration opportunities that previously did not exist. To face the challenges of technology and change, the most essential tool is discipline. KW - Changes KW - Integrated systems KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Original equipment manufacturers KW - Policy KW - Profitability KW - Suppliers KW - Systems integration KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Time-to-market UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458291 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719398 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Kawamoto, N AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - OUTPUT GREATER THAN INPUT PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 23-25 AB - The author, President and CEO, Honda Motor Co., Ltd., in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, sees true agility as the result of two key factors: being sensitive to the needs of customers and to future challenges that might affect business, and developing a lean and efficient organization, capable of moving quickly in any direction. He discusses how, upon becoming CEO of Honda in 1990, he put this philosophy into action and what the results have been to date. KW - Administration KW - Changes KW - Customer relations KW - Customers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719403 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Miller, R W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - PLANNING FOR AGILITY: A GROWTH STRATEGY PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 41-43 AB - The author, National Director, Automotive Industry Consulting, Deloitte & Touche, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, points out that the key concepts of agility are not new (e.g., mass customization, virtual organization, integrated business processes, reconfigurable organizations, etc.) but that agility is about change--about developing a proficiency to adapt to constantly changing market opportunities and competitive threats to not just survive, but achieve profitable growth. He discusses the results of a recently completed global study of the automotive industry by Deloitte & Touche, in conjunction with the University of North Carolina's Kenan-Flagler Business School. The study is based upon responses to over 800 questions from over 90 automotive executives in North America, Western Europe, and Japan. The questions focused on an assessment of current capabilities of the respondent's company, as well as the future focus over the next three years. The analysis of results compares relative level of current capability and relative future emphasis. KW - Changes KW - Competition KW - Data collection KW - Economic growth KW - Executives KW - Japan KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - North America KW - Surveys KW - Western Europe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458298 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719405 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - McCracken, E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVING THE INFORMATION SUPER HIGHWAY -- PERSPECTIVES FOR MANUFACTURERS PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 53-55 AB - The author, President, SiliconGraphics, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, discusses how, in a rapidly changing world of consumer demands, technological opportunity, and global competition, visual computing provides a very powerful tool to help the auto industry and other manufacturing businesses to be fully competitive. Among the potential benefits of visual-computing technology for the automotive industry are improvements in fuel economy, emissions, and safety, and improved engineering, styling, performance, quality, marketing, and cost control through visual prototyping and its basic tool, the three-dimensional computer model. The information superhighway will be the next revolution in the information age, and auto manufacturers will use it increasingly to tie themselves and their vendors together and to produce better products sooner and at lower cost. KW - Air quality management KW - Automotive engineering KW - Benefits KW - Computer models KW - Cost control KW - Fuel conservation KW - Information superhighway KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Three dimensional KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visual computing KW - Visual prototyping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458300 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719392 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Eaton, R J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - WHEN THE SUN COMES UP: RUNNING WITH THE LIONS AND THE GAZELLES PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 3-5 AB - The author, Chairman of the Board and CEO, Chrysler Corporation, in addressing the subject of the "Age of Agility" for the automotive industry, compares the current situation to that of the lion and gazelle from an old proverb that says: "Every morning when the sun comes up, the gazelle wakes. He knows he must outrun the fastest lion or he will be eaten. When the sun comes up, the lion also wakes. He knows he must outrun the slowest gazelle or he will starve to death. In the end, it doesn't really matter whether you are a gazelle or a lion. When the sun comes up, you'd better be running." In the automotive industry, competition is no longer a matter of the big eating the small, but the swift eating the slow. The comparison goes even further, for the gazelle who gets away is the one who changes direction so often and so quickly that he wears the lion out. And the lion who eats is the one who can anticipate when the gazelle is about to change direction. In the automotive industry, to survive is to know how to change direction fast, and to be the first to do it. In other words, you have to be agile. Ralph Waldo Emerson said that a "foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." In a world, and in an industry, that changes as fast as the automotive industry, that admonition is even more true now than when he said it. The "Age of Agility" means that we have to take more risks, or at least take them sooner than the managers who came before us. It means accepting some new ideas, sometimes ones that are untested and may not work. KW - Changes KW - Competition KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719394 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Losh, J M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AGILITY: THRIVING ON CONTINUOUS CHANGE PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 9-11 AB - The author, Chief Financial Officer, General Motors Corporation, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, sees agility as the ability to thrive in a continuously changing and often unpredictable environment. Such agility must include a reason and an ultimate purpose that looks beyond unpredictable outside indicators and focuses on attaining long-term competitive advantage. At GM, that reason and ultimate purpose is found in "customer enthusiasm". Customer needs and preferences drive product, process, and service. And that end purpose puts a premium on becoming more agile in product design, manufacturing, and marketing and distribution. From this point of view, engineering technology and the manufacturing process exist solely to be responsive to the customer. Examples of this at GM include the shutdown, rebuilding and retooling of the Oshawa plant in order to build the new Lumina; alternative work arrangements at a number of plants; marketing of the Saturn where customer enthusiasm was created throughout the ownership experience; in England, delivering vehicles from vehicle storage centers (97% within 4 days); and building "global" cars such as the Opel Corsa. At GM constancy of purpose revolves around three key principles: customer enthusiasm, a global vision, and a commitment to long-term profitability. KW - Acceptance KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Customers KW - International KW - Long term KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy KW - Profitability KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458289 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719407 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Reickert, E A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AGILITY, EMPOWERMENT AND THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 59-61 AB - The author, President and CEO, New Venture Gear Inc., in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, defines agility as the ability of a company and all its employees to think and anticipate, as well as respond to the marketplace. He then describes how New Venture Gear Inc., an historic joint venture between Chrysler and General Motors to design and manufacture driveline products, has become an agile company. KW - Drivelines KW - Employee empowerment KW - Industries KW - Innovation KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Product development KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719399 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Pawley, D K AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE AGE OF AGILITY: A PERSPECTIVE PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 26-28 AB - The author, Executive Vice President, Manufacturing, Chrysler Corporation, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, describes how Chrysler manufacturing has traveled an evolutionary path to agility. From its roots in mass production, which doesn't provide the responsiveness to be competitive in today's global marketplace, Chrysler reached the plateau of lean manufacturing. Today this lean manufacturing can be characterized as having the consistency of gravel. In some places the "gravel" is pretty well packed down, providing a fairly solid foundation, but in other places there are some "loose spots" where lean has not been totally mastered. Care must be taken so that the lean system does not become too brittle an organization, or one that is devoid of waste and complexity yet shy of the resources required to respond quickly to unanticipated change. The next plateau for Chrysler manufacturing is agility, which has the consistency of jello, reaching a solid state, but remaining pliable and resilient. The question is, how does Chrysler progress from where it is today (lean, but not totally) to the plateau of agility? The answer is self-assessment. Concluding comments concern how Chrysler is accomplishing this self-assessment. KW - Administration KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile manufacturing KW - Changes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy KW - Self-assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719402 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Bull, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE NATIONAL LABORATORIES AND THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 38-40 AB - The author, Technical Director, Transportation Programs, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, discusses the goal of the Department of Energy's laboratories, how this goal is being accomplished, and how the automotive industry can work with and partner with the laboratories. The goal is the so-called 3X or the 80 mpg fuel-efficient vehicle with equivalent safety, quality, performance, etc., of today's comparable vehicles. Areas where the laboratories are helping to accomplish this goal include alternative fuels, emission controls, storage systems (batteries), materials (including advanced materials), and the process area, incorporating manufacturing, rapid prototyping, and advanced technologies. Concerning how the automotive industry can work with and partner with the laboratories, there are the traditional ways, such as looking at technical reports and workshops and briefings and laboratory visits, etc., and then the really serious partnerships, including Cost Shared Subcontracts, user facilities, and CRADAs (Cooperative Research And Development Agreements). KW - Air quality management KW - Alternate fuels KW - Cooperation KW - Cooperative research and development agreements KW - Cost sharing KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Fuel conservation KW - Laboratories KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Partnerships KW - Prototypes KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Test facilities KW - U.S. Department of Energy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719395 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Cho, F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SEEKING A COMPETITIVE BALANCE BETWEEN CONSUMER AND MANUFACTURERS NEEDS PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 12-14 AB - The author, President and CEO, Toyota Motor Manufacturing USA Inc., in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, views agility as the ability of manufacturers to be responsive to the constantly changing marketplace. Finding ways to overcome the inherent inflexibility in manufacturing operations is viewed as a huge responsibility for management. This challenge was one of the fundamental driving forces behind the development of what is now called the Toyota Production System (TPS). Toyota approaches flexibility on the production floor by seeking ways to shorten lead time, since with shorter lead times it is much easier to change the direction of production to accommodate changing customer demand. The TPS employs three main elements to achieve shorter lead time. First is the system of transmitting customer requirements more directly to the shop floor. Second is the quick changeover of equipment, such as the quick die change of stamping presses. Third is the human element - multiskilled team members who have strong problem-solving capabilities. Toyota also pursues the challenge of flexibility in areas outside of what is normally considered TPS, such as the production strategy of building "bridges" among different plants. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile manufacturing KW - Lead time KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Production KW - Production control KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719406 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Suzuki, K AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - FORD PROGRESS IN JAPAN PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 56-58 AB - The author, President, Ford Motor Company (Japan) Ltd., in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, discusses the progress of Ford Motor Company in Japan. Ford has become the only U.S. manufacturer in Japan that conducts its own importation and sells its own vehicles through a distributor which it manages, and through its own sales network. Having aligned a strong product range, run a large-scale marketing and advertising campaign, established (though not yet adequately) after-sales servicing and parts supply systems, Ford now faces its largest task of all in Japan: to expand the distribution network. KW - Japan KW - Market development KW - Motor vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719393 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Hagenlocker, E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THINK GLOBAL, ACT LOCAL -- WITH AGILITY PY - 1994/09 SP - p. 6-8 AB - The author, President--Ford Automotive Operations, Ford Motor Company, in addressing the subject of agility in the automotive industry, describes what Ford is doing to become more agile on a global basis, a process which has been named Ford 2000. Ford is exploring changes to empower people to do whatever needs to be done and having them excited about doing it. Implementation is beginning by first merging automotive operations in North America and Europe, a process that will be extended to all automotive operations within a relatively short period of time. It will be continued by structuring to capitalize on the cultural and ethnic diversity of Ford's work force, wherein is a wealth of talent from all over the world. At the beginning of this year, the Ford 2000 Study Team was formed to evaluate what would be entailed in globalization and how to go about implementing such changes. A Transition Team is now deeply involved in putting the new business practices and organizational structure in place. Ford is, in effect, moving to a single set of worldwide processes and systems in product development, manufacturing, supply, and sales in Europe and North America. There will be five Vehicle Centers, four located in Dearborn and one in Europe. The idea is to ensure that products are the focal point and to break down the walls that traditionally separate the functional areas of design, engineering, manufacturing, marketing, supply, and finance. Cutting across the vehicle centers is a core technology group, called Advanced Vehicle Technology, responsible for advanced preprogram work while developing and maintaining core technologies applicable to each vehicle center. It is believed that an organizational structure such as this will result in an agile, flexible organization that will be highly responsive to customer needs and wants around the world. KW - Administration KW - Changes KW - Globalization KW - International KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Product development KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677675 AU - Huey, R AU - Dekker, D AU - Lyons, R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER PERCEPTION OF JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES OF AUTOMOTIVE SIGNAL LAMP INTENSITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 41 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) often receives petitions for determination of inconsequential non-compliance from manufacturers regarding vehicle lamp intensities which fall just outside the performance limits as specified in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 108. They assert that most drivers could not notice the difference, and thus the non-compliance is inconsequential. Typically, a non-compliance regarding intensity has been deemed inconsequential to safety when the performance has been less than 25% above or below the boundary limit. This study empirically evaluated the just-noticeable difference (JND) of several signal lamp types under typical ambient illumination and viewing distance conditions to provide an objective basis for assessing waiver requests. The procedure involved a paired comparison of standard light sources filtered to simulate color and intensity differences. Based on the findings, a difference of up to 25% from FMVSS 108 intensity requirements appears to be a reasonable criterion for use in decisions regarding the inconsequentiality of non-compliant signal lamps. KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Luminous intensity KW - Signal lights UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672506 AU - Perez, C AU - Cote, P AU - Kirchmeier, M AU - POLLARD, J AU - Stromback, K AU - Whiting, M AU - Williams, M AU - Wilson, M AU - Mallard, A AU - McCauley, S AU - Smith, J AU - Weiger, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS PIER MANUAL: PUBLIC INFORMATION EDUCATION AND RELATIONS IN EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PY - 1994/09 SP - 120 p. AB - A strong public information, public education and public relations (PIER) program can help an emergency medical service (EMS) operation cope with the challenges presented by modern emergencies. A good PIER program can save money as well as lives. Unfortunately, there is no single set of PIER methods that will work for everyone. This manual offers some principles to guide you in developing a PIER program that will meet the special needs of your community. This manual offers information about how to secure political and organizational backing for PIER, the necessity of networking, and how to raise money for your PIER program. The manual explores ways to build relationships with the media before emergencies and at the scene, as well as common legal issues associated with EMS PIER. It also includes guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of your program and additional resources to consult for more information. Above all, this manual stresses the importance of building a team to conduct EMS PIER activities. Experience has shown that the energy expended in a good PIER program returns long-term rewards to the organization in terms of better public relations and increased awareness of injury and illness prevention. KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency medical services KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public information programs KW - Public relations KW - Teams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669055 AU - Chovan, J D AU - Tijerina, L AU - Everson, J H AU - Pierowicz, J A AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF INTERSECTION, LEFT TURN ACROSS PATH CRASHES AND POTENTIAL IVHS COUNTERMEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 52 p. AB - This report provides a preliminary analysis of intersection-related, left turn across path (LTAP) crashes and applicable countermeasure concepts for the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) program. An LTAP crash occurs when the subject vehicle (SV) approaches an intersection, attempts to turn left, and either strikes or is struck by the principal other vehicle (POV) traveling in the opposing traffic lanes. A detailed analysis of 154 such crashes showed that 49% are caused by drivers who were unaware of the oncoming vehicle, and that 30% were caused by drivers who saw but misjudged the velocity/gap of the oncoming vehicle. Moreover, two LTAP crash subtypes are identified: the SV slows, but does not stop, begins the left turn, and strikes or is struck by the oncoming POV in 71.6% of these crashes; and the SV stops, then proceeds with the left turn, and strikes or is struck by the POV in the remaining 28.4% of these crashes. The crash avoidance system (CAS) concepts discussed in this report include driver warnings, partially automatic vehicle control systems, and fully automatic vehicle control systems. This report concludes with a number of research needs to better understand LTAP crashes and guide CAS development. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automatic vehicle control KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712940 AU - Wang, J-S AU - Knipling, R R AU - Information Management Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERSECTION CROSSING PATH CRASHES: PROBLEM SIZE ASSESSMENT AND STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 137 p. AB - This document presents problem size assessments and statistical crash descriptions for intersection crossing path (ICP) crashes and three key subtypes of the ICP crashes. The ICP crashes are potential "target crashes" of high-technology Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) crash avoidance countermeasures. To elucidate potential countermeasure applicability, the ICP crash is divided into three types: signalized intersection perpendicular crossing path (SI/PCP), unsignalized intersection perpendicular crossing path (UI/PCP) and left turn across path (LTAP) crashes. The principal data source is the 1991 General Estimates System (GES). ICP crash problem size is assessed using such measures as number of crashes, number and severity of injuries, crash involvement rate, and crash involvement likelihood. Problem size statistics are provided for five vehicle type categories: all vehicles, passenger vehicles (i.e., cars, light trucks, light vans), combination-unit trucks, medium/heavy single-unit trucks and motorcycles. Descriptive statistics are provided for all vehicles only. ICP crashes and the three crash subtypes are described statistically primarily in terms of the conditions under which they occur (e.g., time of day, weather, roadway type, relation to junction) and, when data are available, in terms of possible contributing factors. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Contributing factors KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Left turns KW - Periods of the day KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistics KW - Through traffic KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16400/16471/PB2000104013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723770 AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - CHAMBERS, F K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DEVICES TO IMPROVE SHOULDER BELT FIT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - v.p. AB - Dynamic HYGE sled tests were conducted to evaluate devices which are designed to reposition the shoulder belt to provide for improved fit or comfort. Three different devices, representative of those being marketed, were tested using the 3 and 6 year old and the 5th percentile female dummies. The FMVSS No. 213, "Child Restraint Systems", test seat and test pulse/velocity were used. Tests comparing the use of a belt positioning booster seat with and without one of the devices were also conducted. Head Injury Criterion (HIC) values greater than 1000 were observed with the Child-Safer (trademark) and the SafeFit (trademark) devices during all tests with the 3 year old dummy, and during 5 of the 6 tests with the 5th percentile female dummy. Three ms chest clip values exceeded 60 g's during 2 of the 3 tests with the Child-Safer (trademark) used on the 6 year old dummy. Use of the SafeFit (trademark) device resulted in 1 of 2 tests with the 3 year old dummy exceeding 60 g's. All tests met the head and knee excursion criterion. The 3 year old in the booster seat/Child-Safer (trademark) combination exceeded both the HIC and chest injury criterion. Some of the belt fit devices kinematically effected the various sized occupants differently - one resulted in more torso rotation about the lap belt, one tended to delay submarining by the small female dummy until later in the crash event and, under certain test conditions, all devices contributed to the dummy's torso "rolling-out" of the shoulder belt. KW - Booster seats KW - Chest injuries KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Comfort KW - Dummies KW - Females KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Measurement KW - Performance tests KW - Repositioning devices KW - Seat belt positioning KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder belt fit KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Sled tests KW - Test results UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44700/44734/88873.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723733 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 1991 PLYMOUTH ACCLAIM REAR IMPACT CNG FUEL TANK INTEGRITY PY - 1994/08 SP - 78 p. AB - A gasoline-powered vehicle was converted to operate as a dual fueled (gasoline/CNG) vehicle. The conversion met the minimum standards of National Fire Protection Association Procedure Number 52 (NFPA 52). The purpose of this test was to evaluate the suitability of NFPA 52 for ensuring adequate safety in vehicles converted to compressed natural gas (CNG) after first sale. This 48 kph rear impact was conducted on July 6, 1994. The subject vehicle, a 1991 Plymouth Acclaim 4-door sedan, VIN 1P3XA46K7MF666206, was tested according to the rear impact test procedures prescribed in FMVSS 303. The actual impact speed was 49.3 kph. In the hour following the impact, a pressure drop of 132 kPa was recorded, which is well within the requirements specified in FMVSS 303 for OEM vehicles. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fmvss 303 KW - Fuel systems KW - Gasoline KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Pressure KW - Pressure drop KW - Rear end crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural integrity KW - Test results KW - Vehicle rear end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719502 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM (GES) USER'S MANUAL, 1993 FILE PY - 1994/08 SP - 106 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) uses data from many sources, including the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) General Estimates System (GES) which began operation in 1988. Providing data about all types of crashes involving all types of vehicles, the GES is used to identify highway safety problem areas, provide a basis for regulatory and consumer information initiatives, and form the basis for cost and benefit analyses of highway safety initiatives. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from the estimated 6.1 million police-reported crashes which occur annually. This publication is a user manual for the GES 1993 data files. The contents are as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) GES Operations; (III) GES Sample Design; (IV) GES SAS (Statistical Analysis System) Files; (V) National Estimates; (VI) GES Variable List; (VII) GES Variable Changes: 1992 to 1993; (VIII) GES Variable Definitions: A. Accident File, B. Vehicle/Driver File, and C. Person File; and Appendices. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Data files KW - General Estimates System KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719500 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN: BASIC. NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM PY - 1994/08 SP - 654 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has assumed responsibility for the development of training courses that are responsive to the standards established by the Highway Safety Act of 1966 (amended). These courses are designed to provide national guidelines for training. This course is a revision of the 1984 Emergency Medical Technician-Ambulance: National Standard Curriculum. It is one of a series of courses making up a National Emergency Medical Service (EMS) training program for prehospital care. The curriculum, Emergency Medical Technician-Basic (EMT-Basic): National Standard Curriculum, is the cornerstone of EMS prehospital training. In addition, the new curriculum parallels the recommendations of the National EMS Education and Practice Blueprint. The EMT-Basic curriculum is a core curriculum of minimum required information, to be presented within a 110-hour training program. It is recognized that additional specific education will be required of EMT-Basics who operate in the field and that this information might differ from locality to locality. This curriculum is intended to prepare a medically competent EMT-Basic to operate in the field. The contents include an Instructor's Course Guide and an Instructor's Lesson Plans in 8 modules. KW - Curricula KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Medical services KW - Prehospital care KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/263/00263.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719496 AU - National 3D Prevention Month Coalition TI - DECEMBER 1994 NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING (3D) PREVENTION MONTH PROGRAM PLANNER PY - 1994/08 SP - 75 p. AB - This Program Planner Kit is designed to help in your planning as you make National Drunk and Drugged Driving Prevention Month (3D Month) in December 1994 the most successful campaign ever. The Program Planner is divided into two parts. The 1994 Background and Resource Guide will provide you with the background and information necessary to fuel your efforts throughout the campaign. The inserts are included in this kit to help you effectively communicate with your target audiences. The goal of 3D Prevention Month is to save lives. The theme for this year's 3D Month campaign is "Take a Stand! Friends Don't Let Friends Drive Drunk". 3D Month is a major activity in support of Campaign Safe&Sober, a program to reduce alcohol-related traffic fatalities to 43% of total fatalities and increase safety belt use to 75% nationally by 1997. KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manual safety belts KW - National Drunk and Drugged Driving Prevention Month KW - Prevention KW - Program planner kit KW - Promotion KW - Public information programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719501 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INJURY PREVENTION: AN ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY SAFETY AND PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED STATES PY - 1994/08 SP - 24 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) awarded a grant to Education Development Center (EDC) - a nonprofit research and development organization - to assess current and potential collaboration between state highway safety and public health agencies. This report describes the results of the assessment, which was done by interviewing public health and highway safety staff in twenty states in January and February, 1993. NHTSA is using the assessment findings to plan technical assistance that will facilitate increased collaboration between highway safety and public health professionals. State and local agencies can use the information contained in this assessment report to enhance their understanding of the approaches of their counterparts and to find examples of ways to work together. KW - Cooperation KW - Government agencies KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Interviewing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public health KW - Safety KW - State government agencies KW - State highway departments KW - Technical assistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00715252 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1991 FORD F150 PICKUP FRONTAL IMPACT CNG FUEL TANK INTEGRITY PY - 1994/08 SP - 74 p. AB - A gasoline-powered vehicle was converted to operate as a dual fueled (gasoline/CNG) vehicle. The conversion met the minimum standards of National Fire Protection Association Procedure Number 52 (NFPA 52). The purpose of this test was to evaluate the suitability of NFPA 52 for ensuring adequate safety in vehicles converted to CNG after first sale. This 48 kph frontal barrier impact test was conducted at the Transportation Research Center Inc. on July 11, 1994. The subject vehicle, a 1991 Ford F-150 pickup, VIN 1FTDF15Y8MLA77319, was tested according to the frontal barrier impact test procedures prescribed in FMVSS 303. The actual impact speed was 48.3 kph. In the hour following the impact, a pressure increase of 44 kPa was recorded, which is well within the requirements specified in FMVSS 303 for OEM vehicles. KW - Barrier impact forces KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel tanks KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Impact KW - Impact tests KW - Pickup trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677676 AU - Taylor, T AU - Wilber, T AU - Peck, J AU - EASI Engineering AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTISTAGE VEHICLE CERTIFICATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 106 p. AB - This report summarizes a study of the multistage vehicle industry and the procedures used by manufacturers in complying with certain safety standards such as FMVSS 204, 208, 212, 219, and 301. The study addressed two industry groups - the incomplete vehicle manufacturers, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Toyota, and the final stage manufacturers. Interviews were conducted with three incomplete vehicle manufacturers, eleven final stage manufacturers, three suppliers to the industry, and the industry associations that represent the final stage manufacturers - the National Truck Equipment Association (NTEA), the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA), and the National Vehicle Conversion Association (NVCA). Findings from these interviews are summarized in a report table covering the following subject questions/inquiries presented to the interviewed companies: 1) Safety Standards 204, 208, 212, 219, and 301; 2) Incomplete Vehicle Selection; 3) OEM/Final Stage Manufacturer Interaction; 4) Vehicle Conversion; and 5) Engineering Expertise. KW - Associations KW - Compliance KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Industries KW - Interviewing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicle licensing KW - Multistage vehicle certification KW - Suppliers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667608 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Chovan, J D AU - Pierowicz, J AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION, STRAIGHT CROSSING PATH CRASHES AND POTENTIAL IVHS COUNTERMEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 60 p. AB - This report provides a preliminary analysis of signalized intersection, straight crossing path (SI/SCP) crashes to support development of crash avoidance system (CAS) functional concepts as part of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS). An SI/SCP crash is defined as a crash at a signalized intersection in which two vehicles, one with and one without right-of-way, collide in straight crossing paths. A detailed analysis of 50 such crashes shows that 41% of these crashes are caused by drivers who were unaware of the signal presence and its status, and that 16% were caused by drivers who attempted to beat the amber phase. The CAS concepts discussed in this report are driver alerts, driver warnings, partially automatic control systems, fully automatic control systems, and a hybrid system that incorporates the previous four concepts and transitions among them. The report also provides kinematic models to determine the time and distance available for crash avoidance under various vehicle operating conditions. The report concludes with a number of research needs to better understand SI/SCP crashes and guide CAS development. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash causes KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Kinematics KW - Research KW - Signalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410126 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744483 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - Pettit, F AU - New South Wales Road and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - CHILDREN'S COMPETENCE AS ROAD USERS: THE RELEVANCE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND RESEARCH SN - 0730563189 PY - 1994/07 SP - 133 p. AB - This report reviews a large body of research and theory on aspects of child development that can help elucidate the factors involved in young children's limited competence in traffic, and in the significant changes that occur as they develop. As is shown in the body of the report, information from this research has significant implications for new directions for road safety education, and for effective protective measures for children. It also indicates which factors influence young children's behavior as road users, and how these factors should be taken into account when designing measures to improve road safety and reduce accidents involving young children. Research in child development indicates that it will take many years before children develop the necessary competence to behave safely as pedestrians or cyclists. The report emphasizes the fact that, although young children do not have the ability and understanding, too much is often expected of them. It also distinguishes between different theories on and research directions in child development, and highlights the common element of these--the fact that it is the complex interaction between environmental and innate factors that brings about children's development. Some attention is first given in this report to issues in child development relevant to protective measures and rules, but the main focus is on the various types of development necessary before children can safely be independent in traffic situations. KW - 4-8 Year old children KW - Child development KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Highway safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Traffic safety KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475052 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719414 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Hingson, R AU - Heeren, T AU - Winter, M AU - Brain Information Service TI - EFFECTS OF LOWER LEGAL BLOOD ALCOHOL LIMITS FOR YOUNG AND ADULT DRIVERS (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 243-252 AB - To reduce alcohol-related crashes, twenty-nine states and the District of Columbia have established lower legal Blood Alcohol Limits (BALs) for drivers under the age of 21, than for adult drivers. Also thirteen states have lowered the legal BAL from .10% to .08% for drivers age 21 and older. This report assesses the effects of those laws. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Adolescents KW - Adult drivers KW - Adults KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Lowering KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - State laws KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458308 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719417 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - POPKIN, C L AU - Brain Information Service TI - THE DETERRENT EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON DWI RECIDIVISM (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 287-294 AB - This conference presentation examines the deterrent effect of driving while intoxicated (DWI) educational programs on DWI recidivism. DWI education programs have as their objective a reduction of drinking and driving events. They are predicated on the notion that people are arrested for DWI because they don't know any better and that given the appropriate information, they would make better choices. Education programs are not treatment programs. They focus on first-time offenders. The educational curriculum in these programs usually includes information on why people drink and drive, on the effects of alcohol, on the consequences of drinking and driving, and on how to avoid repeat DWIs. In a few areas, the complexity of driving skills is addressed. Several studies which have evaluated DWI education programs are discussed, followed by a discussion of future trends in these programs. In conclusion, it is pointed out that, within DWI educational programs, we have really done very little to explore and fully examine the effectiveness of the variety of options available. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Conferences KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - First-time offenders KW - Offenders KW - Recidivism KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458311 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719418 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Hingson, R AU - Brain Information Service TI - THE SAVING LIVES PROGRAM (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 309-315 AB - This conference presentation discusses the Saving Lives Program which was developed by the Commonwealth Fund of New York and the Massachusetts Governor's Highway Safety Bureau to further reduce alcohol-related fatal crashes. The program was a public/private partnership at the community level that combined education with enforcement and used data to target interventions. A typical program city received about $70,000 a year, about $1 per person per year. By the end of the fifth year, the typical community had 50 local organizations involved in various task forces and the principal task force members ranged from about 30 to 100 active members in each community. They began by focusing on drunk driving. Activities included road blocks (some with passive sensors), server training, school programs, mock trials and mock crashes, surveillance at liquor outlets, beer keg registration, a speed watch hotline, etc. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Community action programs KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Intervention KW - Law enforcement KW - Prevention KW - Public private partnerships KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458312 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719413 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - PERRY, C L AU - Brain Information Service TI - PRE-TEEN EDUCATION (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 227-232 AB - This conference presentation discusses Project Northland, a community intervention trial funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism from 1990 to 1995. The project is being conducted by the University of Minnesota and involves multiple faculty, professional staff, and doctoral students in the Division of Epidemiology, as well as eight coordinators who lived in the intervention communities in Northeastern Minnesota. The study objectives are to delay or prevent onset of alcohol use among young adolescents in grades 6 through 9, or ages 12 to 15, and to reduce the overall amount of use. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Community action programs KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Intervention KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458307 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719415 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Blomberg, R AU - Brain Information Service TI - EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR TEENAGERS IN MARYLAND: NEW BAC LAWS (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 253-262 AB - This conference presentation discusses the effectiveness of an enforcement-oriented public information and education (PIE) program for new blood alcohol content (BAC) laws aimed at teenagers in Maryland. The program, which included 5 television public service announcements, 4 radio public service announcements, a poster, and a single-fold pamphlet, greatly reduced HBD (have been drinking) crashes and greatly improved the knowledge of the law. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Conferences KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Maryland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public information programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458309 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719412 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Klitzner, M AU - Brain Information Service TI - APPLICATION OF A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO DWI AND FATAL CRASHES (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 217-226 AB - In this conference presentation, a macro level, or systems, model for driving while intoxicated (DWI) and fatal crashes is discussed. The discussion begins with background information on how the model was developed and why it contains only four variables. The variables are: (1) Norms, in terms of drinking, driving, riding, DWI or RWID (riding with an impaired driver); (2) Availability of alcohol, cars, drivers, places to go fast; (3) Formal social controls of drinking, cars and driving; and (4) Environmental pressure (which can be either risk-enhancing or risk-reducing). U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Conferences KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Systems analysis KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458306 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719416 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - SALTZ, R F AU - Brain Information Service TI - WHERE WE ARE IN THE EVOLUTION OF RESPONSIBLE BEVERAGE SERVICE PROGRAM EVALUATIONS PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 277-285 AB - The current status of research and evaluation studies of "responsible beverage service" is described using Flay's (1986) distinction between efficacy and effectiveness trials. Responsible beverage service (RBS) refers to a set of strategies taken at places where alcohol is served to reduce the likelihood of patron intoxication or to reduce the risk of harm related to intoxication. Whereas early research studies sought to evaluate the potential value of RBS as a prevention intervention, current research is much more interested in understanding factors that influence the effective implementation of RBS programs, usually within a community or state level of application. Studies are summarized showing representative stages in the evolution from efficacy to effectiveness research. Experience and data from a community trial project still in the field are used to illustrate how research questions related to responsible beverage service programs have changed over the past ten years. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Conferences KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Program evaluation KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458310 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719419 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - MOULDEN, J V AU - RUSSELL, A AU - Brain Information Service TI - "IS IT MADD TRYING TO RATE THE STATES?"--A CITIZEN ACTIVIST APPROACH TO DWI PREVENTION PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 317-326 AB - This conference paper reviews the early history of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), the early social and legal context during which it came into being, and early research on MADD and its expectations. Attention is then focused on MADD's "Rating the States" assessment in 1991, which was followed by the second one in November 1993. Included are how the rating program was conducted, the rating methodology, and its results. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Conferences KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Ratings KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458313 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719420 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Toomey, T AU - Brain Information Service TI - POLICY APPROACHES TO PREVENTION OF IMPAIRED DRIVING (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 335-345 AB - In this conference presentation, a model is described that the authors developed to help summarize the current state of knowledge about reducing injuries related to impaired driving and to help promote discussions of where we need to go in this area. The presentation concludes with descriptions of studies that evaluate specific alcohol-control policies. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Conferences KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Reduction (Decrease) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458314 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719410 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Brain Information Service TI - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING. VOLUME 10, NUMBERS 3-4. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DUI EDUCATION AND PREVENTION, PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA, MAY 13-15, 1994 PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - v.p. AB - This issue of "Alcohol, Drugs and Driving" (Vol. 10, No. 3-4) contains the Proceedings of the International Conference on DUI Education and Prevention, held at Santa Monica, California on May 13-15, 1994. The contents include Preface, Participants, Author Biographies, and 16 articles. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Alcohol education KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Conferences KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Mass communication KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Recidivism KW - Safety KW - State laws KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/455010 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719411 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Hingson, R AU - Brain Information Service TI - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DUI EDUCATION AND PREVENTION: WELCOMING REMARKS AND INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS PY - 1994/07 VL - 10 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 193-195 AB - These introductory comments summarize the current situation with regard to alcohol-related traffic fatalities and legislative initiatives for preventing drunk driving. The theories underlying interventions to change behavior are then examined. There are three major theories: rational empirical; normative/reeducative; and power coercive. Final comments concern the Haddon Matrix factors that may reduce crash fatalities and injuries. These include human, vehicle, and environmental factors for pre-event, event, and post-event. U1 - International Conference on DUI Education and PreventionSanta Monica, California StartDate:19940513 EndDate:19940515 KW - Alcohol education KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Fatalities KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Intervention KW - Legislation KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Precrash factors KW - Precrash phase KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719356 AU - Reed, M P AU - Schneider, L W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SKIN BURNS FROM AIRBAG EXHAUST GAS: LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 68 p. AB - Although driver-side airbag systems provide protection against serious head and chest injuries in frontal impacts, injuries produced by the airbag itself have also been reported. Most of these injuries are relatively minor, and consist primarily of skin abrasions and burns. Previous investigations at UMTRI have addressed the mechanisms of airbag-induced skin abrasion. In the current research, laboratory studies related to the potential for thermal burns due to high-temperature airbag exhaust gas have been conducted. Measurements of airbag exhaust gas temperature and velocity were made during static airbag deployments. A laboratory apparatus was constructed to produce a 10-mm-diameter jet of hot air that could be directed onto the leg skin of human volunteers in time-controlled pulses. Skin burns were produced in 70 of 183 exposures conducted using air temperatures ranging from 350 to 550 deg C, air velocities from 50 to 90 m/s, and exposure durations from 50 to 300 ms. A mathematical model of heat transfer to the skin and burn injury was developed, along with an empirical description of the threshold for partial-thickness skin burns as a function of gas velocity, gas temperature, and exposure duration. The mathematical burn-injury model is combined with a lumped-parameter gas-dynamics model of airbag inflation to demonstrate the application of the skin thermal tolerance data to prediction of airbag-induced skin burn. KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bags KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Human subject testing KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Skin KW - Temperature measurement KW - Velocity measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677689 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A NON-DEFORMABLE CRABBED IMPACTOR INTO A 1990 HONDA CIVIC SI IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1994/07 SP - 89 p. AB - One 214-type non-deformable crabbed impactor side impact test was conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. This test was conducted on a 1990 Honda Civic SI 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGED7366LH519414, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on June 1, 1994. The impact velocity was 53.9 kph. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Non-deformable crabbed impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669066 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING SAFETY. ACTION PLAN SUPPORT PROPOSALS PY - 1994/06/13 SP - 52 p. AB - This Action Plan presents a multi-faceted, multi-modal approach for improving safety at our nation's highway-rail crossings and for the prevention of trespassing on the rights-of-way of our nation's railroads. It is multi-faceted in that it presents enforcement, engineering, education, research, promotional and legislative initiatives addressing crossings of both light and conventional rail rights-of-way by public and private streets and highways. The objectives were to reduce the number of highway-rail crossing accidents and casualties while not impeding, but facilitating, the contribution potential of the highway and rail infrastructure on the nation's economy. KW - Highway safety KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Right of way KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Trespassers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/APSP.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398924 AU - Rutland, K W AU - Spinney, B C AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Incremental cost, weight, and leadtime impacts of requiring heavy truck tractor/trailer ABS PY - 1994/06 IS - DOT HS 808 277 SP - 208p + appendices KW - Anti lock braking KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Articulated vehicle KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle regulations KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00757874 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAMPAIGN SAFE AND SOBER FIRST QUARTERLY PLANNER PY - 1994/06 SP - n.p. AB - This is the first quarterly planner for "Campaign Safe and Sober", a new national initiative to reduce alcohol-related fatalities to 43% of all fatalities, and increase safety belt use to 75%, both by 1997. This first quarter planner emphasizes reducing alcohol-related fatalities. The planner includes: news releases, a campaign overview, advertising materials, training opportunities, a list of national events, program planners, a list of organizations involved with impaired driving issues, a sheet of logos, and posters. KW - Advertising KW - Alcohol use KW - Campaigns KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - News KW - Public information programs KW - Quarterly KW - Quarterly planners KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/539066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743855 AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Traube, E C AU - Aoki, M AU - Sayer, J R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EVALUATION OF AN ACTIVE HEADLIGHT SYSTEM PY - 1994/06 SP - 33 p. AB - This study evaluated an active headlight (AH) system, developed by Honda R&D and Stanley Electric. The AH system delivers a low-beam pattern using two lamps on each side of a vehicle. The inboard lamps are fixed and the outboard lamps can be turned horizontally. An onboard computer selects a horizontal angle for the rotatable lamps based on three factors: steering wheel angle, vehicle speed, and position of the turn-signal switch. In the first of three experiments, pedestrian visibility was assessed on left and right curves. The subject was seated in a stationary vehicle at the start of a curve, and a dark clad pedestrian moved either toward or away from the subject's vehicle. On the curves tested (with radii of approximately 90m), the AH system, in comparison to a standard headlight system, provided extra visibility of 7.5 m (additional 14%) on the left curve and extra visibility of 1 m (additional 2%) on the right curve. (The vehicle and its position on the roadway were configured for U.S./European right hand traffic). In the second experiment, discomfort glare for the oncoming drivers was evaluated on the same curves as in the first experiment. The subject was seated in a stationary vehicle at the start of a curve, and rated discomfort glare experienced from an oncoming car (equipped with either the AH or a standard system) by using the deBoer discomfort glare scale. The results indicate that on the left curve (from the perspective of the glare car) there was an increase in discomfort glare when the AH system was on, but the resulting glare was less discomforting than the glare on the right curve with a standard system. In contrast to the findings for the left curve, on the right curve there was a tendency for a decrease in discomfort glare when the AH system was on. The third experiment evaluated impressions of specific aspects of headlamp performance and overall preference after two 30 km in traffic driving experiences, one with each system. Subjects liked the increased lateral illumination provided by the AH system on curves, at intersections, and while changing lanes. Complaints about the AH system included perceived jerkiness of the movement of the light, slow return of the light to the straight-ahead position, and a dark area between the fixed and rotatable beams. There were no significant differences between the two systems on any of the specific aspects, nor in overall preference between the two systems. However, individual subjects tended to have strong preferences either for the AH system or for the standard system, and those preferences were systematically related to the evaluations of specific aspects of performance. Overall, the findings of this study imply that dynamically controllable headlamps, as embodied in the AH system, are likely to provide increased visibility for low contrast objects on curves and at intersections, along with an acceptable increase in discomfort glare for oncoming drivers. KW - Active headlights KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Intersections KW - Lane changing KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrians KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719531 AU - Rutland, K W AU - Spinney, B C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INCREMENTAL COST, WEIGHT, AND LEADTIME IMPACTS OF REQUIRING HEAVY TRUCK TRACTOR/TRAILER ABS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 294 p. AB - This report documents the findings of an incremental cost, weight, and leadtime analysis developed from process cost and weight teardown of heavy truck antilock braking system (ABS) hardware from three manufacturers - Rockwell/WABCO, Midland-Grau and Bendix. Both truck tractor and trailer ABS configurations were studied including failure warning systems and several types of ABS tractor/trailer connectors. The scope of this study was confined to Class 7 and 8 trucks and tractor/trailers, which represent 72.4% of the total vehicles under consideration. A baseline tractor/trailer combination, an "18-wheeler" Navistar tractor pulling a Great Dane trailer, was used to determine cost and weight estimates of the three different ABS manufacturers' hardware and ABS configurations when fully installed on the vehicle. A supplementary analysis of Class 7 single unit trucks using Rockwell/WABCO hardware provided estimates for incremental cost and weight impacts for this class of vehicle. The significant findings of this study are: 1) Tractor/trailer ABS configurations examined in this study should result in price and weight increases no greater than $1700 and 100 pounds per vehicle combination; 2) Single unit heavy truck ABS should result in price increases of $900 or less per vehicle; and 3) The proposed effective dates for ABS installation for each vehicle type should permit adequate leadtime for implementation of heavy truck ABSs as standard equipment. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Incremental costs KW - Lead time KW - Prices KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719492 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BEFORE YOUR CHILD GETS ON A MOTORCYCLE (MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PAMPHLET) PY - 1994/06 SP - 2 p. AB - While motorcycling is an exciting way for your child to enjoy the outdoors, there are certain that cautions that need to be taken. This pamphlet outlines for parents the steps they can take to ensure their children are motorcycling safely while still having fun. KW - Brochures KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719490 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRUISIN' WITHOUT BRUISIN' (MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PAMPHLET) PY - 1994/06 SP - 2 p. AB - This pamphlet points out that, while motorcycling can be fun, it can also be dangerous. It gives some suggestions concerning what the motorcyclist should do before taking to the road and when on the road, followed by a series of true-false questions (with answers) so you can "Check Your Cycle Savvy". KW - Brochures KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719491 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHOOSING A HELMET (MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PAMPHLET) PY - 1994/06 SP - 2 p. AB - Stating that a helmet is the most important piece of motorcycle safety equipment you can buy, this pamphlet provides guidelines for motorcyclists on choosing a helmet. Illustrations are provided showing an unsafe helmet, a safe helmet, and labeling locations on the helmet. KW - Brochures KW - Guidelines KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Selecting KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716836 AU - Lou, Z AU - Winkler, C B AU - Ervin, R D AU - Filisko, F E AU - Venhovens, PJT AU - Johnson, G E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ELECTRORHEOLOGY FOR SMART AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSIONS. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 154 p. AB - The purpose of the work reported was to demonstrate the suitability of electrorheological (ER) technology for adaptive control of suspension forces on tracked and wheeled vehicles. The mechanical shear strength properties of ER fluids change in response to the application of an electric field. The change is very rapid and fully reversible. This property was used to create an automotive suspension damper whose resistive force is readily controlled by an external electrical signal. The device was applied in a semiactive suspension system for the Army's high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV). The work reported covers a range of development tasks including definition of the semiactive control algorithm, ER fluid formulation, design and fabrication of an ER damper, design of an electrical control circuit, creation of a quarter-HMMWV test stand for the simulation of ride vibrations, laboratory measurement of the ER-damped performance characteristics over a range of physically simulated operating conditions, and computer simulation of the quarter-HMMWV system. The research demonstrated that an ER damper and appropriate control circuits could out-perform the conventional hydraulic shock absorber, but that various complexities tend to impede broad application of electrorheology in automotive devices. KW - Adaptive control KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Dampers KW - Design KW - Electrorheology KW - Laboratory studies KW - Military vehicles KW - Rheological properties KW - Rheology KW - Shock absorbers KW - Simulation KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712947 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER GUIDE TO UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING PY - 1994/06 SP - 57 p. AB - This report contains grade designations for treadwear, traction, and temperature for all passenger car tires. All passenger car tires must conform to federal safety requirements in addition to these grades. KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Grades KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Slopes KW - Temperature KW - Tire quality KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Treadwear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680368 AU - Blincoe, L J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTIMATING CRASH COSTS IN STATE OR LOCAL JURISDICTIONS PY - 1994/06 SP - 27 p. AB - The report presents a methodology for estimating the economic costs use in states or local jurisdictions. The report lists data sources, methods and formulas for determining current fatality and injury incidence, and the economic costs from motor vehicle crashes. The report is organized as a step-by-step approach with an ongoing example. This report is primarily intended as written documentation for the CRASHCOST software program which facilitates these estimates without the need for users to calculate complex algorithms. Copies of CRASHCOST are available from the author or from NHTSA's regional offices. Worksheets are provided in the report to facilitate manual calculation for those who do not have access to a computer. KW - Algorithms KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash injury research KW - Economic factors KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury factors KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety factors KW - Software KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680370 AU - Blincoe, L J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTIMATING THE BENEFITS FROM INCREASED SAFETY BELT USE PY - 1994/06 SP - 74 p. AB - The report presents methodology for estimating the economic and safety benefits from increased safety belt use in states or local jurisdictions. The report lists data sources, methods and formulas for determining current fatality and injury incidence, usage rates in current and future time periods, lives and injuries saved by increased belt use, and the economic savings from this improvement. The report is organized as a step-by-step approach with an ongoing example. Derivation of algorithms used in the report are detailed in appendices. This report is primarily intended as written documentation for the BELTUSE software program which facilitates these estimates without the need for users to calculate complex algorithms. Copies of BELTUSE are available from the author or from NHTSA's regional offices. Worksheets are provided in the report to facilitate manual calculation for those who do not have access to a computer. KW - Algorithms KW - Economic factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety factors KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680369 AU - Blincoe, L J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTIMATING THE BENEFITS FROM INCREASED MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE PY - 1994/06 SP - 45 p. AB - The report presents methodology for estimating the economic and safety benefits from increased motorcycle helmet use in states or local jurisdictions. The report lists data sources, methods and formulas for determining current fatality and injury incidence, usage rates in current and future time periods, lives and injuries saved by increased helmet use, and the economic savings from this improvement. The report is organized as a step-by-step approach with an ongoing example. Derivation of algorithms used in the report are detailed in appendices. The report is primarily intended as written documentation for the HELMETUSE software program which facilitates these estimates without the need for users to calculate complex algorithms. Copies of HELMETUSE are available from the author or from NHTSA's regional offices. Worksheets are provided for those who do not have access to a computer. KW - Algorithms KW - Benefits KW - Economic factors KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Safety factors KW - Software KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677690 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1987 FORD TAURUS INTO A 30.5 CM DIAMETER POLE BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1994/06 SP - 177 p. AB - Five 30.5 cm pole barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1987 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP52U9HA186554, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on May 9, 1994. The speed and maximum cumulative crush for each test were as follows: (Test 940509-1) 7.9 kph, 57 mm; (Test 940509-2) 15.9 kph, 373 mm; (Test 940509-3) 15.9 kph, 462 mm; (Test 940509-4) 32.0 kph, 659 mm; and (Test 940509-5) 56.2 kph, 1073 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677693 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1990 CHEVROLET CAPRICE INTO A 50% LEFT OFFSET BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1994/06 SP - 198 p. AB - Five 50% left offset barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1990 Chevrolet Caprice, VIN 1G1BL53EXMW115995, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on June 7, 1994. The speed and maximum cumulative crush for each test were as follows: (Test 940607-1) 7.7 kph, 18 mm; (Test 940607-2) 15.8 kph, 207 mm; (Test 940607-3) 24.0 kph, 456 mm; (Test 940607-4) 39.9 kph, 772 mm; and (Test 940607-5) 55.5 kph, 1134 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677683 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1991 CHEVROLET SILVERADO INTO A 50% LEFT OFFSET BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1994/06 SP - 199 p. AB - Five 50% left offset barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1991 Chevrolet Silverado, VIN 1GCDC14ZOMZ208775, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on June 13, 1994. The speed and maximum cumulative crush for each test were as follows: (Test 940613-1) 16.1 kph, 200 mm; (Test 940613-2) 24.1 kph, 446 mm; (Test 940613-3) 24.1 kph, 570 mm; (Test 940613-4) 24.1 kph, 650 mm; and (Test 940613-5) 55.8 kph, 1273 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719507 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH AGENDA FOR AN IMPROVED NOVICE DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAM. REPORT TO THE CONGRESS PY - 1994/05/31 SP - 30 p. AB - House Appropriations Committee Report 2750 accompanying the FY 1994 Appropriations Bill requested the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Department of Transportation, to develop a research agenda and plan of action for a strengthened research program in driver education. The report documents previous NHTSA efforts in driver education. It discusses why novice driver education may not be as effective as it could be, and explains why it is recommended that an improved program be an integral part of a graduated licensing system. The report concludes with a plan for research, development, and evaluation activities designed to restructure and improve novice driver education. KW - Development KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Graduated licensing KW - Improvements KW - Novices KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19000/19051/PB2002104318.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5910/drive-ed.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400237 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Evaluation program plan 1994-1998 PY - 1994/05 SP - 1 vol AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has rigorously evaluated its major programs as a matter of policy since 1970. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) began in 1975. Executive Order 12866, "Regulatory Planning and Review" issued in October 1993, now requires all Federal agencies to evaluate their existing regulations and programs. It superseded Executive Order 12291, issued in February 1981, which also required reviews of existing regulations. Even before 1981, however, NHTSA was a leader among Federal agencies in evaluating the effectiveness of its regulations. There are large data bases of motor vehicle accidents which can be analyzed to find out what vehicle and traffic safety programs work best. This five-year plan presents and discusses the programs, regulations, and related areas NHTSA proposes to evaluate, and it summarizes the findings of past evaluations. Depending on scope, evaluations typically take a year or more, counting initial planning, contracting for support, OMB clearance for surveys, internal reviews, approvals, report publication for comments, and the last phase of preparing options for subsequent agency action. Most of NHTSA's crashworthiness and several crash avoidance standards have been evaluated at least once since 1975. A number of consumer-oriented regulations, eg, bumpers, theft protection, fuel economy and NCAP have also been evaluated. The plan for the next five years includes evaluations of new and existing safety and consumer information and protection regulations, plus assessments of specific enforcement and highway safety programs. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Car KW - Crashworthiness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Injury prevention KW - Light commercial vehicle KW - Light vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle regulations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756356 AU - Hada, H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Mitsubishi Motors Corporation TI - DRIVERS' VISUAL ATTENTION TO IN-VEHICLE DISPLAYS: EFFECTS OF DISPLAY LOCATION AND ROAD TYPES PY - 1994/05 SP - 87 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to describe two experiments concerning the attentional demand of in-vehicle displays while driving on public roads. In the first experiment, 10 younger and 12 older drivers participated on an expressway, a rural road, and a suburban street. Their glances to the instrument cluster, the center console, and a head-up display were recorded by an eye-mark recorder. They were instructed to look at the targets as much as safely possible. In the second experiment, another 8 younger drivers' visual behavior relative to the same targets, on urban streets, was recorded by a small video camera. Vehicle operation data (speed, steering-wheel angle, and throttle-opening ratio) were recorded in both experiments. The results of both experiments showed that drivers' glance behavior relative to in-vehicle displays was affected by the display location and the road type. The effect of the road type was more significant than the display location. While driving on the three road types in the first experiment, the drivers' median glance durations were 0.79 sec to the HUD, 0.77 sec to the instrument cluster, and 0.82 sec to the center console. The median glance durations were 0.86 sec on the expressway, 0.81 sec on the rural road, 0.68 sec on the suburban street, 0.79 sec on the urban street, and 0.87 sec while stopped at urban intersections. Younger drivers' median glance duration were 0.08 sec longer than older drivers. Also, the mean percentage of driving time spent looking at the targets was 3.7% higher for younger drivers than for older drivers. The drivers' glance behavior to the visual targets showed that drivers were able to look at the visual targets for at least 0.3 sec in most cases. Therefore, when information needs to be obtained in one glance, it should be designed to be understood within this duration. In addition, the mean percentages of time that drivers were able to look at the targets can be used for estimating the duration of in-vehicle information presentations based on road type. KW - Age KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Consoles KW - Displays KW - Driver age KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Drivers KW - Expressways KW - Glance durations KW - Head up displays KW - Human machine systems KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intersections KW - Location KW - Motor vehicles KW - Road types KW - Rural highways KW - Streets KW - Suburbs KW - Types of roads KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Visual KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675466 AU - Transportation Safety Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUGS THAT IMPAIR DRIVING. INSTRUCTOR MANUAL, MAY 1994 PY - 1994/05 SP - 256 p. AB - The document provides an introduction to and an overview of the one-day instructional module entitled 'Drugs That Impair Driving'. This module is to be taught in a state which has a Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) Program or a state that has legislation to be eligible for a DEC program. The module is designed to be delivered as a stand alone curriculum or as a part of the curriculum entitled 'DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing'. The program of instruction is intended for delivery to as many as possible of the nation's traffic law enforcement offices. That curriculum is designed to help those officers become more proficient at detecting, apprehending, testing and convicting impaired drivers. In addition to the Administrator's Guide, the curriculum package for this module includes the following material: Instructor's Lesson Plans Manual; Visual Aids; Student's Manual. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Crash causes KW - Driver impairment KW - Drug caused accidents KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Manuals KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675467 AU - Transportation Safety Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUGS THAT IMPAIR DRIVING. STUDENT MANUAL, MAY 1994 PY - 1994/05 SP - 88 p. AB - The purpose of the manual is to improve police officers' ability to recognize suspects who may be medically impaired or under the influence of drugs, and to help them take appropriate action when they encounter such suspects. It includes the following 7 sessions: Introduction, Overview, and Drugs in Society; Seven Drug Categories and Major Indicator Impairment; Eye Examinations: Detecting Signs of Drug Influence; Methods of Ingestion/Injection; Muscle Tone; Drug Categories and Their Observable Effects; Program Conclusion. KW - Crash causes KW - Driver impairment KW - Drug caused accidents KW - Drugged drivers KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Police law enforcement responsibilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664272 AU - Murphy, P V AU - Lacey, J H AU - Marchetti, L AU - Mid-America Research Institute AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF PUBLICIZED INSURANCE SANCTIONS AS A DWI COUNTERMEASURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 85 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of publicized insurance sanctions on DWI. New Hanover County, North Carolina was chosen as a test site in part because this state mandates that offenders convicted of DWI have their premiums raised by 400%. Insurance sanctions were publicized in a seven month campaign of public service advertising and other publicity. Messages in the publicity campaign emphasized that convicted DWI offenders would face substantial insurance increases. To measure the effects of the program, the North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles surveyed drivers coming to its offices prior to, during, and after the program began. Seven months of an intense public information and education program, relying heavily on public service advertising on TV did reach at least 4% of the drivers, and possibly an additional 4%. About half of those who indicated seeing the message reported the insurance sanction as one of the consequences of a DWI arrest. Regarding potential impact, many drivers who became aware of the insurance sanctions program reported that after drinking they drove less often. KW - Advertising KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Insurance rates KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Sanctions KW - Television UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25858/DOT-HS-808-119.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405155 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721500 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Bradbury, M D AU - Brain Information Service TI - A REVIEW OF "APPREHENDING AND PROSECUTING THE DRUNK DRIVER" PY - 1994/04 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - p. 147-150 AB - This is a review of the book "Apprehending and Prosecuting the Drunk Driver" by Harvey M. Cohen and Joseph B. Green (New York: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., 1992, 2nd release update available July 1994). The book is a comprehensive drunk driving manual for prosecutors and police. From the arresting officer's first observations of the drunk driver weaving in the road to the closing argument made by the prosecution in the drunk driving trial, this book covers the full range of issues that arise in drunk driving cases. The book is a long-needed synthesis of the scientific and legal resources needed to successfully prosecute the drunk driver. Its well-organized chapters make it easy for police and prosecutors to access material necessary to resolve legal or scientific issues in drunk driving cases. The book also has an extensive index and table of cases allowing ready access to the over 200 pages of information set forth in the publication. This review highly recommends this publication. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drug tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Prosecution KW - Random breath tests KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719493 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW TO IMPLEMENT AN EL PROTECTOR TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM PY - 1994/04 SP - 44 p. AB - The El Protector Traffic Safety Program is based on the original El Protector Program developed by the California Highway Patrol. The El Protector Program is a special bilingual, bicultural traffic safety education and public affairs program that targets the Hispanic community. It places special emphasis on people with limited English speaking abilities. The goal of the El Protector Program is to reduce the incidence of motor vehicle crashes and injuries that involve members of the Hispanic community. This manual describes the purpose, benefits, and scope of the El Protector Traffic Safety Program. This manual also serves as a guide for law enforcement agencies by outlining the steps involved in setting up and operating a local El Protector Program. KW - Bilingualism KW - Government agencies KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Hispanics KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement and criminal justice personnel KW - Manuals KW - Public relations KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716869 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - VEHICLE DESCRIPTIONS: 1994 MODELS PY - 1994/04 SP - 14 p. AB - This report consists of two tables providing vehicle descriptions for 1994 models. The first provides information on passenger cars, including series, size, body style, wheel-base, driver air bag, passenger air bag, anti-lock brakes, anti-theft device, and models. The second provides similar information for pickups, utility vehicles, and cargo vans. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles by type KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicle size KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716865 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT: 1991-93 PASSENGER CARS, PICKUPS, UTILITY VEHICLES, AND CARGO VANS PY - 1994/04 SP - 42 p. AB - The theft results for all vehicle series produced in model years 1991-93 form the basis of this report. Results are presented for passenger cars and separately for pickups, utility vehicles, and cargo vans for those series with at least 8,000 insured vehicle years of exposure or 100 paid theft claims. There were 195 passenger car series and 81 pickup, utility vehicle, and cargo van series meeting these criteria. KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Passenger cars KW - Payment KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716861 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: A COMPARISON OF PROPERTY DAMAGE LIABILITY AND COLLISION COVERAGE LOSSES: 1991-93 MODELS PY - 1994/04 SP - 16 p. AB - This Insurance Special Report compares the losses under property damage liability and collision coverages for 1991-93 models. Claim frequencies, average loss payments per claim, and average loss payments per insured vehicle year are compared for the two types of physical damage coverage. Overall results and results for body style and size class groupings are included. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Body design KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Payment KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716860 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: FACTORS AFFECTING THEFT LOSSES: 1986-93 MODELS PY - 1994/04 SP - 32 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) special report examines historical trends in theft losses and a number of factors that influence overall theft losses that have been identified from previous HLDI reports. The importance of geographic factors is examined by comparing the theft losses for 1991-93 models in the 30 largest metropolitan areas in the United States based on the 1990 Census of Population. The effect of vehicle redesigns on theft losses is explored in some detail. An analysis of theft losses by model year is also included to show the differences in theft patterns as vehicles age. Theft results for selected vehicles before and after the installation of standard equipment antitheft devices are presented. Case studies of individual vehicles are utilized to highlight the theft loss effects of vehicle aging, vehicle redesign, factory installed antitheft devices, and other design factors. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Areas KW - Automobiles KW - Before and after studies KW - Case studies KW - Design KW - Geographic areas KW - Losses KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Motor vehicles KW - Patterns KW - Redesign KW - Service life KW - Theft KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00935871 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Gesac, Incorporated AU - Information Systems and Services, Incorporated TI - FUEL SYSTEM INTEGRITY UPGRADE - NASS AND FARS CASE STUDY PY - 1994/03 SP - 605 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has been concerned with the safety threat from fires in vehicle accidents. A large incidence of fatalities and serious injuries result from fires reported in crashes. An important part of mitigating the threat from fires is in identifying the probable sources of fire in a crash environment. This may include the crash configuration and severity, as well as, the integrity of the fuel system among many factors. This study examined hardcopy cases selected from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) database. These cases were selected by NHTSA from the overall NASS database for those cases where there was an occurrence of fire in a passenger car or light truck and at least moderately severe injury (i.e. the maximum abbreviated injury scale was equal to or greater than 2). The authors selected 150 cases for detailed analysis. In addition, 66 hardcopies of cases obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting system (FARS) were examined. Of these, 28 cases were found to contain enough information to allow the authors to analyze the case for fire and fuel related data. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel systems KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Light trucks KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle fires KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/725547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719458 AU - Chovan, J D AU - Tijerina, L AU - Alexander, G AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - EXAMINATION OF LANE CHANGE CRASHES AND POTENTIAL IVHS COUNTERMEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This report provides an analysis of lane change crashes to guide the development of Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) crash avoidance systems. It introduces the problem of lane change crashes: A lane change crash occurs when a driver attempts to change lanes and strikes or is struck by a vehicle in the adjacent lane. Two crash subtypes are identified and causal factors that contribute to lane change crashes are assessed clinically from a sample of lane change crash cases. From these data, functional goals for IVHS lane change crash avoidance systems are described. A simple kinematic model of normal lane change and evasive steering maneuvers introduces key pre-crash variables and outlines the space of time and distance available for crash avoidance from a kinematic perspective, concluding with a discussion of key research needed to extend the analysis presented. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Kinematics KW - Lane changing KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16677/PB2000104485.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719495 AU - Decina, L E AU - TEMPLE, M G AU - Dorer, H S AU - Ketron Division of the Bionetics Corporation TI - LOCAL POLICE ENFORCEMENT, PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION STRATEGIES TO FOSTER MORE AND PROPER USE OF CHILD SAFETY SEATS BY TODDLERS: EVALUATION OF A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 218 p. AB - This project evaluated the effects of enforcing safety belt (SB)/child safety seat (CSS) laws and providing public information and education (PI&E) about the laws and use and proper use of CSSs--without external funding. Project goals focused on increasing occupant restraint (OR) usage for all infants and young children, especially for toddlers, aged 1 to 5 years; extending the use of CSSs to the back seat; fostering proper use of CSSs for all trips; and increasing community-wide OR use. An administrative audit of the project was also performed. The project was implemented in two suburban communities of Philadelphia. A "do-nothing" town was chosen as a control. The project relied heavily on police as both enforcers and educators on use/proper use of CSSs. The percentage of OR enforcement contacts (citations and written warnings) given out in the two test communities was 21% and 10% of the total moving (point) citations and 11% and 3% of the total citations during the intervention phase, respectively. The use and proper use of restraints on over 5,800 young children and over 4,500 drivers were observed. Drivers of these children were also interviewed. Results in the two test communities showed an increase in toddler CSS use from a baseline of 71.8% and 60.9% to 78.8% and 71.4%, respectively; and proper use from a baseline of 67% and 57.5% to 72.8% and 69.3%, respectively. Infant seat use remained very high at all three sites (over 90%) before and after intervention. No changes were noted in the control site. Community belt use increased by 9 and 6 percentage points in the two test sites and decreased by 3 percentage points in the control site. Results showed that routine police enforcement of SB and CSS laws combined with periodic "blitzes" and a comprehensive PI&E project can significantly improve SB and CSS use and increase proper use of CSSs. Effective OR enforcement projects require commitment, training, active enforcement (citations and written warnings), management monitoring, and comprehensive PI&E, with emphasis on enforcement activities. In addition, state and community support is needed to promote enforcement actions and education about proper CSS use. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Infants KW - Intervention KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Misuse KW - Occupant restraint KW - Police KW - Public information programs KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25861/DOT-HS-808-120.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719461 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: RESULTS OF THE STATEWIDE EMS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 55 p. AB - The Division of Emergency Medical Services, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), has developed the Technical Assessment (TA) Program as a tool for States and communities to assess the effectiveness of their Emergency Medical Services (EMS) programs. Between February 1988 and August 1993, 36 States, 2 territories and the Indian Health Service participated in the technical assessment process. This report provides a summary of information gathered during the statewide assessments, and documents the impact of the TA Program on the States' ability to improve their EMS systems. Collated data from a retrospective review of 35 State assessment reports now represent a composite of the status of EMS in those States that have been reviewed. As an objective measure of the usefulness of the TA process, outcome information was also solicited from each State. This report presents the program background, an overview of the TA process and a discussion of the EMS assessment program evaluation. Aggregate assessment findings are presented and the primary accomplishments of the States in response to the TA process are summarized. Since the TA teams evaluate each State using ten standard components, summaries of the findings, recommendations and ensuing improvements are also provided by discrete component category. KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency medical services KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recommendations KW - States KW - Technical assessment KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680371 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPLASH AND SPRAY SUPPRESSION: TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF SPRAY REDUCTION DEVICES FOR HEAVY TRUCKS. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1994/03 SP - 32 p. AB - The report provides a comprehensive summary of the data and studies that were conducted before and after NHTSA terminated its rulemaking on splash and spray in 1988. Based on all the available information, the agency concludes that it is not necessary to initiate a new rulemaking action on splash and spray suppression for large commercial vehicles. KW - Axle loads KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Truck highway damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664287 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1992: A COMPILATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH DATA FROM THE FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM AND THE GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM (REVISED 1992 DATA) PY - 1994/03 SP - 202 p. AB - This annual report provides descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. Information from two of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) primary data systems has been combined to create a single source for motor vehicle crash statistics. These two data systems are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and the National Accident Sampling System/General Estimates System (GES). The report is presented in five chapters and 3 appendices. Chapter 1, "Trends", presents data from all years of FARS (1975 through 1992) and GES (1988 through 1992). The remaining chapters present data only from 1992. Chapter 2, "Crashes", describes general characteristics of crashes, such as when and how often they occurred, where they occurred, and what happened during the crash. Chapter 3, "Vehicles", concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in crashes and the damage to the vehicles. Chapter 4, "People", is the largest chapter of this report, with statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists. The last chapter of the report, "States", contains information about crashes for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Terms used through out the report are defined in the Glossary. Appendix A contains FARS Data Elements, Appendix B GES Data Elements, and Appendix C a Technical Note. An Index of Tables is provided. KW - Characteristics KW - Cyclists KW - Damages KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - General Estimates System KW - Glossaries KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744506 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS, TASK 1 INTERIM REPORT. VOLUME II: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PY - 1994/02/25 SP - 98 p. AB - This report is from the NHTSA sponsored program, "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". The Task 1 Interim Report consists of six volumes. This volume, Volume II, presents the statistical analysis of rear-end collision accident data that characterizes the accidents with respect to their frequency, severity, time and place of occurrence, the vehicle, and the involved drivers. Data for this volume includes NHTSA's Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), NHTSA's General Estimates System (GES), and some state accident data files for recent years. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crash locations KW - Crash severity KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - General Estimates System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rear end crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time of crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6217/892.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744505 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS, TASK I INTERIM REPORT. VOLUME I: SUMMARY PY - 1994/02/25 SP - 49 p. AB - This report is from the NHTSA sponsored program "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". The program consists of three phases. Phase I, Laying the Foundation, consists of four tasks. Task 1 is a detailed analysis of the rear-end crash problems. The task 1 Interim Report contains six volumes. This volume, Volume I, presents background information, an overview of the framework used to analyze the rear-end collision problem, an overview of the initial human factors studies, and summarizes the clinical and statistical analysis of the accident data. KW - Analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Rear end crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744508 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS, TASK 1 INTERIM REPORT. VOLUME IV: 1992 NASS CDS CASE ANALYSIS PY - 1994/02/15 SP - 33 p. AB - This report is from the NHTSA sponsored program, "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". The Task 1 Interim Report consists of six volumes. This volume, Volume IV, presents the results of the detailed analysis of 200 cases from the 1992 NASS CDS crash data including the new pre-crash variables. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crashworthiness KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Pre-crash variables KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744509 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS, TASK 1 INTERIM REPORT. VOLUME V: 1985 NASS CASE ANALYSIS PY - 1994/02/15 SP - 33 p. AB - This report is from the NHTSA sponsored program, "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". The Task 1 Interim Report consists of six volumes. This volume, Volume V, presents the results of the analysis of the 1985 NASS crash data. Data from 1985 was selected for analysis because it provided more insight into roadway variables that are no longer available in the current CDS or GES databases. KW - Case reports KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Medical case reports KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Rear end crashes KW - Roads KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6220/898.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744507 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS, TASK 1 INTERIM REPORT. VOLUME III: 1991 NASS CDS CASE ANALYSIS PY - 1994/02/15 SP - 85 p. AB - This report is from the NHTSA sponsored program, "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". The Task 1 Interim Report consists of six volumes. This volume, Volume III, presents the results of a clinical case analysis of the 1991 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) data. KW - Analysis KW - Case reports KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crashworthiness KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Medical case reports KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6218/893.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744510 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS, TASK 1 INTERIM REPORT. VOLUME VI: HUMAN FACTORS STUDIES PY - 1994/02/15 SP - 175 p. AB - This report is from the NHTSA sponsored program, "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". The program's primary objective is to develop practical performance guidelines or specifications for rear-end collision avoidance systems. The Task 1 Interim Report consists of six volumes. This volume, Volume VI, presents the results of the initial human factors literature review and study. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Guides to the literature KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6219/897.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01396959 AU - Wilson, T AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - IVHS countermeasures for rear-end collisions: Task 1 interim report: Volume I: summary PY - 1994/02 IS - DOT HS 808 561 SP - 42p KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1164738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725635 AU - McKnight, A J AU - McKnight, A S AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMETS UPON SEEING AND HEARING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 20 p. AB - This study assessed the effects of motorcycle helmets upon seeing and hearing by having 50 riders operate over a test route, changing lanes in response to an audible signal under three helmet conditions: none, partial coverage, and full coverage. Half of the subjects were assessed for the degree of head rotation during lane changes, while the other half were assessed for hearing threshold (decibel level at which they first responded to the signal). Results showed that subjects in the vision study increased the degree of head rotation in proportion to the vision restrictions imposed by the helmet, though not to the full extent of the restriction. Subjects in the hearing study evidenced no differences in hearing thresholds across the three helmet conditions. The authors conclude that the effects of helmets upon the ability to see and hear are, at most, far too small to compromise the safety benefits offered by head protection. KW - Auditory perception KW - Head motion range KW - Head rotation KW - Helmets KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane changing KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vision KW - Vision restrictions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666296 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1994 OCCUPANT PROTECTION IDEA SAMPLER PY - 1994/02 SP - 50 p. AB - Since the completion of the 70% by '92 Program, which helped raise the national safety belt use rate to its highest level ever, four states have passed safety belt laws. This brings the national total to 46 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Territories with safety belt use laws. On March 16, 1993, at the Lifesavers Conference in Chicago, Secretary of Transportation Federico Pena announced two new highway safety goals: reduce the proportion of alcohol-related fatalities to 43% and raise the national safety belt use rate to 75% by 1997. This 1994 Occupant Protection Idea Sampler contains suggestions for the 1994 occupant protection campaign in the following sections: Let's Hear From You; Where Are We Now & Where Are We Going; Highway Safety/Health Care Reform Fact Sheet; Targeting Part-time Belt Users; The National Chiefs' Challenge; Sample Press Releases; Sample Proclamations; Sample Public Service Announcements; Sample Editorials; Child Safety Seats - Fact Sheet, "Just the Facts", Laws by State; Safety Belts - Fact Sheet, "Just the Facts", Laws by State; Automatic Belts & Air Bags - Fact Sheet and "Just the Facts"; Alcohol - Fact Sheets and "Just the Facts; Occupant Protection Materials; Occupant Protection Materials Order Form; State Resource Lists; and Camera-ready Artwork. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Campaign materials KW - Campaigns KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drunk driving KW - Idea samplers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664270 AU - Dean, J M AU - Bright Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIFORM PRE-HOSPITAL EMS DATA CONFERENCE. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1994/01/24 SP - 32 p. AB - This summary report contains a brief overview of the purpose, background, planning, conduct, and results of the Federally sponsored conference to develop consensus on the identification and definition of uniform pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) data elements. It is intended to satisfy the informational needs of persons who were unable to participate in the conference, to provide advance information on the final results of the conference to participants, and to provide for early dissemination of information to EMS providers who are currently involved in developing or revising ambulance run reports and to analysts for planning future evaluations of EMS systems. This report is also an executive summary of the final project report which is in preparation and will include three conference papers, a conference consensus statement regarding the need, value, and use of EMS data, and a list of complete definitions of essential and desirable uniform pre-hospital EMS data elements. Recipients of this report are encouraged to copy and disseminate it to EMS associates and interest groups, to order the full project report and to promote adoption of these uniform pre-hospital data element definitions for documenting all pre-hospital EMS responses, and for use in other EMS patient reports that can be enhanced by linkage with pre-hospital response reports. KW - Ambulances KW - Conferences KW - Data needs KW - Emergency medical services KW - Information organization KW - Patient records KW - Pre-hospital data elements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743749 AU - Partyka, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOOR OPENING AND OCCUPANT EJECTION THROUGH REAR HATCHES, TAILGATES, AND OTHER BACK DOORS PY - 1994/01/21 SP - 27 p. AB - It is estimated that, on average, 26,000 rear hatches, tailgates, and other back doors opened in light vehicle towaway crashes each year during the period 1988 to 1992. More than two thirds of these openings occurred in hatchback cars, and, for simplicity, this report uses the term rear hatches for the rear doors of hatchback cars, station wagons, sport utility vehicles, and vans. Other vehicles are outside the scope of this effort. An estimated 3.4% of rear hatches involved in towaway crashes opened during the crash -- an opening rate higher than that for front doors (2.0%) or other side doors (1.2%) in the same vehicles. Of the light vehicle rear hatches that opened in towaway crashes, an estimated 42% opened in rollover crashes and 71% involved latch or hinge damage. Just over 1% (1.4%) of occupants in light vehicles with opened rear hatches were completely ejected through that opening, and an additional 11.1% were completely ejected by another route (including some ejected through rear hatch glazing). An estimated 6.6% of all complete ejections from towed vehicles equipped with rear hatches were through the rear hatch. This suggests that in 1991 and 1992, an average 147 occupant fatalities a year were completely ejected through rear hatches. Perhaps 6 to 14 children under 10 years old are among the rear-hatch ejectees each year, but the available data are inadequate for reliable estimates by age. KW - Back doors KW - Children KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Hatchback cars KW - Motor vehicles KW - Openings KW - Rear hatches KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Station wagons KW - Tailgates KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vans KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400232 AU - Kahane, C J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Correlation of NCAP performance with fatality risk in actual head-on collisions PY - 1994/01 IS - DOT HS 808 061 SP - 164p AB - The New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) has gauged the performance of vehicles in frontal impact tests since model year 1979. In response to Congressional direction, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration studied the relationship between vehicle test scores in NCAP and the fatality risk in crashes of vehicles on the road. This study is based on head-on collisions, where the effect of crashworthiness can be separated from the effects of extraneous factors that influence fatality rates (drivers, roadways, mileage). Collisions between two 1979-91 passenger cars in which both drivers were wearing safety belts were selected from the Fatal Accident Reporting System. There were 396 collisions (792 cars) in which both cars were identical with or very similar to vehicles which had been tested in NCAP. In the analyses, adjustments were made for the relative weights of the cars, and for the age and sex of the drivers - factors which substantially affect fatality risk. There are statistically significant correlations between NCAP scores for head injury, chest acceleration and femur loading and the actual fatality risk of belted drivers. A composite NCAP score, based on the test results for all three body regions, has excellent correlation with fatality risk: in a head-on collision between a car with good composite score and a car of equal weight with poor score, the driver of the car with the better NCAP score has, on average, a 20 to 25 percent lower risk of fatal injury. Slightly smaller, but still significant fatality reductions are obtained even when the NCAP scores for just one body region (just HIC, or chest g's, or femur load) are used to partition the fleet into "good' and "poor" performance groups. The borderline between good and poor NCAP scores that optimizes the differences in actual fatality risk is close to the criteria specified in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 for each of the three body regions. Cars built from 1979 through 1982 had, on the average, the poorest NCAP scores. Test performance improved substantially in 1983 through 1986 models, and continued to improve in 1987 through 1991 cars. In parallel, fatality risk for belted drivers in actual head-on collisions decreased by 20 to 25 percent in model years 1979-91, with the largest decreases just after 1982. The 35 mph test speed for NCAP is 5 mph higher than the test speed for FMVSS 208. By now, most passenger cars meet the FMVSS 208 criteria at the NCAP test speed. The study shows that achievement of this enhanced level of test performance has been accompanied by a significant reduction in actual fatality risk. However, being a statistical study, it does not address what portion of the fatality reduction was directly 'caused' by NCAP. Also, these results do not guarantee that any individual make-model with low NCAP scores will necessarily have lower fatality risk than another make-model with higher NCAP scores. KW - Accident analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Crash analysis KW - Crashworthiness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Risk KW - Risk management KW - Seat belt KW - Seat belts KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00819628 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE ELECTRONICS-BASED REAR AND SIDE OBJECT DETECTION SYSTEMS. PREPARED IN RESPONSE TO SECTION 6057: P.L. 102-240, DECEMBER 18, 1991, INTERMODAL SURFACE TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY ACT OF 1991 PY - 1994/01 SP - 23 p. AB - This report focuses on two types of electronics-based object detection and warning systems for commercial vehicle applications - those sensing the presence of objects to the rear of the vehicle, and those sensing the presence of objects on the right side of the vehicle. The rearward sensing systems are intended to help drivers avoid backing their vehicles into parked cars, pedestrians, loading docks, or other objects. The right side sensing systems are intended primarily as supplements to outside rearview mirror systems to help drivers detect adjacent vehicles or pedestrians when making lane change, merging, or turning maneuvers. The report describes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) initial evaluation of the performance of object detection and warning systems. KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Electronics KW - Lane changing KW - Merging traffic KW - Object detection systems KW - Proximity detectors KW - Turning traffic KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Vehicle sides UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16700/16736/PB2000104630.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719455 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S TRAFFIC SAFETY SUMMIT II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 42 p. AB - Prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, and highway safety professionals from around the country met in 1991 for Traffic Safety Summit II. The Summit produced 188 recommendations on all aspects of the prosecution and adjudication of traffic offenses. To assist in implementing these recommendations, then Secretary of Transportation Skinner appointed an Implementation Group, composed of the Summit working group moderators. This report describes the Implementation Group's accomplishments during its two year charter. The Implementation Group prioritized the recommendations. The highest priority recommendations fell into four major areas: training and education, records, assessment and treatment, and legislation. KW - Adjudication KW - Assessments KW - Driver records KW - Education KW - Implementation KW - Judges KW - Legislation KW - Prosecution KW - Prosecutors KW - Ratings KW - Recommendations KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators KW - Training KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719456 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1994 CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM DATA QUALITY LOG MANUAL PY - 1994/01 SP - 162 p. AB - The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) 1994 Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) Quality Log Manual has been prepared as a guide for the NASS data users, Zone Centers, and Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) to ensure consistency in completion and interpretation of the log portion of the NASS data collection forms. The manual maintains the "Standard" rating as a gauge for quantifying the quality of collected data in the following three categories: (1) Substandard - Beyond Researcher Control - data which do not meet the NASS standard for a specific variable due to a circumstance beyond the researcher's control; (2) Substandard - data which do not meet the NASS standard for a specific variable; and (3) Standard - data which meet the established NASS standard. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Data files KW - Data quality KW - Data systems KW - Information systems KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719457 AU - Treado, M AU - Wakefield, J AU - Lieberman, G AU - Eliason, L AU - Sostkowski, R AU - Traynor, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL MINIMUM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLICE TRAFFIC RADAR DEVICES. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 86 p. AB - This publication provides an overview of the circumstances leading to the International Association of Chiefs of Police request that the Federal Government become involved in the development of specifications for police traffic radar and the work that has been done since 1977 in response to that request. Chapter 1 presents a succinct description of the status of police traffic radar and its use in speed limit enforcement. It also contains a description of the Federal Government's involvement with police traffic radar since 1977 and contains the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) recommendations concerning the use of these devices in speed enforcement. Chapter 2 contains a discussion of the evolution of the performance specifications from a proposed rulemaking activity to publication in the form of model minimum specifications for police radar. Chapter 3 provides the model minimum specifications together with recommended procedures with which radar devices may be tested to assess their compliance with the guidelines proposed in the specifications. KW - Compliance KW - Federal government KW - Instruments for measuring speed or velocity KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Police KW - Radar devices KW - Recommendations KW - Speed limits KW - Speed measuring devices KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719460 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1994 CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM DATA COLLECTION, CODING, AND EDITING MANUAL. 17TH EDITION PY - 1994/01 SP - 810 p. AB - The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) consists of 24 teams of accident researchers situated throughout the country. At each Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) site the accident research team investigates a probability sample of police reported accidents involving passenger cars, light trucks, and vans which were towed, according to the police report, from the scene due to damage. This system has been termed the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). Zone centers have been established to provide for the quality control of the CDS data collected and the technical management of the teams within their zone. The purpose of this manual is to provide PSU team members, zone centers, the Transportation Safety Institute NASS Training Program Coordinator, and the National Center for Statistics and Analysis with a consistent, standardized set of instructions for sampling accidents and collecting, coding, and editing the data. The manual is divided into the following seven sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Description of the Sampling Frame; (3) Overview of Sampling Activities; (4) Overview of Information to be Collected on Sampled CDS Accidents; (5) CDS Submission Instructions; (6) GES (General Estimates System) Quality Control and Submission Instructions; and (7) Coding Instructions. The Appendices contain some of the necessary references, including the Uniform Symbols for Scene Marking, the Uniform Symbols for Accident Diagramming, and the listing of Variable Computer Formats. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Data systems KW - Information systems KW - Instructions KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712899 AU - Howe, J G AU - Leigh, M AU - WILLKE, D T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOOR LATCH INTEGRITY STUDY: EVALUATION OF DOOR LATCH FAILURE MODES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 58 p. AB - This report contains the results of an investigation conducted by the Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC) to determine the potential for different door latch failure modes. In a previous study performed at the VRTC, several door latch failure mechanisms were identified which included structural failure, detent lever-fork bold bypass, linkage activation, and internal loading. All four of these failure mechanisms were evaluated in this study. Structural failure was evaluated by performing FMVSS 206 door latch tests, full door longitudinal and lateral tension tests similar to those for FMVSS 206, and simulated B-pillar twist latch tests using the GM Rotational Test fixture. Detent lever-fork bolt bypass was tested using a component level test fixture. Full door testing for detent lever-fork bolt bypass has been performed in a previous study. Linkage activation was evaluated in the full door longitudinal tension tests discussed previously. KW - Door latches KW - Failure KW - Failure mode KW - Linkages KW - Links (Networks) KW - Structural failures KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712939 AU - Wang, J-S AU - Knipling, R R AU - Information Management Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LANE CHANGE/MERGE CRASHES: PROBLEM SIZE ASSESSMENT AND STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION. TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 64 p. AB - This document presents problem size assessments and statistical crash descriptions for lane change/merge (LCM) crashes and two key subtypes of the LCM crashes. The LCM crashes are a potential "target crash" of high-technology Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) crash avoidance countermeasures. To elucidate potential countermeasure applicability, the LCM crash is divided into two types: angle/sideswipe and rear-end LCM crashes. The emphasis of this report is on the angle/sideswipe LCM crashes. This subclass is likely to be most amenable to prevention by an obstacle detection system. Principal data sources are the 1991 General Estimates System (GES) and Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). LCM crash problem size is assessed using such measures as number of crashes, number and severity of injuries, number of fatalities, crash involvement rate, and crash involvement likelihood. Problem size statistics are provided for four vehicle type categories: all vehicles, passenger vehicles (i.e., cars, light trucks, light vans), combination-unit trucks and medium/heavy single-unit trucks. Angle/sideswipe LCM crashes are described statistically primarily in terms of the conditions under which they occur (e.g., time of day, weather, roadway type, relation to junction) and, when data are available, in terms of possible contributing factors. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lane changing KW - Merging KW - Merging traffic KW - Periods of the day KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16700/16737/PB2000104631.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677679 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: 1986 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN INTO BARRIER AT 80.5 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 183 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. This test was conducted with a 1986 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP29U4GG209979, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on December 17, 1993. The test vehicle impacted the angled barrier at 80.5 kph. The vehicle contained eight accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Accelerometers KW - Aggression KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669129 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION. CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1994. TWELFTH EDITION PY - 1994/01 SP - 569 p. AB - The Digest is designed for use by anyone interested in State laws related to alcohol/drug use and highway safety. Except as indicated, it provides the reader with the status of such State laws as of January 1, 1994. The Digest is divided into three main areas: 1) Introduction; 2) High Interest Legislation; and 3) State Law Summary. The summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The appendix, using the State Law Summary's format, gives the Uniform Vehicle Code's provisions on drunk driving, vehicle homicide, and driving while license is either suspended or revoked. KW - Alcohol use KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drug use KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Revocation KW - State laws KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667757 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORRELATION OF NCAP PERFORMANCE WITH FATALITY RISK IN ACTUAL HEAD-ON COLLISIONS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 164 p. AB - The New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) has gauged the performance of vehicles in frontal impact tests since model year 1979. In response to Congressional direction, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration studied the relationship between vehicle test scores in NCAP and the fatality risk in crashes of vehicles on the road. This study is based on head-on collisions, where the effect of crashworthiness can be separated from the effects of extraneous factors that influence fatality rates (drivers, roadways, mileage). Collisions between two 1979-91 passenger cars in which both drivers were wearing safety belts were selected from the Fatal Accident Reporting System. There were 396 collisions (792 cars) in which both cars were identical with or very similar to vehicles which had been tested in NCAP. In the analyses, adjustments were made for the relative weights of the cars, and for the age and sex of the drivers - factors which substantially affect fatality risk. There are statistically significant correlations between NCAP scores for head injury, chest acceleration and femur loading and the actual fatality risk of belted drivers. A composite NCAP score, based on the test results for all three body regions, has excellent correlation with fatality risk: in a head-on collision between a car with good composite score and a car of equal weight with poor score, the driver of the car with the better NCAP score has, on average, a 20 to 25% lower risk of fatal injury. Slightly smaller, but still significant fatality reductions are obtained even when the NCAP scores for just one body region (just HIC, or chest g's, or femur load) are used to partition the fleet into "good" and "poor" performance groups. The borderline between good and poor NCAP scores that optimizes the differences in actual fatality risk is close to the criteria specified in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 for each of the three body regions. Cars built from 1979 through 1982 had, on average, the poorest NCAP scores. Test performance improved substantially in 1983 through 1986 models, and continued to improve in 1987 through 1991 cars. In parallel, fatality risk for belted drivers in actual head-on collisions decreased by 20 to 25% in model years 1979-91, with the largest decreases just after 1982. The 35 mph test speed for NCAP is 5 mph higher than the test speed for FMVSS 208. By now, most passenger cars meet the FMVSS 208 criteria at the NCAP test speed. The study shows that achievement of this enhanced level of test performance has been accompanied by a significant reduction in actual fatality risk. However, being a statistical study, it does not address what portion of the fatality reduction was directly "caused" by NCAP. Also, these results do not guarantee that any individual make-model with low NCAP scores will necessarily have lower fatality risk than another make-model with higher NCAP scores. KW - Chest acceleration KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Femur loading KW - FMVSS 208 KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Ncap scores KW - New Car Assessment Program KW - Risk assessment UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/808061.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666354 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEMALE DRIVERS IN FATAL CRASHES, RECENT TRENDS PY - 1994/01 SP - 45 p. AB - This report focuses on the recent trends in female driver fatalities relative to their male counterparts. The period in question is between 1975 and 1990, during which female driver fatalities have risen by 65% relative to male drivers. In an attempt to examine the underlying reasons for the 65% relative increase, and estimate their contribution to the overall change, the study utilizes a number of pertinent statistics on both male and female drivers. The report concludes that the 65% relative increase for female drivers was due to the combined effect of a 12.6% relative increase in their number of licensed drivers, a 23.7% relative increase in their average annual travel, and an 18.2% relative increase in their fatality rate per miles driven. KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Increase KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664271 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEMALE DRIVERS IN FATAL CRASHES, RECENT TRENDS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 42 p. AB - This report focuses on the recent trends in female driver fatalities relative to their male counterparts. The period in question is between 1975 and 1990, during which female driver fatalities have risen by 65% relative to male drivers. In an attempt to examine the underlying reasons for the 65% relative increase, and estimate their contribution to the overall change, the study utilizes a number of pertinent statistics on both male and female drivers. The report concludes that the 65% relative increase for female drivers was due to the combined effect of a 12.6% relative increase in their number of licensed drivers, a 23.7% relative increase in their average annual travel, and an 18.2% relative increase in their fatality rate per miles driven. KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Mileage KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483571 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Rediscover the Safety Belt (Video) PY - 1994 AB - Former mercury astronaut Wally Schirra hosts this program designed to inform community leaders of their responsibility to educate their constituents about the need to rediscover their safety belts and conquer their own inertia regarding their use. Includes information on the risks of riding in an automobile, the tremendous force of a crash, safety belts myth and fact, and how safety belts work. KW - Automobiles KW - Highway safety KW - Public information programs KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454434 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Help is Near (Video) PY - 1994 AB - This video dramatizes several common highway related emergency situations and demonstrates how the citizens band channel 9 monitor can cut response time. NEAR is the National Emergency Aid Radio program which was developed to provide training and coordinate activities of volunteer and public safety agency emergency channel 9 monitors with the activities of the established emergency response system. It provides the vitally important link between citizens and the emergency response system. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Emergency communication systems KW - Safety KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962448 AU - Yuan, Raymond L AU - Newman, R W AU - Young, S E AU - Held, E D AU - Lin, J E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES FOR AN AUTOMATED COLLISION NOTIFICATION SYSTEM : FINAL REPORT PY - 1994 AB - In automobile crashes involving life threatening injuries, time is the most critical factor in saving lives; therefore, rapid response by Emergency Medical Service (EMS) personnel is a necessity. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that many crash victim's medical requirements are not being met due to delays in both crash notification and response. In recognition of this problem, an automated collision notification (ACN) capability has been identified as a critical component of the Emergency Notification and Personal Security user service defined in the National Program Plan for Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). This capability would automatically sense a crash and immediately notify a local EMS dispatcher of its occurrence. The ACN system can be divided into two segments: the EMS dispatching infrastructure and the in-vehicle equipment. The EMS infrastructure consists of communications and computer processing equipment that is used to receive requests for assistance, deploy units in response to requests, and monitor units' progress. Compatibility of communications equipment between infrastructure and the vehicle is critical issue. The in-vehicle equipment must perform four functions. First, changes in the vehicle's static or dynamic conditions that could have resulted from a crash must be detected. This may require a suite of sensors that is able to measure a variety of parameters including deceleration or damage to the chassis. Second, all the sensor inputs must be constantly monitored to determine whether or not the vehicle has been involved in a crash. Because it is highly undesirable to generate a false alarm it is necessary to consider as many inputs as possible before issuing a crash notification message. Third, if a serious crash has occurred vehicle location must be determined. Fourth, crash location data must be transmitted to the local EMS facility KW - Automatic crash notification KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Crashes KW - Motorist aid systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/8843.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786041 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Ivan, John N AU - Davis, Christian F AU - Chen, Shyuan-Ren AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - VEHICLE-BASED VERSUS FIXED LOCATION MEASUREMENTS FOR TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE IN IVHS PY - 1994 SP - p. 187-198 AB - This paper compares the performance of incident detection systems that use traditional fixed location surveillance data with those that use vehicle- based data. The most current methods of measuring traffic characteristics are first reviewed and then classified by the type of information each provides. Next, recent experience with incident detection using both types of surveillance systems is reviewed. Several incident detection methodologies are then compared using fixed location and vehicle based surveillance. KW - Automatic incident detection KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641212 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786044 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Baret, M AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1994 SP - p. 216-226 AB - This paper describes the application of image processing and multi- target tracking to produce an autonomous intelligent cruise control (AICC) system. A sensor based on a charge coupled device (CCD) is used to acquire the reflected light on car reflectors of pulsed laser diodes emission. The CCD works in a unique mode called Flash During Transfer ( FDT) which allows the identification of target patterns in an optical environment. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Optical reflectors KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641215 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786030 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Klein, Lawrence A AU - Kelley, Michael R AU - Mills, Milton K AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IVHS PY - 1994 SP - p. 42-53 AB - This paper summarizes the detector technology and data evaluation methods and results from field tests conducted in Phoenix and Tucson as part of the Detection Technology for IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) program. The following aspects of the program are briefly described: detector technologies evaluated, measured traffic parameters, test site description, recording of traffic flow data data acquisition runs, and data analysis. KW - Technology assessment KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641201 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786037 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Grosch, Theodore AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - A 24 GHZ FM/CW AUTOMOTIVE RADAR DESIGNED FOR COLLISION WARNING PY - 1994 SP - p. 148-158 AB - This paper describes a Frequency Modulated/Continuous Wave (FM/CW) radar developed for automotive applications. The objective of the effort is to design a low-cost automotive collision warning radar. The paper describes a forward looking homodyne FM/CW radar with a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641208 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786048 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Gil, Sylvia AU - Milanese, Ruggero AU - Pun, Thierry AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - FEATURE SELECTION FOR OBJECT TRACKING IN TRAFFIC SCENES PY - 1994 SP - p. 253-266 AB - This paper describes a motion-analysis system, applied to the problem of vehicle tracking in real-world highway scenes. It involves motion detection, mask refinement and propagation, and vehicle tracking with Kalman filters. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Computer vision KW - Kalman filtering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641219 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786034 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Abbott, D AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - A NEW VLSI SMART SENSOR FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE INSPIRED BY INSECT VISION PY - 1994 SP - p. 105-115 AB - This paper describes an analog VLSI (very large scale integration) implementation of a smart microsensor that mimics the early visual processing stage in insects. The emphasis is on the overall concept and the front-end detection. The integrated circuit is ideal for motion detection, particularly collision avoidance tasks, as it essentially detects distance, speed and bearing of an object. Applications in the areas of automobile anti-collision, Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems ( IVHS), and autonomous robot guidance are briefly discussed. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - In vehicle sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641205 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786036 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Raffaelli, Lamberto AU - Stewart, Earle AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - MILLIMETER-WAVE AUTOMOTIVE RADARS : THE MARKETS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND PRODUCTION COSTS PY - 1994 SP - p. 129-133 AB - This paper examines markets, competing technologies and required production costs of 77 GHz automotive radars. The design and performance of a 77 GHz monolithic transmitter specifically developed for automotive collision avoidance and intelligent cruise control radars is also presented. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Millimeter wave devices KW - Millimeter waves KW - Radar KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641207 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786049 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Nakamura, Masahiko AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - VEHICLE LATERAL CONTROL SYSTEM USING LASER RADAR PY - 1994 SP - p. 267-277 AB - This paper presents a laser radar based automatic steering control system. The system features the combination of a CCD and pulsed laser technology to implement detection without mechanical scanning. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automatic steering control KW - Optical radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641220 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786051 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Kenyon, Chase H AU - Murphy, Mike AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - SINGLE WIRE OR PATH GUIDANCE SYSTEMS AND THE INHERENT ADVANTAGES VS. MULTI- WIRE OR SIGNAL SYSTEMS IN COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS PY - 1994 SP - p. 286-296 AB - This paper describes a single wire guidance system with superior capabilities for lane changes and precision vehicle placement. The operation of this system, viewed as a case for single wire systems as a primary guide, is presented. Single wire systems as a complement to machine vision based and other systems are also discussed. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated guided vehicle systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786038 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Chachich, Alan AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - OPTICAL SENSING FOR GAS DETECTION IN ENCLOSED ROADWAYS PY - 1994 SP - p. 159-170 AB - This paper examines the feasibility of using optical gas sensors for real- time control of enclosed roadways as well as regional environmental monitoring of mobile source emissions. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Infrared detectors KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641209 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786040 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Luchian, Sergiu F AU - Krechmer, Daniel AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CASE STUDY : CENTRAL ARTERY (I-93)/ TUNNEL (I-90) PROJECT, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, USA PY - 1994 SP - p. 181-186 AB - This paper gives an overview of the Central Artery (I- 93)/Tunnel (I- 90) ( CA/T) Project in Boston. When completed, the project will have more Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technology within its infrastructure than any other highway in the U.S. The Integrated Project Control System (IPCS), composed of ITS and Facilities Control will be the focus of CA/T project operations. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641211 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786045 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Attia, M AU - Servel, A AU - Guibert, L AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - AUTONOMOUS ON-BOARD OPTICAL PROCESSOR FOR DRIVING AID PY - 1994 SP - p. 227-233 AB - This paper describes a road sign recognition system which combines an optical system based on an optical correlator combined with ferroelectric liquid crystal light modulator. Preliminary in-car experimental results are presented. KW - In vehicle sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641216 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786047 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Ni, Yang AU - Lavainne, Frederic AU - Devos, F AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - CMOS COMPATIBLE PHOTORECEPTOR FOR HIGH-CONTRAST CAR VISION PY - 1994 SP - p. 246-252 AB - This paper presents a CMOS compatible low fixed pattern noise logarithmic photoreceptor structure. Preliminary results show a dynamic range greater than seven decades. This dynamic range matches well to high contrast scene in car vision applications. KW - Computer vision KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641218 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786029 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Gilbert, R Kent AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES USING 3-D LASER RADAR PY - 1994 SP - p. 30-41 AB - This paper focuses on the development of a measurement system using 3-D imaging laser radars and real-time image processing to quantitatively measure and characterize inter-vehicular motion (i.e. the Vehicle Motion Environment, VME) in real world settings. The system will be deployed to acquire data on vehicle centroid and heading trajectories that will be used to study vehicle dynamics and accident causation. This paper presents overviews of the national initiative for crash avoidance research, the role of the VME Program and the VME measuring system (VME- MS). It reports on simulation studies conducted in support of the image and data processing algorithm development. The motivation for and the implementation capabilities and results of these simulation studies are presented. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Optical radar KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786031 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Najm, Wassim G AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE CRASH AVOIDANCE SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1994 SP - p. 62-72 AB - This paper concentrates on the sensor element of crash countermeasure systems and addresses enabling sensor technologies for realizing countermeasure concepts. Sensor types are discussed by analyzing countermeasure concepts, enabling sensor technologies, and applicability to target crashes. The characteristics and capabilities of alternative sensor technologies are described based on published literature. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641202 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786054 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Shubin, Vitaly AU - Vinogradov, Sergei AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - INTELLIGENT PHOTOSENSOR TECHNOLOGY PY - 1994 SP - p. 309-318 AB - This paper focuses on the use of a new advanced sensor technology based on the photoelectric structures with memory (PESM) in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). PESM is an integral multilayer solid-state device capable of registering, storing converting and processing of images. The authors propose the use of PESM, combining in itself the capabilities of photosensor and preprocessor devices, in intelligent observation and control systems on highways and for vehicle guidance applications. KW - In vehicle sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641225 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786033 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Kenue, Surender K AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - VISION-BASED ALGORITHMS FOR NEAR-HOST OBJECT DETECTION AND MULTI-LANE SENSING PY - 1994 SP - p. 88-104 AB - In this paper, several new algorithms are proposed for multi- lane sensing, near-host object detection, vehicle cut-in situations and specifying regions of interest for object tracking. These algorithms were tested successfully on more than 6000 images taken from real- highway scenes under different daytime lighting conditions. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Computer algorithms KW - Computer vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641204 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786035 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Everson, Jeffrey H AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - SENSOR PERFORMANCE AND WEATHER EFFECTS MODELING FOR INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) APPLICATIONS PY - 1994 SP - p. 118-128 AB - This paper presents a method to determine the performance measurement of an imaging sensor and corresponding processing algorithm to avoid single vehicle roadway departure (SVRD) crashes. The paper discusses the modeling of image contrast parameters, as well as weather and visibility conditions, and characterizes the contrast performance effects due to reduced visibility. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Image processing KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641206 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786050 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Kenyon, Chase H AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - A COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED ROBOTIC VEHICLE DRIVERS AND GUIDANCE SYSTEMS FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES PY - 1994 SP - p. 280-285 AB - This paper describes a totally automated robotic vehicle driver and guidance system designed to serve in an automated vehicle chassis durability test facility. Goals of the project were to create a combination of robotic vehicle driver systems and a base traffic control system capable of testing up to 20 vehicles at a time on a 1.3 mile oval test track at speeds up to 50 MPH or greater. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641221 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786052 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - DE VRIES, M AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE MONITORING OF IVHS USING OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS PY - 1994 SP - p. 297-302 AB - In this paper, research on novel optical fiber sensing techniques for the monitoring of highways and bridges is reported. Design fabrication, and implementation of fiber optic sensor configurations used for measurements of strain are discussed. Results from field tests conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of fiber sensors at determining quantitative strain vector components near crack locations in bridges are presented. Emerging applications of fiber sensors for vehicle flow, vehicle speed, and weigh-in-motion measurements are also discussed. KW - Fiber optics KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641223 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786042 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Paley, Michael J AU - Tepas, Donald I AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - DO SMART HIGHWAYS + INTELLIGENT VEHICLES = NEW KINDS OF HUMAN FACTORS DISPLAY PROBLEMS? PY - 1994 SP - p. 199-206 AB - This paper addresses the issue of information overload and presents a model for the development of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) controls and displays based on human factors and ergonomic methodology. The model requires the use of task analysis to match human capabilities to the demands of using new automotive systems. KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641213 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786043 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - D'Agostino, Salvatore A AU - Shuldiner, Paul William AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - APPLICATION OF VIDEO/MACHINE VISION TECHNOLOGY IN TRAFFIC DATA ANALYSIS PY - 1994 SP - p. 207-214 AB - This paper describes the results of field tests of machine vision methods used to acquire and analyze traffic data. In particular, it examines the use of Hi-8mm video cameras (camcorders) and an automatic license plate reading system, based on machine vision technology, to perform travel time calculations. The paper also looks at the logistics of conducting extensive surveys, lessons applicable to survey design, and the quantity and statistical significance of the data required. A comparison is made between the application of machine vision to traffic surveys with other applications of machine vision in the transportation industry. It also presents future plans for the use of machine vision for the measurement of various traffic parameters. KW - Computer vision KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641214 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786028 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Ritter, Gary T AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - IVHS, SENSING THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1994 SP - p. 2-4 AB - This paper presents an overview of the need for Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) in the United States. It discusses the national IVHS initiative and makes mention of different IVHS activities being pursued, with emphasis on the Automated Highway system initiative. KW - Automated highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641199 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786032 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Gartner, Nathan H AU - Stamatiadis, C AU - Tarnoff, Philip J AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - ADVANCED TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1994 SP - p. 73-80 AB - This paper discusses traffic signal control strategies that are suitable for advanced traffic management within Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). The strategies consist of a multi-level design for the real-time, traffic-adaptive control of the urban signal network system. Each control level has different response characteristics, with the more advanced levels incorporating in a nested fashion the capabilities of the lower levels. A principal goal of the new multi-level design is to invoke a selected control strategy when it can provide the greatest benefit. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641203 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786039 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Yablonski, Anne AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - USER NEEDS, IVHS FUNCTIONAL AREAS, AND CURRENT TECHNOLOGY PY - 1994 SP - p. 172-180 AB - This paper outlines the relationship between the current set of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) user services, the national program goals, and the technologies that can help meet those goals. It provides a framework for understanding how the deployment of IVHS technologies fits into the planning process by outlining the relationship between technology providers, the IVHS product/service provider, and the private consumer. KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641210 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786046 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Smith, Christopher E AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - VISUAL TRACKING STRATEGIES FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE-HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1994 SP - p. 234-245 AB - This paper presents robust techniques for intelligent vehicle highway applications using computer vision. It is shown that a Controlled Active Vision framework can be utilized to provide a visual sensing modality to a traffic advisory system in order to increase the overall safety margin in a variety of common traffic situations. Two applications, vehicle tracking and pedestrian tracking, are used to demonstrate that the framework can provide precisely the type of information required to effectively manage the given situation. KW - Computer vision KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Pedestrian detectors KW - Safety KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641217 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786053 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Arya, Vivek AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - DESIGN OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR IVHS APPLICATIONS : PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1994 SP - p. 303-308 AB - This paper presents recommendations made for the design implementation, operations, and maintenance of fiber optic communication links presently being used in transportation management systems. The paper also presents problems faced during the deployment of these systems. KW - Fiber optics KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775436 AU - Wilson, Terry AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS : TASK 1. VOLUME I SUMMARY PY - 1994 SP - vii, 42 p. AB - This document provides a summary report of the a study program focusing on developing practical performance specifications for rear- end collision avoidance systems. After first giving an overview of the program, the document then discusses specification requirements statistical analyses, summary data from the National Accident Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS CDS), and human factors studies. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashes KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490861 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00774066 JO - Intelligent vehicle highway systems PB - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Reinhart, Craig AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - General Motors Corporation AU - University of Adelaide AU - Alpha Industries AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Comsis Corporation AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - P.S.A. Peugeot-Citroen. Direction des recherches et affaires scienfitiques AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Universite de Geneve AU - Cyplex Corporation AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Fizicheskiei institut imeni P.N. Lebedeva TI - ANALOG IMAGE PROCESSING FOR IVHS APPLICATIONS PY - 1994 SP - p. 54-60 AB - In this paper, the authors briefly describe a Vehicle Lateral Position Measurement System, using image processing and designed to alert drivers of possible single vehicle roadway departures (SVRD) situations. A test of the system is also described. KW - Image processing KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/494118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744466 AU - Williams, J AU - Bunch, L AU - Scandura, P A AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - 1993 MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH FACTS FOR ARIZONA PY - 1994 SP - 71 p. AB - This publication is a statistical review of the motor vehicle crashes in the state of Arizona for calendar year 1994. The data are compiled from Arizona Traffic Accident Reports submitted to the Arizona Department of Transportation by state, county, city, tribal, and other law enforcement agencies. The following sections are included, except where noted: (1) Highlights and Historical Trends; (2) Geographic Location; (3) Crash Descriptions; (4) Safety Devices (not available in this issue); (5) Motor Vehicle and Driver Characteristics; (6) Alcohol-Related Crashes; (7) Pedestrian and Pedalcyclists; (8) Motorcycle Crashes; and (9) School Bus Crashes (not available in this issue). KW - Annual reports KW - Arizona KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Geographic distribution KW - Human characteristics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757898 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Lave, C AU - Elias, P AU - Elsevier TI - DID THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT SAVE LIVES? PY - 1994 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-62 AB - In 1987, most states raised the speed limit from 55 to 65 mph on portions of their rural interstate highways. There was intense debate about the increase, and numerous evaluations were conducted afterwards. These evaluations share a common problem: they only measure the local effects of the change. But the change must be judged by its system-wide effects. In particular, the new 65 mph limit allowed the state highway patrols to shift their resources from speed enforcement on the interstates to other safety activities and other highways - a shift many highway patrol chiefs had argued for. If the chiefs were correct, the new allocation of patrol resources should lead to a reduction in statewide fatality rates. Similarly, the chance to drive faster on the interstates should attract drivers away from other, more dangerous roads, again generating system wide consequences. This study measures these changes and obtains surprising results. The authors find that the 65 mph limit reduced statewide fatality rates by 3.4% to 5.1%, holding constant the effects of long-term trend, driving exposure, seat belt laws, and economic factors. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Fatalities KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Police patrol KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Resource allocation KW - Rural areas KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.uctc.net/papers/069.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756363 AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - INJURY IMPAIRMENT SCALE PY - 1994 SP - 77 p. AB - The Injury Impairment Scale (IIS) is a research tool for studying populations of injured survivors. Impairment and disability are determined for various purposes--ability to return to work, resumption of recreational activities, worker's compensation, social security disability payments, awards in legal disputes, etc. For the purposes of this scale, impairment is a determination of the health status of patients with a particular injury with long term consequences. The scale is organized by sections of the body, and then blood vessels, nerves, internal organs, and skeletal structure. Each item within the headings is associated with an IIS number, which is the rating for that item. KW - Crash injury research KW - Injuries KW - Injuries by body area KW - Injury impairment scale KW - Injury research KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743880 AU - Hoskin, A F AU - Allen, J AU - Brand, S AU - Callen, A AU - Kao, L AU - Miller, T AU - Porretta, K AU - Bohringer, G AU - Adams, J AU - Munao, J AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS. 1994 EDITION SN - 0879121831 PY - 1994 SP - 125 p. AB - Statistics are compiled on unintentional deaths, injuries, and costs, with major topic headings of: All Unintentional Injuries; Work; Occupational Health; Motor-Vehicle; Public; Home; Farm Residents; and Environmental Health. The Motor-Vehicle topic includes the following sub headings: Trends; Deaths by type of accident, age; State legislation; Alcohol; Occupant protection; bicycle and motorcycle helmets; Costs; Age, sex of driver; Time of day and Day of week; Day and month; Type of accident, vehicle movement; Type, location, age, urban/rural; Type of vehicle; Motorcycles; Pedestrians; Pedalcyclists; Improper driving; Residence; International; Death rates by state (maps); Deaths and rates by state; School buses; Deaths and rates, historical; Vehicle defects; type of accident, historical; Automobile occupant injuries; Type and location, historical; Emergency vehicles; City traffic deaths; and Fleet accident rates. KW - Age KW - Alcohols KW - Automobiles by type KW - Bicycle helmets KW - Costs KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Labor KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Occupational safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Periods of the day KW - Rural areas KW - School buses KW - State laws KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle type KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743821 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD NATIONAL LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE ON INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE IN THE U.S. PY - 1994 SP - 107 p. AB - In January 1994, highway safety leaders representing federal, state, and local governments and private organizations, along with experts from Canada, participated in the 3rd National Leadership Conference on Increasing Safety Belt Use in the U.S. The mission of the participants was to evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to reach 70% belt use by the end of 1992 and to ponder a new goal and strategy for the future. The highly successful techniques utilized in Canada, where the national belt use rate is above 80%, were scrutinized. In addition, several successful state programs were highlighted. Session topics and participant discussions during the conference focused on the following areas: Status of Safety Belt Use in the U.S.; The Societal Cost of Not Wearing Safety Belts; Identifying and Targeting the Non-User; Improving Belt Use and Child Safety Seat Law Enforcement; Improving the Quality of Belt Use and Child Safety Seat Laws; and Current and Innovative Programs. KW - Canada KW - Child restraint systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471797 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00724898 AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - SAFER HIGHWAYS THROUGH COLLABORATION. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, TRAFFIC SAFETY INFORMATION CONFERENCE, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, APRIL 13-15, 1994 PY - 1994 SP - 52p AB - This regional traffic records conference brought together a cross section of traffic data collectors and users. The discussions covered a variety of issues vital to improving the quality of traffic crash data as well as access to this vital information. In addition, the conference looked at new and emerging technologies that will continue to change how data are collected, analyzed and disseminated. Breakout sessions featured roundtable discussions that allowed active participation and the opportunity to share unique experiences. Christopher Hart, NHTSA acting administrator and keynote speaker, spoke of the importance of demonstrating the effectiveness of all traffic safety programs, pointing out that quantifiable results are imperative to assuring future funding for efforts to reduce deaths and injuries on our nation's roadways. The proceedings conclude with the State Action Plans for each participating state -- Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. U1 - Safer Highways Through CollaborationMichigan Office of Highway Safety Planning; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Region V; and Federal Highway Administration Region 5.Ann Arbor, Michigan StartDate:19940413 EndDate:19940415 Sponsors:Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Region V; and Federal Highway Administration Region 5. KW - Conferences KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Illinois KW - Indiana KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Michigan KW - Minnesota KW - Ohio KW - Planning KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Safety programs KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic safety KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724860 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUTH FATAL CRASH AND ALCOHOL FACTS, 1993 PY - 1994 SP - 28 p. AB - The national effort to reduce motor vehicle deaths and injuries of young people, ages 15 through 20, has been a success story. Eleven years ago 8,508 young Americans died in crashes. In 1993, that number has been reduced to 5,905, a reduction of 30%. For alcohol-related fatalities, over 3,000 fewer young people died in 1993 compared to 1982, a reduction of over 56%. The reasons for these reductions and the reasons why we should continue to emphasize programs that target teenage motor vehicle fatalities are briefly outlined, followed by a series of charts, graphs and bulleted information which describes the fatality trends since 1982. The figures and data contained in this report focus on impaired driving fatal crashes by young people, ages 15 through 20, from 1982 to 1993. The data fall into four categories: youth fatalities; young drivers involved in fatal crashes; young drivers killed; and youth fatalities by alcohol-involvement of young drivers. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Graphs KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721540 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOES YOUR HELMET PASS THE TEST? A SAFETY GUIDE PY - 1994 SP - 10 p. AB - In 1994, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration tested all known helmets available in the marketplace to verify that they meet the minimum performance levels specified in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 218. This brochure lists the helmets by brand and model name and indicates whether they satisfied impact, penetration, and retention performance requirements. Some helmets were tested at all four temperature conditions specified in the standard (hot, cold, ambient temperatures, and submerged in water) and others were tested at one or two conditions. For those helmets that failed one or more tests, investigative action has been initiated. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Brochures KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fmvss 218 KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Test results KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721530 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1993: STATE TRAFFIC DATA PY - 1994 SP - 12 p. AB - This publication contains state traffic data for the year 1993 and for previous years for comparison purposes. The data cover the following: 1993 traffic fatalities by state and percent change from 1992; traffic fatalities and fatality rates, 1993; traffic fatalities and percent change by state, 1975-1993; traffic fatality rates and percent change, 1975-1993; alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes, 1983 and 1993; passenger car occupants and motorcyclists killed, 1993; traffic fatalities and vehicles involved in fatal crashes, 1993; impaired driving high-priority legislation as of December 1993; key provisions of safety belt use laws, and belt use rates as of December 1993; child passenger protection laws as of December 1993; and status of state motorcycle helmet use requirements as of December 1993. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Child passenger protection laws KW - Cyclists KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motorcycle laws KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7273/stalc93.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459307 ER - TY - SER AN - 00721525 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESEARCH ISSUES ON BICYCLING, PEDESTRIANS, AND OLDER DRIVERS SN - 0309055199 PY - 1994 IS - 1438 SP - 104 p. AB - This publication of the Transportation Research Board covers three areas of considerable interest and importance to highway and traffic planners, designers, and operators: bicycles and bicycle facilities; pedestrians and pedestrian facilities; and older drivers. Each of the 12 papers is entered separately in the TRIS data base and each is included in the Highway Safety Literature subfile (see TRIS 668952-668963, corresponding to HS-042 006 through HS-042 017). KW - Aged drivers KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycles KW - Bicycling KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic safety UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1994/1438/1438.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721493 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '93. ROAD ACCIDENTS JAPAN PY - 1994 SP - 72 p. AB - This statistical report, compiled under the supervision of the Traffic Bureau, National Police Agency, Japan, provides road traffic accident statistics for Japan. The contents are organized as follows: (I) Road Traffic Situation; (II) Traffic Accidents: Trends; (III) Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1993 (Section 1 - Traffic Accidents, Section 2 - Fatal Accidents, Section 3 - Casualties, Section 4 - Child Casualties, Section 5 - Traffic Accidents on Expressways, and Section 6 - Fatalities within 30 Days); (IV) Control of Traffic Violations; (V) Traffic Regulations and Controls; (VI) Driver's License; and (VII) Reference Information. KW - Children KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719508 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. APRIL 1, 1994 TO JUNE 30, 1994 PY - 1994 SP - 55 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related defect recall campaigns during the second quarter of 1994 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 41 recall campaigns involving 661,383 domestic motor vehicles, 20 recall campaigns involving 659,874 foreign motor vehicles, 8 recall campaigns involving 331,457 units of domestic equipment, 2 recall campaigns involving 42,831 units of foreign equipment, 2 recall campaigns involving 601 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719494 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY (VOLUME 1, NUMBER 2) PY - 1994 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 48 p. AB - This second issue of "Auto & Traffic Safety", the NHTSA technical journal for communicating research results in the area of motor vehicles and highway safety, contains the following papers: Statistical Analysis of Vehicle Rollover Propensity and Vehicle Stability, T.M. Klein; On the Development and Application of a Deformation Measurement System for Developing Thoracic Injury Criteria, R.H. Eppinger, R.M. Morgan, and N. Khaewpong; Overlap Car-to-Car Tests Compared to Car-to-Half Barrier and Car-to-Full Barrier Tests, C. Ragland and G. Dalrymple; and Data Analysis of the Speed-Related Crash Issue, N.N. Bowie, Jr., and M. Walz. Also included are a section which briefly summarizes selected research reports by NHTSA staff and contractors published from May 1991 through August 1992, and a section which identifies recently negotiated contracts and interagency agreements for research activities and briefly describes the purpose of the research activity. KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Rollover crashes KW - Speeding KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Testing KW - Thorax KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719463 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1993 TO DECEMBER 31, 1993 PY - 1994 SP - 166 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1993 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 181 recall campaigns involving 7,672,521 domestic motor vehicles, 43 recall campaigns involving 3,266,937 foreign motor vehicles, 31 recall campaigns involving 637,525 units of domestic equipment, 3 recall campaigns involving 159,380 units of foreign equipment, 5 recall campaigns involving domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719435 JO - Access PB - University of California Transportation Center (UCTC) AU - Glazer, A AU - University of California Transportation Center (UCTC) TI - THE ACCESS ALMANAC: THE CAFE STANDARDS WORKED PY - 1994 IS - 5 SP - p. 40-42 AB - Cars manufactured in the United States have become increasingly fuel efficient in the past two decades, and many people attribute that to rising gasoline prices. However, when gasoline prices declined, fuel efficiency continued to remain high with no return to the gas guzzlers. It seems that the Energy Policy and Conservation Act worked, just as Congress intended. It mandated minimum corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards for all new cars sold in the United States, essentially requiring a doubling of fuel efficiency. Despite vehement industry opposition, the standards were largely met. Tables are presented showing (1) the fuel economy (miles per gallon) of cars manufactured in the United States, Japan, France, West Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom for the years 1970 through 1990 and (2) gasoline prices per gallon for the same countries and years. The data show that American cars are now almost as fuel efficient as cars sold in Japan and Europe, where fuel efficiency has always been higher. Also, the price of gasoline in the United States is considerably lower than elsewhere, lower than it was before the oil embargo of 1973, and taxes are a small proportion of the price. KW - Automobiles KW - Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) KW - France KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Germany KW - Italy KW - Japan KW - Prices KW - Standards KW - Taxation KW - United Kingdom KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716870 JO - Publication of: Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - HAKAMIES-BLOMQVIST, L AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - OLDER DRIVERS IN FINLAND: TRAFFIC SAFETY AND BEHAVIOR. RESEARCH REPORT SN - 9515600111 PY - 1994 SP - 104 p. AB - Older drivers are a rapidly growing group of road users. The populations of the Western world are aging, the proportion of holders of a driver's license is greater in every successive cohort, and old people continue to drive to a greater age. The traffic safety of older drivers thus has become an important area of research and safety work. In Finland, the combination of all fatal accidents investigated in situ and centrally compiled insurance statistics has provided an opportunity to address the issue of older drivers' accidents in a comprehensive manner for the first time, i.e., encompassing a whole natural population of older drivers in a country. In the present research, fatal accident data compiled by Road Accident Investigation Teams (RAIT) from years 1984-1990 and insurance data (TI data: all road traffic accidents reported to insurance companies that led to indemnities) were used in order to present a detailed description of the accidents of older drivers (aged 65+) in Finland. The accident picture changed with age: older drivers had proportionally more collisions at intersections and had attentional problems as causal factors and, correspondingly, less head-on or rear-end collisions and single-vehicle accidents than drivers aged 26-40. Older drivers had decreasing proportions of accidents as the non-responsible party. Their accidents occurred mostly in good driving conditions. In addition, they were equally likely to be legally responsible in difficult external or internal conditions (darkness, alcohol-intoxication) as in easy conditions, whereas for the 26-40-year-old drivers, legal responsibility was more often related to driving conditions. This was interpreted as an empirical demonstration of the safety effect of compensatory limitation of exposure and compensatory changes in driving behavior aimed at a reduction of high levels of mental load. The age-related changes were similar in both sexes but emerged about ten years earlier in women. This can be explained by older female drivers' lower driving experience and thus lower level of driving skill. A cognitive framework emphasizing the importance of skill in counteracting age-related performance decrements is proposed for future research in aging and driving. KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention lapses KW - Behavior KW - Compensation KW - Crash exposure KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Employee compensation KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Intersections KW - Motor skills KW - Research KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716841 AU - Eby, D W AU - Streff, F M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - HOW TO CONDUCT A SAFETY BELT SURVEY: A STEP BY STEP GUIDE PY - 1994 SP - 34 p. AB - This guidebook is designed for those interested in determining the safety belt use rate of a selected geographic area using a direct observation survey. A "cookbook" format is adopted so that those with little or no background in experimental design can still acquire a belt use rate that is representative and scientifically valid for the area of interest. Once decisions are made about the scope of the survey, a step-by-step procedure can be followed to design, conduct, and analyze the survey. It will take approximately six to eight person-hours to design the survey and another three or four person-hours to analyze the results. Training will require about four hours per observer. The rest of the survey time is spent out in the field observing safety belt use. In general, it takes about 1.5 hours for each site that will be surveyed. KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00857708 AU - NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, TRANSPORTATION SAFETY INSTITUTE TI - DRUGS THAT IMPAIR DRIVING INSTRUCTOR'S LESSON PLANS.. PY - 1994 IS - PB95-780060 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Drug tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Police traffic services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/522245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00849693 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR.. PY - 1994 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/550306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00849696 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUTTING IT TOGETHER: A MODEL FOR INTEGRATING INJURY CONTROL SYSTEM ELEMENTS.. PY - 1994 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/550309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00849975 AU - SIEGEL, JOHN H AU - Dischinger, Patricia C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CAR CRASHES AN AUTOMOBILE CRASH TRAUMA STUDY.. PY - 1994 IS - PB95-111415 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Impacts KW - Maryland KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/550371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674101 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS PY - 1994 SP - 10 p. AB - The report covers: Community Traffic Safety Program (CTSP) origins; CTSP description; SHSO initiative; Successful CTSPs; and conclusion. KW - Community action programs KW - Evaluation KW - Program evaluation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25862/DOT-HS-808-115.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667732 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DIGEST: A COMPENDIUM OF INNOVATIVE STATE AND COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTS - SPRING 1994 PY - 1994 SP - 59 p. AB - This Traffic Safety Digest contains information on innovative state and community traffic safety projects. For each project the following information is provided: Title; State; Program Area(s); Type of Jurisdiction; Targeted Population(s); Project Characteristics; Jurisdiction Size; Problem Identification; Goals and Objectives; Strategies and Activities; Results; Funding; and Contact (person; address; telephone number). The 66 projects in this Digest, 25 of which are reported for the first time, are categorized in one of the following areas: Alcohol and Other Drugs; Emergency Medical Services; Motorcycle Safety; Occupant Protection; Pedestrian/Bicycle Safety; Police Traffic Services; Traffic Records; Community/Corridor Traffic Safety Programs; Public Health; Youth Programs; and Other Traffic Safety Areas. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Driving instructors KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical services KW - Highway corridors KW - Innovation KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police traffic services KW - Preschool children KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public health KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00847342 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1993: PEDESTRIANS. PY - 1994 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7262/peds93.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/545422 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667558 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Zogby, J J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SAFE AND EFFICIENT MOTOR CARRIER OPERATIONS, PAPER: STATE ADMINISTRATION OF MOTOR CARRIER REQUIREMENTS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR CREATIVE PARTNERSHIPS SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 111-125 AB - The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of state administration of motor carrier requirements on the safe and efficient operation of heavy trucks. Because heavy trucks account for a significant number of highway deaths and injuries, the safety of such vehicles has been the subject of much research, legislation, and regulatory activity. The effects of recent research, legislation, and regulations on heavy truck safety is examined, and some of the recommendations from these endeavors are highlighted. The basic hypothesis is that the most effective solutions to the emerging safety problems with heavy trucks are found in policy initiatives rather than technology. An underlying thesis is that effective administration of motor carrier safety programs, both public and private, requires an understanding of government regulatory policy and the motor carriage business. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Administration KW - Conferences KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Legislation KW - Motor carriers KW - Operations KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - State administration KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409875 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667560 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Walton, C M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAYS FOR EFFICIENT AND SAFE GOODS DISTRIBUTION, PRESENTATION: HIGHWAYS FOR EFFICIENT AND SAFE GOODS DISTRIBUTION SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 143-145 AB - This presentation is published in outline form. Major topics addressed are: Domestic Freight Transportation Issues; Influence of Increased Truck Size and Weights on Geometric Design Principles; Opportunities for Improving Truck Safety; Issues in the Bridge Area; Vision of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems; Goals of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems; Safety; Productivity; Near-Term Deployment; Middle-Term Deployment; Longer-Term Deployment; and Keys to Successful Commercial Vehicle Operations Program. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Deployment KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Freight transportation KW - Geometric design KW - Highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Laws KW - Motor carriers KW - Operations KW - Productivity KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409877 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667554 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Corsi, T M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRESENT AND FUTURE GOODS PRODUCTION, LOGISTICS, AND MOTOR CARRIER OPERATIONS, PAPER: MOTOR CARRIER INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 38-60 AB - This paper reviews the changes that have occurred in both the less-than-truckload (LTL) and truckload (TL) segments of the motor carrier industry. The goal is to provide an understanding of the structure of these segments of the motor carrier industry and the operations of the firms in each of the two segments. The analysis explains some of the very significant changes that have occurred in an industry adapting to radical change in the governing rules. There will be clear evidence of winners and losers as different carriers have adopted different strategies to cope with the new environment. The major conclusion is that the motor carrier industry in 1993 is delivering a service that is of significantly higher quality and greater efficiency than it was in the regulated environment. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Deregulation KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Industry structure KW - Less than truckload traffic KW - Motor carriers KW - Operations KW - Quality of service KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic loads KW - Trucking KW - Truckload KW - Trucks UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trbconfproc/vol.%203/proc3-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409871 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667556 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ervin, R D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFICIENT, SAFE, AND ACCEPTABLE TRUCK DESIGNS AND CONFIGURATIONS, PAPER: LINKING TRUCK DESIGN TO PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE-CYCLE COSTS SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 78-92 AB - This paper rationalizes the need for innovative methods that can ensure adoption of truck designs and configuations that suitably manage both public and private life-cycle costs within a politically realizable framework. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the truck-user industry. The scope of the industry is established and the process by which new trucks are specified and purchased is introduced. These considerations show that because the industry as a whole is highly diverse, the designs of heavy trucks are prescribed to a remarkable degree of detail by each individual purchaser, reflecting only the purchaser's economics unless some other constraint holds sway. Once specified and built, the typical heavy truck lasts such a long time and accrues so many miles that the accumulated public cost attributable to each individual vehicle can be great. Four categories of public cost are addressed in light of the public's exposure to each truck, however designed, over its service life. These are: air pollution from exhaust emissions; roadway deterioration due to truck loading; energy consumption by trucks with its corresponding impact on national energy security and the production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases; and truck-involved crash damage and injury to other road users. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Air pollution KW - Axle loads KW - Conferences KW - Energy consumption KW - Life cycle costing KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Size KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409873 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667552 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pais, D A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRESENT AND FUTURE GOODS PRODUCTION, LOGISTICS, AND MOTOR CARRIER OPERATIONS, KEYNOTE ADDRESS SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 11 AB - This keynote address centers on the fundamental theme of change; the ability of a business to anticipate and adapt to change determines its success. The motor carrier industry must be proactive, not reactionary, in responding to changing demographics and economies, which, in turn, elicit different customer requirements and needs. Just as the automobile industry shifted from thinking "quality is expensive" to "increased quality will reduce costs and reduce waste", the needed paradigm shift for the motor carrier industry will involve a change from "reducing total time in transit is expensive" to "reducing total time in transit reduces cost". U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Changes KW - Conferences KW - Motor carriers KW - Paradigm shift KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409869 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667559 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Francois, F B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAYS FOR EFFICIENT AND SAFE GOODS DISTRIBUTION, KEYNOTE ADDRESS SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 141-142 AB - This keynote address makes the following points: (1) Highways in the United States are a prime concern of the individual states and of AASHTO because (a) they are the backbone of the transportation system and industry, and (b) states have primary responsibility for them. (2) Highways can exist without the motor carrier industry, but the motor carrier industry cannot exist without highways. Likewise, the efficiency of the motor carrier industry depends on efficiency of the highway system. The proposed National Highway System (NHS) will be critical to the U.S. economy. The highway community and motor carrier industry must work together to bring about the NHS. (3) The use of highways simultaneously by passenger cars and heavy trucks creates conditions that place limitations on the motor carrier industry. (4) When viewed from both a national and international perspective, trucks are dominant over other freight transportation modes because of their flexibility. (5) Important reasons will compel all parties who have a stake in the motor carrier industry--truck designers and manufacturers, highway engineers, and truckers--to work together in developing the NHS. (6) Highway engineering has moved well beyond the bounds of civil engineering. Today's highway engineer must understand the total impact of a proposed highway on such diverse areas as the surrounding environment, air quality, noise, and traffic management. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economics KW - Efficiency KW - Highway engineering KW - Highways KW - Motor carriers KW - National Highway System KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409876 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667562 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Reno, A T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAY INVESTMENT FOR COMPETITIVE NORTH AMERICAN ECONOMIES, PAPER: NEW APPROACH TO FINANCING SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 179-201 AB - This paper reviews the status of financing surface transportation in the United States and outlines a proposed "new approach" to financing surface transportation by establishing a "new contract" between transportation agencies and their customers, which includes continued updates of agreements on objectives and investment levels. The new approach is identified not only because of financing concerns, but because of concerns about which relationships between transportation agencies and their customers will lead to the best services for the customers. Revenue sources will be chosen to be consistent with the new contract, as well as to meet traditional public financing criteria for adequate, simple, equitable, and efficient revenue sources that will perform well under future contingencies. Implications for the motor carrier industry are identified. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Financing KW - Ground transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Revenues UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409879 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667563 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sweatman, P F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MOTOR CARRIER TRANSPORTATION, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA, MAY 31-JUNE 4, 1993, APPENDIX, SPECIAL PRESENTATION: INNOVATIVE AND PRODUCTIVE VEHICLE COMBINATIONS IN AUSTRALIA: A PERFORMANCE-BASED APPROACH SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 213-214 AB - A slide presentation allowed participants to see how Australia has uniquely applied performance measures to accommodate its special motor carrier needs. Trucking in Australia involves long distances driven over varying road conditions, so many vehicle combinations have been considered. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Australia KW - Conferences KW - Motor carriers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle combinations KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409880 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667557 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schneider, D J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SAFE AND EFFICIENT MOTOR CARRIER OPERATIONS, KEYNOTE ADDRESS SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 109-110 AB - In this keynote address on safe and efficient motor carrier operations, it is pointed out that over the past 10 years, business has driven inventory out in order to get an adequate return on investment, and as inventories fall, a higher level of service is demanded from carriers. Logistics costs have decreased while vehicle size has increased, both factors contributing to the overall increased productivity of motor carriers. Several points flow from the economic realities of companies lowering their inventories and demanding higher performance from carriers. These are: safety and efficiency are not in conflict; technology has improved both efficiency and safety; regulation can be detrimental to safe operations; truck and rail technologies are unique and the marketplace will demand the appropriate mode for the appropriate load; longer combination vehicles are safe and efficient technologies when managed properly; truck weight increased by more axles improves safety and efficiency; harmonization of size and weight in North America improves efficiency and safety; and the marketplace is the best source for direction on safety and efficiency. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Laws KW - Level of service KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Motor carriers KW - Operations KW - Productivity KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Standardization KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409874 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667561 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Roberts, P O AU - Meyer, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAY INVESTMENT FOR COMPETITIVE NORTH AMERICAN ECONOMIES, PAPER: HIGHWAY INVESTMENT FOR COMPETITIVE ECONOMIES SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 159-178 AB - This paper examines the important role of highways, and a continuing investment in highways, in keeping the U.S. economy competitive in the world market. Five key issues that must be faced by the nation's transportation system designers are identified: Issue 1 - Should the United States have as a fundamental goal of its national transportation policy the provision of a national transportation infrastructure that will achieve the economical movement of freight through the United States? Issue 2 - Given the importance of a National Highway System (NHS) to the economy of the United States and its trading partners in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), how can we be assured that the designed system achieves objectives associated with the movement of freight throughout the United States? Issue 3 - Can the NHS be designated and performance measures established to ensure that it functions as required? Issue 4 - How should the United States invest in transportation so that the overall productivity of the economic and transportation systems is enhanced? Issue 5 - Are the investment requirements occasioned by larger trucks worth the price? U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - Highways KW - Investments KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Motor carriers KW - National Highway System KW - National transportation policies KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Productivity KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Transportation policy KW - United States KW - World market UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409878 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667553 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Coyle, J J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRESENT AND FUTURE GOODS PRODUCTION, LOGISTICS, AND MOTOR CARRIER OPERATIONS, PAPER: FUTURE MANUFACTURING, MARKETS, AND LOGISTICS NEEDS SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 12-37 AB - Logistics and transportation are still in a period of growth and development. Many believe that the 1990s will be the decade for transportation and logistics because gaining and maintaining access to a customer base and significant market share are the focus of strategic thinking and planning in big and small organizations. Logistics and transportation can play an important role in helping achieve such strategic objectives. In this paper, the logistics concept is examined to provide additional insight into understanding the needs of shippers in the 1990s and the general nature of the demand for transportation services. The impact of the logistics concept is illustrated by research done on the use of larger equipment size by shippers. Discussed next are the major change agents (drivers) that continue to dictate distribution system requirements in the 1990s. This is followed by an examination of some macro data that underscores the impact of the logistics changes of the 1980s, and a discussion of critical factors for shipper success in the 1990s. The final section of this paper summarizes the transportation strategies of shippers and their impact on freight movements in the United States. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Distribution systems KW - Freight handling KW - Freight movements KW - Freight traffic KW - Logistics KW - Motor carriers KW - Needs assessment KW - Physical distribution KW - Shippers KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic managers KW - Trucking KW - United States UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trbconfproc/vol.%203/proc3-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409870 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667555 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Horne, J R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFICIENT, SAFE, AND ACCEPTABLE TRUCK DESIGNS AND CONFIGURATIONS, KEYNOTE ADDRESS SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - p. 75-77 AB - This keynote address for the symposium session on efficient, safe, and acceptable truck designs and configurations addresses four topics: (a) operating performance, (b) environmental awareness, (c) improved safety, and (d) a North American free trade environment. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impacts KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Operating performance KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409872 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667551 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MOTOR CARRIER TRANSPORTATION, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA, MAY 31-JUNE 4, 1993 SN - 0309055172 PY - 1994 IS - 3 SP - 229 p. AB - The purpose of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Symposium on Motor Carrier Transportation was to provide a forum for an international audience on motor carrier transportation issues involving government policy makers and regulators, researchers, academia, and representatives of the large truck goods industry, including suppliers, manufacturers, and motor carriers. The symposium focused on a wide range of technical, economic, safety, and environmental issues, as well as on the opportunities for greater efficiency and productivity for the motor carrier transportation community into the 21st century. The symposium was intended to foster productive communication among groups representing various disciplines in the private and public sectors whose problems and issues related to the motor carrier industry often conflict or coincide. Achieving such communication in an industry as decentralized as the motor carrier industry and among groups not accustomed to talking with one another is useful but often difficult. A major goal of the symposium was to begin fostering better communication between policy makers and the industry nationally and internationally. The symposium was structured into five general sessions plus opening and closing plenary sessions. The opening session included six presentations providing "International Perspectives on Motor Carrier Transportation", which are summarized in the first section of the Proceedings. Each of the other five sections of the Proceedings corresponds to the general sessions. The structure of each general session included a plenary session featuring a keynote address; presentation of one or more formal, peer-reviewed papers; and a panel discussion. After the plenary session, the participants were divided into four workshop groups, which allowed a more detailed discussion of technical issues and were helpful in identifying potential public and private actions and research needed to address them. U1 - International Symposium on Motor Carrier TransportationTransportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Williamsburg, Virginia StartDate:19930531 EndDate:19930604 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Automobile Manufacturers Association; Federal Highway Administration; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Governments KW - Highway economics KW - Industry structure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - International KW - Investments KW - Laws KW - Logistics KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Manufacturing KW - Markets KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operations KW - Personnel performance KW - Private enterprise KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Standardization KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle design KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409868 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00664520 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Klein, T M AU - Government Printing Office TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE ROLLOVER PROPENSITY AND VEHICLE STABILITY PY - 1994 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - p. 2-10 AB - This report summarizes the accident-data collection, processing, and analysis methodology used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in a major Agency investigation of the rollover propensity of light-duty vehicles. Specifically, these efforts were initiated in response to two petitions for rulemaking requesting the development of a standard for rollover stability. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the ability of a number of stability measures to predict vehicle rollover propensity, while accounting for a number of driver and environmental factors. KW - Crash data KW - Light vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Statistical analysis KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408787 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00664522 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Ragland, C AU - Dalrymple, G AU - Government Printing Office TI - OVERLAP CAR-TO-CAR TESTS COMPARED TO CAR-TO-HALF BARRIER AND CAR-TO-FULL BARRIER TESTS PY - 1994 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-30 AB - This paper presents some preliminary analyses of the laboratory crash tests for exploring possible test procedures that can be used to further evaluate structural integrity countermeasures. A series of baseline car-to-car tests were conducted to provide comparisons of crash responses between full frontal barrier, car-to-barrier overlap and car-to-car overlap impacts. The term overlap used in this paper is the percentage of the vehicle front width that, upon impact, comes in contact with another car or object. These tests were useful in providing a better understanding of the crash kinematics by crash mode at 63.5-percent overlap and 90-percent overlap. They were conducted with each car moving at 35 mph and were compared to previously conducted full-frontal barrier and 50-percent overlap barrier tests at 25 mph and 35 mph. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Impact tests KW - Vehicle barrier collisions KW - Vehicle front end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408789 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00664521 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - MORGAN, R M AU - Khaewpong, N AU - Government Printing Office TI - ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A DEFORMATION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR DEVELOPING THORACIC INJURY CRITERIA PY - 1994 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - p. 11-21 AB - The authors discuss the (External Peripheral Instrument for Deformation Measurement) EPIDM system designed and patented by NHTSA -- a new tool for measuring chest deflection. The authors focus on the operational theory underlying the EPIDM, its physical characteristics, some experimental results, and various processes that are being used to develop advanced thoracic injury criteria. KW - Chest injuries KW - Crash injury research KW - Deformation KW - Deformation analysis KW - Injuries KW - Injury research KW - Injury tolerances KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408788 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00664523 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - BOWIE, N N AU - Walz, M AU - Government Printing Office TI - DATA ANALYSIS OF THE SPEED-RELATED CRASH ISSUE PY - 1994 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - p. 31-38 AB - This article uses the most recent data available to examine the size of the "speeding problem" in the United States. Speeding has been recognized for decades as a significant, and highly complex, safety issue. In this paper, the authors examine information pertaining to crash avoidance and severity as well as related crash characteristics--alcohol, vehicle type, roadway condition, etc. Of particular interest is the use of an innovative methodology to estimate the economic impact of speed-related crashes. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Motor vehicles KW - Road conditions KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Speeding KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723736 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1993 SEBRING ZEV INTO FLAT FRONTAL BARRIER PY - 1993/12 SP - 174 p. AB - A 48.3 kph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1993 Sebring Zev on November 29, 1993. This test was conducted to gather data concerning the application of the following Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSSs) to electric vehicles: FMVSS 208, "Occupant Crash Protection"; FMVSS 212, "Windshield Mounting"; and FMVSS 219 (partial), "Windshield Zone Intrusion". The impact velocity was 47.2 kph. The vehicle's maximum static crush was 568 mm. The ambient temperature was 20 deg C. The driver's Head Injury Criterion (HIC) was 364. The driver's chest maximum resultant acceleration with 3 milliseconds minimum duration was 41.1 g. The driver's chest maximum deflection was 39 mm. The driver's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 3814 N and 6390 N, respectively. The passenger's HIC was 796. The passenger's chest maximum resultant acceleration with 3 milliseconds minimum duration was 36.0 g. The passenger's chest maximum deflection was 55 mm. The passenger's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 2745 N and 2446 N, respectively. KW - Axial loads KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Chest acceleration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Drivers KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Femur KW - FMVSS 208 KW - Fmvss 212 KW - Fmvss 219 KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Impact tests KW - Impact velocity KW - Injuries KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Thorax KW - Windshield penetration KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719357 AU - Paelke, G AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ENTRY OF DESTINATIONS INTO ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS: A HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/12 SP - 76 p. AB - This research examined four touchscreen methods for entering a destination into a route guidance system. Three of the interfaces were character entry-based, including 1) a method using a sequence of two buttons for each alphanumeric entry (referred to as doublepress), 2) a Qwerty-style keypad layout, and 3) a Phone-based keypad where letters were entered using their corresponding number key. The fourth interface provided an alphabetic list through which a user scrolled to select a city or street name. Sixteen subjects used each of the interfaces to enter destinations in a laboratory experiment while "parked" and while driving a simulator. The entry methods were evaluated based on entry time, driving performance, errors, preferences, and perceived difficulty. Overall, address entry times were shortest for the phonepad (43 seconds) and Qwerty (45 seconds) methods, followed by the scrolling list (56 seconds) and doublepress (75 seconds) methods. Entry time was significantly affected by driver age, with older drivers taking about 20% more time. Driving performance (deviation of lane position) was significantly worse when entering a destination as compared with baseline driving performance. Participants rated the difficulty of destination entry only slightly greater than that of conventional driving tasks. According to the subjective data, there was no preferred entry method. KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Destination entry KW - Driver age KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Human performance KW - Human subject testing KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Origin and destination KW - Personnel performance KW - Route guidance KW - Subjective analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716837 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Bogard, S E AU - Ervin, R D AU - Horsman, A AU - Blower, D AU - Mink, C AU - Karamihas, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE CONVERTER DOLLIES: VOLUME I - FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1993/12 SP - 111 p. AB - An extensive study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer vehicles, and the influence of double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies) on that performance is reported. Six vehicle configurations (five double-trailer combinations and one triple) are considered. The performance of the six vehicles is examined using a matrix of seven different converter dollies (an A-dolly and 6 C-dollies) and 15 different vehicle parametric variations (e.g., center-of-gravity, height, tire-cornering stiffness, roll stiffness, etc.). The performance quality of the vehicles is judged using measures such as rearward amplification, yaw-damping ratio, static rollover stability, offtracking, and dynamic-load-transfer ratio. The results from over 2800 computer simulation runs are used in a statistical regression analysis to produce simple methods for predicting performance numerics for A-trains based on vehicle parameters easily obtained in the field. Performance improvement factors for C-dollies are also developed. Recommendations for minimum performance standards and for C-dolly specifications are also reported. An economic analysis comparing A-dollies and C-dollies is presented. This analysis is based on data from a field survey and the literature and includes purchase, start-up, operational, and accident cost considerations. The report also includes the ancillary performance issue of backing ability. This volume, Volume I, is the Final Technical Report. Extensive appendices are included in Volume II. Volume III is a Technical Summary. KW - A-dollies KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Backing (Driving) KW - C-dollies KW - Converter dollies KW - Dollies KW - Driving KW - Economic analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Maneuvering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multitrailer vehicles KW - Performance KW - Performance prediction KW - Quality of work KW - Regression analysis KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716839 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Bogard, S E AU - Ervin, R D AU - Horsman, A AU - Blower, D AU - Mink, C AU - Karamihas, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE CONVERTER DOLLIES: VOLUME III - TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1993/12 SP - 32 p. AB - An extensive study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer vehicles, and the influence of double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies) on that performance is reported. Six vehicle configurations (five double-trailer combinations and one triple) are considered. The performance of the six vehicles is examined using a matrix of seven different converter dollies (an A-dolly and 6 C-dollies) and 15 different vehicle parametric variations (e.g., center-of-gravity, height, tire-cornering stiffness, roll stiffness, etc.). The performance quality of the vehicles is judged using measures such as rearward amplification, yaw-damping ratio, static rollover stability, offtracking, and dynamic-load-transfer ratio. The results from over 2800 computer simulation runs are used in a statistical regression analysis to produce simple methods for predicting performance numerics for A-trains based on vehicle parameters easily obtained in the field. Performance improvement factors for C-dollies are also developed. Recommendations for minimum performance standards and for C-dolly specifications are also reported. An economic analysis comparing A-dollies and C-dollies is presented. This analysis is based on data from a field survey and the literature and includes purchase, start-up, operational, and accident cost considerations. This volume, Volume III, is a Technical Summary. Volume I contains the Final Technical Report. Volume II contains Appendices A through H. KW - A-dollies KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Backing (Driving) KW - C-dollies KW - Converter dollies KW - Dollies KW - Driving KW - Economic analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Maneuvering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multitrailer vehicles KW - Performance KW - Performance prediction KW - Quality of work KW - Regression analysis KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716838 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Bogard, S E AU - Ervin, R D AU - Horsman, A AU - Blower, D AU - Mink, C AU - Karamihas, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE CONVERTER DOLLIES: VOLUME II - APPENDICES A - H PY - 1993/12 SP - 295 p. AB - An extensive study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer vehicles, and the influence of double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies) on that performance is reported. Six vehicle configurations (five double-trailer combinations and one triple) are considered. The performance of the six vehicles is examined using a matrix of seven different converter dollies (an A-dolly and 6 C-dollies) and 15 different vehicle parametric variations (e.g., center-of-gravity, height, tire-cornering stiffness, roll stiffness, etc.). The performance quality of the vehicles is judged using measures such as rearward amplification, yaw-damping ratio, static rollover stability, offtracking, and dynamic-load-transfer ratio. The results from over 2800 computer simulation runs are used in a statistical regression analysis to produce simple methods for predicting performance numerics for A-trains based on vehicle parameters easily obtained in the field. Performance improvement factors for C-dollies are also developed. Recommendations for minimum performance standards and for C-dolly specifications are also reported. An economic analysis comparing A-dollies and C-dollies is presented. This analysis is based on data from a field survey and the literature and includes purchase, start-up, operational, and accident cost considerations. The report also includes the ancillary performance issue of backing ability. This volume, Volume II, contains Appendices A through H. Volume I is the Final Technical Report. Volume III is a Technical Summary. KW - A-dollies KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Backing (Driving) KW - C-dollies KW - Converter dollies KW - Dollies KW - Driving KW - Economic analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Maneuvering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multitrailer vehicles KW - Performance KW - Performance prediction KW - Quality of work KW - Regression analysis KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664275 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REAR-WHEEL ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR LIGHT TRUCKS PY - 1993/12 SP - 110 p. AB - Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) are a promising development for reducing motor vehicle crashes. Since 1985, they have been voluntarily installed by manufacturers on millions of cars and light trucks. The Highway Safety Act of 1991 instructs the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to consider extending this protection to all passenger vehicles, including trucks lighter than 10,000 pounds. This preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of rear-wheel ABS for light trucks (including pickup trucks, sport-utility vehicles and vans), based on statistical analyses of the accident experience of production vehicles equipped with ABS, is performed in support of NHTSA's regulatory program. The principal findings and conclusions from the analyses of accident data on light trucks are as follows: (1) Rear-wheel antilock (RWAL) brakes are quite effective in reducing the risk of nonfatal run-off-road crashes, for almost every type of light truck, under any type of road condition. Nonfatal rollovers were reduced by about 30-40%, side impacts with fixed objects by 15-30%, and frontal impacts with fixed objects by 5-20%. Many run-off-road crashes of light trucks appear to involve a loss of directional control during braking, and RWAL significantly reduces such loss-of-control crashes. (2) The accident reductions mostly did not carry over to fatal run-off-road crashes of light trucks. (3) RWAL had little or no effect on the nonfatal multivehicle crashes of light trucks. (4) The current accident data produced conflicting estimates about the effect of RWAL in fatal multivehicle crashes. Some of the analyses showed little or no effect, while others showed significant increases with RWAL. (5) The risk of collisions with pedestrians, animals, bicyclists, trains, or on-road objects was significantly reduced in light trucks with rear-wheel ABS. The reduction appears to be about 10-20% in nonfatal collisions (mostly with animals) and 5-15% in fatal collisions (mostly crashes in which a truck contacts and fatally injures a pedestrian or bicyclist. KW - Animals KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash data KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed objects KW - Frontal crashes KW - Light trucks KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Railroad trains KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rear wheels KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664265 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE TIME AND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE REVOCATION PY - 1993/12 SP - 65 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine and report on the cost to police of the administrative license revocation (ALR) portion of the drunk driver arrest process in comparison to the cost of collecting and recording evidence for the criminal prosecution of the offender. State law enforcement officers in nine states were interviewed. All interviewees strongly supported ALR and believed that it reduces drinking and driving. On average, the data reported by these state enforcement agencies revealed that the time needed for the police to process the arrest of a drunk driver was 147.8 minutes, of which 10.5 minutes was required for ALR. The average cost of the arresting officers' salaries in these states to arrest and process a drunk driver was $35.79. Of this total, $33.30 was needed to collect and record information essential for prosecuting the offender and to meet other police responsibilities related to the arrest. An additional $2.49 was expended for purposes of administrative per se; that is, to seize the offender's license, issue a temporary driving permit and suspension notice, explain the person's rights and options, and forward the information to the licensing agency. An additional expense to police is the cost of their time to appear and testify at ALR hearings. Police agencies in the states visited indicated this was of little concern. In five of the states, the police reported that such appearances were so rare it was not possible to compute the cost. While the information in this report leads to the inescapable conclusion that the police services necessary to support ALR are minimal and the cost insignificant, too many factors are involved to be able to conclude that one state, or set of state procedures, is more efficient than another. Several innovations that came to light during this study are pointed out in the report. KW - Arrest procedures KW - Arrests KW - Costs KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Innovation KW - Revocation KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719497 AU - Varadappa, S AU - Shyo, S-C AU - Mani, A AU - EASI Engineering TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PASSENGER VEHICLE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/11 SP - 99 p. AB - A finite element model was developed for a 1991 Ford Taurus 4-Door Sedan. The vehicle was disassembled, scanned, and digitized. The resulting finite element model was validated against a 35 mph frontal barrier impact test and a 50% offset rigid barrier test. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Finite element method KW - Impact tests KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716842 AU - Owens, D A AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE ROLE OF REDUCED VISIBILITY IN NIGHTTIME ROAD FATALITIES PY - 1993/11 SP - 45 p. AB - Two quasi-experiments investigated the contribution of reduced visibility to fatal accidents recorded by the U.S. Fatal Accident Reporting System from 1980 through 1990. Quasi-Experiment 1 evaluated 104,235 accidents that occurred during morning and evening time periods, called Twilight Zones, during which natural illumination varied systematically in conjunction with the annual solar cycle. Fatal accidents were found to be overrepresented during darker portions of the Twilight Zones. This finding was not related to time of day, day of week, or drivers' consumption of alcohol. The contribution of reduced visibility was also indicated by higher overrepresentation of fatal accidents in low illumination under adverse atmospheric conditions and with pedestrians and pedalcyclists as opposed to all other accidents. Reduced visibility was more important than drivers' drinking as a contributor to fatal pedestrian and pedalcycle accidents, while the reverse pattern was found for all other fatal traffic accidents. Quasi-Experiment 2 assessed the role of seasonal variables other than natural illumination by comparing the monthly distributions of 337,726 accidents recorded during three time periods: the Twilight Zones plus equal-duration control periods of Daylight and Darkness. The distribution of fatal nonpedestrian accidents exhibited no substantial variation across months in any of the test periods. The incidence of fatal pedestrian/pedalcycle accidents covaried with natural illumination during the Twilight Zones, while showing no variation during Daylight and Nighttime Control periods, confirming that visibility is a key factor in pedestrian and pedalcycle accidents. The present findings provide new evidence for both (1) the importance of visibility as a major contributing factor in fatal pedestrian and pedalcycle accidents, and (2) the relative success of previous efforts to deal with the difficulties of nighttime driving in other classes of fatal accidents. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reduced visibility KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Twilight KW - Visibility KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675263 AU - Green, P AU - Hoekstra, E AU - Williams, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FURTHER ON-THE-ROAD TESTS OF DRIVER INTERFACES: EXAMINATION OF A ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM AND A CAR PHONE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/11 SP - 96 p. AB - In this experiment 8 drivers (4 younger, 4 older) drove a 19 turn, 35-minute route. The route included sections through residential neighborhoods, on city streets, and on expressways. They were guided by an experimental navigation system that provided turn-by-turn instructions via a display mounted on the instrument panel. During the trip each driver was asked to dial a phone number and participate in a simulated phone conversation. At the end of the trip drivers were asked to rate the difficulty of a variety of driver-information-system-related tasks. The instrumented car recorded lateral position in the lane, speed, throttle position, steering wheel angle, eye fixation location, and other measures. Typical lateral standard deviations were 0.5 ft and decreased with speed. Speed standard deviations were slightly in excess of 1 mph. Using the phone and navigation systems resulted in slight increases in the standard deviation of throttle position and the standard deviation of steering wheel angle. There were 8 navigation errors in this experiment, comparable to the 25 errors from 30 drivers in a previous experiment, a fairly low number. This experiment demonstrated that repeatable and reliable measures of driver performance and behavior could be obtained using the test protocol employed in this experiment. KW - Behavior KW - Cellular telephones KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Human subject testing KW - Instrument panels KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Navigation KW - Personnel performance KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675265 AU - Green, P AU - Williams, M AU - Hoekstra, E AU - George, K AU - Wen, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INITIAL ON-THE-ROAD TESTS OF DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM INTERFACES: ROUTE GUIDANCE, TRAFFIC INFORMATION, IVSAWS, AND VEHICLE MONITORING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/11 SP - 161 p. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to examine the safety and ease of use of simulated driver information system interfaces and to provide data that might be used to certify those qualities. In the first experiment, 6 pairs of drivers (12 participants) drove an instrumented car over a 19-turn, 35-minute route aided by an experimental route guidance system. The route guidance was provided on a head-up display (HUD), on the instrument panel (IP), or by voice. Drivers also used the other three information systems. The purpose of this experiment was to discover flaws in the driver interface or test protocol that were so serious that the experiment could not continue. There were none. In the second experiment, 43 drivers followed the same route using the same route guidance system and other information systems. Drivers made very few turn errors (mean = 1.8), with the fewest for the HUD, followed by the IP and voice designs. Also considered were measures obtained from the instrumented car including the mean and standard deviation of steering wheel angle, throttle position, speed and lane variance. There were very few differences among the three route guidance interfaces. Eye glance durations and frequencies were also obtained, as well as ratings of safety and ease of use of the driver interfaces. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Auditory systems KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Communication KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Head up displays KW - Human subject testing KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Vision KW - Visual communication KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675264 AU - Green, P AU - Hoekstra, E AU - Williams, M AU - Wen, C AU - George, K AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF A VIDEOTAPE-BASED METHOD TO EVALUATE THE USABILITY OF ROUTE GUIDANCE AND TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/11 SP - 91 p. AB - Forty-eight drivers, while seated in a mockup of a car, watched a videotape of a driver's eye view of a 25-minute trip. Simultaneously, they received route guidance and traffic information in one of the four formats: visual, visual with landmarks, auditory, or auditory with landmarks. Drivers pressed buttons when they could see the intersections in the videotaped scene referred to by the route guidance system. They also stepped on the brake pedal when a car immediately in front of them braked. In addition, subjects rated the effect that the reported traffic problems would have on their travel. Following the test session, subjects completed questionnaires concerning the ease of use and usefulness of the route guidance system. They also indicated their preferences for all four systems and rated the difficulty of performing driving tasks. Differences in task difficulty due to interface design were small and not correlated with the results from a subsequent on-the-road experiment. Glance data in the laboratory were not correlated with glance data collected on-road for the same roads. These results, along with problems in recovering the data, suggest that the videotape method may not be a good approach for evaluating the usability of route guidance driver interfaces. KW - Auditory systems KW - Communication KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Human subject testing KW - Information display systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Landmarks KW - Navigation KW - Route guidance KW - Videotapes KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664264 AU - Parsons, G G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF GLASS-PLASTIC WINDSHIELD GLAZING IN PASSENGER CARS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1993/11 SP - 108 p. AB - Following revision of the applicable Federal safety standard in 1983, two motor vehicle manufacturers equipped some of their cars with glass-plastic windshields for testing in rental fleets. One company also installed the windshield in regular production cars for a brief period. The windshield was thought to have high potential for reducing windshield-caused lacerations to occupants involved in crashes. There were also concerns over the durability of the product. This study is an evaluation of the safety, durability, and cost of glass-plastic windshield glazing. It is based on analyses of data from State crash files, fleet tests, and other sources. The study findings are: Safety - Crash data indicate that the injury reduction potential of glass-plastic windshields is substantially less than predicted; Durability - Fleet and warranty claim data indicate that durability problems are greater than anticipated; Costs - A glass-plastic windshield adds $65 to the cost of a new car, additional "durability" costs would also accrue, and replacement cost is estimated to exceed $1,700; and Today's high rates of safety belt use, coupled with the growing number of air bag-equipped cars, mean that windshield-caused injuries have decreased and will continue to decline. KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Injuries KW - Laceration KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103684 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Police Allocation Manual: Determination of the Number and Allocation of Personnel for Patrol and Traffic Services for Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies. Version M3.0 PY - 1993/10 SP - 153p AB - The Police Allocation Manual (PAM) is designed to be used by municipal police agencies whose mission includes the delivery of patrol and traffic services. The Manual may be used to determine staffing levels for a traffic division with limited patrol coverage or for a patrol division with traffic responsibilities. This version of the Manual is derived from earlier editions that were based on a review of procedures currently used by state and sheriffs' departments throughout the United States and Canada. It is anticipated that the Manual will provide both immediate and long-range benefits. How to Use the Manual Version M3.0 of the Police Allocation Manual consists of four chapters and one appendix. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the purposes and uses of the Manual. Chapter 2 describes the PAM patrol staffing and allocation model. Chapter 3 contains eight worksheets, each with instructions that provide a step-by-step process for determining patrol staffing levels. Chapter 4 contains one worksheet for determining patrol staffing allocations over several geographic areas or time periods. Appendix A contains worksheets that can be used as alternatives to the procedures presented in Section 5.2 in Chapter 3. KW - Budgeting KW - Cities and towns KW - Data collection KW - Law enforcement personnel KW - Manuals KW - Police departments KW - Police operations KW - Police patrol KW - Resource allocation KW - Traffic patrol UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19500/19519/PB2002107511.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723735 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1993 SOLECTRIA FORCE INTO A FLAT FRONTAL BARRIER PY - 1993/10 SP - 174 p. AB - A 48.3 kph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1993 Solectria Force on September 23, 1993. The test was conducted to gather data concerning the application of the following Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSSs) to electric vehicles: FMVSS 208, "Occupant Crash Protection"; FMVSS 212, "Windshield Mounting"; and FMVSS 219 (partial), "Windshield Zone Intrusion". The impact velocity was 47.6 kph. The vehicle's maximum static crush was 439 mm. The ambient temperature was 21 deg C. The driver's Head Injury Criterion (HIC) was 622. The driver's chest maximum resultant acceleration with 3 milliseconds minimum duration was 46.1 g. The driver's chest maximum deflection was 37 mm. The driver's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 6744 N and 3499 N, respectively. The passenger's HIC was 509. The passenger's chest maximum resultant acceleration with 3 milliseconds minimum duration was 32.7 g. The passenger's chest maximum deflection was 33 mm. The passenger's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 4772 N and 1539 N, respectively. KW - Axial loads KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Chest acceleration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Drivers KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Femur KW - FMVSS 208 KW - Fmvss 212 KW - Fmvss 219 KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Impact tests KW - Impact velocity KW - Injuries KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Thorax KW - Windshield penetration KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721538 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - WHITE PAPER ON TRAFFIC SAFETY IN JAPAN '93. ABRIDGED EDITION PY - 1993/10 SP - 36 p. AB - This report is an abridged edition of the original White Paper; it provides information on road traffic only. Chapter 1 outlines trends in road traffic accidents and provides a comparison of the accident situation in recent years with that in 1992. Characteristics of fatal accidents are presented and the expressway traffic accident situation is discussed. Chapter 2 addresses traffic accidents involving young people and traffic safety measures in the following sections: (I) Young People and the Automobile Society; (II) Traffic Accident Situation of Young People; and (III) Traffic Safety Measures for Young People. The final chapter, Chapter 3, discusses main priority policies and new policies for FY 1992. KW - Adolescents KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver education KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Japan KW - Policy KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719538 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1992 DODGE RAM B250 VAN REAR IMPACT - CNG FUEL TANK INTEGRITY PY - 1993/10 SP - 63 p. AB - This 30 mph rear impact test was conducted at Transportation Research Center Inc. on September 25, 1993. The subject vehicle, a Dodge Ram 250 Model B van, VIN 2B4HB25TXNK135503, was impacted in the rear by the FMVSS 301 moving barrier at 29.3 mph. The purpose of this test was to investigate and demonstrate the practicality of the proposed FMVSS 303 test procedure for evaluating the fuel system integrity of a CNG fueled vehicle. KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Fuel systems KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Rear end crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural integrity KW - Vans KW - Vehicle rear end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719459 AU - Lesesky, A AU - Loughran, T J AU - Vehicle Enhancement Systems, Incorporated TI - AN ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION OF TRACTOR AND TRAILER ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CAPABILITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/10 SP - 77 p. AB - The ability of the tractor-trailer electrical systems to satisfy the electrical powering and signalling demands of present and future electrical/electronic systems appears questionable. This study focused on this issue by: Characterizing the ability of a representative sampling of typical new and in-service truck tractors, and one tractor/double trailer combination, to provide electrical power through the stoplamp circuit; Postulating the type and number of electrical/electronic devices that might be installed on trailers in the future; Performing an analysis of the electrical wiring needed to reliably power, through the stoplamp circuit, ABS on multiple trailer combinations; and Suggesting improvement to enable the electrical systems of tractor/trailers to meet present and future electrical power and signalling demands. Recommendations are offered for minimum electrical power output requirements for truck tractors at the tractor/trailer electrical connector. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Demand KW - Electric power KW - Electric power demand KW - Electric power supply KW - Electrical systems KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Output KW - Recommendations KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719454 AU - Klusmeyer, L F AU - Gray, A W AU - Bishop, J S AU - Van Schoiack, M AU - Southwest Research Institute TI - AN IN-SERVICE EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE, RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY, AND DURABILITY OF ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS (ABSS) FOR SEMITRAILERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/10 SP - 174 p. AB - A two-year project studied the performance, reliability, maintainability, and durability of antilock braking systems (ABSs) installed on 50 semitrailers which were operated in normal revenue service by five fleets in five cities located in the northern United States. All ABSs which were available in 1990 were included in the test, and the ABSs were installed on semitrailers produced by three different manufacturers. During the two-year test, the ABS-equipped semitrailers accumulated approximately four million miles of in-service revenue-producing operation. Maintenance actions for all 50 ABS-equipped semitrailers and for an additional 35 comparable semitrailers without ABS were monitored and recorded. Fleet personnel were encouraged to comment about the ABS installations at their fleet. Particular emphasis was placed on recording any negative comments which were made. ABS operation was monitored by on-board data recorders that recorded each ABS operation and kept a record of semitrailer mileage, number of brake applications, brake pressure distribution, voltage, and deceleration during braking. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake applications KW - Brake performance KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Data recorders KW - Deceleration KW - Durability KW - Field performance KW - Maintainability KW - Mileage KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Reliability KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Voltage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716844 AU - Department of Energy TI - 1994 GAS MILEAGE GUIDE: EPA FUEL ECONOMY ESTIMATES PY - 1993/10 SP - 17 p. AB - The Gas Mileage Guide is published by the U.S. Department of Energy as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle. The Guide lists estimates of miles per gallon (mpg) for each vehicle available for the new model year. These estimates are provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in compliance with Federal Law. This Guide is intended to help consumers compare the fuel economy of similarly sized cars, light duty trucks and special purpose vehicles. The vehicles listed in this Guide have been divided into three classes of cars (sedans, two-seaters, and station wagons), three classes of light duty trucks (vans, small pick-ups, and large pick-ups), and three classes of special purpose vehicles (2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, and cab chassis). By using this Guide consumers can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for any vehicle. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Light trucks KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Station wagons KW - Statistics KW - Vans KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716843 AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - VICROADS SUBMISSION TO PARLIAMENTARY ROAD SAFETY COMMITTEE INQUIRY INTO THE VICTORIAN DEMERIT POINT SCHEME PY - 1993/10 SP - 68 p. AB - In August 1993 the joint all-Party Parliamentary Road Safety Committee invited submissions from individuals and organizations that addressed the terms of reference of the Inquiry into the Demerit Points Scheme (DPS) as stated in the document from the Governor in Council dated 13 July 1993. This VicRoads submission, which addresses the terms of reference of the Inquiry, includes the following sections: a background section with details of the history of DPS's, the rational and objectives of such schemes, and summaries of evaluations of such schemes and related Driver Improvement Programs; a section on the current Victorian DPS as designed and in practice, including limitations and deficiencies; a section based on data from VicRoads Driver Licence System giving profiles of drivers with and without demerit points, including profiles of taxi drivers and of those who have reached 12 or more demerit points; a section raising issues, points of discussion and recommendations in relation to the Inquiry terms of reference; a section (placed at the front of the report) that summarizes the terms of reference and includes VicRoads conclusions and recommendations; and various appendices referred to in the body of the report. KW - Deficiencies KW - Demerit point schemes KW - Driver improvement programs KW - History KW - Justification KW - Point demerit systems KW - Profiles KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic violators KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712901 AU - Klinich, K D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LAP BELT ANGLE MEASUREMENT IN ADJUSTABLE REAR SEATS PROCEDURE DEVELOPMENT AND VEHICLE SURVEY PY - 1993/10 SP - 36 p. AB - In late 1991, the Agency proposed a change in the FMVSS No. 210 test procedure to allow for measuring lap belt angles of adjustable rear seats. Several manufacturers responded with comments. The purpose of this project was to develop an FMVSS No. 210 compliance test procedure for measuring the lap belt angle in an adjustable rear seat. The project also included a survey of adjustable rear seats to determine how the proposed procedure would work with these vehicles. Nine vehicles were surveyed using a preliminary test procedure. The rearmost seat position recommended by the manufacturer seems to be a good location to measure the lap belt angle in an adjustable rear seat. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Adjustment factors KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Seat belt tests KW - Seat belts KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664285 AU - Stenzel, W AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE PERSONNEL ALLOCATION MANUAL. DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER AND ALLOCATION OF PERSONNEL FOR PATROL AND TRAFFIC SERVICES FOR MUNICIPAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES - VERSION M3.0 PY - 1993/10 SP - 150 p. AB - The "Police Allocation Manual" (PAM) is designed to be used by municipal police agencies whose mission includes the delivery of patrol and traffic services. The Manual may be used to determine staffing levels for a traffic division with limited patrol coverage or for a patrol division with traffic responsibilities. The Manual is designed to help agencies address the following questions: (1) What is the total number of officers, field supervisors, and command personnel that are required to provide acceptable levels of patrol and traffic services? and (2) How should a total number of patrol officers be allocated by geographic regions or time periods to maximize agency productivity? This version, Version M3.0, of PAM consists of four chapters and one appendix. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the purposes and uses of the Manual. Chapter 2 describes the PAM patrol staffing and allocation model. Chapter 3 contains eight worksheets, each with instructions, that provide a step-by-step process for determining patrol staffing levels. Chapter 4 contains one worksheet for determining patrol staffing allocations over several geographic areas or time periods. Appendix A contains worksheets that can be used as alternatives to the procedures presented in Section 5.2 in Chapter 3. KW - Allocations KW - Cost allocation KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Police traffic services KW - Selection and appointment KW - Staffing levels KW - Worksheets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664286 AU - Stenzel, W AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE PERSONNEL ALLOCATION MANUAL USER'S GUIDE. DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER AND ALLOCATION OF PERSONNEL FOR PATROL AND TRAFFIC SERVICES FOR MUNICIPAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES - VEERSION M3.0 PY - 1993/10 SP - 159 p. AB - The "Police Allocation Manual User's Guide" is intended as a companion document to the "Police Allocation Manual", Version M3.0, which can be used to determine the number and allocation of personnel for patrol and traffic services for municipal police departments. The Guide consists of four sections and four appendixes. Section 1 provides an overview of the project and methodology, and the contents of the Guide. Sections 2 and 3 provide specific information and guidelines regarding "General Implementation Strategies" and "Data Definition and Collection Issues", respectively. The material in Sections 2 and 3 is summarized in a "Recommended Data Collection and Implementation Procedure" in Section 4. Appendix A contains a list of the data required for each of the nine worksheets in the Manual. Appendix B is a glossary of terms and notation used in the Manual. Appendix C contains an example of the nine worksheets in the Manual in completed form. Appendix D contains derivations of the major formulas used in the Manual. KW - Allocations KW - Computer program documentation KW - Cost allocation KW - Data collection KW - Glossaries KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Police traffic services KW - Selection and appointment KW - Staffing levels KW - Worksheets UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19500/19520/PB2002107512.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399874 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Hendricks, D AU - Pierowicz, J AU - Everson, J AU - Kiger, S AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Examination of backing crashes and potential IVHS countermeasures PY - 1993/09 IS - DOT HS 808 016 SP - 102p AB - This report examines the potential for intelligent vehicle highway system (IVHS) technology to improve the crash avoidance capability of drivers and vehicles for backing crashes. IVHS has the potential to greatly enhance highway traffic safety. This report attempts to determine the safety implications of IVHS by using analytical methods to model the backing crash type and potential IVHS crash avoidance countermeasures. The casual assessments show that approximately 87.0 percent of the cases occurred because drivers were unaware of (did not see or did not check for) the struck vehicle, object, or pedestrian). Of the casual factors which appear to be amenable to IVHS countermeasures in the near term, the main casual factor appeared to be that the backing vehicle's driver was unaware of an obstacle. This suggested that a vehicle-based IVHS countermeasure that warns drivers of obstacles in the backing path might be helpful. The suggested countermeasure was a rear-zone object detection system. It is estimated that the functional rear-zone object detection system would be approximately 70 percent effective in avoiding the parallel path, curved path, and pedestrian/pedal cyclist crash subtypes. In terms of all backing crash subtypes, the system would be approximately 28 percent effective. KW - Accident cause KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Crash causes KW - Detection KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Obstacle KW - Reversing KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798954 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Lexington Fayette Urban County Government AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL AND SPEED RELATED TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN FAYETTE COUNTY PY - 1993/09 SP - 23 p. AB - One objective of this study was to update the statistics related to alcohol-related accidents and arrests in Fayette County. The second objective was to include an analysis of speed-related accidents and citations. The number of alcohol-related accidents in Fayette County has decreased over the past several years. The number of speed-related accidents has remained relatively constant. Differences between the characteristics of all accidents and alcohol and speed-related accidents were noted. For example, there were higher percentages of alcohol and speed-related accidents involving a fixed object. Differences in driver characteristics, such as the high percentage of drivers in the 16 to 19 years of age category involved in speed-related accidents, were noted. Alcohol and speeding arrest and citation data were analyzed. The number of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) arrests, as well as the number of speeding citations, has increased in recent years. Comparisons were made between the arrest and citation data and the accident data. For example, differences by time of day were documented. The area of the county in which alcohol and speed-related accidents occurred as well as where DUI arrests occurred were summarized. Characteristics of drivers with DUI arrests and speeding citations were summarized. Additional analyses were performed for drivers with more than one DUI arrest. The data show the type of driver prone to recidivism. KW - Arrests KW - Crash data KW - Driver categories KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drunk driving KW - Fayette County (Kentucky) KW - Fixed objects KW - Periods of the day KW - Recidivists KW - Speeding KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic citations KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/665927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743847 AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - YOUR CAR (OR TRUCK) AND THE ENVIRONMENT: AN ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDE FOR OWNERS AND DRIVERS OF CARS, VANS, TRUCKS AND OTHER MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1993/09 SP - 28 p. AB - This pamphlet describes ways that an individual motor vehicle owner and driver can attend to his or her vehicle in ways that will maximize protection to the environment and minimize its damage. It suggests environmental protection methods through: good driving practices, proper vehicle maintenance, recycling automotive items, following manufacturer's operational recommendations, and considering the environment upon purchasing a motor vehicle. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile dealers KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile manufacture KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile parts industry KW - Automobile repair KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Environmental protection KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Railroad cars KW - Recycling KW - Repairing KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719489 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LEARNING THE SAFE ROUTE: AN OVER OF SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS AND MATERIALS FOR PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS PY - 1993/09 SP - 27 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed a comprehensive system of training materials and information focused on teaching traffic safety. The goal is to teach pedestrians, bicyclists, parents, teachers, law enforcement agencies and traffic planners why crashes happen and how they can be avoided. This publication consists of a folder containing three pamphlets and 15 information sheets which describe the safety training programs and materials available from NHTSA. The pamphlets are: Learning the Safe Route; Putting Bicyclists on the Safe Route; and Putting Pedestrians on the Safe Route. The information sheets are: Law Enforcement Programs; Planning Community Pedestrian Safety Programs; Stop and Look With Willy Whistle; A Bicycle Safety Video on Head Injury Prevention; The U.S. Cycling Team Safety Program; The Bike-To-School Safety Program; Safety Messages to Parents; Ten Smart Routes to Bicycle Safety; 1992 Pedestrian & 1992 Pedalcyclist Fatal Crash Facts; NHTSA/FHWA Pedestrian and Bicyclist Problem Identification Program; The WITS Program "Walking In Traffic Safely"; Children Riding on Sidewalks Safely (CROSS); Walking Through the Years...; The Walk Alert Program; and Safe Crossing Program. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Brochures KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719452 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER GUIDE TO UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING PY - 1993/09 SP - 56 p. AB - This report contains grade designations for treadwear, traction, and temperature for passenger car tires as of September 1993. All passenger car tires must conform to federal safety requirements in addition to these grades. KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Grades KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Slopes KW - Temperature KW - Tire quality KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Treadwear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719462 AU - Klinich, K D AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BOOSTER SEAT EVALUATION: BELT ANCHORAGE LOCATION EFFECT AND PERFORMANCE IN REAR-FACING SEATS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/09 SP - 191 p. AB - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 213, "Child Restraint Systems", specifies minimum performance standards for child restraints. The current standard does not address the use of three-point belts with booster seats, nor the use of boosters in rear-facing seats. This study tested belt-positioning booster seats using four sets of anchorage locations. Three of the sets represent the average, maximum, and minimum anchorage locations found in a fleet vehicle survey conducted at the Vehicle Research and Test Center. The fourth set of anchorages corresponds to the specifications found in European Economic Community (ECE) Regulation 44. The dummies were most likely to contact an upper anchorage location in the ECE 44 and the VRTC Minimum positions, giving a high head acceleration value. These two anchorages also may prevent proper centering of the child restraint relative to the anchorage locations. With the VRTC Maximum locations, the measured results indicated that the restraints were effective. However, the films showed severe loading across the dummies' necks, and the 6-year-old's abdomen came out in several tests. The VRTC mean anchorage locations might provide the most equitable evaluation of belt-positioning booster seats. This study also evaluated small shield and belt-positioning booster seats in a rear-facing seat. While the dummies stayed in the booster seats during testing, their heads contacted the rear beam behind the seat, giving misleading HIC and head acceleration results. This contact primarily resulted from significant compression of the seat back foam during the initial portion of the crash pulse. The current FMVSS No. 213 seat fixture appears inappropriate for evaluation of booster seat performance in rear-facing seats or rear impacts. KW - Anchorages KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - FMVSS 213 KW - Impact tests KW - Location KW - Rearward facing child seat KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719446 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE WORK IN PROGRESS PY - 1993/09 SP - 72 p. AB - The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) is conducting seventy-four interdisciplinary research programs in 1993. This research is sponsored by more than forty public agencies or private organizations and involves some 145 UM faculty, staff, and students representing two-dozen disciplines. The research programs are being conducted within the following six UMTRI divisions: Biosciences; Engineering Research; Human Factors; Marine Systems; Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation; and Survey and Analysis. These divisions and their work in progress are briefly described in this publication. Also included is a description of UMTRI's research facilities. KW - Biology KW - Biosciences KW - Crash data KW - Engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Research KW - Science KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675269 AU - Williams, M AU - Hoekstra, E AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A VEHICLE MONITOR DRIVER INTERFACE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/09 SP - 84 p. AB - This report describes precompetitive research concerning the design of an interface to warn drivers about vehicle malfunctions. Issues examined were: (1) in general, what do drivers understand about the operation and maintenance of the items of interest (e.g., oil, brakes); (2) how should warnings be structured; and (3) how well are the supporting graphics understood. In the first experiment, 27 drivers were interviewed at a local licensing office. They were asked questions such as "What is an alternator for?" and "What happens if the brake fluid is too low?" For about half of the items, understanding was marginal at best. Warning messages were designed to overcome the difficulties noted. In the second experiment, 60 drivers were shown 9 prototypical warning messages and selected the words they preferred. (For example, should the brake fluid message use the wording "low", "add", "refill", "replenish", "add some", or another choice?) Using the preferred wording, 20 drivers were shown a mockup of a warning display in a third experiment. Drivers said what each warning meant and how they would respond. This experiment identified problems with specific warnings and the vehicle mimic. KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors engineering KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mechanical failure KW - Warning messages KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675260 AU - Williams, M AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF DRIVER INTERFACES FOR NAVIGATION DISPLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/09 SP - 69 p. AB - Several design reviews and two formal experiments examined driver responses to route guidance displays. In the design reviews, single and small groups of drivers were shown displays and asked to explain them. This resulted in interface revisions and design guidelines. In a subsequent experiment, 60 drivers at a licensing office were shown plan, aerial, and perspective views of displays for 9 situations (T-turn left, etc.) and were asked to explain what they meant. There were few errors. Driver preferences were plan, aerial, and perspective view, in that order. In a laboratory experiment, 12 additional drivers (6 age 30 or younger, 6 age 65 or older) in a vehicle mockup were simultaneously shown slides of intersections (photographed from the driver's viewpoint) and slides of a navigation display. Drivers indicated whether the two images were for the same or different type of intersection (cross, Y, T, etc.). The response time data indicated head-up displays were better than console-mounted displays (1524 versus 1630 ms), and that aerial views were slightly but not significantly better than plan views (1501 versus 1523 ms), but significantly better than perspective views (1706 ms). Responses to intersections shown as solid objects were more rapid than to those shown as outlines (1557 versus 1597 ms). Error, eye-fixation, and preference data supported these results. KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Emergency response time KW - Ergonomics KW - Head up displays KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human subject testing KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Navigation KW - Reaction time KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667361 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAVING LIVES AND DOLLARS: HIGHWAY SAFETY CONTRIBUTION TO HEALTH CARE REFORM AND DEFICIT REDUCTION PY - 1993/09 SP - 27 p. AB - The relationship between motor vehicle injuries and fatalities, health care costs, and income taxes was analyzed for four situations: a 1990 baseline, achievement of modest goals for safety improvements, population growth with constant injury and fatality rates, and the effect of higher injury and fatality rates. Total health care costs, publicly funded healeth care costs, lost income tax revenue, and increased public assistance were estimated at the Federal level, and at the state and local level. KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Highway safety KW - Injury rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642375 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Hendricks, D AU - Pierowicz, J AU - Everson, J AU - Kiger, S AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF BACKING CRASHES AND POTENTIAL IVHS COUNTERMEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/09 SP - 102 p. AB - This report examines the potential for Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) technology to improve the crash avoidance capability of drivers and vehicles for backing crashes. IVHS has the potential to greatly enhance highway traffic safety. This report attempts to determine the safety implications of IVHS by using analytical methods to model the backing crash type and potential IVHS crash avoidance countermeasures. The causal assessments show that approximately 87.0% of the cases occurred because drivers were unaware of (did not see or did not check for) the struck vehicle, object, or pedestrian. Of the causal factors which appear to be amenable to IVHS countermeasures in the near term, the main causal factor appeared to be that the backing vehicle's driver was unaware of an obstacle. This suggested that a vehicle-based IVHS countermeasure that warns drivers of obstacles in the backing path might be helpful. The suggested countermeasure was a rear-zone object detection system. It is estimated that the functional rear-zone object detection system would be approximately 70% effective in avoiding the parallel path, curved path, and pedestrian/pedalcyclist crash subtypes. In terms of all backing crash subtypes, the system would be approximately 28% effective. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Maneuvering KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Proximity detectors KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381460 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01400896 AU - Young, K AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Workshop to identify training requirements designed to reduce young driver risk taking and improve decision making skills PY - 1993/08 IS - DOT HS 808 066 SP - 16p + appendices KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Risk taking KW - Risk taking KW - Young adults KW - Young driver UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724878 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1992 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1993/08 SP - 27 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1992. Included are the following: Introduction; Did You Know?--General Crash Statements; Cost of Traffic Crashes; Fatalities, North Dakota and National Fatality Rate; Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County 1992--Map; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Crashes by County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; North Dakota/Out-of-State Driver Involvement; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Crash Involvement by Age, Sex, and License of Driver; Fatality Blood Alcohol Concentration Levels; Driver Violation; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions - Fatal Crashes, Injury Crashes, and All Crashes; Type of Motor Vehicle Crashes; Reportable Crashes by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crashes by Object Struck, by Urban Population, and by Roadway; and Non-Traffic Crashes. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Non-traffic crashes KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Out of state KW - Periods of the day KW - Population KW - Restraint systems KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719484 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTEGRATING MOTORCYCLE RIDER EDUCATION AND LICENSING. GUIDELINES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATORS PY - 1993/08 SP - 76 p. AB - This manual begins with a discussion of issues that must be considered by any jurisdiction contemplating the integration of motorcycle education and licensing programs. These issues include: the purpose of rider education and rider licensing, current practices regarding rider education and licensing in the United States, the rationale for an integrated rider education and licensing system, the liabilities of an integrated system, and responsibility for such a system. The remainder of the manual describes a recommended program for integrating motorcycle rider education and licensing. This program was developed by delegates at a Workshop held in Lincoln, Nebraska from March 22 to 24, 1992, and is modelled on the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators Commercial Driver License Third Party Testing Program. This approach ensured consistency across relatively similar programs and facilitated the drafting of text for legal agreements, regulations and legislation, given that these critical elements were already available in the Commercial Third Party Testing Program. Thus, the text used in the present manual to describe the program for integrating rider education and licensing is cast in a similar legal, technical language. The description of the recommended program includes guidelines for selecting agencies to deliver the integrated program and administer the licensing test. It outlines the model program requirements, including audit and inspection information, and provides an example of a model agreement between the licensing authority and the rider education and license testing agency. KW - Agreements KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Guidelines KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Legal factors KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Manuals KW - Motorcycle operator education KW - Motorcycle operator licensing KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Requirements KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677680 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1993 HONDA CIVIC 3-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 80.1 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/08 SP - 160 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. This test was conducted with a 1993 Honda Civic 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGEH2359PH526698, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on August 10, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the left front of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Accelerometers KW - Aggression KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675261 AU - Brand, J E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Brand Consulting Group TI - ATTITUDES TOWARD ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE DISPLAY SYSTEMS: FEEDBACK FROM DRIVER FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/08 SP - 72 p. AB - Forty-six drivers of late model cars equipped with advanced information systems participated in four focus groups conducted in Los Angeles and New York. The sessions provided insights into drivers' perceptions of the value of these systems, including strengths, weaknesses, and potential improvements for future systems. Drivers expressed greatest interest in systems that warn of potential hazards from their vehicles or the road. These systems must provide information in a timely manner to allow appropriate corrective actions. There were complaints about attention being diverted from driving while operating entertainment systems and cellular phones. The need was identified to integrate cellular phone controls on the dashboard, hands-free dialing, and easier identification of key controls. There is also an interest in navigational systems. Interest was expressed for a system that provides a head-up display to address safety concerns related to reading directions. KW - Attitudes KW - Cellular telephones KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Entertainment KW - Head up displays KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Navigation KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669163 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT ON THE HISTORIC PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT AUTO MANUFACTURERS IN THE NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM TESTS PY - 1993/08 SP - 122 p. AB - In 1978, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) with the primary purpose of partially fulfilling one of the requirements of Title II of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972. This requirement was to provide consumers with a measure of relative crashworthiness of passenger motor vehicles. The agency concluded that by using existing technical approaches, safety information on the relative crashworthiness which vehicles provide in high-speed frontal crashes could be developed. This information provided consumers with an important input to aid them in their vehicle purchase decisions. The ultimate goal of NCAP was to encourage vehicle manufacturers to voluntarily design better crashworthiness into their vehicles, by using market forces, as compared to regulatory directives. In this program, vehicles are subjected to a frontal crash test. The vehicles are towed head-on into a fixed, rigid barrier at 35 mph. The report lists the relative crashworthiness of the vehicles in a high-speed frontal impact. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile manufacture KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - High speed tests KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664267 AU - YOUNG, K AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKSHOP TO IDENTIFY TRAINING REQUIREMENTS DESIGNED TO REDUCE YOUNG DRIVER RISK TAKING AND IMPROVE DECISION MAKING SKILLS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/08 SP - 60 p. AB - On April 27 and 28, 1993, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Department of Transportation, assembled a panel of 11 national and international experts in traffic safety at the Belmont Conference Center, Elkridge, Maryland. The group was convened to identify research and development requirements for training designed to reduce young driver risk taking and improve decision making skills. The workshop was chaired by Michael Smith, Office of Program Development and Evaluation, NHTSA. This report summarizes the discussions that took place during the workshop. The discussions of the group covered several major areas: issues and definitions involved in analyzing young driver risk taking, training as a means of reducing risk taking, ways to restructure current driver training efforts, and the research and development requirements needed to improve driver training. KW - Adolescents KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Risk taking KW - Teenage drivers KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719487 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1991 PY - 1993/07 SP - 70 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, as amended. The report is for the period January 1, 1991 through December 31, 1991. During this period, NHTSA continued its policy of addressing highway safety through a balanced approach, concentrating on solutions involving both the vehicle and driver. In 1991, NHTSA designed programs to yield a reduction in fatalities, injuries, and economic loss that result from motor vehicle accidents in the most effective and efficient manner. Resources were directed to those activities with the most realistic prospects of success and with the maximum safety gains per dollar invested. The 1991 fatality rate of 1.9 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled is the lowest in U.S. history. Under the phase-in requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 208 ("Occupant Protection"), all passenger cars built after September 1, 1989, were equipped with automatic crash protection (e.g., air bags and automatic safety belts). About 2,850,000 model year (MY) 1991 cars were equipped with air bags. By MY 1993, estimated production levels for vehicles equipped with air bags will reach 4 to 5 million annually. The agency continued to inform and educate the American people about the benefits of manual safety belts, air bags, and automatic safety belts. Research and rulemaking efforts to improve motor vehicle safety technology emphasized crash avoidance and occupant protection. Crash avoidance priorities included lighting, mirror systems, brakes (particularly for light and heavy-duty trucks), rollover stability, and international harmonization of safety regulations. Occupant crash protection efforts emphasized improved protection in side impacts, rollovers (and other efforts to prevent ejections), and school buses. It also included efforts to prevent injuries to pedestrians when struck by motor vehicles. The enforcement of Federal laws, standards, and regulations governing motor vehicles is one NHTSA's most important safety responsibilities. Emphasis continued to be placed on quickly and accurately identifying safety-related defects and noncompliances with safety standards, and to ensure they are corrected in the shortest possible time. There were 182 new safety defect investigations in 1991. KW - Accident costs KW - Air bags KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Brakes KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashes KW - Defects KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mirrors KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrians KW - Programs KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Regulations KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719486 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1991 PY - 1993/07 SP - 80 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under the Highway Safety Act of 1966, as amended. The report covers the period January 1, 1991 through December 31, 1991. The report is divided into two parts. Part I contains information on the NHTSA highway safety program activities and is organized as follows: Executive Summary: Looking Forward - Introduction to 1991 Activities; Statistical Summary - Distribution of Traffic Fatalities for 1990 and 1991 (Preliminary Estimates) and Summary of U.S. Motor Vehicle Activities and Fatalities for Calendar Years 1981-1991; Summary of Current Research Grants and Contracts; Research Activities Completed; Enforcement Actions, Judicial Decisions, Settlements, or Pending Litigation; Effectiveness of Highway Safety Programs; and Glossary. Part II contains information on highway safety activities within the FHWA, including the FHWA Section 402 Program for FY 1991 and the FHWA Section 403 Program for FY 1991. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Litigation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Statistics KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States Code. Title 23. Section 402 KW - United States Code. Title 23. Section 403 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719488 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM USER'S MANUAL, 1992 FILE PY - 1993/07 SP - 112 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) uses data from many sources, including the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) General Estimates System (GES) which began operation in 1988. Providing data about all types of crashes involving all types of vehicles, the GES is used to identify highway safety problem areas, provide a basis for regulatory and consumer information initiatives, and form the basis for cost and benefit analyses of highway safety initiatives. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from the estimated 6.4 million police-reported crashes which occur annually. This publication is a user manual for the GES 1992 data files. The contents are as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) GES Operations; (III) GES Sample Design; (IV) GES SAS (Statistical Analysis System) Files; (V) National Estimates; (VI) GES Variable List; (VII) GES Variable Changes: 1991 to 1992; (VIII) GES Variable Definitions: A. Accident File, B. Vehicle/Driver File, and C. Person File; and Appendices. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Data files KW - General Estimates System KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454147 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719483 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, FRANCE, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991. PROCEEDINGS, VOLUME 2 PY - 1993/07 SP - 658p AB - Volume 1 of the Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles included the following Sections: (1) Opening Ceremonies; (2) Government Status Reports; and (3) Technical Sessions 1 through 5. The Technical Sessions included: (1) Crash Investigation and Data Analysis; (2) Safety Improvements from Advanced Vehicle/Highway Technology; (3) Specialized Road Users; (4) Safety Improvements from Advanced Vehicle/Highway Technology; and (5) Side Impact Occupant Protection. This volume, Volume 2, continues with Technical Sessions 6 through 10, which are as follows: (6) Light Vehicle Rollover; (7) Crash Avoidance Research; (8) Biomechanics and Dummy Development; (9) Frontal Crash Protection; and (10) Heavy Truck Safety. U1 - Thirteenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety VehiclesThe governments of the United States, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Sweden.Paris, France StartDate:19911104 EndDate:19911107 Sponsors:The governments of the United States, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Sweden. KW - Biophysics KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash investigation KW - Development KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Light vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719479 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SATURATION PATROLS TARGETING IMPAIRED DRIVING: GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY-BASED ALCOHOL ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS PY - 1993/07 SP - 27 p. AB - This manual was produced to serve as a tool to assist any agency interested in the development, implementation and management of saturation patrols, especially those patrols that emphasize detection of impaired drivers. Contributing to the guidelines contained in this manual were experienced police officers from Albany County, New York; Seminole County, Florida; and Maricopa County, Arizona. These representatives were selected due to their police agencies participation in programs that successfully incorporated saturation patrol techniques with community-based enforcement. This manual targets topic areas such as problem identification, program goals and objectives, planning, operational considerations, support resources, media activities and program evaluation. The idea of a coordinated "traffic task force," which encourages support from multiple jurisdictions, is also addressed. The concepts discussed in this manual have been used successfully by 38 police agencies. Strategies may be adopted in total, or modified to satisfy particular local requirements. KW - Communities KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drunk driving KW - Guidelines KW - Impaired drivers KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Saturation patrols KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667319 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1993 HONDA CIVIC 3-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 80.3 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/07 SP - 140 p. AB - The test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1993 Honda Civic 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGEH2363PH512823, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on June 1, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the left front of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained 10 accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Accelerometers KW - Aggression KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Shock resistance KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667320 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1993 HONDA CIVIC 3-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 80.3 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/07 SP - 128 p. AB - The test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1993 Honda Civic 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGEH2356PH530319, at Transportation Research Center, Inc. on June 21, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the left front of the vehicle by a heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained 10 accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Accelerometers KW - Aggression KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Shock resistance KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406294 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00666413 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, PARIS, FRANCE, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991. PROCEEDINGS, VOLUME 1 T2 - CONFEERENCE TECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE SUR LES VEHICULES EXPERIMENTAUX DE SECURITE (13TH) PY - 1993/07 SP - 758p AB - The International Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV) Program originated under NATO's committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) and was implemented through bilateral agreements between the United States Government and the Governments of France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Sweden. The participating nations agreed to develop experimental safety vehicles to advance the state-of-the-art in safety engineering and to meet periodically to exchange technical information on their progress. To date, 12 international conferences have been held, each hosted by one of the participants from government, the worldwide automotive industry, and the motor vehicle safety research community. International cooperation in motor vehicle safety research continues at the highest level. As work on experimental safety vehicles was completed, the research program expanded to cover the entire range of motor vehicle safety. The ESV Conferences now serve as the international forum through which progress in motor vehicle safety technology is reported. U1 - The Thirteenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety VehiclesParis, France StartDate:19911104 EndDate:19911107 KW - Cooperation KW - Development KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety vehicles KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409719 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664908 AU - KAMREN, B AU - V KOCH, M AU - Kullgren, A AU - LIE, A AU - Nygren, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED ACCIDENT DATA COLLECTION - DESCRIPTION AND POTENTIALS OF A COMPREHENSIVE DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 41-45 AB - The most important input for development and evaluation of crash protection is real life accidents data. The data is however time consuming to collect. The output is in relation to what can be measured in laboratory testing, primitive. Important parameters are often collected by untrained people as secondary task in the rescue work at the accident scene. The precision and accuracy of the data can therefore often be questioned and the possibilities to draw conclusions are often limited. The possibility of collecting high quality accident data can be dramatically increased by: (1) using modern technology, such as photogrammetric measurements of exterior and interior of the vehicle deformations, cheap crash pulse recorders (CPR), and (2) training workshop and rescue personal. This presentation describes such a comprehensive system in terms of potentials and possible output, and a theoretical background for increasing precision of collected data. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Error KW - Errors KW - Injury severity KW - Measuring instruments KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photogrammetry KW - Reconstruction (accid) KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409053 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664923 AU - WALZ, F AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PROPOSAL FOR A SIMPLIFIED INJURY SCALE "SAIS 9" FOR USE IN LARGE- SCALE ACCIDENT STUDIES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 162-180 AB - This paper presents a proposal for a reduced procedure of AIS-coding on the basis of the original American version "The Abbreviated Injury Scale, 1990 Revision". The study compares the simplified version of AIS 90 with the full version. An important characteristic of the simplified scale is the reduction of its entries to a fifth of the full version. The purpose of the study was to attempt a raw estimate of the trade-off in terms of: (1) information loss, and (2) the differences between the two scales computing the injury severity score (ISS). Options to counter the information loss are briefly referred to. An in-depth analysis of the errors committed furnished an insight into a possible methodology investigating fallacies while working with either scale. The apparent small differences in severity outcome classifying the individual injury using the simplified scale would seem to constitute an acceptable trade-off. The study also shows that inter-rater differences have been larger. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Classification KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Errors KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Modifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409068 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664925 AU - ALDMAN, B AU - Kullgren, A AU - LIE, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PULSE RECORDER (CPR) - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A LOW COST DEVICE FOR MEASURING CRASH PULSE AND DELTA-V IN REAL LIFE ACCIDENTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 188-192 AB - This paper describes a new device for measuring crash pulse and the change of velocity in real life accidents. The device, called Crash Pulse Recorder (CPR), is a low cost spring mass system including a photographic technique. Its construction, output, performance and reliability are given. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Measuring instruments KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Speed KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409070 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664940 AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - HUMMEL, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW ASPECTS FOR OPTIMIZING CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS: EXPERIENCES FROM ACCIDENTS, TROLLEY TESTS AND INTERVIEWS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 330-340 AB - Restraining children in cars is essential in order to increase their safety. The experience with child restraint systems (CRSs) is positive. However, improvements in system characteristics, handling and acceptance are necessary. Dynamic trolly tests have been carried out with different kinds of CRSs on the basis of previously published injury patterns in children. These tests showed that in addition to the force loading on children caused by the type of CRS the major problem that exists is connected with the CRS's characteristics for fastening it to the car. The relative belt geometry of the cars and problems of slack may often produce unfavourable movements of the CRS. These were observed in the tests. Some of the conditions of the compliance testing according the ECE-R 44 no longer represent actual real life conditions. Proposals for improvement are given. Problems of misuse, and CRS handling and acceptance are discussed. These findings are based on extensive interviews with 1,282 parents on problems they had with CRSs. Information was received on a total of 1,903 products. The results are subdivided into 9 different types of CRSs. Proposals for future CRS development which go beyond purely technical safety measures are also derived from this investigation. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anchorage KW - Anchorages KW - Child KW - Children KW - Comfort KW - Comfort KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Infant KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Safety belt KW - Use KW - Use UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409085 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664942 AU - ROGERS, N M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF MOTORCYCLE LEG PROTECTORS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 345-360 AB - This paper summarizes the technical background, information and conclusions regarding proposed leg protection devices for motorcycles. Leg protector concepts researched over the last 20 years are reviewed. The general conclusion is that they tend to produce negative effects, that is to say: transfer of injuries to the upper body and upper legs. In 1987, the United Kingdom proposed a national Draft Specification (UKDS) for motorcycle leg protectors, currently a prospective topic of discussion in the EEC. Although the UKDS concept is similar to earlier concepts, the motorcycle industry undertook an extensive evaluation of it, culminating in full-scale tests in 1989. The paper discusses the results of the full-scale crash tests and computer simulations of the UKDS, and observations concerning the methodologies used to evaluate it. One overall conclusion reached is that, for motorcycles, any leg protector involving a robust knee restraint - with or without external energy absorption, knee pads, or leg retention - inherently results in negative effect, and therefore is not feasible. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409087 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664957 AU - King, A I AU - Huang, Y AU - Cavanaugh, J M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECTION OF OCCUPANTS AGAINST SIDE IMPACT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 516-523 AB - This paper describes the development of a one-dimensional lumped parameter model to simulate the cadaver experiments carried out at Wayne State University and its validation. The model is used to study: (1) the protective effect of the shoulder on the thorax; and (2) the effect of the padding on the force and duration of impact sustained by the occupant when a thick padding is used. It was found that the shoulder can provide substantial protection to the thorax and without shoulder engagement, the force on the thorax can be approximately 45% higher. This calls for additional cadaver testing, since the existing side impact dummies are apparently too stiff to be representative of the human. As for the loss of free air space due to the padding, the model predicted an increase in both the force level, and in thoracic deformation if the padding is too stiff. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Force KW - Force KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Padding (safety) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Shoulder KW - Shoulder (human) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409102 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664959 AU - KIUCHI, T AU - OGATA, K AU - Warner, C Y AU - Gordon, J J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR BAG SYSTEM FOR SIDE IMPACT OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 533-541 AB - Pilot and prototype designs of a door-mounted air bag system for occupant protection in side impact have been assembled and tested. The primary goal of the designs was to take advantage of the improved space utilization offered by the air bag when combined with the padding and structural benefits that are contemplated for torso injury. Another important goal of the project was the demonstration of the head- protection potential of that system. Full-scale crash tests of recent production 4-door sedans were conducted to establish baseline performance over a range of side-impact conditions. Design objectives were analyzed. Subsystem performance goals were established and proven by component testing. The complete prototype system was evaluated in laboratory tests and full-scale crash tests, including FMVSS 214 crabbed moving deformable barrier (CMDB) tests employing the DOT/SID side-impact dummy. A very satisfactory performance was achieved, as demonstrated by comparison of dummy indices measured in baseline and air bag-equipped vehicles in full-scale crash tests. This paper outlines the designs and system configurations. The paper also discusses the results of the pilot and preliminary design test series. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409104 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664974 AU - STEPHENS, V M AU - BACON, DGC AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF SIDE IMPACTS USING A HYGE ACCELERATOR - THE S.I.D.E. PROCEDURE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 668-673 AB - A novel method of simulating side impact has been developed, resulting in a representative and economical dynamic test, which can be performed various stages in vehicle development programmes. The technique utilizes a conventional HyGe sled test facility, with a set of two purpose built sleds.The first of these,the striking sled, represents a mobile barrier which can be ballasted and carry a deformable face to either the Federal or European specifications. This sled is propelled rapidly and accurately to speed by the HyGe accelerator. The second (struck) sled carries a vehicle bodyshell or representative side structure with trimmed doors, seats and dummies installed. Mounting of the bodyshell is important in ensuring a high degree of correlation with full vehicle crash tests. The sled complete with bodyshell and payload is ballasted to vehicle curb weight, and moves away after impact by the striking sled under simulated tyre friction. The first part of a series of tests being conducted in the development of the S.I.D.E. Procedure is described. A comparison is made between the results and those of full vehicle crash tests conducted on nominally identical vehicles. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Dynamics KW - Dynamics KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409119 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664976 AU - CLEMO, K C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIRA (MOTOR INDUSTRY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION) FREE- FLIGHT HEADFORM RIG TO SIMULATE OCCUPANT SIDE-IMPACT AND PEDESTRIAN IMPACTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 684-690 AB - This paper details the development of the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA) Free-Flight Headform Rig. The paper also outlines new applications in the fields of occupant side impact and pedestrian head impact. The Free-Flight Headform Rig was designed to offer a convenient way of simulating occupant head impacts (for Interior Protection legislative requirements) on the interior surfaces of vehicle passenger compartments. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Head KW - Pedestrians KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409121 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664989 AU - YOSHIDA, H AU - TANAKA, T AU - ISODA, K AU - KAMIYA, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRACTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVED DRIVING SAFETY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 784-790 AB - A traction control system improves vehicle acceleration and stability. However, the traction control systems already developed have only a slip restrictive feature that prevents wheel spin when a vehicle starts or accelerates on a slippery road surface. This paper presents the advanced traction control system with unique and innovative technologies. This enables a driver to trace corners safely and smoothly even on a paved road by prevention of an excessive lateral acceleration. In addition to vehicle dynamics, human factors were introduced to determine the control algorithm. As a result, the system provided with an appropriate mental condition and a further improvement in vehicle manoeuverability. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Conferences KW - Control KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Safety KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409134 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664991 AU - Fukushima, N AU - IRIE, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT IN HIGH-SPEED SAFETY THROUGH ACTIVE SUSPENSION CONTROL PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 794-802 AB - This paper describes the hydraulic active suspension which is mounted in the Nissan Infiniti Q45 and is effective in improving high-speed safety. This active suspension has been designed specifically to provide improved vehicle stability at high speed through the use of skyhook damper control, a frequency-dependent damping mechanism and active roll and pitch control.The system design concept is presented along with an analytical explanation of the three major functional features. The results of theoretical and experimental analyses clarify quantitatively: (1) the effects of the control procedures and parameters on both the vertical vibration characteristics of the vehicle body during high-speed driving, and (2) on the road contact of the tyres when traveling on an undulating road; (3) crosswind stability; and (4) steering response characteristics. The results confirm that this active suspension provides outstanding performance unobtainable with conventional suspensions, especially under high- speed driving conditions. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Contact (tyre road) KW - Control KW - Control KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Rolling contact KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Suspension (veh) KW - Suspension systems KW - Wind KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409136 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665006 AU - SKRADE, D AU - Yoganandan, N AU - Sances, A AU - REINARTZ, J AU - Pintar, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DYNAMIC STUDIES WITH CHEST CONTOURS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 924-930 AB - The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the External Peripheral Instrument for Deformation Measurement (EPIDM), and to arrive at a methodology to be used in impact experiments; and (2) to conduct sled tests on an unembalmed human cadaver and a 50th percentile Hybrid III manikin to determine the thoracic deformation contours and, using these contours, to evaluate injury criteria such as normalized chest compression and viscous response. The EPIDM methodology used was based on three steps: (i) prior to any testing, zero all gauges on a flat surface; (ii) instrument the surrogate last before conducting the sled experiment; and (iii) after the test, repeat the calibration procedure to ensure a proper working of all the gauges. A three-point belt restrained human cadaver and a Hybrid III manikin surrogate underwent sled tests at 48 kph velocities. These tests indicated that the EPIDM device can follow the dynamic thoracic deformations at impact. The deformation contours also permitted the computation of the following variables: (a) normalized compression histories; (b) chest compressive velocities; and (c) the viscous response (product of the normalized compression and the compressive velocity) characteristics. The studies suggest the potential of the EPIDM to derive injury criteria in an attempt to assess the crashworhtiness of vehicular structures. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409151 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665008 AU - KUMAGAI, K AU - MATSUOKA, F AU - TAKAHASHI, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS METHOD FOR EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON THE DUMMY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 936-939 AB - This paper describes the development of a system for analyzing the external forces acting on a dummy. During frontal crash testing, various external forces act on a dummy. The dummy injury will be reduced by minimizing the external forces. In order to measure them: (1) several force transducers to mount on head, chest and pelvis were developed and added to a dummy; and (2) a computer software was developed, which was capable of obtaining the external forces acting on the dummy segments solving the motion equation of segments respectively. The system was developed for the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test dummy. Using the Toyota-developed system, it was possible to obtain: (a) external forces acting on head, chest and pelvis, and (b) influences of these forces on the dummy injury. As a result, the developed system has become one of the most useful tools for developing the safer restraint system at Toyota. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Force KW - Force KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Software KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409153 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665023 AU - HAALAND, Y AU - NILSON, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEAT BELT PRETENSIONERS TO AVOID THE RISK OF SUBMARINING - A STUDY OF LAP-BELT SLIPPAGE FACTORS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1060-1068 AB - This study investigates the effects of different design factors on submarining using sled tests and mathematical simulations. The study is focused on the following three factors: (1) the position of the pillar loop (the D-ring); (2) the leg (foot) position; and (3) belt slack. The results of the study show that: (i) occupants are more likely to submarine, if the upper belt anchorage is far behind their shoulder (as in a rear seat or in a front seat in a two-door car); (ii) the closer to the seat the occupant's feet are placed, the more likely submarining is to occur; (iii) belt slack increases the risk of submarining; and (iv) a pretensioner that operates on the buckle, significantly reduces the risk of submarining. It is also shown that the angle between the lap-belt and the pelvis, measured when the belt force has peaked and dropped to 3 kN, can predict the risk of submarining well. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Pretensioning KW - Pretensioning KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409168 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665025 AU - Tarriere, C AU - Thomas, C AU - Trosseille, X AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL IMPACT PROTECTION REQUIRES A WHOLE SAFETY SYSTEM INTEGRATION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1079-1087 AB - Beyond the generalization of the belt wearing, the improvement of the frontal impact protection is one of the most efficient ways to reduce the number of the severe road victims. However, the attempt to evaluate the potential gains shows some important limitations to this efficiency and indicates the necessity of complementary actions. These include: (1) the front-end of the trucks needs to be modified to avoid underride and too severe decelerations of car occupants; (2) due to the interaction between the protection in frontal and in lateral impact, the gain in frontal impacts could be lost by an increase of the aggressiveness of the impacting car in side collisions: and (3) the gain in car-to-car head-on collisions would be reduced by the increasing aggressiveness of the heavier car. This paper presents the quantification of the expected gains for the most prioritary countermeasures, discusses the major interactions between them, and attempts to define the required conditions to optimize the whole safety system. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409170 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665040 AU - Walfisch, G AU - POUGET, D AU - CASADEI, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COVER: "RENAULT VSS" SAFETY VEHICLE FRONTAL AND REAR IMPACT OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1186-1191 AB - The Renault COVER is a synthesis research vehicle built around the Renault 19, a European mid-range, mass production model car. Improvements have been made to the basic Renault 19 in order to ensure efficient safety to all occupants, adults and children, particularly in case of asymmetrical impacts, frontal at 65 km/h and rear at 50 km/h. Independently of economical standpoint, all improvements chosen are production line feasible and could be progressively be incorporated into future cars. There is a 20 kg weight increase over the Renault 19, resulting from improved protection in the case of frontal and rear impacts. Structural modifications and the new seat types used are the main causes of this weight increase. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409185 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665042 AU - Lundell, B AU - CARLSSON, G AU - Nilsson, P AU - PERSSON, M AU - RYGAARD, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVING REAR SEAT SAFETY - A CONTINUING PROCESS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1194-1200 AB - This paper gives an overview of the passenger cars' rear seat safety. Accident experience for the rear seat is summarized, involving unbelted occupants and occupants wearing three-point belts and two- point lap- belts. Different means of improving the rear seat safety for both children and adults, in particular the centre position, are discussed. The three-point retractor belt is an important safety item. It has been available for the rear outer seating positions in some car models for several years. This has not been the case for the rear centre seating position. Two different types of three-point retractor belts for the centre position in sedan models are presented. A child cushion integrated in the folding armrest in the centre position is described. This child restraint has recently been introduced for sedan models. It is used together with a standard fitted three-point belt. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Adult KW - Adults KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409187 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665057 AU - Saccomanno, F F AU - READ, S W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MICRO-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF LARGE TRUCK ACCIDENTS IN A FREEWAY ENVIRONMENT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1327-1334 AB - This paper presents a statistical procedure for determining the probabilities of accident involvement for certain truck configurations, given specific manoeuvres and a mix of road and traffic conditions. The approach consists of a micro-level simulation applied to a controlled freeway environment. The aim was to obtain the pattern of manoeuvres over time and space for each truck in the traffic stream. The methodology is applied to three freeway test sections, with given road and traffic characteristics. Manoeuvres that are most problematic from the perspective of accident involvement are noted for different truck configurations and loading conditions. The results of this analysis are useful in establishing accident reduction strategies for freeways that are sensitive to the specific requirements of different truck configurations and loading conditions. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Freeways KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Probability KW - Simulation KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lanes KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409202 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664910 AU - VALLEE, H AU - CAILLIERET, M-C AU - Faverjon, G AU - LE COZ, J-Y AU - HEINRICH, J-M AU - Thomas, C AU - COLTAT, J-C AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD CASUALTIES IN FATAL CAR CRASHES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 48-56 AB - The circumstances in which children aged less than 10 travelling in passenger cars are severely injured or killed are different from the circumstances in the case of adults. The knowledge in this field of safety is very limited at present, because it is hard to collect a large sample of severe accidents involving children. This paper uses police reports on fatal crashes occurring in France in 1990, concerning 417 casualties aged less than 10, one quarter of whom were killed. On the basis of these reports, it is proposed to define the characteristics of these crashes by analyzing the following parameters: (1) child transportation conditions; (2) crash circumstances; and (3) restraining systems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Child KW - Children KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - France KW - France KW - Human body KW - Infant KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409055 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664912 AU - THOMAS, P AU - Bradford, M AU - WARD, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CAUSE OF HEAD INJURIES IN REAL WORLD CRASHES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 67-77 AB - European cars are built to conform to performance requirements that are intended to limit the hostility of various interior car components. However, head injuries are frequently sustained by car occupants despite these regulations. This paper examines the circumstances that result in these head injuries to both the survivors and the fatalities. Restrained front seat occupants are analysed separately from unrestrained rear seat occupants. All directions of impact are included. Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3+ head injuries are frequent amongst fatalities, although other body areas often have injuries that are equally severe. Survivors sustain AIS 3+ injuries more often to other body areas than the head, although they are less likely to have several AIS 3+ injuries. Glazing matrials are highlighted as a very common source of AIS 1 injuries while the roof, steering wheel and pillars account for many of the more severe injuries. Intruding structures are found to be commonly associated with the most severe injuries as are contacts outside the vehicle. Head injuries are found to become more severe, when the striking object supports the intruding structure. The value of restraint use by rear seat occupants is raised. The need for a better understanding of the role of intrusion and support from the striking object is stressed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Roof (veh) KW - Safety glass KW - Safety glass KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side KW - Side KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409057 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664919 AU - BOWKER, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE USE OF CRASH INJURY RESEARCH DATA BY THE VEHICLE INSPECTORATE TO IDENTIFY SECONDARY SAFETY CONCERNS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 136-140 AB - This paper briefly details the current arrangements in Britain for examining road vehicle crashes and the causes of injury to vehicle occupants. The use of this data by the Department of Transport's Vehicle Inspectorate to examine vehicle secondary safety performance is described. In addition to providing research data for consideration by vehicle manufacturers when formulating new model designs, this accident data has been analysed with some success. The aim was to identify what design or manufacturing related features of current models could be usefully improved. Corrective action by the vehicle manufacturer within the current model lifespan will assist in reducing the number of severity of occupant injuries attributed to that model. The earlier in the model lifespan that any design related concerns can be identified and corrected, the greater will be the total saving in occupant injuries. Some examples of the type of analyses which can be undertaken using this data are described. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409064 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664921 AU - Luchter, S AU - ISENBERG, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE INCIDENCE OF MULTIPLE INJURIES IN MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 148-155 AB - Multiple injuries are the norm in motor vehicle crashes. However, data about the types of injury which occur together are limited. This paper identifies the most frequent injury combinations found in police reported crashes in the United States in the early 1980's. The paper identifies specifically the five injuries with the highest incidence at each Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) level in the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) for 1982-1986. For each of these twenty-five injuries, the five associated injuries with the highest incidence are also identified. The results show that the five most frequent injuries comprise between one third and two third of the incidence of all the injuries at the various AIS levels. The results also show that, with a few exceptions, the incidence of the most frequent associated injuries is in the range of 5 to 10% of the incidence of the most frequent injury. These results have important implications to the estimation of the long-term consequences of motor vehicle injuries. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Classification KW - Classification KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Foot KW - Foot (not a measure) KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Knee KW - Knee (human) KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Shoulder KW - Shoulder (human) KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409066 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664944 AU - Pincemaille, Y AU - Brun-Cassan, F AU - CAILLILOT, P AU - LE COZ, J-L AU - BRUTEL, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APR PROPOSALS FOR CHILD PROTECTION IN CARS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 378-385 AB - The Laboratory of Accidentology and Biomechanics Associated with Peugeot SA and Renault (APR) takes into account its knowledge of accidents and biomechnics, when investigating many real and simulated vehicle crashes having varying configurations and using dummies of different sizes. The APR has been able to combine a certain number of specifications to define the highest performance in child restraint systems. The objective is to offer the best possible protection as a function of the age of occupant, combined with easy mounting in vehicles. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anchorage KW - Anchorages KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Child KW - Children KW - Comfort KW - Comfort KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Error KW - Errors KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Infant KW - Infants KW - Installation KW - Installation KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409089 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664946 AU - PETZAELL, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHEELCHAIR AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEM FOR USE IN BUSES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 391-401 AB - This paper presents the results of experimental studies into wheelchair and occupant restraint systems. The experiments were carried out using a model of a wheelchair place complete with a three-point seat belt and four restraint straps for the wheelchair. The model was tested both in the laboratory and in a minibus during normal travel. The anchor points of the seat belt could be varied. The loads in the restraint system could be measured with load cells. Impact tests were carried out to determine the loads generated and the safety risks the wheelchair could cause. The restraint system consisted of a three-point seat belt and two restraint straps directed backward to secure the wheelchair to a support wall behind the wheelchair. The tests were carried out at speeds and retardations of 30km/h, 10g and 50km/h, 20g. The forces in the restraint system were measured with load cells. The speed and retardation were measured. The tests were filmed with a high-speed camera. The results obtained form the basis for the Swedish regulations on wheelchair and occupant restraint systems. The paper also presents performance requirements for systems installed in the buses where the traveller is seated in his or her wheelchair. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anchorages KW - Anthropometry KW - Buses KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Equipment KW - Impact tests KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Prevention KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409091 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664953 AU - LEINONEN, J M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE SAFETY IN THE 1990'S PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 472-479 AB - This paper discusses the current status of safety technologies. The items discussed include: (a) air bag supplemental restraint systems; (b) dynamic side impact protection; (c) lighting; (d) light-signalling devices; and (e) the potential for unification of design approached and/or research efforts. The extent to which light truck safety issues require different approaches to those for the passenger car are also evaluated. The development of harmonization strategies is required in order to efficiently resolve these safety issues. Specific harmonization issues and opportunities are identified, and are presented. These include: (1) apparent success on vehicle braking harmonization; (2) work required to achieve greater lighting commonization; (3) strategy needed for convergence between Europe and North America on side impact; (4) common worldwide approaches to pedestrian protection; and (5) opportunities for unification of offset barrier crash performance standards. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - International KW - International KW - Light intensity KW - Lorry KW - Luminous intensity KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Side KW - Side KW - Standardization KW - Standardization KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409098 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664955 AU - PLANQUE, S AU - CHAPUT, D AU - Petit, C AU - Tarriere, C AU - CHABANON, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF EOG AND EEG SIGNALS TO DETECT LAPSES OF ALERTNESS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 499-503 AB - The Department of Environmental Sciences at Renault is designing a system for detecting lapses of driver alertness. This system, mounted on board the vehicle, will be designed to warn the driver of any deterioration in his state of alertness. The principle is based on the analysis, in real time, of movements lent by the driver to his steering wheel. The design of such a system requires a study phase in order to know at any time the alertness level of the subject on the basis of physiological signals. The aim is to determine the parameters derived from the steering wheel angle signal which, by themselves, will be most suitable for distinguishing between two states of alertness. This paper describes a method for the analysis of physiological signals indicating the alertness level, from recordings performed on a driving simulator. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Alertness KW - Conferences KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Eye movements KW - Information processing KW - Physiology KW - Simulation KW - Steering wheels KW - Telecommunications KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409100 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664978 AU - Lestina, D C AU - GLOYNS, P F AU - RATTENBURY, S J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALLY INJURED OCCUPANTS IN SIDE IMPACT CRASHES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 701-707 AB - Injury patterns of fatally injured motor vehicle occupants in side impact crashes were examined, based on crashes in the United Kingdom during 1981-85. Detailed Coroners' records for 91 struck side and 49 opposite side fatalities were assessed. The characteristics of the side impact crashes and the fatally injured occupants were described. Possible countermeasures that could have prevented the fatality based on existing technology were identified. Occupants killed in side impact crashes had a high incidence of head and chest injuries. It also appeared that severe injuries to multiple body regions were common. Opposite side fatalities were more likely to sustain serious head injuries than were struck side fatalities. Forty-four percent of the fatalities were judged preventable using existing technology. Stronger side structure and energy absorbing padding was the most common potential vehicle design countermeasure identified. This countermeasure alone was estimated to be capable of preventing 6 percent of the fatalities and an additional 11 percent when combined with other countermeasures. Additional design features addressing head injury in side impact crashes are needed to achieve further reductions in fatalities. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Head KW - Head KW - Human body KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - United kingdom KW - United Kingdom KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409123 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664980 AU - Malliaris, A C AU - DeBlois, J H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PIVOTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CAR ROLLOVERS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 721-728 AB - This paper addresses and traces the influence of several rollover pre- initiation, independent, variables on intermediate and final outcomes, regarding the crashing car/occupant complex system and the resulting casualties. The primary vehicles under investigation are cars. The data for the development of the desired results are extracted from the United States field experience of rollover involved cars and car occupants. Six independent variables are addressed in the rollover pre-initiation stage: (1) car travel speed; (2) roadway speed limit; (3) car manoeuvre; (4) accident precursor; (5) first harmful event; and (6) the location of this event. Five intermediate outcomes are distinguished: (a) the number of quarter turns; (b) loss of passenger compartment integrity through doors that come open in the crash; (c) loss of integrity through disintegrated glazing; (d) occupant ejections, complete or partial; and (e) intrusion of roof, roof borders, and pillars. The final outcomes addressed in the investigation are occupant fatalities, injured survivors, and overall harm. A most informative aspect of this investigation is the comparative evaluation of rollover versus nonrollover crashes. Car travel speed is found to be the source of profound differences. Car travel speed is suggested as a most informative descriptor of "rollover severity", especially when considered in conjunction with accident precursor and car manoeuvre conditions that promote lateral speed development. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Cause KW - Causes KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409125 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664985 AU - Friedman, D AU - FRIEDMAN, K D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROOF COLLAPSE AND THE RISK OF SEVERE HEAD AND NECK INJURY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 753-765 AB - A survey of accident statistics and harm to the head and neck from side impact and rollovers, suggests that vehicle upper structure should be the next high priority goal in reducing severe casualties. Contrary to contentions that roof strength has little influence on these injuries, these results from a multiplicity of studies, indicate that: (1) roof collapse should be eliminated, (2) passive interior padding improved, (3) laminated and retained glazing be installed, and (4) restraints improved by pretensioning retractors. A statistical analysis of the 1982 and 1983 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) files of rollover accidents, indicates a greatly increased risk of severe injury to occupants under a collapsing roof section. The increased risk was also demonstrated by: detailed investigation and analysis of 15 rollover accidents using protocol reported in the 1989 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) "Live Subject Safety Research Side Impact" paper. The instrumented data from sixteen nearly identical, rollover tests conducted by General Motors using conventional and rollcaged roofs, and unrestrained and belted Hybrid III dummies were analyzed. These data confirmed the increased risk. Limiting the deformation extent of vehicle roofs by lightweight structural changes, and simple and inexpensive force limiting, energy absorbing interior surface modifications, were demonstrated to reduce the risk of severe injuries by a factor of at least four. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Injury severity KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Risk KW - Roof (veh) KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle roofs KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409130 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664987 AU - BRUN, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHEELS ANTI-LOCK SYSTEMS FOR BIG SERIES PASSENGER CARS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 771-776 AB - This paper describes an anti-lock braking system (ABR) and the ABR twin sensor system. The paper also compares the ABR dual sensor system with the ABR four sensor system. The results of the various tests clearly show the advantage of the ABR twin sensor system fitted to small vehicles. Without equalling that of a system with four sensor reference prints, it achieves a very high level of performance, under any tyre/road adhesion conditions. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Sensor KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409132 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665010 AU - OGATA, K AU - CHIBA, M AU - Kawai, H AU - ASAKURA, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STERNUM DISPLACEMENT SENSING SYSTEM FOR HYBRID III DUMMY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 947-956 AB - This paper describes a new "3D-MUSTERDS-Three Dimensional Multi-Point Sternum Displacement Sensing System". The aim is to measure chest deflections of anthropomorphic dummy to be used in vehicle collision tests. The 3D-MUSTERDS consists of: (1) an optical position sensing system. This sensing system consists of light emitting diodes (LEDs) which are installed on the sternum, and a position sensing detector (PSD) cameras installed on the thoracic spine. It is placed in the rib cage; and (2) an external system to calculate and control the coordinates. This new system is characterized by the ease with which it can be applied to the chest of Hybrid m dummy. It is also verified that its frequency response and the impact resistance are excellent, with sufficient capabilities as a practical system for the measurement of the sternum (chest) deflections in normal collision tests. The paper also describes some examples of the applications of the system. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motion KW - Movement KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409155 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665012 AU - FORET-BRUNO, J-Y AU - DAUVILLIERS, F AU - Tarriere, C AU - Mack, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF THE SEAT AND HEAD REST STIFFNESS ON THE RISK OF CERVICAL INJURIES IN REAR IMPACT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 968-974 AB - This study discusses the solutions to guarantee adequate protection against cervical injury in a rear impact with a stiffened seat, while still ensuring the higher restraint effectiveness required in a frontal impact. The study consists of: (1) an accident study into frequency and severity of injuries to occupants in rear impact accidents; (2) a definition of the accident conditions to be duplicated in which the greatest risk of cervical injury occurs; (3) tests carried out using the Hybrid III dummy; (4) Hybrid III dummy response limitations; and (5) recommendations for obtaining adequate protection in current and future vehicle models. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Hazards KW - Headrests KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Seats KW - Stiffness KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409157 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665019 AU - DALMOTAS, D J AU - WELBOURNE, E R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVING THE PROTECTION OF RESTRAINED FRONT SEAT OCCUPANTS IN FRONTAL CRASHES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1027-1037 AB - This paper restates the principles that underlie Transport Canada's policy on occupant restraints. Those principles require both improvements in the protection of the individual occupant and increases in benefits to society through the more general use of restraint systems. Progress in seat belt use in Canada is summarized. The effectiveness of current three-point seat belts in preventing fatalities in frontal collisions is briefly reviewed. The residual injury problem in frontal collisions of equivalent or lower severity to the standard 48 km/h frontal barrier test is defined with reference to recent accident data. Performance of current systems in actual collisions and in the frontal barrier test is compared. It is concluded that requiring all occupant restraint systems to meet the alternative set of performance criteria, recently proposed by Transport Canada for automatic seat belts, would significantly improve their performance. Requiring only the use of available technology, the primary effect of those criteria would be virtually to preclude injurious head and facial contacts with the vehicle interior in collisions of the regulated collision severity. Objective methods of defining seat belt fit are still required, in particular to reduce the incidence of belt-induced abdominal injury. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Canada KW - Canada KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Face KW - Face (human) KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409164 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665021 AU - HOLLOWELL, W T AU - FREY, F J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE SAFETY PERFORMANCE OF PRODUCTION VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH DRIVER AIR BAGS IN THE NHTSA (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) TEST PROGRAMS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1047-1054 AB - This paper presents an analysis of the safety performance for vehicles equipped with restraint conditions from the crash test results obtained in the FMVSS No. 208 compliance test programme and from the New Car Assessment Programme (NCAP). The restraint conditions include: (1) the belt systems (three points and two-points systems); (2) the air bag system; and (3) combined belt/air systems. Additionally, a summary is presented of the results obtained from a test programme of static deployments of selected production driver air bag systems. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409166 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665044 AU - DORN, M R AU - ROY, A P AU - LOWNE, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF FRAMED CHILD SEATS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1206-1213 AB - Framed child seats secured with an adult seat belt have increasingly become the standard child restraint in the United Kingdom vehicles. However, little work has been undertaken to investigate how the various design parameters affect the dynamic performance. This paper presents the results of a test programme designed to address this question. Parameters such as system centre of gravity, adult belt route, shell inclination and footprint area were varied on a surrogate child restraint. This was subjected to dynamic impact tests in general accordance with ECE R44. The tests were repeated with the child restraint anchored both with adult lap and lap and diagonal belts. The performance was evaluated using the values of 3ms chest acceleration and head forward excursion on the test dummy. A distinction in the effect of each of the parameters was found between the child restraint anchored with a lap belt and that anchored with a 3-point belt. The lowest value of chest acceleration (40g) was observed for the lap belt restrained frame seat with the largest base area. The lowest head excursion was also seen with this arrangement but with the addition of a top tether. Exploring the use of energy absorbing top tethers is suggested. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Adult KW - Adults KW - Anchorage KW - Anchorages KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Head KW - Head KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409189 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665046 AU - Huang, M AU - Green, C AU - SAMSON, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS IN AIR BAG SENSOR ACTIVATION AT LOW THRESHOLD TEST SPEED PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1220-1226 AB - This paper presents a study into air bag sensor performance in low threshold speed tests where air bag deployment is desired. It presents the effects of the bumper energy absorbing system and the sensor mounting bracket on sensor performance. Vehicle crash deceleration pulses were analyzed for their filtered characteristics and used as inputs in two mathematical models. One model simulates the dynamic response of a sensor mounting bracket subjected to rotation of the bracket support structure. The other simulates the dynamics of an air bag ball-in-tube sensor during a crash. The bumper system plays an important role in providing an early deceleration signal needed for air bag sensor activation at low threshold speeds. For the type of sensor bracket considered, the vibration of the bracket itself did not significantly change the deceleration level detected by the sensor. Graphs are presented showing the influence of the bumper system and the sensor mounting bracket design on sensor dynamic performance. An animated technique is used to visually present the interaction between the responses of structural components and activation of the air bag sensor. Performance of the air bag sensor under these various test conditions is discussed. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409191 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665053 AU - CLARKE, R M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY AND DURABILITY OF HEAVY TRUCK ABS SYSTEMS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1298-1313 AB - Efforts in the 1970's to require that United States heavy vehicles be equipped with antilock braking systems (ABS) were unsuccesful. This is partly due to the truck user concerns about the in-service operational reliability and serviceability of the systems. As a necessary pre-step to reconsidering a requirement for ABS, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began, in 1988, a large in-service field evaluation of current-generation ABS systems. The aim was to determine if they would function reliably in U.S. trucking operations. Reliability and serviceability has been tracked on 200 ABS-equipped truck tractors, operated by seventeen fleets in six U.S. cities for a two-year period beginning in late 1988/early 1989. Beginning in late 1990, 50 ABS-equipped trailers were added to the program, for a two-year period. Maintenance records and specifically designed on-board monitor/recorder systems have been used to monitor system operation. Data from the recorders indicates that: (1) the ABSs function is used more frequently than might have been expected; and (2) the frequency of operation increases, as would be expected, during the winter months. Driver acceptance of the systems has been favourable. Maintenance information collected to date indicate that ABS can be succesfully installed and maintained on U.S. heavy vehicles. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Industries KW - Industry KW - Installation KW - Installation KW - Lorry KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Tractor KW - Trailer KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409198 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665055 AU - ROMPE, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL ACCIDENT SIMULATION FOR IMPROVED SAFETY OF TANK VEHICLES FOR DANGEROUS GOODS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1318-1324 AB - This paper presents the THESEUS investigation project. The investigation started in summer 1990, and was planned to last for several years. The project has been initiated by the German Federal Minister for Research and Technology. The THESEUS term is derived from the German "Tankfahrzeuge mit hoechst erreichbarer Sicherheit durch experimentelle Unfallsimulation". The project is intended to generate measures designed to improve tank trucks transporting hazardous substances. The main objective of the project is to consider the safety of the overall system consisting of: vehicle, tank components and safety devices, participants in the accident and the accident type. The first step of the project is: (1) to validate the mathematical model through experimental results using a modern truck- trailer combination with a low center of gravity; and (2) to calculate conditions not covered by experiments. The experimental accident simulation of the overall vehicle is supplemented by the systematic testing of tank components. The driving behaviour of tank vehicles is investigated by means of objective driving manoeuvres such as steady- state turning, step steering input and sinusoidal steering input. The most important parameter to be varied is the loading condition of the tank vehicle. The most significant results are expected to be the non-steady-state overturning limits of the vehicles under investigation. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Collision KW - Commodities KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Freight KW - Freight traffic KW - Germany KW - Hazards KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Lorry KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Risk KW - Road tanker KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Tankers KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Trailer KW - Trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409200 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664911 AU - VAN KAMPEN, LTB AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CYCLISTS AND PEDESTRIANS IN THE NETHERLANDS: DIFFERENT NEEDS OF INJURY PROTECTION? PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 63-67 AB - A series of analyses of injury data from hospitalized cyclists and pedestrians based on Dutch national hospital data has been carried out. The main purpose of this study is to establish the different needs of injury protection of cyclists and pedestrians, especially those colliding with cars. Contrary to the expectation based on the use of national accident data, there appeared to be an enormous number of hospitalized cyclists resulting from non-motor vehicle collisions. Their under-representation in the national accident statistics appeared even greater than the under-representation of hospitalized cyclists and pedestrians in general. This group of patients was analyzed as an additional third group. Conclusions are drawn regarding the specific injury patterns of the three groups, including the influence of age. Recommendations are given regarding both the problem of underreporting, and the means of protection against collision forces. The study forms part of a national plan regarding the stimulation of the use of bicycles in the Netherlands (Bicycle Master Plan). In this plan the imporvement of traffic safety of cyclists and the bicycle is explicitly aimed for. The study was commisioned by the former Dutch Ministry of Transport, Traffic Engineering Department (DVK). (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Age KW - Age KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Human body KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Netherlands KW - Netherlands KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Recording KW - Recording UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409056 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664918 AU - Harms, P L AU - TUNBRIDGE, R J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PATTERNS AND CAUSES OF SERIOUS INJURY AMONGST CAR OCCUPANTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 121-135 AB - This paper reports on a sample of nearly 3700 accident-involved cars with 4491 injured occupants. These were selected from a comprehensive crash-injury investigation which has been underway in the United Kingdom since 1983. The results show that the majority of impacts were to the front of the vehicle and involved the offside part of the front more often than the nearside. Approximately three quarters of the front occupants were known to be restrained, while most of the rear seat passengers were unrestrained. The unrestrained passenger sustained a greater level of overall injury than the restrained, this difference being more pronounced in side impacts. In absolute numbers, most injuries occurred to the cranium and limbs with the steering wheel being responsible for most head/face and trunk injuries to the driver. Most of the other injuries to all occupants occurred when they contacted adjacent, internal structures in the direction of impact. The results indicate that all occupants should be restrained. Means such as persuasion or enforcement should be used to make restraint use effective. Consideration must also be given reducing entrapment, particularly of the lower limbs, in order to improve the clinical outcome of casualties who may have other injuries. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Human body KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Use KW - Use KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409063 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664929 AU - FICHEUX, S AU - KLINGLER, M AU - HEDDEBART, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS RADIATED BY LIGHTING DISCHARGES ON AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 235-239 AB - An overview of the automobile field shows an increasingly frequent resort to electronic systems on vehicles. Improvement of mechanical functions, comfort, driving information and safety are now some of the current applications. However, the functioning of electronic systems can be modified by electromagnetic perturbations generated by sources such as on-board transmitters, AM broadcasting, CB, or radar emissions. The radiated fields produced by the lightning discharges form also intense sources which are apt to disturb the functioning of electronic systems or eventually to destroy them. In these conditions vehicle safety can be altered, if systems (for instance electronic injection units) are perturbed. Different tests were performed on a passenger car and a truck, disposed on the lightning research station at Saint Privat d'Allier, France. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Data communications KW - Data processing KW - Data transmission (telecom) KW - Electricity KW - Electricity KW - Electronics KW - Electronics KW - Information processing KW - Lorry KW - Magnetic properties KW - Magnetism KW - Telecommunication KW - Telecommunications KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks KW - Weather KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409074 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664936 AU - GLAESER, K-P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HEAD IMPACT TEST PROCEDURE FOR PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 302-309 AB - This paper describes the development of a test method for pedestrian head impacts. An analysis of the literature yielded a zone of possible head impact points for pedestrians involved in accidents (children and adults) involving head/bonnet impact. For the vehicle impact velocity of 40km/h specified in the award of this project, it was possible to obtain impact velocities and dent patterns for cadaver tests using full-scale tests. One head impactor each for child and adult were designed and built, and calibration requirements deduced. Satisfactory results were obtained in a comparison of impactor tests and full-scale cadaver tests. Basic tests were performed on the influence of impactor weight, shape, the necessity of an outer skin, minimum bonnet deformation, etcetera. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Accident KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409081 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664943 AU - ROGERS, N M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FURTHER CRASH TESTS OF MOTORCYCLE LEG PROTECTORS AS PROPOSED IN THE UK DRAFT SPECIFICATION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 360-377 AB - This paper describes results of a series of tests conducted during 1989 to evaluate further the UK (United Kingdom) Specification for Motorcycle Leg Protectors (UKDS). Proposed in 1987, the UKDS involves leg protector elements which have specific geometric and mechanical properties to be verified by laboratory measurements. The full-scale leg protector crash tests described are the most comprehensive to date in terms of: (1) the types of motorcycles and cars used; (2) the leg protector designs and UKDS categories; (3) the type of impact configurations considered; and (4) the use of state- of-the-art test methodologies, including a new motorcycle impact dummy and performance indices. Test results showed that UKDS type leg protectors produce: (a) increased numbers of leg fractures per crash; (b) leg fractures resulting from leg protector contact; (c) a lower head trajectory; and (d) increased head impact velocity and acceleration. The lower head trajectory was ascribed to the restraining action of the leg protector as the upper body moves forward, diagonally to the side, or laterally during impact. In addition, the leg protector itself was seen to cause direct injury to the legs. It was concluded that this general concept of leg protection is injury producing and does not contribute to improved rider protection. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometry KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409088 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664954 AU - Reichart, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE - FUNCTION ALLOCATION TO HUMANS AND/OR MACHINES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 482-487 AB - This paper discusses some aspects of function allocation to human and/or machine in the context of collision avoidance. Function allocation determines both the system performance, and the quality of the work situation as experienced by the human operator. Some system design criteria important for the function allocation are: (1) user acceptance; (2) technological constraints; (3) safety aspects; and (4) costs. The paper illustrates how the system design criteria can be specified in more detail by showing an example for the criteria for the acceptance of new systems by the automobile user. The collision avoidance function can be differentiated into various subfunctions. These include for instance: (i) perception of the relevant objects and their characteristics in the scene; and (ii) continuous updating of the effectiveness of both the chosen action(s) and decisions made about the additional or correcting measures. The subfunctions have to be performed independently from the assignment of the collision avoidance function to man and/or machine. Important conclusions are: (a) Achieving both improvements of active safety and the user acceptance requires a thorough function allocation process; (b) function allocation must be understood as the prime system engineering task; and (c) sometimes conflicting system design criteria will only allow to find the best compromise. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Human factor KW - Human factors KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409099 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664961 AU - Steyer, C AU - NAJCHAUS, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PARAMETRIC STUDY ON THE SIDE IMPACT SIMULATION OF RENAULT VSS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 549-554 AB - This paper covers a series of numerical studies aiming at optimizing structural reinforcement for the Renault 19 series-production. The project breaks down into two main parts. The first phase is that of validation of the numerical simulations in two extreme cases of vehicle-structure stiffness. Once these results were obtained, the model allowed for a hierarchical arrangement of reinforcement zones based on criteria of car side intrusion speed. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Optimum KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409106 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664968 AU - OEHLUND, A AU - SASLECOV, V AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DYNAMIC TEST METHOD FOR A CAR'S INTERIOR SIDE IMPACT PERFORMANCE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 598-608 AB - This paper gives a general description of a dynamic test method for the development of a car's interior towards improved side impact performance. It also describes an application and some advantages of the test method. The background and needs for this methods are to: (1) enable the development of the car's interior before the body is available in a new car concept; (2) reduce the number of full-scale tests; (3) reduce development time; and (4) reduce the needs of expensive test equipment. The method is based on a small moving barrier which carries the trim panels mounted on a door and side structure bullet-substitute. Any available side impact dummy can be used in the method. In order to run the test, the moving barrier is accelerated up to a chosen "dummy impact velocity" before it impacts on the dummy and seat. The findings show that the test method has a good conformity with a full-scale test in terms of both the dummy response and the behaviour of the interior components. The method can be used to determine the effects of different bullets and structural performance. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409113 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664972 AU - Yamaguchi, S AU - TANEDA, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CURRENT STATUS OF CORRELATION BETWEEN CTP (COMPOSITE TEST PROCEDURE) AND FST (FULL-SCALE TEST) PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 634-646 AB - The current status on the extent of correlation between full-scale test (FST) results and the dummy responses obtained by the CTP (Composite Test Procedure) test is reported. It is based on the cooperative operations of the new association of European car manufacturers (ACEA), the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA), and the Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA). First, an outline of the course of the JAMA/JARI research is introduced. This research is aimed at improving the correlation between the dummy responses in FST and CTP tests. Next, a description is given of: (1) the differences in the two computer-controlled CTP systems and software developed by ACEA and JAMA/JARI; and (2) the extent of correlation between the CC-CTP and FST results. Both methods of CC-CTP have been judged as already showing high correlation in the field of computer simulation. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Calculation KW - Calculation KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409117 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664979 AU - Haddak, M AU - Ramet, M AU - VALLET, G AU - Cesari, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT INTO A FIXED OBJECT: WHAT IS AT STAKE? PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 707-712 AB - This paper investigates the results of a statistical analysis of side impacts against rigid obstacles. Side impact with another vehicle is also considered. The analysis was based on data extracted from the bidisciplinary accident database maintained by INRETSLCB. The study was restricted to accidents since 1980 for reasons of uniformity of coding and deformation measurement accuracy. Multivariate data analysis was carried out on the database using SPADN. The aim of the analysis was to examine the severity of occupant injuries, the accident conditions and vehicle deformations. The primary aim of the study was to attempt, and to identify possible means of improving occupant protection in side impact. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Analysis (math) KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409124 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664986 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECT OF CAR SIZE ON THE FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF ROLLOVER CRASHES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 765-770 AB - Narrower, lighter, shorter cars have higher rollover rates than wide, heavy, long ones under the same crash conditions. During model years 1970-82, as the market shifted from large domestic cars to downsized, subcompact or imported cars, the fleet became more rollover prone. The net effect of all car size changes since 1970 is an increase of approximately 1340 rollover fatalities per year in the United States. The methods of this report do not identify which individual vehicle size parameter (track width, curb weight, wheelbase, etcera) is the principal "cause" of rollover proneness. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Overturning KW - Size KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409131 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664993 AU - PRIEZ, A AU - Petit, C AU - GUEZARD, B AU - BOULOMMIER, L AU - Dittmar, A AU - DELHOMME, A AU - VERNET-MAURY, E AU - PAILHOUS, E AU - FORET-BRUNO, J-Y AU - Tarriere, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW ABOUT THE AVERAGE DRIVER IN A CRITICAL SITUATION? CAN HE REALLY BE HELPED BY PRIMARY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT? PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 805-810 AB - Since primary safety is the unique possibility to protect automobilists in half of the crashes, it needs to quantify the efficiency of these systems. This paper considers that a primary safety system is efficient, provided that it avoids dead or injured people. Both the driver and the system have to be trailed at the same time. The anti- lock braking system (ABS) has recently been studied through a 100- drivers experiment. Although the ABS is famous, it appears that most drivers don't know how it works and misused it. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Aptitude KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Driver training KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving aptitude KW - Hazards KW - Obstacle KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409138 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664997 AU - ROBERTS, A K AU - BEUSENBERG, M AU - Cesari, D AU - GLAESER, K-P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE BIOFIDELITY OF THE PRODUCTION VERSION OF THE EUROPEAN SIDE IMPACT DUMMY "EUROSID-1" PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 850-859 AB - This report describes and presents the results of a large biofidelity test programme performed within the EEVC test laboratories on four samples of the EUROSID-1 dummy. The results of this test programme are compared with the biofidelity targets produced by the EEVC Working Party Group 9. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometry KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Hip KW - Reproducibility KW - Shoulder KW - Side crashes KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409142 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665004 AU - Khaewpong, N AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - MORGAN, R M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYTICAL TRAUMA RESEARCH USING THE CHEST BAND PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 907-915 AB - This paper explores the potential for developing improved thoracic injury criteria using data derived from experiments using the chest band. The chest band is both a sensing device and an analytical process that determines the cross-sectional geometry of an object about which it is wrapped. In the process of determining the geometric shape of the object, the chest band process also provides both the local curvature and the time rate of change of the curvature of the object's peripheral surface. A discussion of the rationale and the methodology for relating local curvature and other factors with thoracic skeletal injury is provided. Additionally, the rationale and processes of using the derived time varying contours from the chest band to establish the extent of internal thoracic injury are also explored by using a simplified finite element model of the chest. It is stimulated by using the time varying external contours obtained from the chest band as the inputs to calculate the stress and strain distribution throughout the model. Initial analysis indicates that the stresses and strains internal to the body are produced by both the deformation of the periphery, and by the inertial conditions to which the entire body is exposed while being deformed. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Human tolerance KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409149 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665011 AU - ROBERTS, A K AU - LOWNE, R W AU - BEUSENBERG, M AU - Cesari, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST PROCEDURES FOR DEFINING BIOFIDELITY TARGETS FOR LATERAL IMPACT TEST DUMMIES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 956-967 AB - This paper describes concisely the test procedures and biofidelity targets which were included in a comprehensive review of the lateral impact cadaver data base. The review was published by the EEVC Working Group 9 at the 1990 IRCOBI Conference in France. Minor changes have been made to the test procedures and test configurations as further information on the original cadaver tests has become available. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Hip KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Shoulder KW - Side crashes KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409156 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665018 AU - Norin, H AU - JERNSTROEM, C AU - KOCH, M AU - RYRBERG, S AU - SVENSSON, S-E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AVOIDING SUB-OPTIMIZED OCCUPANT SAFETY BY MULTIPLE SPEED IMPACT TESTING PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1021-1027 AB - Car manufacturers carrying out crash tests at only one speed and with only one occupant size run the risk of sub-optimizing their safety systems. This is discussed occasionally, but often in such all- embracing terms that a car designer is often left without any advice as to how the sub-optimization can be reduced. This risk is illustrated through an assumed case. An existing belt system is compared with some new, hypothetical designs. Depending on which test strategy is chosen, the safety properties of one of the new designs can be found to be either better or worse, than the existing system. This shows that the consequences of an inadequate test strategy for new safety systems can be an increase in the number of injuries out in the real traffic environment. The illustration is done using a method whereby accident injury statistics can be correlated with dummy responses from crash tests in the laboratory and with dummy responses in the MADYMO Simulation Programme. Different collision speeds and variations in occupant size should therefore be considered, when test strategies for occupant protection systems are defined. Legislators and consumers should pay more attention to safety performance in different circumstances. (A) For the covering asbtract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Correlation (math, stat) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Safety belt KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409163 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665022 AU - MUNSON, R H AU - Marsh, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPPLEMENTAL AIR BAG RESTRAINT SYSTEMS: SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1054-1060 AB - The success of air bag systems is clear. Air bag systems are now practical and effective as supplemental restraints for reducing the risk of injury in certain classes of vehicles and in certain collisions, but several key challenges remain. For example, the air bag inflator supply base is still fragile. There are also a number of customer misconceptions resulting from differences between customer beliefs about air bag systems and actual air bag system operation and field performance. Field investigation will continue to be critical to the automotive industry and the research community's understanding of real- world occupant restraint system performance. Field experience has demonstrated that the combination of safety belts and air bags now provide the best overall risk reduction, but only if safety belts are used, and used properly. There will continue to be a critical need to promote the proper use of safety belts. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Use KW - Use KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409167 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665029 AU - KHALIL, T B AU - WASKO, R J AU - HALLQUIST, J O AU - STILLMAN, D J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT AND INTERACTIONS WITH AN OCCUPANT MODEL USING DYNA3D PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1103-1113 AB - For the abstract of the paper see IRRD 850472. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Force KW - Force KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409174 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665036 AU - FITZPATRICK, M U AU - Thompson, K E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION AND DESCRIPTION OF "PASSIM-PLUS" PASSENGER AIRBAG MODEL PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1151-1157 AB - This paper describes and discusses the most recent validation of the PASSIM-PLUS passenger side airbag model for analyzing airbags of complex shape. The multi-element model has the capability of simulating passenger interaction with a three dimensional airbag of completely arbitrary, user defined shape. This model actually simulates the instantaneous shape of the airbag as determined by the various contact surfaces encountered by the airbag. Therefore, the shape of the contact surface presented to the passenger is not constant and can accommodate large deflection penetrations by the passenger. The model is capable of simulating forward positioned children and normally seated adults. The model is fully supported by various menu driven pre- and post-processors for creating the input files and evaluating the output. A special, menu driven, interactive pre-processor facilitates rapid creation of the 3-D airbag "mesh". Another pre-processor computes the inflator mass flow and gas temperature from tank test data. All FMVSS-208 injury measures are computed and summarized. Post-processors provide full graphic output in curve overlay and kinematic format. The results show that the model is both easy to use and very accurate in its predictive ability. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Correlation (math, stat) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Shape KW - Shape KW - Side KW - Side KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409181 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665047 AU - Chou, C C AU - Lin, Y S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS FROM BARRIER CRASH TESTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1234-1245 AB - This interim report documents the progress made in the development of Vehicle Structural Identification Program (VSIP) for determining the non-linear automobile structural characteristics from barrier crash test data. Efforts have been directed toward improving an existing system identification method initiated in 1988 by Hollowell of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The improvements made include: (1) a provision for predefining certain load paths in a one- dimensional lumped-mass-spring (LMS) model; and (2) relaxing the requirements of non-negative stiffness parameters in the approximation process. Good correlations between the extracted results with the actual data either from analytical models or simplified crash test data demonstrate the feasibility of this vehicle structural characterization technique currently under development. Theoretically, the system identification approach has the potential of developing vehicle structural models totally based on accelerometer data from barrier crash tests. The method, when developed and validated, will offer an opportunity in reducing static crusher testings of components traditionally required in LMS model simulations. This opportunity will become evident as the development of the methodology continues. Further applications of this system identification approach to a full- scale vehicle system using crash test data need to be explored for identifying feasibilities and issues of the technique. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Dynamics KW - Dynamics KW - Force KW - Force KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409192 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665054 AU - Kuwahara, T AU - Araki, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW CONCEPT OF BRAKE FOR HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1313-1318 AB - This paper describes the development of an epoch-making eddy-current retarder featuring light weight, compact and easy installation by using very powerful Nd-Fe-B base permanent magnet. The paper is about a new braking system concept of heavy duty vehicles. The safety improvement of brake application at high speed driving, and future requirements of the brake system of these vehicles are discussed. The discussion is based on test results obtained while driving on express way in mountainous districts in Japan. The new retarderd can be incorporated in the conventional brake system as an integral part. For the brake safety improvement, the retarder is to be used mainly at high speed. However, the conventional wheel brake system is to be used at low speed running or in an emergency. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Gradient KW - Highway grades KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Lorry KW - Mountain pass KW - Passes (Mountains) KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409199 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664914 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - FRICK, M C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER FATALITY RISK IN TWO-CAR CRASHES: DEPENDENCE ON MASSES OF DRIVEN AND STRIKING CAR PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 83-93 AB - Relative risk of driver death in a two-car crash is estimated as a function of the mass of each car using driver and pedestrian fatalities coded in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). This study uses model-year 1980 and later cars. A three parameter analytical function fitted to the estimated risks generated the following findings. When a driver transfers to a lighter car that driver's risk increases, while the other involved driver's risk declines. When cars of the same mass crash into each other, fatality risk is lower when both cars are heavier. If one of the equal-mass cars is replaced by another lighter by any amount, the increase in fatality risk to the driver in the car of reduced mass exceeds the reduction in fatality risk for the driver in the unchanged car (that is, net risk increases). Net driver fatality risk or net fatalities in a car population increases, provided that: (1) any car in the population is replaced by a lighter one, or (2) one population of identical cars is replaced by another population of lighter identical cars. Making all cars in a population of uniform mass while keeping the average mass constant increases net fatality risk. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hazards KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Risk KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409059 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664915 AU - Klein, T M AU - Hertz, E AU - Borener, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COLLECTION OF RECENT ANALYSES OF VEHICLE WEIGHT AND SAFETY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 94-103 AB - This report documents the results of an analysis of the effect of car weight on safety. The analysis encompassed a number of crash modes including fatality risk in single vehicle nonrollover crashes, serious injury and fatality risk in car-to-car crashes, and serious injury risk in collisions of cars with medium/heavy trucks. This work was undertaken as part of an effort to study the long-term effects of the major reductions in passenger car weight of the 1970's and 1980's. Data from the State of Texas for accident years 1984 through 1987, and from the State of Maryland for accident years 1984 through 1988 were used. The analysis employed logistic regression methods to model the conditional risk of serious injury as a function of a number of accident-level and person-level covariates. An important finding is that in car-to-car crashes, the change in injury rate associated with the reduction in vehicle fleet weight from 3,700 to 2,700 pounds has been estimated from the Texas data to be an additional 14 percent. The Maryland data produced an estimated increase in the serious driver injury rate of 4 percent for the shift from a 3,700 to 2,700 pound average fleet weight. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Hazards KW - Injury severity KW - Lorry KW - Regression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409060 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664932 AU - NIEBOER, J J AU - GOUDSWAARD, A P AU - Wismans, J AU - JANSSEN, E G AU - VERSMISSEN, ACM AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG SYSTEMS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 268-273 AB - This paper gives a state of the art impression on research and development activities in the field of motorcycle airbag systems. The combined multibody-finite element approach offered by the MADYMO Crash Victim Simulation program is applied to modelling the motorcycle- airbag-rider interaction. Both a model of a motorcycle sled mock-up and a complete model of an airbag-equipped motorcycle were developed. The first model is the mathematical counterpart of an actual sled test, representing a 90 degrees frontal impact between a motorcycle and a passenger car side structure, involving a pre-inflated airbag. It is expected that the full airbag-equipped motorcycle model can be used for performance evaluation of different motorcycle airbag restraint systems under different impact conditions. This expectation is based on the correlation found between the sled test and simulation results. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409077 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664933 AU - MACAULAY, M A AU - Karimi, H AU - CHINN, B P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF DUMMY LEG DESIGN ON MOTORCYCLE CRASH TEST RESULTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 273-281 AB - This report considers attempts to develop dummy motorcyclists with breakable legs. Material characteristics are discussed. The variation in the scatter fracture load of different materials is compared using the Weibull modulus. The materials used in the different dummy legs have been calibrated statically and uni-axially whereas in crash tests multi-axial dynamic loads are sustained. The Independent Action criterion is used to show that: (1) compressive and torsion loads have only a small effect on bending; and (2) differences in results from different laboratories is the result of scatter in the material characteristics. The effect that leg fracture has on dummy trajectory is described using previously published experimental pedestrian impacts, motorcycle crash tests and pedestrian and car occupant computer simulation studies. Head trajectory is shown to be largely unaffected by leg fracture. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409078 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664947 AU - LAURENCE, GJL AU - HARDY, B J AU - HARRIS, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BONNET LEADING EDGE SUB-SYSTEMS TEST FOR CARS TO ASSESS PROTECTION FOR PEDESTRIANS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 402-413 AB - This paper describes the research that has been undertaken by the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) to develop a sub-systems test to assess the protection that is afforded to pedestrians by the leading edge of the bonnets of cars. This work forms a part of the research by a Working Group of the European Experimental Vehicles Committee. The paper identifies the existing accident data and full-scale cadaver and dummy testing that provide a basis for the work. The safety requirements of both child and adult pedestrians are discussed. Results of additional tests that have been conducted to develop, calibrate and validate the proposed impact device and test method are described. Different car frontal shapes influence the velocity, the effective mass and the direction of the pedestrian's impact with the bonnet leading edge. This variation has been allowed for by adjusting the conditions of the sub-system test. Proposals for the resolution of these variations with respect to the sub-system test and recommendations for acceptance levels are given. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Conferences KW - Force KW - Hoods KW - Impact tests KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Shape KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409092 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664950 AU - Viano, D C AU - DAVIS, R F AU - BENNETT, M R AU - LEFEVRE, R L AU - RASMUSSEN, R E AU - SCHERBA, M C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPPORTUNITIES IN AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY: A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 438-449 AB - This paper describes the advances being made by the automotive safety community in the United States to further improve the design and performance of motor vehicles to avoid a crash and prevent injury. It also discusses the need for careful evaluation of opportunities for further safety gains. These gains include: (1) the "hard technologies" of vehicle crashworthiness and crash avoidance hardware; and (2) the "soft technologies" of modifying driving techniques and risk-taking behaviour to avoid crashes. If a person has been taught proper driving techniques, exercises safe driving behaviour, and has avoided crashes as a result, these "soft technologies" can take on equal importance in preventing injury as the "hard technologies" of crash avoidance by; (a) anti-lock brake systems (ABS), (b) heads-up display, or (c) obstacle- detection radar. As part of the national health promotion, HHS Secretary Sullivan has asked the medical profession to encourage the public to take responsibility for their own health. In much the same way, there needs to be a national programme by the government and industry to encourage drivers to take responsibility for their own behaviour and protection. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Personality KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Responsibility KW - Responsibility KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409095 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664951 AU - FAIDAY, J-P AU - HAMON, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PSA PROJECT "FOR A SAFER ROAD" PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 454-458 AB - In Europe, from 1972 to 1985, the number of people killed was reduced by 37% whilst the number of vehicles increased by 56%. But, since 1985, progress has stagnated. The PSA "PSA For a Safer Road" research plan aims at reducing by half, between now and the year 2000, the number of road accident victims. For this purpose, a global, rigorous, innovative, voluntary and concerted approach, will be used, bringing together the driver, the highway infrastructure and the vehicle. This approach comprises 4 sectors entitled: (1) Knowledge to better understand the causes and consequences of accidents, and the driver's physiological and psychological behaviour; (2) Prevention to eliminate as far as possible risk situations by having a safe infrastructure and properly trained drivers, and by adopting a convivial driving style with safe, comfortable vehicles in good condition; (3) Avoidance to ensure that in a risk situation the accident does not occur. This avoidance is based on both driver assistance programmes, and dialogue between the vehicles and the infrastructre; and (4) protection to ensure maximum limitation, in the event of an accident, of consequences to the people involved by: a) better protecting vehicle occupants; and b) reducing the aggressive nature of the road environment and that of vehicles towards pedestrians and bicycle users. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Case study KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409096 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664964 AU - WASKO, R J AU - Campbell, K L AU - HENSON, S E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF MVMA (MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION) FULL VEHICLE SIDE IMPACT TESTS ON 1990 MODEL YEAR PONTIAC 6000 VEHICLES USING BIOSID AND SID PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 567-573 AB - This study evaluates the responses of the BioSID and the SID dummies due to changes in vehicle interiors. The study also evaluates the dummy responses for identical test conditions. A series of 12 full- scale side impact tests were conducted under highly controlled conditions using the proposed National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) side impact test procedure. The responses of the two dummies are clearly different in many respects. Only the pelvis acceleration in the front seat and the upper thoracic rib in the rear seat were not significantly different. In the rear seat, all of the acceleration-based measurements common to both dummies were lower for the BioSID. Both the compression measurement and the Viscous Criterion increased with the modified door interior in the front seat. The results were mixed in the rear seat, with most of the compression and viscous measures showing no significant difference, except for the fourth rib. The results illustrate the critical impact the choice of injury measure may have on vehicle design changes that are to be developed on the basis of the side impact test procedure. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Car door KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Padding (safety) KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409109 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664965 AU - Kanianthra, J N AU - WILLKE, D T AU - GABLER, H C AU - ZUBY, D S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SID, BIOSID, AND EUROSID IN LATERAL, PENDULUM, SLED AND CAR IMPACTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 573-587 AB - Prior to the issuance of the final rule for side impact protection, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) initiated a research programme for the evaluation of three side impact dummies for potential use in side impact testing per the regulation. The test devices evaluated included: (1) the NHTSA developed SID; (2) the EUROSID-1 developed under the sponsorship of the European Experimental Vehicle Committee; and (3) the BIOSID which was designed and developed under the auspices of the Society of Automotive Engineers', Biomechanics and Simulations Subcommittee. The test programme included: (a) dummy performance verification testing; (b) sled tests to evaluate the capability of the dummies to discriminate impact surfaces of various crush strength characteristics; and (c) a limited number of production passenger car tests. Assessment of the comparative performance of the dummies was made on the basis of the injury criteria specified in the final side impact rule, namely, the Thoracic Trauma Index and pelvic accelerations. Repeatability performance and biofidelity of the dummies were also evaluated. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal column KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409110 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664982 AU - LEFEVRE, R L AU - RASMUSSEN, R E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUFACTURER'S OVERVIEW OF ROLLOVER RESISTANCE TEST TECHNOLOGY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 733-740 AB - Rollover accidents are among the most difficult of the major accident categories to analyze through the application of full-scale test procedures. Because of this difficulty, industry and governments worldwide have not reached a consensus on a full-scale test technology to assess a vehicle's ability to resist rollover motion. Additionally, progress in developing test procedures to define rollover resistance has been retarded by the factors of accident complexity and a reluctance to separate manoeuvre handling issues from those specifically related to the rollover event. The relevance of field accident data to test procedure selection are described using examples from the United States experience. Candidate procedures from around the world are discussed. A set of criteria for judging and comparing the merits of these proposals is suggested. All procedures represent compromises between the desire to include every contributing factor and a need to distinguish differences in rollover performance. Problems associated with validating candidate procedures with field accident data are also described. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Manufacture KW - Manufactures KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409127 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664983 AU - Mackay, G M AU - Parkin, S AU - Morris, A P AU - BROWN, R N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE URBAN ROLLOVER: CHARACTERISTICS, INJURIES, SEAT-BELTS AND EJECTION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 741-747 AB - This paper presents an analysis of rollover crash characteristics and the injury consequences for occupants. 158 rollover cases are analyzed involving 282 occupants. Comparisons are made, where appropriate, between this study and previous studies conducted in the 1970's. The study found that generally, the urban rollover is not a dramatic crash. Injury severity was found to be low to both restrained and unrestrained occupants, but ejectees were more likely to be fatally injured than non-ejectees. That however does not imply a causal relationship between ejection and the specific mechanism of injury. Roof crush was not found to be responsible for injury causation and therefore no recommendations for changes in current roof strength are made. This sample may under represent high velocity crashes as the study was conducted in an urban environment, a view supported by the fact that only 20% of vehicle rolled more than one revolution. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Ejection KW - Ejection KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Roof (veh) KW - Safety belt KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas KW - Use KW - Use KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409128 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665000 AU - BENDJELLAL, F AU - FULD, G AU - HAUTMANN, E AU - KOCH, M AU - Marks, H AU - PASTORINO, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EUROSID I AND BIOSID IMPACT RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS VS. ISO BIOFIDELITY REQUIREMENTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 871-887 AB - This paper deals with responses of BIOSID and EUROSID I side impact dummies as regards biofidelity requirements set up by International Standardization Organization (ISO)/TEC22/SC12/WG5. Each dummy was subjected to a series of sled, impactor, and drop tests in order to assess the behaviour of dummy segments such as the neck, shoulder, thorax, abdomen and pelvis. Other dummy characteristics that are discussed are repeatability and reproducibility. The main results of the present study confirm that both dummies, although showing better performance than their processors, still need to be further developed so that they could be used as a development and certification tool. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - International Organization for Standardization KW - International Standards Organization KW - Iso KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Shoulder KW - Shoulder (human) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409145 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665001 AU - WEISS, M S AU - GUCCIONE, S AU - WATKINS, T A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCALING HYBRID III AND HUMAN KINEMATIC RESPONSES TO FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 887-891 AB - As part of its Impact Injury Prevention programme, the United States Naval Biodynamics Laboratory is studying human volunteer and Hybrid III head-neck responses to whole-body acceleration. These data are being used to develop validated models, using Hybrid III responses, for predicting human head-neck responses at the full range of operational g-levels. For the -X directions, key linear and angular acceleration variables from selected sets of human experiments were fit using least- squares polynomial splines. The spline parameters are functions of the latency and amplitude of the peaks of the acceleration variables and are well-predicted from the initial head position and the sled acceleration profile. Similar functional forms were imposed on selected sets of Hybrid III data yielding equally good results. These common and consistent statistical models for human and Hybrid III data from the basis of a statistical scaling procedure between human and Hybrid III response for the -X direction. The results demonstrate an analytical approach for extrapolating human head/neck kinematics to levels and types of impact exposure where injury could occur. Currently, these results are being extended to include the +Y (lateral) and +Z (vertical) vector directions. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Forecasting KW - Head KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Simulation KW - Statistics KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409146 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665014 AU - FAERBER, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF RIGID WALL IMPACT SPEED ON DUMMY AND VEHICLE LOADINGS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 977-985 AB - The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of 0 degree rigid wall impact speed on dummy and vehicle loadings. This was done by testing three different types of vehicle at speeds of 30 km/h, 40 km/h, 50 km/h and 55 km/h. The test vehicles were subcompact, compact and full-size vehicles. During the initial testing stage, a total of fifteen tests was conducted, in other words, one test for each constellation. The front seats were occupied on each occasion by two Hybrid III dummies. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Calculation KW - Calculation KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409159 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665015 AU - Schueler, F AU - HUPFER, P AU - Wech, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FULL SIZE SEMI-FRONTAL CRASH SIMULATIONS WITH PASSENGER CARS AT 55 KM/H PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 986-988 AB - Beginning April 1990, frontal collision simulations with middle- and compact-class cars have been performed. For these crash tests a new experimental technique was developed using Electronically Controlled Vehicles. All tests were conducted at a collision velocity of 55 km/h and 50% offset against a rigid barrier. The main task of this test series was to achieve an estimation on the vehicle-specific injury potential (crashworthiness). In the vehicles, dummies of type Hybrid II/50% male were positioned on the driver's and co-driver's seats. The measured vehicle and dummy data (accelerations, forces, deformations) and injury criteria were used to calculate this injury potential. The results of both the high-speed films, and of the vehicles' structure behaviour gave further basic data. Finally, results of Heidelberg long-term investigations gave basic knowledge for the injury mechanisms. Another future aim of this collision series is to discuss the problems of rating individual passive safety levels of different vehicles in accordance with realistic main accident types, and with respect to optimized injury criteria in dummies. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409160 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665032 AU - Seki, K AU - Fukuda, K AU - Honda, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF THE PASSENGER AIRBAG SYSTEM PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1127-1134 AB - This airbag design study analyses the test results to find ways to obtain an effective protection capability of the airbag while reducing its impact on the passenger during deployment. The tests were conducted by taking into consideration the parameters specific to the passnger seat. These include: (1) wide range of age; (2) physical size and (3) weight of passengers, and (4) seating conditions such as: position, direction and posture. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409177 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665033 AU - BRANTMAN, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACHIEVABLE OPTIMUM CRASH PULSES FOR COMPARTMENT SENSING AND AIRBAG PERFORMANCE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1134-1138 AB - This paper defines realistic achievable 30 mph (48 kph) vehicle to frontal barrier crash pulses (in the Delta-V domain) for optimum single-point occupant compartment sensing, and total airbag performance. These optimum Delta-V pulse shapes are established through airbag system computer modelling, but are based on examination of many vehicle to barrier crash pulses to insure realistic achievability. Not only do "optimum" airbag crash pulses need to be defined, but also "upper and lower bounds" within which good performance can be achieved. Through computer modelling, upper and lower bounds are established that: (1) provide acceptable compartment sensing times (including allowance for sensor manufacturing tolerance bounds); and (2) should limit airbag injury measures to 350 Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and 40 Chest G. Although established for a 30 mph frontal barrier crash, knowledge and experience have been used in defining the Delta-V pulse shapes such that good sensor performance would also be expected in the mid speed range. In accordance with this objective, undesirable Deltva-V pulse shapes that are within or near that optimum pulse boundary are also shown. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Interior (veh) KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Optimum KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409178 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665050 AU - SEIFF, H E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK SAFETY IN THE U.S. PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1257-1265 AB - In contrast to public concern over "killer trucks", large truck fatality and accident rates in the United States are falling, namely: (1) a fatality rate from 3.64/10 (super 8) km in 1976 to 2.31 in 1989; and (2) an accident rate from 2.20/10 (super 6) km in 1979 to 1.53 in 1989. Large truck occupant fatalities decreased 24% from 1976 to 1989, as safety belt use increased from 6% to 40% (and up to 56% in 1991). But the fatality rate remains 70% higher than the rate for passenger cars, because the mass of a truck puts occupants in other vehicles at greater risk. Double trailer combinations are not over represented in fatal accidents, but bobtail tractors are. Large trucks are one-fourth as likely to be involved in a fatal accident on limited-access highways as on other highways, and one-third as likely to have a fatal accident in daytime travel as at night. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident rate KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Lorry KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409195 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665051 AU - DANNER, M AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - BAEUMLER, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TYPICAL RISK SITUATIONS IN CAR TO TRUCK ACCIDENTS - THE NECESSITY OF IMPROVING THE CONSPICUITY OF TRUCKS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1266-1275 AB - This paper deals with typical risk situations in truck-to-car collisions with respect to accident prevention. From a representative material of nearly 1400 truck-to-car accidents the pre-crash situations are described. It is shown that the signal effect of trucks especially in night-time and in bad weather conditions is insufficient. This results in an increased rate of car crashes into the side and rear end of trucks related with conspicuity problems. Proposals from current research work are made to improve the signal effect of trucks including an efficiency assessment. A passive conture marking seems to be an essential contribution to accident prevention. This marking would enable retro- fitting of existing trucks, which is necessary for short-term improvement. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident prevention KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Lorry KW - Night KW - Night KW - Prevention KW - Rear KW - Rear KW - Risk KW - Safety KW - Side KW - Side KW - Signal KW - Signals KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Visibility KW - Visibility KW - Weather KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409196 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664909 AU - Maag, U AU - Desjardins, D AU - LABERGE-NADEAU, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA LINKAGES IN REAL CRASH ANALYSIS: A KEY TO PROGRESS IN ROAD SAFETY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 45-48 AB - Government agencies and insurance companies collect and record enormous amounts of data on road accidents on computer files. The collection of this data serves mainly for administrative purposes and only occasionally for research. The objective of this paper is to argue, and to show that useful research projects can be carried out relatively cheaply, using basically administrative data, provided that linkage of files and linkage with sources is possible. In Quebec where there is compulsory government car insurance, except for material damages, there is a particularly favourable situation making possible the creation of complete and rich databases organized by individual records. The paper shows the research potential of such databases on the example of two studies: one on the effects of age and experience in accidents with injuries, and the second on medical conditions and drivers' records. It is also pointed out that the researchers have to assume a great responsibility in order that the privacy of individuals is maintained very strictly. Data about an individual must be kept confidential, and the files should not carry any identity of individuals, only numbers. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Accident rate KW - Age KW - Age KW - Canada KW - Canada KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Data banks KW - Database KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Experience (human) KW - Knowledge KW - Medical aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409054 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664922 AU - WALSH, W H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH DATA PLANS FOR THE UNITED STATES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 155-162 AB - With an estimated 44,500 fatalities and more than six million police reported crashes in 1990 and economic losses from these crashes in excess of 100 billion dollars per year, motor vehicle and highway safety continue as a top priority in transportation safety. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has been charged with reducing these consequences of vehicular transportation. Essential for carrying out this mission is high quality crash data. The National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) is responsible for collecting and analyzing crash data to support key highway safety initiatives. Through NCSA's data collection and analysis programmes, NHTSA can: (1) understand the factors that influence highway safety; (2) analyze benefits of future activities; (3) quantitatively identify the effectiveness of crashworthiness and crash avoidance vehicle design characteristics; (4) relate driver behaviour factors to injury and fatality rates; and (5) provide a clear and concise picture of highway crashes in the United States. This paper summarizes these data activities and discusses programme changes planned during the next five years to improve NHTSA's ability to deal with emerging highway safety problems. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Accident KW - Analysis (math) KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Database KW - Fatality KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Information documentation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409067 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664924 AU - Igarashi, M AU - NAGAI, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VARIOUS ASPECTS ON CRASHWORTHINESS CALCULATIONS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 181-188 AB - This paper presents results of a computer simulation using finite element analysis for predicting various aspects of crashworthiness. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with experimental observations. Continuing efforts to improve both the computer hardware and computational software should further extend the application of these techniques and result in optimal structural design for specific vehicles. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Body (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Calculation KW - Calculation KW - Collision KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409069 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664926 AU - MACDONALD, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN OVERVIEW OF THE VEHICLE INSPECTORATE'S DATABASE ON BUS, COACH AND GOODS VEHICLE EXAMINATIONS FOLLOWING MAJOR ACCIDENTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 192-195 AB - The United Kingdom's Department of Transport's Vehicle Inspectorate examines approximately 1,800 accident involved vehicles each year to establish whether vehicle condition contributed to the cause of the accident. The majority of these vehicles are heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), buses and coaches. The information may be used by the Vehicle Inspectorate to investigate vehicle safety defects of a design or manufacturing nature. The information collected from the vehicle examinations is coded and entered onto a computer database. This paper describes how the information is collected, coded and subsequently used to identify vehicle safety concerns or to provide information used in formulating government policy. The strengths and limitations of this method of collecting and analysing this data are described and examples used to illustrate these. Lessons learned about data collection, coding, and accessing of the information are included. Future development of all these areas is described. The move to place greater emphasis on the secondary safety aspects of vehicle examinations is included. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Bus KW - Buses KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Data banks KW - Data processing KW - Database KW - Defect (tech) KW - Defects KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Lorry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Trucks KW - United kingdom KW - United Kingdom KW - Vehicle inspection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409071 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664939 AU - Higuchi, K AU - Akiyama, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF THE VEHICLE STRUCTURE'S CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 323-329 AB - This paper describes tests that used a full-scale sled to determine how the orientation of pedestrians, shape of the front bumper and hood edge, and energy absorbing characteristics of those parts affect the head injuries of adult and child pedestrians. Computer simulation was also used in some cases to check the results of the actual tests. Prior to the study, it was thought that bumper lead and hood height had individual effects on pedestrian injuries. However, it was ascertained as a result of the study, that these two conditions are interactive which produces a more complex injury mechanism. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Shape KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409084 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664941 AU - KAMREN, B AU - Kullgren, A AU - LIE, A AU - SKOELD, B-A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION AND CHILD RESTRAINTS - ACCIDENT DATA AND LABORATORY TEST INCLUDING NEW TEST METHODS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 341-5 AB - This presentation uses accident data in order to give the background for the main priorities in increasing child restraint protection. The injury mechanism is discussed in relation to full-scale laboratory tests and real life case studies. A test method is proposed. Results from using the method on child restraint in ECE mass group 1 are showed. It is concluded that the side protection can be increased by fairly simple methods. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409086 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664956 AU - MATSUMOTO, H AU - Tanaka, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF DOOR STRUCTURE ON OCCUPANT INJURY IN SIDE IMPACT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 509-516 AB - This paper analyzes the performance of the DOT Side Impact Dummy (DOT- SID) subjected to various contact surfaces to the dummy. The study employs the proposed National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) side impact test conditions. The study uses the MADYMO three dimensional computer simulation. Based on the results, it was found that deformation characteristics, location of the door panel and the stiffness of the door have great influence on improving occupant injury indices. Simulation results are validated through the utilization of both full-scale crash tests, and hyge sled tests. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409101 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664958 AU - HAALAND, Y AU - Pipkorn, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AIRBAGS AND PADDING IN SIDE IMPACTS - EVALUATION BY A NEW SUBSYSTEM TEST METHOD PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 523-533 AB - This study presents a new test method, where a car door mounted on a sled impacts a test dummy. The method takes into account the two main injury causing factors in side impacts. These factors are: (1) the door to dummy impact speed; and (2) the velocity history of the door inner wall. This velocity history determines the door to dummy displacement/overlap. The new test method is used to evaluate the effect of the padding/airbag in the chest area and of the padding in the pelvis area. The chest airbag results in: (i) generally lower loadings to the head, neck and chest than chest padding (50 mm); and (ii) significantly lower loading than a stiff reference door. Soft pelvis padding (75 mm thick) effectively reduces the pelvic loads. The best configuration, chest airbag and pelvis padding, gave a considerable improvement in 48 km/h (30 mph) and 32 km/h (20 mph) side impact tests. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Padding (safety) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409103 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664973 AU - WASKO, R J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF THE COMPUTER CONTROLLED COMPOSITE TEST PROCEDURE (CC-CTP) PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 646-663 AB - On the basis of static and dynamic cadavers tests on the lateral parts of the body, a mathematical human being impact model, with or without arm and shoulder imposed, was developed. A complementary test programme with cadavers is necessary to improve the mathematical model response included in the Composite Test Procedure (CTP). Concerning the coupling between thorax and pelvis, and taking into account the spine rotation, a better modelling approach could be obtained by using a two-dimensional approach. The model and the cadaver data could be used as a tool in the design of an impact dummy. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409118 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664975 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK SIDE IMPACTS WITH SERIOUS OCCUPANT INJURY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 673-683 AB - This paper summarizes the available damage and injury data for passenger vehicle side impacts in order to compare the experience of passenger cars with that of other light passenger vehicles. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) specified a dynamic side impact test for passenger cars in 1990. The NHTSA has proposed extending this test to other light passenger vehicles. The test involves an instrumented test dummy in a vehicle that is struck in the side by a moving barrier that simulates a striking passenger car. The test includes a requirement that the doors of the side- impacted vehicle remain closed during the test. However, there are differences between the crash circumstances surrounding passenger car occupant fatalities and fatalities in other light passenger vehicles that need to be considered in extending the test requirement to other light passenger vehicles. For example, a larger fraction of light truck occupant fatalities were completely or partially ejected from their vehicles during the crash. A smaller fraction were occupants of vehicles struck in the side by another light passenger vehicle, compared to passenger car occupant fatalities. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Damage KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Lorry KW - Loss and damage KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409120 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664990 AU - REILLE, J-P AU - BLANOT, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONTROLLED SUSPENSION FOR BETTER SAFETY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 790-793 AB - This paper describes a new controlled suspension system that affords superior passenger comfort and safety irrespective of the road profile and driving situation. The experimental vehicle was built by Renault, and developed in conjunction with Lipmesa associated with Sagem. This vehicle is equipped with four quick-acting variable-damping shock absorbers. The damping force is controlled in real time on the basis of information qualifying the pilot's driving, and information obtained from the road profile. The set value of force is calculated taking into acccount the velocity of shock absorber displacement and the map of its force-velocity pattern. The results of the simulation calculations and the dynamic tests performed on the vehicle show the effectiveness of the new concept. This provides a substantial improvement in safety combined with increased comfort. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Calculation KW - Calculation KW - Comfort KW - Comfort KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Control KW - Control KW - Damping KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Force KW - Force KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Suspension (veh) KW - Suspension systems KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409135 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664992 AU - LUCQUIAUD, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TYRE CHECKING EQUIPMENT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 802-805 AB - This paper presents methods and technical means to check the tyre pressures and the good condition of tyre structures. These include: (1) Tyre pressures using a stationary equipment located outside the vehicle. This device consists of a propelled mass and a force transducer hitting the tyre tread. Parameters calculated from form and duration of the delivered signal are related to inflation pressure. The next step now consists in implementing the equipment where vehicles are likely to stop for a short period of time (for example toll gates); and (2) the good condition of tyre structures (mainly the internal condition of the casing). A microphone set close to a running tyre on a drum delivers time and frequency signatures based on specific signal processing methods. A statistical analysis is necessary to correlate signature parameters and danger criteria for good and damaged tyres. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pressure KW - Pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Tyre KW - Tyre tread KW - Vehicle inspection KW - Wear KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409137 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665007 AU - Schmitz, A AU - KRAEMER, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH TESTS - ONE ELEMENT TO ASSESS PASSIVE SAFETY OF PASSENGER CARS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 930-936 AB - This paper outlines a first approach to a test method to assess the passive safety potential of passenger cars closely oriented to real- world accidents. The procedure should be suitable to point out deficiencies in vehicle safety design, and to indicate methodical improvements in the passive safety performance. The results of several full-scale impact tests are discussed referring to dummy response, structural behaviour and safety performance of interior vehicle components. Additional component-tests are proposed which will be necessary to obtain an extensive assessment of the passive safety level of the tested vehicle. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Interior (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409152 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665009 AU - Willinger, R AU - Cesari, D AU - KOPP, C M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAIN TOLERANCE IN THE FREQUENCY FIELD PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 940-947 AB - A recent study showed that, in case of impact, the brain followed the skull motion up to 200 Hz and was motionless over this frequency. A new mass-spring model which differentiated the brain mass from the other head components has been proposed. The present study uses this model to calculate the skull to brain velocity ratios. This velocity ratio varied with frequency which showed a critical area ranging from 100 to 200 Hz. This result produced to analyze the tolerance curves given in the literature, in the frequency field. Expressing the total energy and energy ranging from 0 to 100 Hz for limit impacts, as a function of their spectrum maximal frequency, showed different injury mechanisms considered by various authors. The study yielded the first elements of a tolerance curve in the frequency field for specific injuries. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Brain KW - Brain KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Frequency KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Human tolerance KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Skull KW - Skull KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409154 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665024 AU - EDWARDS, W R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY FIELD ANALYSIS OF CHRYSLER DRIVER AIRBAG EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1068-1073 AB - From April 1988 to September 1990, Chrysler Corporation converted all its United States built passenger cars to equip them with a driver airbag supplemental restraint system. This paper compares the driver fatality rates for each of the converted vehicles before and after the introduction of the driver airbag. There is not enough fatality data available to statistically quantify the effectiveness of the driver airbag. A methodology for assessing the effectiveness is demonstrated which will quantify it when more data are available. Driver airbags show directional improvement in reducing driver fatalities, but the magnitudes are not statistically reliable at this time. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Analysis (math) KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409169 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665026 AU - Dal Nevo, R AU - DUIGNAN, P AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN COACHES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1088-1095 AB - In 1989, New South Wales (NSW), experienced the two worst coach crashes in Australia's history. First, a coach to truck crash with a closing speed of approximately 200 km/h where 19 people died. Two months later, a coach to coach crash with again a closing speed of approximately 200 km/h, in which 35 people died. Australia had reviewed world wide research just prior to these crashes, and was about to adopt a regulation similar to ECE 80. Following the first crash, the NSW Road Safety Bureau's Crashlab considered what protection ECE 80 would have offered, if it had been in place. The review found little, if any potential gain. Accordingly, work commenced to refine the development of a seat incorporating a 3-point seat belt which offered protection to 20 g's. In subsequent crashes, it was confirmed that passive 10 g protection would not offer adequate protection. The crashes also verified the belief that a total coach safety package incorporating roll-over strength, emergency exits and 3-point seat belt occupant protection was required. This paper summarizes the findings of five fatal coach accidents, the research conducted on the adequacy of ECE 80, and the future direction of coach safety in Australia. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anchorage KW - Anchorages KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Bus KW - Buses KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Injury severity KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Strength (mater) KW - Strength of materials KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409171 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665039 AU - KOZYREFF, M AU - SCHAPER, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A NEW COMPACT EUROPEAN DRIVER AIRBAG SYSTEM PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1176-1180 AB - The use of the 3-points safety belt has saved a great number of human lives. Head impacts onto the steering wheel still cause deaths but, moreover, a lot of face injuries. Airbags are good answers to the problem. When the bag dimension is limited to 30 l, the protection function is achieved and most of the drawbacks are avoided. This makes low cost design possible. Some of the functions need optimization, while the inflator requires a complete change of technology as proposed by Autoliv and Livbag. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Use KW - Use UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409184 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665041 AU - SKUSE, P V AU - GREW, N D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENGINE BAY PACKAGING FOR CRASHWORTHINESS PERFORMANCE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1192-1193 AB - This paper describes a qualitative technique for assessing the potential crashworthiness performance of vehicles in front impact. The technique is based on experience from accident data and crash tests of known features likely to result in a crashworthy vehicle. The technique is aimed primarily at guiding the concept and early design phases of a new vehicle. The application of the technique is limited to monocoque structures with front wheel drive and transversely mounted engines for passenger car type vehicles. The assessment process has been applied to numerous new vehicle studies, and confirmed by crash testing. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Motor KW - Motors KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409186 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665043 AU - FORET-BRUNO, J-Y AU - Tarriere, C AU - OUDENARD, L AU - Got, C AU - Song, D AU - Patel, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COULD A LAP BELT IN THE REAR CENTRE POSITION SAVE HUMAN LIVES? PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1201-1206 AB - This study investigates whether the two-point rear seat belts will save lifes in France, provided that all occupants of the central rear seat position wear them (using restraining system adaptations appropriate for young children). The study of past research in this field, accident data, and testing with post mortem subjects and dummies, has shown that the systematic use in the central rear position of a lap belt (even with appropriate restraint adaptations for young children) by all passenger, will result in an increase in the number of occupants killed and seriously injured for accidents on the whole. The number of serious injuries to occupants which can be avoided with this belt, mainly by preventing occupant ejection, will be lower than the number of additional serious injuries which will be observed in frontal impact accidents. This conclusion is based on a given occupant age distribution (accident data from 1980), and could change if there were a change in this distribution. For example, if significantly more young occupants (younger than 7) use this central rear position (35% in the studied sample), the protection they would receive with a restraint device adapted to the two-point lap belt could offset that risk. It might even decrease the number of seriously injured. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Dummies KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Ejection KW - Ejection KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409188 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665056 AU - TONNESEN, H-E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNITAS 2000 - ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE PROTECTION RELATED INTEGRATED TANKER SAFETY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1324-1327 AB - This paper presents the high-safety, UNITAS 2000 road tanker. This truck type is characterized by a cylindrical tank with a lowest possible centre of gravity. The biggest difficulty in realizing this project was to lower the centre of gravity in order to achieve: (1) a high level of stability against overturning; and (2) an excellent road vehicle performance. The necessary static calculations for type approval were carried out using a finite element program. The usual hoop has been replaced on the UNITAS 2000 by an arrangement that provides the same safety level with a normal wall thickness of 5,12 mm. The dome fittings were lowered into the outer contour of the tank, achieving a vehicle height saving of 400 mm. As a result, the dome fittings are protected in the case of the vehicle overturning in an accident, and a protection cover for the dome fittings is no longer necessary. The trapezoidal profile also had the advantage of reducing the normal vehicle length producing better manoeuverability. The UNITAS 2000 truck has been tested for operational safety by the Vehicle Owner's Trade Association. The truck is permitted to display the GS sign (symbol for tested safety). For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driving KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Gravity KW - Gravity KW - Handling characteristics KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Lorry KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Road tanker KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Stability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tankers KW - Trailer KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409201 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664928 AU - Friedman, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL PRODUCT/PERSON CVS-ATB (CRASH VICTIM SIMULATION-ARTICULATED TOTAL BODY) 3-D (THREE DIMENSIONAL) SIMULATIONS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 199-204 AB - The versatility of the Crash Victim Simulation-Articulated Total Body (CVS-ATB) three dimensional simulation program is demonstrated by its use in varied product liability research. The power of this protocol is the scientific interpolation of the facts or witness marks and the time history of detailed accident events which make it far more accurate and reliable than popular illustrative animations. This paper describes the validation and qualification of hypotheses on injury accidents involving for instance: (1) vision sensivity; (2) rollovers; (3) ejection; (4) pedestrian impact trajectory; and (5) asymmetrical seat back failure. A brief description of a sample case history of each accident type is given, followed by the procedure used to reconstruct the accident/injury. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Accident KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Reconstruction (accid) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409073 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664930 AU - CONSTANZO, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL AND MEDICAL ASPECTS INFLUENCING A MOTORIST'S DRIVER ABILITY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 256-261 AB - The present study researches the most significant technical and medical aspects capable of affecting a motor vehicle driver's ability within the bounds of the highest safety possible and with an eye to the prevention of accidents. Therefore, the study focuses basically on aspects of passive safety. One technical aspect to be considered is that of the characteristics of the driver's seat which can afford a motorist the possibility to dampen the load on parts of his body such as the lumbar and cervical column. Based on this, some spinal column configurations have been identified. These allow a correlation of the ensuing loads on function of several seat-dictated postures. Some physical-kinematic patterns have also been studied which are typical of how vertebral and lower limbs act with respect to trunk. A simplified geometrical scheme has been indicated including the choice of a so-called H point. Among the various medical and driver's physical characteristics, the following have been studied: (1) fatigue as pertaining to some regions of the human body; (2) mental stress; (3) insecurity; (4) exhibitionism; and (5) aggressiveness. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Aptitude KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving aptitude KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Physiology KW - Physiology KW - Psychology KW - Psychology KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal column KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409075 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664935 AU - HARRIS, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROPOSALS FOR TEST METHODS TO EVALUATE PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION FOR CARS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 293-302 AB - This paper gives a general description of test methods to evaluate the protection afforded to pedestrians. The paper also discusses their significance to the design of cars. A programme of co-operative research to develop these test methods has been undertaken by a European Consortium. This consortium is acting within the auspices of a European Experimental Vehicle Committee Working Group and with financial support from the European Commission. The proposed test methods are intended for inclusion in an EC Directive. The test methods consist of three sub- systems tests to separately assess the bumper, the leading edge of the bonnet and the top of the bonnet. Each of the test conditions are generally based on a car to pedestrian impact velocity of 40km/h but for assessment of the leading edge of the bonnet the test requirements are adjusted to compensate for the influence of vehicle shape. The acceptance levels for the tests are based on the characteristics of the weaker sections of the adult population including the aged. They have been shown to be the most susceptible to injury. The proposals are considered to be appropriate for children. However, a separate child head impact test has been included to assess their particular requirements. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Automobiles KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Hoods KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409080 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664937 AU - Cesari, D AU - ALONZO, F AU - MATYJEWSKI, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUBSYSTEM TEST FOR PEDESTRIAN LOWER LEG AND KNEE PROTECTION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 310-317 AB - Several European research institutes developed, in a joint programme sponsored by the European Communities, a set of subsystem tests to evaluate the protection offered by a car in a pedestrian collision. In this programme, an instrumented mechanical leg was developed to be used in the bumper impact subsystem test. The development of the subsystem test took into account the pedestrian accident characteristics, the injury mechanisms and human tolerance. The capability of the mechanical leg to predict the risk of leg injuries was validated using model simulations and impact tests. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometry KW - Bumpers KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Knee KW - Leg KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Simulation KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409082 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664960 AU - RIO, J AU - POUGET, D AU - CASADEI, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - "RENAULT VSS" SAFETY VEHICLE: OCCUPANT SAFETY IN SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 542-549 AB - Renault's ambition is to achieve a vehicle design meeting requirements that: (i) go well beyond the requirements of the regulations at present proposed or in effect in Europe; and (ii) are compatible with both actual road conditions and industrial realities. The research model is the Renault 19, modified to obtain safety conditions by a new conventional procedure involving the following two aspects: (1) for those of the body in white components which are subjected to the greatest stresses in an impact, improvement of both component performance and of the strength of component connections; and (2) fitting out the passenger-compartment walls in accordance with the occupant's characteristics. Due to the lack of a suitable dummy for the International Standardization Organization (ISO) biofidelity criteria, the evaluation is performed using the EUROSID 1 dummy. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometry KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409105 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664962 AU - TSUKIJI, Y AU - TAGA, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SIMULATION METHOD OF VEHICLE MODEL COUPLING WITH DUMMY IN SIDE IMPACT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 555-560 AB - This paper demonstrates a simulation model for the proposed National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) side impact test using a large vehicle Finite Element Method (FEM) including two occupant models. The calculation of the model is performed, based on the results of several dynamic tests of various components and full-scale vehicles. The paper presents modeling results which satisfactorily correlate to actual tests. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Padding (safety) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409107 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664969 AU - FUKUSHIMA, S AU - Yamaguchi, S AU - FUKATSU, T AU - ASANO, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOOR IMPACT TEST PROCEDURE AND CRUSH CHARACTERISTICS FOR SIDE IMPACT OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 609-615 AB - This paper discusses the relationship between dummy responses and door crush characteristics in side impact tests. The paper shows an effective door impact test procedure for the prediction of dummy responses in full-scale side impact tests. Dummy responses in side impact tests are affected by door crush characteristics. Therefore, dummy tests using various kinds of pads in place of doors were carried out in order to determine the relationship between dummy responses and pad crush characteristics. Based on results of these tests, a prototype door with diversified crush characteristics was designed, and door impact tests and full-scale side impact tests were carried out. It was found that the door impact test procedure was sufficiently effective for the control and prediction of dummy responses, though complete prediction of dummy responses in full-scale side impact tests could not be done. The door impact test procedure is one of the effective tools for the design and development of vehicles. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crushing KW - Crushing KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409114 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664971 AU - RICHTER, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPUTER-CONTROLLED COMPOSITE TEST PROCEDURE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 621-634 AB - This paper describes the development of the Composite Test Procedure ("CTP"). The paper also gives a brief review of the major events in the CTP evolution. The CTP has been under discussion for about four years as an alternative to the lateral Full-Scale Test ("FST"). The method is now being developed in a joint effort by the new association of European car manufacturers (ACEA), the Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA), and the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA). The new approach in automotive compliance testing consists of the combination of quasi-static testing and calculation, providing dynamic outputs like the FST, but in laboratory conditions. This kind of approach may be the first step towards future compliance testing. During the new computer-controlled CTP ("CC-CTP") test with independent thoracic and pelvic loading devices, a personal computer controls the motion of test rig cylinders. The aim is to measure the force/deflection characteristics of the front and side structure and the interior door padding. A test rig has been developed in order to perform CTP tests. The first results demonstrate that the CC-CTP can be seen as an alternative to FST with good repeatability and low cost. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409116 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664994 AU - STRANDBERG, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH AVOIDANCE CAPABILITY OF 50 DRIVERS IN DIFFERENT CARS ON ICE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 810-826 AB - This paper describes the results of experiments that were carried out with more than 50 non-professional drivers making acceleration, deceleration and lane change manoeuvres on ice at speeds where skidding was expected. The subjects drove their own car and four reference cars (Volvo 440 or 740) with front or rear wheel drive, and with differently studded tyres. In a combined braking and smooth lane change manoeuvre, the anti-lock braking system (ABS) increased the average deceleration significantly. Steerability and stability were also superior with ABS: lane marks hit in one of 208 tests compared to 30 of 208 tests without ABS. Deceleration was 20% greater with fully studded tyres than with basic studding on all wheels. In a non-braking but more severe double lane change manoeuvre, Loss-of Control (LoC) occurred in 40% of the tests with oversteering properties, induced by front biasing stud protrusion and number. If front and rear tyres were switched to understeering, less than 20% of the tests resulted in LoC. With all tyres fully studded, front driven cars had 30% LoC. Still, the larger cars were superior in manoeuvre severity quantities. The correlation of these quantities to LoC relative frequency was not confirmed by this study. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606.. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Black ice KW - Black ice KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Modification KW - Modifications KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Studded tires KW - Studded tyre KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409139 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664996 AU - HARIGAE, T AU - OHSAKI, K AU - OHMAE, H AU - Okamoto, T AU - HAYASHIDA, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF IMPACT RESPONSES OF THE EUROSID-1 AND BIOSID PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 837-849 AB - A series of side impact tests have been conducted to evaluate the biofidelity of the EUROSID-1 and BIOSID side impact dummies as specified by the impact response requirements by the Draft Proposals at International Standardization Organization (ISO)/TC22/SC12 (ISO/DP9790-1 to 6). The test results show that both dummies do not completely satisfy the ISO biofidelity requirements. Some portions of the dummies show best compliance with the ISO requirements, while other portions fail to comply with the requirements. In addition, dummy performance is analysed in terms of the proposed thorax injury criteria. These include: (1) the Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI); (2) the Rib Deflection; and (3) the Viscous Criterion. The test results show that: (i) the Viscous Criterion gives better correlation between the two dummies; and (ii) the TTI gives better equivalence. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Classification KW - Classification KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - International Organization for Standardization KW - International Standards Organization KW - Iso KW - Shoulder KW - Shoulder (human) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409141 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665003 AU - Plank, G R AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN IMPROVED FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE HUMAN THORAX PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 902-907 AB - This paper describes the development of an improved model of the human thorax, utilizing DYNA3D, a three-dimensional finite element computer code. Like the precursor to this model, the thorax is represented by elastic bone, ligament and cartilage, viscoelastic muscle and interior elements, and a rigid body impactor. The current model is an accurate representation of a 50th percentile male with regard to skeletal anatomical structure, overall dimensions and mass. Mesh development and preparation for input to DYNA3D are discussed. The dynamic response of the model under impact conditions is compared to available cadaver data. Strain in the interior thoracic volume under these conditions is examined. Plans for further model enhancement and applications are discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409148 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665005 AU - DIMASI, F AU - MARCUS, J AU - EPPINGER, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 3-D (THREE-DIMENSIONAL) ANATOMIC BRAIN MODEL FOR RELATING CORTICAL STRAINS TO AUTOMOBILE CRASH LOADING PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 916-924 AB - This paper describes the development of a three-dimensional anatomic brain model using finite elements to estimate strains induced in soft cortical tissues of the brain in response to impact and non-impact loadings representative of the automobile collision environment. The upper cerebral cortex is modeled with longitudinal fissure to provide distinctive sagittal and coronal geometric features. The surrounding dura includes the falx anatomic partition. Sliding is permitted between cortical and dura/falx surfaces to simulate slip conditions at the perimeter of the human cortex. A relatively rigid skull-headpart with cranial cavity enclosing dura and cortex is also included for modeling direct contact events with upper interior structures. Simulated impacts with padded and unpadded A-pillars are made. First estimates of cortical strains resulting from these impacts are provided. Rigid body headpart acceleration responses are also estimated and discussed with soft tissue strains. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Biophysics KW - Brain KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Skull KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409150 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665028 AU - SHAMS, T AU - RANGARAJAN, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENHANCED AIRBAG MODEL FOR THE ATB (ARTICULATED TOTAL BODY) PROGRAM PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1098-1103 AB - This paper describes the development of an enhanced airbag model for the Articulated Total Body (ATB) Crash Victim Simulation program. It consists of a number of new features and some features of the existing bag model have been modified. The new model can be implemented on minicomputers, workstations and 80386/80486 based microcomputers. The features of the enhanced airbag model discussed are: (1) a revised thermodynamic model which allows for gas flow to be input as a mass rate table and an optional temperature table for the temperature of the inflator; (2) an enhanced bag deployment model that allows for several input options to describe the bag shape during deployment; (3) general bag shape algorithm that allows modelling of an elliptical cylinder with ellipsoidal caps; (4) a revised model to describe impact between the airbag and the occupant during the unfolding of the bag; (5) allowance for the input of bag shape during deployment as a time- history table; (6) a simple folding model to calculate the effects of the bag impact during deployment; and (7) a revised contact force calculation between the bag and external segments and planes. This includes an explicit calculation of the contribution of bag tension. The paper also presents the results of the theoretical and initial validation of the model. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409173 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665030 AU - STURT, RMV AU - WALKER, B D AU - MILES, J C AU - GILES, A AU - GREW, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODELLING THE OCCUPANT IN A VEHICLE CONTEXT - AN INTEGRATED APPROACH PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1114-1121 AB - Numerical simulation plays a key role in design for crashworthiness. Analysis of vehicle structure performance, occupant motion and restraint systems, and occupant/structure interaction are currently tackled by different methods in design offices. Different software and, often, different analysts were used. However, this paper demonstrates that it is now feasible to adopt a single unified approach. The argument is developed with particular reference to occupant modelling. The argument is supported by quantitative correlations between sled tests and simulation. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Conferences KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Side KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409175 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665035 AU - KENDALL, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM TO ENHANCE THE FIT OF SEAT BELTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1147-1151 AB - This paper describes: (1) the development of the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA) BELTFIT computer program. This is a predictive program for testing and improving seat belt layouts at the drawing board stage; and (2) the latest enhancements of the program including restraint system design for rear seat occupants. The analysis technique takes into account any combination of anchorage locations, stalk characteristics, seat position and seat angles. The program predicts the belt paths and a wide range of occupant sizes. It also carries out a series of checks against comfort and safety criteria. Using dynamic programming techniques, the path of the belt across the occupant is predicted by calculating the shortest route over the body surface. Rapid assessment of seat belt installations is possible without the need for lengthy subjective wearer trials. In addition to checks of fit on human wearers, the program can also be used to predict the fit on anthropomorphic test devices prior to impact test evaluations. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anchorages KW - Calculation KW - Comfort KW - Computer programs KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Installation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Seats KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409180 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665037 AU - RADWAN, R AU - NICKLES, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CRASH TEST DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1157-1171 AB - This paper provides an update of the system implemented by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for evaluating the performance of data acquisition systems at crash test facilities actively conducting testing for the agency. The system provides overall evaluation from sensor interface to delivered digital tape, including data reduction. Specialized signal generator hardware is combined with customized signal processing software, and an evaluation test procedure to assure conformance to Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and International Standardization Organization (ISO) recommended instrumentation practices. Reference signals with known characteristics are injected into the data acquisition system under evaluation. Time, amplitute and frequency performance measures, based on the SAE and ISO specifications, are computed and analyzed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Data processing KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409182 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664913 AU - V KOCH, M AU - Kullgren, A AU - LIE, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAR MODEL SAFETY RATING - FURTHER DEVELOPMENT USING THE PAIRED COMPARISON METHOD PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 78-82 AB - During the last years, the interest in rating the interior safety of different cars and constructions have increased. Several methods have been used, based on either laboratory crash tests or on real life accident data. Several limitations are related to both methods, and there is no universally accepted method to rate cars in relation to each other. One technique that has been proved to be powerful in car safety rating is the paired comparison method proposed by Evans. In this method, the most important exposure parameter, accident severity, can be controlled. The method has, however, some fundamental drawback, namely that only a part of the accident population can be used. Single accidents, and accidents with trucks, buses, etcetera must be omitted. This presentation shows a technique to expand the accident data. It is also shown how aggressiveness can affect the results in safety rating, together with some other results of using paired comparisons. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Injury severity KW - Interior (veh) KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Probability KW - Probability KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409058 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664920 AU - Huelke, D F AU - Moore, J L AU - ROBERTS, J V AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR BAGS IN CRASHES: CLINICAL STUDIES FROM FIELD INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 140-148 AB - This paper dosuments field investigations of "air bag" crashes. A full range of crashes are presented including fatalities, to high speed impact with survival, and minor injury crashes. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) investigative alert systems are also detailed. Most occupants sustained minor injuries. Those not wearing the 3-point restraint had more minor injuries. The occurrence of higher level injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale greater than 2) was found more often in the non-belted. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Air bags KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Use KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409065 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664927 AU - WOOD, D P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A GENERAL APPROACH TO ESTIMATING FRONTAL IMPACT COLLISION SPEEDS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 195-199 AB - This paper shows that the specific energy absorption characteristics of the car population in frontal collisions can be represented by a single equation which has a coefficient of determination of 0.76. Comparison of predicted and actual Delta V's when using this relation shows that the equation yields similar accuracies to CRASH 3. When the energy absorption characteristics of individual cars are known, the resulting predictions are superior to both the derived relation and to CRASH 3. A simple method is derived to estimate the energy absorption of the missing vehicle, when only one of the collision partners is available for measurement. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Speed KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409072 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664938 AU - LEMMON, D R AU - BALLINGER, R S AU - Huston, R L AU - Kessler, J AU - Elias, J AU - Zuby, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF PEDESTRIAN HEAD IMPACT ONTO AUTOMOBILE HOODS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 317-323 AB - Accidents involving pedestrian impact have been targeted as an area of automobile safety worthy of study and research. Among the many approaches to this problem is to design automobiles for less severe pedestrian injuries. Of particular concern are injuries to the pedestrian's head caused by impact with the automobile body. Redesign of automobiles for pedestrian safety is obviously a costly undertaking. However, it is reasonable to expect that incorporating simple modifications into existing designs can reduce the number and severity of pedestrian head injuries quickly and at low cost. New designs can be proposed and prototypes built and tested using established techniques. However, in order to make pedestrian head injury mitigation more appealing, a low-cost design technique must be found. Therefore, finite element analysis (FEA) is applied to mitigation of pedestrian head injury. Design prototypes are modelled and impacted by a simulated pedestrian head form using readily available finite element code, namely, ANSYS and DYNA3D. Results are analyzed, animations studied, and further design improvements proposed and tested. This may be followed by verification with a test impact of the new prototype. FEA promises to make pedestrian head injury mitigation appealing, cost effective, and be incorporated into automobile design. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409083 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664945 AU - Tarriere, C AU - Trosseille, X AU - CARLSSON, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INITIAL CONCLUSIONS OF AN INTERNATIONAL TASK FORCE ON CHILD RESTRAINING SYSTEMS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 385-391 AB - This paper describes the work already performed by an international task force on child restraining systems. The paper also presents the task force's on going programme. Eighteen experts from 13 teams and 7 countries are cooperating: (1) to gather together and analyze the maximum number of accident cases in which restrained children are involved; and (2) to select the most useful cases for experimental reconstructions. These will be used: (a) to check and quantify certain mechanisms; and (b) to increase knowledge of child tolerance to impact through the linkage of recorded parameters with the injuries or lack thereof in real life accidents. Five conclusions were presented concerning: (i) the risk of neck injury for children under two years of age; (ii) the discrepancies between the results in certification testing and evaluation testing in a real car environment; (iii) the use of a lap-only belt when no other child restraint is available in a car; (iv) the shield and table- shield child restraint systems; and (v) a well-designed booster which is a very effective child restraint system used only as a complement to a three- point belt. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Human tolerance KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety belt KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Use KW - Use KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409090 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664952 AU - CASADEI, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - "COVER" SAFETY SYNTHESIS VEHICLE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 467-472 AB - The experimental safety veiicle presented by Renault embodies a global response to the problem of automotive safety by adopting a complementarity approach to the effects of active and passive safety at various speeds. The vehicle was developed from research work in every area of safety making use of a wide range of new investigation tools such as non-linear calculation. The field of application for the technological progress applied to this vehicle is particularly wide. It includes structure of the vehicle, occupant restraints, vehicle behaviour, interior conditions and indication to other vehicles. The safety synthesis vehicle will be evaluated from the point of view of passive safety in more severe conditions than the regulations prescribe. For active safety, the intention is to provide the vehicle with the ability to avoid accidents by giving it an optimum dynamic behaviour capability. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Comfort KW - Comfort KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Prototype KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409097 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664963 AU - INAGAKI, A AU - Takahashi, N AU - TOHYAMA, A AU - Ohtomo, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A RESOLUTION OF SIDE IMPACT PHENOMENA BY MEANS OF DYNAMIC NONLINEAR FEM (FINITE ELEMENT METHOD) SIMULATION AND A STUDY OF VEHICLE BODY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 560-567 AB - This research focused on the technique of increasing the reaction force of the vehicle body in the interval between the onset of the crash (primary impact) and the moment the door strikes the occupant (secondary impact). A dynamic nonlinear Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation program (PAM CRASH) was used. An analysis was made of the body deformation behaviour of a four-door sedan in a side impact. A method was developed for preparing an analytical model having sufficient size to provide good correlation with the deformation behaviour of an actual vehicle in the interval between the primary and secondary impacts. The results obtained with the model were analyzed by examining time histories of the displacement of body structural elements and strain distributions during the side impact phenomenon. The purpose of the analysis was to find how to reduce the impact velocity between the door and the occupant, which could be most effective in mitigating the thoracic trauma index (TTI) of the occupant. The results of the analysis clarified the deformation mechanism of the body structures. The results also indicated the respective contribution that various body reinforcements would make toward increasing the reaction force of the vehicle body. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Body (car) KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Force KW - Force KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409108 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664970 AU - Cohen, R AU - Sieveka, E M AU - Pilkey, W D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH-RATE AND DOOR-PADDING EFFECTS IN SIDE IMPACT SIMULATIONS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 615-621 AB - The main purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of introducing crash-rate sensitivity factors into the computer simulations of side impact crashes. The effects of two crash-rate parameters were studied: (1) the crash rate sensivity of the car structure; and (2) the crash rate sensivity of the door-padding. A previously developed, lumped spring-mass model was employed and was solved by using the CRUSH program. The simulations were performed for two crash speeds and for several cases of door-padding thickness. The effect of the door-padding thickness was approached in two different ways. One approach was to keep the occupant-door spacing constant and to change the total door thickness to account for the padding thickness. The other approach was to keep the size of the car structure constant while changing the occupant-door spacing to accommodate changes in padding thickness. Three thoracic injury criteria were calculated and plotted as functions of the padding thickness. These injury criteria are: the old and new Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI), and the Viscous Criterion (V*C). The influence of both rate factors and padding thickness on the criteria was shown. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Damping KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Padding (safety) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Thickness KW - Thickness KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409115 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664977 AU - BEUSENBERG, M C AU - JANSSEN, E G AU - LOWNE, R AU - ROBERTS, A AU - GLAESER, K-P AU - Cesari, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIENCE OF USING EUROSID-1 IN CAR SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 690-700 AB - A database on EUROSID-1 performances in 31 full-scale side impact tests is designed. Specific attention is given to the dummy results in relation to protection performance criteria. Mainly tests according to the proposed European side impact regulation with passenger cars are studied. Other tests included in the database are tests according to the American procedure, reconstructions of tests performed with cadavers ("FAT-tests") and several tests according to the European procedure with special vehicles. Analysis of the database, considered representative for almost 20% of European cars on the current market. show that EUROSID-1 is sensitive to car design. Differences in thorax and abdomen response of this dummy are obvious between 2/3-door vehicles and 4/5 door vehicles. Differences in dummy responses on the basis of vehicle test weight are less obvious. However, it appears that dummy responses decrease with increasing vehicle test weight. The design of EUROSID-1 corresponds with injury assessment needs in side impact car testing. As far as sensitivity is concerned, EUROSID-1 is considered an appropriate anthropomorphic test device for approval and research purposes to improve side occupant protection. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409122 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664988 AU - LEFFLER, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENTS IN ACTIVE SAFETY BY INNOVATION FOR AUTOMATIC STABILITY CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 777-783 AB - Additionally to the already available Automatic Stability Control (ASC) systems and the latest ASC systems (ASC+T) of the BMW top models, newly designed stability control systems will become introduced in the 3- series and 5-series BMW cars. All these systems are applicable on mechanic and automatic gearbox-equipped cars. Whereas ASC, available at BMW since 1987, is a pure engine-control system, the ASC+T systems of BMW additionally apply active braking to the driven wheels. The engine control of BMW's ASC systems is based on a selected interface structure of engine management and transmission control units. Throttle control and active braking are realized differently depending on the respective model range. Whereas the BMW 750i and 850i use bifluid hydraulic units in add-on technique for ASC, ABS-integrated hydraulics in open or semi- open version will be applied to the other types of the BMW model range. The different systems described show remarkable improvements in both vehicle stability and in traction capability during critical driving situations. Performance data and statistical analysis of test results obtained with ASC-equipped cars prove, that the ASC systems contribute significantly to improve active safety. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident prevention KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Automobiles KW - Bend (road) KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Control KW - Control KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway curves KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Stability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Surfacing KW - Surfacing KW - Tension KW - Tension KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409133 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664995 AU - GIRARDOT, E AU - TARDIVON, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIMULATION AS A DESIGN AID PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 826-830 AB - This study presents a vehicle behaviour analysis method, based on a real accident. This method brings together the use of open-loop numerical simulation and track testing. This is associated with analysis results enabling both objective (a variety in curves) and subjective (representation of vehicle behaviour using synthesized images) judgements. Both direct observation, in real time, of the vehicle's movement on its trajectory, and the accompanying timing diagram appear to provide very useful data explaining the physical phenomena. By introducing the driver in the control loop, the method can further be advanced. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided design KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Reconstruction (accid) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409140 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665002 AU - Yoganandan, N AU - Sances, A AU - Pintar, F AU - REINARTZ, J AU - HAFFNER, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACIAL FRACTURE PROBABILITY SECONDARY TO STEERING WHEEL IMPACT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 891-901 AB - This paper describes the techniques used to conduct: (i) quasi-static and dynamic tests on the steering wheel; and (ii) intact fresh human cadaver head impact tests at the unsupported rim (USR) location on both an energy absorbing (EA) and a standard (STD) steering wheel. The most important conclusions are as follows: (1) The junction of the lower spoke and rim (LSR) is stiffer than the center of the USR under quasi- static loading for both the EA and STD wheels; (2) The interface force- time response at the wheel rim typically exhibits bimodal behaviour. The first force peak appears to be a function of wheel rim inertia. The second peak appears to be largely driven by the force-deflection behaviour of the wheel; (3) At low impact velocities, the first peak is smaller than the second one; (4) Interface force was determined to be the most likely variable that correlates with zygomatic bone fracture. A force of 1525 N corresponds to a facial fracture probability of 50% for the EA wheel at the LSR location; (5) No fractures were documented at the USR location on the EA wheel at velocities up to 6.7 m/s; and (6) additional tests are required to completely describe the probability distribution for the STD wheel at the LSR and USR locations. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Face KW - Face (human) KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Probability KW - Probability KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409147 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665013 AU - FLECK, J T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ATB/CVS (ARTICULATED TOTAL BODY MODEL/CRASH VICTIM SIMULATOR) BODY DYNAMICS MODEL PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 974-976 AB - The Articulated Total Body Model/Crash Victim Simulator (ATB/CVS) is a three dimensional model used to study human and/or dummy biomechanics in various crash situations. This paper gives a short description of the new features of the model. These include: (1) an increase in the number of segments; (2) a mass-flow inflation algorithm for the airbag; and (3) an automatic point generator for the harness (seatbelt) routines. The new features allow one to model, for example, an airbag attached to a collapsible steering column. This paper gives a short description of the new features. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Collision KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Safety belt KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Three dimensional KW - Three dimensional KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409158 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665020 AU - GABLER, H C AU - WILLKE, D T AU - WAGNER, J J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPPER INTERIOR HEAD IMPACTS: THE SAFETY PERFORMANCE OF PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1037-1047 AB - This paper examines the safety performance of United States passenger vehicles in occupant head impacts with the upper interior. The upper interior is defined as the A/B/C-pillars, the side roof rails, the front header rail, and the rear header rail. The results of a recent National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) fleet characterization effort involving over 220 free motion headform (FMH) impact tests on fourteen passenger cars, light trucks, and minivans are presented. The effects of variations in impact angle, impact location, and contact velocity on FMH responses are explored in this test series. Localized hard spots and protrusions (for instance motorized seat belt tracks) were identified and tested to determine design-specific head impact hazards. The conclusions are that: (1) head impact injury potential is a strong function of vehicle design; and (2) upper interior head impact protection varies widely from vehicle to vehicle. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Delivery vehicle KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Interior (veh) KW - Lorry KW - Padding (safety) KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409165 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665027 AU - Turbell, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ARE AIR BAGS COMPATIBLE WITH CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND ROADSIDE SAFETY FEATURES? PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1095-1098 AB - The first part of this paper presents the results of dynamic tests. Rearward facing child seats were tested in combination with passenger air bags. The tests show that the dummy accelerations will reach very high levels, and that some child seats will disintegrate. The paper also discusses possible countermeasures. The second part of the paper deals with the risk of out-of-position passengers in collisions with roadside safety devices. The requirements for these safety features that are now being developed in Europe and the United States are based on the assumption that passengers are not using seatbelts. These requirements will encourage the development of systems with a low g- level at the beginning of the collision in order to let the unbelted occupants hit the dashboard with a low impact speed. During this phase the air bag will probably not deploy. When the passenger is in contact with the instrument panel the g-levels will be allowed to increase and the air bag will deploy. This is obviously a dangerous situation. The paper discusses the present state of these requirements and the problems with air bag use in these situations. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Infant KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Side KW - Side KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409172 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665038 AU - MAURON, G AU - BOCALY, F AU - LAURENT, F AU - DEPRET-BIXIO, A AU - GRENIER, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW TECHNIQUE USED BY P.S.A. FOR CREATING DYNAMIC TEST APPARATUS ENABLING CRASH SIMULATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH PROGRAMMED LAWS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1171-1175 AB - The originality of the Domange-Jarret company technique is based on the compression of visco-elastic fluids (gums, silicones) by appropriate mechanical or hydraulic means. The fundamental principle of this technique consists of primarily using the pasty viscosity of this fluid, which is far greater than other fluids, as a shock absorbing function. Its compressibility characterizes a spring or accumulator function. A statement is presented in terms of performance and reliability being the main advantages of using this technique. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Collision KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Test rig KW - Testing equipment KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409183 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665045 AU - DUIGNAN, P AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AGED, USED, CRASHED SEAT BELTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1213-1220 AB - There is acceptance that some parts of cars wear out and that other parts need to be replaced after a crash. Vital safety equipment, such as seat belts, should be no exception to this. This paper reports on recent seat belt studies conducted by the New South Wales Road Safety Bureau's Crashlab, and attempts to summarize the findings. The studies reported on are: (1) An examination into the static strength of individual components of aged used belts systems from a variety of vehicles; (2) An examination into the dynamic strength of a specific series of aged seat belts; and (3) a review of aged crash seat belts from a time series of vehicles with matched pairs of crashed worn, crashed not worn and non-crashed seat belts. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anchorage KW - Anchorages KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration KW - Failure KW - Failure KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Strength (mater) KW - Strength of materials KW - Use KW - Use KW - Wear KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409190 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665052 AU - BOTTO, P AU - CAILLIERET, M C AU - Patel, A AU - Got, C AU - Tarriere, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER PROTECTION IN SINGLE AND DOUBLE-DECKER COACHES IN TIPPING OVER PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1284-1292 AB - This paper is based on a accident study into 47 real-world coach accidents. From these accidents, a sub-sample of 11 cases of coach "tip overs" have been studied. The study investigates the various causes of bodily injury in coach passengers involved in accidents in relation to their position in the coach. Three types of tip over are studied. They are: (1) static tip overs; (2) dynamic tip overs with side sliding occurring before the coach comes to a full stop; and (3) tip overs involving a fixed obstacle. The study covers tipping over incidents for both single and double-decker buses. The difference in resulting injury severity between total and partial ejection of coach passengers is also studied. In conclusion, the various possible countermeasures to ensure better coach passenger safety are discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Buses KW - Causes KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Ejection KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Overturning KW - Prevention KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409197 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664916 AU - ERNST, G AU - BRUEHNING, E AU - GLAESER, K-P AU - SCHMID, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS OF SMALL AND LARGE PASSENGER CARS IN HEAD ON COLLISIONS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 103-110 AB - This report performs an analysis based on the data for accident involving personal injuries and serious material damage in the North- Rhine/Westphalia State of Germany. This was supplemented by automotive data available at the Federal Road Traffic Agency. The study is confined to accidents occurring after August 1984. The statistical analysis was made using logit models. The first study hypothesis says that different "mass aggressiveness" in accidents involving cars of different weights produces more serious consequences for the driver of the smaller car, and correspondingly less serious consequences for the driver of the larger vehicle. This hypothesis was only confirmed with reservations. According to the second hypothesis, equal "mass aggressiveness" produces approximately the same consequences for car occupants in head-on collisions involving cars of the same weight. However, this was not confirmed. The empirical analysis showed that the seriousness of the consequences for drivers was associated on average and quite significantly with the curb weight of the driver's own car. The mean seriousness of injuries for drivers in cars with a curb weight between 600 and 799 kg is - regardless of the other car's weight - some 2.5 higher than for drivers of cars with a curb weight between 1,200 and 1,599 kg. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Age KW - Age KW - Analysis (math) KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Classification KW - Classification KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409061 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664917 AU - Henry, C AU - KOLTCHAKIAN, S AU - Faverjon, G AU - LE COZ, J-Y AU - Patel, A AU - Got, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURVEY OF CAR-TO-FIXED-OBSTACLE FATAL CRASHES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 111-121 AB - The main factor of over-risk related to road infrastructure is fixed roadside obstacles. Due to their high stiffness, they represent a major danger in the event of loss of car control. In France, on the road network outside built-up areas, about one third of the car fatalities recorded in 1990 were in crashes against fixed objects, and involved about 1600 fatalities. As far as trees alone are concerned, it should be emphasized that 900 fatalities are related to this kind of obstacle, mostly for lines of trees along the roadside. Impact characteristics are given for primary safety factors (circumstances, road conditions, driver state, etcetera), and also for secondary safety aspects (impact types, violence of impacts, intrusion frequency, etcetera). Expected benefits (saved lives) from road infrastructure improvements are studied by using guardrails, principally in front of trees. Extensive and well-documented fatal crash police records were used. These were established by the police force network for all of France over 6 months. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - France KW - France KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Hazards KW - Head on collision KW - Manual safety belts KW - Obstacle KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Safety belt KW - Safety fence KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Use KW - Use KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409062 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664931 AU - KOCH, H AU - Schulz, U AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE INVOLVEMENT OF MOTORCYCLE RIDERS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 263-268 AB - For the abstract of this study see IRRD 852521. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Accident KW - Age KW - Age KW - Aptitude KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving aptitude KW - Engine capacity KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409076 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664934 AU - Ishikawa, H AU - Yamazaki, K AU - ONO, K AU - SASAKI, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CURRENT SITUATION OF PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS AND RESEARCH INTO PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION IN JAPAN PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 281-293 AB - According to statistics on traffic accidents in Japan; (1) approximately 60% of four-wheel vehicles involved in pedestrian accidents are passenger cars; (2) 70% of the pedestrians involved are struck by the front of the vehicle; and (3) 50% of the fatalities are 65 year-olds or older. The proportion of elderly persons to the total number of pedestrian fatalities is expected to continue to increase. The findings from in-depth case studies of 113 pedestrian casualties show that: (1) the severity and location of the impact on the pedestrian depend upon the body size of the pedestrian and the shape of the front of the car; and (2) the parts of a car most important for pedestrian protection are the bumper, the hood edge, and the hood top. Parametric studies were performed by using full-scale sled tests and computer simulations. Important results of these studies are: (i) The shape of the front of the car, particularly the hood edge height, greatly influences the pedestrian kinematics after the impact; and (ii) the influence of the force-deformation characteristics of the front of the car upon the pedestrian kinematics appears to be small, compared to the dependence on the shape of the front of the car. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Accident KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hoods KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Shape KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409079 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664948 AU - Friedman, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INADEQUATE HEAD AND NECK PROTECTION OF CHILD SEATS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 413-415 AB - This paper describes eleven case investigations of the severe to fatal (Abbreviated Injury Scale 4 to 6) injuries sustained by yound children (two weeks to 2 years) in FMVSS 213 certified child seats, during foreseeable accidents and circumstances, in some detail. The paper uses the analytical protocol reported in the 1989 Society of Automotive Engineers "Live Subject Safety Research Side Impact" paper. Head injuries to the involved infants and children were duplicated. The injury reduction effects of simple and inexpensive child seat modifications were demonstrated. The conclusions are as follows: the forces to a child's head through child seat head surfaces are not limited when contacting an intruding vehicle interior, although such energy absorption protection could be provided at little additional cost. Child seats designed for infants "up to 20 pounds" are not safe for newborn infants. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Defect (tech) KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Head KW - Head KW - Infant KW - Infants KW - Injury severity KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409093 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664949 AU - LEASURE, W A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NHTSA (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) IVHS (INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS) PROGRAMME FOR ENHANCING SAFETY THROUGH CRASH AVOIDANCE IMPROVEMENT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 429-437 AB - In-depth crash investigation studies in the United States have consistenly shown that human error is the major contributory factor in most crashes: a definite or probable cause, or severity increasing factor, approximately 90 percent of the time. Drivers need help in recognizing imminent crash situations and in making quick, correct decisions with regard to avoidance manoeuvres, and, to a lesser extent, in carrying out the selected manoeuvre. Advanced technology provides the potential to: (1) help drivers to sense impending danger better; (2) sense and alert drivers of lapses in their judgements or skills; (3) aid them in performing the driving task; and (4) compensate for some of their errors. Since much of the non-recurring congestion on freeways in the United States results from crashes, improving the crash avoidance capability of motor vehicles will contribute to alleviating congestion. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) programme outlined will provide the vehicle engineering and human factors research necessary to achieve the potential safety benefits promised by intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS). For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Accident prevention KW - Case study KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Congestion (traffic) KW - Crashes KW - Data processing KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Human factor KW - Human factors KW - Information processing KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Telecommunication KW - Telecommunications KW - Traffic congestion KW - United States KW - Usa KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409094 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664966 AU - BLOCH, J A AU - Cesari, D AU - Zac, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF TEST PROCEDURE CHARACTERISTICS ON THE SEVERITY DURING SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 588-592 AB - The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of some parameters on the global severity of the side impact. Five tests were carried out using the Impact and Biomechanics Laboratory facilities. In all the tests, the impacted vahicle was similar, and the dummy on the driver's seat was an EUROSID. The parameters examined were: (1) the basic frame of the mobile deformable barrier (MDB); (2) the front deformable face constitution; and (3) the MDB trajectory (crabbed or perpendicular). As during every test only one parameter was modified, the influence of each parameter was examined. The results are given in terms of vehicle kinematics and deformation, and of measurements on the dummies. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409111 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664967 AU - Lindquist, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SIMPLE SIDE IMPACT TEST METHOD FOR EVALUTING VEHICLE PADDINGS AND SIDE STRUCTURES PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 592-597 AB - A study conducted at Saab resulted in the development of a simple test method for side impacts in order to evaluate the injury mitigation performance of passenger cars. Different side impact dummies were compared (SID and BioSID) regarding injury levels and injury criteria. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME I KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Car door KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409112 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664981 AU - DIGGES, K AU - KLISCH, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE ROLLOVER CRASH SEVERITY PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 728-733 AB - The objective of this study is to apply computer modelling, supplemented by studies of "hard copy" documentation of rollover accidents and crash tests, to access the influence of the crash severity indicators. The crash events in tripping, pure roll, and first vehicle impact are separated and analyzed independently. The STI Tripped Rollover Model suggests that roll rate is strongly related to intitial velocity for tripped rollover. The roll rates predicted by the STI model were in excess of 5 rev/sec for the range of crash speeds which account for 50% of the rollovers. However, analysis of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) rollover data suggests that roll rates above 2.5 rev/sec are rare. The high tripping forces permitted by the STI model may account for this disparity. The pure roll simulations show that high roll rates, independent of other impacts, can produce conditions to induce ejection. The simulations of first vehicle impact provide an insight into those variables which influence roof crush and velocity loss. It appears that roof crush and roll velocity loss are largely independent of lateral velocity. Additional data collection elements will be required to evaluate the significance of the tripping mechanism, the roll rate and the vertical velocity on rollover crash severity. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Ejection KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Overturning KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle roofs KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409126 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664984 AU - SAKURAI, T AU - TAKIGAWA, Y AU - IKENO, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY ON PASSENGER CAR ROLLOVER SIMULATION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 747-753 AB - This paper describes belted dummy injury and roof deformation in rollovers, based on an analysis of field accident investigation results. In the rate of rollover events to the amount of passenger car traffic accidents, occupants' physical injury, and roof crash are studied from analyzing the database originally investigated by the Ministry of Transport in Japan. The ramp roll-over tests are carried out in the laboratory. Comparison of dummy neck loadings and injury criterion (HIC) to the roof crash are presented for production vehicles. By utilizing a three-dimensional Finite Element code (PAM- CRASH), rollover simulations are conducted to observe the behaviour of the roof crash in detail. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Roof (veh) KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle roofs KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409129 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664998 AU - O'RIORDAIN, S AU - Ramet, M AU - Cesari, D AU - Bouquet, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF HYBRID III AND CADAVER THORAX RESPONSE UNDER DIAGONAL BELT LOADING PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 860-862 AB - This paper presents the results of a series of thorax loading tests. The aim was to analyze the response of human surrogates in an inline frontal impact when restrained by a diagonal seatbelt. The general results of 33 tests on 20 cadavers and 42 tests on 2 different Hybrid III dummies are reported. The tests show that the energy required to fracture 6 ribs is lower than previously reported at 417 joules. They also show that the Hybrid III is twice as stiff as the cadavers tested in this mode of thorax compression. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Fracture (bone) KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Human tolerance KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409143 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00664999 AU - OUDENARD, L AU - BENDJELLAL, F AU - Bellini, A AU - URIOT, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE USE OF A MULTI-ACCELEROMETRIC METHOD IN AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY TESTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 862-871 AB - The objective of this study is to evaluate two applications of a multi- accelerometric method, already developed for dummies, to car safety tests. In the first case, the contribution of the angular acceleration to the analysis of two types of head impacts is evaluated. The study shows that it is possible to refine the head impact analysis. The second application consists of the calculation of steering column rearward displacement in a frontal crash test. This application shows that it is possible to approximate the kinematics of the steering wheel without having to analyze a film. The displacements obtained from the accelerometric approach are compared with those provided by the convential film analysis. This comparison shows acceptable convergence during the whole dynamic motion of the steering wheel column. The paper briefly describes how the steering wheel column rearward displacement analysis can be optimized. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Angle KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Calculation KW - Calculation KW - Cinematography KW - Cinematography KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motion KW - Movement KW - Steering column KW - Steering columns KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409144 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665016 AU - VALLET, G AU - Cesari, D AU - DERRIEN, Y AU - O'RIORDAIN, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST PROCEDURE COMPARISON IN FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 988-993 AB - This paper compares three possible test procedures for frontal impact protection. These are: (1) the orthogonal frontal impact (of the type in force in the United States); (2) an impact against 30 degree angled barrier; and (3) a 45% offset impact. The paper takes particular note of the injury tolerance criterion. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Human tolerance KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409161 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665017 AU - Hackney, J R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF FMVSS NO.208 AND NCAP (NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME) ON SAFETY AS DETERMINED FROM CRASH TEST RESULTS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 993-1021 AB - The objectives of this study are: (1) to examine and compare the results from the FMVSS No. 208 and the New Car Assessment Programme (NCAP) tests; (2) to assess the effects of both tests on vehicle safety; (3) to examine manufacturers' response to NCAP and the public awareness of vehicle safety; and (4) to apply data from the crash programmes to evaluate safety differences between vehicle weight classes. Some results are: (i) Head Injury Criterion (HIC) values on the average are much greater in the NCAP tests than in the FMVSS No. 208 tests due to compartment intrusion and restraint system performance in the higher severity crashes; (ii) Both tests appear to have a very positive impact on the vehicle manufacturers' approach to passenger car safety; (iii) The vehicle manufacturers seem very aware of the consumer interest in occupant protection. This is reflected by the expansion by the manufacturers' advertisements into car safety; and (iv) for all passenger cars which have been tested in NCAP and FMVSS No. 208, the restrained occupants are at greater risk of injury in the lighter vehicles. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Attitude (psychol) KW - Attitudes KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Industries KW - Industry KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409162 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665031 AU - NI, X AU - LASRY, D AU - HAUG, E AU - HOFFMANN, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCES IN PROBLEM-ADAPTIVE OCCUPANT MODELLING WITH PAM-SAFE PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1121-1127 AB - This paper describes modelling aspects for the inclusion of linked rigid and deformable segment occupant models into an explicit finite element crash simulation code. The realistic modelling of dummy joints is crucial for the numerical simulation of occupant kinematics and dynamics during impact. Different models for dummy joints are available in programs based on Rigid Body Dynamics. A new approach for the modelling of joints in an explicit finite element (FE) code is presented. It combines the effectiveness of the rigid body joints with the advantages of uncoupled system equations. Examples are given to illustrate the function of the different joints. Comparisons with results from standard crash victim simulation programs, and correlations of actual sled test results with preliminary simulation results serve as a basis for validating the FE-joint models. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Interior (veh) KW - Joint (human) KW - Joints (Anatomy) KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Side KW - Side KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409176 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665034 AU - Lupker, H A AU - HELLEMAN, H B AU - FRATERMAN, E AU - Wismans, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE MADYMO FINITE ELEMENT AIRBAG MODEL PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1139-1146 AB - Simple and more sophisticated empirical airbag models have been developed since the early seventies. By discretization of the fabric skin of the airbag in finite elements the motion of the different parts of the fabric and contacts with penetrating objects is described more accurately than by the empirical models. This is particularly useful for oblique and out-of-position impacts. The fabric material behaviour is described in a more realistic way allowing the calculation of the stress distribution in the airbag fabric. The newly developed MADYMO finite element (FE) airbag model is optimized for airbag simulations in a crash victim simulation environment. The software implementation resulted in a flexible and user-friendly simulation tool. The approach and theory of the MADYMO FE airbag are described. The results of two out-of-position simulations and tests are presented. The agreement between the measured and calculated results is good while computing times are quite reasonable. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Calculation KW - Calculation KW - Collision KW - Computer programs KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Pendulum KW - Pendulum tests KW - Side KW - Side KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409179 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665048 AU - MURTUZA, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN INTELLIGENT SOLUTION TO FRONTAL AND SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1245-1248 AB - This paper describes an automatic brake actuation system for use on vehicles having an existing braking system. The brake actuation is triggered by an elongate detector fastened to the vehicle which is controllably extendable from the vehicle to contact objects being approached by the vehicle when at predetermined distance therefrom. A compression sensor is included to sense contact between the elongate detector and the object. Provision is made: (1) to sense vehicle speed, vehicle-object closing speed, and detector position; (2) to extend and (3) retract the detector; and (4) to actuate the vehicle braking system in response thereto. Because of practical limitations as to the extent an elongate detector may be extended from the vehicle, the brake actuation system is effective at lower speeds, under 15 miles per hour. It is an excellent solution for the 2.5 mph bumper controversy in the United States, and facilitates side impact protection. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409193 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00665049 AU - Seiffert, U AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTIMIZED PASSENGER SAFETY IN THE COMPACT CLASS PY - 1993/07 SP - p. 1248-1255 AB - The paper describes the Volkswagen strategy to optimize road safety and crash performance of all its cars, in particular the third generation Golf. More than 30 test types are included in the testing schedule of Volkswagens Safety Research Department. Most of the tests on the Golf III were performed at the higher speed of 35 mph (56.3 km/h). These tests confirmed both the computer-aided predevelopment calculations, and the results of preliminary tests on individual components. The biomechanical tolerance limits of the United States safety standard 208 for head, chest and thighs, are clearly met by the new Golf in a 30 mph frontal impact. Even at collision speeds of 35 mph - corresponding to an increase of about 36% in kinetic energy - the expected degree of injury remains below the tolerance limits. The test results of the frontal impact at 30 mph/35mph, the side impact at 33.5 mph, and the offset crash at 35 mph, underscore the new safety level which has been reached by the Golf III. This level is documented by the strength of the passenger compartment. This provides an intact survival space and the greater possibility to protect the occupants' lives even after more severe accidents. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 864606. U1 - THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, NOVEMBER 4-7, 1991, PARIS, FRANCE. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Human tolerance KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Prevention KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/409194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403153 AU - Elias, J C AU - Monk, M W AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Heavy truck rear underride prevention PY - 1993/06 IS - DOT HS 808 081 SP - 125p AB - In January 1992, The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued an SNPRM on heavy truck rear underride protection. The new proposal requires that static testing of a potential guard design be performed on a rigid static fixture. The Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC) has initiated a program to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a rear guard design which minimally meets the requirements of the 1992 SNPRM. VRTC developed a rigid static test device and successfully fabricated a minimally compliant guard design. A number of additional guards were fabricated and tested to evaluate the repeatability of the design. A rigid simulated trailer was developed to mount the guard for dynamic testing. Two sub-compact and two compact vehicle models were selected for crash testing to evaluate the effectiveness of the minimally compliant guard design in preventing rear underride injuries. Tests were conducted using the simulated trailer and an actual tractor trailer. An additional crash test was performed with a rigid guard configuration to compare with the results of the minimally complaint design. KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Articulated vehicle KW - Crash test KW - Dummies KW - Hazard mitigation KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Injury prevention KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403112 AU - Chambers, F K AU - Sullivan, L K AU - Duffy, J S AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Improved design for safety belts PY - 1993/06 IS - DOT HS 808 082 SP - 196p AB - The NHTSA issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) on May 29, 1992. The ANPRM proposes three solutions to the complaints of shoulder belts not being comfortable on a wide range of people: (1) develop a target zone on a family of dummies that the shoulder belt would have to pass through, (2) require auto manufacturers to provide safety belts that adjust to fit a wide range of occupants without the use of any special tools, and (3) do nothing, because auto manufacturers are already addressing the issue. This report documents three surveys and 35 sled tests conducted in support of the issuance of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM). Target zones were developed for the 6-year-old, 5th female, 50th male and 95th male dummies. These dummies were used in two of the surveys. One survey evaluated vehicles with manual 3-point safety belt systems in the front and rear seats. The other survey evaluated vehicles that offered adjustable shoulder belt anchors. Dummies were placed in both front seat positions and one rear seat position. The safety belts were placed on the dummy and checked to see if the belts passed through the target zone. The third survey used human test subjects in vehicles with adjustable shoulder belt anchors. Results of the three surveys show that the shoulder belt on the 6-year-old dummy and human test subject did not fit well. The shoulder belt on the adult dummies and human test subjects fits well, with improved fit using adjustable shoulder belt anchors. The 5th female dummy and human test subject fit almost all the time. This does not correlate with the complaints received from the shorter population. Therefore other factors, besides height, must influence safety belt comfort. Sled testing showed some significant differences between shoulder belt anchor positions (up or down) based on HIC, etc. Also, dummy kinematics were affected, especially with the 6-year-old. High speed films revealed significant neck loading on the 6-year-old with the shoulder belt in its highest position. KW - Anchorage KW - Anchorages KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Comfort KW - Comfort KW - Crash test KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Human factors KW - Human factors KW - Impact tests KW - Restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belt KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082936 AU - Blomberg, Richard D AU - Cleven, Arlene M AU - Edwards, Joan M AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Development of Safety Information Materials and Media Plans for Elderly Pedestrians PY - 1993/06//Final Report SP - 168p AB - The objectives of this study were to: 1) develop pedestrian safety messages which will have a countermeasure effect on the specific types of accidents occurring to elderly pedestrians and 2) develop media plans for use by NHTSA in disseminating the information via various organizations. Prior research was reviewed and several recent accident data sets were obtained and analyzed to identify the types of accidents in which the elderly are involved. This effort resulted in identification of the following crash type groupings: Crashes involving vehicles turning at an intersection including Vehicle Turn/Merge and Turning Vehicle; "Other Intersection" crash types which do not involve turning movements; and the Backing crash type. In addition, it was confirmed that elderly accidents increase markedly in the winter months when the sun angle is lowest. This increase appears to be a problem of Conspicuity. Pedestrian safety messages were then developed for each of the four defined situations. The risks and behavioral advice were documented in a paper entitled Walking Through the Years intended as a reference document for potential distributors of the proposed countermeasures. Additional supporting materials included a slide series and presenter's guide to convey study results both to potential distribution organizations and to groups of elderly and a flyer version of the same material prepared for direct distribution to elderly target audiences. Organizations capable of reaching large numbers of the elderly were then identified and plans for use by NHTSA in disseminating the information were prepared. KW - Aged KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Information dissemination KW - Intersections KW - Mass media KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Public information programs KW - Safety campaigns KW - Turning traffic KW - Visibility KW - Winter UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25844/DOT-HS-808-132.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00797161 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD (FMVSS) NO. 208: MANDATORY AIR BAG INSTALLATION PY - 1993/06 SP - 52 p. AB - This final rule requires manufacturers to install air bags at the front outboard seating positions of passenger cars and light trucks. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration believes that manufacturers were planning on using air bags in essentially all of their vehicles during the model years affected by this final rule. Hence the costs and benefits of this final rule will be very small. However, to illustrate the differences between the two types of restraints currently utilized for FMVSS 208 compliance, this evaluation estimates the benefits and costs of an all air bag fleet compared to an all automatic belt fleet. Two methodologies were examined to estimate the benefits of an all air bag versus all automatic belt fleet. Both methodologies indicate that air bags will provide more benefits than automatic belts at 1991 safety usage levels. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Light trucks KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Passengers KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743743 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - McKnight, A J AU - McKnight, A S AU - Elsevier TI - THE EFFECT OF CELLULAR PHONE USE UPON DRIVER ATTENTION PY - 1993/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 259-265 AB - In this study, 150 subjects observed a 25-minute video driving sequence containing 45 highway traffic situations to which they were expected to respond by manipulation of simulated vehicle controls. Each situation occurred under five conditions of distraction: placing a cellular phone call, carrying on a casual cellular phone conversation, carrying on an intense cellular phone conversation, tuning a radio, and no distraction. All of the distractions led to significant increases in the proportion of situations to which subjects failed to respond. However, significant age differences of nonresponse appeared. Among subjects over age 50, nonresponses increased by about one-third under all of the telephone distractions. The response rate of younger subjects increased by a lesser degree except under intense conversation. Results were not influenced by gender or prior experience with cellular phones. The authors conclude that older drivers might reduce their accident risk during attention-demanding traffic conditions by avoiding use of cellular phones and that other drivers might do so by refraining from calls involving intense conversation. KW - Accident risks KW - Age KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Cellular telephones KW - Driver age KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Engine tuning KW - Impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radio stations KW - Reaction time KW - Risk assessment KW - Telephone conversations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Tuning KW - Use UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474609 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743742 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Massie, D L AU - Campbell, K L AU - Blower, D F AU - Elsevier TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COLLISION TYPOLOGY FOR EVALUATION OF COLLISION AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES PY - 1993/06 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 241-257 AB - This paper summarizes the results of an effort to identify and rank vehicle collision scenarios in order to create a "collision typology" that could aid in the assessment of the potential benefit of accident avoidance technologies. Data from four computerized accident files were used to construct an 18-level collision configuration variable. This variable includes the number of vehicles involved, their relative orientation, intent to turn, relation to intersection, and traffic control at the intersection. Distributions of the collision configuration variable were generated for several factors of interest using 1989 Michigan data. Five of the most prevalent collision types were selected for more detailed review based on the original police accident reports. The case studies lent additional insight into the circumstances of different accident types. Among other findings, the review suggested that in collisions at nonsignalized intersections, older drivers often stopped and then pulled out into oncoming traffic, while younger drivers more often failed to stop at all. KW - Age KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonsignalized intersections KW - Orientation KW - Research KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signals KW - Turning KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474608 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721522 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - Feyer, A-M AU - Williamson, A AU - Jenkin, R AU - Higgins, T AU - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission TI - STRATEGIES TO COMBAT FATIGUE IN THE LONG DISTANCE ROAD TRANSPORT INDUSTRY: THE BUS AND COACH PERSPECTIVE SN - 0642512922 PY - 1993/06 SP - 219 p. AB - This report aims to identify effective and practicable strategies to reduce driver fatigue in the long distance bus and coach industry. Information was collected using consultations with industry representatives and a survey of 250 drivers, to determine the extent of the problem and attitudes to a range of possible solutions. Results are analyzed across a range of different operational and employment conditions. KW - Attitudes KW - Bus drivers KW - Bus transportation KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719481 AU - SHELTON, TST AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - IMPUTATION IN THE NASS GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1993/06 SP - 130 p. AB - This report documents a statistical procedure, called imputation, that was implemented in the National Accident Sampling System General Estimates System (GES). Imputation is a method of replacing unknown data with known data on a case by case basis. This document gives an overview of the imputation process, why it was implemented, and how imputed values are best used, and some cautionary advice for when the imputed values are best not used. This report provides users of the GES data file with the information necessary for better understanding of the GES data. KW - General Estimates System KW - Imputation (Statistical) KW - National Accident Sampling System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719478 AU - National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives TI - SELF-SUSTAINING STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1993/06 SP - 22 p. AB - The National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives' Community Traffic Safety Clearinghouse conducted an assessment of community traffic safety programs (CTSPs) and their efforts to become self-sustaining. The assessment documents strategies and presents examples of what some CTSPs have done to continue their programs. The paper is divided into the following categories which reflect the trends identified: (I) Fines/Surcharges; (II) Permanent Part of State or Local Government; (III) Fees for Services; (IV) Federal Funds Outside Traffic Safety; (V) Volunteer Support; and (VI) In-Kind Contributions. KW - Capital KW - Communities KW - Federal aid KW - Fees KW - Finance KW - Financial self-sufficiency KW - Financial sources KW - Financing KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - In-kind contributions KW - Local government KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677688 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1993 HONDA CIVIC DX INTO HEAVY TRUCK RIGID REAR UNDERRIDE GUARD IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1993/06 SP - 212 p. AB - Five heavy truck rigid rear underride guard impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1993 Honda Civic DX 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGEH2363PH525832, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on May 12 and 13, 1993. The speed for each test was as follows: (Test 930512-1) 4.7 mph (7.6 kph); (Test 930512-2) 14.9 mph (24.0 kph); (Test 930512-3) 14.8 mph (23.8 kph); (Test 930512-4) 19.9 mph (32.0 kph); and (Test 930512-5) 35.0 mph (56.3 kph). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677691 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1990 FORD TAURUS INTO HEAVY TRUCK RIGID REAR UNDERRIDE GUARD IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1993/06 SP - 212 p. AB - Four heavy truck rigid rear underride guard impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1990 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP5OU7KG277510, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on June 3, 1993. The speed for each test was as follows: (Test 930603-1) 10.0 mph (16.1 kph); (Test 930603-2) 15.0 mph (24.1 kph); (Test 930603-3) 15.0 mph (24.1 kph); and (Test 930603-4) 34.7 mph (55.8 kph). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670251 AU - CHAMBERS, F K AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - DUFFY, J S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED DESIGN FOR SAFETY BELTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/06 SP - 206 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) on May 29, 1992. The ANPRM proposes three solutions to the complaints of shoulder belts not being comfortable on a wide range of people: 1) develop a target zone on a family of dummies that the shoulder belt would have to pass through; 2) require auto manufacturers to provide safety belts that adjust to fit a wide range of occupants without the use of any special tool; and 3) do nothing, because auto manufacturers are already addressing the issue. The report documents three surveys and 35 sled tests conducted in support of the issuance of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM). KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Occupant vehicle interface KW - Seat belt design KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670252 AU - ELIAS, J C AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK REAR UNDERRIDE PROTECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/06 SP - 135 p. AB - The Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTS) has initiated a program to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a rear guard design. VRTC developed a rigid static test device and successfully fabricated a minimally compliant guard design. A number of additional guards were fabricated and tested to evaluate the repeatability of the design. A rigid simulated trailer was developed to mount the guard for dynamic testing. Two sub-compact and two compact vehicle models were selected for crash testing to evaluate the effectiveness of the minimally compliant guard design in preventing rear underride injuries. Tests were conducted using the simulated trailer and an actual tractor trailer. An additional crash test was performed with a rigid guard configuration to compare with the results of the minimally compliant design. KW - Effectiveness KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear guard design KW - Rigid structures KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667317 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1993 HONDA CIVIC 3-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 80.4 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/06 SP - 124 p. AB - The test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1993 Honda Civic 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGEH2365PH519207, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on June 14, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the front left corner by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Accelerometers KW - Aggression KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Shock resistance KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666339 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURY REDUCTION RESEARCH. REPORT TO THE CONGRESS PY - 1993/06 SP - 74 p. AB - The report presents highlights of research conducted to explore the technology and feasibility of modifying vehicle designs to better protect pedestrian impact victims. It also presents information on head injury reduction, thoracic injury reduction, and leg injury reduction. The report contains information on avoiding pedestrian-vehicle impacts and on behavior modification research and programs that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recommends to states and communities that are based on the research. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Leg KW - Leg injuries KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Thorax KW - Traffic conflicts UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25842/DOT-HS-808-026.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664290 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAM RESOURCE KIT PY - 1993/05/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Pedestrian Safety Resource Kit has been designed and compiled to be a useful and current source of information concerning all aspects of pedestrian safety. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) worked together to develop this kit. The agencies believe the kit is a valuable source of information to help develop and implement pedestrian safety programs. The contents of the kit are as follows: Kit Manual - provides background information on pedestrian programs, descriptions and availability of resources not found in the kit, a listing of pedestrian safety organizations including NHTSA and FHWA regional and field offices, and community profiles of pedestrian demonstration grants recipients; Pedestrian Accident Reduction (PAR) Guide; Planning Community Pedestrian Safety Programs; Walk Alert - A National Pedestrian Program Guide; Pedestrian Facilities; Engineering; Education; Safe Street Crossing Program; Alcohol; Elderly Population; Law Enforcement; and State Information. KW - Aged KW - Alcohol use KW - Development KW - Fatalities KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Implementation KW - Law enforcement KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743852 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCHOOL BUS SAFETY REPORT PY - 1993/05 SP - 12 p. AB - This report provides a summary and update of school bus safety activities conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The report discusses Congressional mandates and NHTSA's actions to improve school bus safety (which include programs affecting human behavior and motor vehicle safety performance), the magnitude of school bus-related injuries and fatalities, and current agency activities to make school bus transportation even safer. KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Safety KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - School safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677698 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1993 HONDA CIVIC CX INTO A 50% LEFT OFFSET BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1993/05 SP - 180 p. AB - Four 50% left offset barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1993 Honda Civic CX 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGEH2351PH522306, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on April 30, 1993. The speed and maximum cumulative crush for each test were as follows: (Test 930430-1) 9.8 mph (15.8 kph), 2.2 in. (55.9 mm); (Test 930430-2) 20.0 mph (32.2 kph), 15.7 in. (399 mm); (Test 930430-3) 19.9 mph (32.0 kph), 22.6 in. (574 mm); and (Test 930430-4) 35.0 mph (56.3 kph), 43.6 in. (1107 mm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677685 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1988 FORD TAURUS INTO A 50% LEFT OFFSET BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1993/05 SP - v.p. AB - Four 50% left offset barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1988 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP52U8JA255451, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on April 13, 1993. The speed and maximum cumulative crush for each test were as follows: (Test 930413-1) 9.8 mph (15.8 kph), 4.0 in. (102 mm); (Test 930413-2) 19.8 mph (31.9 kph), 14.7 in. (373 mm); (Test 930413-3) 20.0 mph (32.2 kph), 22.7 in. (577 mm); and (Test 930413-4) 35.0 mph (56.3 kph), 43.5 in. (1105 mm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677686 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1987 FORD ESCORT INTO A 50% LEFT OFFSET BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1993/05 SP - 166 p. AB - Four 50% left offset barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1987 Ford Escort 3-door hatchback, VIN 2FAPP2099HB233234, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on April 23, 1993. The speed and maximum cumulative crush for each test were as follows: (Test 930423-1) 9.7 mph (15.6 kph), 5.9 in. (150 mm); (Test 930423-2) 19.9 mph (32.0 kph), 19.0 in. (483 mm); (Test 930423-3) 20.0 mph (32.2 kph), 25.4 in. (645 mm); and (Test 930423-4) 35.1 mph (56.5 kph), 46.4 in. (1179 mm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675267 AU - Paelke, G AU - Green, P AU - Wen, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM DRIVER INTERFACE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/05 SP - 51 p. AB - This report describes a series of efforts that were carried out to develop safe and easy to use in-car traffic information systems and guidelines, and methods for their evaluation. Desired information elements were identified based on the literature. Several candidate designs were constructed, some of which were not developed further because of screen space constraints. Using the Keystroke and Tullis Models, designs were eliminated from further consideration or modified, and subjected to quick usability tests concerning information arrangement and retrieval. Next, at a driver licensing office, 20 patrons were shown color copies of five alternative coding schemes. For presenting traffic information graphically, a green-yellow-red color key was best understood, and it was preferred to include actual travel speeds. In a subsequent driving simulator laboratory experiment, 16 drivers retrieved traffic information on request. Among text-based systems, retrieval times using a graphic of highway buttons and a scrolling menu were less than those for a phone-style keypad method. Glance behavior to these displays involved several short glances. Response times for graphic systems were faster overall due to the reduced retrieval effort. Drivers typically made fewer, but considerably longer, glances to the graphic system displays. Overall, the graphic of highway buttons was significantly preferred by participants, while the scrolling menu was least preferred. The standard deviation of lane position (in a driving simulator) increased by about 3-4 inches (7.62-10.16 cm) while using the traffic information systems. KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Driving simulators KW - Emergency response time KW - Ergonomics KW - Graphic displays KW - Graphics KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human subject testing KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lane position deviation KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672244 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1987 FORD TAUNUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 80.3 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/05 SP - 162 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1987 Ford Taunus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP52U3HG156236, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on May 10, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the left front corner of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Dummies KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667285 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1988 FORD TAURUS 4-D00R SEDAN AT 80.5 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/05 SP - 159 p. AB - The test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1988 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP5242JG257037, at the Transportation Research Center Inc. on April 26, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the left front of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667284 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1987 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 80.3 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/05 SP - 156 p. AB - The test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1987 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP53U4HG128556, at the Transportation Research Center Inc. on April 9, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the front right by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666284 AU - Knipling, R R AU - Mironer, M AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Tijerina, L AU - Everson, J AU - Allen, J C AU - Wilson, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - ASSESSMENT OF IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE: REAR-END CRASHES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/05 SP - 104 p. AB - This report describes an analysis of the application of Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) technology to the reduction of rear-end crashes. The principal countermeasure concept examined is a headway detection (HD) system that would detect stopped or slower-moving vehicles in a vehicle's travel path. The report is organized to correspond to the major steps of the project methodology: (1) Quantify baseline target crash problem size and describe target crash characteristics; (2) Describe, analyze, and model target crash scenarios to permit understanding of principal crash causes, time and motion sequences, and potential interventions; (3) Assess countermeasure technology and mechanisms of action to identify candidate solutions; (4) Assess relevant human factors and other (e.g., environmental, vehicle) factors affecting crash scenario and potential countermeasure effectiveness; (5) Model countermeasure action to predict effectiveness and identify critical countermeasure functional requirements; and (6) Identify specific priority technological, human factors, and other R&D issues to be resolved. Case reconstructions and modeling indicate that most rear-end crashes are due to driver inattention, and that this inattention can in theory be addressed successfully by the HD countermeasure concept and available radar technologies. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Development KW - Distraction KW - Driver errors KW - Effectiveness KW - Headway detection systems KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Radar KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666283 AU - Knipling, R R AU - Wang, J-S AU - Yin, H-M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REAR-END CRASHES: PROBLEM SIZE ASSESSMENT AND STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1993/05 SP - 58 p. AB - This document presents problem size assessments and statistical crash descriptions for rear-end crashes, including two key subtypes: lead-vehicle stationary (LVS) and lead-vehicle moving (LVM). Principal data sources are the 1990 General Estimates System (GES) and Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). Rear-end crashes are a potential "target crash" of high-technology Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) crash avoidance countermeasures. In this report, the rear-end crash problem size is assessed using such measures as number of crashes, number and severity of injuries, number of fatalities, crash involvement rate, and crash involvement likelihood. Problem size statistics are provided for three vehicle type categories: all vehicles, passenger vehicles (i.e., cars, light trucks, light vans), and combination unit trucks. LVS and LVM rear-end crashes are described statistically primarily in terms of the conditions under which they occur (e.g., time of day, weather, roadway type, relation to junction) and, when data are available, in terms of possible contributing factors. KW - Contributing factors KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lead-vehicle moving KW - Lead-vehicle stationary KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Rear end crashes KW - Statistics KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5343.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724900 AU - National Safety Council TI - REPORT: MEETING OF THE AD HOC PANEL ON TRAFFIC RECORDS ASSESSMENTS IN WASHINGTON, D.C., MARCH 29-30, 1993 PY - 1993/04/30 SP - 21 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has established an assessment process for State traffic records programs. After conducting the initial assessments, the agency requested a review of the criteria being used to assess a State's records program, as well as the underlying documents and assumptions. The agency convened a panel of individuals with a wide range of traffic records expertise to perform the review and to present a report of its deliberations and recommendations. This report is the panel report containing recommendations broadly categorized as follows: (1) those related to Department of Transportation (DOT) highway safety information systems management, (2) those related to the conduct of the assessments, and (3) those related to the traffic records portion of the DOT HS-807 655 Highway Safety Program Advisories. KW - Assessments KW - Changes KW - Criteria KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Recommendations KW - Records management KW - Revisions KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103681 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - Police Allocation Manual User's Guide: Determination of the Number and Allocation of Personnel for Patrol Services for State Police Departments. Version S3.0, September 1991 PY - 1993/04 SP - 142p AB - The Police Allocation Manual User's Guide (herein after referred to as the Guide) is intended as a companion document to the Police Allocation Manual (PAM), Special Version, which can be used to determine the number and allocation of personnel for police traffic services for state police departments. Both the Guide and the Police Allocation Manual (herein after referred to as the Manual) were developed by the Traffic Institute of Nortwestern University under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Department of Transportation. A summary of project activities and products is contained in the Foreword. KW - Budgeting KW - Data collection KW - Law enforcement personnel KW - Manuals KW - Police departments KW - Police operations KW - Police patrol KW - Resource allocation KW - Traffic patrol UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21000/21007/PB98164411.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743741 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Teed, N AU - LUND, A K AU - Knoblauch, R AU - Elsevier TI - THE DURATION OF SPEED REDUCTIONS ATTRIBUTABLE TO RADAR DETECTORS PY - 1993/04 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - p. 131-137 AB - The duration of speed reductions attributable to radar detector use was observed. When the entire traffic stream was exposed to police radar, the proportion of vehicles traveling more than 10 mph over the speed limit dropped initially from 42% to 28%, but one mile after exposure, this percentage had already increased to 38%. When speeding vehicles with radar detectors (about 45% of all speeding vehicles) were exposed to police radar, speeds dropped by approximately 15%, but by one mile after exposure, nearly half of the reduction was recovered. These findings indicate that radar detector users slow only briefly when alerted to police radar and that radar detectors are used primarily to avoid speed limit enforcement. KW - Duration KW - Motor vehicles KW - Police KW - Radar detectors KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636421 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF SELECTED SCHOOL BUS CRASH STATISTICS IN 1990 PY - 1993/04 SP - 37 p. AB - Crashes involving vehicles used to transport persons for either school-related or private group transportation represent a small, but important, portion of the Nation's motor vehicle crash experience each year. These crashes resulted in 150 fatalities, 1,500 severe injuries, and 22,500 moderate injuries. The majority of injured persons were occupants of the vehicles being used to provide group transportation, but the majority of fatalities were occupants of other vehicles involved in the collisions. The report combines available data on school bus crashes in a single source, and summarizes the major characteristics of the crashes. Data are provided which describe vehicle use, the magnitude of the crash problem, and the major characteristics of the crashes that occurred in 1990. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - School buses KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719485 AU - Klein, T M AU - BURGESS, M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES--1991. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1993/04 SP - 30 p. AB - This report presents estimates of alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes that occurred during 1991. The data are abstracted from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and represent a combination of actual blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test results and estimated BAC distributions for those drivers and nonoccupants for whom no BAC test results are available. The estimates are made using a model developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In 1991, 38.5% of all fatal crashes involved a driver or nonoccupant with BAC of 0.10 or greater (in this report a BAC of 0.10 or greater is synonymous with intoxication). This represents a 16% reduction compared to 1982, when 46.1% of all fatal crashes involved an intoxicated active participant. Occupant fatalities resulting from crashes involving an intoxicated driver or nonoccupant totalled 13,255. Almost one-half (48.3%) of the occupant fatalities in single-vehicle crashes involved an intoxicated driver, compared with 28.0% of the occupant fatalities in multi-vehicle crashes. An estimated 40.2% of the fatalities in nonoccupant crashes involved an intoxicated driver or nonoccupant. More than two-thirds (68.9%) of the fatally injured drivers in single-vehicle fatal crashes on weekend nights were drunk. Overall, male drivers involved in fatal crashes were almost twice as likely as female drivers to be drunk (26.9% vs. 13.6%, respectively). Drivers of age 21-24 years exhibited the highest rates of intoxication (33.7%) followed by drivers of age 25-29 (33.4%). Drivers of age 16-20 years were intoxicated 20.1% of the time. Between 1982 and 1991, estimated reductions in the proportion of intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes are 24% for drivers of passenger cars, 15% for light trucks and vans, 34% for medium trucks, 59% for heavy trucks, and 5% for motorcycles. Drivers of motorcycles continue to exhibit a high rate of intoxication in fatal crashes, with 38.0% of involved drivers exhibiting a BAC of at least 0.10, compared to 28.9% for drivers of light trucks and vans, and 23.4% for drivers of passenger cars. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Intoxication KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Night KW - Nonoccupant accidents KW - Nonoccupants KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719482 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATOR'S HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM OF EXCELLENCE: AWARD-WINNING PROJECTS, APRIL 1993 PY - 1993/04 SP - 34 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) "Administrator's Highway Safety Program of Excellence" was established in 1992 to highlight the activities and individual projects that have contributed to the decline in motor vehicle deaths and serious injuries. This report highlights the efforts of the 14 Section 402-funded initiatives that received the 1993 NHTSA "Administrator's Highway Safety Program of Excellence" award. They were selected because of their problem identification process, targeted strategies, effective use of Section 402 seed money, collaborative efforts, innovative approaches, and project results. They represent significant Federal/State/local partnership projects made possible through Section 402 of the Highway Safety Act. The programs highlighted in this report are excellent examples of innovative ways to fulfill the intent of Congress in enacting this legislation. KW - Awards KW - Fatalities KW - Government funding KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety act KW - Highway Safety Act 1966 KW - Highway safety act section 402 funds KW - Innovation KW - Partnerships KW - Prevention KW - Safety programs KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719468 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USE IN LARGE TRUCKS: A GUIDE TO ENCOURAGE SAFETY BELT USE AMONG DRIVERS OF HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1993/04 SP - 53 p. AB - This manual was prepared to assist trucking fleet and terminal supervisors, safety professionals, wellness coordinators, human resource professionals, and company executives in their efforts to improve safety belt use among drivers of heavy trucks, and to promote the use of lap/shoulder belts. Trucking companies and industry groups are encouraged to use this material, reproduce it, and distribute it to other members of their industry, including small firms and owner-operators. The manual is based on techniques and information that have been successfully used in the past. It includes a variety of materials that are copier-ready. It may be used piecemeal, or in its entirety. Chapters 1 through 3 demonstrate how the use of safety belts can improve company and fleet performance, and provide information and suggestions for activities that any company can easily use to improve truck fleet safety. Chapter 4 includes sample forms and fact sheets that may be reproduced and used with company-specific cover letters, memoranda, and logos. Each user may select the sections that are practical for his or her organization. KW - Fleet safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Promotion KW - Truck drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675268 AU - Serafin, C AU - Wen, C AU - Paelke, G AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN FACTORS TESTS OF CAR PHONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/04 SP - 78 p. AB - This report describes three experiments to develop an easy to use car phone interface. In the first experiment, 19 people at two local secretary of state driver licensing offices gave their preferences for button labels and abbreviations. The second experiment with seven participants concerned label abbreviations. The following labels (and abbreviations) are recommended: power (Pwr), Call, End, delete (Del), memory (Mem), and recall (Rcl). Twelve drivers (six under 35 years, six over 60 years) participated in the third experiment, a laboratory study, in which they operated a simple driving simulator and used a car phone. The phone was either manually dialed or voice-operated, and the associated display was either mounted on the instrument panel (IP) or was a simulated head-up display (HUD). Phone numbers dialed were either local (7 digits) or long distance (11 digits), and could be familiar or unfamiliar. In addition, there were four conversational tasks, two of which were fairly ordinary (listening, talking) and two of which required some mental processing (loose ends, listing). Driving performance (voice--5.7 inches (14.48 cm); manual--6.1 inches (15.49 cm)) and dialing times (voice--9.2 seconds; manual--10.7 seconds) were better with the voice-operated phone than the manual phone using either the IP display or HUD. In addition, younger drivers outperformed older drivers with regard to both driving (younger--5.6 inches (14.22 cm); older--6.0 inches (15.24 cm)) and dialing performance (younger--7.4 seconds; older--12.6 seconds). Thus, voice appears to be an effective way of improving the safety and performance of car phone use, but the location of the display is not important. The benefits of voice are particularly noticeable for older drivers. KW - Abbreviations KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Cellular telephones KW - Dialing time KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Ergonomics KW - Head up displays KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human subject testing KW - Instrument panels KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Labeling KW - Manual dialing KW - Personnel performance KW - Teenage drivers KW - Voice-operated dialing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742395 AU - TZIOTIS, M AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia AU - Monash University TI - EVALUATION OF MID-BLOCK ACCIDENT BLACK SPOT TREATMENTS SN - 0732600480 PY - 1993/03 SP - 26 p. AB - The implementation of an Accident Black Spot Program was first introduced in Victoria in 1979. The program's objective was to reduce the frequency and severity of crashes at locations experiencing a poor accident record by applying cost effective accident countermeasures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mid-block 'Black Spots' treatments, focusing on the resultant changes in casualty crash frequencies and the economic worth of these treatments following their implementation. The major findings of the study were that the treatment of high accident 'Black Spot' mid-blocks (1980-1989), provided highly significant reductions in casualty crashes of 30.5% (compared to 33.4% for intersections, Corben and Foong, 1989), while also returning high economic benefits, Net Present Worth of approximately $19.8 million (1992), with a Benefit Cost Ratio of 7.59 (7.13 for intersections, Corben and Foong 1989). Other key findings were that targeted pedestrian treatments were highly significant in reducing pedestrian casualty crashes by 52%, and all casualty crashes within pedestrian mid-block 'Black Spots' by 37.4%, with new pedestrian signals achieving a significant 49.5% reduction in pedestrian casualty crashes (41.5% overall). Off-path/head-on treatments were also highly significant in reducing those types of crashes by 52.1% (41.8% overall), with roadworks in this case the most successful treatment (ie., 57.4% in the targeted crash type and 55.8% overall). Roadside hazard treatments reduced pole accidents significantly by 68.4%, while the use of a combination of treatments for differing types of accidents reduced casualty crashes by a highly significant 29.1%. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Economic benefits KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Midblock crossings KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Road improvements KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721359 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY GRANT PROGRAMS: SECTION 402 - STATE AND COMMUNITY HIGHWAY SAFETY GRANT PROGRAM PY - 1993/03 SP - 2 p. AB - The State and Community Highway Safety Grant Program was enacted by the Highway Safety Act of 1966 as Section 402 of Title 23, United States Code. Grant funds are provided to the States, the Indian Nations and the Territories each year according to a statutory formula, based on population and road mileage. The grants support State planning to identify and quantify highway safety problems, provide startup or "seed" money for new programs, and give new direction to existing safety programs. These funds are intended to catalyze innovative programs at the State and local level and leverage commitments of State, local, and private resources. The Section 402 grant process has been successful in directing resources to national and State priority safety programs. This brochure answers the following questions concerning Section 402: What programs does Section 402 fund? How is the program implemented? How does a State apply for a Section 402 grant? KW - Brochures KW - Community action programs KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety act KW - Highway Safety Act 1966 KW - Regional planning KW - Safety programs KW - State planning KW - States KW - United States Code. Title 23. Section 402 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721358 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY GRANT PROGRAMS: SECTION 153 - SAFETY BELT AND MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE INCENTIVE GRANT PROGRAM PY - 1993/03 SP - 2 p. AB - Section 153 is a Federal incentive grant program enacted by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 as Section 153 of Title 23, United States Code. Its purpose is to promote the passage of State safety belt and motorcycle helmet use laws, and compliance with those laws. Section 153 grants are administered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The grants are awarded to the States through their designated Highway Safety Offices. This pamphlet answers the following questions concerning Section 153: What are the Section 153 eligibility criteria? How is compliance to be measured? What types of programs can be supported with Section 153 monies? How are grant amounts to States determined? What are the consequences if a State does not enact safety belt and motorcycle helmet laws? How does a state apply for a Section 153 grant? KW - Brochures KW - Compliance KW - Grant aid KW - Helmets KW - Incentives KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Laws KW - Motorcycle laws KW - Motorcycles KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - United States Code. Title 23. Section 153 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721360 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY GRANT PROGRAMS: SECTION 410 - ALCOHOL INCENTIVE GRANT PROGRAM PY - 1993/03 SP - 2 p. AB - Section 410 is a section in Title 23 of the United States Code that establishes a Federal alcohol incentive grant program designed to encourage States to enact strong, effective anti-drunk driving legislation and improve the enforcement of these laws. Section 410 also promotes the development and implementation of innovative programs to combat impaired driving. The program is administered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Grants are awarded to the States through their designated Highway Safety Offices. This brochure answers the following questions concerning Section 410: How are grants allocated to States? What are basic grants? What are supplemental grants? What types of programs can be supported with Section 410 monies? How does a State apply for a Section 410 grant? KW - Alcohol laws KW - Alcohol use KW - Brochures KW - Drunk driving KW - Grant aid KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - United States Code. Title 23. Section 410 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721332 AU - National Sheriffs' Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RURAL INITIATIVES FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY: A GUIDE TO THE OFFICE OF SHERIFF AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES PY - 1993/03 SP - 128 p. AB - This guide contains information designed to deal with the many issues, problems and concerns of sheriffs and other law enforcement administrators who are directly responsible for the enforcement of traffic laws and regulations on rural highways within their jurisdictions. It provides law enforcement officials with practical approaches for combating the myths which sometimes stymie the level of active traffic law enforcement needed. It also identifies new enforcement techniques or strategies that can easily be incorporated into existing enforcement programs, without the need for additional personnel, and provides new ideas for expanding current programs to make them more budget friendly. The four chapters cover (I) initiatives for traffic enforcement programs, (II) program planning, (III) program implementation, and (IV) building community support for traffic safety programs. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Rural highways KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721313 AU - Stuster, J W AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DETECTION OF DWI MOTORCYCLISTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/03 SP - 180 p. AB - A set of 14 behavioral cues associated with impaired motorcycle riding has been identified based on interviews with expert law enforcement officers, archival research of almost 1,000 motorcycle DWI (driving while intoxicated) arrest reports, and the conduct of three separate field studies. The field studies involved the participation of 50 law enforcement sites, representing 19 separate agencies and 11 states. Data were collected during the field studies concerning all enforcement stops made of motorcyclists, regardless of the disposition of the stops. By collecting data about all stops of motorcyclists, it was possible to calculate the proportion of the time that specific cues were observed in association with DWI; those proportions could then be expressed as probabilities of DWI detection. Preliminary detection guide and training materials were tested during the 1991 riding season in a major validation study. It was found that use of the detection guide and exposure to the training materials substantially improved the abilities of law enforcement officers to detect impaired motorcyclists, especially on the cues dependent on balance and vigilance skills. A Motorcycle DWI Detection Guide, associated booklet, and 12-minute training video, present the 14 rider behaviors, or cues, that were found to best discriminate between impaired and unimpaired operation of a motorcycle. The cues are presented in two categories. Excellent Predictors (cues with a probability of DWI of 50% or greater) are drifting during turn or curve, trouble with dismount, trouble with balance at a stop, turning problems, inattentive to surroundings, and weaving. Good Predictors (cues with probabilities of DWI between 30 and 49%) are erratic movements while going straight, operating without lights at night, recklessness, following too closely, running stop light or sign, evasion, and wrong way. KW - Behavior KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Field studies KW - Interviewing KW - Motorcyclists KW - Police KW - Police reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719471 AU - Miller, T R AU - Urban Institute TI - THE COST OF INJURIES TO EMPLOYERS: A TRAFFIC SAFETY COMPENDIUM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/03 SP - 43 p. AB - This report examines the cost of injury incidents to employers, with emphasis on motor vehicle injuries and workplace injuries. It gives employers a basis for estimating current injury costs, judging and comparing them to national norms, and examining the savings achievable through safety programs. Injuries cost employers $181 billion annually, or $1,540 per employee. These costs include injuries that occur on-the-job (work-related) and those that occur off-the-job. Almost one third (29%) of health-related fringe benefit costs paid by employers are generated by injuries to workers and their families. Overall, injury accounts for 19% of employers' health care costs and 46% of their disability costs. A companion document, "The Cost of Injuries to Employers: Methods", describes in detail how the data in this document were developed. KW - Employers KW - Injuries KW - Injury costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719477 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIZING THE MOTION BASE OF THE NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/03 SP - 222 p. AB - The National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) will move the simulator's cab so that realistic motion cues are provided to the simulator's driver. It is necessary to determine the motion base capabilities that the NADS will need to simulate different severities and types of driving maneuvers with adequate simulated motion fidelity. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop tools, based on existing vehicle dynamics simulations, simulator washout algorithms, and human perceptual models, that allow needed motion base capabilities to be determined and (2) to use these tools to perform analyses that determine the motion base capabilities needed by the NADS. Ideally, NADS will be able to simulate motions with sustained accelerations of up to 0.8 g with a scale factor (a multiplicative factor applied to all accelerations and rotations) of at least 0.50. Meeting this specification for the washout algorithm studied and the motion fidelity requirements used requires a motion base that has +/- 120 ft of X-Y Carriage travel. Building a motion base of this size will be an engineering challenge. It may be acceptable to use a scale factor as low as 0.375 with the NADS. Using the lower scale factor drops the required X-Y Carriage travel to +/- 45 ft. This study also found that a limited (as compared to continuous or unlimited) rotation Yaw Turntable may well be adequate for the NADS. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Driving simulators KW - Motion KW - Motion base KW - National Advanced Driving Simulator KW - Scaling factor KW - Size KW - Sizing apparatus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719472 AU - Miller, T R AU - Urban Institute TI - THE COST OF INJURIES TO EMPLOYERS: METHODS SUPPLEMENT PY - 1993/03 SP - 23 p. AB - This document describes how the data in "The Cost of Injuries to Employers: A Traffic Safety Compendium" were developed. It covers workplace injury incidence, workplace injury cost, and the injury costs paid by employers for injuries on- and off-the-job. Throughout, highway crash injuries receive special emphasis. Injuries cost employers $181 billion annually, or $1,540 per employee. These costs include injuries that occur on-the-job (work-related) and those that occur off-the-job. Almost one third (29%) of health-related fringe benefit costs paid by employers are generated by injuries to workers and their families. Overall injury accounts for 19% of employers' health care costs and 46% of their disability costs. KW - Employers KW - Injuries KW - Injury costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719466 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMITMENT, COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION: TRAFFIC SAFETY AND PUBLIC HEALTH WORKING TOGETHER TO PREVENT TRAFFIC INJURY PY - 1993/03 SP - 105 p. AB - This publication was designed as a resource manual for forming injury prevention partnerships to address issues such as reducing traffic deaths; increasing the use of occupant protection systems and motorcycle and bicycle helmets; stopping impaired driving; and offering more protection to pedestrians and other special target groups, such as older persons. The manual includes: Background information about the philosophies and operational methods used by both the traffic safety and public health communities to reduce traffic injuries; Suggestions for creating coalitions and programs that capitalize on the strengths that traffic safety and public health bring to injury prevention; Ideas for collaborative efforts on the federal, regional, state and local levels; and Selected case studies illustrative of collaboration in traffic injury prevention. KW - Case studies KW - Cooperation KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Public health KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719469 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION TRAFFIC SAFETY PLAN FOR OLDER PERSONS (1993 EDITION) PY - 1993/03 SP - 11 p. AB - In response to the continuing and growing older person traffic safety problem, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration prepared this Traffic Safety Plan for Older Drivers. It describes major agency efforts in problem identification, program development, and program evaluation activities intended to improve the safety of older drivers, vehicle occupants, and pedestrians. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning KW - Problem identification KW - Program development KW - Program evaluation KW - Program management KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/olderpln.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/olderpln.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6779/olderpln.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719465 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER GUIDE TO UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING PY - 1993/03 SP - 50 p. AB - This report contains grade designations for treadwear, traction, and temperature for passenger car tires as of March 1993. All passenger car tires must conform to federal safety requirements in addition to these grades. KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Grades KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Slopes KW - Temperature KW - Tire quality KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Treadwear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666344 AU - ORE, L AU - SAUL, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPOSITE RIB DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/03 SP - 117 p. AB - Several attempts have been made to improve the thorax design of the Hybrid III dummy. While the Hybrid III thorax provides the most biofidelic response of any previous anthropomorphic dummy, the polyviscous damping material backing the steel ribs is temperature sensitive. Because of this temperature sensitivity, temperature maintenance in automotive crash testing environments is important, but often difficult and expensive. For this reason, the reduction of temperature sensitivity is desirable. In addition, difficulties with reliability of the damping material results in the replacement of ribs after about thirty impact tests due to fatigue cracks. Finally, there was an interest in the development of a ribset which provided more realistic localized deflection when loaded by various restraint systems. Based upon these considerations, it was determined that it might be feasible to employ composite materials to accomplish these improvements, since they are known to have good properties over a broad temperature range, provide some damping, and can be molded into complex shapes. KW - Anthropomorphic dummy design KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Ribs (Structural) KW - Temperature KW - Thermal stresses KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00750940 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PROJECTS PY - 1993/02 SP - 214 p. AB - The Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) program consists of a range of advanced technologies and concepts which, in combination, can improve mobility and transportation productivity, enhance safety, maximize the use of existing transportation facilities, conserve energy resources, and reduce adverse environmental effects. The national IVHS program includes a range of initiatives in the areas of research and development, system architecture development, operational tests, institutional/policy projects, and deployment projects. The objective of this report is to (1) describe those IVHS projects funded by the Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and (2) provide those interested in the IVHS program with a progress status using the milestones from the Department of Transportation's IVHS Strategic Plan (December 1992). KW - Demonstration projects KW - Deployment KW - Development KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Socioeconomic development KW - System architecture KW - System design KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16683/PB2000104492.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484524 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721555 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Joksch, H C AU - Elsevier TI - VELOCITY CHANGE AND FATALITY RISK IN A CRASH--A RULE OF THUMB PY - 1993/02 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - p. 103-104 AB - The author examines the relationship between risk of vehicle occupant death and injury and crash severity, measured by velocity change (delta v), in car-car collisions. He uses nationally representative data from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) for passenger cars of model years 1980 and later involved in accidents from 1980 through 1986. He concludes that, as a rule of thumb, the exponent 4 may reasonably reflect the relation between the fatality risk and delta v. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Risk assessment KW - Velocity change UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719476 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOOR LATCH INTEGRITY: MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A 1986 VOLKSWAGEN GOLF AT 315 DEG IMPACT ANGLE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/02 SP - 149 p. AB - A 1986 Volkswagen Golf was impacted by a moving deformable barrier conforming to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's TP-214D-02 lab procedure with the exception of the barrier's wheels being oriented parallel to its framework. The test was conducted on January 12, 1993. The purpose of this test was to measure the occupant response and loads between the latch/striker interface of the driver's side door in the 315 deg, 72 kph side impact mode. The actual test speed was 72.4 kph. The vehicle's maximum static crush was 500 mm. The ambient temperature was 2 deg C. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Door latches KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant kinematics KW - Occupant kinetics KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716840 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Bogard, S AU - Bowen, M A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK CRASH AVOIDANCE RESEARCH SUPPORT; VEHICLE DYNAMICS - A PLAN FOR CONDUCTING AN LCV OPERATIONAL FIELD TEST. INTERIM TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1993/02 SP - 46 p. AB - This report presents a plan for conducting operational tests of longer combination vehicles (LCVs) equipped with antilock braking systems (ABS) and double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies). The document identifies five commercial trucking fleets to participate in the study. Detailed plans for acquiring the necessary hardware and retrofitting the test vehicles are included. Plans for operational (maintenance, reliability, etc.) and performance data gathering and analysis are included. An itemized financial plan is presented. PERT and Gantt charts are appended. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - C-dollies KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Dollies KW - Financing KW - Financing plans KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Performance tests KW - Planning KW - Plans KW - Plans (Drawings) KW - Research KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667283 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1988 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 82.1 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/02 SP - 123 p. AB - The test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1988 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP5OU7JG280244, at the Transportation Research Center Inc. on January 11, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the front left corner of the vehicle by the left front corner of the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628841 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS: EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT ON TAXES AND HEALTH CARE PY - 1993/02 SP - 5 p. AB - 1992 was a very good year for traffic safety. The total number of fatalities was the lowest in 30 years and on a vehicle miles traveled basis, it was the best ever. However, more than 5 million people were injured in motor vehicle crashes in the United States in 1992. Half a million of these were injured seriously enough to be hospitalized and nearly 40,000 died as result of their injuries. These crashes, injuries, and fatalities cost society over $137 billion a year in lost productivity, medical costs, property damage and other direct expenditures. To put this into perspective, this amounts to about one-third of the recent annual increase in the national debt, or a decrease in the Gross Domestic Product of about 2%. In 1990, three expense categories accounted for 72% of the total costs: property damage accounted for nearly $46 billion, lost productivity for nearly $40 billion, and medical costs for over $14 billion. The remainder included insurance administration, emergency care costs, legal and court costs as well as other costs. Alcohol involved crashes accounted for $46 billion or roughly 34% of all economic costs. The deaths or injuries that occur on our Nation's highways are "not" the result of unavoidable accidents. By and large these events occur as the result of failure to take needed actions such as buckling up or preventable actions such as drunk driving. This report examines the answers to the following questions: Who pays the costs? Have highway and traffic programs made a difference? Have these programs been effective? Is there more to do? What are reasonable potential gains we could expect in the future? KW - Accident costs KW - Alcohol use KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Safety programs KW - Taxes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628843 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCK CRASHES IN 1990 PY - 1993/02 SP - 68 p. AB - This report is the third annual report to present an overview of the many factors associated with truck crashes. The report presents the latest available data on fatal, injury, and property-damage-only crashes involving medium and heavy trucks--trucks with gross vehicle weight ratings over 10,000 pounds. The report's data sources are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), the General Estimates System (GES), Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), and the Highway Performance Monitoring System's Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT). Highlights from the report are as follows: Medium and heavy trucks drove 150 billion miles in 1990, 7% of the 2.1 trillion miles driven by all vehicles in this year. In contrast, trucks comprised only 3% of the Nation's motor vehicle fleet. On a per registered vehicle basis, combination trucks drove an average of 60,000 miles each in 1990, while single-unit trucks averaged 13,000 miles, and passenger vehicles averaged 11,000 miles. Medium and heavy trucks comprised 3% or 328,000 of the 11 million vehicles involved in crashes of all severities in 1990. For fatal crashes, however, 4,761 (8%) of the 59,193 vehicles involved were trucks. A total of 5,254 people lost their lives in truck crashes, but only 13% of them were truck occupants. Of the 130,000 people injured in truck crashes, only 26% were truck occupants. Alcohol involvement was reported by police for only 1 in every 30 truck drivers involved in fatal crashes in 1990, compared to almost 1 in every 4 passenger vehicle drivers involved in fatal crashes. Taking into consideration all crash severities, passenger vehicle drivers were about 8 times more likely per driver to be charged for being under the influence of alcohol or drugs than were truck drivers. KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Medium trucks KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638840 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADDRESSING THE SAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO YOUNGER AND OLDER DRIVERS. A REPORT TO CONGRESS, JANUARY 19, 1993, ON THE RESEARCH AGENDA OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1993/01/19 SP - 57 p. AB - This report presents the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) research agenda for addressing the issues related to the safety of younger and older drivers. Chapter 1 provides a summary of the issues related to younger and older drivers. Chapters 2 and 3 report on NHTSA's research program on younger and older drivers, respectively. Each of these chapters summarizes the status of work done to date; outlines the problems that currently remain; and describes the research actions needed to address those problems. The Agency regards each of the projects or study areas described in the report to be essential for reaching safety objectives for these age groups. However, the scheduling of the work will depend on available funding. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Teenage drivers KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5866/yorept.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380473 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743744 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Bates, M E AU - Brick, J AU - White, H R AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SALIVA AND BREATH ESTIMATES OF BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SALIVA METHOD PY - 1993/01 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 17-22 AB - Increased awareness of the devastating effects of alcohol misuse on our highways, workplaces and families, as well as on the individual, has resulted in increased social pressure to enforce driving-while-intoxicated laws and to develop educational, prevention and treatment programs. One aspect of this movement is to develop improved sobriety testing to ensure that laws are properly and fairly enforced and that there is compliance with abstinence in treatment. Although sophisticated blood and breath testing devices are available, field tests suggest that saliva alcohol tests based on alcohol-oxidase methodology offer advantages in portability, ease of administration, and cost and time efficiency. The authors evaluated the validity and reliability of a simple saliva test, based on the enzymatic oxidation of alcohol by alcohol oxidase, for estimated blood alcohol concentration. Ten subjects consumed various doses of alcohol and multiple saliva samples were obtained using alcohol sensitive saliva strips that change color in proportion to the concentration of alcohol. The reflectance values of reacted saliva strips were read by meter and estimates of blood alcohol concentration in the range of 10-90 mg/dl were compared to simultaneous estimates obtained from breath analysis using a Breathalyzer Model 900A. They also examined how alcohol levels changed over time in alcohol reacted saliva strips. The results of regression analysis indicated that the saliva strips and the Breathalyzer gave reasonably close estimates (r=0.89-.90) of blood alcohol concentration. Correlation coefficients for the values of saliva samples read by meter measured at 10 minutes and at 18 days after collection ranged from .90 to 1.00, showing high test-retest reliability despite storage. Potential applications and limitations of this methodology are discussed. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk driving KW - Saliva UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474610 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743745 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - HOLDER, H D AU - Janes, K AU - Mosher, J AU - Saltz, R AU - Spurr, S AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE SERVER LIABILITY AND THE REDUCTION OF ALCOHOL-INVOLVED PROBLEMS PY - 1993/01 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-36 AB - Legal liability of alcoholic beverage servers has been suggested as a means to stimulate preventive serving practices and thus reduce alcohol-involved problems. A number of variables contribute (both negatively and positively) to the potential of such liability and a conceptual model that links these variables was developed. In this project, an expert legal panel was used to identify and rate the major legal factors contributing to server liability. As a result, each state was ranked according to its relative level of liability exposure. States that ranked highest in server liability were found to have more publicity about such liability, greater awareness and higher concern among licensed establishment owners/managers and different serving practices compared to states with lowest liability exposure. As a result the authors conclude that server liability has a real potential for reducing alcohol-involved problem, but additional research is needed. KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Awareness KW - Legal responsibility KW - Liability KW - Problems KW - Publicity KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Server liability KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721357 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM: SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS, JANUARY 1993 PY - 1993/01 SP - 47 p. AB - This Seventeenth Annual Report to the Congress summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1992 regarding implementation of applicable Sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency", of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during 1992 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III, of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Annual reports KW - Fuel conservation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Rule making KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721344 AU - Ross, H L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REASONS FOR NON-USE OF SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS (NHTSA REPRINT) PY - 1993/01 SP - 6 p. AB - Despite their promise and judicial approval, sobriety checkpoints appear to be under-used by U.S. police. In a few states, judicial or administrative rulings inhibit their use, but in the bulk of jurisdictions police have the discretion to make the decision. The following reasons for nonuse and the counterpoint argument for their use are examined: Lack of Fruitfulness - Counterpoint: Other Measures of Success; Inadequate Resources - Counterpoint: Maximizing Available Resources; Boredom for Police, Danger for Police and Motorists - Counterpoint: Boredom, Danger Mitigated; Public Relations Damage - Counterpoint: Improving Public Relations; Objection in Principle - Counterpoint: Principle Upheld by Courts; and Lack of Political Support - Counterpoint: Creating Increased Awareness. KW - Awareness KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Natural resources KW - Occupational safety KW - Personnel motivation KW - Personnel safety KW - Politics KW - Public relations KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721346 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENFORCEMENT OF UNDERAGE IMPAIRED-DRIVING LAWS: ISSUES, PROBLEMS, RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS PY - 1993/01 SP - 14 p. AB - This report is concerned with enforcement of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), also referred to as Driving Under the Influence (DUI), laws for offenders under the age of 21. The report covers: Underage Drinking; DWI Enforcement; Obstacles to Youth DWI Enforcement; Effective Enforcement Strategies; Special Youth Enforcement Strategies; Assessment of Your DWI Enforcement; and What Can Be Done. KW - Adolescents KW - Assessments KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Strategic planning KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Underage drinking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721345 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION: CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1993. ELEVENTH EDITION PY - 1993/01 SP - 558 p. AB - This Digest is designed for use by anyone interested in State laws related to alcohol/drug use and highway safety. Except as indicated, it provides the reader with the status of such State laws as of January 1, 1993. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The Digest also includes one appendix, using the State Law Summary's format, giving the Uniform Vehicle Code's alcohol and drug driving offense provisions. KW - Dram shop laws KW - Drug use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Per se laws KW - Sanctions KW - State laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Vehicular homicide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721352 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS (PSAS): PREVIEW VIDEOTAPE. GUIDE PY - 1993/01 SP - 33 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has produced a videotape containing 104 highway safety television public service announcements (PSAs). Only PSAs on occupant protection, alcohol, and speed were considered. These spots were produced by many different enforcement agencies and highway safety organizations around the country. This guide describes a variety of ways your agency can use existing PSAs to enhance community programs, decrease the cost of adapting or producing your own PSAs, and increase the probability that your message will reach targeted at-risk populations. In addition, the guide will help you develop mutually beneficial relationships with the media and with commercial sponsors to encourage them to become more involved with law enforcement organizations and to be more willing to give your PSAs and activities play in their respective markets. A complete list of the PSAs is included in this guide. KW - Drunk driving KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Mass media KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Public service announcements KW - Speeding KW - Sponsors KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721343 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS: POINT/COUNTERPOINT PY - 1993/01 SP - 2 p. AB - Studies have shown sobriety checkpoints to be an effective deterrent to drunk driving and their use has been approved by the U.S. Supreme Court. However, some law enforcement agencies have been reluctant to adopt them and others use sobriety checkpoints only infrequently. Articles written by police officials and interviews with law enforcement personnel reveal several reasons why some officers view sobriety checkpoints with skepticism. In this brochure, these views are summarized along with counterarguments that can be offered to encourage greater use of sobriety checkpoints as effective strategies designed to reduce death and injury associated with impaired driving. KW - Brochures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719470 AU - Calspan Corporation TI - 1993 NASS INJURY CODING MANUAL PY - 1993/01 SP - 198 p. AB - The 1993 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) Injury Coding Manual includes the following: Abbreviated Injury Scale - 1990 Revision; Revised and new NASS Injury Coding rules; Instructions for coding pediatric injuries; Expanded brain injury descriptions; and Valid Aspect Codes for each injury description. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Child injuries KW - Children KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Injuries KW - Instructions KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Revisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667316 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1987 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 80.5 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/01 SP - 160 p. AB - The test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1987 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP52U5HA241503, at the Transportation Research Center Inc. on January 19, 1993. The test vehicle was impacted on the front left corner of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Accelerometers KW - Aggression KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Shock resistance KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666341 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND THEIR USE. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1993/01 SP - 39 p. AB - This is the first of five biannual reports on the effectiveness of occupant protection systems and safety belt use. First, the report describes the analysis which produced the estimates of effectiveness. The analysis assesses the 'when used' effectiveness of automatic and manual occupant protection using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) National Accident Sampling System's (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). Specifically, the analysis compares the occurrence of a fatality or injury among vehicle occupants who used their crash protection system with the outcome of those who were unrestrained. The estimated effectiveness is computed as the percentage reduction in the risk of fatality or injury for each occupant protection system when it is used. The report is organized as follows: Chapter 1 presents the analytical approach and findings on the effectiveness of the various occupant protection systems; chapter 2 presents findings on safety belt use; and footnotes containing technical details appear at the end of each chapter as appropriate. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405865 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785256 AU - Hitchcock, Anthony AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Japan Digital Road Map Association AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - AN EXAMPLE OF QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF AVCS SAFETY PY - 1993 SP - p. 380-386 AB - A method has been devised for expressing in absolute terms the effect on safety of various features in the design of an AVCS (Advanced Vehicle Control Systems) system. It depends on gathering data from different sources and some modelling of vehicle motions in an accident. Figures can be calculated for deaths, various degrees of injury, and variations in assumptions. This article illustrates the method with an example, describes the application of the method, and identifies types of uncertainty which are common to many applications. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference (1993 : Seattle, Wash.). Proceedings Pacific Rim TransTech Conference .. Vol. 1 KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Crashes KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640514 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785258 AU - Hughes, Ronald G AU - Hauser, Edd AU - Beale, Cheryl AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Japan Digital Road Map Association AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - ESTABLISHING A HUMAN FACTORS FOCUS AND APPROACH FOR NORTH CAROLINA'S IVHS EFFORTS PY - 1993 SP - p. 400-406 AB - The paper discusses the behavioral and human factors issues associated with the development and operation of North Carolina's CARAT program ( Congestion Avoidance and Reduction for Autos and Trucks). The goal of CARAT is to produce measurable improvements in incident detection/ recognition and congestion management along a 15 mile freeway corridor in a mid-sized, urban, metropolitan environment. NCDOT's approach to the human factors component of CARAT is modeled in concept after a Department of Defense initiative called MANPRINT, a program which calls for the integration of manpower, personnel, training, system safety, and human engineering across the life cycle of a program. The paper highlights MANPRINT issues in the areas of CARAT system operations and maintenance as well as those pertinent to the vehicle operator. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference (1993 : Seattle, Wash.). Proceedings Pacific Rim TransTech Conference .. Vol. 1 KW - CARAT (Program : Charlotte, North Carolina) KW - Human factors KW - Incident management KW - Safety KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640516 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785260 AU - Ivan, John N AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Japan Digital Road Map Association AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - ARTERIAL STREET INCIDENT DETECTION USING MULTIPLE DATA SOURCES : PLANS FOR ADVANCE PY - 1993 SP - p. 429-435 AB - This report describes a system that will identify non-recurring capacity reducing incidents on the ADVANCE highway network. This system will use each of three separate incident detection algorithms to process information from several distinct real-time data sources. A data fusion process will then combine the output from these algorithms to make an overall assessment of traffic conditions on the network. Initial plans for implementing the incident detection algorithms and the fusion process using rule based systems and a neural network are presented. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference (1993 : Seattle, Wash.). Proceedings Pacific Rim TransTech Conference .. Vol. 1 KW - Advance (Program : Illinois) KW - Arterial highways KW - Automatic incident detection KW - Data fusion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640518 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785253 AU - Faciane, Terri AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Japan Digital Road Map Association AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - IN-VEHICLE CRASH AVOIDANCE WARNING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES AND HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES PY - 1993 SP - p. 340-346 AB - This paper reviews emerging crash avoidance warning system technologies and identifies key human factor issues that affect the effectiveness of these systems. Technologies reviewed in the paper include headway detection, blindspot monitoring, and driver alertness monitoring systems. Human factor considerations such as the effectiveness of the warning presentation or the impact of false alarms are discussed. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference (1993 : Seattle, Wash.). Proceedings Pacific Rim TransTech Conference .. Vol. 1 KW - Driver monitoring KW - Human factors KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640511 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785254 AU - Leasure, William A AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Japan Digital Road Map Association AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE : STATE OF THE ART PY - 1993 SP - p. 354-360 AB - The maturity of advanced technologies provides the promise of a major breakthrough in assisting drivers in avoiding crashes. This paper identifies the opportunities for significant safety improvement based on analysis of accident data, assesses the potential for improvement through incorporation of IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) technology into motor vehicles, describes the current state of development of such products, provides estimates on their cost and likely deployment schedule, and describes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's role in facilitating development and early deployment of cost-effective, user- friendly systems to assist drivers in avoiding crashes. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference (1993 : Seattle, Wash.). Proceedings Pacific Rim TransTech Conference .. Vol. 1 KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Pedestrian detectors KW - Safety KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640512 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785257 AU - Essam Radwam, A AU - Al-Deek, Haitham M AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Japan Digital Road Map Association AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - A FRAMEWORK FOR ATIS SAFETY : EVALUATION PY - 1993 SP - p. 387-392 AB - This article develops a framework for the safety evaluation of the system environment of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). Free-flow and congested conditions on freeways and arterials are discussed as is the interaction between ATIS and non-ATIS vehicles. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference (1993 : Seattle, Wash.). Proceedings Pacific Rim TransTech Conference .. Vol. 1 KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Safety KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640515 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785259 AU - Onaka, Akira AU - Kuma, Shinroku AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Japan Digital Road Map Association AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - DIGITAL MAPPING FOR ROAD NAVIGATION IN JAPAN PY - 1993 SP - p. 413-420 AB - This article discusses the socio-economic factors influencing the development and use of a standardized digital road map in Japan. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference (1993 : Seattle, Wash.). Proceedings Pacific Rim TransTech Conference .. Vol. 1 KW - Digital mapping KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640517 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785255 AU - Stathopoulos, Antony AU - Kountras, Apostolos AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Japan Digital Road Map Association AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - STRATEGIC UPDATING OF AUTONOMOUS ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PY - 1993 SP - p. 361-365 AB - The work reported in this paper stems from applied research which is implemented as part of the QUARTET project, a major initiative by four European Community cities (Athens, Birmingham, Stuttgart and Torino) which aims to implement advanced transport telematics (ATT) applications within the Integrated Road Transport Environment (IRTE). A methodology has been developed that permits equipped vehicles with autonomous route guidance devices to receive external 'emergency' influences of their path-finding routines for effective air quality management. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference (1993 : Seattle, Wash.). Proceedings Pacific Rim TransTech Conference .. Vol. 1 KW - Environmental impacts KW - Route guidance KW - Telematics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/640513 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719381 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - PEDDER, J B AU - GARDNER, W T AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - THE BELT-FIT TEST DEVICE PY - 1993 SP - p. 419-420 AB - The Belt-fit Test Device (BTD) was developed for Transport Canada to enable the quantitative measurement of lap belt fit. The device is based on the SAE 3-dimensional H-Point machine. The H-point machine is converted to a BTD by the incorporation of 50th percentile adult lap and chest forms. The surface of the lap form is marked with graduated scales passing vertically through the positions of the two Anterior Superior Iliac Spines. The chest form is marked with two intersecting scales; one follows along the clavicles, the other passes down the sternum. To measure belt fit, the BTD is located in the test vehicle and the seat belt secured over the torso and lap forms in accordance with specified procedures. The belt fit measurement is the position of the edge of the belt on the scales. Preparations are now being made to propose the BTD in upcoming Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Canadian motor vehicle safety standards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measuring instruments KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458277 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719382 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - OTTE, D AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - BIOMECHANICS OF LATERAL IMPACTS FOR NEARSIDE BELTED FRONT-SEAT CAR PASSENGERS -- REQUIREMENTS FOR AN OPTIMUM OF INTERIOR SHAPING PY - 1993 SP - p. 420-421 AB - An analysis was made of 382 lateral collisions to nearside belted passengers. Representative traffic crashes were investigated in a statistical spot-check plan directly at the site of the accident by a team of scientists. Of the nearside sitting passengers in collisions with no intrusion, 64.9% were injured and no injury severity above MAIS 2 was registered. Where intrusion did occur, 59.1% of the nearside sitting passengers were injured and 4.3% of the injuries were above MAIS 2. Intrusion was always observed with injuries above MAIS 2. For the different body regions, with the exception of neck injuries, a higher injury risk was present in an impact involving intrusion. The most frequently injured body regions in lateral collisions are the head (23.5%), the upper extremities (14.3%), the thorax (13.3%), and the lower extremities (10.7%). Severe injuries were not seen in side impacts with intrusion of less than 20 cm. It is concluded that increased interior side door padding is necessary, and padding in a z-direction to the side door structure could provide more compatibility with the height of the impacting front of the striking car. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Arm KW - Arm injuries KW - Doors KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Intrusion KW - Leg KW - Leg injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458278 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719378 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Li, Guoxiang AU - Baker, S P AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - ALCOHOL IN FATALLY INJURED BICYCLISTS PY - 1993 SP - p. 129-141 AB - Bicycling injury results in about 580,000 emergency room visits and 900 deaths each year in the United States. Alcohol involvement in bicycling injury has not been well documented in the literature. Using data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) among fatally injured bicyclists ages 15 years or older were examined for the years 1987-1991. Of 1711 bicyclists who were killed at age 15 or older and tested for alcohol, 32% were positive and 23% legally intoxicated. Adjusted for age, time of crash and other variables, male victims were 3.3 times as likely as female victims to be BAC positive, and 3.9 times as likely to be legally intoxicated. Victims ages 25 to 34 and those who died from nighttime crashes also had significantly increased likelihood of being BAC positive and being legally intoxicated. Even among victims ages 15-19 who were legally prohibited from drinking, 14% had positive BACs. Further studies are needed to confirm the causal relationship between alcohol use and bicycling injury. Alcohol regulations for people biking on public roads should be seriously considered. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Alcohol use KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Intoxication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458274 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719385 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Dischinger, P C AU - SIEGEL, J H AU - Read, K M AU - Mason-Gonzalez, S AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - THE ROLE OF MEDICAL CONDITIONS IN HIGH-SPEED CRASHES PY - 1993 SP - p. 423-424 AB - Among 124 high-speed crashes studied, it was determined that for 7 (5.6%) the primary event which precipitated the crash was a medical condition. For an additional 5 (4.0%) cases, a medical condition was possibly the cause of the crash. Of the total of 12, six involved drivers with diabetes, two with epilepsy, one with a heart attack, and three with other conditions. Five deaths resulted from these 12 crashes. All but two of the crashes occurred during daytime, and none involved alcohol. Only one of the drivers causing the crashes was wearing a seatbelt. For five of the crashes (38.5%), some form of highway dividing barrier would have prevented the collision. Only one police report indicated that the driver, a diabetic involved in a single vehicle crash, was "ill"; one additional driver was indicated on the police report to have been asleep, and one as handicapped. These findings indicate that for high-speed crashes resulting in serious injury, the role of medical conditions may be underreported. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Cardiac disorder KW - Diabetes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Epilepsy KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Police reports KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458281 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719389 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Martinez, R AU - Martin, R AU - Levine, D AU - Altman, D AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - EFFECT OF INJURY CONTROL INFORMATION INTEGRATED INTO A HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS CURRICULUM PY - 1993 SP - p. 37-50 AB - The high school age groups are among the highest automobile crash injury and fatality rates. Younger drivers, especially males, overestimate driving skills and are more likely than others to engage in risk-taking behaviors. We sought to determine the effects on knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviors of a one week course of injury control and crash safety information integrated within a high school physics curriculum. An intervention high school group, group A (n = 129), was compared to a control high school group, group B (n = 74), enrolled in a comparable physics curriculum. A standardized survey was administered prior to instruction (T1), 2 weeks (T2) and six months (T3) after instruction was completed. At T2, students in group A reported attitudes that were less favorable toward risk-taking in regard to speeding and seatbelt use. At T3, there was still a difference in attitudes toward speeding but not seatbelt use. The intervention significantly altered knowledge of the course participant and these changes persisted to the final testing at T3. The behaviors measured were self-reported use of seatbelts, speeding, and intentional behaviors. The strongest and most persistent change was that students in group A reported increasing their use of seatbelts when riding as a passenger (seatbelt use as a driver was high for both groups). Group A showed a significant increase in their one year intentions to use seatbelts both as a driver and as a passenger. There was no change in the intentions of group B. Knowledge and attitudes significantly changed in group A and these changes persisted over time. Self-reported behaviors also improved. Future studies measuring observed behaviors are needed. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - High school drivers KW - High schools KW - Intervention KW - Knowledge KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Risk taking KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458285 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719376 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - ROTHENGATTER, J A AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - ATTITUDES TOWARDS TRAFFIC LAW VIOLATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT PY - 1993 SP - p. 27-36 AB - Traffic law violations are the rule rather than the exception on European roads. In view of this apparent general disregard for traffic law, enforcement can be expected to have an impact only if it is specifically directed at those violations that are considered serious by both road users and police personnel, and are relevant in terms of safety and efficiency consequences. This study identifies these violations by means of two separate activities. The first activity involved a survey of drivers and police in Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain. These countries were selected as they vary considerably in terms of accident involvement, with Norway and the Netherlands being among the countries with the lowest fatal accident involvement per capita and Spain and Ireland being among those with the highest (United Nations, 1993). The second activity involved a review of existing accident data bases that contain explicit references to violations prior to the accidents recorded, which allows comparison of perceived seriousness and objective seriousness. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Attitudes KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Ireland KW - Netherlands KW - Norway KW - Police KW - Spain KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic law violations KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458272 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719380 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Zeller, R E AU - HOOD, S AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY BELT USE IN FLORIDA TRAFFIC CRASHES: A MATCHED PAIR ANALYSIS PY - 1993 SP - p. 419 AB - The benefits of safety belt use in reducing death and injury, and the cost savings resulting from those reductions, are examined using a matched pair approach to control for crash severity. Outcomes are compared for pairs of individuals occupying the same vehicle, one belted and the other not belted (N = 813 pairs). Data for the analysis are drawn from the 1989 and 1990 Florida Traffic Crash Reports and the Florida Trauma Registry. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Benefits KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Effectiveness KW - Florida KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458276 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719387 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - ELGAROV, A AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN COMMERCIAL DRIVERS AND ROADSIDE DRIVING SAFETY PY - 1993 SP - p. 425-426 AB - The present investigation studied the effects of coronary heart disease (CHD), arterial hypertension (AH), and cardiac arrhythmia on traffic crashes involving commercial drivers. The epidemiological and electrophysiological (ECG monitoring) studies provided frequencies of CHD, AH, cardiac arrhythmia, and some of their risk factors. Presence of these in drivers deteriorates the drivers' professionally relevant functioning, which may eventually lead to the risk of crashes. These data may practically be applied in searching for driving fitness criteria, working out prophylactic programs, preventive measures against traffic accidents, and improvement of safety on the roadside. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Accident risks KW - Cardiac disorder KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver physical fitness KW - Drivers KW - Electrophysiology KW - Epidemiology KW - Physical condition KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458283 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719383 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Hunt, R C AU - Whitley, T W AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - PHOTOGRAPH DOCUMENTATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE DAMAGE BY EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS: IMPLEMENTATION AND ONE YEAR'S EXPERIENCE PY - 1993 SP - p. 421-422 AB - Despite the importance of vehicle damage as an indicator in injury severity, a recent study has shown that emergency medical service (EMS) run reports do not have adequate vehicle damage documentation when compared with vehicle photographs. A subsequent multicenter feasibility trial demonstrated that emergency medical technicians (EMTs) can take photographs quickly in adverse weather and different lighting conditions and that the area and severity of vehicle damage can be determined from instant photographs better than from EMS run reports. The implementation and one year experience with a systematic method of EMTs' photographing vehicle damage at the crash scene and bringing the images with the patient to the emergency department is described. Different degrees of exterior damage, intrusion into the occupant's space, and steering wheel, dash and windshield damage were demonstrated in the images. These images were utilized routinely by receiving physicians to aid in their patient assessment. Receiving emergency physicians reported the images to be helpful because they provided objective documentation of vehicle damage. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Injury severity KW - Medical records KW - Photographs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458279 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719384 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Andrey, J AU - Knapper, C AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - WEATHER HAZARDS: THE MOTORIST'S PERSPECTIVE PY - 1993 SP - p. 422-423 AB - This study focuses on whether various driver groups differ in their perceptions and adjustments to weather hazards. A telephone survey of 200 drivers in Hamilton and 200 drivers in Ottawa (both medium-sized cities in Southern Ontario, Canada) was conducted in April, 1992. The survey consisted of 22 closed-ended questions that solicited information on driver characteristics, driver perceptions and driving behavior. Survey results suggest that most drivers recognize the seriousness of the traffic safety problem and in fact have a fairly accurate impression of the relative risk associated with various driving conditions. Despite this, the range of driver adjustments invoked during inclement weather generally does not reflect the magnitude of the weather hazard. Results suggest that countermeasure programs should focus on either improved skills training or on ways of inducing greater caution during inclement conditions. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Hazard evaluation KW - Interviewing KW - Motor skills KW - Perception KW - Risk assessment KW - Surveys KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458280 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719377 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Retting, R A AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - A REVIEW OF FATAL INJURIES TO PEDESTRIANS INDUCED BY URBAN TRUCK CRASHES PY - 1993 SP - p. 117-128 AB - Crashes between pedestrians and trucks, which were fatal to the pedestrians and occurred during 1986-90, were studied. Police reports were used to develop a crash typology. Comparisons were made with crashes between pedestrians and other vehicles. Pedestrian fatalities in crashes with trucks were more likely to occur at intersections, at traffic signals, during daylight, and to involve older pedestrians. Most fatal injuries were to the head and chest regions. Obstruction of driver visibility, caused by truck design, appears to be a factor in crashes at intersections. Emphasis should be placed on separating pedestrians and trucks and on designing trucks to improve visibility. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Aged KW - Chest injuries KW - Daylight KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Intersections KW - Obstruction KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Police reports KW - Signalized intersections KW - Thorax KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458273 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719379 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Dionne, G AU - Desjardins, D AU - LABERGE-NADEAU, C AU - Maag, U AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - MEDICAL CONDITIONS, RISK EXPOSURE AND TRUCK DRIVERS' CRASHES: AN ANALYSIS WITH COUNT DATA REGRESSION MODELS PY - 1993 SP - p. 173-188 AB - Recent studies do not agree on the possible relationships between medical conditions and traffic safety; most of them do not control for exposure factors. In this study, we estimate the effect of different medical conditions on truck drivers' distributions of accidents. Our data and our models permit the simultaneous control for: age; medical conditions; exposure factors measured by hours, kilometers and qualitative factors; and other characteristics of the truck drivers. Our results show that truck drivers of a given driving class with diabetes have more accidents than the drivers in good health. No other studied medical condition has a significant effect on individual accident distributions. Many risk exposure variables are also significant. The effect of age is discussed in detail. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Age KW - Crash exposure KW - Diabetes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458275 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719386 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Maio, R F AU - Takla, R AU - GREGOR, M A AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - THE AMBULANCE REPORT FORM (ARF) AS A DATA SOURCE FOR E CODING PY - 1993 SP - p. 424-425 AB - The purpose of this study was (1) to determine if the ambulance report form (ARF) can be used as an appropriate sole data source for E-Coding of patients transported by ambulance and (2) to determine if non-hospital data collectors/abstractors can appropriately perform E-Coding using the ARF as the sole data source. The study was retrospective and cross-sectional. The time period was from March 1, 1992 through June 30, 1992. The study population was patients, 19 years of age or less, who were injured and were transferred from the scene of their injuries to a hospital by ambulance. Of the 2363 patients sustaining injuries, 2108 (89.20%) had an E-Code that had been determined from the ARF by paramedical or nurse abstractors. Only 11 (0.05%) were non-existent codes. Fifty-six (2.76%) were coded for unspecified motor vehicle crashes, fractures, falls or other incidents. This study suggests that the ARF can be used as the sole data source for E-Coding and that paramedics and/or nurses can do the coding from this data source. Future studies should determine the accuracy and reliability of E-Coding using the ARF as the sole data source. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - E-codes KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Injury severity KW - Medical personnel KW - Paramedics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458282 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719388 JO - Publication of: ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PB - Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) AU - Anapolle, J AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) TI - POLICIES AND VISION STANDARDS AFFECTING OLDER DRIVERS PY - 1993 SP - p. 426-427 AB - By the year 2020, 50 million older persons will be eligible to drive with almost half over the age of 75. Motor vehicle injuries are the leading cause of accidental deaths for people age 65 to 74. As a result, policies must 1) insure prolonged driving privileges without compromising safety and 2) establish licensing operations which identify, diagnose, and take remedial actions for the deficiencies of experienced drivers. Recent survey results of all states and Canadian provinces (62 jurisdictions) provided the basis for reviewing vision policies specific to the older population. Several common findings emerged: 1) when suspected impairment is visual, all jurisdictions require a report from a vision specialist, 2) vision standards and renewal practices vary among states, 3) definitive visual screening techniques are still being explored, 4) eye care givers must become more involved in the decision-making process, 5) practical standards must be developed and adopted directly relating to crash data, and 6) licensing examiners are left to use their best judgment without a uniform guideline to assist them in determining driving ability of a given individual. Chronological age is not an accurate measure of functional ability. Revised vision practices, relevant visual screening standards, and continual advisory input from medical professionals must be pursued to address the special needs of our aging driving population. Great care must be taken to establish procedures which enhance elders' individual mobility and promote traffic safety. For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 00663162. U1 - Proceedings of the 37th Annual ConferenceAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)San Antonio, Texas StartDate:19931104 EndDate:19931106 Sponsors:Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver vision KW - Driver vision standards KW - Drivers KW - Mobility KW - Policy KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773555 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - Vehicle Research and Test Center (U.S.) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIZING THE MOTION BASE OF THE NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1993 SP - xviii, 202 p. AB - The National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) will move the simulator's cab so that realistic motion cues are provided to the simulator's driver. It is necessary to determine the motion base capabilities that the NADS will need to simulate different severities and types of driving maneuvers with adequate simulated motion fidelity. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop tools based on existing vehicle dynamics simulations, simulator washout algorithms, and human perceptual models, that allow needed motion base capabilities to be determined and (2) to use these tools to perform analyses that determine the motion base capabilities needed by the NADS KW - Driving simulators KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743751 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1993 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1993 SP - 47 p. AB - This publication, by the Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated, contains motorcycle statistics for the years 1990 - 1993. Some tables also contain data from earlier years. Major topic headings listed in the table of contents include: market volume, manufacturers and distributors, the retail market, motorcycle usage (including safety, registration, and fatalities), and motorcycle owners. A list of national motorcycle organizations, and state motorcycle dealers associations are also found at the end of the publication. KW - Annual reports KW - Distributors KW - Fatalities KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Registration KW - Retail trade KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Use KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743747 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WALKING THROUGH THE YEARS...PEDESTRIAN SAFETY FOR THE OLDER (65+) ADULT PY - 1993 SP - 13 p. AB - Records show that over 100,000 pedestrians are injured and over 6,000 are killed each year in the United States. Older adults account for fewer pedestrian accidents (7.7%) than would be expected by their numbers in the population (12.5%). However, they account for almost one-quarter of all pedestrian fatalities (22.7%). Other things being equal, a pedestrian accident is a far more catastrophic event for the older adult than for the young. It is especially important that we help this group stay out of pedestrian accidents. Nearly all of us are pedestrians during some part of our day, regardless of age. In this paper, the authors describe the major pedestrian risks facing older (65+) adults and suggest actions they can take to avoid accidents. They include information from a variety of studies done over the years by NHTSA, FHWA, and other highway safety organizations. The paper discusses intersections, backing up, conspicuity, and making pedestrian safety work. KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Intersections KW - Maneuvering KW - Pedestrian age KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk assessment KW - Visibility KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724859 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUTH ALCOHOL-RELATED MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES, 1982-1992 PY - 1993 SP - 23 p. AB - The figures and data contained in this report focus on impaired driving fatal crashes by young people, ages 15 through 20, from 1982 to 1992. The data selected to illustrate this problem fall into four categories: (1) Youth Fatalities - Those who died in motor vehicle crashes (drivers, passengers, or pedestrians) who were 15 to 20 years old; (2) Young Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes - 15- to 20-year-old drivers involved in a crash that resulted in a fatality; (3) Young Drivers Killed - 15- to 20-year-old drivers who were killed in a motor vehicle crash; and (4) Youth Fatalities by Alcohol-Involvement of Young Drivers - Youths who were killed in a motor vehicle accident in which a young person was driving. The data in these four categories are broken out by alcohol-related involvement. If a fatality is alcohol-related, a driver or pedestrian had a measurable blood alcohol content (BAC). The alcohol involvement is further broken down to indicate if the BAC was between .01 and .09 percent (which is the legal limit in most states) or if it was greater than or equal to .10 percent, which is over the legal limit in most States. Some of the data are shown in figures to highlight interesting trends or problem areas. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired pedestrians KW - Intoxication KW - Pedestrians KW - Problem identification KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00860040 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOCUS GROUPS ON TRAFFIC SAFETY ISSUES PUBLIC RESPONSE TO NCAP.. T2 - FOCUS GROUPS ON TRAFFIC SAFETY ISSUES: PUBLIC RESPONSE TO NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PY - 1993 IS - PB95-266425 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Public opinion KW - Testing KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5888/fswm.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/522970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721543 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - IGUCHI, M AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLE EXPECTATIONS AND POPULARIZATION POLICIES PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 6-9 AB - Electric vehicles have the on-road capability only for shorter distances of urban travel. For the general user, the electric vehicle fails in comparison to the gasoline driven vehicle whose performance exceeds the requirements for urban travel. In addition, the price of an electric vehicle is higher than a gasoline vehicle despite imminent mass-production. The popularization of electric vehicles needs to reform public awareness to accept the high price of non-emission exhaust gases. The present day capabilities of electric vehicles are such that electric vehicles cannot replace all vehicles. Low emission vehicles such as those that use natural gas or alcohol for fuel, and hybrid vehicles with regenerating brakes must occupy a position in the marketplace in accordance with their purpose. Because vehicles have evolved hand in hand with fossil fuels huge costs and development efforts are essential if they are to part company with fossil fuels. Hopefully, existing gasoline and diesel engines will exert their territorial presence by markedly improving exhaust gas purification and energy efficiency. KW - Costs KW - Electric vehicles KW - Exhaust gases KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Low emission vehicles KW - Marketing KW - Policy KW - Promotion KW - Vehicle performance KW - Zero emission vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461941 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721547 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - KAHLEN, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN EUROPE PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 39-50 AB - The reasons for the new development of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Europe, that started in the mid sixties, were the same compared with similar activities in other places in the world: air pollution in cities, studies on oil resources, new drive systems with power semiconductors, fuel cells and new battery development. New battery systems like NaS, NaNiCl and ZnBr have been developed. These are under test in many cars. But in the meantime lead-acid batteries without maintenance especially with a gel are being used in electric and hybrid vehicles. Good results were obtained in the past with DC drives with a thyristor chopper. Now some new EVs are equipped with AC drives. The converters contain mostly bipolar transistors or MOSFETs. A new generation of IGBT with low drop voltage will be used in some applications. EVs receive support from various sources in Europe. The European Commission gives funds for basic research. France and Germany have started a new program for EV fleets. KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Europe KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721539 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '92. ROAD ACCIDENTS JAPAN PY - 1993 SP - 67 p. AB - This statistical report, compiled under the supervision of the Traffic Bureau, National Police Agency, Japan, provides accident statistics for Japan. The following categories are covered: (I) Road Traffic Situation; (II) Traffic Accidents: Trends; (III) Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1992; (IV) Control of Traffic Violations; (V) Traffic Regulations and Controls; (VI) Driver's License; and (VII) Reference Information. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721549 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Salifu, M AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - BICYCLE SAFETY: SUSTAINING MOBILITY AND ENVIRONMENT PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 60-66 AB - Bicycles constitute some sixty percent of all vehicular traffic in the Tamale municipality (Ghana). In order to realize the full potential of this mode of transport to serve the mobility needs of especially the urban poor, it is suggested that a safe cycling environment is an important prerequisite. To this end a study of bicycle accidents in the municipality for the period 1989-1991 was conducted. A consistent rise in the number of accidents was observed but accident severity declined. Bicyclists were about six times more likely to die in accidents than motorists. The main accident types were rear-end collisions into leading cyclists in dark hours ending in "cutting" of cyclists too closely by overtaking motorists in daylight. Countermeasures suggested include use of the Finnish disc to reduce "cutting" and improved taillights/reflectors on bicycles to enhance their conspicuity in dark hours. Separation of bicycles from motorized traffic has also been recommended. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Ghana KW - Rear end crashes KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Taillamps KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic segregation KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461947 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721551 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - KNOFLACHER, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS IN AUSTRIA PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 86-87 AB - This article briefly discusses the traffic accident situation in Austria. Traffic accidents in Austria peaked in 1972, when the group of experienced and safe drivers became the majority. Only two external measures influenced the national accident statistics: (a) the general speed limits on rural roads and motorways in 1973, and (b) the seat belt law in 1975. Data are presented showing accident trends (1961-1990), casualties by road user type (1961-1990), death rates (1961-1990), trends of population and traffic conditions (1965-1990), fatality rates (1965-1990), and number of deaths by type (1965-1990). KW - Austria KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461949 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721548 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Gerardin, B AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN EUROPE PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 51-57 AB - Apparently, the economic situation is not today in favor of the development of electric vehicles in Europe. Oil prices are relatively low. European Community (EC) economy is globally in recession and the automobile market is decreasing. Air pollution generated by motor vehicles has been significantly reduced by new regulations concerning catalyzers and improvements of combustion techniques. No decisive technical advances have changed the position of the electric vehicle in comparison with thermal-engined vehicles. Nevertheless, the electric vehicle seems to be an attractive alternative for specific needs. So, some European industrialists have recently decided to launch new feasibility studies and industrial programs. More and more people believe that electric vehicles can offer a solution to the environmental problem our world is suffering. Many initiatives are concerned with research, development and promotion of electric vehicles. This paper analyzes the present situation in the EC member states. Then it looks at the existing technical, economic and political constraints and evaluates the medium-long term perspectives of the development of electric vehicles in Europe. KW - Constraints KW - Development KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Electric vehicles KW - Environmental impacts KW - Europe KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Markets KW - Political factors KW - Promotion KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461946 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721550 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Thomas, I AU - Leiva Romero, V AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - DIFFICULTIES IN STUDYING SPATIAL ASPECTS OF ROAD SAFETY: THE EXAMPLE OF ACCIDENTS AT INTERSECTIONS PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 67-72 AB - This paper aims to compare accident counts between two sets of locations: motorway sections in the vicinity of slip roads and motorway sections away from ingress/egress areas. Significant differences are obtained. Empirical tests are conducted for Belgium. This paper shows the difficulties encountered when treating spatial accident data and the resulting statistical problems. KW - Belgium KW - Intersections KW - Spatial analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461948 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721544 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - MATSUO, T AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - DEVELOPMENT AND MARKET EXPANSION POLICIES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN JAPAN PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 11-23 AB - Electric vehicle research and development in Japan has expanded in the last few years in an effort to counter air pollution in the larger cities and also to protect the global environment. In terms of electric vehicles gaining popular acceptance, small mini-vans, which suit the narrow roads of Japan, have taken the lead. However, the larger vans in the small vehicle class continue to make ground. Recently, experimental passenger vehicles have also begun to appear in the cities on a trial basis. However, their on-road performances are no match for internal combustion engine vehicles and, at present, their usage is confined to the parameters befitting the capabilities of electric vehicles. Although still in the experimental stage, research is being conducted on a high performance electric vehicle with a view to on-road use in the future. In order to carry out an electric vehicle popularization program which aims to put 200,000 electric vehicles on the road by the year 2000, policies are being formulated to provide assistance in the form of technological research and the setting up of infrastructure at national and regional government level so as to promote development and popularization. KW - Development KW - Electric vehicles KW - Future concepts KW - Infrastructure KW - Innovation KW - Japan KW - Marketing KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461942 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721546 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Huscroft, S V AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ELECTRIC VEHICLES: A KEY ELEMENT OF CALIFORNIA'S AIR QUALITY STRATEGY PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 34-38 AB - California has the most serious air pollution problem in the United States, particularly in the Los Angeles/Orange County region. In its effort to achieve national and state ambient air quality standards the California Air Resources Board (CARB) recently adopted low-emission vehicle regulations, which call for a small percentage of zero-emission vehicles by 1998. These vehicles will likely be electric-powered, which not only have zero tailpipe and evaporative emissions, but also do not deteriorate over time (which is a significant source of emissions from conventionally-fueled vehicles). Powerplant emissions due to the increased use of electricity are often cited as a concern. The CARB staff have calculated that the powerplant emissions associated with electric vehicles in California represent only a small fraction of the emissions from conventional vehicles and that the new benefit is substantial. The United States government has passed the Energy Policy Act of 1992, of which one goal is to encourage the development and commercialization of electric vehicles. The Act authorizes significant amounts of funding for research and development projects, tax incentives, infrastructure development, and commercial demonstration projects. The California government has been very active in supporting the successful introduction of electric vehicles by 1998. The CARB continues to evaluate the developments in technology, vehicle/battery performance, and energy efficiency, and to coordinate with other state agencies on issues related to battery recycling, electric vehicle incentives, and recharging infrastructure. Several public/private partnerships have also been formed to create an advanced transportation industry in California, including electric vehicles. The CARB will continue to encourage the progress needed to make electric vehicles a reality. KW - Air quality management KW - California KW - Commercialization KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy KW - Energy consumption KW - Incentives KW - Infrastructure KW - New products KW - Policy KW - Pollutants KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461944 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721545 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - SHIMIZU, H AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - THE NEW POSSIBILITY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 24-33 AB - Electric Vehicles are classified into converted EVs which are converted from internal combustion engine (ICE) cars and original EVs which are designed as electric vehicles totally. Energy efficiency of a converted EV and an ICE car are about 21% and 14%, respectively. The problem to prohibit for spreading of converted EVs widely is that the driving performances such as range per charge, maximum velocity and acceleration are poor. If the following concepts are adopted in an EV, the performance of an EV could be increased amazingly: 1) choose new technologies to be able to minimize the energy consumption of an EV; 2) choose a drive system suitable for an EV; and 3) the whole vehicle of an EV is designed originally as an EV. The new EV including all these concepts is named "Original EV". As original EVs IMPACT, IZA and FEV are introduced. The range per charge at 40 km/h constant speed is 548 km and the maximum velocity is 176 km/h in IZA. The 0 to 400 m acceleration time of IMPACT is 16.7 sec. The most important feature of original EVs is that the energy consumption rate is much lower than that of the ICE car. In IZA it is about 1/2.8 times lower than that of same class ICE car when crude oil is used as the primary energy. In the future the EV should be developed as an original EV and the cost of the development should be shared by automobile companies, power companies and governments. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy efficiency KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle performance KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461943 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721552 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Craddock, B AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS IN HONG KONG PY - 1993 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 88-89 AB - This article briefly discusses road accidents in Hong Kong. The number of road accidents in Hong Kong peaked in 1982. Since 1982 vehicle ownership has increased by 26%, the number of accidents has fallen by 16.3%, fatalities by 30.9%, and serious accidents by 55.7%. Car ownership is at a low level when compared to Western countries but is now rising rapidly. Congestion is widespread as there are 245 licensed vehicles for every kilometer of road length. Statistics are presented showing (1) percentage fall in road accidents by type of collision and severity of injury from 1982 to 1990, (2) number of each type of vehicle in 1991, (3) road casualties by road user and severity of injury 1991, and (4) accident rates in Hong Kong from 1970 to 1991. KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Hong Kong (China) KW - Injury severity KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Statistics KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721356 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1992 TO DECEMBER 31, 1992 PY - 1993 SP - 109 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1992 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 142 recall campaigns involving 6,545,210 domestic motor vehicles, 45 recall campaigns involving 3,581,596 foreign motor vehicles, 24 recall campaigns involving 3,170,089 units of domestic equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 30,000 units of foreign equipment, 7 recall campaigns involving 7,967 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719475 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1993 TO MARCH 31, 1993 PY - 1993 SP - 34 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related defect recall campaigns during the first quarter of 1993 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 39 recall campaigns involving 2,100,003 domestic motor vehicles, 7 recall campaigns involving 570,462 foreign motor vehicles, 8 recall campaigns involving 94,479 units of domestic equipment, 3 recall campaigns involving 717 units of foreign equipment, 3 recall campaigns involving 2,548 domestic tires, and 1 recall campaign involving foreign tires, none of which were sold in the United States. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719453 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JULY 1, 1993 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1993 PY - 1993 SP - 57 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the third quarter of 1993 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 54 recall campaigns involving 2,727,702 domestic motor vehicles, 13 recall campaigns involving 318,101 foreign motor vehicles, 10 recall campaigns involving 322,839 units of domestic equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 20,000 units of foreign equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 1,762 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719451 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. APRIL 1, 1993 TO JUNE 30, 1993 PY - 1993 SP - 45 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related defect recall campaigns during the second quarter of 1993 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 54 recall campaigns involving 937,814 domestic motor vehicles, 9 recall campaigns involving 1,119,299 foreign motor vehicles, 6 recall campaigns involving 293,776 units of domestic equipment, 2 recall campaigns involving 5,740 units of foreign equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 1,230 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719443 AU - Allen, J AU - Brand, S AU - Callen, A AU - Kao, L AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS, 1993 EDITION SN - 0879121726 PY - 1993 SP - 126 p. AB - This 1993 Edition of "Accident Facts" presents statistics on accidents for the year 1992 and, in some cases, statistics from previous years for comparative purposes. This edition contains significant changes in estimates and several new features. The contents are organized according to the following topics: All Accidents; Work Accidents; Occupational Health; Motor-Vehicle Accidents; Public Accidents; Home Accidents; Farm Resident Accidents; and Environmental Health. Also provided are a list of other sources of accident data, a glossary, a technical appendix, and an index. The section on Motor-Vehicle Accidents contains statistics on the following: Principal classes; Trends; How people died; State legislation; Alcohol; Occupant protection; Work zones; Heavy trucks; Costs; Age, sex of driver; Time of day; Day of week; Day and month; Type of accident, vehicle movement; Type, location, age, urban/rural; Type of vehicle; Motorcycles; Pedestrians; Pedalcyclists; Improper driving; Residence; International; Death rates by state (maps); Deaths and rates by state; School bus accidents; Deaths and rates, historical; Pedestrian injuries; Type of accident, historical; Automobile occupant injuries; Type and location, historical; Deaths, rates by age, historical; Emergency vehicles; City traffic deaths; and Fleet accident rates. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bus crashes KW - Construction sites KW - Costs KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fatalities KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Gender KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Moving violations KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - State laws KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716845 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY FOR 1992 PY - 1993 SP - 72 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1992. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and Historical Trends; Geographic Location (Accidents by counties, cities, and on state highways); Accident Descriptions (Single vehicle and multi-vehicle, lighting, road surface, weather, road grade, time, day, and month); Safety Devices; Motor Vehicle and Driver Characteristics; Alcohol-Related Accidents; Pedestrian and Pedalcyclists; Motorcycle Accidents; and School Bus Accidents. KW - Arizona KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bus crashes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Cities KW - Counties KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Helmets KW - Human characteristics KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - State highways KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00858238 AU - GOLDEN, MARISSA MARTINO AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUREAUCRATIC BEHAVIOR IN A POLITICAL SETTING REACTIONS TO THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION IN FOUR FEDERAL AGENCIES. T2 - REACTIONS TO THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION IN FOUR FEDERAL AGENCIES. PY - 1993 IS - 94-30498 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attitudes KW - Executive departments KW - Government agencies KW - Politics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/522442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680891 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LAW ENFORCEMENT PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1993 SP - 92 p. AB - This manual is intended to be a positive resource to assist police agencies in solving traffic safety problems they may not be familiar with addressing. It provides law enforcement officials with proven strategies and solutions for pedestrian safety issues. It provides information for state and local police agencies, as well as for community traffic safety programs, on how to develop and implement a pedestrian safety law enforcement program using the "three E" (Enforcement, Education, and Engineering) approach. Included in the manual are strategies for implementing the three E's, activities for both law enforcement agencies and individual officers, descriptions of existing pedestrian enforcement programs, and resource information. KW - Law enforcement KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839641 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1992: OLDER POPULATION. PY - 1993 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aged drivers KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839639 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1992: LARGE TRUCKS. PY - 1993 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839640 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1992: STATE ALCOHOL ESTIMATES. PY - 1993 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00838792 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEAT BELTS: THEY ONLY WORK WHEN YOU WEAR THEM.. PY - 1993 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Advertising KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Education and training KW - Public information programs KW - Public opinion KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00838769 AU - KLEIN, TERRY M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1992, PEDALCYCLISTS. PY - 1993 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bicycling KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00838776 AU - KLEIN, TERRY M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1992, PEDESTRIANS. PY - 1993 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Pedestrians KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00841656 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1992: OCCUPANT PROTECTION. PY - 1993 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664291 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DIGEST: A COMPENDIUM OF INNOVATIVE STATE AND COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTS PY - 1993 SP - n.p. AB - This Traffic Safety Digest contains information on innovative state and community traffic safety projects. For each project the following information is provided: Title; State; Program Area(s); Type of Jurisdiction; Targeted Population(s); Project Characteristics; Population Size; Problem Identification; Goals and Objectives; Strategies and Activities; Results; Funding; and Contact (person; address; telephone number). The 20 projects in this Digest are categorized in one of the following areas: alcohol and other drugs; occupant protection; police traffic services; youth programs; and other traffic safety areas. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Alcohol use KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Driving instructors KW - Drunk driving KW - Innovation KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police traffic services KW - Preschool children KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public private partnerships KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638853 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF DRUG RECOGNITION EXPERT TRAINING. THE DRE INSTRUCTOR TRAINING SCHOOL STUDENT-INSTRUCTOR MANUAL, 1993 EDITION PY - 1993 SP - 135 p. AB - The manual provides an overview of the five-day school to prepare police instructors to train other police officers to serve as drug recognition experts (DREs). DRE is used to designate an individual who is specially-trained to conduct examinations of suspected drug-impaired drivers. KW - Drug recognition experts KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638854 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF DRUG RECOGNITION EXPERT TRAINING. THE DRE INSTRUCTOR TRAINING SCHOOL TEACHER-TRAINING MANUAL, 1993 EDITION PY - 1993 SP - 300 p. AB - The Administrator's Guide provides an introduction to an overview of the five-day instructor development course entitled "Principles and Techniques of Drug Recognition Expert Training". The course is perhaps better known as "The DRE Instructor Training School". It is the classroom training portion of the set of learning experiences that, collectively, enable drug recognition experts (DREs) to become certified to teach others to become DREs as well. The Administrator's Guide is intended to facilitate planning and implementation of the DRE Instructor Training School. The Guide overviews the five-day course of instruction, and the documents and other materials that make up the curriculum package for the course. It describes course administrative requirements and offers guidance for satisfying those requirements. KW - Drug recognition experts KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638856 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUG EVALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION TRAINING. THE DRUG RECOGNITION SCHOOL. STUDENT MANUAL, 1993 EDITION PY - 1993 SP - 427 p. AB - The training program focuses on a set of examination procedures used by drug recognition experts (DREs). DRE is used to designate an individual who is specially trained to conduct examinations of suspected drug-impaired drivers. By the completion of the course of instruction, students should be fully proficient in checking vital signs, conducting careful evaluations of eyes, administering divided attention tests and, in general, carrying out the procedural steps of the DRE's job. KW - Drug recognition experts KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638851 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY TRAINING FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION. THE PRE-SCHOOL INSTRUCTOR MANUAL, 1993 EDITION PY - 1993 SP - 330 p. AB - The Administrator's Guide provides an introduction to and an overview of the two-day course entitled "Preliminary Training for Drug Evaluation and Classification". The course is the first in a series of three training programs that, collectively, prepare police officers and other qualified persons to serve as Drug Recognition Experts (DREs). The Administrator's Guide is intended to facilitate planning and implementation of the Preliminary Training Program. The Guide overviews the two-day course of instruction and also overviews the documents that make up the curriculum package. KW - Curricula KW - Drug recognition experts KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638852 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY TRAINING FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION. THE PRE-SCHOOL STUDENT MANUAL, 1993 EDITION PY - 1993 SP - 174 p. AB - The course is the first in a series of three training programs that, collectively, prepare police officers and other qualified persons to serve as Drug Recognition Experts (DREs). DRE is used to designate an individual who is specially-trained to conduct examinations of suspected drug-impaired drivers. KW - Drug recognition experts KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638855 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUG EVALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION TRAINING. THE DRUG RECOGNITION SCHOOL. INSTRUCTOR MANUAL, 1993 EDITION PY - 1993 SP - 1355 p. AB - The Administrator's Guide provides an introduction to an overview of the seven-day classroom training course on drug evaluation and classification. The course is perhaps better known as "The DRE School". It is the second in a series of three stages of training that, collectively, prepare persons to serve as Drug Recognition Experts (DREs). The Administrator's Guide is intended to facilitate planning and implementation of the Drug Evaluation and Classification Classroom Training Program. The Guide overviews the 7-day course of instruction, and the documents and other materials that make up the curriculum package for the course. It describes course administrative requirements and offers guidelines for discharging those requirements satisfactorily. KW - Curricula KW - Drug recognition experts KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400234 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Moving America safely: priority plan: NHTSA's activities through 1994 PY - 1992/12 SP - 1 vol KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Activity report KW - Decision making KW - Drink driving KW - Drug KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Injury prevention KW - Planning KW - Planning KW - Priority KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Road safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Usa KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724899 AU - InfoGroup Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURVEY OF DWI TRACKING SYSTEMS IN THE U.S. PY - 1992/12 SP - 30 p. AB - This survey involved contacting key individuals in each State to review with them the status of their State's DWI (driving while intoxicated) tracking system or lack thereof, and to determine various hardware and software applications being used, specific data elements, data models, and any statistical reports or analysis that they might have. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) overall objective of determining the status of DWI tracking systems in each State was to enable it to assess the Nation's ability to make estimates of DWI arrests, convictions, dispositions, sanctions, and sentence completion on both a national and State level. The survey found that ten States presently have DWI tracking systems with computerized data on arrests, dispositions, fines, sanctions, and completion of sentence. Evidence is provided that illustrates the representativeness of these ten States of the United States on both size of licensed driving population and ratio of DWI arrests. KW - Arrests KW - Convictions KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Hardware KW - Sanctions KW - Software KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Tracking systems KW - Traffic conviction KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721348 AU - Kelly, J E AU - Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY & STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ODOMETER TAMPERING BY PURCHASERS OF ONE-TIME LEASE VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 33 p. AB - The primary objective was to determine the current level of odometer tampering in one-time lease vehicles. A secondary objective was to replicate as closely as possible a similar 1985 study and to compare the results. Odometer readings at the time vehicles were sold by two major leasing companies were compared with the odometer readings of those same vehicles when they were later resold to ultimate consumer purchasers in order to determine if odometer tampering had occurred. Based on an analysis of the leased vehicles resold by the two lease companies the study estimated a 5.07% tampering rate for leased vehicles. A close replication of the 1985 study disclosed a 3.91% rollback rate versus the 50% rate found in the prior study. The report credits this apparent reduction to new legislation and increased criminal prosecutions. It recommends continued vigilance and creation of a nationwide odometer database. KW - Consumer protection KW - Leasing KW - Odometers KW - Rental cars KW - Tampering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721347 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPAIRED DRIVING FILM AND VIDEOTAPE CATALOG. THIRD EDITION PY - 1992/12 SP - 35 p. AB - This catalog of impaired driving films and videotapes is compiled from information provided by all available suppliers known to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Each supplier is listed alphabetically in the first section of the catalog. The second section consists of descriptions of each product and how to obtain a copy. KW - Catalogs KW - Drunk driving KW - Film KW - Impaired drivers KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721333 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - QUESTIONS MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED ABOUT ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE REVOCATION PY - 1992/12 SP - 12 p. AB - This brochure provides basic information about the administrative license revocation (ALR) or suspension of the driver's license of individuals who refuse or fail a chemical test to determine their blood alcohol concentration (BAC). To date, ALR laws have been enacted in 31 states and the District of Columbia. ALR is a measure that has proven to be a most effective deterrent to driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. KW - Brochures KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drug use KW - Drunk driving KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721335 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NETS FOUR SEASONS GUIDE FOR SAVING LIVES (1992 EDITION) PY - 1992/12 SP - 173 p. AB - This guide was prepared as part of the curriculum package for the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Safety Management Seminar. It is intended to help Seminar participants accomplish the following objectives: (1) reduce traffic crashes, deaths, and injuries as well as their associated human and economic losses; (2) promote the development and implementation of highway safety programs to protect employees both on and off the job; (3) demonstrate the economic impact that deaths and injuries from traffic crashes have on companies; (4) identify specific highway safety activities that are practical and effective for the individual company; (5) design and implement policies and programs to assist employees and their families in avoiding traffic hazards; and (6) implement appropriate seasonal activities throughout the year. KW - Design KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Employees KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Nets safety management seminar KW - Policy making KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721331 AU - FLORES, A L AU - Spicer, A AU - FRANK, J F AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF A SALIVA-ALCOHOL TEST DEVICE BY ENZYMATICS, INC. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 11 p. AB - This study examined the accuracy of a new saliva-alcohol test device (Enzymatics, Inc. "Q.E.D.-A150") at nine different blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) under three temperature conditions. However, it did not assess the saliva collection procedures. The findings indicate that this device appears to provide a useful means for estimating BACs from saliva samples for screening purposes. Furthermore, laboratory performance on these tests consistently underestimated the target BACs at all alcohol concentrations and all temperatures tested. From a police enforcement perspective, these underestimates would minimize the likelihood of false-positive readings. In other words, these results suggest that it is less likely that police would identify someone as having a BAC above a given threshold when the person being tested is, in fact, not above that level. However, it should be remembered that this limited laboratory evaluation does not address any issues related to collection of saliva samples or police field use of the device, such as how much saliva is sufficient for a test, possible health and safety concerns for a suspect or an officer, liability concerns for an agency using the device and police training requirements. Such issues must be considered prior to reaching a conclusion regarding the practical utility and application of the device. KW - Accuracy KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oral fluid tests (Alcohol/Drugs) KW - Research KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721334 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SEMINAR. INSTRUCTOR GUIDE (1992 EDITION) PY - 1992/12 SP - 187 p. AB - This is the instructor's guide for the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Safety Management Seminar. It is presented in five parts. Part 1, Preparation Guide, contains information on the logistics for the training environment, sample letters of invitation and thanks, and teaching tips. It also contains a glossary of terms that are used throughout the curriculum. Part 2 contains the Safety Management Seminar curriculum, Part 3 the curriculum overhead transparencies, and Part 4 the curriculum handouts. Part 5 contains the "Four Seasons Guide for Saving Lives". KW - Curricula KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Nets safety management seminar KW - Safety management KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719474 AU - Esposito, T J AU - Reynolds, S A AU - Sanddal, N D AU - Hansen, J D AU - Rinker, C F AU - Dale, G AU - Maningas, P J AU - O'Reilly, P J AU - Bleicher, J AU - Petrashek, B AU - Critical Illness and Trauma Foundation TI - RURAL PREVENTABLE MORTALITY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 32 p. AB - All trauma deaths (n=154) from two rural (population density 6.08/sq mi) socio-demographically matched study areas, covering a one year time span, were analyzed to determine the rate of preventable death and inappropriate care. The overall preventable mortality rate was 17%, with 10 preventable deaths in Area A (11.5%) and 16 preventable deaths in Area B (23.9%). Preventable deaths were identified by phase of care with 2 (7.7%) occurring as a result of deficiencies in the prehospital phase, 14 (53.8%) due to inadequacies of care in the emergency department and 10 (38.5%) occurring in the post emergency department. The distribution of inappropriate care rendered for all deaths (preventable and non-preventable) in each phase of care was 15.7% in the prehospital phase, 62.8% in the emergency department and 21.6% in the post emergency department. Errors or omissions in care occurred in airway management (n=8), hemorrhage control (n=3), delay in treatment (n=11) and improper management of chest trauma (n=15). The etiology of trauma showed a significant rate of motor vehicle related trauma, with 72 deaths as a result of vehicle crashes, 10 from auto-pedestrian incidents, 5 from motorcycle crashes and 4 involving motor vehicle/train collisions. Of the motor vehicle crashes, 45 (63%) involved single vehicle rollovers with 51% of those involving the ejection of one or more of the fatalities. Additional study of rural preventable trauma mortality and the continued refinement of this analytical process is recommended. Findings of this and other rural studies indicate a need to further develop and enhance trauma care systems, particularly in rural areas of the United States. KW - Crash victims KW - Ejection KW - Emergency medical services KW - Fatalities KW - Health care services KW - Inappropriate care KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Preventable mortality KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossing collisions KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Rollover crashes KW - Rural areas KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trauma care systems KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719473 AU - Esposito, T J AU - Reynolds, S A AU - Sanddal, N D AU - Hansen, J D AU - Rinker, C F AU - Dale, G AU - Maningas, P J AU - O'Reilly, P J AU - Bleicher, J AU - Petrashek, B AU - Critical Illness and Trauma Foundation TI - FINAL ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY: RURAL PREVENTABLE MORTALITY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 21 p. AB - All trauma deaths (n=154) from two rural (population density 6.08/sq mi) socio-demographically matched study areas, covering a one year time span, were analyzed to determine the rate of preventable death and inappropriate care. The overall preventable mortality rate was 17%, with 10 preventable deaths in Area A (11.5%) and 16 preventable deaths in Area B (23.9%). Preventable deaths were identified by phase of care with 2 (7.7%) occurring as a result of deficiencies in the prehospital phase, 14 (53.8%) due to inadequacies of care in the emergency department and 10 (38.5%) occurring in the post emergency department. The distribution of inappropriate care rendered for all deaths (preventable and non-preventable) in each phase of care was 15.7% in the prehospital phase, 62.8% in the emergency department and 21.6% in the post emergency department. Errors or omissions in care occurred in airway management (n=8), hemorrhage control (n=3), delay in treatment (n=11) and improper management of cheat trauma (n=15). The etiology of trauma showed a significant rate of motor vehicle related trauma, with 72 deaths as a result of vehicle crashes, 10 from auto-pedestrian incidents, 5 from motorcycles crashes and 4 involving motor vehicle/train collisions. Of the motor vehicle crashes, 45 (63%) involved single vehicle rollovers with 51% of those involving the ejection of one or more of the fatalities. Additional study of rural preventable trauma mortality and the continued refinement of this analytical process is recommended. Findings of this and other rural studies indicate a need to further develop and enhance trauma care systems, particularly in rural areas of the United States. KW - Crash victims KW - Ejection KW - Emergency medical services KW - Fatalities KW - Health care services KW - Inappropriate care KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Preventable mortality KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossing collisions KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Rollover crashes KW - Rural areas KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trauma care systems KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675259 AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AMERICAN HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH ON IN-VEHICLE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 77 p. AB - This report emphasizes route guidance. European and Japanese research, which is extensive and significant, will be covered elsewhere. Critical research includes the Cross and McGrath work on maps, FHWA-funded research on ERGS, studies by Wierwille and his colleagues of the ETAK Navigator, studies by Gatling and Davis on in-vehicle auditory systems (Back Seat Driver), and comparisons of auditory and visual systems by Streeter and Walker. The following are the main findings: (1) Route guidance maps should be oriented heading up. It may be beneficial to show both the current heading and the four cardinal directions. (2) For ordinary route guidance (well-spaced cross and T intersections, light to medium traffic), instructions should be simple. ("Turn left at the next intersection," not "The next three streets are...When you get to..."). More complex situations (heavy traffic, rapid turns in succession) have not been examined. (3) Visual and auditory route guidance systems are about equal in usability. Simultaneously providing guidance in both formats may not enhance usability. (4) Of the measures proposed to evaluate visually based navigation systems, eye fixations and navigation errors seem to be the most sensitive to design differences. (5) Missing in the literature are theories that explain why differences occur, studies of untrained users, and studies of elderly drivers. KW - Auditory systems KW - Communication KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Maps KW - Navigation KW - Research KW - Route guidance KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667318 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1987 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 75.0 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 126 p. AB - The test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. The test was conducted with a 1987 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP53U7HG145299, at the Transportation Research Inc. on December 10, 1992. The test vehicle was impacted on the front left corner of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained 10 accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Accelerometers KW - Aggression KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Shock resistance KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721534 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - Roy Morgan Research Centre Pty Limited TI - WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR VEHICLE SAFETY FEATURES: PHASE 2 REPORT SN - 0642512043 PY - 1992/11 SP - 109 p. AB - This report examines the amount which Australian car buyers are willing to pay for vehicle safety features that protect occupants in the event of a crash. A series of questionnaires, targeted at private car buyers, fleet managers and car renters, were developed to determine the amount that new car buyers are willing to pay for a package of safety features including an air bag, and a package of the same safety features, but without an air bag. Across all surveys the willingness to pay for the air bag and non-air bag packages was found to be high. It was estimated that over 80% of new car buyers would be willing to pay the best estimate retail price or more for both the air bag and non-air bag package. Factors which appear to be related to willingness to pay include age, sex, household income and size of car. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Age KW - Air bags KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Economic analysis KW - Gender KW - Income KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461939 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721533 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - O'Neil, B AU - Latitudes Pty Limited TI - OLDER PEDESTRIAN DEMONSTRATION PROJECT: FINAL REPORT SN - 0642511969 PY - 1992/11 SP - 48 p. AB - This is a summary of the reports submitted by 17 local governments describing their participation in the Older Pedestrian Demonstration Project. In that project, these local governments were funded by the Federal Government to undertake demonstrations of the types of approaches that could be taken to overcome older pedestrian safety problems. This Final Report includes a brief synopsis of each of the local governments' activities for older pedestrian safety in the funding period, and a discussion of the various methods used. It is intended that this Final Report will provide local governments around Australia with a resource document that details treatments used to improve older pedestrian safety. KW - Aged KW - Countermeasures KW - Demonstration projects KW - Local government KW - Methodology KW - Pedestrian safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721353 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1989 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 83.0 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 136 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. This test was conducted with a 1989 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP52U9KG218701, on October 12, 1992. The test vehicle was impacted on the front left corner of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Automobile tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Dummies KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721337 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REPORT ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 77 p. AB - This report was prepared by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Department of Transportation, in response to Senate Report 102-148 to accompany H.R. 2942: Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1992. The report reviews and summarizes current research findings and other agency activities on a number of issues related to heavy vehicle braking performance and dynamic stability and control. Because a number of these topics are somewhat unrelated, each issue is covered separately. The report: Describes the key results and findings of the agency's two year in-service fleet evaluation of 200 antilock brake system (ABS) equipped heavy truck tractors; Compares the performance characteristics of 4 vs. 6 channel ABSs on 6x4 truck tractors; Describes how ABSs and retarders can be compatibly installed on heavy vehicles; Describes the stability enhancing capabilities of C-dollies when used in multiple trailer combination-unit trucks; Describes the effects of imbalances in cargo loading on heavy truck roll stability performance; Describes the role tire performance plays in overall heavy vehicle dynamic stability and control performance; and Outlines agency rulemaking and other activities on topics related to these issues. KW - Air brakes KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Balancing KW - Braking performance KW - Dollies KW - Dynamic stability KW - Field studies KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Loading and unloading KW - Medium trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Performance characteristics KW - Regulation KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Rule making KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tire performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721329 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LAP/SHOULDER BELT KITS FOR REAR SEATS PY - 1992/11 SP - 2 p. AB - Rear seat lap/shoulder belts are 9% more effective against death and 15% more effective against injury in motor vehicle crashes than lap-only belts. Beginning in December 1989, new passenger cars (except convertibles) were required to be equipped with rear seat lap/shoulder belts as standard equipment. Beginning in model year 1992, this requirement was extended to cover new pickups, vans, sport utility vehicles and convertibles. This brochure is intended to inform you of the availability and cost of equipping cars with lap/shoulder belts in the rear seat. It contains a list of vehicles by make, model and model year for which rear seat lap/shoulder belt retrofit kits are available, including the costs of the kits and a list of industry contacts if additional information on retrofit kits is required. Some kits are designed with a separate shoulder belt; others offer a lap/shoulder belt to replace the existing rear seat lap belt. Most manufacturers make retrofit kits available to consumers exclusively through their authorized dealerships. Ford Motor Company also supplies consumers with retrofit kits directly from Ford. KW - Availability KW - Brochures KW - Consumer protection KW - Costs KW - Lap/shoulder belts KW - Rear seats KW - Retrofitting KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719480 AU - Stein, A C AU - Solomon, R A AU - Ziedman, D A AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF THE RADAR CONTROL SYSTEMS (RCS) RADAR ANTI-COLLISION WARNING SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 87 p. AB - The purpose of this study was the evaluation of a radar-based anti-collision system developed by Radar Control Systems, Inc. (RCI). The tests were divided into two categories: quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative test involved the verification of the system's displayed speed, range and closing rate; system's sensitivity to various vehicle types, i.e., motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians; and the system's ability to target through environmental conditions (such as rain). Qualitative tests were under normal driving conditions on approximately 1300 miles of interstate highways, 275 miles of major arterial roadways, 275 miles of minor arterial roadways, 250 miles of residential roadways, 250 miles of rural roadways, and 300 miles of other roads (i.e., dirt, parking lots, etc.). KW - Anticollision systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Field tests KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716873 AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS REPORTED BY MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1990 PY - 1992/11 SP - 62 p. AB - This document presents aggregate statistics derived from the 1990 Motor Carriers of Property Accident Database. The database was compiled from reports of applicable accidents filed by commercial carriers of property subject to the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1651-60). The database is maintained by the Office of Motor Carriers (OMC), Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Accidents are reported using Federal Form MCS 50-T, Motor Carrier Accident Report (Property-Carrying). This document contains five chapters: (1) 1990 Overview; (2) The Driver; (3) The Vehicle; (4) The Accident Setting; and (5) The Accident. Within each chapter, data are organized under specific topics. A glossary of terms, a copy of Form MCS 50-T, and a depiction of common vehicle configurations are presented in the Appendix. KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664266 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Ippolito, C A AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Michalovic, J G AU - Bogema, S C AU - Santinga, P AU - Blomberg, R AU - Preusser, D F AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE INCIDENCE AND ROLE OF DRUGS IN FATALLY INJURED DRIVERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10/30 SP - 241 p. AB - Blood specimens were collected from a sample of 1882 drivers from 7 States, during 14 months in the years 1990 and 1991. The sample comprised operators of passenger cars, trucks, and motorcycles who died within 4 hours of their crash. Alcohol and 43 other drugs were studied, to determine their prevalence rates, their causal role in the crashes, and associated driver, vehicle, and crash factors. Coroner or medical examiner reports were obtained on all cases to ascertain cause of death, time of death, and other details. Police accident reports and reports from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) were also obtained. Alcohol was found in 51.5% of the specimens, and other drugs were found in 17.8%. Other than alcohol, the most prevalent drugs were cannabis (6.7%), cocaine (5.3%), benzodiazepine tranquilizers (2.9%), and amphetamines (1.9%). Responsibility analysis was used to suggest impairment effects, which were found for alcohol alone and for alcohol-drug combinations. Further research was recommended to follow up indications of alcohol-drug additive effects. KW - Alcohol use KW - Amphetamines KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood chemical analysis KW - Cocaine KW - Crash causes KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400895 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Ippolito, C A AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Michalovic, J G AU - Bogema, S C AU - Santinga, P AU - Blomberg, R AU - Preusser, D F AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - The incidence and role of drugs in fatally injured drivers PY - 1992/10 IS - DOT HS 808 065 SP - 113p + appendices AB - Blood specimens were collected from a sample of 1882 drivers from 7 States, during 14 months in the years 1990 and 1991. The sample comprised operators of passenger cars, trucks and motorcycles who died within 4 hours of their crash. Alcohol and 43 other drugs were studied, to determine their prevalence rates, their casual role in the crashes, and associated driver, vehicle, and crash factors. Coroner or medical examiner reports were obtained on all cases to ascertain cause of death, time of death and other details. Police accident reports and reports from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) were also obtained. Alcohol was found in 51.5% of the specimens, and other drugs were found in 17.8%. Other than alcohol, the most prevalent drugs were cannabis (6.7%), cocaine (5.3%), benzodiazepine tranquilisers (2.9%), and amphetamines (1.9%). Responsibility analysis was used to suggest impairment effects which were found for alcohol alone and for alcohol-drug combinations. Further research was recommended to follow up indications of alcohol-drug additive effects. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident cause KW - Alcohol drug interaction KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Drug KW - Drug effects KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Marijuana KW - Marijuana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744464 AU - South, D AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - THE CALCULATION OF BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION SN - 0730622088 PY - 1992/10 SP - 15 p. AB - Research summarising the factors affecting Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is reviewed, and the formula for calculating it is presented. The formula is complex to use, and not very accurate. A combination of counting drinks and using coin operated breath test devices is recommended for those wanting to learn how much they can drink and remain under the legal limit. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Prevention KW - Random breath tests KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721325 AU - Perez, C E AU - Braslow, A AU - Bock, H C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM FOR BYSTANDER CARE PY - 1992/10 SP - 82 p. AB - This report describes the development of the Bystander Care Program, a program to promote more effective bystander actions in rural highway crashes, and explains what bystanders must learn in order to provide critical assistance to the highway-injured person. Chapter I provides an introduction. Chapter II presents a review of literature relevant to bystander helping behavior. This chapter explains what is known about the help that bystanders typically provide at auto crashes and about efforts to teach the public basic life-saving skills. Chapter III profiles existing first aid training programs in relation to the needs of this project. Chapter IV describes the critical tasks that a bystander must perform at a rural highway crash and lists the learning objectives that a person must master in order to perform these tasks well. Chapter V presents proposed approaches for disseminating the bystander care information. Chapter VI provides recommendations for implementing this program. KW - Behavior KW - Bystander care program KW - Bystanders KW - Crashes KW - Curricula KW - Emergency medical services KW - First aid KW - Guides to the literature KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Lifesaving KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor skills KW - Recommendations KW - Rural accidents KW - Rural areas KW - Standardization KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721327 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE LEGISLATIVE FACT SHEETS - OCTOBER 1992 PY - 1992/10 SP - 27 p. AB - These fact sheets were prepared for state legislators. They provide the basis for new legislative initiatives in the area of highway safety. The following 5 fact sheets are included: 0.08 Illegal Per Se Level; Motorcycle Helmet Use Laws; Zero-Tolerance Laws to Reduce Alcohol-Impaired Driving by Youth; Safety Belt Use Laws; and Administrative License Revocation. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - State laws KW - Teenage drivers KW - Zero tolerance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721328 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOW TO IDENTIFY UNSAFE MOTORCYCLE HELMETS PY - 1992/10 SP - 2 p. AB - According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, motorcycle riders who do not wear helmets are 40% more likely to incur fatal head injuries than riders who do. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requires that all motorcycle helmets sold in the United States meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 218. Many states now have laws requiring use of helmets that meet FMVSS 218 requirements. Increasingly though, motorcycle riders are violating these state laws by wearing cheap and unsafe helmets that do not meet FMVSS 218. In some cases, people purchase these helmets in the mistaken belief that they offer protection. However, many people who wear these helmets know that they are unsafe but wear them anyway. This brochure tells you how to spot these unsafe helmets and how to distinguish them from helmets that meet FMVSS 218. KW - Brochures KW - Compliance KW - Consumer protection KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fmvss 218 KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - State laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721330 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION: MOTORCYCLE SAFETY HELMETS PY - 1992/10 SP - 4 p. AB - This consumer information pamphlet provides information on motorcycle helmets. Topics covered include the following: effectiveness, certification, fakes, styles, fit, chin strap, eye protection, color, care and replacement. KW - Brochures KW - Certification KW - Chin straps KW - Cleaning KW - Color KW - Consumer protection KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Eye KW - Eye protection KW - Helmet design KW - Helmet fit KW - Helmets KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Replacing KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721318 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY SUMMIT IMPLEMENTATION GROUP (TSSIG). FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 33 p. AB - The Traffic Safety Summit Implementation Group (TSSIG) was established by the Secretary of Transportation, with a charter to operate from July 6, 1990, to July 6, 1992. TSSIG provided a forum for the development, consideration, and dissemination of traffic law enforcement strategies to State and/or local governments to assist in the implementation of the recommendations of the Department of Transportation (DOT) Traffic Safety Summit held April 1-3, 1990. This report reviews the meeting history, accomplishments, and activities of TSSIG. KW - History KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - Recommendations KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety summit implementation group UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721316 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DETECTION OF DWI MOTORCYCLISTS PY - 1992/10 SP - 16 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored research to develop a set of behavioral cues that can be used by law enforcement personnel to accurately detect motorcyclists who are operating their vehicles while intoxicated. Seven of these cues are considered excellent cues with a 50% or greater probability of detecting the alcohol impaired motorcyclist. The other seven cues are considered good cues with a 30% to 50% probability of detecting the impaired motorcyclist. This brochure describes and illustrates each of these fourteen cues. It should be helpful to law enforcement officers in: detecting impaired motorcyclists; articulating observed behaviors on arrest reports; and supporting an officer's expert testimony. KW - Brochures KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drunk driving KW - Motorcyclists KW - Police KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459131 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716878 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Kaneko, T AU - Jovanis, P P AU - Elsevier TI - MULTIDAY DRIVING PATTERNS AND MOTOR CARRIER ACCIDENT RISK: A DISAGGREGATE ANALYSIS PY - 1992/10 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - p. 437-456 AB - A method has been developed to estimate the relative accident risk posed by different patterns of driving over a multiday period. The procedure explicitly considers whether a driver is on duty or off duty for each half hour of each day during the period of analysis. From a data set of over 1,000 drivers, nine distinct driving patterns are identified. Membership in the patterns is determined exclusively by the pattern of duty hours for seven consecutive days; for some drivers an accident occurred on the eighth day while others had no accident, therefore each pattern can be associated with a relative accident risk. Additional statistical modeling allowed the consideration, in addition to driving pattern, of driver age, experience with the firm, hours off duty prior to the last trip and hours driving on the last trip (either until the accident or successful completion of the trip). The finding of the modeling is that driving patterns over the previous seven days significantly affect accident risk on the eighth day. In general, driving during the early and late morning (e.g., midnight to 10 a.m.) has the highest accident risk while all seven other multiday patterns had indistinguishable risk. Consecutive hours driven also has a significant effect on accident risk: the first hour through the fourth hour having the lowest risk with a fluctuating increase in risk to a maximum beyond nine hours. Driver age and hours off duty immediately prior to a trip do not appear to affect accident risk significantly. These findings quantitatively assess the relative accident risk of multiday driving patterns using data from actual truck operations. Further research is recommended in the areas of refining model structures, adding explanatory variables (such as highway type), and testing more complex models. KW - Accident risks KW - Age KW - Days KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Motor carriers KW - Multiday driving patterns KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Truck drivers UR - http://www.uctc.net/papers/059.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666345 AU - Howe, J G AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BELT POSITIONING BOOSTER SEATS AND LAP/SHOULDER BELT TEST PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 200 p. AB - There were four objectives in the study: evaluation of belt positioning booster seat protection in crash environments; evaluation of belt positioning booster seat protection if used improperly; evaluation of any significant differences between use and non-use of locking clips on lap/shoulder belts with non-locking latch plates; and, evaluation of small shield booster seat protection when used with three point and lap only belts. These objectives were achieved by conducting modified FMVSS No. 213 booster seat tests using 3 and 6 year old dummies. None of the belt positioning booster seats exceeded the FMVSS No. 213 criteria when used with three point belts. The belt positioning booster seats exceeded one or more of the criteria when used with lap only belts. The use or non-use of a locking clip on three point belts with non-locking latch plates does not appear to have a distinctive influence on dummy responses. One of the 3 year dummy tests performed without the locking clip exceeded the chest injury criterion. For the small shield booster seat tests, one of the 6 year old dummy tests exceeded the head excursion limit when used with a lap only belt and all of the 3 year old dummy tests exceeded the Head Injury Criterion when tested with a three point belt. Most small shield booster seat instruction manuals state that the shoulder belt should be placed behind the child's back. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Impact tests KW - Lap belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666342 AU - Howe, J G AU - Chambers, F AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLE INTERIOR DIMENSIONS AND LAP/SHOULDER BELT FIT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 110 p. AB - Vehicle interior measurements were taken for 51 vehicles, both with and without a 3-year old dummy seated in a forward facing convertible child restraint seat in the vehicle. The 3-dimensional anchorage locations for the lap/shoulder belt restraints were also measured in 34 of the vehicles surveyed. Lap/shoulder belt fits for 3 and 6 year old dummies in 4 belt positioning booster seats were evaluated in 8 vehicles. Measurements taken with the 3 year old dummy were compared with the excursion limits for head and knees in FMVSS No. 213. It was found that the currently specified limits of 32 inches for the head and 36 inches for the knees both lie within the ranges of available head and knee room distances observed in the survey (18.5 inches to 42 inches for the head and 17.75 inches to 40.25 inches for the knee). Proper lap/shoulder belt fit was observed in less than 50 percent of the vehicle, booster seat and seating position combinations for the 3 year old dummy. For the 6 year old dummy, proper belt fit was observed in over 88 percent of the combinations. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Interior design KW - Lap belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety harness fit KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666343 AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT/PASSENGER AIR BAG INTERACTION ANALYSIS PY - 1992/10 SP - 112 p. AB - A study was conducted which involved analyzing the interaction between child restraints and passenger side air bags. This was achieved with 3 series of HYGE sled tests, using the FMVSS No. 213 pulse and velocity: 1) baseline (no air bag) tests, 2) mid-mount air bag tests and 3) top-mount air bag tests. Four types of child restraints were tested (lateral car bed, rear-facing infant seats, convertible infant/toddler seats and booster seats) with 3 sizes of dummies (newborn, 9 mos. old and 3 year old). The vehicle seat was adjustable along a seat track. FMVSS No. 213 criteria were used solely for comparative purposes. Results indicate that the interaction between rear-facing child restraints and passenger air bags tend to produce substantial increases in the HIC and chest acceleration values compared to baseline tests. Results from forward facing child restraint/air bag tests indicate substantial reductions in HIC values for the 9-month-old dummy compared to baseline tests. Modest decreases in the HIC value were observed for the 3-year-old dummy when tested with the air bag restraints. KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666334 AU - DUFFY, J S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FRONT SEAT BACK FORCE/DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 54 p. AB - A test program was designed and conducted to determine the dynamic force/deflection characteristics of passenger vehicle front seat backs. Seat backs from nine different passenger vehicles were tested using a modified six-year-old headform. The headform was impacted at two different locations on each seat back and the results of these tests are presented. Stiffness corridors were created for each impact location based on the results. A single corridor was then created to represent a stiffness range over the entire seat back region. The criteria used to develop the corridor boundaries are discussed and presented as well. KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Front seats KW - Head KW - Head forms KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Passenger car design KW - Passenger cars KW - Seat backs KW - Stiffness tests KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00640022 AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - Stucki, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF FMVSS 213 SEAT BACK'S FLEXIBILITY ON BOOSTER SEAT RESPONSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 79 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine what the effects are on the dummy's responses when seat back/dummy contact occurs during FMVSS 213 compliance tests with small shield booster seats. Of the seven compliance tests reviewed, seat back/dummy contact was present in four of the tests. Those four seats were selected to be used in HYGE sled testing with the seat back rigidly fixed, preventing any forward rotation of the seat back. Ejection of the 3 year old dummy did not occur with any of the booster seats tested with the rigidly fixed FMVSS 213 seat back. Head excursions with the rigidly fixed seat back were very similar to those observed when seat back/dummy contact was present. None of the head excursions exceeded the 32 in. limit of FMVSS 213. The knee excursions ranged from 2.3 in. to 5.0 in. larger for the rigidly fixed seat back tests than those for the flexible seat back tests. None of the knee excursions exceeded the criterion limit of 36 in. All four booster seats passed the FMVSS 213 criterion of 60 G's for the resultant chest acceleration. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Dummies KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Flexibility KW - Head motion range KW - Head movement KW - Knee movement KW - Seat backs KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403979 AU - Blincoe, L J AU - Faigin, B M AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - The economic cost of motor vehicle crashes, 1990 PY - 1992/09 IS - DOT HS 807 876 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) AB - This report presents the results of an analysis of total motor vehicle crash costs for 1990 and the costs of alcohol-related crashes. The total economic cost of motor vehicle crashes and injuries that occurred in 1990 was $137.5 billion. This total represents the present value of lifetime costs for 44,531 fatalities, 5.4 million non-fatal injuries, and 28 million damaged vehicles, in both police reported and unreported crashes. Property damage costs of $45.7 billion accounted for the largest share of total motor vehicle crash costs. Lifetime losses in marketplace production due to deaths and injuries of $39.8 billion represented the second largest portion of total cost. Medical expenses were the third highest cost category, totaling $13.9 billion. Each fatality resulted in a discounted lifetime economic cost of $702,000. Alcohol-related crashes resulted in economic costs of $46.1 billion, 33.5 percent of 1990 costs. Eighty-one percent of all alcohol-related costs occurred in crashes where a driver or pedestrian was legally impaired. KW - Accident costs KW - Accident economics KW - Value of life KW - Value of life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744463 AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - ROAD SAFETY FACTS DOCUMENT, 2ND EDITION PY - 1992/09 SP - n.p. AB - This document has been developed to summarise the major areas of Road Trauma in a graphical, and thus easily interpreted and readily useable format. It is intended to provide an overview of the current road toll, a detailed look at the various sub-groups into which road crashes are commonly divided, and an historical perspective to illustrate long-term trends. The data on which these graphs are based have been obtained from a number of sources; primarily the VIC ROADS Accident Database, Australian Bureau of Statistics and various reports published by organisations including VIC ROADS, Monash University Accident Research Centre and the Federal Office of Road Safety. It is intended that this document be used by people requiring pictorial representation of road accident data. In addition it is hoped that the graphs will help to focus attention on those areas which are currently over-represented in road crashes. Major categories in the document include overview; history; drivers; passengers (and pillions); motorcyclists; pedestrians; bicyclists; vehicles; and road environment. Some of the variables addressed consist of: weekday, weekend, risk, major injuries, and minor injuries. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Environmental quality KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Weekdays KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721532 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - Armstrong, H B AU - Black, J A AU - Lukovich, T AU - Sheffield, D AU - WESTERMAN, H L AU - University of New South Wales TI - ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION OF THE MAIN STREET IN RURAL TOWNS: TOWARDS GUIDELINES SN - 0642511888 PY - 1992/09 SP - 108 p. AB - This report establishes the principles for planning, analysis and design and formulates guidelines for the environmental adaptation of the Main Street of country towns, which should lead to a safer and more attractive environment to users of the Main Street without compromising the integrity of through traffic movements. The report explains how to look for solutions to problems as identified, outlines the principles upon which environmental adaptation is based, and documents the various measures that could be employed. A vision of what might be achieved is given with examples of integrated solutions. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Arterial highways KW - Environmental policy KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Rural areas KW - Small towns KW - Through traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721521 AU - Center for Research and Contract Standardization in C & T Eng'ing TI - STILL MORE BIKES BEHIND THE DIKES. READER ON POLICY AND RESEARCH FOR BICYCLE FACILITIES IN THE NETHERLANDS SN - 9066281030 PY - 1992/09 SP - 134 p. AB - This reader contains the following recent papers on Dutch policy, practice and research concerning the promotion of bicycle usage in the Netherlands: The Netherlands National Bicycle Policy and the role of the bicycle in the urban transport system, A.G. Welleman; The design philosophy behind the Netherlands' bicycle facilities manual, J. Ploeger; Promoting the use of the bicycle: improving safety is not enough, T. Godefrooij; Can big cities be bicycle-friendly cities?, A. Pettinga; The Amsterdam bicycle working group experience, I.C. Slebos; The City of Groningen experience, G. van Werven; Bicycle Parking 21: toward a policy for future bicycle facilities at the stations of the Netherlands Railways, M.E. Bekker; The Province of Overijssel tourism and bicycle policy programme, J. Dijkema; Safety effects of bicycle facilities; the Dutch experience, F. Wegman and A. Dijkstra; Roundabouts: safe for cyclists too?, J. van Minnen; and Traffic operation of bicycle traffic, H. Botma and J.H. Papendrecht. KW - Amsterdam (Netherlands) KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Bicycle parking KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycle travel KW - Bicycles KW - Bicycling KW - Government policies KW - Groningen (Netherlands) KW - Highway operations KW - Netherlands KW - Parking KW - Policy KW - Promotion KW - Railroad terminals KW - Tourism KW - Traffic KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721355 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1992 HONDA CIVIC 3-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 72.6 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 145 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. This test was conducted with a 1992 Honda Civic 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGEH2340NH537528, on August 25, 1992. The test vehicle was impacted on the front left of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Automobile tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Dummies KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721365 AU - Fladmark, G AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF MANUAL & AUTOMATIC CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS (CPS'S) IN SELECTED 1988-1992 MODEL YEAR PASSENGER CARS BRAKE SYSTEMS. VOLUME II PY - 1992/09 SP - 160 p. AB - This report documents the results of an analytical study to estimate costs of Manual & Automatic Crash Protection Systems (CPSs) in passenger cars. Fourteen individual CPSs were analyzed. They included seven manual and seven automatic systems. The CPS costs are estimated in 1992 dollars. The hardware for each CPS was procured. Each CPS was subjected to a careful and detailed teardown analysis. Next, each part subassembly and assembly were carefully analyzed to estimate costs of individual systems. The results of the analytical study are presented in this report. The report includes descriptions of systems, lists of subsystems and computer printouts for cost, and related documentary photographs. KW - Air bags KW - Components KW - Cost estimating KW - Crash cushions KW - Estimates KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Seat belts KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721364 AU - Fladmark, G AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF MANUAL & AUTOMATIC CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS (CPS'S) IN SELECTED 1988-1992 MODEL YEAR PASSENGER CARS BRAKE SYSTEMS. VOLUME I PY - 1992/09 SP - 176 p. AB - This report documents the results of an analytical study to estimate costs of Manual & Automatic Crash Protection Systems (CPSs) in passenger cars. Fourteen individual CPSs were analyzed. They included seven manual and seven automatic systems. The CPS costs are estimated in 1992 dollars. The hardware for each CPS was procured. Each CPS was subjected to a careful and detailed teardown analysis. Next, each part subassembly and assembly were carefully analyzed to estimate costs of individual systems. The results of the analytical study are presented in this report. The report includes descriptions of systems, lists of subsystems and computer printouts for cost, and related documentary photographs. KW - Air bags KW - Components KW - Cost estimating KW - Crash cushions KW - Estimates KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Seat belts KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721322 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM USER'S MANUAL, 1991 FILE PY - 1992/09 SP - 106 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) uses data from many sources, including the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) General Estimates System (GES) which began operation in 1988. Providing data about all types of crashes involving all types of vehicles, the GES is used to identify highway safety problem areas, provide a basis for regulatory and consumer information initiatives, and form the basis for cost and benefit analyses of highway safety initiatives. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from the estimated 6.1 million police-reported crashes which occur annually. This publication is a user manual for the GES 1991 data files. The contents are as follows: Introduction; GES Operations; GES Sample Design; GES SAS (Statistical Analysis System) Files; National Estimates; GES Variable Changes: 1990 to 1991; GES Variable Definitions: Accident File, Vehicle/Driver File, and Person File; and Appendices. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Data files KW - General Estimates System KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626973 AU - Blincoe, L J AU - FAIGIN, B M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ECONOMIC COST OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES, 1990. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 221 p. AB - This report presents the results of an analysis of total motor vehicle crash costs for 1990 and the costs of alcohol-related crashes. The total economic cost of motor vehicle crashes and injuries that occurred in 1990 was $137.5 billion. This total represents the present value of lifetime costs for 44,531 fatalities, 5.4 million non-fatal injuries, and 28 million damaged vehicles, in both police reported and unreported crashes. Property damage costs of $45.7 billion accounted for the largest share of total motor vehicle crash costs. Lifetime losses in marketplace production due to deaths and injuries of $39.8 billion represented the second largest portion of total cost. Medical expenses were the third highest cost category, totaling $13.9 billion. Each fatality resulted in economic costs of $46.1 billion, 33.5% of 1990 costs. Eighty-one percent of all alcohol-related costs occurred in crashes where a driver or pedestrian was legally impaired (>=.10% BAC). KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Intoxication KW - Loss and damage KW - Medical costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian intoxication KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle damage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721323 AU - Chrstos, J P AU - Heydinger, G J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NHTSA LIGHT VEHICLE HANDLING SIMULATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 129 p. AB - This report contains evaluations of four light vehicle stability and control simulations developed for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): FOROL developed by Dynamic Research Inc., the "Intermediate Maneuver Induced Rollover Simulation" (IMIRS) and the "Advanced Dynamic Vehicle Simulation" (ADVS), both developed by the University of Missouri, and "Vehicle Dynamics Analysis, Non-Linear" (VDANL) developed by System Technology, Inc. The focus of these evaluations is each simulation's ability to accurately predict light vehicle responses during flat road handling and crash avoidance maneuvers. Each simulation is first described on an analytical basis. The overall modeling approach is described along with detailed descriptions of the modeling of the vehicle subsystems. For each simulation, any areas found to be inadequately modeled are reported. The ability of each simulation to predict flat road vehicle responses is evaluated by comparing the simulation predictions to experimentally measured vehicle responses. These comparisons are done in both the time and frequency domains. The intent of this report is only to evaluate the capabilities of each simulation in its current form, and recommend a direction for future work in this area. It is not the intent of these evaluations to determine if the developers of the simulations met the requirements of their contracts. KW - Accuracy KW - Driving KW - Forecasting KW - Handling characteristics KW - Light vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721315 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL DRIVER SCREENING AND EVALUATION PROGRAM. GUIDELINES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATORS PY - 1992/08 SP - 48 p. AB - Because of the complex nature of medical and mental impairments and their relationship to safe driving, it is strongly recommended that a medical screening process be established in all States or Provinces. Such a medical review process would be conducted in accordance with established State and Federal medical criteria and policies. Important considerations in issuing a license are: a thorough applicant screening process which may include a formal medical review, vision testing, and knowledge and skill examinations, including a road test. As appropriate, restrictions must be placed and indicated on the license that the driver is restricted to specific conditions or a suitably adapted vehicle. The model screening and evaluation program presented in this publication has been structured with the following objectives: That all applicants meet minimum standards of knowledge, skills, vision, and medical and mental requirements by type of vehicle; and that all drivers continue to meet minimum safe driving performance and medical qualification standards with respect to reexamination criteria, driver history experience, and driver improvement measures. The recommended model program includes the following program elements: Application Form; Application Information; Driver Information and Records System; Medical History Requirements; Medical Advisory Board; Content of Driver License; Examinations; Driver Manuals; Driver Improvement and Control; Public Information and Education; Personnel; and Program Evaluation. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver screening KW - Driving tests KW - Mental disorders KW - Model screening and evaluation program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719366 AU - Sliogeris, J AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - 110 KILOMETRE PER HOUR SPEED LIMIT - EVALUATION OF ROAD SAFETY EFFECTS SN - 0730621847 PY - 1992/08 SP - 45 p. AB - On 1 June 1987 Victoria raised the speed limit on its rural and outer Melbourne freeway network to 110 km/h from 100 km/h. In late September 1989 the limit was removed and a 100 km/h limit was reintroduced. Results were an increase in injury accident rate (including fatalities) per km travelled of 24.6% when the speed limit was introduced in 1987 and a decrease of 19.3% when it was removed in 1989. These results were with comparison to a control group. Similar results were found in sub-groupings by urban/rural groups, standard of freeway and accident severity. Speed data and literature were reviewed and it is estimated that under a mature 110 km/h regime about 50-60% of cars would exceed 110 km/h and 12-20% exceed 120 km/h. A 100 km/h speed limit is assessed as having a dampening effect on speeds with beneficial road safety results. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Freeways KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628842 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA IVHS PLAN PY - 1992/08 SP - 34 p. AB - This report provides an overview of the research, development, test, and evaluation plans and programs of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the area of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). It was prepared for the Senate Committee on Appropriations, but also serves as an input to the overall Department of Transportation strategic planning for IVHS. KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Testing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104337 AU - National Sheriffs' Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Rural Initiatives for Traffic Safety. Guide for the Office of Sheriff and Other Law Enforcement Officials in Rural Communities (Revised) PY - 1992/07/31 SP - 96p AB - The specific goal of this guide is to help sheriffs and/or other law enforcement administrators in other areas of the country (with similar problems) reduce the number, frequency and severity of crashes on their rural, non-Interstate roadways. The objectives of the Rural Initiatives for Traffic Safety Guide are: to assist rural law enforcement administrators in identifying specific traffic safety related problems, to describe successful enforcement programs and strategies that are currently being used nationwide to resolve similar problems. The guide also focuses on public information and education programs which will help administrators involve the community in the program for greater, overall affect. The media focus, in addition to assisting administrators in gaining needed community support, will contribute greatly toward raising motorists' awareness of the local crash problem. Finally, the guide suggests ways to develop a cooperative atmosphere among other highway safety professions in order to help identify and correct specific highway safety problems within the community. KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Public information programs KW - Public participation KW - Rural highways KW - Rural transportation KW - Safety KW - Sheriffs KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19000/19036/PB2002104292.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864169 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743738 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - NIcholson, M E AU - Wang, M AU - Airhihenbuwa, C O AU - Mahoney, B S AU - Christina, R AU - Maney, D W AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - VARIABILITY IN BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT INVOLVED IN THE RISING AND FALLING BAC CURVE PY - 1992/07 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 349-356 AB - The purpose of this pilot study was to measure variability in behavior impairment at specific levels of the rising and falling blood alcohol concentration (BAC) curve. Behavior impairment was measured for anticipation and reaction time in addition to a variety of visual skills. Also of interest was the variability in impairment involved at specific BAC levels under single-dose and double-dose conditions. The experimental design was a variation on a 2x2 factorial with repeated measures on the dose of alcohol. All subjects took part in two experimental sessions, single-dose and double-dose. Sixteen (8 male and 8 female) paid subjects ages 21-40 participated in the study. Testing procedures included repeated measures on reaction time, anticipation time, perceptual vision acuity and depth perception. Breath-alcohol measures were sampled continuously at 5-minute intervals and used to plot absorption time, peak BAC and elimination time. Results showed that the average peak BAC for the double-dose was significantly higher than that of the single-dose condition. However, there were no significant differences between the single-dose and double-dose condition in either absorption time or elimination time. The performance pattern for reaction time, anticipation time and depth perception showed more impairment in the rising BAC limb than in the falling BAC limb. It is noteworthy that specific individuals exhibited different levels of impairment at a given BAC level, depending on whether the session was single- or double-dose, suggesting that one's current BAC level is less a measure of impairment than is the total quantity of alcohol consumed. A follow-up procedure to examine practice effects was conducted on eight volunteer students. Identical testing procedures, using no alcohol, produced no significant practice effects after a 3-hour period. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Anticipation time KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral research KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Depth perception KW - Impairment KW - Perception KW - Physical disabilities KW - Psychology KW - Random breath tests KW - Reaction time KW - Research KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721326 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE REVOCATION: RESOURCE MANUAL PY - 1992/07 SP - 140 p. AB - The purpose of this publication is to provide detailed information to individuals interested in supporting the enactment and implementation of laws that administratively revoke or suspend the driver's licenses of individuals that fail or refuse to take a chemical test to determine their blood alcohol concentration. Administrative License Revocation (ALR) has been proven to be a most effective deterrent to drinking and driving. Section I describes, from a state perspective, their experience with ALR. The authors discuss topics ranging from drafting legislation through the hearing process. Section II addresses a number of issues that occur in almost all states considering ALR. The appendices in Section III provide additional information that may be useful when preparing testimony, drafting ALR legislation or any of the myriad tasks that need to be accomplished before legislation is enacted. Also included is a listing of brochures, fact sheets, reports, etc., that are available to assist efforts to enact ALR. KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - State laws KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719504 AU - Siegel, Justin AU - Dischinger, P AU - Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems TI - THE MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CAR CRASHES: AN AUTOMOBILE CRASH TRAUMA STUDY. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II PY - 1992/07 SP - 512 p. AB - The objective of this multi-disciplinary study was to characterize the causes and consequences of injuries to vehicle occupants admitted to a trauma center as a result of high-speed crashes. The study includes data on 145 patients admitted to the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS) as a result of 128 crashes. Patients with an injury severity score (ISS) of at least 16 were eligible for inclusion. Detailed information was obtained on injury diagnoses, operative procedures and complications; in addition, photographs of injuries were taken by a trauma surgeon. Details of pre-hospital care were obtained from interviews with field providers. The study social worker obtained background information on the patient, the family, and any pre-crash "stressors" which might have played a role in the crash. Financial information on the charges for hospital care and professional fees were also obtained for each case. For patients with head injuries, data were obtained by a speech pathologist. Finally, for fatalities, autopsy reports were obtained from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Specific aims, methods, findings, and conclusions of the study are presented in Volume I of the Final Report. Timeline narratives for each of the study cases are presented in Volumes II, III, and IV, representing years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. KW - Autopsies KW - Biophysics KW - Case studies KW - Fatalities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Injury causes KW - Injury costs KW - Intrusion KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical services KW - Prehospital care KW - Psychological aspects KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719506 AU - Siegel, Justin AU - Dischinger, P AU - Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems TI - THE MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CAR CRASHES: AN AUTOMOBILE CRASH TRAUMA STUDY. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME IV PY - 1992/07 SP - 524 p. AB - The objective of this multi-disciplinary study was to characterize the causes and consequences of injuries to vehicle occupants admitted to a trauma center as a result of high-speed crashes. The study includes data on 145 patients admitted to the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS) as a result of 128 crashes. Patients with an injury severity score (ISS) of at least 16 were eligible for inclusion. Detailed information was obtained on injury diagnoses, operative procedures and complications; in addition, photographs of injuries were taken by a trauma surgeon. Details of pre-hospital care were obtained from interviews with field providers. The study social worker obtained background information on the patient, the family, and any pre-crash "stressors" which might have played a role in the crash. Financial information on the charges for hospital care and professional fees were also obtained for each case. For patients with head injuries, data were obtained by a speech pathologist. Finally, for fatalities, autopsy reports were obtained from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Specific aims, methods, findings, and conclusions of the study are presented in Volume I of the Final Report. Timeline narratives for each of the study cases are presented in Volumes II, III, and IV, representing years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. KW - Autopsies KW - Biophysics KW - Case studies KW - Fatalities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Injury causes KW - Injury costs KW - Intrusion KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical services KW - Prehospital care KW - Psychological aspects KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719505 AU - Siegel, Justin AU - Dischinger, P AU - Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems TI - THE MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CAR CRASHES: AN ATUOMOBILE CRASH TRAUMA STUDY. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III PY - 1992/07 SP - 803 p. AB - The objective of this multi-disciplinary study was to characterize the causes and consequences of injuries to vehicle occupants admitted to a trauma center as a result of high-speed crashes. The study includes data on 145 patients admitted to the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS) as a result of 128 crashes. Patients with an injury severity score (ISS) of at least 16 were eligible for inclusion. Detailed information was obtained on injury diagnoses, operative procedures and complications; in addition, photographs of injuries were taken by a trauma surgeon. Details of pre-hospital care were obtained from interviews with field providers. The study social worker obtained background information on the patient, the family, and any pre-crash "stressors" which might have played a role in the crash. Financial information on the charges for hospital care and professional fees were also obtained for each case. For patients with head injuries, data were obtained by a speech pathologist. Finally, for fatalities, autopsy reports were obtained from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Specific aims, methods, findings, and conclusions of the study are presented in Volume I of the Final Report. Timeline narratives for each of the study cases are presented in Volumes II, III, and IV, representing years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. KW - Autopsies KW - Biophysics KW - Case studies KW - Fatalities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Injury causes KW - Injury costs KW - Intrusion KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical services KW - Prehospital care KW - Psychological aspects KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719503 AU - Siegel, Justin AU - Dischinger, P AU - Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems TI - THE MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CAR CRASHES: AN AUTOMOBILE CRASH TRAUMA STUDY. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1992/07 SP - 262 p. AB - The objective of this multi-disciplinary study was to characterize the causes and consequences of injuries to vehicle occupants admitted to a trauma center as a result of high-speed crashes. The study includes data on 145 patients admitted to the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS) as a result of 128 crashes. Patients with an injury severity score (ISS) of at least 16 were eligible for inclusion. Detailed information was obtained on injury diagnoses, operative procedures and complications; in addition, photographs of injuries were taken by a trauma surgeon. Details of pre-hospital care were obtained from interviews with field providers. The study social worker obtained background information on the patient, the family, and any pre-crash "stressors" which might have played a role in the crash. Financial information on the charges for hospital care and professional fees were also obtained for each case. For patients with head injuries, data were obtained by a speech pathologist. Finally, for fatalities, autopsy reports were obtained from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Specific aims, methods, findings, and conclusions of the study are presented in Volume I of the Final Report. Timeline narratives for each of the study cases are presented in Volumes II, III, and IV, representing years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. KW - Autopsies KW - Biophysics KW - Case studies KW - Fatalities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Injury causes KW - Injury costs KW - Intrusion KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical services KW - Prehospital care KW - Psychological aspects KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716849 JO - SEARCH AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - LIGHTER VERSUS HEAVIER VEHICLES: INCREASED WEIGHT EQUALS INCREASED SAFETY PY - 1992/07 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - The battle over whether lighter vehicles are as safe as heavier vehicles continues to rage. The dispute is fueled by proposed changes in the standards for Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE). In October 1991, the General Accounting Office (GAO) weighed in with its opinion on the effect of vehicle weight versus vehicle safety in a "blue book" report entitled, "Have Automobile Weight Reductions Increased Highway Fatalities?" The GAO report claims that while the proportion of light cars on the road has increased since the 1970s the highway fatality rate has not increased. GAO speculates that the shift to lighter cars has resulted in a more uniform fleet of lighter, less "aggressive cars," and this counteracts the fact that smaller cars are less crashworthy. The GAO report is being hotly disputed by many researchers in the field of traffic science. One of these is Leonard Evans, an internationally recognized authority on traffic safety. Evans was recently invited to comment on the GAO report by U.S. Representative John D. Dingell. This article is a distillation of Evans' reply. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Downsizing KW - Fatalities KW - Light vehicles KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00793319 AU - Copenhaver, M M AU - Jones, R E AU - CAE-Link Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF HEADLAMP AIM AND THE ELECTRICAL AND PHOTOMETRIC PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS PY - 1992/06 SP - 189 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze field data pertaining to (a) headlamp aim and (b) rear lighting system electrical performance of a sample of vehicles representative of current makes/models. Using mechanical aimers, headlamp aim data were collected from 768 vehicles; half from a periodic motor vehicle inspection (PMVI) state (Virginia) and half from a non-PMVI state (Maryland). Results showed that about 55% of Virginia vehicles had both headlamps aimed within the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standard compared with about 43% for Maryland vehicles. About 69% of newer vehicles (1991 models) had both headlamps aimed within the SAE standard as compared with about 35% for older vehicles (1986 models). There was no significant relationship found between headlamp aim and the number of months since inspection, fuel level, load, or headlamp type. Rear lighting system voltage and amperage data were collected from 200 current model vehicles (1986-1991 models). Some newer vehicles (1991 models) had significantly higher voltage readings than some older model vehicles (1988 models) at the rear lighting system. Cars had significantly lower voltage readings at the rear lighting system than vans, light trucks, and utility vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Headlamp aim KW - Headlamps KW - Light trucks KW - Maryland KW - Rear lighting KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Virginia KW - Voltage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/653464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721363 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1988 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 64.9 KPH PY - 1992/06 SP - 127 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. This test was conducted with a 1988 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP50UXJG112324, on May 29, 1992. The test vehicle was impacted in the front at 35 deg by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Automobile tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Dummies KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721354 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1986 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 64.9 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 165 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. This test was conducted with a 1986 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP29U1GA190083, on May 7, 1992. The test vehicle was impacted in the front at 0 deg with 50% engagement of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained seven accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Automobile tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Dummies KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721361 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1986 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 64.9 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 161 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. This test was conducted with a 1986 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP29U0GG218761, on June 5, 1992. The test vehicle was impacted on the front right corner of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Automobile tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Dummies KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721362 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS: MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1986 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 65.0 KPH PY - 1992/06 SP - 138 p. AB - This test report documents a crash test that was conducted for research and development in support of reducing heavy truck aggressiveness. This test was conducted with a 1986 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN 1FABP29U1GG241384, on May 19, 1992. The test vehicle was impacted in the front at 0 deg with 100% engagement of the vehicle by the heavy truck. The struck vehicle contained ten accelerometers and one instrumented Hybrid III driver dummy. KW - Aggression KW - Automobile tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Dummies KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721324 AU - Voas, R B AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF IMPOUNDMENT AND FORFEITURE LAWS FOR DRIVERS CONVICTED OF DWI, PHASE I REPORT: REVIEW OF STATE LAWS AND THEIR APPLICATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 107 p. AB - Ensuring that Driving While Impaired (DWI) offenders who receive the license suspension penalty actually do not drive is a major problem in most states. This is clearly demonstrated by the fact that many suspended drivers continue to be involved in crashes and receive traffic citations during periods of license suspension. This report covers a study of vehicle impoundment and forfeiture laws and vehicle tag impoundment laws which have potential for preventing illicit driving by suspended DWI offenders. Phase II of this research effort will be an evaluation of laws in the States of Oregon and Washington which provide for the suspension of vehicle registration and the placing of stickers on vehicle tags by police. KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violators KW - Vehicle impoundment and forfeiture laws KW - Vehicle tag impoundment laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719464 AU - Allen, R W AU - Szostak, H T AU - Klyde, D H AU - Rosenthal, T J AU - Owens, K J AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated TI - VEHICLE DYNAMIC STABILITY AND ROLLOVER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 301 p. AB - This report considers ground vehicle lateral/directional stability which is of primary concern in traffic safety. Lateral/directional dynamics involve yawing, rolling and lateral acceleration motions, and stability concerns include spinout and rollover. Lateral/directional dynamics are dominated by tire force response which depends on horizontal slip, camber angle and normal load. Vehicle limit maneuvering conditions can lead to tire force responses that result in vehicle spinout and rollover. This report describes accident analysis, vehicle testing and computer simulation analysis designed to give insight into basic vehicle design variables that contribute to stability problems. Field test procedures and results for twelve test vehicles are described. The field test results were used to validate a simulation model which was then analyzed under severe maneuvering conditions to shed light on dynamic stability issues associated with spinout and/or rollover. Vehicle parameter measurements for an additional 29 vehicles are also included that, when combined with the twelve field test vehicles, illustrate the distribution of stability relevant characteristics for a wide range of cars, light trucks and utility vehicles. Simulation analysis for selected vehicles is used to show the relationship between vehicle characteristics and lateral/directional stability problems. The results of vehicle testing and simulation analysis indicate that a vehicle that has both a relatively low ratio of track width to center of gravity height and is equipped with tires which have a relatively high peak coefficient of friction will have a propensity to rollover during steering maneuvers on a flat surface. Vehicle testing and computer simulation analysis also indicate that directional stability is significantly influenced by the relationship between vehicle weight distribution and lateral load transfer distribution that is greater than or equal to the percent weight on the front axle. Two of the test vehicles which had relatively low front axle lateral load transfer distribution were found to have a spinout tendency, and simulation analysis showed that directional stability can be directly influenced by shifting the lateral load transfer distribution between the front and rear axles. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash analysis KW - Directional stability KW - Dynamic stability KW - Field tests KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Lateral loads KW - Lateral stability KW - Light trucks KW - Load transfer KW - Motor vehicles KW - Physical distribution KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Spinout KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test results KW - Tire forces KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests KW - Weight KW - Weight distribution KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670253 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DWI DETECTION AND STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING. INSTRUCTOR MANUAL PY - 1992/06 SP - 470 p. AB - The Administrator's Guide is intended to facilitate planning and implementation of the Driving While Impaired (DWI) Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing Course. The Guide overviews the three-day sequence of instruction, and also overviews the documents and other materials that make up the instructional package. It describes course administrative requirements and provides guidelines for discharging those requirements satisfactorily. It sets forth a perspective of the fundamental tasks that make up the job of DWI enforcement, and identifies the knowledge, skills and attitudes police officers need to perform those tasks well. The Guide also outlines the preparatory work that must be accomplished before the course can be conducted. And, it outlines the follow-up work that should be undertaken, subsequent to training, to ensure that the desired outcomes of the training are realized. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Instructor training KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Training KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670257 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DWI DETECTION AND STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING. STUDENT MANUAL PY - 1992/06 SP - 260 p. AB - Contents: Introduction and overview; Detection and general deterrence; The legal environment; Overview of detection, note-taking and testimony; Phase One: Vehicle in motion; Phase Two: Personal contact; Phase Three: Pre-arrest screening; Concepts and principles of the standardized field sobriety tests; Test battery demonstrations; 'Dry run' practice sessions; 'Drinking subjects' practice: First session: Processing the arrested suspect and preparation for trial; Report writing exercise and moot court; 'Drinking subjects' practice: Second session: Review and proficiency examinations; and Written examination and program conclusion. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Manuals KW - Standardized testing KW - Students KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625524 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM IN VASCAR SPEED MEASUREMENT PY - 1992/06 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is the principal study guide and reference source for the Basic Training Program in VASCAR Speed Measurement. The overall goal of the training program is to improve the effectiveness of speed enforcement through the proper and efficient use of VASCAR speed measurement instruments. The manual is organized as follows: Overview and Introduction; Theory of Operation; Operational Considerations; The Basic Speed Clocking Methods; Legal Considerations; Field Instruction; Testing; Moot Court; and Visual Aids. KW - Field instruction KW - Instruments for measuring speed or velocity KW - Legal factors KW - Police KW - Speed measuring devices KW - Training programs KW - Utilization KW - Vascar KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625523 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION: FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 208. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 88 p. AB - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 combines a nationwide effort to increase belt use through state belt laws, enforcement and education, and a requirement that automatic occupant protection, such as air bags or automatic belts, be phased into passenger cars (1987-90) and light trucks (1995-98). Air bags plus manual belts will be required in all cars in 1997 and light trucks in 1998. This interim report, evaluating the effectiveness of occupant protection, based on data available in May 1992, is issued in response to the exceptional public interest in the occupant protection program. Although there are not enough data for statistically significant results on every evaluation question, it is already clear that the occupant protection program is saving thousands of lives. Highlights from this report are as follows: (a) In 1983, before the occupant protection program began, national belt use was 14% and no state had belt laws. By the end of 1991, 42 states and the District of Columbia had belt laws, and belt use had climbed to 59% or more. (b) Motorized automatic shoulder belts without a disconnect feature have a use rate of 97%; motorized belts with a disconnect, 91%. The use rate for automatic non-motorized 3-point belts is 64%; for manual 3-point belts in air bag-equipped cars, 57%; and for manual belts in cars without automatic protection, 56%. (c) The high use of motorized belts, however, is partially offset by low use of the manual lap belt accompanying the motorized system: 29%. (d) Fatality risk of occupants in cars equipped with air bags plus manual belts (at 1991 use rates) is 23% lower than in "baseline" cars with manual belts at 1983 use rates. The risk in cars with motorized 2-point belts (without disconnect) is 16% lower than baseline; in cars with non-motorized 3-point automatic belts, 10% lower than baseline. All three are statistically significant fatality reductions relative to baseline, but there are not yet enough data for a definitive rank-ordering of the automatic systems. (e) The overall fatality risk in 1991 cars at 1991 belt use rates is 16% lower than the baseline of manual-belt cars at 1983 use rates, with confidnece bounds of 11 to 21%. (f) Cars equipped with motorized 2-point belts (without disconnect) have significantly lower occupant ejection rates than cars with any other type of occupant protection. Cars with automatic 3-point belts have significantly lower ejection rates than cars with manual belts. (g) Automatic occupant protection, when used, significantly reduces the risk of moderate and serious injuries. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Risk assessment KW - State laws KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638857 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVER RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AT THE VEHICLE RESEARCH AND TEST CENTER: FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 126 p. AB - In early December 1989, a rollover research project was initiated at the Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC). The project was in support of rulemaking activities by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) aimed at reducing the number of vehicle rollover accidents. One area of rollover research activity at the VRTC has been to study vehicle directional control by means of frequency response functions and related resonance metrics. The report documents the results from the work. The decision was made that VRTC's rollover research would primarily focus on static measures of rollover propensity, such as static stability factor, side pull, and tilt table. The research was designed to study and resolve several issues related to frequency response functions and their related resonance metrics. Additionally, the Vehicle Dynamcis Analysis, Non-Linear (VDANL) simulation was used to compute dynamic response metrics for a large sample of vehicles. Further, future analyses to evaluate the general issue of the relationship between these dynamic response metrics and single vehicle accident causation/rollover propensity are planned by the NHTSA. The report discusses progress and results for the frequency response function issues studied. Separate companion reports describe the work performed on static measures of rollover propensity and the computation of dynamic response metrics. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frequency response KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Research KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626676 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1992 AUTOMOBILES PY - 1992/06 SP - 6 p. AB - This report presents detailed collision coverage loss results for 1992 passenger cars during their initial exposure period -- January 1991 through February 1992. Aggregated results are presented for all 1992 passenger cars combined and by body style within car size group (small, midsize, and large). Results are also presented for each individual series with at least 1,000 insured vehicle years of exposure. Sixty-two series, out of a total of more than 300 contained in the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) data base for 1992 models, had accumulated sufficient exposure to meet the reporting threshold. Some 1992 models were introduced in the first half of calendar year 1991 (e.g., the Ford Crown Victoria and Mercury Grand Marquis in January), while most were introduced in the fall. Results for additional vehicle series will be reported subsequently as more exposure is accumulated. Data are also presented for a comparison of the overall claim frequency, average loss payment per claim, and average loss payment per insured vehicle year for 1992 models during their initial exposure period with those of 1991 models during the same calendar period and for the corresponding period one year earlier. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile insurance KW - Compact automobiles KW - Insurance claims KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Model year 1991 KW - Model year 1992 KW - Small car KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626677 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - VEHICLE DESCRIPTIONS: 1992 MODELS PY - 1992/06 SP - 21 p. AB - This report consists of two tables. The first presents vehicle descriptions for 1992 passenger cars. Included are data on make, size, series, body style, wheel-base, driver side air bag, anti-lock brakes, anti-theft device, and models. The second table presents vehicle descriptions for 1992 vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Included here are data on make name, series name, vehicle type, size class, wheel-base, driver side air bag, anti-lock brakes, and models. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Compact automobiles KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Model year 1992 KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Small car KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle make KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626678 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1991 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1992/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1991. Included are the following: Introduction; Did You Know?--General Crash Statements; Cost of Traffic Crashes; Fatalities, North Dakota and National Fatality Rate; Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County 1991--Map; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Crashes by County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; North Dakota/Out-of-State Driver Involvement; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Crash Involvement by Age, Sex, and License of Driver; Fatality Blood Alcohol Concentration Levels; Driver Violation; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions - Fatal Crashes, Injury Crashes, and All Crashes; Type of Motor Vehicle Crashes; Reportable Crashes by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crashes by Object Struck, by Urban Population, and by Roadway; and Non-Traffic Crashes. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Non-traffic crashes KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Out of state KW - Periods of the day KW - Population KW - Restraint systems KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626661 AU - Helmers, G AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - Owens, D A AU - Battle, D AU - Sato, T AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - RESPONSE TIMES USING FLAT, CONVEX, AND MULTIRADIUS REARVIEW MIRRORS PY - 1992/06 SP - 23 p. AB - This laboratory study evaluated the effect of three types of driver-side, exterior mirrors on drivers' response times for detection of cars at near distances in the left adjacent lane. The mirrors were a flat mirror, a convex mirror, and a multiradius mirror. All mirrors were of the same size and reflectivity. The drivers' visual field in the mirrors extended diagonally to the left about 20 deg for the flat mirror, 28 deg for the convex mirror, and 40 deg for the multiradius mirror. Consequently, there was a large blind spot using the flat mirror, a smaller blind spot using the convex mirror, but no blind spot using the multiradius mirror. The primary task was to respond as quickly as possible to the presence or absence of a car in a photograph projected on a large screen behind the subject. (A secondary, loading task involved compensatory tracking.) The subjects responded by pushing one of two response buttons, depending on the presence or absence of the car. Time was measured from the onset of the photograph's appearance to the subject's response. The main result is that the response times were shortest when using the multiradius mirror and longest when using the flat mirror. This was the case for younger and older subjects, as well as for American and Swedish subjects. KW - Blind spots KW - Convex mirrors KW - Convex rear view mirrors KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response time KW - Exterior mirrors KW - Field of vision KW - Flat rear view mirrors KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory studies KW - Multiradius rear view mirrors KW - Reaction time KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626650 AU - Sivak, M AU - Helmers, G AU - Owens, D A AU - FLANNAGAN, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EVALUATION OF PROPOSED LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTING PATTERNS PY - 1992/06 SP - 90 p. AB - This study evaluated several recent proposals for the low-beam headlighting pattern. The research consisted of (1) documenting the current U.S., European, and Japanese standards, (2) documenting the proposed low-beam patterns, (3) performing a comparative analysis of the proposed beam patterns, (4) developing a set of visual performance functions for low-beam headlamps, (5) defining the representative geometry for the visual performance functions, (6) setting criterion illuminance values for the visual performance functions based on available empirical data, and (7) evaluating the standards and proposals in relation to the criterion values by considering the worst allowed case. The following are the main findings: (1) There is a lack of empirical evidence for evaluating the proposals on certain performance functions, including visual aim, effects of misaim, and homogeneity of the beam. (2) In terms of visibility, none of the proposals (nor existing standards) met our criterion of 33 lux for seeing low-contrast targets on the right side of the road, supporting the notion that we commonly overdrive our low beam headlamps. (3) Because the functional requirements of low beams are multifaceted and complex, it is not surprising that each proposal and standard has its advantages and disadvantages. (4) The relation between seeing illuminance and glare illuminance is likely to capture a substantial part of the functional requirements of low beams. (5) The proposal by Padmos and Alferdinck (explicitly designed to optimize European-type low beam) had the best mean ranking across the individual performance functions. The SAE proposal (based on the current U.S.-type beam, but implicitly designed to bridge the gap between the U.S. and European beams) had the second best mean ranking. KW - Aim KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Europe KW - Evaluation KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - International KW - International standards KW - Japan KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Luminous intensity KW - Night KW - Performance KW - Proposals KW - Standards KW - United States KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626656 AU - Massie, D L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - LARGE-TRUCK POPULATION ESTIMATES BASED ON THE 1987 TRUCK INVENTORY AND USE SURVEY. FINAL REPORT. SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 46 p. AB - This report presents population estimates derived from the 1987 Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS). The TIUS is conducted every five years by the Bureau of the Census as part of the Census of Transportation. Trucks of all weight classes are randomly selected from each state's motor vehicle registration files, and owners of selected trucks respond to mailed survey forms. The owners characterize their trucks in terms of the typical configuration and use over the previous year. TIUS data may be used to calculate national population estimates of the number of trucks and their annual travel. The population estimates presented here pertain to medium- and heavy-duty trucks, those with a GVWR exceeding 10,000 pounds. Trucks registered in FHWA Field Region 5, which includes six midwestern states, are compared with trucks in the nation as a whole. Trucks registered in Region 5 comprise 21.4% of the large trucks in the country and account for nearly one-quarter of all travel by large trucks. The report characterizes trucks in Region 5 and the nation in terms of power unit type, cargo body style, average and maximum gross weight, carrier type, area of operation, out-of-state travel, major use, and principal product carried. It was found that Region 5 large truck registrations include proportionately more truck-tractors than large trucks nationally and that Region 5 tractors average more miles of annual travel than tractors in the nation as a whole. Region 5 tractors have a greater tendency to be run by for-hire companies, to travel out-of-state, and to be involved in long-haul operations than tractors in the country as a whole. Region 5 straight trucks are much more similar to straight trucks nationally in terms of these three operating characteristics. KW - Census KW - Data collection KW - Fhwa region 5 KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Interstate commerce KW - Inventory KW - Medium trucks KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Power unit types KW - Size KW - Surveys KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Vehicle configurations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00728465 AU - Cicchinelli, L F AU - Keller, R A AU - Mid-continent Regional Educational Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TEAM TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 52 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Techniques for Effective Alcohol Management (TEAM) Train-the-Trainer workshops. Effectiveness was measured in terms of the success facility representatives had, after attending a TEAM Train-the-Trainer workshop, in implementing a TEAM program and TEAM program components. Evaluation data were collected through a mail/telephone survey of training participants and through on-site interviews with managers, vendors, tenants and staff at four facilities. The major study findings were: 79% of the workshop participants were able to establish various components of the TEAM program at their facility as well as conduct a review and analysis of their facility's alcohol service policy; 75% of the participants reported that important alcohol service policies and procedures had been identified and changed; 58% of the participants said that some level of TEAM training for facility employees had been implemented; and 45% said that PI&E efforts regarding drinking and driving behavior had been expanded. Also, while there was no direct corroborating data, implementation of a TEAM program did not seem to have an impact on facility attendance, may have had a slight effect on alcohol sales, and did seem to be accompanied by a reduced number of alcohol-related incidents. Based upon these results, recommendations are given that may be useful for the TEAM program particularly in the areas of employee training and public information activities. KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Interviewing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys KW - Techniques for effective alcohol management (Team) KW - Training KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25856/DOT-HS-808-057.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/465348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721349 AU - Arehart, C AU - Radlinski, R AU - Hiltner, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT VEHICLE ABS PERFORMANCE EVALUATION -- PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 142 p. AB - Eight different light vehicles, each with a different antilock braking system (ABS), were tested to determine how the ABS influenced vehicle stopping distance, stability and control on various road surfaces. An epoxy coated surface, which when wet has a very low coefficient of friction approaching that of ice, was used by itself and in combination with higher friction surfaces to produce split (left to right) friction test lanes and a high to low friction transition test lane. A split friction test lane with gravel and asphalt was also utilized. Results of the tests on these surfaces indicated that the ABS greatly enhanced stability and control. The effect of ABS on stopping distance was mixed, however. On some of the test surfaces it decreased stopping distance while on others it increased it. This increase was significant on the asphalt/gravel split friction surface for most of the ABSs evaluated. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Friction KW - Light vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement friction KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stopping distances KW - Test facilities KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719440 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1992 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1992/05 SP - 55 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State and Provincial driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Provinces of Canada, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions, as of January 1, 1992. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Puerto Rico KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719362 AU - Reed, M P AU - Schneider, L W AU - Burney, R E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AIRBAG-INDUCED SKIN ABRASIONS: DESIGN FACTORS AND INJURY MECHANISMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 126 p. AB - Static laboratory deployments of driver-side airbags were conducted with human volunteers to investigate the mechanisms of airbag-induced skin abrasion and to determine the effects of several airbag design and deployment parameters on abrasion incidence and severity. Deployments were conducted with 60-L airbags, using two different airbag fabrics, two inflator capacities, and both tethered and untethered airbags. The male subjects were positioned with their anterior tibia regions located between 225 and 450 mm from the airbag module prior to the deployment. Additional tests were conducted with untethered, 40-L airbags with 190-kPa inflators at distances from 200 to 325 mm. Higher capacity inflators were found to cause more severe abrasions than lower capacity inflators, and over a wider range of the deployment envelope. Abrasions were observed with tethered airbags between 225 and 300 mm from the airbag module and from 225 to 400 mm from the module with untethered airbags. Airbag tethering effectively eliminated abrasion at distances greater than 300 mm. Finer-weave (420-denier) fabric was not found to reduce the incidence or severity of abrasion compared with coarser-weave (840-denier) fabric. Quantitative measurements of airbag fabric velocity and target surface pressures indicated that the primary cause of abrasions in these tests was high surface pressures resulting from the high-velocity impact of the airbag fabric with the skin. Patterns of peak surface pressure were found to correlate well with the patterns of injury, with higher surface pressures associated with greater depth of injury. Peak surface pressures greater than 175 kg/sq cm on a rigid target surface exposed to an airbag deployment were associated with airbag fabric impacts capable of causing skin abrasion with immediate surface bleeding. Airbag deployment kinematics resulting from the fold technique were found to play an important role in determining abrasion severity. An experimental fold technique based on the findings from this study was found to reduce abrasion severity. KW - Abrasion KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bag fold technique KW - Air bags KW - Bleeding KW - Deployment KW - Design KW - Fabrics KW - Human subject testing KW - Injuries KW - Injury mechanisms KW - Injury severity KW - Kinematics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Skin abrasion KW - Skin friction KW - Surface pressures KW - Tethering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716875 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - MUNDT, J C AU - Ross, L E AU - Harrington, H L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - A MODELING ANALYSIS OF YOUNG DRIVERS' JUDGMENTS OF ACCIDENT RISK DUE TO ALCOHOL USE AND OTHER DRIVING CONDITIONS PY - 1992/05 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 239-248 AB - Male (60) and female (60) college students who were under the legal drinking age completed a personal driving experience questionnaire and judged the probability of an accident occurring in 100 driving scenarios, half involving an intoxicated male driver and half a sober male driver. The scenarios also varied in terms of the safety levels of five other driving factors. Mathematical models derived from the probability judgments permitted measurement of the influence of the various driving factors on perceived risk. The driving factors in order of their influence on the accident probability judgments were driver intoxication-nonintoxication, vehicle speed, road conditions, driver mood and driving experience, which did not significantly differ, and the driver's experience with alcohol use. Accident probability estimates of the alcohol scenarios increased as an additive function of the other driving factors, whereas increased risk of an accident in the no-alcohol scenarios was more dependent upon multiple unsafe factors. Female students judged the probability of an accident higher overall than did male students. Subject drinking classification (abstain-light, moderate or heavy) was not related to accident probability estimates. KW - Accident risks KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Drinking experience KW - Driver experience KW - Driver mood KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Intoxication KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public opinion KW - Risk assessment KW - Road conditions KW - Speed KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625521 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT THROUGH 1990. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1992/05 SP - 23 p. AB - The 1987 Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act granted states the authority to increase the speed limit on designated portions of the rural Interstate system to no more than 65 mph. The objective of this analysis was to examine the changes in fatalities that have occurred on rural Interstates on which the posted speed limit was increased to 65 mph. Of the 44,529 fatalities occurring in 1990, slightly more than 5% occurred on rural Interstates with a speed limit of 65 mph. Compared to 1989, nationwide rural Interstate fatalities in 1990 declined about 2%, an amount equal to the change experienced in total motor vehicle crash fatalities. This decline occurred in spite of increases in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) estimated at 2%. Urban Interstate fatalities were about 2% higher than in 1989. Major findings included the following: The 2,336 fatalities that occurred in 1990 on rural Interstates in those 38 states that increased their speed limits to 65 mph in 1987 is 30% greater than might have been expected based on historical trends. This variation from the estimated trend projection is the same that occurred in 1988 and 1989. This suggests the fatality effect of the 65 mph speed limit has stabilized. The 1990 fatality rate for those states with a 65 mph speed limit, which includes the effect of the additional VMT on the rural Interstate system, has returned to the 1.4 fatalities per 100 million VMT level that existed in 1986, the last year of the 55 mph speed limit. While it is evident that rural Interstate fatalities have increased with implementation of the 65 mph speed limit, the rural Interstate remains the safest component of our nation's highway system. Rural Interstate fatalities represented only 6% of total traffic fatalities for 1990, numbering 2,701 nationally. The fatality rate on the rural Interstate system in 1990 was 1.3 per 100 million VMT, compared to 2.1 for the nation as a whole. Based on speed data for 65 mph roadways, which are only available from 18 of the 40 states with increased speed limits, the average travel speed on rural Interstates is estimated to have increased from 60.6 mph in the fourth quarter of 1986 to 64.0 mph in the fourth quarter of 1990. That is, the average speed of drivers exceeded the posted 55 mph limit in 1986 by 5.6 mph, while in 1990 the average speed was one mph below the posted limit. However, the percent of vehicles exceeding 70 mph for this same time period has clearly increased from approximately 6% when the posted speed limit was 55 mph to 19% when the posted speed limit was 65 mph. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Average travel speed KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate highways KW - Rural highways KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627900 AU - Cerrelli, A C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH DATA AND RATES FOR AGE-SEX GROUPS OF DRIVERS, 1990 PY - 1992/05 SP - 6 p. AB - The results presented in this research are based on 1990 data for driver licenses, fatal crashes, and travel. The research note also utilizes the NHTSA estimates on total crashes obtained from a nationally representative sample of crashes under the General Estimates System to compute national crash involvement rates, not previously available, for the adopted age-sex groups of drivers. KW - Age KW - Crash data KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368871 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626675 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - CRASH DATA AND RATES FOR AGE-SEX GROUPS OF DRIVERS, 1990 PY - 1992/05 SP - 6 p. AB - This research note presents 1990 statistics for driver licenses, fatal crashes, and travel in the United States. In addition, the research note utilizes the NHTSA estimates on total crashes obtained from a nationally representative sample of crashes gathered under the "General Estimates System" (GES) to compute national crash involvement rates, not previously available, for the adopted age-sex groups of drivers. The four major sources of data for this research note are: a) the 1990 driver licensing data provided by the Federal Highway Administration; b) the 1990 Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) file; c) the 1990 General Estimates System (GES) file; and d) the 1990 National Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). The results are summarized in tables, while figures provide a graphical representation of the driver fatality and crash involvement rates for the various age-sex groups of drivers. KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Graphs KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Travel KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626660 AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - GELLATLY, A W AU - Luoma, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - RANGES OF STOP SIGN CHROMATICITY UNDER TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN AND HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE ILLUMINATION PY - 1992/05 SP - 19 p. AB - The development of high-intensity discharge (HID) sources for automotive headlighting has raised questions about the rendering of colors by those sources, relative to the rendering of colors by tungsten-halogen sources. The rendering of sign colors has been of concern because color is used as an indicator of sign functions. The rendering of the red of stop signs has been particularly of concern because consistent recognition of stop signs is critical for safety. This study was designed to compare the magnitudes of the shifts in chromaticity of stop signs illuminated by HID and tungsten-halogen headlamps to the range of chromaticities of stop signs under tungsten-halogen. A stratified sample of 25 stop signs was selected in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Stratification was by material (enclosed, encapsulated, microprism), age (more than five years in service, less than one year in service), and compass direction faced by the legend side of the sign (north, south). The chromaticities of these signs were measured in the field under both tungsten-halogen and HID (D1) illumination. The shifts between the chromaticities of the signs when they were illuminated with the tungsten-halogen source and when they were illuminated with the HID light source were moderate relative to the range of chromaticities under tungsten-halogen. The authors argue that, although the sizes of the shifts should not be interpreted as indicating a problem with color rendering by HID headlamps, they are not small enough to dismiss the possibility of a problem. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chromaticity KW - Color vision KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Headlamps KW - High-intensity discharge KW - Stop signs KW - Tungsten-halogen lamps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626664 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - WILLIAMSON, A M AU - Feyer, A-M AU - Coumarelos, C AU - Jenkins, T AU - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, Australia TI - STRATEGIES TO COMBAT FATIGUE IN THE LONG DISTANCE ROAD TRANSPORT INDUSTRY. STAGE 1: THE INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE SN - 0642511489 PY - 1992/05 SP - 239 p. AB - This report investigates strategies that would be effective and practicable in reducing driver fatigue in the long distance road transport industry. Information was collected from correspondence and consultations with international authorities in the area, consultations with major employer and employee organisations in Australia, and a questionnaire based survey of 960 drivers across Australia. It includes assessments of the extent of the problem, and attitudes to a range of possible solutions by these groups, as well as analysis of the experience of fatigue by employment status and type of driving operation (two-up, staged, etc.). KW - Australia KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719448 AU - SAUL, R A AU - ZUBY, D S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF HYBRID III LOWER LEG INSTRUMENTATION AND AN ASSOCIATED INJURY CRITERION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 34 p. AB - This report describes a series of static and dynamic tests which were conducted on the Hybrid III lower leg instrumentation. The tests were conducted to determine the accuracy of the lower leg instrumentation measurements, the ability to calculate a maximum bending moment, and the feasibility of conducting a single impact lower leg calibration. An analysis of the bending moment distribution in the lower leg for several different load conditions showed that a proposed maximum calculated bending moment equation did not accurately predict the maximum bending moment for loadings possible in automotive crash environments. Lower leg measurements of Y-moments and X-shears were found to be accurate and repeatable for the static conditions. Measurements by the knee clevis force transducers, however, were neither accurate nor repeatable. The accuracy of Z-force and X-moment measurements was not assessed in this testing, however, neither exhibited intolerable sensitivity to cross axis loads. The feasibility of a dynamic lower leg calibration procedure was demonstrated, although response corridors were not established. The Hybrid III instrumented lower leg is shown to be effective in the measurement of X-shear at the ankle and Y-moments both in the ankle and upper tibia, although a method to determine maximum bending moment does not currently exist. KW - Accuracy KW - Bending moments KW - Calibration KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Instrumentation KW - Leg KW - Leg injuries KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744475 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - AIR BAGS PY - 1992/04 SP - 23 p. AB - This information packet published by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety contains information about air bags. It includes research summaries, a chronology of air bag development, a list of air bag related articles published in the Institute's news journal, a description of videos and photographs related to air bags, an overview of air bag use and benefits, a list of 1992 automobiles that contain air bags, and questions and answers about air bags. KW - Air bags KW - Documents KW - Public information programs KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756382 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALONG FOR THE RIDE: SAFETY TIPS FOR CYCLISTS PY - 1992/04 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure discusses tips for safe bicycling. Twenty-one tips are presented, divided among four major categories. The categories include: 1. Wear a Helmet; 2. Follow the Rules of the Road; 3. Be Visible; and 4. Share the Road. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Cyclists KW - Helmets KW - Rule of the road KW - Sharing KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721340 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1985 FORD ESCORT 3-DOOR HATCHBACK INTO A POLE BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1992/04 SP - 170 p. AB - Five 0 deg pole barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1985 Ford Escort 3-door hatchback, VIN 1FABP3191FW282261. The tests conducted were as follows: Test No. 920305-1: 03/05/92 at time=1015, 9.6 mph (15.4 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 9.5 in. (24.2 cm); Test No. 920305-2: 03/05/92 at time=1112, 9.8 mph (15.8 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 16.5 in. (41.9 cm); Test No. 920305-3: 03/05/92 at time=1252, 14.9 mph (24.0 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 21.1 in. (53.6 cm); Test No. 920305-4: 03/05/92 at time=1356, 20.0 mph (32.2 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 25.1 in. (63.8 cm); and Test No. 920305-5: 03/05/92 at time=1627, 33.5 mph (53.9 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 39.3 in. (99.8 cm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721342 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1985 FORD TEMPO 4-DOOR SEDAN INTO A POLE BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1992/04 SP - 169 p. AB - Five 0 deg pole barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1985 Ford Tempo 4-door sedan, VIN 2FABP22X6FB288811. The tests conducted were as follows: Test No. 920312-1: 03/12/92 at time=0933, 9.6 mph (15.4 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 13.0 in. (33.0 cm); Test No. 920312-2: 03/12/92 at time=1040, 9.6 mph (15.4 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 16.0 in. (40.6 cm); Test No. 920312-3: 03/12/92 at time=1141, 14.8 mph (23.8 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 18.0 in. (45.7 cm); Test No. 920312-4: 03/12/92 at time=1253, 20.0 mph (32.2 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 27.0 in. (68.6 cm); and Test No. 920312-5: 03/12/92 at time=1359, 35.1 mph (56.5 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 39.0 in. (99.1 cm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721351 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1985 NISSAN SENTRA 4-DOOR SEDAN INTO A POLE BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1992/04 SP - 169 p. AB - Five 0 deg pole barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1985 Nissan Sentra 4-door sedan, VIN JN1PB11S4GU671580. The tests conducted were as follows: Test No. 920309-1: 03/09/92 at time=1114, 9.7 mph (15.6 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 13.2 in. (33.5 cm); Test No. 920309-2: 03/09/92 at time=1224, 9.8 mph (15.8 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 15.4 in. (39.1 cm); Test No. 920309-3: 03/09/92 at time=1339, 14.7 mph (23.7 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 19.3 in. (49.0 cm); Test No. 920309-4: 03/09/92 at time=1441, 19.9 mph (32.0 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 24.0 in. (61.0 cm); and Test No. 920309-5: 03/09/92 at time=1532, 35.0 mph (56.3 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 40.3 in. (102.4 cm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719467 AU - Tracy, L AU - Bicycle Federation of America TI - PROCEDURES AND RESOURCE GUIDE FOR BICYCLE HELMET PROMOTIONS: A REVIEW OF BICYCLE HELMET PROMOTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 116 p. AB - This publication contains a review of 231 national, state, and local bicycle helmet promotions in the United States based on a Bicycle Federation of America survey conducted in the summer of 1991. The report identifies trends, common elements of successful programs, goals, strategies, and level and type of evaluation. Examples of helmet promotion resources, materials, guides, and manuals are discussed. Various factors that initiated promotions, and barriers that challenged progress are also included. A directory of programs lists contact information plus target audience, promotion strategy, level of funding, project length, geographic area, level of evaluation, and whether or not the promotion was a coalition effort. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Data collection KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Helmets KW - Promotion KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25840/DOT-HS-807-963.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625522 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTO THEFT-RESISTANCE STUDY: EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPECIFIC THEFT-RESISTANCE MEASURES. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1992/04 SP - 77 p. AB - In response to requests from the Senate and House Committees on Appropriations, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a study to identify and evaluate methods by which vehicle manufacturers, dealers, rental and leasing companies, insurance companies, the consumer, law enforcement agencies at all levels of government and others can make vehicles more resistant to theft. This report encompasses such antitheft methods as the Federally mandated parts-marking of vehicles, standard equipped car lines with antitheft systems, and also addresses the aftermarket antitheft devices/systems that are currently available, from window decals being offered in a number of states and jurisdictions to the highly sophisticated tracking systems being used in a few areas. The information for this report was derived from NHTSA's own data, and from communications with the insurance community, the National Automoblie Dealers Association, rental and leasing companies, the automotive industry, law enforcement agencies, and manufacturers of the automotive security products. Additionally, this report provides recommendations to further thwart motor vehicle theft. The report is organized as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) Federal Legislation; (III) Installation of Antitheft Devices by Automotive Manufacturers; (IV) Aftermarket Antitheft Systems; (V) Automobile Dealer's Theft Prevention; (VI) Rental and Leasing Companies Theft Prevention; (VII) State Programs Which Address Motor Vehicle Theft; (VIII) Insurance Industry; (IX) Theft Related Insurance Fraud; (X) Conclusions and Recommendations; and (XI) Appendices. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Federal laws KW - Government agencies KW - Insurance crimes KW - Insurance industry KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement and criminal justice personnel KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parts marking KW - Recommendations KW - Security KW - State government KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627965 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - Bareket, Z AU - Bogard, S AU - Johnson, G AU - Karamihas, S AU - Mink, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE SIZE AND WEIGHT - TEST PROCEDURES FOR MINIMUM SAFETY PERFORMCE STANDARDS PY - 1992/04 SP - 118 p. AB - This report describes two regulatory scenarios pertaining, respectively, to the basic resistance to rollover and the obstacle avoidance maneuvering capability of longer and heavier commercial vehicles. At the time of the study, new legislation that could allow the nationwide introduction of the vehicle combinations heavier than 36,400 kg (80,000 lbs) and longer than twin, 8.5-meter (28-foot) doubles was under consideration. KW - Performance KW - Regulations KW - Rollover crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tilting KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626796 AU - MARCHETTI, L M AU - Hall, W L AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stewart, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - North Carolina Governor's Highway Safety Program AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STRATEGIES TO EDUCATE AND INCREASE OCCUPANT PROTECTION USAGE AMONG RURAL DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS PY - 1992/04 SP - 92 p. AB - This demonstration project examined the effects of strategies to increase seat belt use in a rural area. The project was conducted in Bertie County, North Carolina. A community seat belt program was headed by a broad-based coalition of county leaders. The program was divided into three core components: a school-based program, a program conducted through the workplace, and a general community campaign. Strategies included the use of incentives in combination with seat belt checking stations; public service advertising and promotions with local media; displays, presentations, and events; and frequent feedback to the community on belt use rates. Monthly observational seat belt data were collected. The findings of this study indicate that a community-based educational program can increase belt use among rural drivers: (1) During the seat belt program, belt use in Bertie County rose from 33% to 51%. The usage rate in the comparison site was largely unchanged with overall usage in the low 30% range throughout the program. (2) Increases were seen at all data collection sites - at the high school, the industries, the remote crossroads, and the main towns. (3) Increases occurred for both men and women, whites and non-whites, and drivers of cars and pickup trucks. A companion project, discussed in this report, surveyed program-area residents along with residents in a comparison high-belt-use rural area at the beginning and end of the program. Seat belt attitudinal surveys were implemented in Bertie County (the seat belt program site), Hertford and Northampton Counties (the comparison sites), and Moore County (high belt use rural area) at the high schools and at driver license stations during the summer of 1990 and again in 1991. The first survey responses were used to construct the Bertie seat belt program. The second survey responses were used to measure changes in responses that might be associated with increased belt use among rural residents. Analyses of survey responses indicated that, in general, belt knowledge was good at all sites. The high-belt-use population was more likely to indicate that they buckle up out of habit, while low-belt-use area residents were more likely to cite the possibility of getting a ticket as the reason for using restraints. High school students and pickup truck drivers in the low-belt-use areas were the groups whose responses were most resistant to seat belts. Belt knowledge and attitudes improved slightly at all sites by the second survey wave, with the program site realizing the most improvement. KW - Advertising KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - High school drivers KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Promotion KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Truck drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626674 AU - Sullivan, K P AU - Massie, D L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, FACTBOOK 1988. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 126 p. AB - This report contains a series of distributions of variables from UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1988. This file combines the coverage of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data with the detail of the Office of Motor Carrier (OMC) data. When no OMC report existed for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a telephone interview to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo weights, and lengths. The 1988 TIFA dataset contains 5,467 cases, up 3.6% from the 5,275 in 1987. Following an introductory section on the TIFA survey procedure, a trend section tracks the incidence of large truck fatal involvements from 1980, the initial data year of TIFA, through 1988. The next section provides an overview of the fatal involvements in 1988, with most of the distributions presented on the basis of power unit type, comparing straight trucks with tractor combinations. Most of the variables in the overview section are based on the FARS file variables and describe basic information on the time and place of the accident, environmental conditions, and collision type. Following this are a pair of sections that focus separately on straight trucks and tractor combinations in more detail, with the distributions presented on the basis of cargo body style. The majority of the variables in these sections were derived from telephone interviews and OMC reports and describe the cargo type, cab style, vehicle weight, and trailer and axle configurations of the trucks. The final section compares the fatal accident experience of tractor-semitrailers with that of tractors with twin trailers. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626663 AU - Bogard, S E AU - Winkler, C B AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE TILT TABLE TEST METHODOLOGY. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 65 p. AB - The study was performed by UMTRI for the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. The study was undertaken in order to investigate the sensitivity of tilt table measurement results to variables associated with the methodology and/or facility. To do this, 113 tilt table measurements of a single test vehicle were conducted at one facility. A number of facility and procedural parameters were deliberately altered during the testing to determine the sensitivity of the method to these changes. The results of the program showed: (1) Changes in trip rail geometry (which included the use of one-inch and two-inch high rails and locations of the rails at zero, one, or two inches from the tires) altered measurement results by as much as 5%. (2) Significant changes in surface friction alone appeared to produce a change of slightly over 1%. (3) Caution should be used when interpreting data signals from clinometers mounted on the test vehicle. (In the vicinity of the static roll stability limit, small accelerations of the vehicle can significantly influence these signals and may lead to erroneous conclusions.) (4) Very slow table speeds in the vicinity of the stability limit are advisable. Behavior in the immediate vicinity of the static stability limit is dominated by highly non-linear events such as encountering suspension stroke limits and tire liftoff. The quality of vehicle response in the region may depend on the particular non-linearities of the vehicle. This study did not address the relevance of tilt table measurements to "real world" rollover events. KW - Rolling KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Static roll stability limit KW - Static stability KW - Surface friction KW - Surface friction (Geophysics) KW - Tilt table tests KW - Ultimate load design KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626654 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT: 1989-91 PASSENGER CARS, CARGO VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1992/04 SP - 42 p. AB - This report presents theft data for 1989-91 passenger cars, cargo vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Highlights from the report are as follows: Average loss payments per insured vehicle year ranged from about $1 to more than $200; theft claim frequencies ranged from less than 1 to nearly 100 claims per 1,000 insured vehicle years; and average payments per theft claim varied from about $550 to nearly $23,000. Two different patterns of theft claims are reflected in the data: the theft of components such as radios and the theft of complete vehicles, which may or may not be recovered. Over the three model years, 1989-1991, declines in theft claim frequencies have been more than offset by increases in average loss payments per claim. In general, cars with the lowest overall theft losses are four-door models and station wagons, mostly small and midsize models. Sports cars and luxury models dominate the list of cars with the highest theft losses. As a group, large utility vehicles, consisting entirely of Chevrolet and GMC Suburban models, had by far the worst insurance theft losses. Their average loss payment per claim exceeded the "all-passenger-car" result by a factor of four and their average loss payment per insured vehicle year was more than seven times the result for all passenger cars. Small pickups have the lowest average loss payment per insured vehicle year and the lowest average loss payment per claim. Small utility vehicles have the highest frequency of theft claims. For individual vehicle series, the Nissan Pathfinder 4x4, an intermediate utility vehicle, has the highest theft losses. Its average loss payment per insured vehicle year is more than 10 times the result for all passenger cars and its average loss payment per claim is over $12,000. The Dodge Dakota pickup has the lowest overall theft losses. KW - Automobiles KW - Insurance claims KW - Pickup trucks KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721531 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - Lane, J C AU - Monash University TI - THE CHILD IN THE CENTRE SEAT SN - 0642511403 PY - 1992/03 SP - 55 p. AB - Lap belts, fitted to centre seats of Australian cars for the past fifteen years, have come under criticism as being injurious to children. The weight of evidence is that they provide substantial protection, though less than three point belts. A specific injury, the seat belt syndrome (SBS), to abdominal viscera and/or lumbar spine, has been associated with lap belts, an association confirmed by two studies in Melbourne. The incidence of SBS was calculated from Transport Accident Commission claims. The centre rear seat (lap belt) carried three times the risk of SBS as outboard rear seats (three point belts) which in turn have 2.7 times the risk of the outboard front seat. The number of SBS cases in Victoria has increased with penetration of the fleet by post 1971 cars. The annual estimated number of cases, for 1987, is 186 adults and ten children. Suggestions are made for improvements in the restraint system. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdominal injuries KW - Center seats KW - Children KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment KW - Seat belts KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721339 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 90 DEG MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1985 FORD ESCORT 3-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1992/03 SP - 183 p. AB - Four 90 deg moving contoured barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1985 Ford Escort 3-door hatchback, VIN 1FABP3195FW348357. The tests conducted were as follows: Test No. 920225-1: 02/25/92 at time=1103, 20.0 mph (32.2 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 8.2 in. (20.8 cm); Test No. 920225-2: 02/25/92 at time=1326, 20.0 mph (32.2 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 13.2 in. (33.5 cm); Test No. 920225-3: 02/25/92 at time=1516, 20.0 mph (32.2 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 15.7 in. (39.9 cm); Test No. 920225-4: 02/25/92 at time=1536, 34.7 mph (55.8 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 29.0 in. (73.7 cm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721341 AU - Johnston, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 315 DEG MOVING CONTOURED BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1986 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1992/03 SP - 189 p. AB - Four 315 deg moving contoured barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1986 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door sedan, VIN 2G1AW19R9G1114371. The test conducted were as follows: Test No. 920302-1: 03/02/92 at time=1051, 19.9 mph (32.0 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 9.6 in. (24.4 cm); Test No. 920302-2: 03/02/92 at time=1249, 19.8 mph (31.9 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 16.6 in. (42.2 cm); Test No. 920302-3: 03/02/92 at time=1420, 19.9 mph (32.0 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 21.6 in. (54.9 cm); and Test No. 920302-4: 03/02/92 at time=1543, 34.7 mph (55.8 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 29.0 in. (73.7 cm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721320 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - LOWER BAC LIMITS FOR YOUTH: EVALUATION OF THE MARYLAND .02 LAW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 137 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of special drinking driving sanctions aimed at youthful drivers under the age of 21 years. This purpose was accomplished by focusing on a Maryland law which restricts driving by those under 21 to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) less than 0.02 rather than the 0.10 prevailing limit for drivers. The specific objectives were to: 1) evaluate the impact of adoption of the sanction; 2) mount a public information and education (PI&E) campaign in selected counties to attempt to potentiate the effects of the sanction; and 3) evaluate any added benefit of the PI&E. Crash data were used statewide and in six experimental counties. The unit of analysis was accident-involved drivers under 21 years of age judged "had been drinking" (HBD) on the police accident report. Box-Jenkins time series analysis of this measure indicated a significant step reduction in crash-involved drivers under 21 judged HBD coincident with adoption of the sanction and an additional significant step reduction in the experimental counties after application of the PI&E. Only the reduction coincident with the sanction adoption was detected in two comparison counties. Survey data in the experimental and comparison counties confirmed that knowledge of the sanction among youth increased significantly after exposure to the PI&E at the experimental sites but not at the comparisons. It was concluded that this special sanction for youth was effective and this effectiveness was significantly potentiated by a public service information program which emphasized the possible penalties for violation of the regulation. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash data KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Maryland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public information programs KW - Sanctions KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721319 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LOWER BAC LIMITS FOR YOUTH: EVALUATION OF THE MARYLAND .02 LAW. TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1992/03 SP - 6 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of special drinking driving sanctions aimed at youthful drivers under the age of 21 years. This purpose was accomplished by focusing on a Maryland law which restricts driving by those under 21 to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) less than 0.02 rather than the 0.10 prevailing limit for drivers. The specific objectives were to: 1) evaluate the impact of adoption of the sanction; 2) mount a public information and education (PI&E) campaign in selected counties to attempt to potentiate the effects of the sanction; and 3) evaluate any added benefit of the PI&E. Crash data were used statewide and in six experimental counties. The unit of analysis was accident-involved drivers under 21 years of age judged "had been drinking" (HBD) on the police accident report. Box-Jenkins time series analysis of this measure indicated a significant step reduction in crash-involved drivers under 21 judged HBD coincident with adoption of the sanction and an additional significant step reduction in the experimental counties after application of the PI&E. Only the reduction coincident with the sanction adoption was detected in two comparison counties. Survey data in the experimental and comparison counties confirmed that knowledge of the sanction among youth increased significantly after exposure to the PI&E at the experimental sites but not at the comparisons. It was concluded that this special sanction for youth was effective and this effectiveness was significantly potentiated by a public service information program which emphasized the possible penalties for violation of the regulation. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash data KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Maryland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public information programs KW - Sanctions KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time series analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25857/DOT-HS-807-859.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721321 AU - Ross, H L AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DETERRENT CAPABILITY OF SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS: SUMMARY OF THE AMERICAN LITERATURE PY - 1992/03 SP - 29 p. AB - This report reviews and evaluates the scientific literature on sobriety checkpoints in the United States. Concerns about the constitutionality of checkpoint procedures initially limited the number of checkpoint programs in this country as well as constraining the procedures used. However, nine case studies were located, along with a multi-state econometric study of various drunk-driving laws including those authorizing checkpoints. Although due to methodological problems no one study is convincing, the accumulation strongly supports the proposition that sobriety checkpoints can deter impaired driving. A review of selected foreign experience also supports this proposition. The totality of the evidence suggests that the following factors are important in maximizing the deterrent impact of checkpoints: (1) the clarity of purpose with which they are conducted; (2) the frequency of the checkpoints; (3) media attention; and (4) positioning in a diversified program of law enforcement related to impaired driving. KW - Case studies KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719499 AU - Datta, T K AU - Guzek, P AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USE IN 19 U.S. CITIES. 1991 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 84 p. AB - This study continued to monitor the use of occupant restraint systems and motorcycle/moped helmet use in 19 U.S. cities during 1991. A total of 256,907 observations of automobile drivers indicated an overall driver safety belt use rate of 51.1%. The driver safety belt use rate in areas that have mandatory use laws was 60.9% for female drivers and 47.6% for male drivers. Whereas in areas with no use laws, driver safety belt use rate was 45.2% for female drivers and 30.7% for male drivers. The shopping center observation indicated that 70.2% of the infants, 73.6% of the toddlers, 41.8% of the subteens, 22.9% of the teens and 40.5% of the adult passengers were restrained. Child safety seats were observed being used for 87.0% of the infant and 81.8% of the toddler passengers. Correct toddler safety seat installation was recorded at a rate of 85.9%. In areas with motorcycle helmet use laws 99.5% of the operators and 98.1% of the passengers used helmets. Helmet use in areas with no helmet use laws was 39.6% for operators and 27.7% for passengers. Automobiles equipped with automatic belt systems had an overall driver belt use rate of 80.1%. The motorized shoulder belt system that could not be disconnected displayed the highest use rate of 96.6%. The lowest automatic system use rate of 63.5% was observed from the 3-point nonmotorized system. KW - Adolescents KW - Adults KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Helmets KW - Infants KW - Laws KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Motorcycle passengers KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passenger restraints KW - Passengers KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719449 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated TI - LOWER BAC LIMITS FOR YOUTH: EVALUATION OF THE MARYLAND .02 LAW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 137 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of special drinking driving sanctions aimed at youthful drivers under the age of 21 years. This purpose was accomplished by focusing on a Maryland law which restricts driving by those under 21 to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) less than 0.02% rather than the 0.10% prevailing limit for older drivers. The specific objectives were to: 1) evaluate the impact of adoption of the sanction; 2) mount a public information and education (PI&E) campaign in selected counties to attempt to potentiate the effects of the sanction; and 3) evaluate any added benefit of the PI&E. Crash data were used statewide and in six experimental counties. The unit of analysis was accident-involved drivers under 21 years of age judged "had been drinking" (HBD) on the police accident report. Box-Jenkins time series analysis of this measure indicated a significant step reduction in crash-involved drivers under 21 judged HBD coincident with adoption of the sanction and an additional significant step reduction in the experimental counties after application of the PI&E. Only the reduction coincident with the sanction adoption was detected in two comparison counties. Survey data in the experimental and comparison counties confirmed that knowledge of the sanction among youth increased significantly after exposure to the PI&E at the experimental sites but not at the comparisons. It was concluded that this special sanction for youth was effective and this effectiveness was significantly potentiated by a public service information program which emphasized the possible penalties for violation of the regulation. KW - Adolescents KW - Benefits KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash reports KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Impact studies KW - Maryland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public information programs KW - Sanctions KW - State laws KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719355 AU - Reed, M P AU - Schneider, L W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ASSESSING THE SKIN ABRASION POTENTIAL OF DRIVER-SIDE AIRBAGS. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 20 p. AB - Investigations of airbag deployments in the field have indicated that while airbags reduce the overall incidence and severity of injury to occupants in frontal collisions, certain minor injuries induced by the deploying airbag can occur. These include skin abrasions to the face, neck, hands, and forearms caused by interaction between the occupant and the deploying airbag. A study was conducted using human volunteers to investigate the airbag design and deployment factors that contribute to airbag-induced skin injury. As part of that study, a laboratory test procedure was developed to assess the skin-injury potential of driver-side airbags using a pressure-sensitive film and a specially designed test fixture. The airbag is mounted in the fixture and deployed so that the airbag fabric strikes the pressure-sensitive film. The pressure distribution on the target surface is determined by digital image analysis of the film and compared to levels of surface pressure corresponding to varying levels of injury severity in tests with human subjects. The information is used to predict the likelihood and severity of skin abrasion. This report describes the fixture, test procedures, and analysis techniques used to assess the abrasion potential of airbags. KW - Abrasion KW - Air bags KW - Human subject testing KW - Image analysis KW - Image processing KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pressure-sensitive film KW - Skin abrasion KW - Skin friction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716876 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Adams, V I AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - NECK INJURIES: I. OCCIPITOATLANTAL DISLOCATION--A PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF TWELVE TRAFFIC FATALITIES PY - 1992/03 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - p. 556-564 AB - Twelve of 155 persons killed in traffic crashes had occipitoatlantal dislocations. Nine were vehicular occupants, 2 were cyclists, and one was a pedestrian. The dislocations involved various combinations of lacerations of the alar ligaments, the occipitoatlantal joint capsules, the dura mater, the tectorial membrane, the rectus capitis muscles, and the suboccipital muscles. In 2 instances, an occipital condyle failed instead of the corresponding alar ligament, producing condyle fractures. Atlas ring fractures occurred in 3 instances. Axial and subaxial cervical trauma were uncommon. Facial or mandibular fractures occurred in a majority of cases, vault skull fractures were uncommon, and basilar fractures were absent. Pontomedullary brainstem lacerations occurred in 9 of the 12, and 4 had midbrain lacerations. The majority of the victims succumbed to acute neurogenic shock as the sole or the major mechanism of death. The biomechanical basis for occipitoatlantal dislocation is discussed, and the author suggests that distraction, in concert with variable combinations of extension, rotation, and posterior translation is responsible for occipitoatlantal dislocations. KW - Biophysics KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neck KW - Neck injuries KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716874 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Kinnan, J P AU - National Safety Council TI - DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS: WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO BE SEEN? PY - 1992/03 VL - 92 IS - 2 SP - p. 20-22 AB - According to traffic experts, daytime running lights (DRLs) increase a vehicle's conspicuity and detectability. Conspicuity refers to an object's ability to stand out from its background. Detectability is the ability of something to be seen. Research studies are in general agreement that DRLs increase a vehicle's conspicuity. They make earlier detection possible. DRLs also provide a better way to judge movement of oncoming vehicles. They are required on new vehicles in Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Canada. Automakers can hardwire existing lamps on the front of a vehicle to turn on and off automatically with the ignition, or they can provide special lamps that serve only as DRLs. In late 1991, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration proposed to amend Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 to give permission for (not require) DRL installation. Such a rule would supersede the laws in some states that prohibit the use of DRLs. While nearly everybody agrees that DRLs are a good idea, debate is heating up over how permissive DRL specifications should be. This article examines the opinions of some safety experts, including the assistant director of highway safety for Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety, the manager of the National Safety Council's highway-traffic safety services, a spokesperson for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the assistant director of automotive safety engineering at GM, another GM spokesperson, and the Fleet-safety Director of Wal-Mart Stores. KW - Amendments KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fmvss 108 KW - Implementation KW - Public opinion KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716877 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Adams, V I AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - NECK INJURIES: II. ATLANTOAXIAL DISLOCATION-A PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF 14 TRAFFIC FATALITIES PY - 1992/03 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - p. 565-573 AB - C1-C2 vertebral dislocations have not been commonly recognized at autopsy. Among 66 subjects with neck injuries, drawn from a series of 155 traffic fatalities, were 14 with injuries at the level of the atlantoaxial motion segment, ranking in age from 8 months to 93 years. Thirteen had sprains or lacerations of the atlantoaxial facet joints, and one had a healed C1 fracture. Six of the 14 had odontoid fractures. None had transverse ligament lacerations. Injuries of the alar ligaments and the tectorial membrane were frequent. Only 3 subjects had subaxial cervical injury. All 14 had evidence of impact to the head or neck. Four had fractures of the mandible or facial bones, and 5 had skull fractures. Subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages were found in 7 and 6, respectively. Brainstem lacerations were not uncommon, but only one had a pontomedullary laceration. Spinomedullary cord injuries occurred in 5. Acute neurogenic shock was the major mechanism of death in 9 of the 14, including 5 with major cardiovascular lacerations. Delayed effects of craniocerebral trauma accounted for the majority of the remainder. The biomechanical mechanisms are discussed. KW - Biophysics KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neck KW - Neck injuries KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714721 AU - Petrucelli, E AU - MALINOWSKI, M AU - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE (AAAM) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATUS OF MEDICAL REVIEW IN DRIVER LICENSING. POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND STANDARDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 228 p. AB - This report presents the findings of a project to assess the status of medical review practices in U.S. and Canadian administered driver licensing programs. Two categories of drivers, older drivers and drivers of large commercial vehicles, received considerable attention in this study. The report is divided into three sections following a statement of the problem: (1) driver licensing procedures and practices, (2) the organization and functions of medical programs including medical advisory boards, and (3) an overview of current medical standards and guidelines. Also included are descriptions of individual jurisdiction programs and an annotated bibliography of relevant studies. KW - Aged drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licenses KW - Medical advisory boards KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625527 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMUNICATIONS KIT: OPERATION BUCKLE DOWN PY - 1992/03 SP - 36 p. AB - This Communications Kit was developed to help you take an active role in increasing the use of seat belts and child safety seats in your community. It provides the answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about how you can establish and grow a community-wide program. The contents are organized as follows: Introduction; The Role of Community Involvement; Taking the Seat Belt Message to the Public; Media Relations; Hard News or Soft News--Use It to Your Advantage; Working With the Media; The Tools of the Trade; 1991 General Statistics; Celebrity Advertisements and Posters (with additional camera-ready slicks and type in pocket at back of kit); Billboards and Bus Ideas; and Promo Item Ideas. KW - Advertising KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Communities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Promotion KW - Public participation KW - Publicity KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625511 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1990 PY - 1992/03 SP - 68 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under the Highway Safety Act of 1966, as amended. The report covers the period January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1990. The report is divided into two parts. Part I contains information on the NHTSA highway safety program activities and is organized as follows: Introduction: 1990 Activities; Statistical Summary - Distribution of Traffic Fatalities for 1989 and 1990 and Summary of U.S. Motor Vehicle Activities and Fatalities; Summary of Current Research Grants and Contracts - National Center for Statistics and Analysis and Current Research Programs; Research Activities Completed - Alcohol, Drugs, Occupant Protection, Speed, and Older Drivers; Enforcement Actions, Judicial Decisions, Settlements, or Pending Litigation; Effectiveness of Highway Safety Programs - 402 Funds and 403 Funds; and Glossary. Part II contains information on highway safety activities within the FHWA, including the FHWA Section 402 Program for FY 1990 and the FHWA Section 403 Program for FY 1990. KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Litigation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Statistics KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States Code. Title 23. Section 402 KW - United States Code. Title 23. Section 403 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625512 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION USAGE AND ENFORCEMENT: PARTICIPANT MANUAL PY - 1992/03 SP - 76 p. AB - This Participant Manual was developed as part of a workshop on Occupant Protection Usage and Enforcement for law enforcement personnel. The manual is to be given to each participant. It presents supporting information that will be covered during the workshop, allows participants to record their ideas during the workshop, and gives participants a resource for reviewing ideas after the workshop. KW - Guidelines KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Personnel KW - Police KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625510 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1990 PY - 1992/03 SP - 57 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, as amended. The report is for the period January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1990. During this period, NHTSA continued its policy of addressing highway safety through a balanced approach, concentrating on solutions involving both the vehicle and the driver. In 1990, the NHTSA designed programs to yield a reduction in fatalities, injuries, and economic loss that result from motor vehicle accidents in the most effective and efficient manner. Resources were directed to those activities with the most realistic prospects of success and with the maximum safety gains per dollar invested. The 1990 fatality rate of 2.1 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled is the lowest in U.S. history. Under the phase-in requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 208 ("Occupant Protection"), all passenger cars built after September 1, 1989, were equipped with automatic crash protection (e.g., air bags and automatic safety belts). About 2,600,000 MY 1990 cars were equipped with air bags. By MY 1993, estimated production levels for vehicles equipped with air bags will reach four to five million annually. The agency continued to inform and educate the American people about the benefits of manual safety belts, air bags, and automatic safety belts. Research and rulemaking efforts to improve motor vehicle safety technology emphasized crash avoidance and occupant protection. Crash avoidance priorities included lighting, mirror systems, brakes (particularly for light- and heavy-duty trucks), rollover stability, and international harmonization of safety regulations. Occupant crash protection efforts emphasized improved protection in side impacts, rollovers and other efforts to prevent ejections, and school buses. It also included efforts to prevent injuries to pedestrians when struck by motor vehicles. The enforcement of Federal laws, standards, and regulations governing motor vehicles is one the NHTSA's most important safety responsibilities. Emphasis continued to be placed on quickly and accurately identifying safety-related defects and non-compliances with safety standards, and to ensure they are corrected in the shortest possible time (there were 168 new safety defect investigations in 1990). KW - Air bags KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Compliance KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Defects KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Programs KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634441 AU - Stutts, J C AU - Hunter, W W AU - Tracy, L AU - Wilkinson, W C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY: A REVIEW OF KEY PROGRAM AND COUNTERMEASURE DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE 1980'S. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 143 p. AB - According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, approximately 6,500 pedestrians and 850 bicyclists are killed in motor vehicle crashes each year. Over 110,000 pedestrians and 75,000 bicyclists are injured. These "non-occupant" crash victims typically comprise 16% of motor vehicle fatalities overall, and up to half of motor vehicle fatalities in some urban areas. This report was prepared to review key countermeasure developments and program activities impacting on pedestrian and bicyclist safety over the past decade. Key national level policies and trends pertaining to pedestrians and bicyclists are highlighted to set the stage for the review. The remainder of the report is organized according to educational, engineering, and enforcement/regulatory program areas, and within each, national, state and local activities. Pedestrian safety activity has been led by the Federal Government and has concentrated on the development of comprehensive program guides and support materials, with some continued funding for facility design and engineering countermeasure development and evaluation. There have also been recent efforts to work with local law enforcement agencies and to incorporate pedestrian safety into community traffic safety programs. Bicycle countermeasure development and program activities have followed a very different path, led by national, non-government organizations such as the Bicycle Federation of America, the National Safe Kids Campaign, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and others. In contrast to pedestrian safety activities which have tended to follow a "top down" hierarchy, bicycle activities during this period have primarily been "grass roots" efforts. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25835/DOT-HS-808-108.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626828 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1991 TRAFFIC FATALITIES, PRELIMINARY REPORT. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 47 p. AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for 1991. Trend data are presented for both fatalities and fatality rate. The national estimates of fatalities are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980, 1983, and 1990. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368461 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626695 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Williams, A F AU - Wells, J K AU - LUND, A K AU - Teed, N J AU - U.S. Public Health Service TI - USE OF SEATBELTS IN CARS WITH AUTOMATIC BELTS PY - 1992/03 VL - 107 IS - 2 SP - p. 182-188 AB - Use of seatbelts in late model cars with automatic or manual belt systems was observed in suburban Washington, DC, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia. In cars with automatic two-point belt systems, the use of shoulder belts by drivers was substantially higher than in the same model cars with manual three-point belts. This finding was true in varying degrees whatever the type of automatic belt, including cars with detachable nonmotorized belts, cars with detachable motorized belts, and especially cars with nondetachable motorized belts. Most of these automatic shoulder belts systems include manual lap belts. Use of lap belts was lower in cars with automatic two-point belt systems than in the same model cars with manual three-point belts; precisely how much lower could not be reliably estimated in this survey. Use of shoulder and lap belts was slightly higher in General Motors cars with detachable automatic three-point belts compared with the same model cars with manual three-point belts; in Hondas there was no difference in the rates of use of manual three-point belts and the rates of use of automatic three-point belts. KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Detachable automatic seat belts KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Manual lap belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Seat belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626651 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - ATTEWELL, R G AU - Dowse, M J AU - INSTAT Australia Pty Ltd TI - FATAL CRASH TYPES. SUMMARY REPORT. ANALYSIS OF 1988 FATALITY FILE SN - 0642511160 PY - 1992/03 SP - 69 p. AB - This report summarises different types of fatal road crashes based on Australian data from 1988 in the FORS Fatality File. Fatal pedestrian, bicycle, motorcycle, bus and articulated truck crashes, single and multiple vehicle crashes involving passenger vehicles and/or rigid trucks in rural high and urban low speed zones, and crashes involving children are characterised in terms of frequency, timing, location, prevailing road and driving conditions, vehicle movements, fault, contributory factors (such as alcohol and speed), persons involved and medical details of the fatalities and injuries. This is a summary report of CR 105. KW - Australia KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bus crashes KW - Children KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash victims KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Location KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Rural areas KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Timing KW - Truck crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626648 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - EFFECT OF VOLATILITY AND OXYGENATES ON DRIVEABILITY AT INTERMEDIATE AMBIENT TEMPERATURES PY - 1992/03 SP - 156 p. AB - Recent regulations reduce summertime fuel front-end volatility by limiting fuel Reid vapor pressure (RVP) to values considerably less than past commercial practices. There has been some concern that such reduced-RVP fuels may lead to degraded driveability, especially in areas with long distribution lead times and low tank turnover rates. In those areas, significant volumes of these fuels may be sold in cool spring weather in order to ensure that the RVP regulations are met at the start of the summer control period. The 1989 CRC driveability program investigated the independent effects of front-end volatility and mid-range volatility on cold-start and warmup driveability of late model vehicles at intermediate ambient temperatures. Front-end volatility was measured by RVP, and mid-range volatility was measured by the temperature at which 50% of the fuel is evaporated (T50). Volatility ranges investigated were those that may be required of future summertime fuels. Classical volatility levels were included for comparison. The study included both hydrocarbon and gasoline-oxygenate blends. The program was conducted in Yakima, Washington, from October 9 through November 18, 1989. Test temperatures were 30 deg F to 56 deg F. Analysis of the data provided the following conclusions: (1) Carbureted and TBI vehicles performed at a similar driveability level and responded to fuel type and volatility in a similar manner. (2) PFI vehicles exhibited substantially better driveability than carbureted or TBI vehicles in all cases. (3) PFI vehicles showed little or no response to changes in front-end volatility (RVP or T10), but showed some degradation in driveability at high T50 levels. (4) Carbureted and TBI vehicles responded to both front-end and mid-range (T50) volatility; however, a 40 deg F change in T50 always had more effect on driveability than a 4.5 psi change in RVP. (5) Driveability cannot be expressed as a simple linear function of the independently controlled volatility factors across the complete data set. At high volatility levels (high RVP and low T50), there is less response to fuel changes than at low volatility levels. (6) RVP-controlled splash blends containing 15 volume percent MTBE generally provided the best driveability, followed by hydrocarbon fuels and then corresponding blemds containing 10 volume percent ethanol; however, these rankings varied somewhat among volatility levels. (7) Using the volatility scale developed with these data, the 15 volume percent MTBE fuels and the hydrocarbon fuels overall exhibited similar performance at the same volatility levels, while the 10 volume percent ethanol fuels exhibited degraded performance; although at the lower volatilities used in this program, the differences among the three fuel types were small. KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Driveability KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Fuels KW - Oxygenates KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reid vapor pressure KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Temperature KW - Test results KW - Volatility KW - Warmup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719450 AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - KOSSAR, J M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR BAG DEPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/02 SP - 93 p. AB - A study was conducted to examine the inflation characteristics of several production driver's side air bag systems relative to factors which may be important to the likelihood of injuries occurring as side effects of the inflation process. The study was limited to deployment of the air bag systems in a static, non-crash environment. Two phases of tests were conducted: (1) deployment of the air bags to determine inflation characteristics, and (2) deployment of the air bags with a 5th percentile female dummy positioned in front of the restraints to observe the interactions between dummy and air bags. Four distinct air bag folding patterns were observed among the systems tested. Peak air bag velocities were similar for tethered and untethered systems. Distinct differences in the maximum displacement of the leading edge of the air bags were observed between tethered and untethered systems. The air bag folding pattern and the presence of tethers appeared to have significant effects, both singularly and in conjunction with one another, on the observed interactions with the small female dummy. The removal patterns of the powdered chalk from the dummy's face by the air bags' contact appeared to be primarily dependent upon these two factors. KW - Air bags KW - Deployment KW - Dummies KW - Folding patterns KW - Inflation KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory tests KW - Tethers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625516 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - 1992 CODING AND VALIDATION MANUAL: FARS PY - 1992/02 SP - 472 p. AB - This publication provides instructions for completing the forms which are to be submitted to the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The contents are as follows: List of Elements and Location Codes; 100. Submission Instructions; 200. Form Coding Instructions; 300. Data Element Coding Instructions; 302. A1-P49 Element Pages; All Vehicles; Accident Level; Vehicle Level; Driver Level; and Person Level. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Manuals KW - Training KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625504 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BEYOND THE LIMITS: A LAW ENFORCEMENT GUIDE TO SPEED ENFORCEMENT PY - 1992/02 SP - 128 p. AB - This guide provides law enforcement personnel with the information necessary to assist in the task of shaping the public's view that, through a focused approach to traffic law enforcement, compliance with speed limits and traffic laws in general is an important element in providing for their overall safety. The guide is organized in seven chapters. Chapter 1, An Overview of Speed, provides an historical look at speeding, and reviews national statistics, crash costs vs. crime costs, speed's contribution to crashes, speed variance, the relationship of speed to other traffic violations, and speed programs. Chapter 2, Speed: Part of Comprehensive Traffic Enforcement, discusses the initial steps to comprehensive traffic enforcement, speed and traffic enforcement as a priority, the establishment of written policies, the commitment of personnel, training in traffic law enforcement, and the recognition of those officers who have excelled in the area of traffic enforcement and who have made major contributions to the overall success of the program. Chapter 3, Speed Enforcement Program Components, covers traffic records, problem identification, data retrieval, speed enforcement program objectives, and enforcement technology. Chapter 4, Speed: Public Information and Education, examines the planning of a program, statement of the problem, program objectives, target audiences, media and community involvement, campaign management, and the role of enforcement. Chapter 5, Speed Program Evaluation, outlines the evaluation process. Recommendations derived from successful speed enforcement programs from around the country are made in Chapter 6, Speed Enforcement Program: Specific Recommendations. Chapter 7, Assistance for Speed Programs, discusses the sources available for the financing of speed enforcement programs, including the State and Community Highway Safety 402 Grant Program, the Alcohol Traffic Safety Incentive 408 Grant Program, the Alcohol Incentive 410 Grant Program, and national organizations that support such programs. A speed enforcement glossary is provided. KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Recommendations KW - Safety programs KW - Speed KW - Speed enforcement programs KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367993 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626682 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - CAN YOU STOP A CAR THIEF? PY - 1992/02 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - p. 96-102 AB - An unprotected car is an easy mark for a properly equipped professional, who can unlatch a door in less than a minute. Even an amateur using crude tools wouldn't need much time. Car thieves want to work quickly and furtively, so the main goals of car alarms and other security devices are to scare the thief away or challenge him with a time-consuming task. Alarm systems dominate the auto-security market, and they represent the bulk of the 33 devices tested for this report. The report rates the auto-security devices on the following: price; ease of use; key features; installation; arming; passive exit delay; remote range; LED indicator; emergency override; ring time; number of cycles; engine disabler; intrusion sensor; flashing lights; electrical sensing; door protection; hood/truck protection; remote door locks; and remote trunk lock. The advantages and disadvantages of these devices are also examined. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Building KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prices KW - Security KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626683 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - ALL-SEASON TIRES PY - 1992/02 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - p. 75-79 AB - Tires are among the most important components of a car. They determine in large part how smoothly and safely the car steers, brakes, and accelerates. For this report, seven popular tire models in two widely used sizes were tested, not only to see how they compare, but also to dispel a few tire myths. Inserts with this report provide information on: who makes which tire; tire warranties; and how to "read" a tire (i.e., how to interpret the coding molded into the sidewall of a tire). KW - Industries KW - Performance evaluations KW - Test results KW - Tires KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626659 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM: PLAN FOR RESPONDING TO THE FY 1992 CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTIVES PY - 1992/02 SP - 49 p. AB - In the FY 1992 budget, Congress has allocated $2,070,000 for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) New Car Assessment Program (NCAP). Congress has included $150,000 for NHTSA to use in promoting new marketing techniques to ensure that NCAP information is more easily understandable by consumers and more useful as a market incentive. In addition, Congress has included $140,000 to cover increased costs of NCAP tests so that the same number of passenger vehicles (34) can be tested in FY 1992. This report responds to the requirements of Congress to detail agency plans for complying with the FY 1992 Congressional directives. The agency was required to implement improved methods of informing consumers of the comparative levels of safety of passenger vehicles as measured in NCAP, to examine and study the results of previous model year NCAP results to determine the validity of these test data in predicting actual on-the-road injuries and fatalities, and to address the efficacy of allowing manufacturers to choose between the "high tech" (i.e., Hybrid III test dummy) and "low tech" (i.e., Hybrid II test dummy) dummies for the purpose of NCAP testing. This report presents the plan and schedule describing how NHTSA will comply with these requirements. In addition to responding to these requirements, an accounting of all anticipated FY 1992 expenditures for NCAP is given as requested, and a brief history of the program is provided as well as an assessment of the program's effects on motor vehicle safety. Improvements that have been made to date in increasing the effectiveness of the program and its usefulness to consumers are also summarized. KW - Appropriations KW - Compliance KW - Consumer protection KW - Dummies KW - Effectiveness KW - Expenditures KW - History KW - Impacts KW - Information dissemination KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New Car Assessment Program KW - Test results KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Validation KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619213 AU - NICKLES, J E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIGNAL WAVEFORM GENERATOR PERFORMANCE TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/01 SP - 84 p. AB - A signal waveform generator (SWG) was tested to determine its suitability for use in testing crash test data acquisition systems. The outputs of the SWG were recorded by a precise, high speed data acquisitions card plugged into the option card slot of an IBM PC compatible desk top computer. The recorded data were analyzed using a modified version of the software that was developed for analyzing recorded SWG outputs when testing crash test data acquisition systems. For measuring small time differences between waveform leading edges, a digital storage oscilloscope was used. SWG time base accuracy meets the requirements of SAE J211. When the SWG is operated at the high output voltage level, the measured amplitude accuracy is plus or minus 0.06% of full scale. But when the SWG is operated at the low output voltage level, the measured amplitude accuracy degrades to plus or minus 0.31% of full scale. A large part of this accuracy degradation is caused by a measured offset of the waveform zero level from the calibration zero level. The frequency response of the SWG meets the requirements implied by SAE J211. The measured performance of the SWG is sufficiently precise that the use of the SWG for testing crash test data acquisition systems will be satisfactory. KW - Accuracy KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Electromagnetic wave propagation KW - Frequency response KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Signal generators KW - Signal waveform generator KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625515 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM: SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS, JANUARY 1992 PY - 1992/01 SP - 50 p. AB - This Sixteenth Annual Report to the Congress summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1991 regarding implementation of applicable Sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during 1991 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Fuel conservation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Rule making KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625505 AU - WEISS, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING STANDARDS AND OTHER TIRE LABELING REQUIREMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/01 SP - 139 p. AB - The Uniform Tire Quality Grading Standards (UTQGS) (575.104) were designed to assist consumers in making informed choices by requiring information be provided on passenger car tires about their relative performance in the areas of treadwear, traction, and temperature resistance. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 109, 117, and 119 require size, content, care, and certification information be molded into pneumatic tires and retreads. This study evaluates whether four groups of potential information users knew about, understood, and used the information. The study was based on telephone surveys of individuals who buy tires for their own vehicles, individuals who buy tires for fleets of vehicles, tire sellers, and tire repairers. The individual consumers had either bought tires six or less months prior to the contact (recent consumers) or planned a purchase within two months of the contact (prospective consumers). The principal findings are as follows: (1) Most consumers knew FMVSS, but not UTQGS, information is found on tires. Most sellers and repairers knew the location of both. (2) When presented with multiple choice questions, most respondents in all groups chose the correct definition of temperature resistance rating and the relative ranking of two traction grades. Less than half the consumers chose the correct definition of traction rating. (3) Prospective consumers rated significantly more UTQGS and FMVSS items important in influencing their tire choices than recent consumers (three UTQGS and eight FMVSS items vs one FMVSS item). KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Labeling KW - Surveys KW - Temperature resistance KW - Thermal resistance KW - Tire grading KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Treadwear KW - Uniform tire quality grading standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625501 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION. TENTH EDITION PY - 1992/01 SP - 543 p. AB - This Digest is designed for use by anyone interested in State laws related to alcohol/drug use and highway safety. Except as indicated, it provides the reader with the status of such State laws as of January 1, 1992. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The Digest also includes two appendices, using the State Law Summary's format, giving (1) the Uniform Vehicle Code's alcohol and drug driving offense provisions and (2) certain criteria for Federal Alcohol Incentive Grant Funds under 23 USC Section 408. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - State laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625502 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOURCE OF PAYMENT FOR THE MEDICAL COST OF MOTOR VEHICLE INJURIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1990 PY - 1992/01 SP - 56 p. AB - This report identifies the major payers and amounts of medical care costs resulting from people hospitalized for injuries sustained in motor vehicle crashes in the United States. Payers are grouped according to three main categories: private insurance, government payers, and other payers. Within the insurance group some specific costs are noted for commercial insurance, Health Maintenance Organization enrollees, Worker Compensation cases, and other insurance. Within the government paid medical cost category expenditures by Medicaid, Medicare, and other government programs are presented. Other payers includes people who have no insurance, charity cases, patients admitted to university facilities due to the patients' "teaching" value, and uncoded data. The findings show that currently the U.S. spends nearly $10 billion per year on medical care for people who are hospitalized for injuries sustained in auto crashes. All government sources combined pay for over $3 billion of that cost. Of that $3 billion cost, government payers are divided largely between Federal and state funding, with the Federal share estimated to be about two-thirds the total government portion, or just over $2 billion for 1990. The report presents data showing that over 3 million acute hospital days each year are utilized in the United States by people with motor vehicle related injuries. The report documents length of stay and per patient total charges, and shows that people hospitalized for motor vehicle crash injuries have longer periods of hospitalization with higher consequent costs than people hospitalized for all other reasons combined. Mean charges per patient nationally in 1990 for the initial hospitalization due to motor vehicle crash injuries were $10,852. Data are presented showing that government-sponsored patients typically are hospitalized for longer periods than their privately insured counterparts, resulting in even higher total costs. Government-sponsored patients nationally represented 25% of those hospitalized for motor vehicle crash injuries, yet represented 33% of the total cost for hospital care. The report also points out that people not previously receiving any form of government assistance often are rendered eligible for publicly reimbursed medical care and other government programs as a direct consequence of their motor vehicle injuries, because of the extremely high cost of care. KW - Costs KW - Federal government KW - Health care KW - Hospitalization KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Insurance industry KW - Local government KW - Medical costs KW - Medical treatment KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Payment KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625503 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - "70% BY '92" - SAFETY BELT PROGRAM IDEA SAMPLER PY - 1992/01 SP - 110 p. AB - This Idea Sampler for the national "70% by '92" safety belt program is a resource guide encompassing all buckle up activities to be conducted during 1992, in addition to information that is unique to "Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week" and "Buckle Up America! Week". Press releases, current facts data, clip art, public service announcements and sample proclamations are enclosed in this sampler and can be customized and enhanced to fit each community's use with supplemental information, including photographs, clip art and illustrations. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367992 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626686 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - CHILD SAFETY SEATS PY - 1992/01 VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-20 AB - Since 1981, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has required manufacturers to certify that their child safety seats would pass rigorous crash tests. According to NHTSA, safety seats can cut the risk of death or serious injury by about 70%. This article reports the results of testing 32 widely sold child safety seats priced from $22 to $118. Because the Federal Government routinely monitors compliance with its safety standard, government tests were not duplicated. Instead, the seats were evaluated in areas likely to encourage their use--convenience, comfort, and ease of operation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Misuse KW - Prices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626668 AU - Anthony, S AU - Allen, P AU - Cavallo, A AU - Haralam, H AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION IN VICTORIA. VOLUME 3: SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1990 SN - 0730613194 PY - 1992/01 SP - 101 p. AB - The secondary school survey was conducted by VIC ROADS to establish the extent to which traffic safety education has been included in the activities of Victorian secondary schools. Since 1978 VIC ROADS has been involved in the development of traffic safety curriculum units for use in Victorian schools. The program development has continued as a result of long term government support underlined through the report of the Working Party on Traffic Safety Education (1984) and the First Report of the Inquiry into Child Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety (1987). The aim of the programs are to encourage children to adopt safer forms of behaviour in the short term and develop more responsible attitudes to road usage in the longer term. Results indicated that 88% of schools taught at least one Traffic Safety Education (TSE) topic at some level and that 86% of schools incorporated TSE issues into at least one subject in the curriculum. Therefore, between 86 to 88% of Victorian secondary schools address some TSE issues. The most popular method of TSE instruction was the component method with 43% of respondents indicating that they used this method. KW - Data collection KW - High schools KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626667 AU - Anthony, S AU - Cavallo, A AU - Crowle, J AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION IN VICTORIA. VOLUME 2: PRIMARY SCHOOLS 1990 SN - 0730613119 PY - 1992/01 SP - 119 p. AB - Since 1978 VIC ROADS has been involved in the development of traffic safety curriculum units for use in Victorian schools. Continuing program development is the result of long term government support originating with Cabinet's endorsement of "universal TSE in Victorian schools" in 1985. The aim of the programs is to encourage children to adopt safer forms of behaviour in the short term and more responsible attitudes to road usage in the longer term. Analysis of the survey results revealed that Traffic Safety Education (TSE) was included in the curriculum of 78% of primary schools in 1990 compared with 73% of schools in 1988. In rural regions the number of schools teaching TSE was 10-15% higher than in metropolitan regions. Of particular concern is the very low usage of TSE programs (as low as 11%) in non-government metropolitan schools. In schools not presenting TSE the major factors which prevented TSE being taught included an already over-crowded curriculum (56%), and a lack of trained and interested staff (48% and 24%, respectively). Some respondents indicated that the introduction of TSE had never been considered (36%). Fifteen percent of schools indicated that they had a specific TSE policy, while 80% had a policy requiring students to wear bicycle helmets when cycling to and from school. In regard to VIC ROADS consultancy services, 60% were aware of these services (in 1988 77% were aware of "Bike Ed" consultants and 61% aware of Pedestrian consultants) and 49% of schools were aware of regionalisation of these services. KW - Data collection KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Primary schools KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368332 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626655 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - CHESHER, G AU - FOX, A AU - GREELEY, J AU - LEMON, J AU - NABKE, C AU - University of New South Wales TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE "HANGOVER" EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE DOSE OF ALCOHOL ON PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE SN - 064251104 PY - 1992/01 SP - 76 p. AB - This report presents a review of the literature and reports the results of an investigation of the acute and hangover effects of ethanol on driving related skills, as well as focussing on "event-related potential" data recorded in a sub-group of subjects participating in the project. An earlier study had noted an impairment of a relatively simple reaction time task 3 hours after a dose of alcohol, and the current study was attempting to determine whether this effect would be observed in the more typical "morning after" situation. There were no statistically significant linear or higher order trends in the dose/response relationship during the hangover session in any of the tasks employed in this study. However this finding does not preclude the existence of a subjective "hangover" effect nor that performance on other tasks is affected by hangover, for reasons which are discussed in the report. KW - Alcohol use KW - Guides to the literature KW - Hangover KW - Human subject testing KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626647 JO - Publication of: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission PB - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission AU - Roy Morgan Research Centre Pty Ltd TI - COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TO ROAD SAFETY: COMMUNITY ATTITUDES SURVEY WAVE VI SN - 0642510849 PY - 1992/01 SP - 64 p. AB - In August 1991, the sixth in a series of national surveys on community attitudes to road safety was conducted. This report contains results from Wave VI and, where possible, comparative results since 1986. Issues covered in the survey include causes of road crashes, perceptions of police enforcement of road rules, attitudes to drink driving and random breath testing, driving behaviour, seat belt use and views held regarding various road user groups. KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Behavior KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Questionnaires KW - Random breath tests KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00584409 AU - WEISS, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING STANDARDS AND OTHER TIRE LABELING REQUIREMENTS PY - 1992/01 SP - 144 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Motor vehicles KW - Standards KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00580059 AU - NICKLES, J E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIGNAL WAVEFORM GENERATOR PERFORMANCE TEST PY - 1992/01 SP - 84 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Equipment KW - Testing KW - Waveguides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345130 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00618499 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Shuman, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASLEEP AT THE WHEEL PY - 1992/01 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-9 AB - It is noted that driver fatigue is a nationwide problem, and that falling asleep at the wheel may cause up to 6,500 fatalities yearly, i.e. about 13% of all crash-related deaths. Studies show that crashes peak between midnight and 6 a.m., with a secondary peak in the post-lunch siesta hour. Drivers are urged to plan trips in harmony with internal biological cycles. Idealy, driving schedules should allow for at least one block of anchor sleep at the same time each day. Staggered shifts around the clock are bad. A National Transportation Safety Board study of fatal truck-crash causes show that fatigue is the leading cause of crashes. Studies have also found that as many as 91 % of long-haul drivers violate federal hours-of-service rules. KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Sleep KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Work rules UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00618503 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Stadler, R L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TANK-TRUCK CRISIS PY - 1992/01 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-20 AB - Mobil Oil Corporation's MORAT (Mobil Operations Resposne Action Team) teams formed to train and respond to flammable liquid catastrophes in traffic are described. MORAT teams, which conduct rigorous traning across the nation, employ specialy equiped trucks and personnel. The goal of the Team's action is to safely and efficiently contain and remove the product, and clean up released product to protect the environment. The team consists of a leader, and 2 or 3 employees including a mechanic, driver, and a terminal operator. The article summarizes the traning procedures including the leaders role, and describes the response trailer. At-the-scene efforts are summarized, as well as the product recovery task. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Emergency response KW - Flammable liquids KW - Hazardous materials KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364129 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00618501 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE EARNS NHTSA GRANT PY - 1992/01 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - p. 15 AB - Although the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration offers funds to states for drunk driving programs, no state has met the criteria until New Mexico did so in 1991. The state earned a basic grant of $194,114 for two reasons: it reduced the time between drunk driving arrest and final suspension of driver license to 30 days (this earned a grant equal 20% of its annual federal highway funding); and it increaed self-sustaning community programs to reduce drunk driving. Another $434,507 was earned because its programs now reqires chemical testing of drivers involved in serious crashes when alcohol is suspect; prevents under-21-year-olds from obtaining alcohol; and prohibits alcohol in a motor vehicles. Other Department of Transportation requirements are noted including protection of students in wheelchairs, and drug tests for commercial truck and bus drivers. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Grant aid KW - Legal drinking age KW - New Mexico KW - Professional drivers KW - Testing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364127 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00618502 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Malone, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CADRE REMOVES ROADBLOCKS TO CRASH ANALYSIS PY - 1992/01 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-18 AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's recent program, Critical Automated Data Reporting Elements for Highway Safety Analysis (CADRE), is describeed. The program brings crash data analysis into the high tech age, standarizing data across states, and introducing uniformity in coding practices and compatible hardware and software. CADRE will combine crash site data with information from computer linked data bases to form a national 'superfile.' This file will be used for traffic safety analysis and research. Representatives from various disciplines were involved in the development of CADRE: police officers; automakers, university researchers, private consultants, Department of Transportation officials, governors' representatives, and records management administrators. KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Crash analysis KW - Data systems KW - Information systems KW - Standardization KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00618504 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Kinnan, J P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALL CHARGVED UP WITH SOME PLACE TO GO PY - 1992/01 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-24 AB - It is expected that environmental awareness and Clean Air Act mandates will promote the electric vehicle's acceptance among a future car-buying public. Some states have adopted tough regulations, and in California for example, 2% of each automaker's sales will have to be zero-emission vehicles by 1998, and 10% by 2003. Only electrically powered vehicles are lidkly to meet these standards. In the United States, General Motors has taken a temporary lead in the development of electric vehicles. GM's prototype vehicle, the front-wheel-drive Impact, is described. European automakers, Volkswagen, Renault, BMW, Fiat and others are also making their own electric vehicles. Car buyers, however, will be expected to pay a high price for these vehicles. Other major disadvantages are posed by batteries. The lead acid batteries used in the Impact weigh a lot, cost a lot, and will need repalcement after 20,000 miles. Also, they will need recharging after about 120 miles. Work is now in progress on faster-charging, longer-lasting batteries. KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Environmental protection KW - Europe KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364130 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00618500 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Scheier, R L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECT PRECIOUS CARGO PY - 1992/01 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-13 AB - The article urges greater public awareness of child safety systems and for stricter enforcement of child passenger safety laws. It is noted that when correctly used, safety seats cut the risk of a child's dying in a crash by 71%, and safety seats lower the risk of a chjild's being seriously injured by 67%. In 1990 alone, child restraints saved 193 lives under the age of five. Today, nearly 90% of infants are buckled. It is also noted that up to 92% of child safety seats are not correctly used. Studies at a corporate child care center in Florida found problems with 75% of the seats. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration grants for programs to enforce child passenger safety laws are noted. Help from interested organizations in the private sector are also noted. It is pointed out that police training and enforcement are also critical. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Laws KW - Police KW - Private enterprise KW - Training KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773672 AU - STEIN, ANTHONY C AU - Solomon, Randy A AU - Ziedman, David A AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF THE RADAR CONTROL SYSTEMS (RCS) RADAR ANTI- COLLISION WARNING SYSTEM PY - 1992 SP - vii, [75] p. AB - The purpose of this study is the evaluation of a radar-based anti- collision system. Quantitative analysis involved the verification of the system's displayed speed, range and closing rate; system's sensitivity to various vehicle types; and, system's ability to target through environmental conditions. Qualitative tests were under normal driving conditions on various roads. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Radar KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489697 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742411 JO - Publication of: Liikenneturva PB - Liikenneturva AU - Liikenneturva TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN FINLAND 1991 PY - 1992 SP - 45 p. AB - "Road Traffic Accidents in Finland in 1991", an annual statistical publication of Liikenneturva (the Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland), is now in its 37th volume. In essence the publication keeps to the same principles as those used previously. The references used consist of police data on road traffic accidents obtained from the Central Statistical Office. In part the publication has also been added to with material obtained by Liikenneturva. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721529 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - SWOV RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 1990/1991 PY - 1992 SP - 68 p. AB - This publication consists of four parts. The first part gives a brief history of the SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, discusses its philosophy and approach, and identifies SWOV's clients. The second section presents a summary of the Netherlands' official statistics for road accident victims in 1991. The major portion of this publication, the third section, presents the results of SWOV research in 1990-1991. The final section is a list of SWOV reports published in 1990-1991, followed by a list of related publications published by other institutes. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Documents KW - Highway safety KW - History KW - Institute for Road Safety Research (Netherlands) KW - Netherlands KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721336 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JULY 1, 1992 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1992 PY - 1992 SP - 37 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the third quarter of 1992 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 40 recall campaigns involving 1,955,184 domestic motor vehicles, 14 recall campaigns involving 1,376,109 foreign motor vehicles, 8 recall campaigns involving 1,922,092 units of domestic equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 30,000 units of foreign equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 1,000 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721317 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. APRIL 1, 1992 TO JUNE 30, 1992 PY - 1992 SP - 47 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related defect recall campaigns during the second quarter of 1992 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 34 recall campaigns involving 2,282,910 domestic motor vehicles, 17 recall campaigns involving 713,709 foreign motor vehicles, 7 recall campaigns involving 74,214 units of domestic equipment, no recall campaigns involving foreign equipment, 9 recall campaigns involving 190,839 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719439 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1992 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1992 SP - 49 p. AB - This publication provides a comprehensive source of motorcycle statistics. Included are statistics on market volume, manufacturers and distributors, the retail marketplace, motorcycle usage, and the motorcycle owner. Scooters and all terrain vehicles are included. Other national motorcycle organizations and State motorcycle dealer associations are listed and a subject index is provided. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Distributors KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Industries KW - Market research KW - Market volume KW - Marketing KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Retail trade KW - Sales KW - Scooters KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719444 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S., Inc. TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '92 SN - 0317050809 PY - 1992 SP - 96 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, trucks, and buses as of January 1, 1992. The contents are as follows: 1991 Overview; U.S. Production; Canada Production; Production by G.V.W.R.; Production by Body Type; Assembly by City/State; Factory Installations; World Production; U.S. Retail Sales; Canada Sales/Registrations; New Registrations; Total Registrations; Government Ownership; Vehicles in Use; Vehicles Retired From Use; World Registrations; U.S. Exports and Imports; World Automotive Trade; Materials; Automotive Color Popularity; New Car Buyers; Fleets; Operating Costs; Financing; Consumer Expenditures; Freight Expenditures; Gross Domestic Product; Licensed Drivers; Motor Vehicle Thefts; Profits; Motor Vehicle Output; Research and Development Expenditures; New Plant and Equipment Expenditures; Capacity Utilization; Employment; Compensation/Earnings; Personal Income; Automotive Businesses; Value of Product Shipments; New Car Dealers; Aftermarket Outlets; Highway-User Taxes; Highway Trust Fund; Highways; Travel; Fuel/Energy Consumption; Freight Ton-Miles; Pollution Control; Sources of Air Pollution; Fuel Economy; Fuel Prices; Regulations; Traffic Fatalities; Safety Belt Use Laws; and Index. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Development KW - Economics KW - Exports KW - Fatalities KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel prices KW - Fuels KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Imports KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Ownership KW - Prices KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Sales KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Theft KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719354 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY FOR 1991 PY - 1992 SP - 51 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1991. The contents are organized in the following sections: (1) Highlights and Historical Trends; (2) Geographical Locations; (3) Environmental Factors; (4) Motor Vehicle and Driver Characteristics; (5) Alcohol Related Collisions; (6) Pedestrian and Pedalcyclist Collisions; (7) Motorcycle Collisions; and (8) School Bus Collisions. KW - Arizona KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Human characteristics KW - Location KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00856473 AU - BURKE, W V AU - Hines, M H AU - STALNAKER, R L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAIN INJURY PREDICTION USING THE TRANSLATIONAL ENERGY CRITERION AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. PY - 1992 IS - PB95-179099 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brain KW - Crash injuries KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/521935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00838615 AU - PREUSSER, D W AU - Ulmer, Robert G AU - PREUSSER, C W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OBSTACLES TO ENFORCEMENT OF YOUTHFUL (UNDER 21) IMPAIRED DRIVING. PY - 1992 IS - PB93-185544 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Drunk driving KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25853/DOT-HS-808-878.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839730 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE A REPORT TO CONGRESS ON ALCOHOL LIMITS.. PY - 1992 IS - PB93-209161 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25889/DOT-HS-807-879.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625514 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY RESOURCE MANUAL PY - 1992 SP - 167 p. AB - This resource manual is intended for the child passenger safety advocate. It presents the most current technical information in the field and explores the many ways in which an advocate can and should address the issue of child passenger safety. The manual is organized in two sections: (I) Advocating for Child Passenger Safety and (II) The Facts About Child Passenger Safety. Section I contains the following chapters: (1) What Are We Up Against?; (2) The Child Passenger Safety Advocate; (3) Our Role As Diagnostician; (4) Our Role As Educator; (5) Our Role As Advocate; and (6) Keeping Interest Alive. Section II chapters are as follows: (1) What Happens in a Crash? A Crash Course on Crash Dynamics; (2) Principles of Crash Protection; (3) Choosing the Right Child Passenger Safety Device; (4) Correct Use of the Seat in the Car; (5) Child Safety Seat Compatibility with Vehicle Occupant Protection Systems and Vehicle Seats; (6) Correct Placement of the Child in the Safety Device; (7) Occupant Protection for Older Children; (8) Maintenance, Replacement, and Disposal of a Child Safety Seat; and (9) Special Cases. The last chapter includes children with special needs, such as premature infants or children in wheelchairs, and other forms of transportation, such as school buses and airplanes. KW - Airplanes KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Disposal KW - Dynamics KW - Education KW - Maintenance KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Replacing KW - Safety advocates KW - School buses KW - Selecting KW - Transportation safety KW - Utilization KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625518 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1991 TO DECEMBER 31, 1991 PY - 1992 SP - 208 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1991 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 175 recall campaigns involving 7,946,489 domestic motor vehicles, 53 recall campaigns involving 1,721, 675 foreign motor vehicles, 52 recall campaigns involving 6,851,561 units of domestic equipment, 4 recall campaigns involving 600,406 units of foreign equipment, 17 recall campaigns involving 153,726 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625519 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1992 TO MARCH 31, 1992 PY - 1992 SP - 31 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the first quarter of 1992 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 32 recall campaigns involving 1,301,289 domestic motor vehicles, 9 recall campaigns involving 1,342,073 foreign motor vehicles, 7 recall campaigns involving 935,334 units of domestic equipment, and 1 recall campaign involving 120 domestic tires. There were no recall campaigns involving foreign equipment and foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00826022 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DECEMBER 1992 NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING (3D) PREVENTION MONTH: PROGRAM PLANNER.. PY - 1992 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/516066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00826984 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN IN-SERVICE EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY, AND DURABILITY OF ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS (ABS) FOR HEAVY TRUCK TRACTORS. PY - 1992 IS - PB93-113207 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Evaluation KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/516550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629161 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM 1991. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON POLICE-REPORTED TRAFFIC CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1992 SP - 166 p. AB - This is the fourth annual report of overall crash statistics produced from data collected by the General Estimates System (GES). This report presents estimates of selected national characteristics about the estimated 6,110,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes that occurred in the United States in 1991. While the data presented are not intended to be an exhaustive look at every aspect of crashes, they are an overview of many of the factors involved in the Nation's crashes. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes that occur annually. These crashes include those which result in a fatality or injury and those involving major property damage. The data presented in this report are arranged in four sections. Section 1, TRENDS, presents data from all years of GES: 1988 through 1991. Section 2, CRASHES, describes general characteristics of crashes such as when and how often did crashes occur, where did crashes occur, and what happened during the crash. Section 3, VEHICLES, concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in crashes, their action prior to a crash, and the damage to the vehicle caused by the crash. Section 4, PEOPLE, presents statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians and pedalcyclists, including age, sex, alcohol involvement and injury severity. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash data KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369445 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626684 JO - Nordic Road and Transport Research PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - THE MOST EFFECTIVE ROAD SAFETY MEASURES: LOWERED SPEED LIMITS; MORE AUTOMATIC LAW ENFORCEMENT; HIGHER WEARING RATES FOR SEAT BELTS PY - 1992 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 17-19 AB - This article summarizes TOI-Rapport 0101/1991, entitled "Combinations of Road Safety Measures", by P. Christensen. The language of the original report is Norwegian. The purpose of the study was to identify the road safety measures that have to be implemented in order to reduce the number of accidents by 10 or 20% by 1998. Among the main conclusions of the study were the following: the speed limit on rural roads must be lowered from the present 80 km/h to 70 km/h; automatic speed enforcement must be substantially increased; the enforcement of seat belt wearing laws must be stepped up; and the largest motorcycles must be outlawed. KW - Automatic speed control KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Norway KW - Prevention KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626685 JO - Nordic Road and Transport Research PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - MAJOR INCREASE IN CYCLE HELMET USAGE - BUT ONLY AMONG CHILDREN PY - 1992 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 20-21 AB - This report summarizes VTI Meddelande 656, entitled "Usage of Bicycle Helmets in Sweden 1988-1990", by E. Wiren. The original report is in Swedish, with an English summary. The study found that the usage of cycle helmets in Sweden continues to increase among children: in 1990 over one third of children aged under 10 used a cycle helmet in their home area. Among adults, however, helmet usage has remained on a low level for several years, usually only a few percent. KW - Adults KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Helmets KW - Sweden KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371344 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626658 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Mackay, G M AU - MORRIS, A AU - Bradford, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NON-HEAD IMPACT CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES IN FRONTAL CAR CRASHES TO LAP-SHOULDER BELTED OCCUPANTS PY - 1992 SP - 12 p. AB - Crash injury reduction via lap-shoulder belt use has been well documented. As any interior car component, lap-shoulder belts may be related to injury in certain crashes. Relatively unknown is the fact that cervical fractures or fracture-dislocations to restrained front seat occupants occur where, in the crash, no head contact was evidenced by both medical records and car inspection. An extensive review of the available world's literature on car crash injuries revealed more than 100 such cases. A review of the NASS 80-88 was also conducted, revealing more examples. Cases from the authors' own files are also detailed. KW - Case studies KW - Cervical spine injuries KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guides to the literature KW - Injuries KW - Literature reviews KW - Manual safety belts KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371337 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626646 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Mackay, G M AU - MORRIS, A AU - Bradford, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CAR CRASHES AND NON-HEAD IMPACT CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN PY - 1992 SP - 8 p. AB - The effects of child safety seats have been well documented in the medical literature. Scattered throughout the medical literature are individual case reports of cervical injury to children restrained in child restraint systems. A review of the literature is provided identifying previous documented cases. The authors also provide new case details of children with cervical spine injury without head contact. An overview of the growth of the infant and specific details in the cervical spine that may contribute to significant cervical injury without head impact is presented. KW - Case studies KW - Cervical spine injuries KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626644 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Compton, C P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF PASSENGER CAR SIDE IMPACTS - CRASH LOCATION, INJURIES, AIS AND CONTACTS PY - 1992 SP - 15 p. AB - NASS 80-88 passenger side impacts data were analyzed. Location of primary car damage using the CDC classification, the AIS for injury severity studies, and the interior contacts of the various body areas were studied. Drivers alone, or with passengers were studied separately in both left and right side crashes. Direct impacts of the passenger compartment only are less frequent than to other CDC side zones. Driver interior contacts vary by body region but also by side impacted in the crash. The presence of an unrestrained front passenger appears to enhance driver injury level in left side crashes but the presence of a passenger, in right side crashes appears to moderate driver injury severity. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Damage location KW - Data analysis KW - Drivers KW - Impact KW - Impact caused injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passengers KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371332 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620466 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Compton, R P TI - POTENTIAL FOR REDUCTION IN DRUNK DRIVING THROUGH THE USE OF IGNITION INTERLOCK DEVICES PY - 1992 SP - 4 p. AB - This research note contains a summary of a report on the effectiveness and potential for application of ignition interlock devices to prohibit operation of motor vehicles by intoxicated and drugged drivers. The report contains an historical overview of the interest in alcohol ignition interlock devices and of the early development and research on different types of devices, a description of current technology and its use, the results of some laboratory testing of current devices, a description of current state legislative activity, a discussion of the problems this technology must overcome, and an assessment of their potential for preventing alcohol impaired driving. The full report, HS-807 281 (May 1988), is available from the National Technical Information Service. KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Development KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Laboratory tests KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364869 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620468 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Womble, K B TI - THE IMPACT OF MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS ON FATAL CRASH INVOLVEMENTS: AN UPDATE OF THE NHTSA ANALYSIS PY - 1992 SP - 3 p. AB - This study updates a 1985 NHTSA analysis of the impact Minimum Drinking Age Laws (MDA) have on traffic fatalities (HS-806 902, Nov. 1985). The 1985 study estimated that MDAs are 13% effective in reducing traffic fatalities involving drivers that were no longer legally permitted to consume alcohol. This updated analysis confirms the 13% estimate. Using more crash data, the analysis indicates that MDAs are 12% effective in reducing traffic fatalities involving affected drivers. The 12% estimate is consistent with the 13% estimate in that it is within the statistical range surrounding the 13% estimate. This research note describes the method used to calculate the estimate of MDA effectiveness and presents the estimated number of lives saved by MDAs for each year (1975-1987) as well as the cumulative number of lives saved. The conclusion is that MDAs saved between 977 to 1071 lives in 1987 and 7433 to 8142 lives cumulatively between 1975-1987. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Impacts KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364871 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620467 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Farina, A J TI - EFFECTS OF LOW DOSES OF ALCOHOL ON DRIVING SKILLS: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE PY - 1992 SP - 3 p. AB - This research note provides summary excerpts of a review of the experimental literature focusing on the effects of low doses of alcohol on driving skill. The review was conducted by Drs. Herbert Moskowitz and Christopher D. Robinson. They reviewed approximately 400 studies with the result that 178 studies provided the basis for this analysis of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels and impairing effects. The full report, HS-807 280 (June 1988), is available from the National Technical Information Service. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data analysis KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Guides to the literature KW - Impaired drivers KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716857 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: 1989-91 PASSENGER CARS, CARGO VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1991/12 SP - 23 p. AB - The collision coverage results for all vehicles produced in model years 1989-91 form the basis of this report. Results for all 1989-91 vehicles are included in the overall totals and in the separate totals for body style and size class subgroups in the detailed tables. Individual vehicle series results, however, appear only for those vehicles with 1991 models. Appendix A lists results for passenger cars that were not produced in the 1991 model year because they were discontinued. Also included in Appendix A are results for the earlier model years of passenger cars that were redesigned. Results are presented for passenger cars and separately for cargo vans, pickups, and utility vehicles for those series with at least 1,000 insured vehicle years of exposure. KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716847 AU - Hensher, D A AU - Battellino, H C AU - Gee, J L AU - Daniels, R F AU - University of Sydney TI - LONG DISTANCE TRUCK DRIVERS ON-ROAD PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC REWARD SN - 0642510687 PY - 1991/12 SP - 207 p. AB - This study was undertaken to explore the underlying factors influencing the on-road behavior of long distance truck drivers. A survey of 820 long distance truck drivers was conducted to collect the data for the study. Detailed information was obtained on the income of drivers, work routines in the industry, the incidence of schedules, and aspects of the driver's behavior such as propensity to speed and the use of stimulant drugs. An econometric modelling system was developed to analyze the linkages between on-road performance and the economic rewards associated with the overall trucking activity and the competitive forces operating in the industry. KW - Behavior KW - Competition KW - Data collection KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drug use KW - Econometric models KW - Economic benefits KW - Income KW - Intercity travel KW - Labor KW - Long distance travel KW - Personnel performance KW - Schedules KW - Speeding KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625498 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE ALLOCATION MANUAL: DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER AND ALLOCATION OF PERSONNEL FOR POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES FOR SHERIFFS' DEPARTMENTS. VERSION S3.0 PY - 1991/12 SP - 116 p. AB - This manual is designed to be used by sheriffs' agencies, or divisions within those agencies, whose mission includes the delivery of police traffic services. The manual is designed to help such agencies address two key resource allocation questions: (1) What is the total number of officers that are required to provide an acceptable level of service? and (2) How should a specified total number of officers be allocated by geographic regions or time periods to maximize agency productivity? This version of the manual is derived from earlier editions that were based on a review of procedures currently used by state and provincial agencies throughout the United States and Canada. It is anticipated that the manual will provide both immediate and long-range benefits. The procedures in the manual will provide agencies with a logical and explicit format in which to frame requests for additional personnel and/or staff allocation. In addition, it is anticipated that the manual will serve as a catalyst for stimulating further discussion and research in the area of staffing and allocation for law enforcement agencies. Version S3.0 of the manual consists of four chapters and two appendixes. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the purposes and uses of the manual. Chapter 2 describes the staffing and allocation model. Chapter 3 contains eight worksheets, each with instructions, that provide a step-by-step process for determining staffing levels. Chapter 4 contains one worksheet for determining staff allocation over several geographic areas or time periods. Appendixes A and B contain worksheets that can be used as alternatives or supplements to the procedures presented in Chapter 3. KW - Allocation models KW - Cost allocation KW - Level of service KW - Manuals KW - Maximization KW - Personnel KW - Police traffic services KW - Productivity KW - Selection and appointment KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625499 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THIS IS NHTSA PY - 1991/12 SP - 27 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA) was established by the Highway Safety Act of 1970, as the successor to the National Highway Safety Bureau, to carry out safety programs under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 and the Highway Safety Act of 1966. It also carries out consumer programs established by the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, enacted in 1972. This booklet outlines NHTSA's responsibilities and accomplishments. These are discussed under four subject headings: motor vehicle safety; traffic safety; research and safety information; and assisting the public. KW - Development KW - Information dissemination KW - Publicity KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625500 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUPIL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY GRANT ACTIVITIES. SUMMARY OF FY 1991 PY - 1991/12 SP - 18 p. AB - This document is the second and final report summarizing pupil transportation safety grant activities funded from Section 402 set-aside highway safety grants. The purpose is to provide overall information about what State and local governments are doing in FY 1991 to improve school bus and pupil safety. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) set aside $4.5 million in fiscal year 1990 and 1991 to encourage further enhancement of school bus safety. State and local governments responded enthusiastically by planning, programming, and obligating these funds to overcome identified problems and to improve school bus safety in their jurisdictions. The report is organized as follows: Introduction; Background; NHTSA Recommended Most Effective Countermeasures; NHTSA Recommended Effective Countermeasures; Summary of State Projects; and Description and Funding of School Bus Set-Aside Projects for FY 1991 (for each of the ten NHTSA regions). KW - Child safety KW - Countermeasures KW - Fund allocations KW - Grant aid KW - Local government KW - Safety KW - School buses KW - School children KW - School safety KW - Section 402 set-aside funds KW - State government KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634188 AU - SAUL, R A AU - ZUBY, D S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A FACIAL INJURY TEST PROCEDURE. PART I: FACIAL INJURY TEST DEVICE EVALUATION; PART II: NASS FACIAL INJURY ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/12 SP - 130 p. AB - The work described in this report was initiated amid concerns that increased belt usage would increase the frequency of facial injuries resulting from steering wheel contact. By 1986, three different devices had been developed to assess facial injuries. The Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) had developed a honeycomb test procedure and a safety steering wheel. Other devices were also being proposed by Transport Canada and Volvo/Collision Safety Engineering (CSE). The device proposed by Transport Canada was a methyl acrylic frangible dummy facial insert, while the Volvo/CSE device had piezoelectric pressure sensors incorporated into the dummy head form. These three devices were tested to determine their ability to assess injury under impact conditions which duplicated cadaver facial testing. Based on these tests, the TRRL procedure was selected for further evaluation. The TRRL honeycomb procedure was evaluated in both static and dynamic loadings. The procedure was then used to evaluate the TRRL safety steering wheel and production steering wheels. The honeycomb test procedure indicated that the safety steering wheel would be expected to produce fewer facial injuries than standard production wheels. Comparison with cadaver tests, however, indicated that the safety wheel provided little benefit over standard production wheels, bringing the validity of the TRRL honeycomb procedure into question. Finally, an analysis of the NASS 1981-85 accident data was conducted to reveal the facial injury severities and mechanisms which were occurring for belt-restrained drivers due to steering wheel contact. The results showed that more than 90% of all facial injuries were AIS 1 severity, that 20% of the injuries were facial fractures, and that 35% of the facial fractures were broken, fractured, or missing teeth. KW - Cadavers KW - Crash data KW - Crash injury research KW - Data analysis KW - Dummies KW - Face KW - Facial injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury research KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Piezoelectric sensors KW - Piezoelectric transducers KW - Sensors KW - Steering wheels KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626669 AU - Cavallo, A AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - TRENDS IN DRIVER ATTITUDES TO SPEEDING SN - 0730622258 PY - 1991/12 SP - 70 p. AB - Driver interviews were undertaken between 1987 and 1991 to monitor the effects of speed management initiatives, particularly the introduction of 110 km/h speed zones on high standard sections of urban and rural freeways and highways in June 1987. A major Speed Camera Program was also launched in May 1990. The results of these surveys are presented in this report. The surveys obtained information on drivers' intended speed behaviour, their perception of the likelihood of being detected for speeding, the penalty associated with speeding and their perception of the danger of excessive speeding. Drivers responded in relation to one of three specific road environments: rural freeways, urban arterials and residential streets. Additional questions were asked in the last three surveys relating to driver definitions of the term "speeding", the influence of surrounding traffic speeds on driver perceptions of "speeding" and "dangerous speeds" and their opinions about appropriate penalties for different speeding violations. KW - Arterial highways KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Interviewing KW - Penalties KW - Perception KW - Residential roads KW - Residential streets KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Speeding KW - Streets KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626653 AU - Williams, M AU - Green, P AU - Paelke, G AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF WARNINGS FOR AUTOMOTIVE LIFTS PY - 1991/12 SP - 66 p. AB - Based on previous UMTRI research on warnings and the human factors literature, warning design guidelines were written for automotive lifts (garage hoists). They included general guidelines (2), legibility rules (6), understandability rules (12), and text rules (5). In addition to the rules, information was provided on the literature supporting each rule as well as comments on how the rules should be applied. Using these guidelines, both graphics and associated text were developed for 56 new warning labels based on draft labels from Safety Management Consultants, Inc. They were for four lift types (Hinged frame-engaging, In-ground, Surface-mounted wheel-engaging, and Movable wheel-engaging). In addition, 16 warnings obtained from previous UMTRI research on two-post surface-mounted lifts were re-examined. Warnings included "Do not operate a damaged lift," "Avoid excessive rocking of vehicle while on lift," "Do not remove oil fill plug before reading manufacturer's manuals," and so forth. KW - Automotive lifts KW - Graphics KW - Guidelines KW - Hoists KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information content KW - Information organization KW - Legibility KW - Signs KW - Symbols KW - Warning labels KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721338 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 315 DEG MOVING POLE BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1987 VOLKSWAGEN GOLF 3-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1991/11 SP - 141 p. AB - Three 315 deg moving pole barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1987 Volkswagen Golf 3-door hatchback, VIN 1VWFA9171HV073302. The tests conducted were as follows: Test No. 911010-1: 10/10/91 at time=1315, 15.9 mph (25.6 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 4.5 in. (11.4 cm); Test No. 911010-2: 10/10/91 at time=1410, 33.3 mph (53.6 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 17.9 in. (45.5 cm); and Test No. 911010-3: 10/10/91 at time=1513, 33.1 mph (53.3 kph), maximum cumulative crush: 25.2 in. (64.0 cm). KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619214 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM 1990. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON POLICE-REPORTED TRAFFIC CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1991/11 SP - 162 p. AB - This is the third annual report of overall crash statistics produced from data collected by the General Estimates System (GES). This report presents estimates of selected national characteristics about the estimated 6,462,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes that occurred in the United States in 1990. While the data presented are not intended to be an exhaustive look at every aspect of crashes, they are an overview of many of the factors involved in the Nation's crashes. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes which occur annually. These crashes include those which result in a fatality or injury and those involving major property damage. The data in this report are arranged in three sections. Section I, Crashes, describes general characteristics of crashes such as when and how often did crashes occur, where did crashes occur, and what happened during the crash. Section II, Vehicles, concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in crashes, their action prior to a crash, and the damage to the vehicle caused by the crash. Section III, People, presents statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians and pedal-cyclists, including age, sex, alcohol involvement and injury severity. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716846 AU - Campbell, K L AU - Sullivan, K P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - HEAVY TRUCK CAB SAFETY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/11 SP - 55 p. AB - Nearly 1000 occupants of large trucks die each year in traffic accidents. Examination of yearly trends shows about a 25% decline in tractor-driver fatalities from 674 in 1984 to 508 in 1987. Over that same period of time, restraint use by tractor drivers involved in fatal accidents increased from 9.6% to 37.3%. The primary factors associated with tractor driver fatalities remain the same as identified in earlier studies. About 80% are single vehicle accidents. Rollover is identified as the most harmful event in 41.4% and frontal impact is the most harmful event in 40.3%. Thirty-four percent of the fatally-injured tractor drivers were ejected and 21.5% required extrication. Fire on the truck was associated with 16.2% of the tractor driver fatalities. The recent TIFA data on restrained truck drivers indicates that restraint use reduces the probability of fatality by 77%. However, this estimate must be tempered by the evidence of over-reporting of restraint use on police accident reports. Information obtained through a review of 186 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reports on truck driver fatalities in eight states indicated that there was not sufficient occupant survival space in about 65% of the collisions examined. Forty-two percent were judged to be not survivable because of the severity of the impact. Restraint use alone appears sufficient to alter the outcome of only about 27%. Cab structural modifications sufficient to maintain adequate survival space, particularly in rollover, will be required in order to address an additional 23% that appeared survivable. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Impact severity KW - Injury severity KW - Restraint systems KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Survival KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634185 AU - WILLKE, D T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPPER INTERIOR HEAD PROTECTION. VOLUME II: FLEET CHARACTERIZATION AND COUNTERMEASURE EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/11 SP - 50 p. AB - About 4000 fatalities and 9300 serious injuries result each year from occupants' heads striking various upper interior structures. The magnitude of the problem has prompted both the Government and industry to address the issue of reducing head injuries due to contact with these structures. Over the last several years, the Research and Development arm of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has conducted extensive research on the subject. The report, which is divided into two volumes, contains the results and findings from much of the work. A research test procedure for use in evaluating the potential for head injury due to impacts with vehicle upper interior structures is presented in Volume 1. This includes a discussion of the selection of a free-motion headform, as well as the results and analysis of testing done in the development of the component test procedure. Presented in Volume 2 are the results of tests conducted to estimate the potential for head injury in the current U.S. passenger vehicle fleet. The results of tests to evaluate the effectiveness of padding as a countermeasure are also included. All these tests were conducted following the research test procedure described in Volume 1. KW - Countermeasures KW - Fleet management KW - Fleet statistics KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Head protection KW - Impact KW - Impact caused injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Test evaluation KW - Tests KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634186 AU - WILLKE, D T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPPER INTERIOR HEAD PROTECTION. VOLUME I: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH TEST PROCEDURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/11 SP - 83 p. AB - About 4000 fatalities and 9300 serious injuries result each year from occupants' heads striking various upper interior structures. The magnitude of the problem has prompted both the government and industry to address the issue of reducing head injuries due to contacts with these structures. The report is divided into two volumes. A research test procedure for use in evaluating the potential for head injury due to impacts with vehicle upper interior structure is presented in this volume. KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Personal injury KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626670 AU - ROGERSON, P AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - TRIAL OF A SPEED INFORMATION SIGN SN - 0730621537 PY - 1991/11 SP - 91 p. AB - This trial was proposed in 1988 by The Speed Management Strategy Implementation Committee of Victoria, with representatives from VIC ROADS, Victoria Police and the Transport Accident Commission. It was to determine the effect on vehicle speeds of two electronic signs displaying: "DRIVERS NOT SPEEDING LAST WEEK --%". The signs were placed facing both directions of traffic on Beach Road, Sandringham, near the junction with New Street, from 19 March to 21 May 1990. Vehicle speed was measured using the Golder River Traffic Classifiers. The trial was based on the premiss that reduced speed results in reduced accident injury and possibly fewer road accidents. It was found that when the sign was up, fewer vehicles exceeded the speed limit of 60 km/h. The greatest effect was the reduction in the percentage of vehicles exceeding 90 km/h but as in previous studies, vehicle speeds increased again on removal of the sign. It is not recommended that this sign be used again unless the procedure is simplified in a cost effective way and associated factors investigated. KW - Driver information systems KW - Impact studies KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Speed control KW - Speed reduction KW - Speed signs KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Variable message signs KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626662 AU - Arup Transportation Planning TI - RESTRAINT USE SURVEY RURAL OPEN ROAD VICTORIA 1990-91 SN - 0730621618 PY - 1991/11 SP - 63 p. AB - The survey consists of two stages: (i) a pilot study designed to test and refine the methodology; and (ii) the main survey to provide detailed information on restraint wearing rates. This report describes the pilot study: methodology used, sampling and collection rates, seat belt wearing rates, and vehicle and driver profiles. It also provides details of the practical problems encountered during the pilot study and the recommended approach for the conduct of the main survey. The results of the main survey include descriptions of the adopted survey methodology and survey program, presentation of detailed seat belt wearing rates for important categories, comparisons with weekend data, and references to results obtained from other recent rural Victorian seat-belt surveys. 28,594 vehicles were observed over 15 sites. 48,789 usable occupant observations were recorded. It was found that overall seat belt wearing rate on the open road in Victoria was 95.7%. Significant differences in seat belt wearing rates occurred with seating position, age, belt type and vehicle type. In comparison with the most recent Victorian rural town surveys, it appears that seat belt wearing rates on rural open roads are similar to wearing rates in rural towns. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Surveys KW - Towns KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle type KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623558 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Dulles, W AU - AAA Potomac TI - A DRIVER'S MOST DANGEROUS FOUR SECONDS PY - 1991/11 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - p. 10-11 AB - Driving through an intersection takes at least four seconds--your most vulnerable moments as a driver. This article explains how to survive them safely. Six steps are outlined that will reduce your risk of an intersection collision: (1) Prepare as you approach the intersection; (2) Look left - right - left; (3) Scan for pedestrians; (4) Time your entry into the intersection carefully; (5) Plan an escape route; and (6) Communicate with others. KW - Driving KW - Intersections KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00584219 AU - Allen, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR (NADS) REQUIREMENT STUDY PY - 1991/11 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345228 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743739 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Shuman, M AU - National Safety Council TI - FUEL-TANK SAFETY BURSTS WITH ACTIVITY: COMPANIES HAVE DISCOVERED HOW TO TAME THE TIGER IN THE TANK PY - 1991/10 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - p. 22-24 AB - School buses are now able to use a fuel tank that simply will not explode. The tanks are made with an aluminum alloy that includes traces of copper and manganese. The inserts (baffles) on the fuel tank diminish the risk of explosion and uncontrolled fire. For now, these fuel tanks are available only for school buses. However, federal standards are available for other motor vehicle fuel tanks, regulating the location of the tanks, and the integrity of the fuel system. Automakers are looking to improve the safety of their fuel tanks. Ford Motor Company is experimenting with a flexible bladder that can fit inside a fuel tank. Mercedes Benz equips all cars except station wagons with fuel tanks mounted above the rear axle, separated from passenger compartments by a steel bulkhead. KW - Automobile safety standards KW - Explosions KW - Failure KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Fuel tank location KW - Fuel tank rupture KW - Fuel tanks KW - Location KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger cars KW - Passenger compartments KW - Safety KW - School buses KW - School safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742045 AU - Jones, R K AU - Lacey, J H AU - Mid America Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF COUNTERMEASURES TO REDUCE ALCOHOL IMPAIRED DRIVING (1980-1989). FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II - INDIVIDUAL ANALYSES AND ASSESSMENTS PY - 1991/10 SP - 142 p. AB - This two-volume report documents the results of an extensive review and analysis of impact evaluations of alcohol-traffic crash countermeasures. Evaluations published since 1980 are covered by the review. Volume I presents a synthesis of the findings on the impact of three major classes of countermeasures: (1) restricting alcohol availability, (2) deterring and incapacitating drunk drivers, and (3) treating and rehabilitating drunk drivers. Volume II contains summaries of the assessments of individual evaluations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Impact studies KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Restrictions KW - Safety KW - Supply KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742044 AU - Jones, R K AU - Lacey, J H AU - Mid America Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF COUNTERMEASURES TO REDUCE ALCOHOL IMPAIRED DRIVING (1980-1989). FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I - SYNTHESIS PY - 1991/10 SP - 92 p. AB - This two-volume report documents the results of an extensive review and analysis of impact evaluations of alcohol-traffic crash countermeasures. Evaluations published since 1980 are covered by the review. Volume I presents a synthesis of the findings on the impact of three major classes of countermeasures: (1) restricting alcohol availability, (2) deterring and incapacitating drunk drivers, and (3) treating and rehabilitating drunk drivers. Volume II contains summaries of the assessments of individual evaluations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Impact studies KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Restrictions KW - Safety KW - Supply KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719437 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1990 CRC DRIVEABILITY WORKSHOP PY - 1991/10 SP - 34 p. AB - A driveability workshop was sponsored by the Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) October 9-12, 1990, at Renegade Raceway in Yakima, Washington. The workshop was conducted in response to interest expressed by members of the CRC Volatility Group. Thirty-three raters, technicians, and engineers attended the workshop. Training was accomplished through a handout manual, seminars using the manual, discussions, and actual track testing. Objectives were (1) to train novice driver-raters, (2) to improve the skills of trained driver-raters in using the CRC Cold-Start and Warmup Driveability Procedure to make its interpretation within industry more uniform, (3) to introduce and document a uniform method to test manual transmission vehicles with the CRC procedure, and (4) to provide interpretations and definitions of the terminology used in the procedure to develop more uniform use of the terms within industry. An additional objective was to identify areas in the procedure which required updating or revising. This workshop report is presented in the following sections: (I) Introduction; (II) Objective; (III) Test Vehicles; (IV) Test Fuel; (V) Test Program; (VI) Data Analysis; (VII) Conclusions; and (VIII) Recommendations for Future Rating Workshops. Appendix A contains a list of Workshop Participants, Appendix B the Workshop Program, and Appendix C the Workshop Training Procedures, Definitions, and Data Sheets. KW - Definitions KW - Driveability KW - Motor skills KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Training KW - Vehicle tests KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625497 AU - Klein, T M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL CRASHES 1990. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1991/10 SP - 30 p. AB - This report presents estimates of alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes that occurred during 1990. The data are abstracted from FARS and represent a combination of actual blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test results and estimated BAC distributions for those drivers and nonoccupants for whom no BAC test results are available. The estimates are made using a model developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In 1990, 39.8% of all fatal crashes involved a driver or nonoccupant with BAC of 0.10 or greater (in this report a BAC of 0.10 or greater is synonymous with intoxication). This represents a 14% reduction compared to 1982, when 46.1% of all fatal crashes involved an intoxicated active participant. Occupant fatalities resulting from crashes involving an intoxicated driver or nonoccupant totalled 14,647. About one-half (50.1%) of the occupant fatalities in single-vehicle crashes involved an intoxicated driver, compared with 29.3% of the occupant fatalities in multi-vehicle crashes. An estimated 40.8% of the fatalities in nonoccupant crashes involved an intoxicated driver or nonoccupant. More than two-thirds (70.8%) of the fatally injured drivers in single-vehicle fatal crashes on weekend nights were drunk. Overall, male drivers involved in fatal crashes were almost twice as likely as female drivers to be drunk (27.8% vs. 13.9%, respectively). Drivers of age 21-24 years exhibited the highest rates of intoxication (34.7%) followed by drivers of age 25-29 (34.0%). Drivers of age 16-20 years were intoxicated 21.2% of the time. Between 1982 and 1990, estimated reductions in the proportion of intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes are 20% for drivers of passenger cars, 15% for light trucks and vans, 34% for medium trucks, 44% for heavy trucks, and 3% for motorcycles. Drivers of motorcycles continue to exhibit a high rate of intoxication in fatal crashes, with 39.4% of involved drivers exhibiting a BAC of at least 0.10, compared to 29.2% for drivers of light trucks and vans, and 24.4% for drivers of passenger cars. KW - Age KW - Automobile drivers KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Motorcyclists KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck drivers KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626691 AU - Insurance Research Council TI - PUBLIC ATTITUDE MONITOR 1991: A SURVEY OF PUBLIC ATTITUDES ON INSURANCE FRAUD, WORKERS' COMPENSATION, TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS AND DRIVER IMPROVEMENT COURSES, FINANCIAL STABILITY AND INSOLVENCY, AND OTHER INSURANCE TOPICS PY - 1991/10 SP - 58 p. AB - This edition of the Public Attitude Monitor (PAM) series reports findings from the Insurance Research Council's twelfth annual survey of public opinion on issues affecting the property-casualty insurance industry. The 1991 edition surveyed the public's attitudes regarding a variety of insurance issues, including fraudulent or controversial auto insurance application and claim activities, awareness of workers' compensation policies and likelihood of hiring a lawyer for a workers' compensation claim, acceptability of speeding and effectiveness of driver improvement courses, and consumer confidence in the financial stability of a variety of industries. In addition, PAM 1991 continues to follow trends in the number of licensed vehicles, the percentage of vehicles reported uninsured, and attitudes toward the cost of auto insurance. A copy of the 1991 PAM questionnaire is contained in Appendix 1. Appendix 2 provides a description of the sampling methodology used by the Roper Organization, Inc. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile insurance KW - Awareness KW - Capital KW - Data collection KW - Driver improvement courses KW - Effectiveness KW - Financial stability KW - Fraud KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Insurance rates KW - Interviewing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle licensing KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Speeding KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Uninsured motorists KW - Workers compensation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00583990 AU - Klein, T M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES, 1990 PY - 1991/10 SP - 24 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620583 AU - Womack, K N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1991 SURVEY OF CHILD RESTRAINT USE IN FOURTEEN TEXAS CITIES. FINAL REPORT (DRAFT COPY) PY - 1991/10 SP - 22 p. AB - Beginning in 1983, the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) collected observational data on the use of child restraints in a sample of Texas cities for the Texas Department of Transportation. This report presents the results of the 1991 survey, and compares these findings to the results of the earlier surveys. The survey, conducted in 14 Texas cities, revealed that 54.1% of the 12,735 children observed were correctly restrained in a child safety seat or adult safety belt. The remainder of the child passengers were restrained incorrectly (4.6%) or not restrained at all (41.4%). The percentage of child restraint use varied from 31.5% to 78% across cities. Eight of the 14 cities showed significant increases in child restraint use from 1990. A decrease was observed in El Paso. The remainder did not show a significant change from the previous year. In combination, these changes represent a significant increase from 1990 of 6.0% in correct child safety seat and adult lap belt use and a significant decrease of 5.3% in the total number of children riding unrestrained. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Cities KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Misuse KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620582 AU - Lago, J AU - PROKOP, G AU - Washington Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEXAS SAFETY BELT USAGE SURVEY--OCTOBER 1991. MEMORANDUM PY - 1991/09/30 SP - 9 p. AB - The purpose of this memorandum is to summarize the methodology and procedures followed, and report the findings from the Texas Safety Belt Usage Survey. The survey was designed by the Washington Consulting Group (WCG) for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The observational survey was conducted from July 18 through August 6, 1991. The results pertain only to daytime and weekday usage. Also, the survey was restricted to the driver and the outboard (closest to the window) passenger. The results are based on 337 observations. The estimated overall safety belt usage rate was determined to be 62%. Although the survey was designed to satisfy the precision requirement of the overall State estimate, the total sample size is large enough to allow estimates by subgroups such as region, type of road, traveling speed, and time of day. These estimates are presented in tabular format. KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Front seats KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103678 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Police Allocation Manual User's Guide: Determination of the Number and Allocation of Personnel for Police Traffic Services for Sheriffs' Departments. Version S3.0 PY - 1991/09 SP - 150p AB - The Police Allocation Manual User's Guide is intended as a companion document to the Police Allocation Manual (PAM), Version S3.0, which can be used to determine the number and allocation of personnel for police traffic services for sheriff's departments. The procedures described in the Manual for determining the number of personnel are based on an analysis of deputy workload in terms of the amount of time required to complete various tasks. It is important to note that the Guide has been written for use as a reference document to assist both first-time and experienced Manual users. It is anticipated that no one will study this document section a section, front to back. Rather, it is expected that the Guide will be used as questions about data definitions, data collection, and the use of particular worksheets arise. First-time users will probably be most interested in the general implementation strategies discussed in Section 2 and the recommended procedure outlined in Section 4. More experienced users will likely find that they will refer to the information on data definitions and collection in Section 3. KW - Budgeting KW - Data collection KW - Manuals KW - Police departments KW - Police operations KW - Police patrol KW - Resource allocation KW - Traffic patrol UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19500/19518/PB2002107510.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622672 AU - Young, Y R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR ACCELERATION PERFORMANCE OF LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/09 SP - 32 p. AB - This study provides a concise and convenient algorithmic method for calculating 0 - 60 mph acceleration time for recent passenger cars and light trucks based on their horsepower-to-weight ratios. The quantitative conclusions reached in this work are in reasonably close agreement with the conclusions made by Malliaris, Hsia, and Gould in their 1976 SAE paper. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Horsepower KW - Light trucks KW - Regression analysis KW - Time KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721350 AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN MODIFICATION FOR A 1989 NISSAN PICKUP. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/09 SP - 67 p. AB - The upper cab structure of a 1989 Nissan pickup was carefully measured, and a finite element method (FEM) computer model was generated. Three design iterations of modifications to the upper cab structure of a simplified FEM model were proposed and evaluated. The report concludes that up to 30% improvement in roof crush strength can be achieved by modifications to the A- and B-pillars and to roof header. Specifically, the modifications included the addition of a "Z-member" to the A-pillar, a "hat section" reinforcement at two locations on the B-pillar, an increase in thickness of the existing B-pillar inner component, and an increase of the thickness of the rear roof header. Additional improvements may be possible but would require further analysis. KW - Cab design KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Crush strength KW - Finite element method KW - Pickup trucks KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roof supports KW - Roofs KW - Simulation KW - Structural supports KW - Thickness KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459165 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716871 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Shults, J D AU - National Safety Council TI - MOTORCYCLISTS REV UP FOR SAFE DRIVING: STATE PROGRAMS TRAIN DRIVERS TO VEER CLEAR OF CRASHES PY - 1991/09 VL - 91 IS - 5 SP - p. 12-15 AB - The Motorcycle Safety Foundation, a non-profit organization, launched its Beginning Rider Course in 1973. By 1990, more than 87,000 people had completed MSF motorcycle rider training courses. MSF has helped establish and support rider training nationwide. A state motor-vehicle agency or department of transportation usually administers the rider education program, with MSF providing training curriculum materials and technical assistance. To have riders stay alive on the streets is the ultimate objective of MSF's Motorcycle Rider Course. Students learn riding skills and the fundamental principles of operating a motorcycle. The course addresses road situations that pose particular problems to cyclists and warns riders of the impact of alcohol and drugs on riding skills. Instructors are experienced motorcyclists. The average student is about 30 years old and females often make up a third or more of the class. Families often take the class together. Local motorcycle dealers tend to be enthusiastic supporters of local Motorcycle Rider Courses and many provide some financial or product support for the courses. Constant research, development and revision have kept MSF's programs up-to-date. State licensing agencies often recognize the Motorcycle Rider Course. In fact, 18 states waive all or portions of the licensing tests if an applicant has successfully completed training. KW - Driver training KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcycle driving KW - Motorcycle handling KW - Motorcycle operator education KW - Motorcycle riding techniques KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716858 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE INJURY REPORT: 1988-90 PASSENGER CARS, CARGO VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1991/09 SP - 15 p. AB - Results are presented in two sections: The first summarizes the results for 1988-90 passenger vehicles and the second for 1988-90 cargo vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. The frequency of all injury claims and the frequencies of claims with medical payments exceeding $250, $500, and $1,000 are shown for those vehicles with sufficient exposure. Each claim frequency result, whether for passenger cars, cargo vans, pickups, or utility vehicles, is presented in relative terms, with 100 representing the claim frequency for all passenger cars combined in each claim size category. KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Passenger cars KW - Personal injury KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625513 AU - Weir, D H AU - Heffley, R K AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR (NADS) REQUIREMENTS STUDY. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1991/09 SP - 12 p. AB - Potential users of an envisioned National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) were identified and surveyed. The NADS is planned to be a high level state-of-the-art research driving simulator. Organizations surveyed included examples from the vehicle and component manufacturers, the government, and research groups. More than 30 on-site interviews were conducted during the winter and spring of 1991. Oral presentations were made using an overhead projector and a short video. The survey forms were distributed, and returned by mail for analysis. The main areas of interest for these potential users were shown to be vehicle safety, driver/vehicle interaction and human factors, and vehicle and component design and development. The potential users surveyed indicated hourly cost ranges for simulator use, and the results suggest that the government research organizations are currently willing to accept a NADS cost range of as much as $2,000 per hour. Other potential users indicated a target cost range on the order of $1,000 per hour, while some placed the value at or below $500 per hour. Tentative research priorities were identified from the survey results. Illustrative research problem statements and estimated cost comparisons considering simulator and full scale research methodologies were made. The example comparisons chosen favored the use of an intermediate to high end simulator methodology. In general, the estimated research study costs and durations were about the same, or favored the simulator. The limitations favored the simulator approach, and some studies would pose an unacceptable risk with a full scale test. KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors KW - Human machine systems KW - Interviewing KW - National Advanced Driving Simulator KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Surveys KW - Users KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626672 AU - Blower, D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, CODEBOOK 1980-88, BY POWER UNIT TYPE (VERSION JULY 13, 1991). SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1991/09 SP - 132 p. AB - This report provides frequencies by power unit type for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1980-88. This file combines the coverage of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data with the detail of the Office of Motor Carriers (OMC) data. Where no OMC report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain company type information and a detailed physical description of the truck and cargo involved. The data for 1987 and 1988 are based on a sample of cases; cases for 1980-86 include all trucks involved in a fatal accident in the continental United States. Overall, a total of 5,056 medium and heavy trucks were involved in fatal accidents in 1980, 5,244 in 1981, 4,719 in 1982, 4,944 in 1983, 5,311 in 1984, 5,394 in 1985, 5,244 in 1986, 5,275 in 1987, and 5,467 in 1988. The 46,654 vehicles found to be medium and heavy trucks were divided into 12,653 straight trucks and 33,210 tractors. The power unit type of 791 vehicles could not be determined. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626665 AU - Fancher, P AU - Winkler, C AU - Bogard, S AU - Bareket, Z AU - Mink, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - A TEST PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE OBSTACLE EVASION PERFORMANCE OF HEAVY TRUCKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/09 SP - 36 p. AB - This report contains the statement of a test procedure for evaluating the performance of multi-articulated heavy trucks in a sudden swerving maneuver. Rearward amplification between the motion of the lead unit (truck or tractor) and that of the last trailer is used to quantify performance in this maneuver. The statement of the procedure has sections on the purpose, scope, test course, vehicle condition and preparations, instrumentation requirements, data gathering and processing, proper execution of the test maneuver, analysis of the data, and interpretation of the results. Three appendices provide detailed information on the test course, the definition of the vehicle being tested, and outriggers for preventing rollover. KW - Data collection KW - Double trailers KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Obstacle evasion KW - Offtracking KW - Performance evaluations KW - Swerving KW - Test procedures KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626666 AU - Anthony, S AU - Wilcock, C AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION IN VICTORIA. VOLUME 1: EARLY CHILDHOOD CENTRES 1990 SN - 0730613828 PY - 1991/09 SP - 48 p. AB - The early childhood survey was conducted by VIC ROADS to establish the extent to which traffic safety education has been included in the activities of Victorian pre-schools and child care centres. The survey was also used to determine the level of usage of the Starting Out Safely program (SOS), the value of this and other materials to staff, and to identify resources which may require change. This report has been provided from responses by 92 early childhood centres. The majority of the centres surveyed carry out some sort of traffic safety education within their centres. An overwhelming majority of staff believe traffic safety education is important. Of the centres surveyed, 55% indicated they are using the SOS program. Of the centres that indicated they were not using the program, the main reasons indicated were pressure of other demands, the program was too costly, or that centres were unaware of, or unfamiliar with the SOS program. Those using the program rated the components as easy to use. Overall respondents indicated that the program was worthwhile, valuable, and a good source of support. Although staff at the majority of centres (72%) were aware of the Traffic Safety Education consultancy services offered by VIC ROADS, very few (24%) had used these services. However, 39% indicated that they would like a consultant to call. The speaker at parent information nights was found to be the most popular aspect of the consultancy service. KW - Child care centers KW - Data collection KW - Preschool children KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623507 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - HOLUBOWYCZ, O T AU - McLean, A J AU - McCaul, K A AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - A NEW METHOD OF BREATH TESTING THE GENERAL DRIVING POPULATION PY - 1991/09 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - p. 474-477 AB - The efficacy of drinking-driving countermeasures can be assessed in several ways, including reported changes in attitudes and behavioral intent as well as changes in crash rates. However, few studies have examined the changes in actual drinking-driving behavior. A method of surveying the blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of drivers, without either police intervention or disruption to traffic flow, was developed in South Australia. This method, which has been used successfully to test approximately 50,000 drivers, is described in detail. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Australia KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622671 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NOTEWORTHY STATE AND COMMUNITY HIGHWAY SAFETY PROJECTS PY - 1991/09 SP - 27 p. AB - This report examines significant Federal/State/local partnership projects enabled through Section 402 of the Highway Safety Act of 1966, as amended. The projects are: California's Safety Belt Task Force; New Jersey's Municipal Court Automated Traffic System; Oregon's Traffic Offender Probation Supervision (TOPS) Enhancement; Texas's Selective Traffic Enforcement Project (STEP) Laredo; Pennsylvania's Underage Drinking Law; Michigan's U.S. 31 SAVE Shoreline Area Vehicle Enforcement; South Dakota's Occupant Protection Program; North Carolina's Greensboro Community Traffic Safety Program; Nebraska's Lincoln Traffic Safety Project; Connecticut's Motorcycle Rider Education Program; and Selected Emergency Medical Service Projects. KW - Communication systems KW - Courts KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver education KW - Federal government KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Legal drinking age KW - Local government KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Partnerships KW - Probation KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Selective traffic enforcement program KW - State government KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622674 AU - Jones, R K AU - Joksch, H C AU - Wiliszowski, C H AU - Mid-America Research Institute, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPLIED CONSENT REFUSAL IMPACT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/09 SP - 108 p. AB - This report examines the extent to which persons suspected of DWI refuse to take a chemical test as required by law, describes implied consent laws in 50 States, analyzes the relation of law features to refusal rate, and analyzes the characteristics of test refusers in four States. The report concludes that there is a potential test-refusal problem in the U.S. to the extent that 2% to 71% of drivers arrested for DWI in 1987 refused to take a chemical test. The report recommends strong traffic law system action against refusers to include criminal sanctions for some "hard core" refusers. Other potential actions include treatment and public information and education initiatives. KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Human characteristics KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Laws KW - Recommendations KW - Refusal KW - Sanctions KW - Treatment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25898/DOT-HS-807-765.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00584220 AU - Weir, D H AU - Heffley, R K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR (NADS) REQUIREMENT STUDY.: VOLUME II, FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1991/09 SP - 241 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622666 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOME FACTS ABOUT SAFETY BELTS THAT COULD SAVE YOUR LIFE PY - 1991/09 SP - 2 p. AB - This pamphlet presents seven specific facts about safety belts. Briefly stated these are: 1) Most serious crashes involve impact speeds of less than 35 mph; 2) Three out of four crashes causing death occur within 25 miles of home; 3) You are four times more likely to be killed or seriously injured if you are thrown from the car; 4) Less than one half of 1% of all injury-producing collisions involve fire or submersion, but if such an accident occurs, you are more likely to be unhurt, alert and capable of escaping quickly if you are wearing a safety belt; 5) All belts are designed to let you reach necessary driving controls; 6) A lap belt greatly reduces your chances of being seriously injured, and the addition of a shoulder belt provides even more protection; and 7) Safety belts plus air bags are the "winning combination." The reverse side of this pamphlet contains some facts about drinking and driving. KW - Air bags KW - Design KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fires KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Submersion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620581 AU - Womack, K N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1991 SURVEY OF FRONT SEAT OCCUPANT RESTRAINT USE IN EIGHTEEN TEXAS CITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/09 SP - 29 p. AB - In order to assess changes in occupant restraint use following passage of the mandatory belt use law (MUL) and to provide current usage rates, the Texas Transportation Institute has conducted observational surveys each year since 1985 when the MUL went into effect. From 1986 through 1990, data were collected at two intervals (in January and in June) annually. The 1991 survey was conducted during the time period between May 28 and June 12. This report presents the results of the 1991 survey, and compares these findings with the results of previous surveys. In summary, 1991 observation of occupant restraint use revealed combined average usage rates for the 18 cities at a level consistent with the previous year's observation. Six of the 18 cities surveyed experienced significant increases in belt use from the previous year. It is notable that the city with the lowest usage rate in 1990 (San Antonio) experienced the largest increase in belt use in 1991. One third of the 18 Texas cities surveyed had greater than 70% usage rates, which has been established as a national target usage rate. KW - Cities KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Front seats KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00578935 AU - Jones, R K AU - Joksch, H C AU - Wiliszowski, C H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPLIED CONSENT REFUSAL IMPACT PY - 1991/09 SP - 83 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - States KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/337657 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00619128 JO - AUTO & TRAFFIC SAFETY PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Snyder, M B AU - Government Printing Office TI - LOWER ALCOHOL LEVELS, DRIVER IMPAIRMENT AND CRASH RISK PY - 1991/08 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-19 AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recently submitted the first of two reports, prepared in response to a congressional mandate to study the alcohol concentration at which a driver should be considered under the influence. The report was reviewed and approved by various modal administrations and by the Office of the Secretary of Transportation before being submitted by the Secretary. This article covers a portion of the congressional report, specifically scientific literature on the influence of alcohol concentration on driver performance and crashes. The conclusions are the same as in the congressional report. A small amount of editing was done to the text selected from the report to smooth transitions and to clarify points raised by reviewers. KW - Accident proneness KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic involvement scale KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625492 AU - Research and Evaluation Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS FOLLOWING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN 0.08 BAC LIMIT AND AN ADMINISTRATIVE PER SE LAW IN CALIFORNIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/08 SP - 148 p. AB - On January 1, 1990 California lowered the allowable blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at which it is illegal to drive from 0.10 to 0.08. On July 1, 1990 California also implemented an Administrative Per Se (also known as Administrative License Revocation) law. This study examined the effects on the organizations which deal with drinking and driving behavior; driver awareness; DUI arrests and alcohol-related crashes and fatalities subsequent to January 1, 1990. An operational evaluation indicated little negative effect of the 0.08 law on police departments, the court system, and other organizations that deal with drinking and driving behavior. Results of a survey showed that most people are aware of the reduction in the BAC limit and almost half know the provisions of the Administrative Per Se law. Examination of arrest data showed an increase in DUI arrests statewide. Trend analysis of FARS data indicated a 12% reduction (p=0.004) in alcohol-related fatalities after January 1, 1990. There was no significant change in the number of alcohol-related fatalities following the implementation date of the Administrative Per Se law. However, it is possible that effects of the Administrative Per Se law may have taken place earlier than the actual implementation date. KW - Arrests KW - Awareness KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - California KW - Courts KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Impact studies KW - Per se laws KW - Police KW - Revocation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31100/31151/DOT_HS_807_777_tag.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626671 AU - HAWORTH, N L AU - Vulcan, P AU - SCHULZE, M T AU - FODDY, B AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - TRUCK DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND PERCEPTIONS STUDY. FINAL REPORT SN - 0732600197 PY - 1991/08 SP - 101 p. AB - This report describes the development, administration and results of a questionnaire study of drivers of articulated vehicles. The study had three aims: to collect information about driving behaviours and safety-related attitudes; to compare the behaviours and attitudes of drivers who had been involved in injury crashes with those who had not been involved to identify problem areas warranting review; and to provide information about how to effectively communicate with target groups. Crash-involved drivers had poor coping behaviours in relation to driver fatigue but rated their ability in this area highly, had less often received training and were less likely to check their truck daily. Behaviours and attitudes related to speed judgement, behaviour of other road users, drug taking and alcohol were similar for the two groups. In regard to communication with drivers, the study recommended the use of intermediary organisations to disseminate information from VIC ROADS to drivers. Acknowledging the skills of drivers and appealing to their professionalism may also be a successful technique. Drivers wanted to be better at keeping calm when held up on the road and felt that car drivers should be trained not to cut in on them and that an endorsed licence should be required for towing a caravan. KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Driver perception KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Information dissemination KW - Perception KW - Questionnaires KW - Speeding KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623540 JO - SEARCH AU - Frost, L L AU - Viano, D C AU - General Motors Corporation TI - AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY AND CAFE: PROPOSED CHANGES IN STANDARDS HAVE "WEIGHTY" IMPLICATIONS FOR VEHICLE OCCUPANTS PY - 1991/08 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - p. 1-6 AB - Changes in the standards for Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) recently have been proposed to reduce petroleum consumption in the United States. Unfortunately, the price for dramatically improved fuel economy may turn out to be reduced vehicle safety. The higher fuel efficiencies dictated by the proposed standards can only be achieved at present by designing and marketing smaller, lighter-weight vehicles. Using a question and answer format, this article draws on the expertise of numerous sources within General Motors to explain just how vehicle weight influences injury risk in a crash. KW - Automobiles KW - Corporate average fuel economy KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hazards KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00585309 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS FOLLOWING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN 0.08 BAC LIMIT AND AN ADMINISTRATIVE PER SE LAW IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1991/08 SP - 115 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - California KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622663 AU - Copenhaver, M AU - Wilkinson, T AU - CAE-Link Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK OCCUPANT RESTRAINT USE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/08 SP - 34 p. AB - This study was intended as a replication of a study conducted by Allison and Tarkir (1982). Seat belt usage data were collected from a sample of 4,771 heavy trucks at weigh stations located at: Dumfries, Virginia; Lowell, Indiana; Slidell, Louisiana; and Northbend, Washington. Data were inconspicuously obtained from weigh station observation towers or roof-tops as vehicles proceeded through the weighing process. Comparisons were made of seat belt use by region; by carrier type; by trailer type; and by tractor type. While slight differences were noted, none were statistically significant. Some carriers' drivers were noted to have significantly higher than average use rates. Seat belt use rates appear to be determined more by individual choice (possibly via employee or enforcement motivation) rather than by type of vehicle. Results indicate that seat belt usage has increased by over 48% since 1982. KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Manual safety belts KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622658 AU - American Trucking Associations AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CARS AND TRUCKS: PARTNERS IN HIGHWAY SAFETY. TEST YOUR ROAD-SHARING SKILLS PY - 1991/08 SP - 8 p. AB - The subject of this brochure is road sharing by cars and trucks. A short quiz is presented for the reader to test his or her road-sharing skills and to provide some simple tips for increasing highway safety for car and truck drivers as they share the highway. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Brochures KW - Highway safety KW - Road sharing KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622655 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Special Programs Administration TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HEAVY TRUCK SAFETY PLAN PY - 1991/08 SP - 55 p. AB - The plans presented in this document describe how the U.S. Department of Transportation will implement the National Transportation Policy as it concerns medium and heavy truck safety, including vehicles, drivers, carriers, roadway design, and the transportation of hazardous materials. With it, the Department hopes to encourage further dialogue with private industry, State and local governments, and the general public on how its programs can be carried out efficiently and effectively. Ongoing programs were reviewed jointly by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, and the Research and Special Programs Administration to ascertain those places where the programs fit together well and those where program changes or wholly new actions might contribute to still better safety. Improvements in six key areas were identified: Carrier Operations; Driver Behavior and Qualifications; Vehicle Performance Characteristics; Cargo Handling; Roadway Safety; and Accident and Vehicle Condition Data. Individual projects, both old and new, are presented in each of these areas, along with key milestone dates. Many new initiatives include improved coordination between the three agencies on safety-related issues such as increased truck size and weight, high-tech driver information systems, heavy truck data collection, truck driver licensing, driver training, handling of hazardous materials, and alcohol and drug use by truck drivers. KW - Behavior KW - Coordination KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freight handling KW - Hazardous materials KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Information organization KW - Laws KW - Medium trucks KW - Motor carriers KW - National transportation policies KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Planning KW - Qualifications KW - Safety programs KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy KW - Truck drivers KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - U.S. Research and Special Programs Administration KW - United States KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622659 AU - American Trucking Associations AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SHARING THE ROAD WITH A TRUCK PY - 1991/08 SP - 4 p. AB - The subject of this brochure is road sharing by automobiles and trucks. Safety tips are provided for passing a truck, following a truck, right turns by trucks, and avoiding truck backing accidents. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Automobiles KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Brochures KW - Driving KW - Following distance KW - Following distance, of vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Passing KW - Right turns KW - Road sharing KW - Safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622662 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTS & MYTHS OF SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS PY - 1991/08 SP - 4 p. AB - This pamphlet addresses the topic of sobriety checkpoints. Ten myths concerning sobriety checkpoints are dispelled by a look at the facts. For example, the myth that sobriety checkpoints hold people up for long periods of time and cause huge traffic jams is dispelled by the following facts: Well-conducted sobriety checkpoints generally delay drivers for no more than 30 seconds, and cause no traffic problems. If traffic does back up significantly, police are instructed to relieve congestion and then resume stopping cars in a predetermined pattern. KW - Sobriety checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363041 ER -