TY - JOUR AN - 00742399 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - FATAL CRASH INVOLVEMENTS--WHAT ARE THE ODDS? PY - 1997/07 SP - 3 p. AB - The risk of being involved in a fatal crash varies considerably depending on specific crash characteristics, i.e. those of the driver, vehicle and environment. A generally accepted measure of the risk of a fatal crash is the ratio between the number of fatal crashes associated with a specific set of conditions and the amount of travel performed under the same conditions. Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the General Estimate System (GES) files for the years 1993, 1994, and 1995 were used in this analysis. Only drivers of passenger cars and light trucks were included in the study. Seven variables were utilized: driver sex, driver age, speed limit, hour of day, day of week, vehicle type, and type of crash. The major contribution of this study is the quantification of key driver and crash factors, rather than the identification of these factors. The study finds that among all drivers involved in crashes the odds for male drivers to be involved in a fatal crash are 1.33 times that for female drivers. Drivers in the older age group, 65 and above, display odds that are over 2 1/2 times that for their younger counterparts. Being involved in a crash during nighttime hours increases the odds of the crash being fatal by almost 2 times compared to daytime crashes. Crashes that occur on 'Highest' posted speeds have odds which are 8.91 times as great as those as 'Low' speed limits. Results are also given for the odds of light trucks and vans (LTV) versus passenger cars; and side, rear and head on collisions. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash types KW - Day vs night accidents KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Hour of day KW - Nighttime crashes KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/792/00300.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20985/PB98163603.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745683 AU - Boyle, J AU - Sharp, K AU - Schulman, Ronca and Bucuvalas, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1996 MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY SURVEY, VOLUME 1: METHODOLOGY REPORT PY - 1997/06/23 SP - 84 p. AB - This is the first volume in a series of reports summarizing results from the 1996 Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey. The survey is conducted on a biennial basis (initiated in 1994), and is administered by telephone to a randomly selected national sample. Two questionnaires are used, each administered to approximately 4,000 respondents. The survey collects information concerning attitudes, knowledge, and behavior in different occupant protection and highway safety areas. These include safety belts, child safety seats, air bags, (bicyclist and motorcyclist) helmet use, Emergency Medical Services, and crash injury experiences. Volume I describes the methodology used to conduct the survey. It also contains copies of the questionnaires. Other volumes in this series summarize results in specific content areas. KW - Air bags KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Emergency medical services KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Knowledge KW - Manual safety belts KW - Methodology KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Telephone UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20100/20150/PB98111859.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25910/DOT-HS-808-630.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745684 AU - Boyle, J AU - Sharp, K AU - Schulman, Ronca and Bucuvalas, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1996 MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY SURVEY, VOLUME 2: AIR BAGS PY - 1997/06/23 SP - 63 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) commissioned the research firm of Schulman, Ronca & Bucuvalas, Inc. (SRBI) to conduct the 1996 Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey. Between November 4, 1996 and January 5, 1997 SRBI conducted a total of 8,210 telephone interviews among a national population sample. The percentages provided in the report are weighted to accurately reflect the national population of drivers age 16 or over. This report is a follow-up to the 1994 Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey, thereby permitting comparisons of the public's attitudes and behavior regarding air bags between 1994 and 1996. As in the 1994 survey, the 1996 version asked respondents if their vehicle had an air bag, whether they knew that seat belts still needed to be worn when an air bag is present, and their knowledge of the factors that trigger air bag deployment (i.e., speed and location of impact). In response to several highly-publicized air bag related fatalities, the 1996 survey added new questions examining the desirability of air bags and perceptions of injury risk from air bags. KW - Air bags KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Knowledge KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Telephone UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20100/20151/PB98111867.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25951/DOT-HS-808-631.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01393410 AU - Mathur, B AU - Johnson, K AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Vehicle lateral position data collection and analysis: final technical report PY - 1997/06 IS - DOT HS 808 871 SP - 59p + appendices KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Behavior KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Lateral placement KW - Lateral position KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Road safety KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1161175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00797145 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTO THEFT AND RECOVERY EFFECTS OF THE ANTI CAR THEFT ACT OF 1992 AND THE MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1984 - PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1997/06 SP - v.p. AB - Motor vehicle theft was a growing problem in the early and mid 1980s. In 1984, the Congress enacted the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act in order to reduce the incidence of motor vehicle thefts and facilitate the tracing and recovery of stolen motor vehicles and parts from stolen vehicles. In 1991, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) presented a report to the Congress assessing the auto theft problem in the United Sates and, in particular, attempting to evaluate parts marking. In 1991-1992 motor vehicle theft was still a large problem. In search of stronger remedies, and in response to the Department's recommendation and other information, Congress enacted the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992. The goals of this report are: 1. To update the detailed statistics on motor vehicle theft and recovery presented in the 1991 report. For this report, theft and recovery data were available from 1984 through 1995, and insurance data from 1986 through 1992. 2. To revisit the evaluation of parts marking, now that extensive data are available on the theft experience of cars with marked parts or anti theft devices. (However, since theft data were available only through 1995, the effectiveness of the 1992 Act as regards expanded coverage in 1997 and later models cannot be analyzed at this time). 3. To evaluate other provisions of the 1992 Anti Car Theft Act and the 1984 Act, focusing on changes that have occurred since the 1991 report. KW - Anti Car Theft Act of 1992 KW - Anti-theft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parts KW - Parts marking (Motor vehicles) KW - Recovery KW - Statistics KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744516 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFE COMMUNITIES ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1997/06 SP - 17 p. AB - In 1995 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration developed an injury control model that communities could use to enhance efforts to address their motor vehicle injury problems. It included a short summary describing how prevention, acute care and rehabilitation groups could work together to enhance efforts to reduce motor vehicle injury problems. This injury control model was the foundation for the Safe Communities approach. In the Safe Communities approach, all partners participate as equals in developing solutions, sharing successes, assuming programmatic risks, and building a community infrastructure. A Safe Community program expands resources and partnerships, increases program visibility, and establishes community ownership and support for traffic injury prevention programs. This publication presents some of the outstanding achievements many communities have made. KW - City planning KW - Communities KW - Community action programs KW - Community support KW - Community values KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Partnerships KW - Public relations KW - Safety KW - Social values KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743875 AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Traube, E C AU - Kojima, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF REALISTIC LEVELS OF DIRT ON LIGHT OUTPUT OF REAR SIGNAL LAMPS PY - 1997/06 SP - 16 p. AB - This study evaluated changes in the light output of rear signal lamps as a function of dirt accumulated during a 482-km drive, representing a 10-day amount of driving for a typical U.S. driver. The complete route was traversed on three separate occasions, under each of the following environmental conditions: dry, wet, and snowy/salty. Luminous intensity measurements were obtained for all U.S. and European test points. Photometry for each of two stop lamps was performed twice after the completion of each drive: first "as is" and then after cleaning. The results indicate that dirt deposits tended to cause the light output to decrease at the points tested. The reductions in the light output were greater for the driver-side than the passenger-side lamps under the wet and snowy/salty conditions, but smaller under the dry condition. The reductions after the dry drive were all less than 8%. However, after the wet and snowy/salty drives reductions of more than 25% occurred at several test points, with a maximum reduction of 37%. The greatest percentage reductions occurred for the points at and near the optical axes of the lamps, which had the highest original intensities, and at which maintaining adequate intensity is presumably most important. A theoretical analysis of the changes caused by dirt indicates that this is the pattern of results that will usually occur. A full evaluation of the significance of the effects of dirt that are quantified in this report should be done in the context of other factors that affect signal-lamp intensity, such as vehicle voltage control and lamp design. It may also be important to measure more fully the range and distributions of dirt conditions in the real world. However, the present results demonstrate that, within the range of common weather conditions, dirt can cause reductions of signal-lamp intensity that are large enough to be of concern, especially for the relatively important positions at and near the optical axes of signal lamps. KW - Brake lamps KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Dirt KW - Dry weather KW - Impacts KW - Luminous intensity KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Rear lamps KW - Rear lighting KW - Road conditions KW - Signal face KW - Snow KW - Soils KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743871 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1996 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1997/06 SP - 29 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1996. Pertinent information is maintained concerning drivers, motor vehicles, highways, and traffic crashes, Other information is obtained from the state toxicologist, the Highway Patrol, and emergency medical services. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Emergency medical services KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - North Dakota KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743854 AU - Streff, F M AU - Kostyniuk, L P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - MICHIGAN FATAL-TRAFFIC-CRASH PATTERNS: 1993-1995 PY - 1997/06 SP - 87 p. AB - This report details data regarding possible causes of and prevention implications for deaths due to traffic crashes in Michigan from January 1993 through December 1995. The following are selected results in brief: Time series analysis found no statistically significant change in crash deaths in 1993-1995 compared to previous years. Peak months for fatal crashes were August through November. Peak days for fatal crashes were Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. These are periods during which more hazardous, recreational travel occurs. Enforcement and public information campaigns should target high incident periods, using campaign efforts emphasizing safety during recreational driving. The proportion of fatal crashes that occur on high speed interstate roads is quite low, considering the high volumes of vehicles that travel on them. In rural areas, most fatal crashes occur on major collectors and local roads which tend to be two lane roads with speed limits of 55 miles per hour. In urban areas, the majority of the fatal crashes occur on arterials, the main nonfreeway, high volume streets in the city. These data suggest that increased enforcement is warranted for noninterstate type roads. The number and rate of fatal crashes per registered vehicle has increased for both mortorcycles and pickup trucks since 1993. The most direct way to influence the death rate for these vehicle types is to continue to promote motorcycle helmet use and safety belt use among users of these vehicles. Pickup truck occupants have historically had the lowest belt use rates of any vehicle type, making this group a prime target for intervention. Among drivers, females age 16-20, males age 21-54, and females age 70+, numbers of fatal crashes and fatal crash rates have increased steadily since 1993. Male drivers age 16-20 had the highest rates of fatal crash involvement by a factor of about 2 to 1, making them a prime target group for immediate prevention intervention. Male drivers predominate had-been drinking (HBD) fatal crashes, and young males (age 16-20) are at particularly high risk for involvement in a HBD fatal crash. The involvement of young females (age 16-20) in HBD fatal crashes has increased since 1993. Because of this trend, efforts should be made to target young females for HBD crash prevention programs, while not overlooking the fact that the majority of HBD fatal drivers at all ages are male. Young males typically experienced more prior license suspensions, DWI convictions, speeding tickets and other moving violations than did females. KW - Age KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - Michigan KW - Months KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Moving violations KW - Noninterstate roads KW - Pickup trucks KW - Recreation KW - Seat belts KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471839 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743820 JO - VIA PB - VIA AU - Kluber, L AU - California State Automobile Association TI - RED-LIGHT RUNNING - A PUBLIC MENACE PY - 1997/06 VL - 118 IS - 3 SP - p. 15 AB - Red-light running is such a pervasive problem that the Federal Highway Administration is in the middle of a national campaign to alert drivers about the seriousness of running red lights and to encourage support of local laws. Red-light runners can be categorized three ways: 1) blatant law breakers who have no regard for anyone's right to the road other than their own; 2) inattentive drivers who have their minds on other things; and 3) distracted drivers who take their eyes off the road to tend to something else, such as the kids or to reach for the car phone. The national campaign is trying to reach the last two categories of drivers. Red-light running causes the most serious urban crashes, because red-light collisions often involve high speeds. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Car phones KW - Cellular telephones KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrians KW - Red light running KW - Signalized intersections KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law violations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations KW - Traffic violators KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743254 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - MONTHLY TRAFFIC FATALITY REPORT: REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ESTIMATES, JUNE 1997 PY - 1997/06 SP - 3 p. AB - An estimated 3,600 fatalities occurred in the United States in June 1997, showing a 5.8 decrease when compared to the same month in 1996. The twelve month total for the period ending June 1997 shows a 2.0 decrease from the corresponding total of the previous year. Tables and graphs are presented summarizing the statistics on highway fatalities for the last twelve month period and comparing these data with the corresponding period of the prior year for both the Nation and the 10 administrative regions of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798216 AU - Wilson, T AU - Sensor Tchnologies and Systems AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS (IVHS) COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS. TASK 4 INTERIM REPORT - VOLUME I: BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW PY - 1997/05/21 SP - 153 p. AB - The Task 4 Interim Report of the Intelligent Vehicle Transportation Systems (IVHS) Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions consists of six volumes. This volume, Volume I, "Background and Overview", presents background information, an overview of the framework used to analyze the rear-end collision problem, an overview of the human factors studies, and summarizes the mathematical modeling and simulation as well as presenting the preliminary performance guidelines. KW - Countermeasures KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Rear end crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744521 AU - Patterson, D AU - Simko, A AU - REILLY, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUEL ECONOMY EFFECTS AND INCREMENTAL COST, WEIGHT AND LEAD TIME IMPACTS OF EMPLOYING VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT) ENGINE TECHNOLOGY PY - 1997/05/19 SP - 91 p. AB - Variable valve timing (VVT) can improve fuel economy by lowering idle speed, allowing engine downsizing and improving cycle efficiency under part load operation, the latter mainly by reducing pumping work. This report presents a paper study of the fuel economy benefits and the incremental manufacturing costs, tooling costs and engine weights as well as production lead time for a VVT engine. Emission levels are considered. As a base, a 4-valve, V-6 engine of 3.5 liters was used with a 3750 lb. passenger vehicle. The VVT system applied to that engine was a combination of the Atsugi cam phasing system, a modified Mitsubishi MIVEC long and short duration cam system and intake port throttle. The final VVT engine was presumed to have reduced idle speed (500 vs 640 rpm base) and an 8% lower displacement (3.22 liters). Part load fuel economy results were calculated by using a single cylinder engine computer program, published data and extrapolated experimental data. Fuel economy results are presented for both EPA City and Suburban Cycles as well as the Combined Cycle. Incremental costs and weights for the various systems are presented. Because trucks have somewhat different speed/load characteristics than passenger cars, duplicate fuel economy calculations were made for a typical 3625 lb. light truck with a 3.0 liter engine. KW - Cities KW - Computer programs KW - Engine idling KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Idle speed KW - Impacts KW - Incremental costs KW - Lead time KW - Manufacturing KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pollutants KW - Suburbs KW - Technology KW - Trucks KW - Valve timing KW - Variable valve timing KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744517 AU - Spinney, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUEL ECONOMY EFFECTS AND INCREMENTAL COST, WEIGHT AND LEAD TIME IMPACTS OF EMPLOYING VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT) ENGINE TECHNOLOGY. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1997/05/19 SP - 23 p. AB - The results of this summary report and the attached contractor study suggest that the incorporation of variable valve timing features into a modern V-6 engine will be fairly costly to the vehicle buyer. However, fuel economy gains will likely be significant over the life of the vehicle. The scope of this project did not include any estimates of the long term benefits that would accrue to vehicle owners through energy conservation. Most important, the cost and weight contained herein is based on a theoretical engine design for which the dimensions are approximate. Hence, the estimates provided below and throughout this report are preliminary only. The $392 retail price increase shown below represents a composite for Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors. The variable valve timing features selected for inclusion in this study are: variable camshaft phasing, long and short event follower cams, and divided air intake runners with a port throttle in one runner. Oil system and variable valve timing system controls plus miscellaneous wiring, clips, painting, plating and assembly labor complete the changes required to incorporate the variable valve timing system into the selected engine design. Estimated retail price and weight increases associated with these changes are as follows: camshaft phaser - $259.65; long and short event follower - $35.61; port throttle - $44.20; oil system and VVT controls - $68.74; miscellaneous changes - $27.78; delete cam shaft sprocket casting and bolt, EGR valve, mounting, and attachments - $(44.16); total incremental retail price - $391.82; incremental weight - 19.57 LBS. KW - Engine idling KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Idle speed KW - Impacts KW - Incremental costs KW - Lead time KW - Technology KW - Valve timing KW - Variable valve timing KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743856 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH HAZARDS INVOLVING MOTOR VEHICLE POWER WINDOWS PY - 1997/05 SP - 2 p. AB - NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) recently completed a study of data from the Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) on cases involving injuries associated with motor vehicle power windows. NEISS data on persons treated in hospital emergency rooms for these injuries were studied to determine the action or activity involved in producing the injury, the type or injury sustained and its severity, the body part most often injured, and the age of the injured person. 88% of the estimated 499 persons injured were injured as a result of (unintentionally) closing the power window on a finger, wrist, or hand (either one's own or another person's). A large proportion of those injured were diagnosed as having a fracture (38%) or had a body part considered as crushed (30%). The majority of the injured body parts were fingers. KW - Crushed KW - Fingers KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fractures KW - Hand KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Motor vehicles KW - Power KW - Windows KW - Wrists UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/796/00304.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21321/PB99111817.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474693 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743845 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMING YOUR WAY SOON: A SINGLE SOURCE FOR CRASH DATA PY - 1997/05 SP - p. 1 AB - Sound decisions based on good information can save time, money, and often lives. To facilitate sound decision making by public agencies concerned with roadway safety, FHWA and several partners are creating a national clearinghouse of innovative projects using new technologies for the automated collection of crash data. KW - Clearinghouses KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Information centers KW - Information services KW - Information systems KW - Information technology KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743253 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - MONTHLY TRAFFIC FATALITY REPORT: REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ESTIMATES, MAY 1997 PY - 1997/05 SP - 3 p. AB - An estimated 3,524 fatalities occurred in the United States in May 1997, showing a 2.5 percent increase when compared to the same month in 1996. The twelve month total for the period ending May 1997 shows a 1.0 percent decrease from the corresponding total of the previous year. Tables and graphs are presented summarizing the statistics on highway fatalities for the last twelve month period and comparing these data with the corresponding period of the prior year for both the Nation and the 10 administrative regions of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471483 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742409 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SETTING LIMITS, SAVING LIVES: BOOKLET DESCRIBES THE CASE FOR .08 BAC LAWS PY - 1997/05 IS - 153 SP - 2 p. AB - In the United States, BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) levels are set by the states. The limit of .10 found in most states today is higher that many other countries. A new 28 page booklet, Setting Limits, Saving Lives, sponsored by the National Safety Council and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) presents the case for lowering BAC levels to .08 in every state. This publication summarizes the booklet. Setting Limits, Saving Lives describes how BAC is measured, what .08 BAC means, and lists the alcohol-related fatalities for each state along with their BAC level and kind of law. If every state adopted a .08 per se law, 500 to 600 lives would be saved every year according to a recent study, with thousands of injuries prevented and millions of dollars saved. KW - Alcohol effects KW - Alcohol laws KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Safety KW - State laws KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00741856 AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PUBLICATIONS CATALOG PY - 1997/05 SP - 8 p. AB - Prepared by the Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, DOT, this publication presents a brief introduction to the latest publications available on the subject of intelligent transportation systems. KW - Advanced systems KW - Catalogs KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geographical information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754958 AU - Spinney, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST, WEIGHT AND LEAD TIME IMPACTS OF A MERCEDES-BENZ "SENSORMAT" TYPE OCCUPANT DETECTION SYSTEM - SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1997/04/19 SP - 10 p. AB - This summary report is based, in part, on the findings contained in Contract No. DTNH22-96-C-02063 entitled "Cost Analysis of the Mercedes-Benz Occupant Detection System for Air Bag Shut-Off" prepared by Ludtke and Associates of Washington, Michigan. The purpose of the contract was to develop absolute and incremental estimates of the variable manufacturing costs, weights, lead time, and capital investments associated with adopting the Mercedes-Benz "Sensormat" type front passenger seat occupant detection system for air bag shut-off. Using the contractor's estimates of variable manufacturing costs as the starting point, NHTSA applied mark-up factors developed from analysis of auto manufacturer and supplier income statements to arrive at the incremental retail price estimates shown below: Occupant Detection Switch and System Support -With Mercedes-Benz Air Bag Control Module, $12; -With Domestic Air Bag Control Module, $19; -Incremental Weight, 3.7 oz.; -Required Lead Time - One Model Line, 22 Mo. In addition, the contractor developed cost and weight estimates for the Mercedes air bag control module from which retail price equivalents have been projected: -Air Bag Control Module, $145; -Air Bag Control Module with "Sensormat" System, $153; Absolute Weight, 4.5 oz. All cost estimates are based on U.S. labor rates, materials costs and economies of scale. KW - Air bag shut-off KW - Costs KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Lead time KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes-benz KW - Occupant detection systems KW - Passenger cars KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Sensormat KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6893/906.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754957 AU - Jones, L AU - Heitsch, R AU - Ludtke, N AU - Spinney, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST, WEIGHT AND LEAD TIME ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE LOCKING RADIATOR CAPS SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1997/04/19 SP - 11 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of the cost, weight and lead time analysis of pressure and temperature locking radiator caps conducted by Ludtke and Associates under contract number DTNH22-97-P-02003. Ludtke and Associates determined the variable manufacturing costs, weights, lead time, and capital investment associated with incorporating the use of temperature and pressure locking radiator and coolant recovery tank caps as standard equipment in motor vehicles. Two radiator caps (the Chevrolet Geo Metro and the Stant Lev-R-Vent) and one coolant recovery tank cap (the Dodge Intrepid) were chosen to establish baseline cost estimates. Once baseline costs were established, Ludtke and Associates designed pressire locking radiator and coolant recovery tank caps. No pressure locking radiator caps were found to exist in the industry. The Ludtke Lock caps and the RadLoc temperature locking radiator cap were analyzed to provide cost estimates for temperature and pressure locking radiator and coolant recovery tank caps. The differences between the baseline cost estimates and those of the temperature and pressure locking caps is the estimated incremental costs. The results are as follows: Variable manufacturing costs for sub-compact and compact vehicles is $0.31 higher. Variable manufacturing costs for intermediate and full size vehicles is $0.21 to $0.22. Costs to vehicle manufacturers for sub-compact vehicles is $0.43 higher. Costs to vehicle manufacturers for full size vehicles is $0.29 to $0.31 higher. Costs to the consumer with sub-compact vehicle is $0.65. Cost to the consumer for a full size vehicle is $0.43 to $0.46. These cost increases are insignificant when considering the price of the average vehicle is $20,000.00. KW - Analysis KW - Canal lock operations KW - Capital investments KW - Coolant recovery KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Lead time KW - Pressure KW - Radiator caps KW - Safety KW - Tank caps KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744520 AU - Ludtke, N AU - Heitsch, R AU - Ludtke and Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST, WEIGHT AND LEAD TIME ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE LOCKING RADIATOR CAPS PY - 1997/04/19 SP - 57 p. AB - The DOT/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration initiated this project to obtain the economic costs to vehicle manufacturers and the consumer public for: current radiator caps; those caps designed to mechanically relieve relatively high temperature and pressurized coolant in vehicle cooling systems until the pressure returns to normal; and those caps that automatically lock up under relatively high pressure and temperature so that they can not be removed until the pressure and temperature return to near normal levels. The objective is to assess the increased cost, if any, of providing a system that positively prevents radiator caps from being removed while the vehicle coolant temperature and pressures are relatively high. If the temperature is relatively high and the cap is removed, the pressurized coolant could spray on the person removing the cap and severely burn the individual. A positive locking radiator cap that could not be removed until the temperature returns to normal would prevent persons from being burned. The directive of this project is to estimate the cost, weight and lead times of certain radiator caps for vehicles 10,000 pounds and under. The cost estimates are also to include the incremental capital equipment and tolling costs. The cost analysis performed in this project suggests that pressure locking radiator caps are feasible. Costs to the end user for small vehicles is $ 0.58; costs to the end user for large vehicles is $ 0.41. KW - Analysis KW - Canal lock operations KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Lead time KW - Pressure KW - Radiator caps KW - Safety KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742378 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION: LIGHT TRUCK AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARD, MODEL YEAR 1999 PY - 1997/04/18 SP - 5 p. AB - Section 32902(a) of title 49, United States Code, requires the Secretary of Transportation to prescribe by regulation, at least 18 months in advance of each model year, average fuel economy standards (known as "corporate Average Fuel Economy" or "CAFE" standards) for non-passenger automobiles manufactured in that model year. The standard is to be the maximum feasible average fuel economy level that the Secretary decides manufacturers can achieve in that model year taking into consideration technological feasibility, economic practicability, the effect of other government vehicle standards on fuel economy, and the need of the United States to conserve energy. The light truck CAFE standard for model year 1999 is continuing the 1998 standard of 20.7 miles per gallon. KW - Average KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel conservation KW - Light trucks KW - Standards UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6895/og97036.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104303 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA: Data Reference Guide, Version 4. Volume 1: Vehicle Tests (Codes Updated August 15, 1997) PY - 1997/04 SP - 130p AB - In September of 1966, the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1381) was signed into law in the United States. The Act specifies that the Secretary of Transportation shall establish appropriate Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards that would lead to the reduction of the number of deaths and injuries resulting from motor vehicle accidents. In prescribing standards, the Secretary was to consider: (1) relevant motor vehicle safety data, (2) whether the proposed standard is reasonable, practical, and appropriate for the particular type of motor vehicle equipment for which it is prescribed, and (3) the extent to which such standards contribute to carrying out the purposes of the Act. In order to meet the above requirements, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has been mandated to develop safety standards. For each proposed regulation, an extensive research program is undertaken to ensure that the proposed standard satisfies the requirements of the Act. An analytical tool that has been utilized to support the research program is the NHTSA crash test data base. For each test conducted for the agency, a formatted magnetic data submission on diskette is generated. The diskette contains specifications about the test as well as the measurement data acquired from the test instrumentation. The specification data is loaded into a data base which has routine data base functions. Analysis techniques are developed for evaluation of the measurement data. This data base was initiated in 1978 and currently contains results from over 2,300 crash tests. An important attribute of this data base is that it provides a standardized format that allows for exchange of data among participating researchers. This reference guide has been written for two reasons. The first is to document the requirements for the generation of a data diskette. The second is to encourage the adoption of this standardized format so that the exchange of data by the safety research community is readily accomplished and ultimately leads to new and better ways for reducing the fatalities and injuries in motor vehicle accidents. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle components UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19100/19146/PB2002104588.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00923415 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP OF VEHICLE WEIGHT TO FATALITY AND INJURY RISK IN MODEL YEAR 1985-93 PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS PY - 1997/04 SP - 14 p. AB - Large vehicles have historically been more stable and provided more protection for their own occupants than small ones, but they presented a greater hazard to other road users. Between 1985 and 1993, the population of light trucks - pickups, sport utility vehicles and vans - increased by 50% in the United States. Since the major downsizing of passenger cars during 1975-82, light trucks have had a substantial and growing weight advantage over cars. By 1992, the number of fatalities in collisions between cars and light trucks exceeded the number in car-to-car collisions. In car-light truck collisions, 80% of the fatalities are occupants of the cars. That raises the question whether the growth in the number and weight of light trucks is having an adverse impact on the safety of passenger car occupants and other road users, possibly exceeding any safety benefits of the vehicle-weight increases for the occupants of the trucks. During 1995, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration analyzed the historical relationship between vehicle mass and the risk of fatalities, serious or moderate injuries, and less-serious injuries. In view of the complexity and the high public interest in the issue, drafts of these studies were peer-reviewed by a panel of experts under the auspices of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences. In January 1997, the studies were revised in response to the panel's recommendations. The analyses assume that past relationships between weight and other size parameters, such as track width, wheelbase, center-of-gravity height, and structural strength would be maintained. They do not include the effects of potential future improvements in safety technology. Given those assumptions, what would be the effect of reducing or increasing the average weight of passenger cars - or of light trucks - by 100 pounds? Weight-safety relationships were analyzed for passenger cars and light trucks in each of the important crash modes. After a general overview of those relationships, the individual analyses are reviewed and discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Downsizing KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Risk analysis KW - United States KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/707394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756394 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHY DATA LINKAGE? PY - 1997/04 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet describes CODES, the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System which evolved from a congressional mandate to report on the benefits of safety belts and motorcycle helmets. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration provided funds for the states of Hawaii, Maine, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wisconsin to link statewide crash and injury data. The purpose of the linkage was to find out who was injured in motor vehicle crashes, what types of injuries occurred, and how much it cost to treat these injuries over time. Large numbers of computerized state crash and injury records were linked in a phenomenally short amount of time at relatively low cost using probabilistic linkage techniques. So CODES is another name for data linkage. KW - Computerized records management KW - Costs KW - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System KW - Crashes KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Databases KW - Helmets KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Injury types KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Records management KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756392 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY RESCUE GUIDELINES FOR AIR BAG EQUIPPED VEHICLES PY - 1997/04 SP - 10 p. AB - This pamphlet describes guidelines for those individuals who are the first on the scene of a traffic accident involving automobiles equipped with air bags. It lists important points to remember, describes different types of incidents, provides a table of automobile models and their air bag deactivation times, and answers eight questions frequently asked by emergency personnel. Important points to remember include: deployed air bags are not dangerous; undeployed air bags can be dangerous; wear gloves and eye protection; if there is a fire, use normal fire fighting procedures; and check the S.C.E.N.E. for evidence of possible internal injuries to the victims. Items to check for internal injuries include: Steering wheel deformation; Close proximity of the driver to the steering wheel; Energy of the crash; Non-use of seat belts; and Eyewitness reports. KW - Air bag deactivation KW - Air bags KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile models KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Energy KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Internal injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Proximity KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Steering wheels KW - Structural models KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Witnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754955 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAMPAIGN SAFE AND SOBER. PUBLIC SAFETY: COMMUNITY PARTNERS PY - 1997/04 SP - 30 p. AB - This packet of materials contains envelope stuffers, web site information, contact lists, posters, advertisements, and hand outs on aggressive driving, coalition building, partnering, speeding, air bag safety, prevention of alcohol impaired driving, and traffic enforcement. The theme is public safety and community partners. Many different groups invest major resources into traffic safety programs, working for better injury control. Some communities have initiated a Safe Communities concept, in which developing new partners is paramount. KW - Aggression KW - Air bags KW - Communities KW - Drunk driving KW - Partnerships KW - Prevention KW - Public information programs KW - Reckless drivers KW - Safe communities KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754941 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED MANAGEMENT WORK PLAN PY - 1997/04 SP - 15 p. AB - This plan is part of the continuing commitment by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Highway Administration to reduce the number of speed-related fatalities and injuries occurring on our highways. Since the repeal of the National Maximum Speed Limit (NSML), in December 1995, many states have raised speed limits on both Interstate and non-Interstate roads. To address these changes, the agencies have refocused planned speed management activities, and new tasks have been added. The first new task is a complete reexamination of criteria used to determine and set speed limits. Secondly, a Report to Congress will require the secretary to prepare a study of the costs to the state of deaths and injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes, and the benefits associated with the repeal of the national maximum speed limit. The specific activities that are described in this report fall into five categories: 1. Improved Information and Analysis- to gather and analyze information designed to provide insight into the speeding problem and its associated consequences; 2. Speed Zoning- to develop and implement rational criteria for setting speed limits; 3. Technology Development- to identify, develop, and evaluate applicable speed management technologies; 4. Enforcement- to develop innovative and effective speed enforcement methods, strategies, and programs; and 5. Public Information and Education. KW - Analysis KW - Enforcement KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Management KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Public information programs KW - Roads KW - Speed KW - Speed laws KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Speeding KW - Technology KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6876/Speedwor.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744519 AU - Ludtke, N AU - Heitsch, R AU - Ludtke and Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ANALYSIS OF THE MERCEDES-BENZ OCCUPANT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR AIR BAG SHUT-OFF PY - 1997/04 SP - 95 p. AB - The objective of this project is to develop the variable manufacturing costs and lead time estimates of an "occupant detection system for air bag shut off". The Mercedes-Benz system was used as a base for developing this data. The system consists of a switch pad which fits beneath the upholstery on the front passenger seat and a wiring harness that connects the switch pad to the vehicle air bag wiring harness. With this system, the passenger air bag is normally in a non-detonation state and a person of sufficient weight sitting on the switch pad closes the circuit through depressing pressure points in the switch pad. A relatively light weight person (a child) would not depress the pressure points sufficiently to close the circuit. Assessment of the cost to implement this concept into the total U.S. market was accomplished by first developing the variable manufacturing costs of the Mercedes-Benz system, then conducting an evaluation of twenty U.S. production vehicles relative to their current air bag systems and front seat configurations. The air bag systems were evaluated relative to the ease of interdicting a shut off switch into the circuitry. The front seat configurations were evaluated relative to the sitting area that a front passenger would sit and; consequently, the area that a "switch pad" would have to cover. KW - Air bags KW - Analysis KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Front seat occupants KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes-benz KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant detection system KW - Passenger cars KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Safety KW - Shut-off KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6892/780.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744512 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NUMBER 11 -- EVALUATION OF STOPPING PERFORMANCE OF TRAILER ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS PY - 1997/04 SP - 51 p. AB - In order to better understand the functioning of antilock brake systems on pneumatically braked trailers, a series of tests were conducted to evaluate different ABS control strategies, performance variations among systems supplied by different manufacturers, and the operation of ABS on double and triple trailer combinations. The testing showed that there was relatively little difference in the stopping capability of the vehicle with the various control strategies and with the various manufacturers' systems. The only exception to this was in the case of a split coefficient surface of a maneuver where there was significant weight transfer from one side of the vehicle to the other. In these two situations, the systems which use axle control strategies had longer stopping distances than those using individual wheel or side-by-side control. These results held true for the doubles and triples combinations as well. Additionally, it was found that the stopping capability of doubles and triples combinations was particularly enhanced with ABS on the trailers and dollies compared to having ABS on just the tractor in the case of mixed loads, where some of the trailers in the combination are loaded and some are not. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake tests KW - Brakes KW - Control systems KW - Double trailers KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic systems KW - Stopping KW - Stopping capability KW - Stopping characteristics KW - Stopping distances KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Triple trailers KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6902/881.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744513 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVE FOR INCREASING SEAT BELT USE NATIONWIDE: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1997/04 SP - 22 p. AB - On December 28, 1996 President Clinton asked all Americans to always wear seat belts, and to always keep children ages 12 and under buckled in the back seat where they are safest. On January 23, 1997, he directed the Secretary of Transportation to prepare a plan to increase the use of seat belts nationwide. The President directed that the plan address: 1) state laws that require the use of seat belts; 2) assistance from the Department of Transportation to improve these state laws; and 3) a comprehensive education campaign by the public and private sectors to help the public understand the need to wear seat belts. This publication presents the plan based on the advice of Congress, the states, the private sector (including automobile manufacturers and insurers), and many other groups. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Governments KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Private enterprise KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20200/20298/PB98121825.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5908/seatbelt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744511 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TESTS TO EVALUATE RENSTAR INFRARED HEAVY VEHICLE BRAKE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM PY - 1997/04 SP - 34 p. AB - Tests were conducted to evaluate an infrared temperature measurement system to be used to measure brake temperatures of heavy vehicles for the purpose of assessing the operational status of the brake system. The results of the tests were used to establish the accuracy of the temperature measurements made and the usefulness of brake temperature in determining the status of a brake system. The temperatures measured using the infrared measurement system were compared to those measured using thermocouples welded to the surface of the brake drums. In the cases where the sensors were properly aimed, the temperature comparison was found to be good, even for wheels with backing plates installed. The sensors were found to be very sensitive to aiming and, hence, had poor agreement for wheels with different sizes of brake drums from those used for the initial aiming. In general, brake temperature was found to be a poor indicator of brake adjustment, since, under normal operating conditions, even misadjusted brakes develop enough force to generate brake temperatures similar to those of a fully adjusted brake. Only brakes which are inoperative have temperatures which can be reliably differentiated from properly working brakes. KW - Brake adjustment KW - Brake inspection KW - Brake temperature KW - Brake tests KW - Brakes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Infrared radiation KW - Inspection KW - Temperature KW - Temperature measurement KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744490 AU - American Automobile Association TI - BUYING A SAFER CAR PY - 1997/04 SP - 11 p. AB - This brochure by the American Automobile Association contains safety features of automobiles, crash test results, and buying tips for how to purchase a safer car. It describes NHTSA's crash tests, safety features available for 1997 automobiles, and displays a table containing data on crash test results and safety features by vehicle type. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile models KW - Automobile safety characteristics KW - Impact tests KW - Integrated seat belt systems KW - Purchasing KW - Safety equipment KW - Structural models KW - Traction control KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744480 AU - Olson, A AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - A DESCRIPTION OF THE UMTRI DRIVING SIMULATOR ARCHITECTURE AND ALTERNATIVES PY - 1997/04 SP - 27 p. AB - The UMTRI driving simulator family consists of six simulators used for research on in-vehicle devices (e.g., cellular phones, collision warnings displays), medical considerations (e.g., impairments due to alcohol and Alzheimer's disease, along with individual differences due to age and sex), steering system dynamics, and simulator design characteristics. This report describes the Driver Interface Research Simulator, a network of Macintosh computers that generate the road scene, instrument panel graphics, sound, and traffic. The report examines the following basic questions: 1. Why should a networked simulator be used to present traffic? 2. How should tasks be allocated among computers? 3. Which network should be used? 4. How should simulators on different computers be coordinated? 5. How should simulators track the locations of vehicles simulated on other computers? Decisions were made with an eye towards performance, flexibility, and ease of implementation. The solutions chosen were: 10Base-T Ethernet using Apple Talk protocol; distributed coordination; and dead reckoning. Future directions of network development are also described. KW - Computer networks KW - Computer systems KW - Computers KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Macintosh computers KW - Traffic simulation UR - http://www.umich.edu/~driving/publications/UMTRI-97-15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743888 AU - Toyota Motor Corporation TI - THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: TOYOTA AND THE WORLD, 1997 EDITION PY - 1997/04 SP - 49 p. AB - This publication, by the Toyota Motor Corporation, describes Toyota's business ventures, research activities, marketing and manufacturing practices around the world, its overseas parts supply and after sales service and its business diversification efforts. It also discusses Toyota's globalization activities, its environmental efforts, and its contributions to automotive safety. KW - Businesses KW - Development KW - Economic conditions KW - Environmental policy KW - International relations KW - Manufacturing KW - Marketing KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743857 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DISCONNECT VEHICLE BATTERIES SAFELY PY - 1997/04 SP - 2 p. AB - This Research Note describes an anomalous occurrence during fire safety research that leads them to advise initial responders to a motor vehicle accident scene to carefully check whether the battery is still receiving power, even though the negative cable may have been disconnected. Sometimes, other sources may power the battery (such as a screw penetrating the side of the battery during the collision, creating a circuit for the electricity to flow). Therefore, initial responders to accidents should always check for anything out of the ordinary. If the radio, dome light, wipers, dash lights, etc., are on, then the battery still has power, even though its negative cable may have been disconnected. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Electric batteries KW - Emergency procedures KW - Motor vehicles KW - Power KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471843 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743818 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OBSERVED SAFETY BELT USE IN 1996 PY - 1997/04 SP - 4 p. AB - A National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) was conducted in the Fall of 1996 to estimate safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in the U.S. The first such study was conducted in 1994 and the results were made available in a series of research notes. This Research Note includes background of the study, findings of the 1996 moving traffic study, comparison of the 1996 and 1994 moving traffic studies, findings of the 1996 state surveys, and comparison of measurement methods. Safety belt use increased between 1994 and 1996. In 1996, the overall observed safety belt use rate was 61.3% compared to 58% observed in 1994. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Moving vehicles KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/802/00322.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20989/PB98163645.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736868 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE SAMPLING SYSTEM CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM 1992-1994 PY - 1997/04 SP - 122 p. AB - During the period 1992 through 1994, an estimated 10.9 million vehicles each year were involved in police-reported traffic crashes. Approximately 95% of these were automobiles, pickup trucks, vans, and sport/utility vehicles, collectively referred to as passenger vehicles. Pickup trucks, vans, and utility vehicles are collectively referred to as light trucks. Most of these vehicles were not seriously damaged: only 26% of them were towed from the crash scene due to damage sustained in the crash. Approximately 46,000 vehicles were involved in fatal crashes each year. This report focuses attention on occupants of those passenger vehicles that were towed from the crash scene. NHTSA's National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) / Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) collects detailed information on towed passenger vehicle crashes, employing trained, professional crash investigation teams. The in-depth data collection, scientific protocols, and professionalism of those involved make the NASS/CDS database a valuable resource to many in the traffic safety community. NASS data are used by government, industry, and the private sector to conduct research, identify injury patterns and mechanisms, provide a basis for regulatory decision making, and provide a means of evaluating the association between occupant injury and various crash-related characteristics. This report is presented in the following sections: Executive Summary; (1) Introduction; (2) Perspective; (3) Vehicle Crash Data; (4) Occupant Injury Data; and Appendixes. KW - Contact injuries KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness Data System KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Injuries KW - Injuries by body area KW - Injury severity KW - Injury statistics KW - Light trucks KW - Loss and damage KW - National Automotive Sampling System KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Restraint systems KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Statistics KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479067 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742404 JO - GOVERNMENT COMPUTER NEWS PB - GCN Communications Corporation AU - Lais, S AU - GCN Communications Corporation TI - ALERT POLICE HAVE MORE TIME TO FIGHT CRIME PY - 1997/03/31 VL - 16 SP - p. 12 AB - Police in College Station, Texas, are working out the bugs in the Advanced Law Enforcement Response Technology (ALERT) system. The Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) decided to replace the multiple control panels and tactical switches usually found in police cars with a touch screen, mounted on the dashboard of a cruiser and linked to a PC mounted in the trunk. With one finger, officers can request information and program their vehicles. Although it takes officers 15 to 20 percent longer to electronically issue a citation or arrest report, the system will save time overall. Daily and weekly reports are generated electronically and almost instantly, which means officers no longer must sort tickets and compile incident reports. KW - Arrest procedures KW - Arrests KW - Incidents KW - Law enforcement KW - Personal computers KW - Police KW - Police vehicles KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742403 JO - GOVERNMENT COMPUTER NEWS PB - GCN Communications Corporation AU - Lais, S AU - GCN Communications Corporation TI - FHWA PILOT TESTS PC SYSTEMS FOR POLICE CRUISERS: DASH-MOUNTED TOUCH SCREEN SIMPLIFIES POLICE CAR COCKPIT, PUTS COPS ON THE CUTTING EDGE OF TECHNOLOGY PY - 1997/03/31 VL - 16 SP - p. 12 AB - The Federal Highway Adminstration (FHWA) worked with the Texas Transportation Institute to come up with the Advanced Law Enforcement Response Technology (ALERT) system, a "clean cockpit" system for police cruisers, which is currently being pilot tested. The goal is an integrated PC application that will help police officers streamline their cruiser systems, do away with paperwork and improve communications. The project targets communications among police officers and also with other emergency and law enforcement units. ALERT would outfit police cars with a touch screen mounted on the dashboard and a removable pen computer run by a trunk-mounted PC. KW - Communications KW - Field tests KW - Law enforcement KW - Personal computers KW - Police vehicles KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744481 AU - Richardson, B C AU - Albers, W A AU - Kostyniuk, L P AU - Barnes, M A AU - Rodriquez, D A AU - Ward, O W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF DECISION ANALYSIS TO INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SOCIETAL ISSUES PY - 1997/03/14 SP - 56 p. AB - A demonstration of the use of decision analysis to address societal and institutional issues in an Intelligent Transportation System-based paratransit implementation was performed. A decision analysis technique called Multi-Organization Decision Analysis (MODA) was developed, and it is based on the Decision Risk Analysis process used widely in the private sector. Its objective is to facilitate consensus among the disparate public and private sector stakeholders in a decision process. The stakeholders are represented on a decision-making team, and they are supported by a team of analysts. MODA meetings are aided by facilitators. The process includes the development of a shared vision statement framing the problem, developing alternative solutions, analyzing the alternatives, and reaching a decision. Progression to the next step of the process does not occur until consensus is reached on the present step. KW - Consensus KW - Decision making KW - Governments KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Private enterprise KW - Risk analysis KW - Societal issues KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - http://www.osat.umich.edu/OSAT97ITS.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756357 AU - Katz, S AU - Fleming, J AU - Green, P AU - HUNTER, D AU - Damouth, D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ON-THE-ROAD HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATION OF THE ALI-SCOUT NAVIGATION SYSTEM PY - 1997/03 SP - 261 p. AB - Two experiments examined the safety and usability of the Siemens Ali-Scout navigation system. The in-vehicle interface provides turn-by-turn visual and voice guidance. In the first experiment, 54 drivers varying in age drove to four destinations, twice using the Ali-Scout and once using experimenter verbal guidance. Subjects were tested in the afternoon, at rush hour, and in the evening. There were no crashes or near misses using the Ali-Scout, but there were four critical incidents where drivers changed lanes in response to navigation voice instructions without checking traffic. Excluding the turns into destinations, the turn error rate was 8%, and uncertainties occurred at an additional 13% of the turns. Most of the errors and uncertainties occurred in autonomous mode in which only the distance and direction to the destination are shown, not turn-by-turn guidance. Most longitudinal control measures (trip duration, mean and standard deviation of moving speed, overall mean speed, mean throttle position, and the standard deviation of throttle position) reflected significant experimental differences. Drivers rated the interface as reasonably safe for themselves but not as safe as the Rockwell PathMaster or the simulated UMTRI interfaces, primarily due to mistiming of the voice guidance. In the supplemental experiment, eye fixation data at night for the Ali-Scout was collected for 10 drivers. An additional three drivers used the PathMaster. There were no crashes, near misses, or critical incidents associated with the PathMaster. In contrast to the first experiment, measures of lateral control (lane position) were most sensitive to experimental differences. KW - Ali Scout (Route guidance system) KW - Automatic steering control KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Longitudinal control KW - Navigation systems KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Usability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754947 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - QUESTIONS MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED ABOUT GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING PY - 1997/03 SP - 12 p. AB - This document presents basic information about graduated driver licensing for young beginning drivers. The following questions are addressed and answered. 1. What is a graduated licensing system? 2. Are young drivers a problem? 3. How does graduated licensing work? 4. Can graduated licensing reduce crashes and save lives? 5. What specific provisions make a system "graduated"? Does each state have to adopt all the provisions? 6. Is a nighttime driving restriction a critical component of a graduated licensing system? 7. What are common misconceptions about nighttime driving restrictions? 8. An element of the graduated licensing system is increased supervised driving practice, but what guarantee is there that this will occur? 9. How does the graduated licensing system affect motorcyclists? 10. Why target only young people with a graduated licensing system - why not all novice drivers? 11. Do parents support graduated licensing? 12. How much does a graduated licensing system cost? 13. What happens to a beginning driver who commits a moving violation, or an at-fault crash? 14. Who supports graduated licensing? KW - Adolescents KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobile driving KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Graduated licensing KW - Motorcyclists KW - Moving violations KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - Novices KW - Parents KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - States KW - Supervision KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754940 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD TRANSPORTATION SAFETY TIPS PY - 1997/03 SP - 18 p. AB - This report contains nine child passenger safety tips. These safety tips concern the following: safety seat checkup; where your child should ride; protecting new babies in the car; what to use for a big baby or toddler; how preschool children and school children should ride; making sure the safety belt around the child safety seat is secure; using child safety seat harness straps; safety seat recalls; and air bag safety - always place children in the back seat. KW - Air bags KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Infants KW - Passenger cars KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Preschool children KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - School children KW - Seat belt positioning KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744525 AU - Fancher, P AU - Ervin, R AU - Sayer, J AU - Hagan, M AU - Bogard, S AU - Bareket, Z AU - Mefford, M AU - Haugen, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL FIELD OPERATION TEST PY - 1997/03 SP - 184 p. AB - This interim document reports on a cooperative agreement between NHTSA and UMTRI entitled Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) Field Operational Test (FOT). The overarching goal of the work is to characterize safety and comfort issues that are fundamental to human interactions with an automatic headway keeping system. This report summarizes the status of the FOT and presents preliminary results and findings deriving from the testing activities now in progress. It describes work done to prepare and instrument a fleet of 10 passenger cars with infrared ranging sensors, headway control algorithms, and driver interface units as needed to provide an adaptive cruise control (ACC) functionality. The vehicles have been given to lay drivers to use for two weeks as their personal cars. Based upon data from 35 drivers, objective and subjective results support the following preliminary observations: ACC driving is reported to be comfortable and is perceived as stress relieving. The kinesthetic sensation of ACC-induced deceleration was often cited by drivers as a vigilance-enhancing cue, perhaps implying a safety benefit. Drivers appear to learn how to use ACC quickly and to converge on a strategy that meshes with their driving style. The data contain a natural type of "bias" by which manual driving appears riskier than ACC driving in part because denser, more conflict-laden, traffic induces drivers to turn the ACC system off. Under virtually all conditions in which ACC is engaged, drivers choose (and the system provides) headway distances that are greater than those seen when the same person drives manually. ACC driving results in fewer "near approaches" to the preceding vehicle than does manual driving. Headway-keeping behavior differs markedly with driver age. Younger drivers are typically more aggressive, operating at shorter headways. Given the properties of the ACC system being studied, a minimal impact on the accident record would be expected from observations to date. A major element of this expectation derives from the drivers' choice to use ACC only in rather benign traffic environments. When completed, the FOT is expected to present findings based on results from over 100 drivers/participants. KW - Adaptive control KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Age KW - Automatic headway control KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Autonomous vehicle navigation KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash records KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Longitudinal control KW - Man machine interaction KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Passenger cars KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744503 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION AFFIRMATIVE EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM PLAN FOR MINORITIES AND WOMEN: ACCOMPLISHMENT REPORT AND UPDATES FY-96 PY - 1997/03 SP - 84 p. AB - This publication provides information on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) efforts to improve the employment situation for minorities and women, within its own organization. The publication includes organizational charts and forms describing the employment situations of women and minorities in NHTSA. The accountability statement defines the duties of the NHTSA administrator, the Equal Employment Opportunity specialist, managers and supervisors, and the function of Equal Employment Opportunity Performance Standards. A policy statement on sexual harassment prevention at NHTSA, and the distribution of EEO groups and comparisons for major occupations are also included. Major subheadings are: Accomplishment Report for FY 1996, and Workforce Data. KW - Discrimination KW - Employment KW - Equal opportunity KW - Females KW - Hiring policies KW - Minorities KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744504 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVE ON DRUGS, DRIVING AND YOUTH: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY PY - 1997/03 SP - 27 p. AB - On October 19, 1996 President Clinton asked the Director of National Drug Control Policy and the Secretary of Transportation to present recommendations to him within 90 days that would meet his two goals of: reduction of the incidence of drug use by teens, and reduction of driving under the influence of drugs in general. Recommendations were specifically requested on the following points: 1) drug testing for minors applying for driver licenses; 2) zero tolerance laws that make it illegal to drive with any amount of an illicit drug in the driver's body; 3) driver license revocation for persons driving under the influence of drugs; 4) driver license revocation for other drug offenses; 5) methods to improve identification and prosecution of drivers impaired by drugs; 6) federal incentives for effective state programs to fight drugged driving; and 7) technologies to assist law enforcement to identify drivers impaired by drugs or alcohol. A task force studied the issues. This publication contains the relevant background information that they reviewed, and their recommendations. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohols KW - Crash causes KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driving KW - Drug abuse KW - Drug caused accidents KW - Drug effects KW - Drug tests KW - Drug use KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Revocation KW - Treatment programs KW - Zero tolerance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20300/20305/PB98122120.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742385 JO - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES PB - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV AU - Wegman, F AU - Goldenbeld, C AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - LARGE-SCALE POLICE SURVEILLANCE IS ESSENTIAL IN ORDER TO BRING ROAD SAFETY TARGETS WITHIN REACH PY - 1997/03 IS - 7 SP - p. 7-8 AB - The Dutch government has set the following quantitative targets for road safety: a 25% reduction in the number of road deaths and injuries by the year 2000 (compared with 1985 levels) and a further reduction of 50% and 40% respectively by the year 2010 (compared with 1986 levels). Various indicators suggest that road safety in the Netherlands is not showing any significant signs of improvement. According to SWOV, it is now no longer certain that the aforesaid targets will be met. KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Police law enforcement responsibilities KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577668 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742384 JO - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES PB - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV AU - Wittink, R D AU - Wijnolst, D M AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - A PROPOSAL TO DEVELOP AN EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING SPEED MANAGEMENT PY - 1997/03 IS - 7 SP - p. 6-7 AB - The control of driving speed is one of the major subjects of road safety policy. The study reported here was intended to develop a proposal describing how the exchange of knowledge in this field could be organized. Working meetings were organized with policy makers and administrators, where the need for knowledge in the field of speed control and preferences for certain type of knowledge exchange were considered. A distinction was made between: knowledge regarding the content of policy measures, and knowledge regarding the organization of policy, i.e. the process related aspects. KW - Exchange KW - Knowledge KW - Management KW - Policy KW - Speed KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577667 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742380 JO - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES PB - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV AU - Goldenbeld, C AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - INFORMATION CAMPAIGN TO PREVENT NECK INJURY IMPROVES SAFETY BEHAVIOR PY - 1997/03 IS - 7 SP - p. 1-2 AB - In the autumn of 1995, the nationwide campaign "Prevent Neck Injury" commenced. This campaign was designed to focus attention on the safety benefits of the correct use of head rests by the occupants of passenger cars. The campaign consisted of billboards along motorways, a commercial on television and leaflets and articles in free local papers. This report deals with the question of whether the campaign was effective and to what degree. To this end, research was conducted, consisting of an observation study and a questionnaire among drivers and front passengers. KW - Advertising KW - Drivers KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Neck injuries KW - Passenger cars KW - Passengers KW - Prevention KW - Public information programs KW - Questionnaires KW - Roadside advertising KW - Safety KW - Television KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742382 JO - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES PB - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV AU - Schoon, C C AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - CLOSED SIDE PROTECTION FOR TRUCKS SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED PY - 1997/03 IS - 7 SP - p. 4-5 AB - In the Netherlands a demonstration project was carried out concerning side protection for trucks. The aim of the project was to gain practical experience in the purchase, fitting and maintenance of side protection. The researchers were also interested in the fuel consumption of the trucks with side protection, in the experiences of the drivers, and in any damage or accidents involving the vehicles in question. The project also included a practical test to determine the 'subjective feeling of safety' of cyclists and pedestrians in relation to trucks with side protection. KW - Closed side protection KW - Cyclists KW - Driver experience KW - Fuel consumption KW - Knowledge KW - Pedestrians KW - Perception KW - Safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577665 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742381 JO - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES PB - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV AU - Schoon, C C AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS WITH BICYCLISTS? PY - 1997/03 IS - 7 SP - p. 3 AB - In collaboration with the Consumer Safety Institute, SWOV held a written questionnaire amongst cyclists who were involved in a road accident and were subsequently transported to a hospital. The Netherlands Transport Research Centre AVV of the Ministry of Transport and Public Works, which commissioned the study, was primarily interested in a number of specific factors that contribute to the incidence of cycle accidents, such as technical defects of the cycle, the quality of the road surface and the presence of protective devices, such as cycle seats and wheel spoke covers. In so far as possible, the use and effect of bicycle helmets also had to be established. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash causes KW - Cyclists KW - Defects KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Protection KW - Protective devices KW - Safety equipment KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577664 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742383 JO - RESEARCH ACTIVITIES PB - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV AU - Levelt, P AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - PROMISING PROGRAMME FOR YOUNGSTERS TO INFLUENCE THEIR CONCEPTION ON ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC PY - 1997/03 IS - 7 SP - p. 5-6 AB - SWOV has published the final report on the project 'Alcohol and traffic in Secondary Education'. The project was organized by the Dutch Road Safety Organization (VVN), the Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (NIAD) and the SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, supported by Research and Marketing (R&M) and subsidized by the Praeventiefonds. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohols KW - Drunk driving KW - High schools KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798220 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL DATABASE FOR MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF REAR-END COLLISIONS PY - 1997/02 SP - 28 p. AB - This report is from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored program, "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". In this Interim Report, the Statistical Database for Mathematical Simulation of Rear-End Collisions is presented. The report supports the Volume II, "Mathematical Modeling and Simulation" report which presents the mathematical modeling and simulation information performed to support the development of guidelines or specifications for devices that prevent rear-end collisions. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Databases KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Rear end crashes KW - Simulation KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744496 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1995 YOUTH FATAL CRASH AND ALCOHOL FACTS PY - 1997/02 SP - 35 p. AB - This publication contains charts, graphs and bulleted information which describes the fatality trends for youths involved in motor vehicle accidents since 1982. The figures and data contained in the report focus on impaired driving fatal crashes by young people, ages 15-20, from 1982-1995. The data selected to illustrate this problem primarily fall into four categories: Youth Fatalities, Young Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes, Young Drivers Killed, and Youth Fatalities by Alcohol Involvement of Young Drivers. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohols KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743853 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISON OF DIFFERENCES IN INSURANCE COSTS FOR PASSENGER CARS, STATION WAGONS/PASSENGER VANS, PICKUPS AND UTILITY VEHICLES ON THE BASIS OF DAMAGE SUSCEPTIBILITY PY - 1997/02 SP - 12 p. AB - This booklet compares differences in insurance costs for different makes and models of passenger cars, station wagons/ passenger vans, pickups and utility vehicles on the basis of damage susceptibility. It does not indicate a vehicle's relative safety, however. The information was taken from data compiled by the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) in its December 1996 Insurance Collision Report, and reflects the collision loss experience of passenger cars, utility vehicles, light trucks, and vans sold in the United States in terms of the average loss payment per insured vehicle year for model years 1994-1996. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Damage susceptibility KW - Differences KW - Insurance rates KW - Light trucks KW - Loss and damage KW - Passenger cars KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Station wagons KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738008 AU - Jones, R K AU - Lacey, J H AU - Mid America Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LASER AND RADAR BASED ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS FOR DETERRENCE OF SPEEDING PY - 1997/02 SP - 70 p. AB - This report documents the results of a study to determine the community-wide effectiveness of laser-based speed enforcement programs relative to radar-based programs. Jurisdiction-wide speeding enforcement programs were implemented and evaluated in two sites. One site (Council Bluffs, Iowa) used laser speed measuring devices exclusively in enforcing speed laws, while the other site (Dubuque, Iowa) used radar speed enforcement equipment exclusively. Both sites increased their speed enforcement activity during the program period and both supported their enforcement efforts with a publicity program aimed at increasing the public's perception of the risk of being caught and cited for a speeding violation. Results showed that the radar-based enforcement program had a positive community-wide effect on speeding, while the laser-based enforcement program did not have a community-wide effect on reducing speeding. Nevertheless, compliance with speed limits was maintained at pre-program levels in the laser site. Possible reasons for the absence of a more pronounced effect at the laser site include its higher baseline level of speed limit enforcement, a better baseline level of compliance with speed limits, and its elimination of all moving enforcement during the test. The absence of an easily detectable signal which advertises the presence of enforcement activity may also have contributed to the lack of a pronounced effect. Laser speed measuring devices worked well from an operational standpoint, providing results that could be used effectively to prosecute accused speeders. They are especially effective in situations requiring the targeting of specific vehicles in heavy traffic. A test of several laser detectors was also conducted, and results showed that by the time the driver reacted to the detectors' alarms, the targeted vehicle's speed was already captured. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Compliance KW - Deterrence KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/2000/2700/2700/793.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00923416 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VEHICLE SIZE AND FATALITY RISK IN MODEL YEAR 1985-93 PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS PY - 1997/01 SP - 5 p. AB - Fatality rates per million exposure years are computed by make, model and model year, based on the crash experience of model year 1985-93 passenger cars and light trucks (pickups, vans and sport utility vehicles) in the United States during calendar years 1989-93. Regression analyses calibrate the relationship between curb weight and the fatality rate, adjusting for the effects of driver age, sex and other confounding factors. The analyses estimate the change in fatalities (including occupants of the "case" vehicle, occupants of other vehicles in the crash, and pedestrians/bicyclists) per 100 pound weight reduction in cars or in light trucks. A 100-pound reduction in the average weight of passenger cars, with accompanying reductions (based on historical patterns) in other size parameters such as track width, and in the absence of any compensatory improvements in safety technology, is associated with an estimated increase of 302 fatalities per year (+/- 3-sigma confidence bounds range from an increase of 170 to an increase of 434). However, a 100-pound reduction in the average weight of light trucks is associated with an estimated decrease of 40 fatalities (+/- 3-sigma confidence bounds range from a decrease of 130 to an increase of 50). In car-light truck collisions, 80% of the fatalities are occupants of the cars. When light trucks are reduced in weight and size, they become less hazardous to occupants of passenger cars as well as pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists. Conversely, growth in the weight and size of light trucks could increase hazards to those groups. KW - Automobiles KW - Downsizing KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Light trucks KW - Regression analysis KW - United States KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/707395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754951 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED TRACKING SYSTEMS. VOLUME 3: DWI ESTIMATES FOR THE UNITED STATES PY - 1997/01 SP - 16 p. AB - This volume is a quantitative presentation of driving while intoxicated (DWI) estimates that are based upon state-level data provided by eight states with DWI tracking systems. Many references and examples cited in brief in Volume I of this report are written here in greater detail in the appropriate state description. KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Dwi tracking systems KW - Estimates KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tracking systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25938/DOT-HS-808-522.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754952 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION FY 1998 BUDGET IN BRIEF PY - 1997/01 SP - 22 p. AB - This brief budget contains the following sections and subsections. Overview: Summary of Authorizing Legislation, NHTSA Strategic Plan, Historical Funding Table, NHTSA Pie Charts; Programs: Safety Performance Standards, Safety Assurance, Highway Safety, Research and Analysis, General Administration, Highway Safety Grants; Miscellaneous: GPRA Outcome Measures, Distribution of Section 402 Grants, Organizational Chart. KW - Analysis KW - Budgeting KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Highway safety KW - Legislation KW - Organization charts KW - Quality of work KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic mitigation KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754950 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED TRACKING SYSTEMS. VOLUME 2: STATE TRACKING SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS PY - 1997/01 SP - v.p. AB - This volume is a compilation of seven individual state descriptions of each state's respective driving while intoxicated (DWI) tracking systems reviewed for this report. This includes its judicial sanctions, administrative actions, system stakeholders, and a brief summary of their DWI tracking system and design development. KW - Actions KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Dwi tracking systems KW - Sanctions KW - Stakeholders KW - States KW - Tracking systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5883/903.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754949 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED TRACKING SYSTEMS. VOLUME 1: DESIGN AND OPERATION PY - 1997/01 SP - v.p. AB - This volume of this report is a qualitative analysis of state-level driving while intoxicated (DWI) tracking system designs and the operations that must be supported. It includes extensive recommendations for system development aspects and provides a methodology for assessing the most effective state-level design. This volume attempts to illustrate three basic points: Characteristics of existing DWI Tracking Systems; Descriptions of how a tracking system can improve the DWI Critical Path; and State needs and foundations for building a DWI Tracking System. KW - Characteristics KW - Critical path method KW - Development KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Dwi tracking systems KW - Foundations KW - Operations KW - States KW - Tracking systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25941/DOT-HS-808-520.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754948 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SET UP A SIMPLE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM AND SAVE... PY - 1997/01 SP - 15 p. AB - Each year traffic crashes cause immeasurable human suffering. They also result in enormous financial losses to American businesses. By implementing a simple highway safety program in the workplace, an employer can greatly reduce the risks faced by his employees and their families, while protecting his company's bottom line. This booklet relates six easy steps for building a highway safety program in the workplace. It also contains real-life examples of successful safety programs, sample messages and activities for starting a program, and a list of resources to help fine tune activities. The six steps for building a workplace highway safety program are: 1. Obtain Management's Commitment; 2. Identify Your Costs; 3. Develop an Action Plan; 4. Implement Highway Safety Policies; 5. Implement an Awareness Campaign; and 6. Evaluate Your Program. KW - Businesses KW - Costs KW - Employees KW - Employers KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Labor KW - Management KW - Policy KW - Public information programs KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744495 AU - Hutt, K R AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SETTING LIMITS, SAVING LIVES: THE CASE FOR .08 BAC LAWS PY - 1997/01 SP - 28 p. AB - Impaired driving is the most frequently committed violent crime in America. Every 30 minutes, someone in this country dies in an alcohol-related crash. There are four key laws that have been proven effective in the fight against impaired driving: illegal per se, administrative license revocation, zero tolerance, and .08 BAC. This booklet describes the .08 BAC law, and makes the case for adopting it in every state. An illegal per se law makes it illegal to drive with an alcohol concentration measured at or above the established legal level. Forty-eight states have established a per se law. In 35 of those states, the legal limit is .10% blood alcohol concentration. Thirteen other states have established .08 BAC as the legal limit. Lowering the BAC limit to .08 sets the legal limit at a point at which driving skills are proven to be compromised. At .08 BAC, all drivers, even experienced ones, show impairment in driving ability. KW - Alcohol laws KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - State laws KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744497 AU - Segui-Gomez, M AU - Maria Sequi-Gomez AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LITERATURE SEARCH FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF INJURY PY - 1997/01 SP - 51 p. AB - A literature review was undertaken to identify what indicators (if any) could be used to measure the social consequences of injuries. The objectives of the search were to (1) find out what different aspects of social life can be affected by injuries, (2) learn what are the mechanism and risk factors leading to these effects, (3) gather information on how much those aspects are affected, and (4) identify the existing measurement tools to quantify these indicators. Over 100 references were found using MEDLINE and cross references from papers on the topic. Three different types of references were found: (1) precise descriptions of different aspects of social life that get disrupted by an injury, (2) identification and quantification of the mechanisms that lead to the social consequences, and (3) measurement of more generic concepts such as quality of life, quality of well-being or the limitation in performing common activities. This report includes a discussion of the main findings, abstracts of the papers, and some paper-specific comments. KW - Guides to the literature KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Limitations KW - Literature reviews KW - Psychological aspects KW - Psychosocial consequences KW - Quality of life KW - Risk assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5300/5388/947.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743882 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR BAG ALERT PY - 1997/01 SP - 2 p. AB - This safety message emphasizes air bag safety procedures. It notes that everyone should be buckled up and children should sit in the back seat of the vehicle. In addition, driver and front passenger seats should be moved as far back as practical, particularly for shorter people. KW - Adults KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bags KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Height KW - Rear seats KW - Safety KW - Safety factors KW - Seat belts KW - Short adults KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471878 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743860 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - Hertz, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - THE EFFECT OF DECREASES IN VEHICLE WEIGHT ON INJURY CRASH RATES PY - 1997/01 SP - 2 p. AB - This Note reports on a recently completed analysis to estimate the effect of a one hundred (100) pound reduction in the average weight of passenger vehicles on the per crash rate of incapacitating injury to drivers. Crash data from Illinois (1990-1992) and Florida (1991-1993) were used in the current analysis. Using the KABCO injury scale, data from these states on fatal injuries (K) plus incapacitating injuries (A) for crash involved drivers were analyzed. Assuming that the effect of the hypothetical decreases in vehicle weight on drivers is similar to that for all occupants, results indicate the following. A hypothetical 100 pound decrease in the average weight of Light Truck Vehicles (with passenger cars unchanged) would result in an estimated increase of 1,795 incapacitating injuries. A hypothetical 100 pound decrease in the average weight of passenger cars (with light truck vehicles unchanged) would result in an estimated increase of 8,804 incapacitating injuries. A hypothetical 100 pound decrease in the average of all passenger vehicles (both passenger cars and light truck vehicles) would result in an estimated increase of 10,543 incapacitating injuries. KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Injury rates KW - Light trucks KW - Passenger cars KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Vans KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/pdf/SIZENOTE.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740610 AU - Hertz, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF DECREASES IN VEHICLE WEIGHT ON INJURY CRASH RATES PY - 1997/01 SP - 14 p. AB - This study presents the results of an analysis to estimate the effect of a 100 lb (45 kg) reduction in the average weight of passenger vehicles on the crash rates of driver incapacitating injury. The analysis was conducted as a part of the effort by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to study the effect of hypothetical decreases in vehicle weight on the crashes, injuries, and fatalities of passenger car and light truck occupants. Crash data from Illinois (1990-1992) and Florida (1991-1993) were used in the study. Using the KABCO injury scale, data from these states on fatal (K) plus incapacitating (A) injuries for crash involved drivers of model year 1985-1993 vehicles were analyzed. Assuming that the effect of hypothetical vehicle weight decreases on the odds of driver incapacitating injury is similar to that for all occupants, the following findings were noted: (1) A hypothetical 100 lb (45 kg) decrease in the average weight of light trucks and vans (LTVs) with passenger cars (PCs) unchanged would result in an estimated increase of 1,795 incapacitating injuries; (2) A hypothetical 100 lb (45 kg) decrease in the average weight of PCs with LTVs unchanged would result in an estimated increase of 8,804 incapacitating injuries; and (3) A hypothetical 100 lb (45 kg) decrease in the average weight of all PCs and LTVs would result in an estimated increase of 10,543 incapacitating injuries. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Passenger cars KW - Vans KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/297/00297.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4800/4845/908.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732405 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF STATE SPEED LAWS, CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1997 PY - 1997/01 SP - 294 p. AB - This summary reports the status of State statutes (or regulations) that are concerned with either speed limit or speed related violations as of January 1, 1997 (unless otherwise indicated). The summary is divided into three areas: (1) Introduction; (2) Summary Tables; and (3) a State by State Analysis. The State by State Analysis is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The State by State Analysis includes code and, where needed, case law citations, and can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The Appendix, using the State by State Analysis' format, gives the Uniform Vehicle Code's provisions on speed limit and speed related offenses. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Speed KW - Speed laws KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - State laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6879/917.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732395 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION, CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1997, FIFTEENTH EDITION PY - 1997/01 SP - 586 p. AB - This Digest reports the status, as of January 1, 1997, of State laws that are concerned with drunk driving offenses and alcoholic beverage control. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. Appendix A, using the State Law Summary's format, gives the Uniform Vehicle Code's provisions on implied consent, drunk driving, vehicle homicide and driving while license is either suspended or revoked. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driving without a license KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - State laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Vehicular homicide UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6272/723.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00970074 AU - Gilbert, R Kent AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF A PROTOTYPE FORWARD-LOOKING AUTOMOTIVE RADAR PY - 1997 SP - 70 p. AB - The goal of this research program was to increase the knowledge and understanding of radar sensing in the roadway environment by conducting structured testing of TRWs prototype automotive radar sensor, or FLAR, in real-world freeway settings. To achieve this goal the following program objectives were established: 1) to fully characterize TRWs FLAR in a controlled laboratory setting; 2) to measure radar cross-sections of representative automobiles and roadway objects; 3) to measure the performance of the FLAR in a variety of freeway settings; 4) to provide data to TRW for refining its prototype sensor design; and, 5) to begin developing methodologies to test evaluate, and certify sensors for collision avoidance system KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Radar UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/7063.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00943443 AU - Burns, M AU - Dioquino, T AU - Southern California Research Institute AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A FLORIDA VALIDATION STUDY OF THE STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TEST (S.F.S.T.) BATTERY PY - 1997 SP - 88 p. AB - This study examined the validity of the following hypothesis: driving under the influence (DUI) arrest decisions made by Florida law enforcement officers, who have been trained under National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) guidelines to administer, score, and interpret the Standardized Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs); who have developed experience and skill with the SFSTs; and who use "only" the 3-test battery to examine suspected DUI drivers and do not have access to a preliminary breath tester, will be >/= 90% correct, as confirmed by measured blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). The data obtained during this study demonstrate that 95% of the officers' decisions to arrest drivers were correct decisions. Furthermore, 82% of their decisions to release drivers were correct. It is concluded that the SFSTs not only aid police officers in meeting their responsibility to remove alcohol-impaired drivers from the roadway, they also protect the rights of the unimpaired driver. These data validate the SFSTs as used in the State of Florida by Pinellas County Sheriff's deputies who have been trained under NHTSA guidelines. SFST validity now has been demonstrated in Florida, California (1997) and Colorado (1995). There appears to be little basis for continuing legal challenge. KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Decision making KW - Drunk drivers KW - Florida KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Standardized Field Sobriety Tests KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00787809 AU - Fancher, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL OPERATIONAL TEST PY - 1997 SP - 184 p. in various pagings AB - This report describes a field operational test (FOT) focused on characterizing safety and comfort issues that are fundamental to human interactions with an automatic headway keeping system. The report summarizes the status of the FOT and presents preliminary results and findings deriving from the testing activities now in progress. It describes the work done to prepare and instrument a fleet of ten passenger vehicles with infrared ranging sensors, headway control algorithms, and driver interface units as needed to provide an adaptive cruise control (ACC) functionality. KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649134 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00798848 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOR AND TRAFFIC SAFETY, SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, OCTOBER 19-22, 1997, CHATHAM, MASSACHUSETTS PY - 1997 SP - 281p AB - This book contains the papers and discussions presented at the symposium on risk-taking behavior and traffic safety. Over 80 traffic safety policymakers, researchers, and practitioners attended, presented their views, learned from others, and discussed the issues and potential solutions. The symposium's goal was to present and discuss the best current knowledge and views on driver (and pedestrian) risk-taking behavior. The symposium was organized into four sessions: (1) Describe the problem: what causes risk-taking and how does risk-taking affect traffic casualties; (2) Analyze several specific risky behaviors: failure to use seat belts, speeding, and dangerous pedestrian actions; (3) Present examples of successful methods for reducing risk-taking behavior; and (4) Offer suggestions for additional innovative methods. This book follows the same organization, with a chapter for the papers from each session. A final chapter presents post-symposium thoughts from the symposium co-chairs, Jim Fell, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and Thomas Terry, General Motors Corporation. U1 - Risk-Taking Behavior and Traffic SafetyU.S. Department of Transportation and General Motors Corporation.Chatham, Massachusetts StartDate:19971019 EndDate:19971022 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation and General Motors Corporation. KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Innovation KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk taking KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667752 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00797188 JO - Publication of: Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - Koivisto, I AU - Mikkonen, V AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - MIRRORING METHOD. A TRAFFIC SAFETY CAMPAIGN WITHOUT AUTHORITATIVE "RIGHT ANSWERS" SN - 9515600472 PY - 1997 SP - 24 p. AB - In the group of young male drivers, maneuvering skills, knowledge of rules, reaction times and perceptual readiness exceed the level of an average driver. In spite of this, their accident risk is about five times higher than that of more experienced drivers. The question is, how to get the young male drivers to make use of the skills they already have. There are usually great difficulties in finding a traffic safety message which would appeal to young men. In the present campaign, no attempts were made to repeat a slogan or to give direct advice. On the contrary, it was supposed that a realistic picture of one's own traffic behavior is a message in itself. This led to a procedure of two steps. Firstly, the actual traffic behavior and attitudes of the target group were recorded. Secondly, this "message" was mirrored back to the target group. The purpose of this was to help the drivers recognize their own weaknesses as well as strengths, and thus influence changes in their traffic behavior. The target group was composed of all men who were in military service during the experiment; this meant about 30,000 drivers at the age of 18 - 19 years. Several samples of conscripts were used for collecting data for mirroring. Driving speeds were recorded secretly from 173 drivers, the use of seat belts was observed in 785 cases, and 897 conscripts received a questionnaire concerning their traffic behavior and attitudes. While mirroring the behavior of conscripts back to the target group, no "right answers" were given. Rather, the mirroring only consisted of real recordings and expressions of the target group, written and spoken in their own language. Special care was taken to make sure that the whole picture of the target group - and nothing more - was mirrored back to the group. The effects of the campaign were followed up by again recording speeds and the use of seat belts in the same places and under corresponding circumstances. Feedback was also received via a survey a few weeks after the mirroring session. A slight increase in the use of seat belts, and a significant decrease in highest speeds were observed. The opinions given in the survey supported the interpretation, that the mirroring process did have a positive impact on traffic behavior and on the attitudes of the target group, even though the effects of certain parallel factors, like the intensified discussion around the project cannot be excluded. Accordingly, further research, with a design by control groups, is recommended in order to determine whether the positive findings can be corroborated. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - High risk drivers KW - Males KW - Methodology KW - Military personnel KW - Mirroring a behavior KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety campaigns KW - Seat belts KW - Speed KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/658640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775595 AU - Spinney, Bruce AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST, WEIGHT AND LEAD TIME IMPACTS OF A MERCEDES-BENZ "SENSORMAT" TYPE OCCUPANT DETECTION SYSTEM PY - 1997 SP - 8 p. AB - This report presents cost and pricing estimates for a vehicular occupant detection system. It describes a study which developed absolute and incremental estimates of the variable manufacturing costs, weights, lead time, and capital investments associated with adopting the Mercedes-Benz "Sensormat" type front passenger seat occupant detection system for air bag shut-off. KW - Air bags KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00776357 AU - Bruno, Ron AU - Stanford Telecommunications Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF THE SAE J1850 AND RELATED BUSES FOR IN- VEHICLE COMMUNICATIONS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ITS SAFETY-RELATED SERVICES PY - 1997 SP - 2, [1] p. AB - This study focused on developing simulation models of in-vehicle data buses and safety systems. It also investigated, through contacts with industry, the development in in-vehicle networking. The assessment modeled the data interfaces for safety-related user services using Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) simulation environment. It also established the performance of the J1850 and CAN data bus standards under the data load of individual and combinations of safety system devices and other vehicle elements. The study also investigated the fault tolerance reliability of the merging in-vehicle networks using fault tolerance analysis techniques. Finally, the study investigated the automotive network standards to support inter- networking among multiple in-vehicle data buses. KW - Electronic equipment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20000/20078/PB98108681.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/507961 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757823 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Rodgers, G B AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CRASH RISK OF ADULT BICYCLISTS PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 233-241 AB - This article evaluates the factors associated with the crash risk of adult bicyclists. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine and quantify risk factors, controlling simultaneously for a number of rider characteristics and bicycle use patterns. The analysis was based on data from a national survey of over 3,000 adult bicyclists, age 18 and older. The survey gathered information on the characteristics and use patterns of the bicyclists, and whether they had crashed or fallen from their bicycles during the preceding year. The results of the analysis show that the bicycle crash risk is systematically related to a rider's age, riding distances, riding surface, bicycle type, and geographical region of residence. KW - Accident risks KW - Adults KW - Age KW - Areas KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Distance KW - Geographic areas KW - Risk assessment KW - Surfaces KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757824 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Tofflemire, T C AU - Whitehead, P C AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS ON TRAFFIC SAFETY IN CANADA PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 257-272 AB - Since December 1, 1989 all new cars sold in Canada were required to be equipped with daytime running lights (DRL). This policy was expected to reduce angle and opposing collision involvement by 10% to 20% by making cars more conspicuous, thereby increasing the window of opportunity within which drivers can react. A quasi-experimental comparative posttest design is used in this study to evaluate the impact of DRL legislation on the incidence of angle and opposing collisions for 1989 cars and 1990 cars in the 1991 calendar year. The results show that the combined incidence of the two types of collisions is reduced by 5.3% (p<.05), mainly due to a reduction in the incidence of opposing collisions (-15%;p<.05), rather than angle collisions (-2.5%;NS). An examination of each province reveals that only two small provinces display a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of opposing collisions and one province displays a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of angle collisions. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of their relevance for DRL policy theory, traffic safety, future research, and cost. KW - Canada KW - Crashes KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Evaluation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757822 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Mattox, J R AU - Dwyer, W O AU - Leeming, F C AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - MAKING CRASH DATA USEFUL THROUGH RAPID RECORD ENTRY AND ANALYSIS PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 221-231 AB - A traffic crash record management information system was developed and successfully achieved three goals: (a) increased the speed with which data are entered into a traffic crash database, (b) ensured accuracy associated with data entry, and (c) permitted flexible analyses to provide useful profiles of crash statistics. The system was pilot tested by police officers in a small city in west Tennessee and a large city in east Tennessee. In both cities, officers received rapid feedback about crash trends and the effects of their traffic enforcement efforts. Officers found the system useful, and preferred to use it over the current crash reporting system. Speed of entry and accuracy are discussed relative to data from Tennessee's existing data management system. The analytic capabilities of the dot-scan reporting system are demonstrated in brief with an exemplary profile of crashes involving young drivers. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data entry KW - Data management KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Police KW - Records management KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756379 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '96: ROAD ACCIDENTS, JAPAN PY - 1997 SP - 80 p. AB - This statistical report was compiled under the supervision of the Traffic Bureau, the National Police Agency, Japan. The Table of Contents lists the following chapter headings. I. Road Traffic Situation II. Traffic Accidents: Trends III. Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1996 1. Traffic Accidents 2. Fatal Accidents 3. Casualties 4. Child Casualties 5. Traffic Accidents on Expressways 6. Fatalities Within 30 Days IV. Traffic Violations V. Traffic Regulations and Controls VI. Driver's License VII. Reference Information. KW - Child injuries KW - Children KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Reference information KW - Roads KW - Statistics KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537655 ER - TY - SER AN - 00756374 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC RECORDS, ACCIDENT PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS, AND STATISTICAL METHODS SN - 0309061725 PY - 1997 SP - 97 p. AB - This publication contains the following articles: Use of Driver and Criminal Records for Judges and Prosecutors, by BH Delucia, RA Scopatz, ML Edwards; Using Technology to Help Overcome Institutional Obstacles to Improved Crash Records Processing, by JS Miller; Geographic Information System Platform for Road Accident Risk Modeling, by FF Saccomanno, KC Chong, SA Nassar; Effect of Median Treatment on Urban Arterial Safety: An Accident Prediction Model, by JA Bonneson, PT McCoy; Age and Gender as Predictors of Injury Severity in Head-on Highway Vehicular Collisions, by CR Mercier, MC Shelley II, JB Rimkus, JM Mercier; Relationship between Volume-to-Capacity Ratios and Accident Rates, by M Zhou, VP Sisiopiku; Occurrence of Secondary Crashes on Urban Arterial Roadways, by RA Raub; Seasonal Variation in Frequencies and Rates of Highway Accidents as Function of Severity, by B Brown, K Baass; Effects of Air Bags on Severity Indexes for Roadside Objects, by FM Council, YM Mohamedshah, JR Stewart; Sampling Designs and Estimators for Monitoring Vehicle Characteristics Under Limited Inspection Capacity, by JG Kinateder, NJ McMillan, JE Orban, BO Skarpness, D Wells; Hierarchical Tree-Based Versus Ordinary Least Squares Linear Regression Models: Theory and Example Applied to Trip Generation, by S Washington, J Wolf; and Testing for Instrumentation in Transportation Time Series Data: A Case Study, by SM Rock. KW - Accident risks KW - Age KW - Air bags KW - Arterial highways KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Driver records KW - Forecasting KW - Frontal crashes KW - Gender KW - Geographic information systems KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Risk assessment KW - Sampling KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Severity indexes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Streets KW - Technology KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Trip generation KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/541029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756376 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - WHITE PAPER ON TRAFFIC SAFETY IN JAPAN '97. ABRIDGED EDITION PY - 1997 SP - 37 p. AB - This is the abridged version of the White Paper on Traffic Safety in Japan '97. It contains the following chapter headings: VOLUME 1 LAND TRANSPORTATION - Part 1 Road Transportation -- Chapter 1 Road Accident Trends I. Road Accidents in Recent Years, II. Road Accidents in 1996 1. Overview 2. Prominent Aspects of Traffic Fatalities -- Chapter 2 Traffic Accidents Involving Senior Citizens and Viable Preventative Measures I. Traffic Accidents Involving Senior Citizens 1. The Aging Society and Senior Citizen Activity in Transportation 2. Traffic Accidents Involving Senior Citizens, II. Traffic Safety Strategies for Senior Citizens 1. Formulation of Comprehensive Traffic Safety Strategies for Senior Citizens 2. Implementing Traffic Safety Strategies for Senior Citizens 3. Future Directions in Comprehensive Road Safety Strategies for Senior Citizens -- Chapter 3 Principle Policies of 1996; - Part 2 Railway Transport -- Chapter 1 Railway Accidents I. Railway Accidents in Recent Years -- Chapter 2 Current Railway Safety Measures. VOLUME 2 MARITIME TRANSPORTATION -- Chapter 1 Maritime Accidents I. Maritime Accidents in Recent Years, II. Maritime Accidents Involving Pleasure Boats and Rescues -- Chapter 2 Current Maritime Transport Safety. VOLUME 3 AVIATION SAFETY -- Chapter 1 Aviation Accidents I. Aviation Accidents in Recent Years -- Chapter 2 Current Aviation Safety Measures. KW - Aged KW - Air transportation crashes KW - Aviation safety KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Ground transportation KW - Highway safety KW - Japan KW - Marine safety KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroads KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Water transportation KW - Water transportation crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756372 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1997 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1997 SP - 19 p. AB - This annual motorcycle statistical publication, 1997 edition, contains tables and charts depicting information about the following topics: Motorcycle Population by Model Type and Engine Displacement; Motorcycle Population by State and Region; Total U.S. Motorcycle Registrations; Estimated New Motorcycle Sales Market Shares for Leading Brands; New Motorcycle Retail Sales by Units and Dollars; Retail Sales/Economic Value by State; Motorcycle Retail Outlets by State; Motorcycle Retail Outlet Profile Retail Sales Volume; Motorcycle Owner Profile; Rider Education and Safety; State Motorcycle Equipment Requirements; State Off-Highway Motorcycle Requirements; Motorcycle Usage by Model Type and State; Motorcycle Manufacturers and Distributors in the U.S.; and State Motorcycle Dealers Associations. KW - Equipment KW - Industries KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Registration KW - Retail trade KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756371 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS STRATEGIC PLAN PY - 1997 SP - 20 p. AB - The Secretary has made one of his top priorities to significantly reduce the number of people injured or killed in motor crashes each year. To this end, NHTSA has framed their Civil Rights vision of highway safety and injury prevention with hopes that it will manifest safer communities for diverse populations. The history of America's views on race and equality is a tale of denial and a long series of progressive retreats. It is behavior which may be encapsulated in a paradox: It is profoundly skin deep. It is rooted in mental attitudes, yet superficial where attempts to justify it are concerned. NHTSA/OCR must show intolerance to agendas that seek to maintain a social order in which opportunities and equality are offered to some and denied to others. This strategic plan is for the period of 1996-2001. Section I(a), provides NHTSA's mission and (b) the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) Mission statement. Section II(a), defines the Civil Rights Statutory Authorities and (b) the OCR Values Statement. Section III(a) discusses the OCR Vision and (b) Strategic Goals. Section IV (a), (b), and (c) discuss in detail Strategic Goals I-III respectively. Section IV (d) highlights OCR's Program Evaluation plan to measure goal achievement. KW - Civil rights KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Employment KW - Females KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Minorities KW - Opportunities KW - Race KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537646 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00756346 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Waller, P F AU - Blow, F C AU - Maio, R F AU - Singer, K AU - Hill, E M AU - Schaefer, N AU - Elsevier TI - CRASH CHARACTERISTICS AND INJURIES OF VICTIMS IMPAIRED BY ALCOHOL VERSUS ILLICIT DRUGS PY - 1997 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - p. 817-827 AB - Alcohol has long been associated with injury, but the relationship between other drugs and injury is less clear. Blood samples from 894 patients presenting to two Emergency Departments for treatment of motor vehicle injury sustained in passenger cars, station wagons, vans and pickup trucks, were tested for alcohol and other drugs. Results were related to demographic characteristics, including prior history of alcohol and drug use; crash characteristics; and injury characteristics. Alcohol was associated with more severe crashes, but other drugs, in the absence of alcohol, were not. The crashes involving drugs but no alcohol were very similar to those involving neither alcohol nor drugs. KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash victims KW - Demographics KW - Drug caused accidents KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/541025 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00756345 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Farmer, C M AU - LUND, A K AU - Trempel, R E AU - Braver, E R AU - Elsevier TI - FATAL CRASHES OF PASSENGER VEHICLES BEFORE AND AFTER ADDING ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS PY - 1997 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - p. 745-757 AB - Fatal crash rates of passenger cars and vans were compared for the last model year before four-wheel antilock brakes were introduced and the first model year for which antilock brakes were standard equipment. Vehicles selected for analysis had no other significant design changes between the model years being compared, and the model years with and without antilocks were no more than two years apart. The overall fatal crash rates were similar for the two model years. However, the vehicles with antilocks were significantly more likely to be involved in crashes fatal to their own occupants, particularly single-vehicle crashes. Conversely, antilock vehicles were less likely to be involved in crashes fatal to occupants of other vehicles or nonoccupants (pedestrians, bicyclists). Overall, antilock brakes appear to have had little effect on fatal crash involvement. Further study is needed to better understand why fatality risk has increased for occupants of antilock vehicles. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Passenger cars KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vans KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/541024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00756347 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - OXLEY, J AU - Fildes, B AU - IHSEN, E AU - CHARLTON, J AU - DAY, R AU - Elsevier TI - DIFFERENCES IN TRAFFIC JUDGEMENTS BETWEEN YOUNG AND OLD ADULT PEDESTRIANS PY - 1997 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - p. 839-847 AB - Older pedestrians have been shown to be over-involved in casualty crashes, compared to younger pedestrians, in recent reports. This study set out to investigate whether older pedestrians' road crossing behavior might render them more vulnerable to crashes because of declines in their physical, sensory, perceptual or cognitive abilities. An initial 'blackspot' accident analysis highlighted the types of crashes in which older (and younger) adult pedestrians were involved and likely crossing actions. Road crossing behavior was then systematically measured from unobtrusive video recordings of individual road crossings for a sample of younger and older pedestrians at several urban locations. On two-way undivided roads, older pedestrians crossed more frequently when there was closer moving traffic and generally adopted less safe road crossing strategies than their younger counterparts. On one-way divided roads, their crossing behavior was considerably more safe and similar to that of younger pedestrians. The findings suggest that age-related perceptual and cognitive deficits may play a substantial role in many of the crashes involving older pedestrians. KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Behavior KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Pedestrian age KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Perception KW - Traffic KW - Urban areas KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/541026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00883700 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: CHILDREN. PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - School safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7234/child96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/568143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00881921 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUTH DWI AND UNDERAGE ENFORCEMENT.. T2 - UNDERAGE DWI ENFORCEMENT PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Adolescents KW - Drunk driving KW - Handbooks KW - Law enforcement KW - Manuals KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20100/20143/PB98111339.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/568047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00881137 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: RURAL AREAS. T2 - RURAL AREAS PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Rural highways KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7263/rural96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880961 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: OVERVIEW. PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7253/overvu96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880972 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: SPEEDING. T2 - SPEEDING PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7268/speed96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880860 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: MOTORCYCLES. T2 - MOTORCYCLES PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycling KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7241/mc96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880971 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: ALCOHOL. T2 - ALCOHOL PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7230/alc96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880859 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: YOUNG DRIVERS. T2 - YOUNG DRIVERS PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7276/young96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880861 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: PEDACYCLISTS. T2 - PEDACYCLISTS PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7255/pedcy96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880863 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: LARGE TRUCKS. T2 - LARGE TRUCKS PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7237/truck96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880894 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: PEDALCYCLISTS. T2 - PEDALCYCLISTS PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880854 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BEST PRACTICES FOR A SAFE COMMUNITY: A VISION FOR THE FUTURE: A SAFE COMMUNITY IN EVERY COMMUNITY IN AMERICA.. PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880862 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: SCHOOL BUSES. T2 - SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bus crashes KW - Children KW - School buses KW - School safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7264/schbus96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00880962 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1996: PEDESTRIANS. T2 - PEDESTRIANS PY - 1997 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7259/ped96.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745690 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DIGEST: A COMPENDIUM OF INNOVATIVE STATE AND COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTS - FALL 1997 PY - 1997 SP - 79 p. AB - This Traffic Safety Digest contains information on innovative state and community traffic safety projects. For each project the following information is provided: Title; State; Project Characteristics; Program Area(s); Type of Jurisdiction; Targeted Population(s); Jurisdiction Size; Problem Identification; Goals and Objectives; Strategies and Activities; Results; Funding; and Contact (person; address; telephone number). The 23 projects in this Digest are categorized in one of the following areas: Alcohol and Other Drugs; Emergency Medical Services; Occupant Protection; Pedestrian/Bicycle Safety; Police Traffic Services; Safe Communities; Youth Programs; and School Bus Safety. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Communities KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical services KW - Innovation KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police traffic services KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - School buses KW - School safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744522 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM: TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS, CALENDAR YEAR 1996 PY - 1997 SP - 29 p. AB - The Twenty-first Annual Report to Congress on the Automotive Fuel Economy Program summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1996, in accordance with 49 U.S.C. 32916 et seq., which requires the submission of a report each year. Included in this report is a section summarizing rulemaking activities during 1996. NHTSA's responsibilities in the fuel economy area include: 1) establishing and amending average fuel economy standards for manufacturers of passenger cars and light trucks as necessary; 2) promulgating regulations concerning procedures, definitions, and reports necessary to support the fuel economy standards; 3) considering petitions for exemption from established fuel economy standards by low volume manufacturers (those producing fewer than 10,000 passenger cars annually worldwide) and establishing alternative standards for them; 4) preparing reports to Congress annually on the fuel economy program; 5) enforcing fuel economy standards and regulations; and 6) responding to petitions concerning domestic production by foreign manufacturers, and other matters. Passenger car fuel economy standards were established by Congress for Model Year 1985 and thereafter at a level of 27.5 mpg. Standards for light trucks were established by NHTSA for Model Years 1979 through 1998. NHTSA set a combined standard of 20.7 mpg for light truck fleets for Model Year 1998. KW - Annual reports KW - Fuel conservation KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger cars KW - Regulations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States Congress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744478 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WALK-RIDE-WALK: GETTING TO SCHOOL SAFELY PY - 1997 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet describes a curriculum to teach school bus safety to school children in grades K-6. The curriculum also includes support materials for parents and school bus drivers. The course lessons address seven areas, which require about 1/2 hour each for completion. The seven course lessons include: 1) the danger zones around the school bus where the driver and child can not see each other; 2) walking near and evacuating the bus; 3) crossing the street; 4) walking to the bus stop; 5) waiting at the bus stop, the meaning of bus signal equipment, and boarding the bus; 6) safe bus riding procedures; and 7) crossing to and from the bus. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Parents KW - Safety KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - School safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744488 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHAT IS THE NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER? PY - 1997 SP - 2 p. AB - This brochure describes the National Driver Register (NDR), a computerized database of information about drivers who have had their licenses revoked or suspended, or who have been convicted of such serious traffic violations as driving while impaired by alcohol or drugs. KW - Databases KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drug abuse KW - Drunk driving KW - Information systems KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743887 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - CRASHWORTHINESS: PASSENGER VANS CRASHWORTHINESS EVALUATIONS PY - 1997 SP - 24 p. AB - The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) evaluated the crashworthiness of nine passenger vans (1992-1997). The major component of the comparisons is each vehicle's performance in a 40 mph frontal offset crash test, in which slightly less than half of the width of the front end hits a deformable barrier made of crushable aluminum honeycomb. Three aspects of crashworthiness are assessed in the Institute's offset crash test: how well vehicle structure manages crash energy to limit occupant compartment damage; risk of injury measured with a 50th percentile male Hybrid III dummy in the driver seat; and how well the safety belt and air bag perform and interact with the steering column, driver seat, and other vehicle parts to control dummy kinematics (movement). The vehicles evaluated along with their twins are: Ford Windstar, Mazda MPV, Dodge Grand Caravan/ Chrysler Town & Country/ Plymouth Grand Voyager, Honda Odyssey/ Isuzu Oasis, Nissan Quest/ Mercury Villager, Chevrolet Astro/ GMC Safari, Fort Aerostar, Toyota Previa, and Pontiac Trans Sport/ Oldsmobile Silhouette/ Chevrolet Venture. The results show big differences among the nine vans. Only one, the Ford Windstar, earns a "good" overall evaluation. Performances by the other eight passenger vans tested weren't good, and the Pontiac Trans Sport performed substantially worse than the others. KW - Air bags KW - Bumpers KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Defects KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passenger vans KW - Performance evaluations KW - Structural damage KW - Structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743883 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NCAP) TEST RESULTS (RATINGS) FOR MODEL YEAR 1997 PY - 1997 SP - 15 p. AB - This document presents charts with NHTSA's frontal crash test results for most recent models of cars, trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles. All of the vehicles are crashed into a fixed barrier at 35 mph. The information recorded during the crash tests measures the likelihood of injury to the head, chest, and thighs. A five star rating indicates the best head and chest protection. The crash dummies are always belted, so the test results do not apply to unbelted occupants. Air bags are tested when they are available. When using the charts, vehicles should be compared against other vehicles in the same weight class. KW - Air bags KW - Chest injuries KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Railroad cars KW - Ratings KW - Seat belts KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Thigh injuries KW - Thorax KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743848 AU - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety TI - NETWORK OF EMPLOYERS FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY SEASONAL PLANNER PY - 1997 SP - 6 p. AB - This planner, by the network of Employers for Traffic Safety, emphasizes child safety and use of occupant restraint systems. It discusses child safety seats, the absolute necessity of placing babies in the back seat of a car, how to inspect child safety seats for proper use, and starting safety seat campaigns in work places. It also displays 2 posters relevant to infant safety; and the proper use of occupant protection systems. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Infants KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743858 AU - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety TI - NETWORK OF EMPLOYERS TRAFFIC SAFETY SEASONAL PLANNER - THIRD QUARTER 1997 PY - 1997 SP - 6 p. AB - This Seasonal Planner for workplace employers deals with speeding as a major cause of traffic accidents and injuries. It contains camera-ready copy for posters, a newsletter article, ads and paycheck stuffers. It also describes ideas for activities an employer can sponsor to encourage his or her employees to comply with speed limits. The Planner mentions the costs of speed related crashes, the danger especially on unfamiliar roads; the fallibility of safety devices in a vehicle at high speeds, and speeding at night. KW - Automobile driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Labor KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - Public information programs KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Unfamiliar roads KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743851 AU - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety TI - NETS TRAFFIC SAFETY PLANNING CALENDAR PY - 1997 SP - 16 p. AB - This 1997 Traffic Safety Planning Calendar contains ideas and important dates for planning traffic safety in the workplace. The calendar has been prepared to coincide with additional quarterly workplace campaigns which the employer will receive. The quarterly campaigns contain posters, paycheck stuffers, newsletter ads and other materials about each campaign issue. The four campaign issues for 1997 are: Facts about Occupant Protection; Facts About Aggressive Driving; Facts About Speeding; and Facts About Alcohol. KW - Aggression KW - Alcohols KW - Labor KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Public information programs KW - Reckless drivers KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471836 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743844 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Schneider, L W AU - Reed, M P AU - Gilbert, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FACIAL, PERIORBITAL AND OCULAR INJURIES RELATED TO STEERING WHEEL AIRBAG DEPLOYMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 97-102 AB - To determine the frequency of facial injuries from steering wheel airbag deployments, 540 consecutive steering wheel airbag deployments, investigated by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) personnel, were reviewed. About 1 in 3 drivers sustain an injury to the face. Injuries to the areas surrounding the eye (periorbital) or to the eyeball (ocular) rarely occur. The frequencies of facial or ocular injuries are the same for belted and unbelted drivers. Drivers of short stature had a higher frequency of facial injury. Females sustained ocular injuries more frequently than males. Untethered airbags were not overly involved in drivers with an ocular injury. No specific make or model car were overly represented in the ocular injury cases. KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bag injuries KW - Air bags KW - Crash injuries KW - Driver injuries KW - Drivers KW - Face KW - Facial injuries KW - Gender KW - Height KW - Injuries KW - Ocular injuries KW - Periorbital injuries KW - Safety equipment KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743842 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huelke, D F AU - Gilbert, R AU - Schneider, L W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UPPER-EXTREMITY INJURIES FROM STEERING WHEEL AIRBAG DEPLOYMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 111-116 AB - In a review of 540 crashes in which the steering wheel airbag deployed, 38% of the drivers sustained some level of upper extremity injury. The majority of these were AIS-1 injuries including abrasions, contusions and small lacerations. In 18 crashes the drivers sustained AIS-2 or-3 level upper extremity injuries, including fractures of the radius and/or ulna, or of the metacarpal bones, all related to airbag deployments. It was determined that six drivers sustained the fracture(s) directly from the deploying airbag or the airbag module cover. The remaining 12 drivers had fractures from the extremity being flung into interior vehicle structures, usually the instrument panel. Most drivers were taller than 170 cm and, of the 18 drivers, 10 were males. KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bag injuries KW - Air bags KW - Crash injuries KW - Driver injuries KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Upper extremities KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474688 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743822 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Miller, T R AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - ESTIMATING THE COSTS OF INJURY TO U.S. EMPLOYERS PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-13 AB - Injuries both on the job and off cost employers about $200 billion annually, or $1,700 per employee. Injuries to workers and their families generate an estimated 29% of employers' health related fringe benefit costs, including 19% of health care costs and 46% of disability costs. Occupational injuries cost employers around $155 billion, three-fourths of the total, and over $1,400 per injury. Non-work injuries cause one-fourth of employer injury costs and 42% of injury fringe benefit costs. Annually they cost employers $45 billion, or $380 per employee. Highway crashes cost employers $56 billion per year - $38 billion from occupational crash injuries, $15 billion from off-the-job crash injuries to employees and their families, and over $3 billion in property damage and repair costs. Highway crash injuries account for nearly one-fourth of occupational injury costs to employers. Occupational crashes cost employers $80,000 per million vehicle-miles of travel, or $23,000 per crash. KW - Economic impacts KW - Employers KW - Injuries KW - Injury costs KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743819 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PRESIDENT'S INITIATIVE FOR INCREASING SEAT BELT USE NATIONWIDE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. THE NATIONAL STRATEGY TO INCREASE SEAT BELT USE PY - 1997 SP - 4 p. AB - In his weekly radio address to the nation on December 28, 1996, President Clinton asked all Americans to always wear seat belts as a first line of defense against traffic injuries and fatalities and to always keep children, ages 12 and under, buckled in the back seat where they are safest. This report presents the Administration's findings and recommendations to save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce the associated medical care costs of traffic crashes through the proper use of seat belts and child safety seats. It presents new national goals for seat belt and child safety seat use and a national strategy to reach these ambitious goals. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Medical costs KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Strategy KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471794 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743825 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Farmer, C M AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-48 AB - The number of monthly motor-vehicle fatalities in the United States, January 1975-September 1995, was modeled as a function of vehicle miles traveled, number of unemployed persons, number of employed persons, number of persons not in the labor force, and the number of new car sales. Miles traveled and the number of unemployed persons were highly reliable in predicting monthly fatalities. In particular, the model accounted for short-term increases in fatality trends beginning in 1984, 1986, and 1993. The long-term trend toward decreases in motor-vehicle fatalities does not seem to have changed. KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474673 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743826 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, A F AU - Preusser, D F AU - Ferguson, S A AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - ANALYSIS OF THE FATAL CRASH INVOLVEMENTS OF 15-YEAR-OLD DRIVERS PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-54 AB - Fatal crash involvements of 15-year-old drivers were tabulated for the period 1989 through 1993 for 33 states that issue learner's permits to 15-year-olds, but do not grant regular licenses until age 16. Most 15-year-old drivers involved in fatal crashes either did not hold a learner's permit (57%) or were operating in violation of the terms of their permit at the time of the crash (16%). Compared with 16-year-olds, the fatal crashes of 15-year-olds were more often single-vehicle crashes, late at night, with many passengers in their vehicle, and involved driver factors, such as speeding and failure to drive in the proper lane. Illegal drivers--those without permit or license, and those with permits but unsupervised--were more likely than those driving legally to be culpable and to be in single-vehicle crashes. There were relatively few fatal crash involvements for 15-year-old learner's permit holders engaged in supervised practice driving as permitted by state law. Analysis of these few, and characteristically different, events suggests that learning drivers should limit driving on high speed roads and avoid driving with occupants other than the driver and supervisor. KW - Age KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Graduated licensing KW - Supervision KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474674 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743824 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Gabany, S G AU - Plummer, P AU - Grigg, P AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - WHY DRIVERS SPEED: THE SPEEDING PERCEPTION INVENTORY PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 29-36 AB - This study reports initial results of a project to better understand the factors that predispose, enable, and reinforce drivers' speeding behavior. This information is essential for successful traffic safety programs. A perceptual inventory was developed and administered to a large, college-age sample. High levels of internal consistency were found. Factor analysis suggested five predisposing, enabling and reinforcing constructs: (a) Ego-gratification; (b) Risk-taking; (c) Time pressures; (d) Disdain of driving; and, (e) Inattention. Males agreed more strongly than females with ego-gratification items; younger subjects agreed more strongly with risk-taking and less strongly with time pressures items than older subjects; and, females agreed more strongly than males with time pressures, disdain of driving, and inattention items. The perceptual inventory approach shows promise over behavioral and attitudinal self-reports, particularly when self-reported referent criteria are difficult to obtain. Results from the inventory can be used to target traffic safety and health education programs, and can be incorporated into discussions of traffic safety policy, legislation, and enforcement. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Inventory KW - Perception KW - Psychological tests KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743827 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Ferguson, S A AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Williams, A F AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - SURVEY OF PASSENGER AND DRIVER ATTITUDES IN AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT CRASHES PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 55-62 AB - Passengers and drivers who were in crashes in which the passenger and driver airbags deployed were surveyed about their experiences. Overall, passengers and drivers were very positive about their experience, with the overwhelming majority reporting that they felt the airbags protected them from injury. Almost all of them said they would want airbags in their next car. Many respondents (about 20%) did not remember anything particular about the event, but for those that did, smoke and odor were reported most often; and about 15% of passengers and 10% of drivers reported trouble with breathing or coughing after the deployment. There were some differences in the experiences of passengers and drivers that may be related to differences in the way passengers and drivers interact with the airbag. For example, passengers were more likely to report that their eyeglasses were broken or knocked off as a result of the deployment, although no injuries were reported. When asked whether they were injured in the crash, passengers were more likely to report, mostly minor, facial injuries; drivers more often reported injuries to the upper extremities. KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bags KW - Arm KW - Arm injuries KW - Attitudes KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Face KW - Facial injuries KW - Injuries KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474675 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743823 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Jones, B AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - AGE DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO HIGH AND LOW-THREAT DRIVER IMPROVEMENT WARNING LETTERS PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 15-28 AB - This paper is based on an evaluation of Oregon's Driver Improvement Program, which monitors driver records and takes corrective administrative action at four levels. The paper focuses on the second step in the program, the warning letter. Data are based on drivers who qualified for warning letters in 1993. Records of 8,462 letter recipients and 456 controls were monitored for 26-38 subsequent months. Of 8,462 letter recipients, 4,181 received a standard letter and 4,278 an experimental soft-sell letter. Overall, the effect of letters on accidents and moving violations depends on age. The program seems to work as intended for people over 25. Both letters are effective, and the soft-sell letter is the more effective of the two. However, for people under 25, accident free survival is significantly poorer for both letter groups, and differences in effectiveness between the letters are smaller. KW - Age KW - Differences KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver records KW - High threat KW - Low threat KW - Moving violations KW - Responses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743768 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD SAFETY SEATS PY - 1997 SP - 29 p. AB - This packet of materials from the Auto Safety Hotline, Office of Defects Investigation, contains a wealth of material on child safety seats. Included in the packet are the following: instructions on how to handle a child safety seat recall; a fact sheet on child safety seats; child passenger protection laws, by state; key provisions of safety belt use laws, by state; a 1995 shopping guide to child safety seats, including manufacturer, harness type, location of harness adjuster, features and price for infant seats, convertible seats, vests and built in seats, and booster seats; a fact sheet on child safety seat incompatibility issues; how to check for safety of your seat; where should your child ride; how to protect a new baby in the car; what to use for a big baby or a toddler; how to protect preschool and school children; how to fit a seat belt; lap belts, shoulder belts and harness straps; and what are safety seat recalls. KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child seat belts KW - Costs KW - Harnesses KW - Industries KW - Infants KW - Lap belts KW - Laws KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Recall campaigns KW - School children KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder belts KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743748 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEAS FOR PUBLICIZING THE SAFETY BELT HONOR ROLL PROGRAM PY - 1997 SP - 5 p. AB - This booklet describes the safety belt honor roll program. It discusses how to publicize the safety belt honor roll awards, includes a sample press release and a follow up form. This public information program invites the media and local communities to participate in making the nation's roads safer through increasing the use of safety belts. KW - Communities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Media KW - Public information programs KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743282 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - 1996 MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH FACTS FOR ARIZONA PY - 1997 SP - 70 p. AB - This publication is a statistical review of the motor vehicle crashes in the state of Arizona for calendar year 1996. The data are compiled from Arizona Traffic Accident Reports submitted to the Arizona Department of Transportation by state, county, city, tribal, and other law enforcement agencies. The following sections are included: (1) Highlights and Historical Trends; (2) Geographic Location; (3) Crash Descriptions; (4) Safety Devices; (5) Motor Vehicle and Driver Characteristics; (6) Alcohol-Related Crashes; (7) Pedestrians and Pedalcyclists; (8) Motorcycle Crashes; and (9) School Bus Crashes. KW - Annual reports KW - Arizona KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Geographical distribution KW - Human characteristics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743284 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNDERAGE DWI ENFORCEMENT PY - 1997 SP - 57 p. AB - This resource manual, "Underage DWI Enforcement", was written by officers for officers, as an easy-to-use guide for combatting a growing problem facing us all. Working sessions were held in which law enforcement agencies from across the country sent representatives to brainstorm and address these most important issues of underage drinking and youth DWI enforcement. This manual is the result of those sessions. The manual includes: an introduction, describing background information on the widespread seriousness of the problem and a discussion regarding why it is important to the community; tips on how to get partnerships started, gain cooperation, and build momentum, as well as relevant considerations and challenges; a discussion of law enforcement, particularly stings, point-of-purchase operations, saturation patrols and other effective enforcement operations; peripheral activities that supplement existing operations, including parental notification, hotlines, and other support initiatives; and an appendix consisting of suggested complementary action such as education, legislation, and treatment round out weapons against underage DWI. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Manuals KW - Minors KW - Parents KW - Partnerships KW - Police KW - Police law enforcement responsibilities KW - Police patrol KW - Safety KW - Underage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743274 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHAT HAS A DEPUTY DONE FOR YOU LATELY? PY - 1997 SP - 2 p. AB - This brochure displays - through cartoon like illustrations - and discusses the benefits to the community of traffic law enforcement duties performed by deputies. KW - Benefits KW - Communities KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Police law enforcement responsibilities KW - Police traffic services KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743273 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS: STATE ALCOHOL ESTIMATES PY - 1997 SP - 18 p. AB - The data in this report provide estimates of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes for the United States and individually for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (not included in the national totals). These estimates are based on data from NHTSA's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Unfortunately, known BAC test results are not available for all drivers and nonoccupants involved in fatal crashes. To address the missing data issue, NHTSA has developed and employs a statistical model to estimate the likelihood that a fatal crash involved driver or nonoccupant was sober (BAC of zero), had some alcohol (BAC of 0.01-0.09) or was intoxicated (BAC of 0.10 or greater) at the time of the crash. Great caution should be exercised in comparing the levels of alcohol involvement among the states. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743283 AU - Danish Council of Road Safety Research TI - DANISH COUNCIL OF ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH: ACTIVITIES IN 1996 PY - 1997 SP - 54 p. AB - This report highlights the activities of the Danish Council of Road Safety Research in 1996 and gives a survey on present research projects including short descriptions of objectives, methods, and results. Further, it describes other types of activities, such as the Council's current assistance to the Danish Ministry of Transport, and the Danish Road Safety Commission, the Council's efforts to collect new results of Danish and international research, as well as the Council's participation in committees, working parties and conferences - both in Denmark and abroad. A list of 1996 publications is included; earlier publications are listed in an appendix. KW - Activities KW - Documents KW - Publications KW - Radet for trafiksikkerhedsforskning KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471523 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743286 JO - Publication of: Liikenneturva PB - Liikenneturva AU - Liikenneturva TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN FINLAND 1996 T2 - SUOMEN TIELIIKENNEONNETTOMUUDET VUONNA 1996 PY - 1997 SP - 45 p. AB - This is the 42nd annual statistical publication of road traffic accidents in Finland, by Liikenneturva, the Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland. The main references consist of police data on road traffic accidents obtained from the Statistics Finland. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743260 AU - California Office of Traffic Safety TI - 1997 - 2000 STRATEGIC BUSINESS PLAN PY - 1997 SP - 78 p. AB - The State of California has experienced significant improvement in traffic safety since inception of the California Traffic Safety Program in 1967. Despite a vast increase in population, up 65%, registered vehicles, up 111%, and vehicle miles of travel, up 178%, the mileage death rate (MDR, number of persons killed per 100 million motor vehicle miles of travel) has decreased by 71% from 4.9 in 1967 to 1.4 in 1996. Though much success has been achieved, traffic fatalities, injuries and property damage continue to exact an enormous cost on society. Through the process of developing a Strategic Business Plan, the Office of Traffic Safety (OTS) clarifies its vision and formulates action plans for a future in which California's roadways become the safest in the nation. OTS's goal is to achieve a California MDR of 1.0 by the year 2000. The Plan's table of contents includes the following: Mission Statement and Principles; Vision; Description; Program Goal and Administration; Public Affairs; Legislative Affairs; Alcohol and Other Drugs; Police Traffic Services and Speed Control; Occupant Protection; Traffic Records; Emergency Medical Services; Traffic Engineering; Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety; Resource Assumptions; and Financial and Employment Information. KW - Alcohols KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Businesses KW - Drugs KW - Emergency medical services KW - Fatalities KW - Financial analysis KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Natural resources KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police traffic services KW - Public policy KW - Records management KW - Speed control KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471491 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743263 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - SCHUMANN, J AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - Traube, E C AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - DAYTIME VEILING GLARE AND DRIVER VISUAL PERFORMANCE: INFLUENCE OF WINDSHIELD RAKE ANGLE AND DASHBOARD REFLECTANCE PY - 1997 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - p. 133-146 AB - Reflections of the top of the dashboard seen in the windshield can result in disability glare because these reflections reduce the contrast of objects in the road scene. This phenomenon, which occurs mainly in direct sunlight, is due to the veiling luminance of the reflected sunlight being superimposed on the image of the road scene. The amount of veiling glare is influenced by the windshield rake angle and the dashboard reflectance. A field experiment under controlled sunlight conditions was performed. The independent variables included windshield rake angle, reflectance of the top of the dashboard, and subject age. The subjects were asked to detect pedestrian dummies having either high or low contrast against the background. Reaction times to the high-contrast pedestrian and misses of the low-contrast pedestrian were used as the main dependent variables. The results showed that both windshield rake angle and dashboard reflectance affected visual performance. Visual performance decreased with larger windshield rake angles and with higher dashboard-top reflectance. During those conditions, subjects needed more time to detect objects, and they had more misses in detecting low-contrast objects. The effect was particularly pronounced if a large rake angle was combined with a high dashboard reflectance, and older subjects were more affected by reductions in contrast then were younger subjects. KW - Age KW - Daylight KW - Daytime KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Glare KW - Instrument panels KW - Rake angles KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Vehicle design KW - Visual performance KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743258 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OFFICER LEADERSHIP PROGRAM PY - 1997 SP - 4 p. AB - This brochure describes an ongoing, cooperative program with participating law enforcement agencies around the country, sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Traffic Injury Control. In this program, law enforcement agencies send an officer to Washington, D.C. for approximately a one year assignment. These officers help develop state-of-the-art materials on technological subjects, as well as improve traffic enforcement strategies and training programs on a myriad of traffic safety initiatives. The brochure discusses the guidance each officer receives, administrative issues, eligibility, the application and selection process, and benefits of participation in the program. KW - Agencies KW - Cooperation KW - Government agencies KW - Law enforcement KW - Leadership KW - Military personnel KW - Officer training KW - Police KW - Police law enforcement responsibilities KW - Relationships KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Training programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/811/00332.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742405 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RIDING THE HIGHWAY VS RIDING THE HIGH WAY PY - 1997 SP - p. 1 AB - This poster on motorcycle safety displays 2 photographs of a motorcycle rider, with the slogan "Don't Drink and Ride". KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742406 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BECAUSE YOU'RE THE LEADER OF A NEW PACK NOW PY - 1997 SP - p. 1 AB - This poster displays a picture of a young man tenderly holding an infant on his lap, with a motorcycle in the background. It also displays the slogan "Don't Drink and Ride". KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Parents KW - Responsibilities KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742401 AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - THE PENNSYLVANIA TRANSPORTATION INTSITUTE 1995-1996 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1997 SP - 34 p. AB - The Pennsylvania Transportation Institute (PTI) is an interdisciplinary research unit within Penn State's Intercollege Research Programs, a collection of University research facilities under the direction of the senior vice president for research and graduate education. PTI's mission consists of four key elements: research, education, training, and service. PTI's research activities, educational efforts, and service projects are directed toward solving problems in four major transportation areas: pavements, materials, and construction; transportation operations; transportation structures; and vehicle systems and safety. This publication presents the annual report of PTI for 1995-1996; and summarizes programs it has offered during that year. KW - Annual reports KW - Construction KW - Development KW - Education KW - Level of service KW - Materials KW - Operations KW - Pavements KW - Pennsylvania Transportation Institute KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research programs KW - Research projects KW - Service KW - Structures KW - Training KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742389 AU - United States Fire Administration TI - MAKE THE RIGHT CALL: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PY - 1997 SP - 5 p. AB - This brochure describes how to call for help in a medical emergency. It discusses who to call, when to call, and what to do until help arrives. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency calls KW - Emergency medical services KW - Medical emergencies KW - Medical treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573915 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742377 JO - Applied Psychology PB - Wiley Blackwell Publishers AU - Sivak, M AU - Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Incorporated TI - RECENT PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERATURE ON DRIVING BEHAVIOR: WHAT, WHERE, AND BY WHOM? PY - 1997 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 303-310 AB - This study analysed the listings in PsycINFO dealing with "Driving Behaviour". PsycINFO is an international database of psychological literature that, at the time of this analysis, contained 1,015,997 items published since 1967. The analysis examined all items dated 1969, 1974, 1979, 1984, 1989 and 1994. The following information was coded for each item: year of publication, source, country of the primary author, number of authors, main topic (e.g. primarily related to the driver, the vehicle, or the environment), subtopic (e.g. alcohol, decision making), and approach (e.g. experimental, methodological, theoretical). The article highlights both the current state of, and the main developments in, the literature over the last 25 years. KW - Alcohols KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Experimental data KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Psychology KW - Theoretical studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742388 AU - Department of Transportation TI - TIME IS ESSENTIAL: A FEW SIMPLE ACTIONS - THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH PY - 1997 SP - 3 p. AB - This brochure discusses the Bystander Care program, which teaches emergency aid procedures an individual could utilize to save lives, if he or she should be the first on the scene of a motor vehicle crash. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical services KW - Emergency procedures KW - First aid KW - Lifesaving KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739750 AU - Perrin, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A NEW APPROACH TO NETWORK WIDE TURNING MOVEMENT SURVEYS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 611-617 AB - Improved traffic detection and increasing computer processing capabilities present a unique opportunity for traffic engineers and researchers to develop real-time predictive models. These models demand new data collection techniques which provide the level of accuracy required for validation and calibration. Automated collection of turning movements at an intersection is difficult and expensive. Accurate observation of the turning movements of a complex intersection is a relatively straightforward process providing a reliable surveyor is equipped with a proprietary data logging device. Simultaneous observation of sets of turning movements throughout a network, however, is not so easy. Many observers collecting data complicate the data entry and collation process. The use of video surveillance and subsequent collection and verification of turning movements collected at a later time has been used to reduce the number of surveyors required and provide a verifying record of the turning movements. This technology has problems of its own including determining a suitable location for video surveillance such that all movements are collected accurately and without being obscured by other vehicles and difficulties in night conditions. This paper is a description of how a network wide turning movement survey technique was tested, improved and eventually implemented both for a manual survey and a video survey. The paper describes how a series of pilot surveys served to define the structure and organization of the final survey, or "Survey Proper". An explanation of how innovative booking sheets evolved for the manual survey is followed by an account of how subsequent surveys modified the technique. The paper concludes with some critical comments that suggest how future surveys may be designed and discusses the benefits and disadvantages of video versus manual turning movement surveys. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Innovation KW - Intersections KW - Manual (By hand) KW - Manual control KW - Traffic surveys KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576082 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739746 AU - Koscielny, A J AU - Tomich, D J AU - Clark, J E AU - Lundgren, T J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAFVU: A GRAPHICS PROCESSOR FOR TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODELS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 584-590 AB - Computer traffic simulation models are valuable tools for the evaluation of strategies for relieving traffic congestion. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) microscopic traffic simulation models, NETSIM, FRESIM and CORSIM, are regarded as highly comprehensive but somewhat difficult to use. TRAFVU is a recently developed graphics processor for visualizing and analyzing the output of these microscopic models. TRAFVU includes many features such as an animation playback control, direct manipulation interface and the ability to open multiple alternatives for side-by-side comparison. The results of a study evaluating proposed modifications to an interchange using CORSIM and TRAFVU are presented in this paper. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Computer graphics processors KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Mitigation KW - Modifications KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576078 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739747 AU - Hoque, M M AU - Ahsan, H M AU - McDonald, M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND SAFETY: SOME CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN BANGLADESH SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 591-597 AB - The rapid urbanization process and increase in vehicle ownership in Bangladesh have resulted in substantial road traffic congestion and accident problems. This paper highlights the key issues, characteristics and factors concerning these growing and serious problems with particular reference to metropolitan Dhaka. Various improvement opportunities, approaches and specific measures of particular relevance are briefly discussed to improve the situation both now and in the future. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Dhaka (Bangladesh) KW - Improvements KW - Mitigation KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576079 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739749 AU - Moon, Y J AU - Coleman, F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A MODEL OF A DYNAMIC DILEMMA ZONE AT HIGHWAY-RAIL INTERSECTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 604-610 AB - The implementation of four quadrant gates, while eliminating gate arm violations by motorists, does present the potential for trapping a vehicle. A critical issue is determining gate operation time parameters to minimize the likelihood of trapping a vehicle between the entry and exit gates. This study introduces the concept of a dynamic dilemma zone road segment whose length is a function of vehicle speed profiles and driver behavior at highway-rail intersections. Car-following theory is used to model driver-vehicle parameters in the dynamic dilemma zone to enhance deterministic methodologies previously employed to determine four quadrant gate operation times. Early results from a field test site indicate this theoretical approach yields design parameters consistent with previously demonstrated techniques. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Behavior KW - Car following theory KW - Dilemma zone KW - Drivers KW - Entrapment KW - Field tests KW - Four quadrant gates KW - Gate operation timing KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576081 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739745 AU - Franzese, O AU - Rathi, A K AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ITRAF: A GUI FOR THE TRAF FAMILY OF MODELS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 577-583 AB - ITRAF, an object-oriented graphical user interface (GUI) for the Personal Computer (PC) Windows environment was designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to simplify the TRAF models input data process. Based on a link-node concept, ITRAF allows the user to graphically construct the network and input most of the required data by clicking buttons or dragging icons. Because of its object-oriented basis, ITRAF creates the data structures as the network is being developed, assigning TRAF default values to parameters and making guesses based on the topology of the network (such as the destination of the turning movements, for example). This reduces the effort in developing the data base in two ways. First, the user no longer needs to deal with the cumbersome data structure of the TRAF models (i.e., 80-column data cards utilizing numerical codes and adhering to strict formats), which is now created "behind the scenes" as he/she provides the geometric and traffic operational data graphically. And secondly, because ITRAF will anticipate in many instances the user's actions, thus reducing the number of steps to enter the data. ITRAF also provides extensive error checking which contributes further in alleviating the data input effort. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Databases KW - Development KW - Errors KW - Fault location KW - Graphical user interfaces KW - Input data process KW - Traffic simulation KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576077 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739748 AU - Resende, PTV AU - Melo, FLV AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - FATAL ACCIDENTS AND LABOR EFFECTIVENESS: THE BRAZILIAN CASE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 598-603 AB - The highway system in Brazil has been subjected to a long term lack of maintenance program with significantly negative consequences on traffic safety. Due to the physical and operational conditions of the roads, the highway network has shown the highest number of fatal accidents in the entire world. Besides the losses of human lives, by every means not weighable, these accidents lead to critical damages on the production chain, with serious results on the economic balance itself. The main objective of this study is to quantify the labor costs of accidents, based on the educational level of each driver. In this analysis, only drivers are considered, therefore the losses are expected to be higher than what is here shown, because there also exist the costs related to passengers. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accident costs KW - Brazil KW - Costs KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Economic losses KW - Fatalities KW - Labor costs KW - Level of education KW - Losses KW - Road conditions KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576080 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739751 AU - Yulong, P AU - Junyi, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IMPROVED METHODS FOR CAPACITY RESTRAINT TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 618-625 AB - In this paper, an improved method for capacity restraint equilibrium model of traffic assignment is presented by analyzing a traffic situation in China. Firstly, the effects of vehicular load, bicycle load and road geometrical condition are taken into account in an improved road obstruction function. Secondly, the intersection delays are considered to calculate the road-weight (trip time). Thirdly, a method for calculating the shortest-path-weight matrix is presented. The capacity restraint model of traffic assignment that has been improved is particularly suited for urban traffic planning and regional highway network planning China. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Capacity restraint KW - China KW - Equilibrium models KW - Regional transportation KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576083 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739752 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - El-Zohairy, Y M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A NEW UNIFORM DELAY MODEL FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 626-632 AB - This study developed arrival-type-based delay models to determine the uniform component of stopped delay at signalized intersections. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) delay model applies progression adjustment factors in the range of 0 to 256% to account for signal progression effects. The proposed models eliminate the need for using such coarse progression adjustment factors. The models consider the arrival time of the front of platoon as well as platoon volume and flow rate, and are sensitive to the traffic volume inside the platoon. For arrival type 3 only, the proposed model is identical to the HCM delay model. However, for other arrival types the proposed models are more accurate than the HCM delay model in representing the signal coordination effects. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accuracy KW - Adjustment factors KW - Arrival time KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Impacts KW - Schedules KW - Signalized intersections KW - Stopped time delays KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576084 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739743 AU - Daigle, G AU - Krueger, G D AU - Clark, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TSIS: ADVANCED TRAFFIC SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR THE USER SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 563-569 AB - In an effort to develop a standard platform, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has commissioned the continued development of the Traffic Software Integrated System (TSIS). The major goals of the TSIS initiative are to provide both a user interface that is intuitive and a platform for integrating transportation models. This will make FHWA's TRAF tools available to many more traffic engineers by reducing the time required to: (1) create traffic networks by reducing the labor-intensive, error-prone means presently available, and (2) learn how to operate the models and interpret their cryptic results. TSIS integrates a number of widely utilized traffic engineering packages including (1) FHWA's new microscopic traffic simulator, (2) a graphical input processor, (3) the traffic visualization package, and (4) signal optimization software. TSIS also improves the operability of CORSIM. This gives traffic engineers new opportunities to test scenarios to relieve traffic congestion, determine the effects of integrating freeway and corridor traffic by coordinating ramp meters and signal control strategies, and test and demonstrate the utility of adaptive signal control. Until recently, demonstrating the integration of these systems to reduce congestion was limited to either research performed in field tests or through traffic flow theory. For the first time, these models are becoming user-friendly and powerful enough to demonstrate these advancements in a laboratory-like, controlled environment. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adaptive control KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coordination KW - Forecasting KW - Integrated systems KW - Mitigation KW - Performance testing KW - Performance tests KW - Ramp metering KW - Software KW - Testing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576075 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739744 AU - Halati, A AU - Lieu, H AU - WALKER, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CORSIM - CORRIDOR TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 570-576 AB - CORridor SIMulation (CORSIM), an integrator of the NETSIM and the FRESIM models, is a very sophisticated and powerful microscopic traffic simulation model designed for simulating traffic flow on integrated networks consisting of freeways and surface streets. Proper application of the CORSIM model requires a reasonable understanding of its capabilities and limitations as well as the underlying traffic flow theory and modeling assumptions. In this paper the authors discuss the theoretical foundations of the vehicle movement on freeways and surface streets in the CORSIM model. For freeways, they present a detailed discussion of the logic for (1) vehicle movement; (2) lane add and lane drop; (3) ramp merge; and (4) lane changing (mandatory, discretionary, and anticipatory). For surface streets, they focus on the logic for (1) vehicle movement and (2) lane changing. Guidelines for proper selection of input values are presented and their impact on model performance is discussed. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Data files KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic KW - Input data KW - Lane add KW - Lane changing KW - Lane drops KW - Local traffic KW - Local transportation KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramps KW - Theory KW - Traffic KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576076 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739729 AU - Davis, G A AU - Corkle, P T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PROBABILISTIC RATING OF SAFETY ON LOCAL STREETS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 465-471 AB - Identifying those local streets having a high risk for pedestrian-vehicle collisions is often difficult because the rarity of such collisions compromises the accuracy of accident rate estimates. As an alternative, this paper describes how to compute nonparametric predictions of the frequency and collision speed of a hypothetical vehicle-pedestrian accident, using samples of vehicle and pedestrian speeds. This method can be used to rank streets as to priority for traffic control measures, and if the effect of control measures on vehicle volumes and speeds can be predicted, the method can be used to rank different proposed control measures with respect to predicted safety benefits. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Benefits KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Forecasting KW - Local street KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Pedestrian speed KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Ratings KW - Speed KW - Strategic planning KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576061 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739731 AU - Yu, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - AIR QUALITY BASED APPROACH FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 479-485 AB - Existing traffic modeling approaches that are used for evaluating and analyzing the traffic operation and management strategies in a dynamic traffic network have been predominantly travel time based. These approaches are not appropriate for use in traffic networks where air quality concerns prevail, because the travel time variables and the air quality variables are affected differently by different traffic scenarios and control plans. This paper presents an alternative approach that attempts to incorporate the air quality objective directly into a dynamic traffic assignment/simulation model. The dynamic traffic assignment/simulation method, instead of the static traffic assignment method, is selected in the proposed approach in order to correctly identify the time series of a vehicle's modal events, and therefore to more accurately estimate the impacts of alternative traffic control scenarios on various travel time and air quality factors. The proposed approach can be used to effectively evaluate the air quality implications of various traffic operation and management strategies. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Air quality KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Dynamic models KW - Estimating KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impacts KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576063 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739733 AU - McKhann, S AU - Sutaria, T C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - USING PERMIT PARKING TO REDUCE ON-STREET PARKING AND CRIME SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 493-499 AB - In the 1980s the City of Santa Ana, California experienced a population growth of approximately 50%, from 200,000 residents to nearly 300,000 residents. The 1990 census shows the population has an ethnic breakdown of 65.2% Hispanic; 23.1% Caucasian; 9.1% Asian; 2.9% African American; and 0.3% other. (Statistics are as they appear in the paper, yielding a total of 100.6%.) This local growth has resulted in overparking on many residential streets due to commercial developments, inadequate on-site parking, and overcrowding in numerous dwelling units. By implementing permit parking restrictions on streets, the number of parked cars and crime rates have been reduced dramatically. Also, pedestrian and vehicular safety have been enhanced along with aesthetics. The program is unique in its approach, goals, and implementation. It is used to combat crime and overcrowding. It is not for revenue generation. The permit parking program is very popular and well-received by both the public and the City Council. This paper describes the program, and discusses what has been learned by using permit parking to enhance livability in Santa Ana. It also considers whether to use distinct districts or a citywide approach. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Acceptance KW - Aesthetics KW - Communities KW - Crimes KW - Ethnic groups KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Livable communities KW - Parking regulations KW - Parking restrictions KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Population growth KW - Prevention KW - Quality of life KW - Residential areas KW - Santa Ana (California) KW - Security KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576065 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739740 AU - Quiroga, C A AU - Bullock, D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAVEL TIME STUDIES ON SIGNALIZED HIGHWAYS USING GPS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 542-548 AB - This paper describes results of an updated methodology for conducting travel time studies on signalized highways. The methodology is based on the use of global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technology. GPS receivers log the position and velocity of a probe vehicle every one second. The data reduction procedures filter and aggregate GPS data to compute travel times and speed values on all highway segments along the paths studied. For analysis purposes, segment lengths ranging from 0.1 mi to 5 mi (0.16 km to 8 km) are used. The corresponding aggregated travel time and speed values are then compared to those of the original GPS data. The data reporting procedure uses a GIS-based management information system to define queries, tabular reports, and color coded maps documenting travel time data along the corridor segments. Examples of the data that can be derived include travel times, average speeds, minimum speeds, and delays. Alternative reporting procedures using World Wide Web (WWW) resources are also described. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average travel speed KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Highway traffic control KW - Management information systems KW - Maps KW - Minimum speed KW - Probe vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Signalization KW - Signalized highways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576072 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739742 AU - Sisiopiku, V P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CONGESTION ANALYSIS OF SOUTHFIELD FREEWAY - A CASE STUDY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 556-562 AB - In the recent years, traffic congestion in suburban areas has grown to a severe problem resulting in reduced economic productivity, deterioration of air quality and driver frustration. While the results from congestion in various systems are similar, the actual causes of congestion vary considerably from one system to another. Therefore, localized studies are necessary to determine the roots of the congestion problem at specific locations and propose appropriate solutions for its cure. This paper summarizes results from a congestion analysis study of Southfield Freeway, in Michigan. Southfield is located in the Metropolitan Detroit region, an area that has undergone dramatic demographic changes in the recent years. Significant population and employment growth in the neighborhood of the facility as well as commercial and retail development along the freeway contributed to a failure of the facility to serve the existing demand during peak hours. The study was organized as follows: (a) survey of field conditions; (b) survey of users perceptions about congestion; (c) analysis of historical traffic and incident data; and (d) identification of problems and proper solutions. Observation of current traffic conditions through a series of field trips provided insight into traffic flow conditions during peak hours, and information on physical properties of Southfield Freeway. Analysis of a questionnaire survey completed by Southfield commuters revealed valuable information on their travel patterns, and the perceived cause, location, and duration of congestion and assisted in the determination of specific locations that required immediate attention. Finally, historical traffic and incident records were analyzed and high risk locations along the study section were identified. Based on the results from the analysis discussed above, specific congestion-relief measures were proposed. This paper describes the steps of the data collection and reduction effort, presents results from the data analysis and conclusions, and lists proposed congestion-relief actions. Implementation of such actions is expected to improve the level of service of the facility, reduce delays and travel time, facilitate smoother flow of vehicles during the peak periods, and improve the level of satisfaction of the average user. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Case studies KW - Consumer behavior KW - Data collection KW - Detroit (Michigan) KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - History KW - Improvements KW - Level of service KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Mitigation KW - Peak periods KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Surveys KW - Time series KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Travel time KW - Travelers KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576074 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739732 AU - Koepke, F J AU - Levinson, H S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - REDUCING DELAY AND ACCIDENTS WITH RETROFIT ACTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 486-492 AB - With the nationwide emphasis on the reduction of vehicle delay and the companion improvement of through vehicle movement, the governmental agencies responsible for traffic operations are searching for ways to improve overall traffic operation. This led several states, cities, and counties to establish comprehensive access management programs that are implemented as part of retrofit projects. However, the implementation of access control programs along existing roadways frequently becomes hard to achieve. It is sometimes difficult to obtain the necessary political acceptance and project approval. This paper presents three case studies of implemented retrofit projects that emphasize the application of access management techniques. The case studies describe the project and the results of implementation. Transportation elements include changes, both positive and negative, in traffic operation, safety, capacity and in some cases, the effect on the adjacent properties. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Case studies KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impacts KW - Implementation KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Safety KW - Traffic KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576064 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739739 AU - Proper, A T AU - Wunderlich, K AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - UNGUIDED VEHICLE SURVEILLANCE TO SUPPORT ROUTE GUIDANCE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 535-541 AB - This paper discusses the results of study on network surveillance performed by Mitretek Systems. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of traffic information provided by various levels of network surveillance by measuring travel time performance of a route guided vehicle population. The approach of this study is to employ the INTEGRATION traffic simulation model and an inter-urban network with both freeways and arterials. The network used in this study is based on the Cherry Hill, New Jersey area. For near-term deployment, it is unlikely that devices such as video cameras or inductive loops will be installed in all areas of a transportation network. For inter-urban freeway networks, state and regional highway agencies may have little or no real-time information about traffic conditions. Therefore it may be significantly more cost-effective to obtain network conditions from a relatively limited unguided probe population than by installing a system of fixed surveillance devices. This report examines the problems and effects of using unguided vehicles as probes in the network. A fixed population of guided vehicles do not function as probes. Results indicate that a partial surveillance system using 20% to 25% unguided probe vehicles can provide enough information to the Traffic Management Center for guided vehicles to experience almost all of the benefit associated with a network under full surveillance. More than half of this potential benefit may be realized with as low as a 1% probe vehicle population. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Cherry Hill (New Jersey) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Guided vehicles KW - Highway traffic control KW - Inter urban networks KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Unguided probe vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576071 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739735 AU - Yu, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PLATOON DISPERSION AND CALIBRATION UNDER ADVANCED TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 507-513 AB - This paper presents a new technique for calibrating the TRANSYT platoon dispersion parameters. This technique is based on a statistical analysis of the link travel time data. Specifically, the new technique directly relates the platoon dispersion parameters to the on-road average link travel time and the corresponding standard deviation. This new technique is considered to be ideally suited for the real-time traffic signal control strategies and the advanced traffic management applications where the required link travel times can be directly obtained from the vehicle probes. The research in this paper also uses the link travel time data collected from the selected coordinated traffic signals in the city of Houston to demonstrate the difference between the new technique and the traditional method for determining the platoon dispersion parameter values. If the proposed technique can be incorporated into a traffic responsive signal control system where the platoon dispersion parameters are calibrated from the real-time link travel time statistics, the predictions of the platoon dispersions can then be made site specific and more accurate, the traffic signal timings can be better optimized, and the total delays, stops, fuel consumption and emissions can be further reduced. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Calibration KW - Highway traffic control KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Optimization KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Standard deviation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576067 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739736 AU - Sunkari, S R AU - Krueger, G D AU - Curtis, D M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - AN EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE SIGNAL CONTROL STRATEGIES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 514-520 AB - The Federal Highway Administration is developing a Real-Time Traffic Adaptive Control System or RT-TRACS to improve traffic control by performing signal optimizations in real-time rather than basing signal timing on historical data. RT-TRACS is designed to select the strategy, from a number of alternatives, that best responds to the current traffic conditions and geometric configuration. When conditions dictate, RT-TRACS can automatically switch to another appropriate strategy. This paper presents background information on RT-TRACS, evaluation methodology, and preliminary evaluation results based on prototypes of alternative real-time traffic signal control strategies. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adaptive control KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Optimization KW - Prototypes KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576068 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739728 AU - Levinson, H S AU - Gluck, J S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SAFETY BENEFITS OF ACCESS SPACING SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 458-464 AB - The spacing of driveways and streets is an important element in roadway planning, design, and operation. Access points are the main source of accidents and congestion. Their location and spacing affects the safety and functional integrity of streets and highways. Too many closely-spaced street and driveway intersections increase accident potential and delays, while too few inhibit access and over-concentrate traffic. More than 40 years of research has indicated that accident rates increase with the number of intersecting roadways or driveways per mile. As early as 1953, research results showed that accident rates generally increased with both the frequency of access and the average daily traffic; however, the greatest increases resulted from increasing the number of access points per mile. More recent studies in Oregon, Florida, Colorado, and elsewhere found similar relationships. The consistent pattern of the research results from the above and numerous other studies is clear; the greater the frequency of driveways and streets, the greater the rate of traffic accidents. Increasing the spacing and providing a greater separation of conflict points reduce the number and variety of events to which drivers must respond. This translates into fewer accidents, travel time savings, and preservation of capacity. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driveways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Location KW - Risk assessment KW - Spacing KW - Streets KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576060 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739730 AU - Sadeghhosseini, S AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SPACE HEADWAY AND SAFETY OF PLATOONING HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 472-478 AB - This study examined spacing characteristics and safety of platooning vehicles on highways. Even at low volume conditions platooning occurred. When time headway was 4 seconds or less the vehicle was considered in platoon. The percentages of platooning vehicles were 61% and 76% when hourly volumes were 269 and 502, respectively. As the volume increased the percentage of platooning and platoon size increased too. At 269 vph, 60% of platoons were two-vehicle, but it decreased to 47% when the traffic volume was 502 vph. The percentage of larger platoons increased with volume increase. The field space gaps were calculated and compared with car following distances. Over half of the vehicles kept space gaps that can be traveled in 1.5 seconds or less. Such short distances may not be enough for safe driving, when the lead vehicle makes sudden deceleration. Platooning characteristics are important in selecting automatic cruise control and longitudinal control in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The findings from this study indicated that the platooning vehicles on highways did not have the minimum stopping sight distance recommended by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Automatic headway control KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Longitudinal control KW - Spacing KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576062 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739737 AU - Abu-Lebdeh, G AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DYNAMIC SIGNAL COORDINATION ALONG OVERSATURATED ARTERIALS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 521-527 AB - This paper presents a new procedure for signal coordination along oversaturated arterials. It is based on queue management and efficient green time utilization concepts. The main idea is to dynamically manage queue formation and dissipation on system links such that traffic flow is maximized and reasonable through bands are attained. This is achieved by efficiently using green time, preventing intersection blockage, accounting for the non-steady state conditions and providing dynamic, time-dependent control. The problem is formulated as a throughput maximization subject to state and control variables. A solution using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is then presented. Results show that offsets and green times were dynamically changed as a function of demand and queue lengths. With long queues present, the algorithm utilized appropriate (negative) offsets to reduce or eliminate these queues, and then gradually moved to positive offsets to provide forward green bands, hence normal traffic progression. The algorithm has good potential for on-line real time implementation in an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) environment. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Genetic algorithms KW - Green interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Maximization KW - Offsets (Traffic signal timing) KW - Queuing KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576069 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739738 AU - Milazzo, J S AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Allen, D P AU - Hummer, J E AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PROPOSED REVISIONS TO "HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL" CHAPTER 9 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 528-534 AB - Chapter 9 of the 1994 update to the 1985 "Highway Capacity Manual" presents the operational and planning analysis of signalized intersections. The methodology for saturation flow rate estimation does not consider all elements of the interaction between turning vehicles and pedestrians and/or bicycles. This paper describes this interaction using a conflict zone occupancy approach. A conflict zone is a portion of an intersection, typically in the crosswalk, where pedestrians and vehicles compete for space. Conflict zone occupancy, defined as the fraction of the effective green period during which pedestrians or bicycles occupy a conflict zone, provides the basis for a rational adjustment to saturation flow. This paper describes the relationship between the number of net lanes (the number of departure lanes divided by the number of turn lanes) and the effect of occupancy on saturation flow. Armed with pedestrian and bicycle volumes, traffic engineers can use the procedure contained herein to compute the effect of pedestrians and bicycles on the saturation flow of vehicles turning from either one-way or two-way streets. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Adjustments KW - Bicycles KW - Conflict zones KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Interactions KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Occupancy KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Revisions KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic flow KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576070 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739734 AU - Williams, K M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - LAND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING HIGHWAY ACCESS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 500-506 AB - Contemporary access management is a process for managing the location, design and operation of driveways, median openings, and street connections to a roadway. It involves balancing the access needs of land development, with the need to preserve the safety and efficiency of travel on the surrounding roadway system. Because this requires coordination of transportation and land development decisions, access management strategies must be integrated into local plans and ordinances. This paper addresses coordination issues in improving access management practices and strategies for integrating access management into the local land development process. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Coordination KW - Crossovers KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Development KW - Driveways KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Local government KW - Location KW - Median openings KW - Medians KW - Ordinances KW - Real estate development KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576066 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739741 AU - Lomax, T J AU - Levinson, H S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - OVERVIEW OF CONGESTION MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 549-555 AB - The key to measuring congestion is using travel time and speed measures. They satisfy the widest range of requirements for congestion information. The determination of unacceptable congestion levels is a function of both technical factors and public input. Acceptable travel time and travel rate measures are important concepts that translate the expectations that citizens have for the transportation system into factors that can be used to prioritize transportation system improvements. Other measures such as delay rate, relative delay rate and total delay are useful as measures of the performance of system elements. Combining travel time and person movement will provide a basis for evaluating individual modes and multimodal transportation systems. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Improvements KW - Measurement KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Multimodal transportation systems KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Speed KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Travel by mode KW - Travel modes KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576073 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739723 AU - McKnight, C E AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE IMPACT OF CONGESTION ON NEW YORK CITY BUS SERVICE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 424-430 AB - In dense urban areas, traffic congestion hinders fast and reliable bus service. Slower bus speeds increase passengers' travel times, divert passengers to less space-efficient modes, and increase the cost of providing bus service. This paper presents a method based on regression analysis for determining the increase in bus running time due to traffic congestion and the resulting increase in operating costs. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bus services KW - Bus transit KW - Economics KW - New York (New York) KW - Operating costs KW - Public transit KW - Running time KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576055 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739719 AU - Gharaibeh, N G AU - Hicks, J E AU - Hall, J P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC, AND PAVEMENT DATA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 396-402 AB - As part of the Geographic Information System (GIS) for infrastructure management being developed for Champaign County, Illinois, statistical and spatial analyses for three key roadway characteristics (safety, congestion level, pavement condition) were conducted. A regression model for predicting accident rate from average daily traffic was also developed. The statistical and spatial analyses showed that high congestion level and/or traffic volume in urban areas are likely to lead to a low degree of safety, but they did not show any significant relationship between the Condition Rating Survey (CRS) and accident rate. However, it is believed that mechanistic models may be more appropriate to study the effect of pavement surface condition on road accidents. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Condition surveys KW - Crash rates KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Spatial analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576051 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739720 AU - Resende, PTV AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - EFFECTS OF ROADWAY SECTION LENGTH ON ACCIDENT MODELING SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 403-409 AB - In highway safety studies, the accident rates are derived from the number of accidents divided by the section length that varies from a fraction of a mile to several miles. The section length affects the rates and the rates influence the accident prediction models. The rates from short sections may give "misleading" statistics and correlation to roadway and traffic conditions. This study analyzes the influence of section lengths on accident rates and how that influences the geometric variables used in accident prediction. The analyses are for rural interstate highways and rural two-lane highways. To get reliable accident prediction models the rates should be computed based from sections 0.5 mi (0.8 km) or longer. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash rates KW - Forecasting KW - Interstate highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Reliability KW - Roadway section lengths KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576052 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739726 AU - Warkentin, G AU - Folkers, R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CITY OF PALM DESERT GOLF CART TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 444-450 AB - The City of Palm Desert has developed an innovative way to travel within their City. Golf carts traditionally used on fairways are able to travel on City streets with special modifications for safety. The City of Palm Desert, located in Southern California, is proud to be the first City in the nation to develop a golf cart transportation program. Their efforts are so successful that now, any City in the State of California is able to establish a similar program. California Assembly Bill 110 authorizes cities to initiate and administer golf cart programs. The program is monitored regularly and City staff coordinates with California Highway Patrol to provide periodic reports to the legislature. Future modifications to the program may be made to protect the user, to expand the use of golf carts, and to protect the City. Permitted users are allowed to travel to schools, colleges, parks, shopping, businesses, and governmental offices by means of their golf carts. The long term goal of the program is to provide full golf cart access throughout the City. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access KW - Golf carts KW - Innovation KW - Monitoring KW - Palm Desert (California) KW - State laws KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576058 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739722 AU - Daniel, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - BUS SIGNAL PRIORITY ALONG CONGESTED CORRIDORS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 417-423 AB - Bus signal priority has proven to be an effective tool for reducing delays to transit vehicles while improving the overall operation of the arterial for all vehicles. This technique has not been as successful, however, when high volumes exist along the arterial and/or the cross street. Under these conditions the additional green time required by the transit vehicle can not only cause significant increases in delay to the cross-street vehicles as well as to other movements along the arterial not served by the transit vehicle, but the needed green time may far exceed available green time making this technique infeasible. This paper identifies an approach to evaluate the feasibility of successfully implementing signal priority as well as provides guidelines that should be followed when implementing signal priority along a congested corridor. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bus priority KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576054 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739724 AU - Nowlin, L AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PERFORMANCE OF QUEUE JUMPER LANES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 431-437 AB - A queue jumper lane can provide significant travel time savings to buses because the bus can by-pass traffic queued at congested intersections. Field data showed that buses saved an average 6.5 seconds at a high-volume intersection. Computer simulation demonstrated that the queue jumper lane provided notable travel time savings and speed advantages when traffic volumes exceeded 250 vehicles per hour per lane (vphpl). The advantages in average bus speed when a queue jumper lane was present ranged from approximately 5 km/h to 15 km/h (for traffic volumes below 1000 vphpl). U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average travel speed KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Queue jumper lanes KW - Savings KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transit buses KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576056 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739718 AU - Yulong, P AU - Jianmei, D AU - Xianghai, M AU - Junyi, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - AN INITIAL RESEARCH INTO THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE COLD REGION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 389-395 AB - The cases studied in this paper include 39,741 traffic accidents which happened in the cold region - Heilongjiang Province and Liaoning Province, China - from 1992 to 1995. On the basis of data collection, data processing and site investigation, the causes of the traffic accidents, the monthly distribution of the traffic accidents, the categories of the road and the accidents in the cold region, etc., are analyzed and studied. As a result, the statistical regularity of the traffic accidents that happened in the cold region and the relevant analytical conclusion have been obtained. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - China KW - Classification KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Frigid regions KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576050 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739721 AU - Case, R B AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE SAFETY OF CONCURRENT-LANE HOV PROJECTS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 410-416 AB - In order to determine the safety effects, if any, of concurrent-lane High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) implementations, a search of the results of existing research was conducted. Research results were reviewed for the following HOV designs: 3-8 ft (0.9-2.4 m) buffer; 8 ft (2.4 m) buffer [raised 6 in. (15 cm)]; 13 ft (4.6 m) buffer; and 0-2 ft (0-0.6 m) buffer. Although the research on the first three designs is too limited to be conclusive, the ten separate research efforts on the 0-2 ft (0-0.6 m) buffers indicate that building such lanes resulted in accident rates being significantly higher than they would have been had general purpose lanes been added. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Buffer types KW - Crash rates KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576053 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739725 AU - Riffkin, M AU - Nepstad, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - POST WAR TRAVEL TRENDS IN THE SALT LAKE URBAN AREA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 438-443 AB - This paper focuses on examining the travel and, to a lesser extent, socio-economic characteristics in the Salt Lake Area as revealed in a Home Interview 1993 survey as well as through a comparison of various trends from the 1960s through the present. Short of drawing extensive conclusions regarding which trends are the cause or end product of other trends, this paper simply reports the observed conditions. In its simplest form, this paper reports strong growth in the Salt Lake Area, suburban land use patterns, predominant single occupant automobile travel, levels of traffic congestion which have been increasing, and a projected outlook for more of the same over the next twenty years. General topics discussed include personal travel characteristics and trends, regional travel characteristics and trends, land use trends, an outlook for the future, and finally a brief conclusion on the general implications which can be drawn. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Forecasting KW - Land use KW - Salt Lake City (Utah) KW - Single occupant vehicles KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576057 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739727 AU - Hochmuth, J AU - Bowcott, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE "ADVANCE" TRANSITION TO GCM TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION CENTER SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 451-457 AB - The ADVANCE (Advanced Driver and Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept) project is an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) demonstration project located in the northwest suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. A central facility, called the Traffic Information Center (TIC), was developed to receive and distribute traffic related information. The project is a joint effort of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), the Illinois Universities Transportation Research Consortium (composed of the University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University), Motorola and the American Automobile Association. De Leuw, Cather & Company is responsible for system engineering, system integration, and assisting in project management. The major emphasis of ADVANCE has been the development of the TIC and developing an in vehicle navigation system in which vehicles would also be used as probes. The completion of the in vehicle navigation phase presented an opportunity to take the lessons learned in developing the TIC and apply them to creation of a Corridor Transportation Information Center (C-TIC) for the Gary-Chicago-Milwaukee (GCM) Priority Corridor. This paper documents that effort. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver information systems KW - Information centers KW - Information services KW - Route guidance KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576059 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739710 AU - Nsour, S A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IVHS AND THE ELDERLY DRIVING SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 333-339 AB - This study was conducted on two groups, 385 elderly people and 126 young people with the age of 65 as the dividing line. The purpose is to examine the driving tasks that elderly see as difficult and then explore the possibilities of using Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) to solve some of the driving problems faced by the elderly. The study showed that the tasks of driving at night, driving on two-lane highways at night, driving in rainy weather at night, and reading changeable message signs are the top most difficult tasks for elderly as compared with young drivers. About 25% of the elderly surveyed view reading changeable message signs as either difficult or very difficult. The most frequent suggestions by the elderly on improvements to the highway were those related to making signs more visible/readable, increasing sign-exit distance, and increasing sign illumination and reflection. About 52% of suggestions by the elderly on vehicle instrumentation centered on making the instrumentation more visible. The percentage of elderly in favor of electronic navigation maps is roughly 62% compared to 85% of the young. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobile driving KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving tasks KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Instrumentation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Rain KW - Reflective signs KW - Route guidance KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Variable message signs KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576042 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739712 AU - Granda, T M AU - Moyer, M J AU - Hanowski, R J AU - Kantowitz, B H AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - OLDER DRIVERS AND ATIS GUIDELINES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 347-353 AB - Older drivers have special requirements for Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) devices for several reasons: they are more likely to resist new technology yet they may have greater need for new technology due to diminished driving capabilities relative to younger drivers. Results from four experiments that compare preference and performance of older drivers using ATISs are presented. These results document important differences in the way older drivers use in-vehicle systems. Implications of these results for the design of such systems are discussed. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Aged drivers KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Guidelines KW - Human subject testing KW - Personnel performance KW - Route guidance KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576044 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739714 AU - Ardekani, S A AU - Kazmi, A M AU - Ahmadi, M S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A PC-BASED DECISION TOOL FOR ROADWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 361-367 AB - A quick response personal computer (PC) tool has been developed for determining near optimal traffic diversion strategies around major roadway blockages. Known as TEMPO (Transportation Emergency Management of Post-Incident Operations), the tool utilizes heuristic approaches for estimating the origin-destination (O-D) of traffic on the closed links and re-assigning the estimated O-D matrix to the remainder of the network. This paper describes the calibration of this heuristic procedure against the results observed in the field. Fifteen incident scenarios in a highway network of the city of Richardson, Texas, are simulated by TEMPO. The diversion routes identified by TEMPO are compared with the routes identified by the city engineers as having been the main diversion routes. It is shown that in the majority of cases the TEMPO-generated diversion routes are not significantly different from the routes identified by the city as the main post-incident detours. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - Comparative analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Decision making KW - Decisions KW - Estimating KW - Heuristic methods KW - Incident management KW - Origin and destination KW - Personal computers KW - Richardson (Texas) KW - Simulation KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic engineers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576046 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739715 AU - Selman, W A AU - Gilmore, M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A GUIDELINE FOR INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 368-374 AB - This guideline provides a comprehensive and concise framework for the establishment and implementation of incident management programs. It outlines a proven approach for the establishment of a cooperative process that will produce effective programs. The approach takes into consideration technical, interagency, legislative and public awareness issues. It is also sensitive to the roles and responsibilities of various public and private agencies. The guideline includes a mechanism for the creation of an incident management task force and the establishment of program goals and objectives. It includes guidance for the publication of an incident management handbook and a recommended debriefing process for major incidents. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Committees KW - Evaluation KW - Governments KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Implementation KW - Incident debriefing KW - Incident management KW - Private enterprise KW - Program effectiveness KW - Responsibilities KW - Strategic planning KW - Task force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576047 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739717 AU - Petty, K F AU - Skabardonis, A AU - Varaiya, P P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF FSP TOW TRUCKS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 382-388 AB - Freeway service patrols (FSPs) are a popular means of incident management and control. The authors address the question of the correct placement of FSP tow trucks as a scarce resource allocation problem. They present a methodology for determining where to place FSP tow trucks so as to maximize the expected reduction in congestion. They illustrate this approach using the I-880 database. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Deployment KW - Freeway service patrols KW - Freeways KW - Incident management KW - Mathematical models KW - Maximization KW - Optimization KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Tow trucks KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576049 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739711 AU - Turner, S M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - USING ITS DATA FOR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 340-346 AB - This paper presents a generic framework for utilizing different types of intelligent transportation system (ITS) data for congestion monitoring and performance measurement. The generic framework is based upon standard performance monitoring/feedback cycles. Various types of ITS data are applicable, including data items typically available through loop detectors, surveillance and incident detection systems, probe vehicle systems, and arterial street signal control systems. A case study example is provided in Houston, Texas. The framework developed in this paper will assist urban areas that are implementing ITS components in measuring congestion and transportation system performance, and in quantifying the impacts that various ITS components have on congestion and system performance. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Case studies KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Impacts KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic data KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576043 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739713 AU - Sutaria, T C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SANTA ANA INTEGRATED TRAVELER INFORMATION SHARING SYSTEM SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 354-360 AB - The newly built Traffic Management Center (TMC) in the City of Santa Ana gathers information regarding freeway and arterial traffic congestion on a real-time basis. The Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) at the TMC makes this possible through three components: closed circuit television (CCTV), system detection, and incident detection. Three avenues currently available to the City to inform travelers of the congestion status are: changeable message sign (CMS), TrailBlazer Sign (TBS), and Highway Advisory Radio (HAR). However, these are only useful once the travelers have begun their journey. The Proposed Santa Ana Integrated Traveler Information Sharing (ITIS) System, to be completed by the end of 1996, will expand the City's ability to inform the public of traffic congestion or incidents while in their cars or at their homes or offices. By keeping travelers informed of roadway and traffic conditions, they can plan alternate routes or mode of travel before beginning their travel or decide not to travel at all. This paper describes how the five ITIS components -- Public Information Data Base (PIDB), information kiosks, Highway Advisory Telephone (HAT), Voice Response System (VRS) for digitized HAT/HAR, and Community Access Television (CATV) -- can accomplish the goals above and how they interface with California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 12 and ATMS. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Closed circuit television KW - Community access television KW - Data sharing KW - Highway advisory radio KW - Highway advisory telephone KW - Incident detection KW - Interfaces KW - Kiosks KW - Public information data bases KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Santa Ana (California) KW - Speech recognition KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers KW - Trailblazer sign KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576045 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739716 AU - Flak, M A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - REDUCING ACCIDENT IMPACTS UNDER CONGESTION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 375-381 AB - Highway accidents represent approximately 10-15% of the incidents occurring along urban freeways. Millions of dollars and resources are wasted each year due to delay and congestion associated with highway accidents. For transportation agencies, alternative approaches are being used which reduce the delay impacts associated with handling highway accidents. These means include the incorporation of key policies or regulations related to the handling of vehicles under accident conditions such as: "quick clearance", "hold harmless", abandoned vehicle limitations, restrictions on usage of flashing lights on emergency vehicles, requirements for drivers staying with incapacitated vehicles, and "death certification" regulations. Technology improvements are also providing significant savings in hastening the accident investigation process. These improvements include: "total station surveying" and more versatile computerized equipment to record and report traffic accident data. In addition, the implementation of accident investigation sites off the road and near or next to the freeway has aided in speeding up field investigation time and minimizing delays associated with highway accidents. The effect of these policies, procedures, and improvements is to open up the highway to pre-incident conditions as soon as possible, thereby significantly decreasing delays to the traffic stream and saving motorists millions of dollars each year. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Freeways KW - Policy KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Regulations KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576048 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739709 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Shim, E AU - Resende, PTV AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IDENTIFICATION OF SAFETY PROBLEM AREAS FOR TRUCKS IN WORK ZONES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 326-332 AB - The findings of this study will help to identify the high risk location for truck drivers in work zones. A study was conducted to determine the truck drivers' concerns and the location of accidents and safety problem areas in work zones. A statewide survey of 930 semi-truck drivers was conducted. Two-thirds of the drivers had experienced the bad driving situations (BDS) at least at one location, and one-third at more than one location in work zones. The transition area had the highest percentage of BDS, followed by the advance warning area, work space, termination area, and buffer space. The correlations between having BDS experiences and travel characteristics were examined for the work zone as a whole, as well as for the five sections within the work zone. BDS and accident experiences are highly correlated, so the frequency of BDS can be used as an indicator of safety problem areas in work zones. Analyzing BDS experiences for each section separately revealed correlations between BDS and travel characteristics that were not detected by the overall analysis. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bad driving situations KW - Construction sites KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - High risk locations KW - Surveys KW - Travel behavior KW - Truck drivers KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576041 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739707 AU - Budhu, G AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A 5-STEP APPROACH TO THE INCORPORATION OF FIXED OBJECT ACCIDENTS IN THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND PRIORITIZATION OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS...CASE STUDY OF LOUISIANA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 312-318 AB - The state of Louisiana in 1990 experienced 136,022 accidents resulting in a social cost of approximately $4.16 billion of which an estimated $476 million were attributed to fixed object accidents. Furthermore, the overall accident statistics for 1991, 1992, etc., are showing a decreasing tendency whereas fixed object accident statistics are on the increase. What is needed in all future highway improvements is to incorporate the economic analysis of highway safety, especially through the study of fixed object accidents, since hazardous fixed objects along a corridor are often much easier to correct than human behavior or vehicle characteristics in the short term. This compromising of safety inputs in current road improvements works may be due to: (i) the relative ease in determining the benefit/cost analysis of resurfacing and speed change by roadway designers; (ii) the lack of historical accident data and supporting information (i.e., network, accidents, demographics, etc.) in a single personal computer environment that can be analyzed by design engineers to detect safety needs; and (iii) the inadequate information of safety "pay-off" because most design engineers have not received sufficient training in safety engineering economic analysis. The overall objective of the paper (supported by research funding of Louisiana Transportation Research Center) is to develop a step-by-step procedure to incorporate the economic analysis of highway improvements, especially through the consideration of accidents involving fixed objects for state-identified highway improvement projects in Louisiana. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic analysis KW - Fixed objects KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Louisiana KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576039 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739706 AU - Yulong, P AU - Xianghai, M AU - Jianmei, D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - RESEARCH OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ON SHEN-DA MOTORWAY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 305-311 AB - The subject of study of this article is the Shen-Da motorway in the People's Republic of China. First, statistics are presented and an analysis is made of the causes of the 452 traffic accidents during 1994-1995. Also included are discussions and analysis related to the effects of road conditions on traffic accidents. Second, the rate of motorway accidents on the Shen-Da motorway is compared with that in Japan and the United States. Last, research is presented on the causes of traffic accidents in Hou Yan toll-station, an accident black spot on the south end of Shen-Da motorway, and appropriate countermeasures are suggested. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - China KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - High risk locations KW - Japan KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576038 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739708 AU - Menta, V K AU - Strate, H E AU - Saracena, A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - NEW JERSEY ROUTE 495 EXCLUSIVE BUS LANE SAFETY STUDY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 319-325 AB - The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's (PANYNJ's) main objective in undertaking the New Jersey Route 495 Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) Safety Study was to assess the safety impact on traffic operations by permitting 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses to operate in the XBL. The XBL is a 2.5 mi (4 km) contraflow bus lane connecting the New Jersey Turnpike and the Lincoln Tunnel. It operates only during the A.M. peak period in the eastbound direction from 6:30 A.M. until approximately 10:00 A.M. The XBL is reserved for vehicles with a capacity of 16 or more (essentially public and private sector commuter buses). During a typical A.M. peak hour, the XBL carries approximately 750 buses in the eastbound direction (1,850 buses during A.M. peak period), each saving 10-25 minutes in travel time. The current operations in the XBL approaching the Lincoln Tunnel in New York were restricted to 96 in. (244 cm) wide buses. To conform to the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the convenience offered by the new 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses, transit operators expressed a desire to use the 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses in the XBL. At the outset, it does not appear to be a problem to introduce buses that are only 6 in. (15 cm) wider. However, the reduction in clearance between the vehicles in the XBL and the adjacent normal traffic flow lane due to the wider buses in an extremely tight geometric environment on Route 495 was of significant concern to the PANYNJ. The mirror to mirror width of the 102 in. (259 cm) wide bus is approximately 120 in. (305 cm) leaving only 4 in. (10 cm) of unoccupied lane space at some locations along the XBL. The problem is compounded by a sizeable population of commercial vehicles, oncoming in the adjacent lanes, accounting for a "shy" factor causing vehicles to veer from each other. To evaluate the safety issues associated with permitting 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses, a two phase approach that extended over a year of data collection, analysis and review of the results by an expert panel was adopted. The final recommendations permitted the 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses to operate in the XBL subject to the condition that the mix of 102 in. (259 cm) wide buses be closely monitored and an increase in the mix of 102 in. (259 cm) buses to 30% of the bus population be immediately followed by further analysis. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Americans with Disabilities Act KW - Bus design KW - Bus lanes KW - Buses KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Highway operations KW - Monitoring KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Transit buses KW - Vehicle design KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576040 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739697 AU - Hicks, J E AU - Ham, H AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - MODELING AUTO AND PEDESTRIAN ROUTE INTERACTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 243-249 AB - A multiclass trip assignment model is formulated and solved where route choice behavior of both auto drivers and pedestrians is user-optimal, and a variational inequality problem solution is equivalent to the conditions of simultaneous user-optimality for each class. A solution procedure is discussed and results of an implementation on a real transportation network are presented. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Case studies KW - Drivers KW - Implementation KW - Pedestrians KW - Route choice KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576029 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739699 AU - Selim, M AU - Lee, S W AU - Shaw, T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PHILIPS HIGHWAY TSM STUDY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 257-263 AB - This study utilized integrated, stochastic traffic operational analysis software to evaluate the use of transportation system management (TSM) strategies during the construction work zone operating conditions along 27 miles (43.4 km) of Interstate 95 (I-95) in Jacksonville, Florida. During this construction period, I-95 will be widened from four to six lanes. Traffic will be diverted to Philips Highway (US 1) which is contiguous with I-95. During the two-year construction period, capacity will be constrained along I-95. Philips Highway is targeted to accept the traffic that must be diverted from I-95 during incidents and occasional closings and is currently operating at congested levels. As a result, a series of TSM alternatives was explored to improve travel time, increase transit usage and reduce automobile emissions within the corridor. This paper presents a summary of the software evaluation techniques, alternatives considered and benefits derived from the project. The recommended improvements resulted in 23-minute travel time savings in the morning peak and 19.6-minute travel time savings in the afternoon peak, resulting in a $32,000,000 savings in vehicle stop and travel delays and a $2,150,000 savings per year in fuel consumption over the two-year construction period. The total estimated costs for the project were $1,466,300, resulting in a benefit cost ratio of 23.3:1 for the two-year construction period alone. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Fuel consumption KW - Pavement widening KW - Road construction KW - Savings KW - Software KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic diversion KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576031 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739693 AU - Resende, PTV AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DEVELOPMENT OF VOLUME-TO-CAPACITY BASED ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODELS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 215-221 AB - This study focused on developing relationships between accident rates and the capacity of the roads, particularly the rural interstate highways. Accident prediction models were developed that used the V/C (volume/capacity) as a predictor variable. A concept of modified capacity is introduced, where the design capacity is adjusted to incorporate other geometric factors. This modified capacity includes variables that represent surface rates, surface types, inside shoulder width, and others that may have significant impacts on the accident occurrence, which are not directly weighed when capacity is calculated. A model presented here is for rural interstate highways. Data are based on an averaged data set of six years. This model is part of a more comprehensive study where several models were created, not only for rural interstate highways but also for urban interstate highways, rural and urban two-lane highways, and urban and rural multilane highways. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Adjustments KW - Crash rates KW - Design capacity KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Interstate highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Rural highways KW - Volume/capacity ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576025 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739695 AU - Picha, D L AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Rhodes, L R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DRIVER UNDERSTANDING OF ALTERNATIVE TRAFFIC SIGNS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 229-235 AB - Traffic control devices are intended to promote safe and uniform operation of motorized and non-motorized traffic using the roadway. Motorists rely on these devices to provide information about traffic laws and regulations, to identify potential roadway hazards, and to provide information to help find their desired destinations. Traffic control devices, however, serve little purpose if they are not understood by a significant percentage of the driving population. With an increase in the older driver and non-English speaking driver populations, particularly in Texas, there exists a need for identifying those devices that are likely to be misunderstood and improving upon their comprehension. This paper presents the recommendations from a five-year research project conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute to assess and improve motorist understanding of traffic control devices. The results of all evaluations were analyzed to distinguish significant comprehension difficulties among various demographic groups. Recommendations for each device were based on these results, and include retaining the current standard design due to adequate comprehension levels, modifying the design or use of the device in order to increase comprehension levels, and/or conducting further research to better understand driver comprehension difficulties. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Aged drivers KW - Comprehension KW - Drivers KW - Ethnic groups KW - Modifications KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Texas KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576027 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739689 AU - Lu, J J AU - Mierzejewski, E A AU - Huang, Wei AU - Cleland, F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DRIVER POPULATION FACTORS FOR FREEWAY CAPACITY ESTIMATION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 187-193 AB - This paper summarizes preliminary results obtained from a study performed to develop driver population adjustment factors. The study efforts summarized in this paper were to assess the impacts of non-local driver population on freeway capacity and develop a procedure to quantify the driver population adjustment factors. Results presented in this paper are based on data collected from Orlando, Florida. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Case studies KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Non-local driver population KW - Orlando (Florida) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576021 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739700 AU - Davidian, V AU - Mogharabi, A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A UNIQUE HIGHWAY PROJECT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 264-270 AB - This paper discusses the development of a Transportation Management Plan (TMP) for a freeway interchange reconstruction project on the I-40/I-15 interchange near Barstow, California. This TMP project is unique because its peak hour of traffic occurs on Friday and Sunday evenings when weekend travelers, many with recreational vehicles, travel between the Los Angeles area and recreation areas in the State of Nevada. The situation is further complicated by the heavy percentage of truck traffic on I-40, which is one of the causes of congestion problems necessitating the interchange improvement project. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - California KW - Freeways KW - Interchanges KW - Mitigation KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576032 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739703 AU - Shaw, T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - HURRICANE RESPONSE CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT STUDY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 284-290 AB - This study was prepared to identify the most effective means of increasing highway system capacity during the hurricane warning response period to maximize the number of persons that can be evacuated from the south Florida area. The study considered roadway corridors that are part of the Florida Intrastate Highway System (FIHS) and other segments of the state highway system that were identified as potential evacuation corridors for south Florida. This study considered both the travel demand and network capacity available under evacuation conditions based on work performed in previous studies and travel behavior. Sixteen operational improvements were considered in the evaluation of the benefits and constraints that included the impacts on system capacity, safety, costs, and operations. These alternatives included: planning and communication, transportation system management (TSM), transportation demand management (TDM), and capital improvements. However, the emphasis of this paper is on an evaluation of a one-way reversible lane system on Florida's Turnpike from West Palm Beach to Orlando, a length of 233 miles (375 km) involving 22 interchanges. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Capital investments KW - Communications KW - Evacuation KW - Florida KW - Highway capacity KW - Hurricanes KW - Improvements KW - Increase KW - Network capacity KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576035 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739704 AU - Chen, S-R AU - Ivan, J N AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - INTEGRATED TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR INCIDENTS IN FREEWAY-ARTERIAL CORRIDORS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 291-297 AB - This paper investigates the impact of diverted freeway traffic on a typical surface street network under different signal timing plans to learn how to select optimal timing plans. New timing plans are developed for the network using PASSER II to optimize signals on the alternate route to explicitly serve traffic diverting around a freeway incident. Operations in the network are then simulated with these timing plans and various incident scenarios to investigate how these plans affect corridor performance during different types of incidents. The integrated network simulation program INTEGRATION (copyright) is used for this analysis. Measures of effectiveness including average network travel speed for each timing plan and incident scenario are compared with respect to operation of the entire corridor (the freeway system and the surrounding street network). U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Freeways KW - Incident management KW - Local street KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Optimization KW - Simulation KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576036 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739691 AU - Davis, G A AU - Adams, D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IDENTIFYING HIGH-HAZARD SITES FOR OLDER DRIVERS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 201-207 AB - Induced exposure methods were combined with a nonparametric empirical Bayes procedure to produce a method for identifying high accident risk locations for older drivers. The method was applied to accident data from 102 signalized intersections and it was found that those intersections identified as high-hazard locations for older drivers did in the aggregate show over-representation of older drivers. For the intersections located in an urbanized area, the most frequent accident types at sites identified as high-hazard locations for older drivers were left-turn and right-angle accidents, while rear-end accidents were most frequent at the other urban intersections. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Aged drivers KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Crash types KW - Empirical methods KW - High risk locations KW - Left turns KW - Rear end crashes KW - Right angle crashes KW - Signalized intersections KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576023 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739698 AU - Flak, M A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - INCIDENT MANAGEMENT NEEDS ALONG WORK ZONES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 250-256 AB - Every day, highway incidents impede mobility on urban, suburban, and rural highways. As a result, it costs substantially more for the traveling public to use these roads under incident conditions. Millions of dollars are lost every year by commuters and other travelers caught in traffic jams associated with highway incidents. To date, little emphasis has been placed on planning for incident management under work or maintenance zone activities. For most construction/maintenance zone activities, incident management planning can be instrumental in maintaining acceptable traffic operations along currently congested highways. In these cases, planning steps can be conducted to assure a program of incident management is addressed for the project's needs. These steps may involve the review of highway conditions under the work activity, the identification of anticipated traffic operations, and the selection of feasible and cost-effective solutions aimed at reducing the traffic impacts to the public. The end result will be more favorable traffic operations under highway construction/maintenance activities. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Construction sites KW - Incident management KW - Mitigation KW - Planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576030 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739705 AU - Tarko, A P AU - Kanipakapatnam, S R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A MACROSCOPIC MODEL OF FREEWAY WORK ZONES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 298-304 AB - The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies have created a need for fast and elaborated freeway models that can be applicable on-line for incident management, as well as for other applications such as work zone traffic control. This paper describes extensions to the higher order continuum model of freeway traffic to incorporate lane drops. The model can handle a lane change maneuver in the vicinity of lane drops. A preliminary study indicates a potential for improvement of the freeway performance on the approaches to work zones by controlling the lane change pattern using DO NOT PASS signs. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Freeways KW - Lane changing KW - Lane drops KW - Macroscopic models KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576037 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739688 AU - Maini, P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - STUDY OF LOST TIME AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 180-186 AB - As congested traffic conditions become a daily occurrence, it becomes increasingly important to accurately analyze signalized intersection operations. The capacity of individual movements at signalized intersections is dependent on various factors, chief among which are the effective green time (depends on lost time and green time) and the saturation flow rate. There has been very limited research on the components of effective green time, namely start-up lost time and clearance lost time (alternatively, extension of green). Based on findings of this study, it is suggested that the clearance lost time be calculated as the sum of the all-red clearance interval and a portion (50% to 75%) of the yellow change interval. This will result in significantly higher total lost times for movements than the three seconds default value recommended in the Highway Capacity Manual (Transportation Research Board, 1994), and will thus impact capacity and subsequent calculations. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Calculation KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Green interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Highway capacity KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576020 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739701 AU - McGuinness, R A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - URBAN WORKZONE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 271-276 AB - Road construction and maintenance operations create an impediment to traffic flow in any area. In urban areas, the effect upon the motorist can often be severe and far reaching. Workzones create an unexpected obstacle on the highway, requiring the motorist to take some type of action that is not normally necessary. They create unexpected bottlenecks, causing delay and frustration. The construction activity itself provides enough entertainment to distract the driver from the immediate task at hand, namely, safely negotiating a path through the work area. The City of Columbus utilizes a number of workzone management techniques to address these problems. Temporary traffic control is designed to maintain as much of the roadway capacity as possible. Excess demand is siphoned off by closing freeway entrance ramps and approach roads to the work area and by providing alternate routes around the project. A strong traveler information program is utilized to keep the public informed of unusual roadway conditions in the metropolitan area. Public perception of the planning and implementation of road construction has grown from a 34% positive acceptance rate in 1990 to a 69% positive acceptance rate in 1994. Other measures of public acceptance have also increased during that period. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Distraction KW - Highway traffic control KW - Passenger information systems KW - Public relations KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Urban areas KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576033 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739702 AU - Raub, R A AU - Schofer, J L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TACTICS FOR ENHANCED ARTERIAL INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 277-283 AB - Limiting the impact on traffic of non-recurring events such as crashes, traffic stops, or disabled vehicles through effective incident management should be the goal for responders. The arterial incident management study conducted by the Traffic Institute examined what is known about how incidents affect traffic and their potential costs, and shows how they can be handled to minimize their effects. Important issues addressed included: failure to respond in a timely manner and with adequate resources; failure to remove vehicles and debris in a timely fashion; inadequate traffic control at and around the incident; lack of communication to motorists affected by the incident; and limited planning for incident management. This paper concentrates on strategies which address the first issue, inadequate response. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Driver information systems KW - Incident management KW - Planning KW - Removal KW - Responses KW - Strategic planning KW - Streets KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576034 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739694 AU - Garvey, P M AU - Gates, M T AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ENGINEERING IMPROVEMENTS TO AID OLDER DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 222-228 AB - Senior citizens now constitute the fastest growing segment of the United States population, and an increasing number of older adults will continue to travel, both as drivers and as pedestrians, as they age. As a result, transportation engineers will be faced with additional challenges to meet the mobility needs of older road users. In response to this demographic shift, this report addresses the need to integrate the existing wealth of older traveler research into a set of guidelines for application to transportation systems. This research effort had as its objective the cataloging of those research results that could be applied directly to elements of state and federal transportation systems. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Data compilation KW - Design KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Information organization KW - Intersections KW - Mobility KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Research KW - Road markings KW - Structural design KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Transportation KW - Transportation engineering KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576026 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739696 AU - Menta, V K AU - Strate, H E AU - Boss, D A AU - Saracena, A J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION AND SAFETY AT THE HOLLAND TUNNEL SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 236-242 AB - The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey proposed implementation of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) at the Holland Tunnel in New Jersey. The study objective was to determine if hazard or risk associated with crossing maneuvers on the Twelfth Street approach and on the adjacent Marin Boulevard approach would change with the introduction of ETC-dedicated toll lanes. A quantitative assessment of the conflicts was made by developing a probability based conflict analysis. Vehicle conflicts or the desire by two vehicles to occupy the same space at the same time was selected as a surrogate measure to evaluate vehicular operation at the toll plaza due to the introduction of ETC lanes. The probability based conflict model compared alternative ETC strategies with the base condition and then statistically tested whether or not the increase was significant. The factors that determined the point where the conflict may occur were identified as toll lane type, vehicle deceleration rates, final velocity, the number of toll lanes and volume of cross traffic between the lanes. The model results indicated that as the ETC lane usage increased, the conflict potential would decrease or remain the same indicating a higher likelihood of "more organized" traffic flow through the toll plaza. It was concluded that the various Holland Tunnel toll plaza ETC deployment alternatives would not adversely affect the level of current operations. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Holland Tunnel KW - Impact studies KW - Operations KW - Probability KW - Simulation KW - Toll plazas KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576028 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739690 AU - Al-Omari, B H AU - Benekohal, R F AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DELAY AT CONGESTED UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 194-200 AB - A new procedure for delay estimation at congested two-way stop controlled intersections was developed. Total delay was divided into two parts: service delay and queue delay. A linear empirical model was developed to estimate the average service delay as a function of conflicting traffic volumes. A set of empirical models was developed to estimate the average queue delay as a function of the subject approach traffic intensity. It was found that the queue delay increases exponentially as traffic intensity increases. The field data were used for comparing the proposed total delay model with the 1994 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) model. It was found that the proposed model is significantly closer to the field data. It was also noticed that the 1994 HCM model underestimates the total delay. The proposed delay model is very practical and uses only two input variables: arrival rate and conflicting traffic volume. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Empirical equations KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Mathematical models KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic delays KW - Two-way stop control KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576022 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739692 AU - Tarko, A P AU - Weiss, J V AU - Sinha, K C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - POTENTIAL CRASH REDUCTION FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 208-214 AB - Selecting individual highway facilities for an in-depth safety analysis and potential safety improvements is one of the key functions of any safety management program. As shown in this paper, the current methods may not ensure the maximum crash reduction - the objective of the safety program. This paper proposes a new method that overcomes the weakness of the current methods. In the proposed method, potential crash reduction is used as a criterion to rank locations. The paper describes estimation of the overall and minimum crash rates. The proposed method promotes selection of sites where the potential for safety improvement is high. The paper presents an example application of the method. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Crash rates KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Ratings KW - Safety KW - Safety management KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576024 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739681 AU - Hughes, R G AU - Harkey, D L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CYCLISTS' PERCEPTION OF RISK IN A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT: EFFECTS OF LANE CONDITIONS, TRAFFIC SPEED, AND TRAFFIC VOLUME SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 132-138 AB - Casual and experienced bicyclists were immersed in a "virtual" or computer-generated simulation of a two-lane roadway environment in order to elicit from each ratings of the perceived risk associated with various lane conditions as well as different vehicle speeds and volumes. Ratings were made under cyclist, driver, and roadside viewing conditions. Levels of perceived risk varied inversely with lane width as well as the presence/absence of lane markings delineating vehicle from non-vehicle areas. Effects were most pronounced for older subjects (over 20) and under conditions where ratings were made from driver's eye point. With respect to the influence of vehicle speeds and volumes, speed exerted the most pronounced effect. Results are in basic agreement with parallel Federal Highway Administration study conducted under "real" conditions. Results suggest that virtual/simulated conditions may, where appropriate, represent a cost effective alternative to traditional field research methods. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cyclists KW - Hazards KW - Lane width KW - Motor vehicles KW - Perception KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Road markings KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Studies KW - Study methods KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Virtual reality KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576013 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739683 AU - Yoo, K AU - Bae, S AU - Kim, Sanling AU - Choi, Kunhee AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FTMS: A KOREAN CASE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 146-152 AB - In Korea, the implementation of a Freeway Traffic Management System (FTMS) was first initiated in 1992, and it has been in the process of an operational test since February 1995 on its 318-km sections of Kyoung-Bu and Chung-Bu express highways that connect Seoul and Daejon. This paper presents a set of evaluation results of the FTMS, based on both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. For quantitative analysis, delay time reduction due to an incident has been calculated, whereas for qualitative analysis, the results of a survey on satisfaction and other issues are presented. From the quantitative viewpoint, the monetary benefit accrued from the delay reduction with the installation of the FTMS, both for incident and non-incident cases, would amount to 65 and 9,320 million US dollars, respectively, up to the year 2004. Qualitatively, evaluation shows that 65% of highway users acknowledged the effectiveness of FTMS, 95% of users were satisfied with the accuracy of variable message sign (VMS) information, 68% of users wanted alternative routing information as additional information sources, and 96% of the driving population were quite positive on the expansion of the current FTMS. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway traffic control systems KW - Incidents KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - South Korea KW - Surveys KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic incidents KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576015 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739677 AU - Noyce, D A AU - Fambro, D B AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SAFETY COMPARISON OF EXCLUSIVE-PERMISSIVE LEFT-TURN SIGNAL DISPLAYS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 104-110 AB - This paper presents the results of a safety comparison which evaluated the five-section horizontal and cluster exclusive/permissive left-turn signal displays. Three years of crash data were evaluated at 12 sites (six of each display type), containing an exclusive left-turn lane and separate left-turn signal display, in Bryan/College Station, Texas. The results of this analysis show that the crash rates between the cluster and horizontal left-turn display are not significantly different; however, there does appear to be some evidence to suggest that the cluster display provides a slightly lower crash frequency. These results are similar to those found in the literature. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cluster displays KW - Comparative analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Exclusive permissive phasing KW - Horizontal displays KW - Left turns KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576009 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739679 AU - McGinnis, R G AU - Swindler, Kathleen M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY IN THE 21ST CENTURY SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 118-124 AB - Roadside accidents, single vehicles running off the roadway and crashing, account for an estimated $80 billion per year in societal losses. Roadside safety can be improved by reducing the number of roadside encroachments, providing forgiving roadsides, and having safer vehicles. Changes occurring in the motor vehicle fleet, vehicle technology, roadway and roadside hardware design, traffic characteristics, and driver populations will affect the future of roadside safety. Roadside safety in 2020 should improve relative to today if the highway safety community can work together to implement important elements of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) roadside safety strategic plan. However, if roadside safety funding does not grow adequately or forecasts of seat belt usage and vehicle miles of travel are incorrect, future roadside accidents and fatalities could increase significantly. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Safety design KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576011 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739687 AU - Turner, S M AU - Levinson, H S AU - Lomax, T J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SPEED ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR PLANNING APPLICATIONS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 173-179 AB - This paper presents speed/travel time estimation techniques developed through the NCHRP 7-13 study "Quantifying Congestion" using empirical field data. The estimation procedures use readily available roadway inventory and traffic volume data. A methodology developed for freeways uses average daily traffic (ADT) volumes per lane and access point frequency as a simple predictor of speeds. The queueing effects of bottlenecks can also be incorporated into the predictive model to account for sections upstream of geometric bottlenecks or congestion points. An estimation procedure for arterial streets relies on ADT per lane and signal density to estimate speeds. The paper also describes how congestion estimates can be combined with data collection to quantify congestion for future conditions. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Bottlenecks KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Mathematical models KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Queuing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576019 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739680 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Knuiman, M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ASSESSING THE BICYCLE COMPATIBILITY OF ROADWAYS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 125-131 AB - Presently, there is no methodology widely accepted by engineers, planners, or bicycle coordinators in the U.S. that will allow them to determine how compatible a roadway is for allowing efficient operation of both bicycles and motor vehicles. Presented in this paper are preliminary results from a Federal Highway Administration research effort to develop a tool to rate the bicycle compatibility of roadways and improve the quality of service for bicyclists. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bicycles KW - Compatibility KW - Cyclists KW - Highways KW - Quality of service KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576012 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739684 AU - Jackson, R I AU - Jayanthi, S V AU - Sloboden, J R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ADDING AN INTERCHANGE TO RELIEVE INTERSTATE CONGESTION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 153-159 AB - Under appropriate circumstances, the addition of an interchange on a congested section of interstate freeway can be a solution. The point is illustrated using a congested section of Interstate 64/US 40 in St. Louis, Missouri. Alternative treatments of the on-ramp for the new interchange are analyzed by microsimulation. The analysis showed that connecting the new on-ramp to the existing off-ramp by an auxiliary lane created a weaving section with problems for exiting traffic. A simple on-ramp merge followed by the existing off-ramp diverge would provide better operating conditions. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Freeway operations KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Microsimulation KW - Mitigation KW - Off ramps KW - On ramps KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576016 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739685 AU - Adams, G B AU - Jackson, R I AU - Sloboden, J R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - IMPROVING GROUND ACCESS TO LAX SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 160-166 AB - Comprehensive master planning is well underway for major improvements to the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The implemented master plan is expected to accommodate a significant increase in annual air passengers as well as the associated increase in ground access travel demand. With realization of the master plan improvements at least a decade in the future, it was recognized that measures must be taken in the short-term to address existing vehicular traffic congestion and accommodate increased travel demands into the 21st Century. Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc., was retained by the Los Angeles Department of Airports (LADOA) to help in identifying ground access problems and the formulation of solutions. This paper describes one of several congestion problems studied and the solutions being implemented, including consideration of an on-airport traffic management center that may be installed in the old control tower. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Ground access KW - Los Angeles International Airport KW - Mitigation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576017 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739686 AU - Plotas, P V AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE BYPASS IMPACT ON COMMUNITIES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 167-172 AB - Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) originally constructed the state highway system to connect cities of the state with two-lane highways. Cities have been developing immediately around the state highways since they were constructed. This development pattern has transformed major routes into local arterials, which is one reason why MoDOT recently adopted a goal to connect Missouri cities with four-lane divided highways. By constructing limited-access highways around the existing cities, the new highways will primarily serve through traffic. Much can be learned about the impact these freeway bypasses will have by examining research conducted for the 63-mile-long Route 50 corridor in central Missouri, between Sedalia and Jefferson City. The results of this specific project study show that the impacts upon the local community depend on several variables such as the size and geographic location of the city with respect to the proposed bypass. The vehicle origins and destinations of the traffic currently on the existing highway also strongly affect the benefit the local community receives from the new highway. The decision of whether to build the bypass within an urban area as opposed to building away from growth has tremendous impacts on eventual use by local traffic and the costs of the new bypass. Local traffic usage is also affected by the locations of new interchanges. Finally, consideration must be given to local citizens, who during the course of the study, may feel trapped by the process. Cities may be hesitant to invest in new development, because the location of the bypass will greatly impact desirability of land use. The Route 50 corridor study contained three different-sized cities that would be impacted differently based on their individual characteristics. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Case studies KW - Cities KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Freeway usage KW - Freeways KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Local traffic KW - Local transportation KW - Location KW - Missouri KW - Real estate development KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576018 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739682 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Stewart, J R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - BICYCLE AND MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATIONS ON WIDE CURB LANES, BICYCLE LANES, AND PAVED SHOULDERS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 139-145 AB - The issue surrounding wide curb lanes versus bicycle lanes with respect to bicycle safety has been debated for years. The results presented in this paper were developed as part of a research study sponsored by the Florida Department of Transportation and provide insight into the operations of bicycles and motor vehicles on roadways with wide curb lanes, bicycle lanes, and paved shoulders. Primary conclusions drawn from the analysis were that bicycle lanes and paved shoulders are essentially identical in terms of operations by either mode, and that either of these facility types offer distinct advantages for bicyclists and motorists over wide curb lanes. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Comparative analysis KW - Curbs KW - Paved shoulders KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Wide curb lanes KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576014 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739678 AU - Lipinski, Martin E AU - Wilson, E M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ROAD SAFETY AUDITS - A SUMMARY OF CURRENT PRACTICE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 111-117 AB - In October, 1996, the Federal Highway Administration conducted a scanning tour of road safety audit practices in Australia and New Zealand. The findings of this mission and the application of road safety audits at various stages of project development are discussed in this paper. The specific details of how the audits are performed by different agencies are outlined. Other topics addressed include: the role of road safety audits as part of an overall road safety strategy, liability issues, and benefits and costs. Factors contributing to the successful application of road safety audits are identified. Significant issues related to the transferability of safety audit techniques to the United States are listed. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Auditing KW - Australia KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Liability KW - New Zealand KW - Project management KW - Strategic planning KW - Transferability KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576010 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739663 AU - Levinson, H S AU - Lomax, T J AU - Turner, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAFFIC CONGESTION - PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 1-13 AB - Traffic congestion has become a major concern in contemporary urban America. As population, motorization and travel increase, it has become increasingly common. But it is not a new problem. Congestion existed in ancient Rome, eighteenth century London, and nineteenth century New York. Today, it is found in most cities - not only in the city center but throughout the urban area. This paper defines congestion and identifies its underlying causes. It then describes the nature of congestion - past, present, and future. It shows how congestion has shifted from city center to suburb, and from city street to expressway. Finally, it suggests ways of addressing the problem. suggested approaches include better traffic management, completing missing links in the transport system, and selectively managing demand. As development moves outward into exurbia, congestion can be reduced by better roadway spacing, coordination of transport service with land development, and transit-sensitive street and community design. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - City planning KW - Coordination KW - Crash causes KW - Development KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Public transit KW - Real estate development KW - Street design KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transit services KW - Travel demand management KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575995 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739676 AU - Farran, J I AU - Korve, H W AU - Levinson, H S AU - Mansel, D M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - THE LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT SAFETY EXPERIENCE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 97-103 AB - Because of the increased interaction between light rail vehicles (LRVs), motor vehicles, and pedestrians, LRT systems across the United States and Canada have placed top priority on strategies to minimize collisions and conflicts between LRVs, motor vehicles, and pedestrians. This paper presents an updated summary of LRT/motor vehicle and LRT/pedestrian accident characteristics at ten LRT systems in North America, evaluated during 1994 and 1995 as part of the Transportation Research Board, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Project A-5, "Integration of Light Rail Transit into City Streets." The paper also summarizes the types of collisions and their potential causes, and identifies operating and design concepts to improve LRT safety. The final report containing the findings of the TCRP Project A-5 has been approved by the review panel, and recently been published by the Transportation Research Board (TCRP Report 17, 1996). U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accident studies KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Crash causes KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Improvements KW - Light rail transit KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576008 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739665 AU - Catalano, V AU - Schoen, J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - NEIGHBORHOOD TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN TUCSON, ARIZONA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 21-27 AB - The increase of traffic speeding and congestion is on the rise throughout the world. Many municipalities are desperately trying to guarantee a good quality of life in their neighborhoods. The City of Tucson is one city that has initiated a Neighborhood Traffic Management Program. This program has been extremely successful. This paper explains the process, policies, procedures, and results of the City of Tucson's Neighborhood Traffic Management Program. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway traffic control KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Neighborhoods KW - Quality of life KW - Tucson (Arizona) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575997 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739667 AU - Cline, Edward L AU - Mohaddes, A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - NEIGHBORHOOD TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - CITY OF LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 34-40 AB - In December of 1991, the Long Beach City Council adopted a revised Transportation Element of the City's General Plan which focused, among other issues, on intrusion by commuter traffic onto neighborhood streets. In an effort to implement some of the provisions of this Transportation Element, the City, through its Engineering Public Works and Planning Departments, identified 23 separate and definable neighborhoods for the preparation of Neighborhood Traffic Management Plans. The Engineering Public Works Department, responding to the need to conduct studies and prepare plans in 23 separate areas of the City, elected to use a consultant to complete this massive assignment. Going through the Request for Proposal process, the City selected Willdan Associates, teamed with Austin-Foust Associates, Meyer-Mohaddes Associates, Wil-tec, Inc., and Traffic Data Services, Inc., to conduct the studies and prepare these plans. The challenge was to complete studies, develop consensus within each neighborhood, and secure City Council approval of the plans within 1 year. A team of 10 highly-qualified traffic engineers was assembled from the consulting firms. Each member was assigned between one and three areas to conduct the individual studies. It was clear to all concerned that the study areas would have to be done concurrently in order to meet the 1-year deadline. This paper addresses the following: Brief history of the Transportation Element; City's dilemma, conducting a project of this size with City staff; City staff versus consultants; The reasoning behind doing 23 neighborhoods concurrently; Putting the consultant team together; Organizing the "kick-off" meetings (a total of 65,000 households were contacted); Conduct the "kick-off" meetings; Creation of steering committees from the neighborhoods; Conduct of the study with assistance of steering committees; Monthly progress meetings with consultant and City staff; Development of recommendations; Committee member actually involved in data collection; Consensus building; Presentation to City Council; Implementation (beyond 1 year and ongoing); and Lessons learned. The project represented one of the most comprehensive and largest neighborhood traffic management efforts known to any of the involved parties. The information should be interesting and valuable to anyone involved in City Traffic Engineering issues. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Consultants KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Implementation KW - Long Beach (California) KW - Neighborhoods KW - Public participation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575999 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739672 AU - Prevedouros, P D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION CAPACITY ANALYSIS SOFTWARE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 69-75 AB - The objective of this paper is to assess attributes such as accuracy, duration for a single intersection application, format, measures of effectiveness, cost, complexity, flexibility, and disk storage of signalized intersection capacity analysis software. All software tested have strengths and weaknesses, several of which were revealed during a series of FHWA/LTAP seminars. Spreadsheet applications are the most flexible, bound only by the user's traffic and spreadsheet expertise. TRANSYT-7F (T7F) outputs the most accurate delay estimates, but its user interface and output are antiquated. HCS's input and output are not much better than T7F's, but the inputs are closely in line with the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) requirements for capacity analysis and thus intuitive to the user. HCM/Cinema has the friendliest user interface, produces appealing output, and offers NETSIM-based on-screen animation. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Accuracy KW - Animation KW - Computer animation KW - Costs KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Signalized intersections KW - Software KW - User interface KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576004 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739674 AU - Daniel, J AU - Hallmark, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR SELECTING COMPUTER PROGRAMS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 83-89 AB - Computer programs developed for analyzing signalized intersections continue to grow in their popularity and use by many transportation professionals. These programs differ not only in the features or options available, but the programs also differ in certain underlying assumptions of the models used in estimating various measures of effectiveness. These differences make some programs more appropriate than others when the features and underlying assumptions are evaluated for their compatibility to the type of analysis being performed and the type of intersection being analyzed. The selection of the most appropriate program for performing intersection analysis has direct implications on the success of congestion management strategies which rely on results from these programs. This paper describes an expert system that can be used to select the most appropriate intersection analysis model. The system was developed using knowledge or experience obtained from experts in traffic engineering who have a great deal of familiarity with signalized intersection analysis programs and understand their abilities and limitations. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Expert systems KW - Selecting KW - Signalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576006 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739664 AU - Leonard, J D AU - Davis, W J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES - CONFORMANCE WITH AASHTO AND MUTCD GUIDELINES SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 14-20 AB - A review of traffic calming measures is conducted to evaluate implementation and construction considerations within the U.S. urban roadway and street system. Criteria for roadway design and traffic operations in the U.S. are primarily established through two pivotal resource documents, "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets" published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD) published by the Federal Highway Administration. Traditionally, both of these publications have focused more significantly on motor vehicle facilities and traffic safety. Prior to the implementation of wide scale use of traffic calming measures in the U.S., specific treatments must be critically evaluated against established national criteria and design guidelines. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Traffic calming KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575996 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739675 AU - Massoumi, R AU - Wyznyckyj, L C AU - Menaker, P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - WATSIM MICRO-SIMULATION: I-780/I-80 CORRIDOR SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 90-96 AB - The Greater San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California has experienced significant growth over the last two decades. This growth is anticipated to continue through year 2010, especially in Contra Costa and Solano Counties. Initial studies have identified the I-780, I-680, and I-80 freeway corridors as critical links for the emerging growth areas in Contra Costa and Solano Counties, and identified the need for an integrated transportation system. These studies have identified the need for additional capacity on I-680, I-780, I-80, and the Benicia-Martinez Bridge, additional toll plaza capacity, and ramp metering as potential actions for detailed study. This paper describes the application of the WATSim software as a tool in the evaluation and selection of a set of improvements for the freeway corridor, as well as in the evaluation of alternative toll plaza operations such as full-service versus exact-change booths and electronic toll collection technology. The paper describes the methodology and issues related to WATSim's use in analyzing conditions in saturated networks, and evaluation of the improvements as a system, rather than simply isolated freeway segments and arterial networks. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Microsimulation KW - Ramp metering KW - San Francisco Bay Area KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Systems analysis KW - Toll plazas KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576007 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739668 AU - Lundberg, B D AU - Gorman, M N AU - Haden, R AU - Masters, S AU - Singh, V AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - A NEW APPROACH FOR PROGRAMMING CONGESTION IMPROVEMENTS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 41-47 AB - The City of Lincoln, Nebraska, with a current population of 207,100 is growing at about 13% each year. Increasing traffic volumes are a growing concern to public officials and citizens alike. The streets serving the older sections of the city are of particular concern because of the divisions of opinion regarding the need for and extent of widening these streets. The Mayor appointed a citizens task force to study the need for traffic improvements on five key segments of these streets and recommend a program for improvement. Many of the task force members questioned the viability of the transportation modeling used by the city. The task force sought a congestion measure which could be applied (as a matter of public policy) to determine when, and to what extent, improvements would be made to these streets; i.e., the label "trigger mechanism" was used. The measure of congestion agreed upon by the task force was "average travel speed" along these streets. This measure was used to determine the level of congestion and to establish threshold values which would "trigger" successive levels of improvement; e.g., parking removal, turn restrictions, traffic signal timing, intersection widening, and lane additions. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Average travel speed KW - Highway traffic control KW - Lincoln (Nebraska) KW - Mitigation KW - Public participation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576000 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739671 AU - Al-Akhras, A AU - Gill, N AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CONGESTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: CENTRAL OHIO EXPERIENCE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 62-68 AB - Although the requirements to develop the six Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) management systems are relaxed, for transportation management areas the planning regulations still mandate development and implementation of a congestion management system (CMS). In this paper, the development of a CMS for the Columbus, Ohio area is reviewed. Components of the CMS and its relationship with the planning process are discussed. An evaluation and analysis process is introduced. Finally, an illustrative example of the output of the CMS is presented. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Columbus (Ohio) KW - Congestion management systems KW - Mitigation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576003 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739666 AU - SMITH, R AU - Sutaria, T C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL NEIGHBORHOOD TRAFFIC PLANS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 28-33 AB - Since the early 1980s, the city of Santa Ana has experienced increasing problems with cut-through traffic in neighborhoods as traffic growth has kept pace with explosive population growth. In response, the City began installing neighborhood traffic plans, consisting of traffic diverters and other less restrictive measures. Experience with the early traffic plans indicated the need for a standard procedure for handling traffic plan requests. The first procedure was developed in 1989 and was revised several times to reflect the experience gained with each additional plan. The current version is a comprehensive process which incorporates what have been found to be the elements of a successful traffic plan procedure. The neighborhood traffic plan program has been successful in reducing cut-through traffic and is well-received by both the public and the City Council. This paper describes the procedure, the keys to the procedure's success, and the benefits of following the procedure. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Benefits KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway planning KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Neighborhoods KW - Santa Ana (California) KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575998 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739673 AU - Khatib, Z AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - ARTERIAL SIGNAL TIMING OPTIMIZATION SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 76-82 AB - Arterial signal synchronization is one of the most cost effective methods for reducing vehicle operating costs and improving traffic flow performance along urban arterials. Arterial signal optimization codes, such as PASSER-II and TRANSYT-7F, have been developed to assist traffic engineers in coordinating traffic signal settings along urban arterials and around networks. The main objective of these programs can be to (1) maximize progression bandwidth, (2) minimize disutility function, or (3) combine these two approaches. This paper concentrates on a comparison study of these options for optimizing signal timings. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Comparative analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Optimization KW - Streets KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576005 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739669 AU - Murno, M J AU - Pavlovich, J S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CONGESTION IN SUBURBIA - A CONTINUING CHALLENGE SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 48-54 AB - The unprecedented growth in our cities and suburbs over the last 25 years has outpaced the expansion of the supporting infrastructure. The ability to expand the transportation infrastructure to meet the ever increasing travel demands of the public has been and continues to be a major challenge of the latter part of the 20th century. Compounding the problem are increasing capital costs, decreasing public funds, and community opposition to the expansion of highways through developed corridors. This paper presents a case study of Route 347 in Suffolk County, New York, one of eastern Long Island's major transportation corridors connecting the suburban north shore with commercial and industrial centers to the west. It will examine travel behavioral characteristics and transportation habits of the suburban community, development trends over the past 25 years, the transportation philosophies of the municipalities through which it traverses, and the planning process. Additionally, it will discuss such innovative solutions to traffic congestion as: Travel Demand Management (TDM); downzoning; transfer of development rights; telecommuting/teleshopping; highway access management; and legislative solutions as they apply to future development and corridor traffic demand. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Downzoning KW - Future growth KW - Legislation KW - Real estate development KW - Suburbs KW - Suffolk County (New York) KW - Telecommuting KW - Teleshopping KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand management KW - Travel habits KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576001 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739670 AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING STRATEGIC ARTERIALS SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - p. 55-61 AB - Attention has been recently directed towards the urban arterial street system to provide greater mobility, specifically in the form of a network of high-mobility arterial streets. These streets named strategic arterials would operate with greater capacity and operating speeds than current principal arterials; however, they would not fulfill the strict requirements of a freeway in terms of access control or right-of-way needs. Planning analyses demonstrated that street capacity was the primary factor causing diversion from a freeway system to a strategic arterial system. Design features associated with a strategic arterial should be different from ordinary arterial streets and identifiable by the motorist as being different. A case study of an existing arterial revealed that at-grade only improvements only increased speeds slightly, due to high traffic congestion. Grade-separated improvements were needed to generate speeds similar to freeway speeds. Implementation of strategic arterials will require strong local jurisdictional support, which will play a major role in their success. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Arterial highways KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Grade separations KW - Highway capacity KW - Mitigation KW - Mobility KW - Operating speed KW - Public relations KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576002 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00739662 AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND TRAFFIC SAFETY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CHALLENGES, INNOVATIONS, AND OPPORTUNITIES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, JUNE 8-11, 1997 SN - 0784402434 PY - 1997 SP - 659p AB - The objective of the conference was to bring together those interested in traffic congestion and traffic safety to set the agenda for the 21st century, discuss the challenges, and share innovations and opportunities for improving traffic safety and managing traffic congestion. This publication presents 90 papers prepared for the conference and addressing the subject of traffic congestion and traffic safety issues. The papers are organized according to the following headings: General; Traffic Calming; Congestion in Suburbia/Urban; Traffic Analysis Software; Safety Trends and Issues; Bicycle Facility Design and Operation; Innovations in Traffic Management - Case Studies; Highway Capacity Analysis Tools; Crash Prediction Methods; Communicating with Road Users; Work Zone Congestion Management; Incident Management - Technology; Safety Case Studies; ATIS in Traffic Management; Incident Management Models; Roadway Safety Concerns; Transit Operations in Traffic Congestion; Planning Methods and Evaluation; Street and Highway Safety; Access Management; Traffic Signal Systems; Congestion Monitoring; Traffic Simulation Software, Part I - Introduction; International Perspectives on Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety; and New Developments in Traffic Modeling. A Subject Index and an Author Index are provided. U1 - Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and OpportunitiesUrban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT.Chicago, Illinois StartDate:19970608 EndDate:19970611 Sponsors:Urban Transportation Division, ASCE; Highway Division, ASCE; Federal Highway Administration, USDOT; and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, USDOT. KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Analysis KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Innovation KW - International KW - Public transit KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transit vehicle operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/575994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104244 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Safety Related Recall Campaigns for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Including Tires. January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1996 PY - 1996/12/31 SP - 182p AB - Section 151 of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, requires that if a manufacturer (1) obtains knowledge that any motor vehicle or item of replacement equipment manufactured by him contains a defect and determines in good faith that such defect relates to motor vehicle safety; or (2) determines in good faith that such vehicle or item of replacement equipment does not comply with an applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standard prescribed pursuant to section 103 of the Act; he shall furnish notification to the Secretary and to owners, purchasers, and dealers, in accordance with section 153, and he shall remedy the defect or failure to comply in accordance with section 154. KW - Automobile manufacturers KW - Defects KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20600/20628/PB98135569.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744514 AU - Campbell, J L AU - Hooey, B L AU - Carney, C AU - Hanowski, R J AU - Gore, B F AU - Kantowitz, B H AU - Mitchell, E AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE DISPLAYS FOR SIDE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1996/12/20 SP - 86 p. AB - Side Collision Avoidance Systems (SCAS) are designed to warn of impending collisions and can detect not only adjacent vehicles but vehicles approaching at such a speed that a collision would occur if a lane change were made. Side object detection systems (SODS) represent a subset of SCAS; they warn of the presence of adjacent vehicles only, whether or not there is a lane change. Despite a measure of success in producing first-generation SODS devices, relatively little is known about Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) requirements for these complex human-machine systems. The DVI is important because it affects the ability of drivers to detect, understand, and correctly respond to the warning information presented by the system. In the current study, a large range of alternative SODS DVI designs were identified and evaluated to determine potential DVI characteristics that enhance driver acceptance. Key issues, including driver preferences for the format, location, and symbology of SODS alerts, were addressed using static mock-ups and displays in a driving simulator. With respect to the information provided to drivers by a SODS device, three types of information were perceived as valuable: 1) a status indication at vehicle start-up, 2) a caution alert under 'no intent to turn' situations, and 3) a hazard alert under 'intent to turn' situations. With respect to alert design for an 'intent to turn' situation, the Vehicle in Blind Spot, Prescriptive Arrow, and Descriptive Car Crash designs (all in red), accompanied by a tone seem to meet basic requirements of a SODS alert in terms of driver preference, perhaps because they provide directional information about the location of a potential threat vehicle. These alerts should be investigated further under more representative conditions in future research. KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Detection and identification systems KW - Displays KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors KW - Human machine systems KW - Information display systems KW - Man machine interaction KW - Side crashes KW - Side object detection systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744524 AU - Graham, Jim AU - Winston, J AU - Issac, N AU - KENNEDY, B AU - Harvard University TI - STRATEGIC ADVERTISING PLANS TO DETER DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1996/12/01 SP - 150 p. AB - The primary objective for this study was to identify and profile subpopulations at highest risk for drinking and driving, and persons who may be in a position to intervene in their drinking and driving behavior. A related objective was to explore media messages to determine which strategies may be most effective in motivating the target interveners. To obtain a greater depth of information about the attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and motivators of this high-risk group, focus group discussions were held in several cities across the country. Report subsections provide details on each stage of this work along with a summary of conclusions. KW - Advertising KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Deterrents KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Focus groups KW - Human factors KW - Intervention KW - Media KW - Motivation KW - Public information programs KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472135 ER - TY - SER AN - 01105612 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Fatalities Associated with Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Motor Vehicles in 1993 PY - 1996/12 SP - 2p AB - NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) recently completed a study of data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) to obtain an estimate of the number of persons killed as a result of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning by exhaust gases of motor vehicles. This study focuses on the extent to which moving, as opposed to stationary, motor vehicles are involved in CO poisoning deaths. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Crashes KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Moving vehicles KW - Poisoning KW - Suicide UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20981/PB98163561.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742046 AU - Decina, L E AU - Gish, K W AU - Staplin, Loren AU - Kirchner, A H AU - Scientex Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF NEW SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY TO TRAIN NOVICE DRIVERS PY - 1996/12 SP - 101 p. AB - This project examined the feasibility of using existing simulation and other electronic device technology with the potential for the safety training of novice drivers. Project activities included: a literature review; site visits and telephone inquiries to software and hardware firms; a workshop with a panel of experts; a task report with recommendations for training applications and platforms; and a final report. It was found that current driver training products geared for the PC primarily focus on knowledge-based training applications; and have limited simulation and interactivity characteristics. The gaming world uses more dynamic and realistic scenarios and has greater driving function-related interactivity, but has significantly greater development and proprietary concerns. Most driving simulators are primarily used for research and training; and due to their high cost, and limited accessibility are not applicable for the training intended under the scope of this project. Recommendations are provided for training elements, software and hardware applications, and research needs. The most amenable training elements for novice drivers include hazard anticipation, visual scanning behavior, foveal/peripheral visual performance, and knowledge elements. Other training elements considered include peripheral visual performance, performance degradation, and speed and headway choice. Several programming languages, packages, and pre-production storyboard software packages are available to use in development. The most practical device to use for development and training is the IBM-compatible PC, because of its versatility, cost, accessibility, and popularity. Research should focus on human factors issues relating to trainee feedback and evaluation, criterion, incentives, incidental learning, transfer-of-training, and non-driving-related and strategic learning. Research needs to address fidelity and scope of simulation for motion and visual systems; and to better understand network training applications across remote locations. KW - Driver training KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Hardware KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Headways KW - Human factors KW - Incentives KW - Learning KW - Novice drivers KW - Personal computers KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Speed KW - Visual perception UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25916/DOT-HS-808-548.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573853 ER - TY - SER AN - 00743870 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NONOCCUPANT FATALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BACKING CRASHES PY - 1996/12 SP - 2 p. AB - This note reports on a study that NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) recently completed, of data from the National Center for Health Statistics, to obtain an estimate of the number of nonoccupant fatalities associated with off-road backing crashes. Fatalities of children aged 1-4 in backing crashes were of particular focus, as the physical stature and comprehension level of younger children place them at greater risk in situations involving backing motor vehicles. Off-road crashes are those crashes which occur in locations other than public roads, e.g., private parking lots and residential driveways. The study found that children aged 1-4 were overrepresented (relative to the population) in backing crashes, particularly those occurring off-road. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Children KW - Driveways KW - Driving KW - Fatalities KW - Maneuvering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonoccupants KW - Parking lots KW - Pedestrians KW - Residential areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/801/00321.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20988/PB98163637.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756391 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RIDE LIKE A PRO - A BICYCLE SAFETY EVENT PY - 1996/12 SP - 4 p. AB - The Ride Like A Pro bicycle safety program focuses attention on the importance of children wearing their bicycle helmets and learning safe riding practices. The kids are taught an important injury prevention message in a creative and fun atmosphere that encourages learning. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has teamed with the National Football League (NFL) on this high quality rpogram since 1994 at Super Bowl XXVIII in Atlanta, Georgia. The goal of the program is to use professional athletes from within the community as positive role models to raise awareness about bicycle safety, and to encourage the use of bicycle helmets. This brochure describes the partnership between NHTSA and the NFL, and the bicycle safety activities they sponsor. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - National football league KW - Partnerships KW - Role models KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756354 AU - Steinfeld, A AU - Manes, D AU - Green, P AU - HUNTER, D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Oakland County, Michigan TI - DESTINATION ENTRY AND RETRIEVAL WITH THE ALI-SCOUT NAVIGATION SYSTEM PY - 1996/12 SP - 97 p. AB - After training, 36 drivers retrieved and entered a total of 20 destinations using an Ali-Scout navigation computer and 10 destinations using a touchscreen simulation while sitting in a vehicle mockup. Retrieval involved keying in part of the destination name, scrolling through a list of names, or some combination of those methods. Entry required keying in the destination's name, longitude, and latitude. Tasks using the real interface were performed under both dusk and nighttime lighting conditions, although the simulated interface was used only at dusk. Some of the destination entry and retrieval times were unusually long. As a result, medians are more typical times than means (although means were used for ANOVA comparisons). Median retrieval times ranged from 0.4 to 12.0 seconds with an overall median of 6.2 Median entry times ranged from 39.5 to 67.6 seconds with an overall median of 51.5. An additional 30 to 60 seconds were required to look up coordinates in a manual. Mean times for men were 34% longer for retrieval and 19% longer for entry than mean times for women - both differences were statistically significant. The ratio of mean times for older subjects to mean times for young subjects was 2.8 for retrieval and 2.2 for entry. Performance also varied with context. For retrieval, the lighting condition was not significant but the simulated Ali-Scout took about 75% longer than the real Ali-Scout. For entry, times were 22% longer at night than at dusk, 37% longer using the simulated interface. Usability problems found involve labeling of keys, the logic for shift key use, and changing fields. Key size and spacing and the lack of feedback were also concerns. KW - Age KW - Dusk KW - Gender KW - Input devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Navigation systems KW - Night KW - Origin and destination KW - Route guidance KW - Ship simulators UR - http://www.umich.edu/~driving/publications/UMTRI-96-30.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20400/20420/PB98126451.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537628 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743873 JO - Maryland EMS News PB - MIEMSS AU - Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems TI - APPROACHING ALTERNATIVE-FUELED VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1996/12 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - p. 4-5 AB - EMS, law enforcement, fire, and public safety personnel who arrive on the scene of an alternative-fueled vehicle crash should be able to identify the specific type of fuel involved and secure the scene so investigative procedures and rescue work can begin. This article describes the key features, hazards, and emergency approach procedures for the most common types of alternative-fueled vehicles. The five fuel types discussed are: liquid petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, methanol, ethanol, and electricity. The article notes that, except for selected local areas, alternative-fueled vehicles are not required to be identified and there are no standardized placards, logos, or symbols. Several examples of identifying symbols are given for each type of alternative-fueled vehicle listed in the article. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Alternate fuels KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Electric automobiles KW - Emergency medical services KW - Emergency procedures KW - Energy resources KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel sources KW - Fuels KW - Hazards KW - Liquefied petroleum gas KW - Liquid petroleum gas KW - Methanol KW - Methanol as fuel KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743872 JO - READER'S DIGEST PB - READER'S DIGEST ASSOCIATION LTD AU - Belsky, C AU - Reader's Digest Association, Incorporated TI - STEER CLEAR OF THESE CAR-REPAIR RIP-OFFS PY - 1996/12 VL - 149 IS - 896 SP - p. 134-137 AB - This article describes five types of fraudulent automobile repair problems that are diagnosed by dishonest car mechanics. Though most of the nation's 757,00 auto mechanics are honest, there are more than a few bad apples. The five top problems, according to government officials, mechanics, consumer advocates and other experts are as follows: 1) A small problem is diagnosed as a much bigger one. 2) The consumer is charged extra for items that are part of a single repair job. 3) A low-price deal turns into a big ticket boondoggle. 4) Car makers pay dealers to fix problems - but nobody tells the car owner. 5) The repair shop needlessly fixes something before it's broken. The article also relates how to notice these rip-offs, and not get taken in by them. KW - Automobile repair KW - Automobile repair costs KW - Car repair KW - Fraud KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Railroad cars KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474703 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743863 JO - Automobile PB - K-III Press, Incorporated AU - Clemens, K AU - K-III Press, Incorporated TI - AIR BAG UPDATE. OUR FEARS ARE REALIZED - CHILDREN ARE AT RISK PY - 1996/12 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - p. 29 AB - In September 1993, this journal reported on a disturbing prediction that small children would be at significant risk for injury and even death as more cars were equipped with passenger's side air bags. We were correct. More than 2 dozen children under the age of 12 have ben killed by passenger's side air bags since 1993. According to the Parents' Coalition for Air Bag Warnings, passenger's side air bags are killing twice as many children as they are saving. And most of these deaths are occurring at very low speeds - fast enough to deploy the air bag but slow enough so that the injuries would have been minor without air bag deployment. This article goes on to make the point (noted by Andrew H. Card, Jr., head of the American Automobile Association) that relying on tests without safety belts (the standard air bag crash test) to dictate the performance of a device designed to act with safety belts just doesn't make sense. It also discusses the smart air bags that are available in some European made cars. A patented force-sensing resistor is incorporated into the seat design. When a person weighing more that 26 pounds is in the seat, the air bag is activated and ready to deploy during a crash. The Mercedes SLK roadster has a system called Baby Smart which uses a special optional child seat with a built-in transponder that receives a signal from the air bag system. The passenger's side air bag will not inflate if Baby Smart senses the presence of a child seat. The article concludes that manufacturers and suppliers need to work on solutions that will refine the deployment of the air bag, reducing its force based upon the weight of the person in the seat. And for now, place your children in the back seat. KW - Air bag injuries KW - Air bags KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Crash injuries KW - Deployment KW - Fatalities KW - Intelligent control systems KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Safety KW - Seat belts KW - Smart air bags KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739841 AU - Fancher, P AU - Baraket, Z AU - Sayer, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOSTERING DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION, AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORWARD CRASH AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (FOCAS) PY - 1996/12 SP - 100 p. AB - This work is part of a three year program to foster the development, evaluation, and deployment of forward crash avoidance systems. The work performed during the first and second years of the program has addressed adaptive cruise control and warnings based upon the motion and proximity of preceding vehicles in the path of travel. The work for this second year has emphasized features of ACC systems that could make them either more convenient and comfortable through the use of adjustable headway or safer through the use of warnings. The second year of the project presents detailed information on: driver-adjustable headway time, observations concerning drivers, neural network methods for finding driving episodes, an audio prompt for ACC intervention (crash warning), implementation of a brake-assisted lo-decel-cue, and use of an ACC test vehicle with 0.18 g deceleration authority. This year's work has included the development of an audio warning based upon using range and range-rate data to compute the deceleration needed to meet selected headway goal. Another type of warning, as well as an extension of the control authority of the ACC, was provided by downshifting the transmission when a deceleration greater than that of coastdown was required. An additional warning system called a "lo-decel-cue" was also studied. This system used the foundation brakes, though only in a constrained manner, to warn the driver. KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Behavior KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Cruise control KW - Drivers KW - Longitudinal control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736902 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHAT DO TRAFFIC CRASHES COST? TOTAL COSTS TO EMPLOYERS BY STATE AND INDUSTRY PY - 1996/12 SP - 16 p. AB - Cost-conscious employers would be wise to evaluate their potential health care savings from traffic safety programs. This report shows that by preventing motor vehicle crashes, the potential health care savings are large. Motor vehicle injury costs to employers are reported on a nationwide, state-by-state, and industry basis. The report improves on the national and state-by-state estimates of employer costs of crashes presented in "Traffic Safety and Health Care: State and National Estimates of Employer Costs" (HS-808 234). It adds estimates of employer costs by industry. The conclusion drawn from the facts reported herein is that savings are potentially as high as $50,000 per million vehicle miles of travel. Protecting employees from motor vehicle crash injury can be a profitable investment of time and resources. KW - Accident costs KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Employers KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Injury costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/outreach/employer/WhatCost/index.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/400/447/tccost.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736017 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND THEIR USE. THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1996/12 SP - 52 p. AB - This is the third of five biennial reports on the effectiveness of occupant protection systems and safety belt use. With the substantial increase in available accident data during the past two years, it has become possible to investigate restraint system effectiveness across a broader range of issues and within particular subgroups of the driver and vehicle population. Thus, the current report presents a great deal more information than previous reports. In addition, certain challenges regarding air bag deployment have materialized, which are discussed in this report. The first involves the increased risk of upper extremity injury associated with air bag deployment. The second, and more challenging issue, involves the child-passenger air bag interaction. On November 22, 1996, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced a comprehensive approach to preserve the safety benefits of air bags while minimizing their danger to children and at-risk adults. The approach centers on accelerating the development of "smart air bag" technology for future vehicles with the intent of having systems available for 1999 models. More immediate measures include adopting enhanced warning labels, depowering of air bags, continuing to allow the use of cut-off switches in vehicles without a rear seat to protect children, and allowing dealers to deactivate the air bags for any owner who requests it. This report is organized in five sections. Section I provides background information, including the history of FMVSS 208 requirements, descriptions of occupant protection systems, an explanation of how air bags work, and discussion of the market shares of the various occupant protection systems. Section II addresses estimating the effectiveness of occupant protection systems. The discussion covers fatality-reducing effectiveness and injury-reducing effectiveness. Section III addresses child-air bag interaction crash investigations, Section IV major regulatory actions and public announcements, and Section V safety belt use data and analyses. KW - Air bags KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - FMVSS 208 KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Market share KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Prevention KW - Regulation KW - Regulatory actions KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/airbags/208con2e.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478609 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743866 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - Cook, W J AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - MAD DRIVER'S DISEASE: A SURVIVAL GUIDE FOR HANDLING HIGHWAY NUTS, FROM A RECOVERING LUNATIC PY - 1996/11/11 VL - 121 IS - 19 SP - p. 74-76 AB - This article describes the phenomenon of aggressive drivers, and relates methods of handling them when they are encountered on the road. The advice given includes: change lanes if you are being tailgated (suddenly hitting the brakes could be interpreted as a hostile gesture by the tailgater, and may spur him/her to violent behavior); don't look at the offending driver; drive to a public place (not to your home) if the offending driver continues to harass you, and place a cell phone call (if possible) to the police. Also, most drivers are not aware of their own negative behavior on the road. It is helpful to curb one's own tendencies to provoke or react hostilely while driving. KW - Aggression KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Mitigation KW - Reckless drivers KW - Strategic planning KW - Tailgating KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474701 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743864 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - SHORT DRIVERS AND AIR BAGS PY - 1996/11/11 VL - 121 IS - 19 SP - p. 78 AB - Short drivers, who often must sit close to the steering wheel, may be at risk for air bag caused fatalities. Of the 18 drivers killed by air bags since 1990, 15 were women averaging 5 feet, 1 1/2 inches. Regulators think air bags have saved more short drivers than they have harmed but are studying the issue. For now, the National Safety Council urges short drivers to wear seat belts, raise the seat and move it as far back as possible, and consider pedal extenders, available at shops that convert vehicles for the disabled. KW - Air bag injuries KW - Air bags KW - Distance KW - Distance from airbag KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Females KW - Height KW - Pedal extenders KW - Safety engineering KW - Seat belts KW - Short drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474699 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743865 JO - Newsweek PB - Newsweek incorporated AU - Adler, J AU - Underwood, A AU - Newsweek incorporated TI - LIKE HITTING A WALL PY - 1996/11/11 VL - 128 IS - 20 SP - p. 66 AB - A study in the Fall of 1996 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration concluded that air bags increase the fatality risk to children in the front passenger seat of a vehicle by 30%. Since the government began phasing in an air bag requirement in 1993, 28 children have been killed by the devices as have 19 adults, most of them women. Recently, a properly belted front seat 5 year old passenger was killed by an air bag, and her mother walked away from an otherwise minor fender bender. Car manufacturers argue that part of the problem lies with the regulations, which call for protecting an unbelted 168 pound man in a 30 mph crash. That requires the bag to inflate at high pressure. But passengers wearing seat belts don't require such powerful protection, and in the 12 years since the standard was originally drafted, seat belt usage has increased from under 20% to nearly 70%. So the auto industry is seeking permission to make bags that will inflate with less oomph. Also, the industry would like air bags to deploy at speeds of 25 mph or greater, whereas now they deploy starting at 15 mph. KW - Adults KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bag injuries KW - Air bags KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Females KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Seat belts KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756390 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Coalition for Traffic Safety TI - LICENSE TO LIVE: GRADUATED LICENSING PY - 1996/11 SP - 10 p. AB - Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of deaths for young people 10 to 20 years of age. Within this age group, 16 year olds have the highest crash involvement rate: over three times that of 17 year olds; over five times that of 18 year olds; over 20 times that of 25-29 year olds. High crash rates among young drivers can be attributed to driving inexperience, lack of adequate driving skills, immaturity, driving at night and during high risk hours, risk taking, peer pressure, and poor driving judgment and decision making. And young people aren't just killing themselves - they're taking their peers with them. In an effort to reduce the number of deaths and injuries among young drivers, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators developed a graduated licensing system to ease new drivers into the driving environment through three distinct licensing stages: 1. learner's permit; 2. intermediate (provisional) license; and 3. full license. This brochure describes the graduated licensing system, and details the eligibility for and components of each of its three stages. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Graduated licensing KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - New drivers KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756389 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE - YOU CAN BE A DRIVING FORCE! PY - 1996/11 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet describes "The EMS Agenda for the Future", a strategic plan and needs assessment to guide the development of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) into the twenty-first century. It mentions the target population of the publication, the vision of EMS, and lists 14 EMS attributes discussed in the guide. It notes predictions for the future of EMS and relates that each individual has some responsibility for ensuring the health of EMS in the future. KW - Emergency medical services KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Health care UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754945 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT 1995: A REPORT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966, AS AMENDED PY - 1996/11 SP - 62 p. AB - This report is divided into two parts: Part One on National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) activities, and Part Two on Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) activities. The part on NHTSA includes an Introduction; Statistical Summaries; Current Research Programs; Research Activities Completed; Enforcement Actions, Judicial Decisions; Settlements, or Pending Litigation; Effectiveness of Highway Safety Programs; and Glossary of Acronyms. The FHWA section includes an Introduction; FHWA Section 402 Program; and FHWA's Safety Research Activities FY 1995. KW - Court decisions KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety act KW - Highway Safety Act 1966 KW - Judicial decisions KW - Judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Litigation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - Research programs KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Safety research KW - Section 402 program KW - Statistics KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754946 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1995: A REPORT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966, AND THE MOTOR VEHICLE INFORMATION AND COST SAVINGS ACT PY - 1996/11 SP - 49 p. AB - This report contains the following sections: Introduction; Statistical Summaries; Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Observance of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Laws, Standards, and Regulations; Summary of Current Research Projects, Grants, and Contracts; Research Activities Completed and Technological Progress; Enforcement Actions, Judicial Decisions, Settlements, or Pending Litigation; Consumer Activities; Title I: Bumper Standard; Glossary of Acronyms; Appendix A: Publications of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and Appendix B: New Car Assessment Program Results for 1995. KW - Assessments KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Contracts KW - Court decisions KW - Documents KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Grant aid KW - Judicial decisions KW - Judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Litigation KW - Motor vehicle information and cost savings act KW - National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 KW - New cars KW - Publications KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Safety laws KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744515 AU - Pilkey, W D AU - Thacker, J AU - SHAW, G AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - AIR BAG INTERACTION WITH AND INJURY POTENTIAL FROM COMMON STEERING CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1996/11 SP - 269 p. AB - This study explored the potential degradation in crash safety due to steering control devices (SCD) mounted to the steering wheel rim. Testing consisted on twenty-four 48 km/h simulated frontal impacts and a separate series of 40 tests involving axial, quasi-static loading of SCD's installed on steering wheel rims. The sled tests were conducted using an instrumented male Hybrid III 50th percentile dummy seated in both an auto buck, configured to approximate a 1992 Ford Taurus, and a van buck, configured to approximate a 1992 Ford E150. Sled tests were conducted with occupant restraint belts only and with both belts and airbag. Information from both the dynamic and static tests, in combination with relevant data from other sources, was used to estimate the SCD's injury potential. The results indicated that the devices did not compromise airbag performance nor were they permanently displaced by airbag deployment. Although the study methods were insufficient to precisely quantify SCD loading and there is insufficient information concerning penetrating injury mechanisms to predict the nature, severity, or frequency of occurrence of the injuries, the test results strongly suggest that contact with certain SCDs could injure a driver in a frontal collision. KW - Air bags KW - Driver injuries KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Equipment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury potential KW - Interactions KW - Occupant safety KW - Seat belts KW - Sled tests KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744493 AU - Segui-Gomex, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPLICATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY INDEX TO NASS CDS DATA PY - 1996/11 AB - The purpose of this report is two-fold: 1) further exploration of the relationship between the Functional Capacity Index (FCI) and the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), and 2) application of the FCI to National Accident Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS CDS) data. Analysis of the mapping performed by MacKenzie et al (1994) between FCI and AIS revealed that only about a quarter of all possible AIS diagnoses are predicted to produce some functional limitation one year post-injury. Head and spine are the two body regions with more diagnoses associated with functional limitations. The most common impairment is the minor limitation of only one FCI dimension (mostly ambulation). Application of FCI to the diagnoses of injuries sustained by passengers involved in towed-away, police reported motor-vehicle crashes in the United States (NASS CDS data) provided, among others, the following results: Out of approximately 1.5 million people injured per year, about 7% sustained at least one injury that is predicted to produce some functional limitation. The injuries associated with functional limitation are mostly minor or moderate (AIS 1 or 2) and happen most frequently to the extremities (upper and lower). In any given year, the injuries sustained total 1.4 Life-years Lost to Injury (or an average of 13.6 Life-years Lost to Injury per injured patient). Limitations, further applications, and policy implications of the FCI are discussed. KW - Crash data KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Extremities KW - Functional Capacity Index KW - Functional limitation KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injuries by body area KW - Injury severity KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal injuries KW - Towed vehicles KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743884 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NCAP) TEST RESULTS (NUMBERS) FOR MODEL YEAR 1997 PY - 1996/11 SP - 7 p. AB - This document contains charts which have frontal crash test results for different models of cars, trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles. The information on each vehicle model includes the curb weight, vehicle size category, and the type of occupant protection used during the test. The crash test results include injuries to the head, chest, and leg. The lower the numbers are for the head, chest, and femur load, the lower the potential is for injury in a 35 mph frontal crash. All of the vehicles are crashed into a fixed barrier at a speed of 35 mph, and the dummies in the crash tests are always belted. The test results do not apply to unbelted occupants. KW - Chest injuries KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Leg injuries KW - New vehicles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Railroad cars KW - Seat belts KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Thorax KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471880 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743812 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Mancino, M AU - Cunningham, M R AU - DAVIDSON, P AU - Fulton, R L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - IDENTIFICATION OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT VICTIM WHO ABUSES ALCOHOL: AN OPPORTUNITY TO REDUCE TRAUMA PY - 1996/11 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - p. 652-658 AB - The authors of this article hypothesize that a poor driving history, and alcohol abuse, evident in a large number of people injured in automobile accidents, contribute to repeated injury, and that treatment for alcohol abuse may reduce vehicular trauma. Patients (N=150) admitted to the emergency surgical service because of injury sustained in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) were tested for their blood alcohol concentrations, and they responded to a questionnaire concerning their prior driving and medical histories. Contrary to the assumption that motor vehicle injuries are isolated episodes, 68% of MVA patients had experienced a prior accident, and 43% had been injured in an MVA before the present event. Prior MVAs were associated with having been previously arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI), with illegal drug use and with prior hospitalization. Of the MVA patients, 37% were intoxicated (blood alcohol concentration [BAC] greater than or equal to 100 mg/dl). Elevated BAC was associated with having been stopped for drinking, having a restricted license, having a DWI arrest, using illegal drugs and having a previous admission to a hospital. Prior MVAs, prior DWIs, elevated BAC and male gender formed the Louisville Alcohol Abuse Predictor Checklist and were independent predictors of alcohol abuse diagnosis, based on the patient's self-report of problems with alcohol. Forty-two percent of MVA patients were diagnosed as alcohol abusers. The alcohol abuser had a significantly higher rate of recurrent MVAs, DWIs and injuries than did nonabusers. The authors conclude that surgical service may present an opportunity for assessment of alcohol abuse among MVA victims, and treatment for alcoholism might reduce vehicular trauma. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash victims KW - Driver licenses KW - Drug abuse KW - Drunk driving KW - Hospital emergency rooms KW - Injuries KW - Males KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743813 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Chang, I AU - Lapham, S C AU - Barton, K J AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - DRINKING ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AMONG DWI OFFENDERS PY - 1996/11 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - p. 659-669 AB - This study was designed to identify issues for public health/ traffic safety in prevention of driving while intoxicated (DWI) and alcohol-related traffic injuries/deaths by investigating the relationships among drinking locations, sociodemographic characteristics and drinking-environment-related factors of convicted DWI offenders. Subjects were clients (N= 5,154, 79% male) referred to the Lovelace Comprehensive Screening Program for alcohol-related assessment and were interviewed by counselors using a structured, computer-based questionnaire. Differences among ethnic/racial and gender categories were analyzed by logistic regression. Results indicate the following. (1) Some groups showed a higher rate of DWI convictions, compared to the adult county population: young, single male; Hispanic and Mexican National; divorced/separated/widowed (increasing with age); (2) older, educated or employed offenders reported drinking more in bars/lounges, while younger offenders were more likely to be drinking in private parties; (3) Hispanic and Mexican National men showed equal likelihood of drinking with friends and relatives in bars/lounges, whereas non-Hispanic white males reported drinking more with friends; and (4) Native Americans were associated with higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and alcohol-related problems. The authors conclude the following. (1) Young offenders' drinking and social behavior in private parties has implications for traffic safety; (2) divorced/ separated offenders suggest a need for attention to underlying emotional problems; (3) strong family ties among Hispanics and Mexican Nationals may be a factor in remedial treatment; (4) Native American BAC statistics showed a need for further study; (5) multiple offenders' association with away-from-home drinking locations increased their risk of being involved in fatal crashes; and (6) server intervention programs should be emphasized to minimize intoxication of customers in commercial establishments. KW - Age KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Demographics KW - Drinking establishments KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethnic groups KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Public health KW - Server intervention programs KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training programs KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474664 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743816 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY: FHWA AND AMS ADVANCE THE STATE OF THE ART IN ACCIDENT DATA COLLECTION PY - 1996/11 SP - p. 1 AB - FHWA is conducting research on developing an expert system for crash data collection. The American Management Systems (AMS) has entered into an agreement with FHWA to link the expert system modules being developed into AMS' existing accident data collection software. AMS' software is currently being used in several State and local police jurisdictions to capture data at the scene of traffic accidents. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Expert systems KW - Police reports KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474667 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743811 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Mann, R E AU - Smart, R G AU - ANGLIN, L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED MEASURES AS FACTORS IN TRAFFIC FATALITIES PY - 1996/11 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - p. 646-651 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine if alcohol-related measures (per capita consumption, drinking-driving arrest rate, alcohol abuse treatment rate and Alcoholics Anonymous [AA] membership rate) were related to differences between states in traffic fatality rates (total and alcohol-related). Fatality rates were regressed onto the alcohol-related variables, using state level data for 1982 and 1990 as well as measures of relative change between the 2 years. Fatality rates demonstrated significant positive relationships with per capita consumption and drinking-driving arrest rates, and significant negative relationships with AA membership rates, for the years 1982 and 1990. Also, changes in per capita consumption were significantly and positively related to changes in both traffic fatality measures. Per capita alcohol consumption measures were the strongest and most consistent determinants of traffic fatality measures. The negative relationship between AA membership rates and traffic fatality measures for 1982 and 1990 suggests a beneficial impact of AA on these measures at the aggregate level, although other explanations are possible. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholics Anonymous KW - Arrests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736801 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS): PUBLIC INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND RELATIONS (PIER)--NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM SN - 016048913X PY - 1996/11 SP - v.p. AB - This is the national standard curriculum for the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Public Information, Education and Relations (PIER) workshop. The contents are as follows: Administrator's Guide; Session I - Introduction and Overview; Session II - Developing and Managing a PIER Program; Session III - Media Relations; Session IV - On-Scene Media Relations; Session V - EMS PIER Summary; and Appendices A-D (reference material and student handouts). The workshop is designed for EMS providers who are actively involved in or are interested in becoming involved in conducting PIER programs. The workshop goal is to promote the development of proactive EMS PIER programs that raise public awareness, understanding and participation in the EMS system. KW - Curricula KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Emergency medical services KW - Public information programs KW - Public relations KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/262/00262.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736808 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS, TASK 3--TEST RESULTS PY - 1996/10/21 SP - 157 p. AB - The IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions program's primary objective is the development of practical performance guidelines or specifications for rear-end collision avoidance systems. This work focuses on light vehicles only and emphasizes autonomous in-vehicle-based equipment. This Task 3 interim report presents the results of the tests carried out on existing collision-avoidance systems. These systems were tested to determine limits, boundaries, and capabilities of the systems, to help in formulating performance requirements relative to IVHS safety needs, and to eliminate technologies that are not appropriate as potential rear-end collision countermeasures. Covered in the report is the plan for testing, contacts made with suppliers, an overview of the instrumentation, results, and summary. The existing systems selected for testing were to be complete systems consisting of all components and subsystems needed for sensing, data processing and interfacing with the driver and/or vehicle. System tests were performed in the laboratory and in the field. Human factors testing was performed at the University of Iowa. The results presented in this report are based on a limited amount of work carried out with limited interaction with the academic, research, and industry communities. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Field tests KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance testing KW - Performance tests KW - Rear end crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398455 AU - Wilson, T AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - IVHS countermeasures for rear-end collisions: Task 3 interim report: test results PY - 1996/10 IS - DOT HS 808 514 SP - 147p KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398377 AU - Moffa, P AU - Austin, J AU - Dow, G S AU - Ikizyan, I AU - Hibben, M AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Development of performance specifications for collision avoidance systems for lane change, merging, and backing; task 5 interim report: crash countermeasure technology investigation PY - 1996/10 IS - DOT HS 808 506 SP - 56p KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Collision avoidance system KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Instruments for measuring speed or velocity KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lane changing KW - Lane changing KW - Laser KW - Lasers KW - Merging traffic KW - Merging traffic KW - Radar KW - Reversing KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00961951 AU - Klinich, K D AU - SAUL, R A AU - Auguste, G AU - Backaitis, S AU - KLEINBERGER, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPING CHILD DUMMY PROTECTION REFERENCE VALUES PY - 1996/10 SP - 87 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to present background information and techniques for developing protection reference values (PRV) to use with child dummies in out-of-position (OOP) child/air bag interaction testing. Biomechanics experts agree that OOP PRV in the literature should not apply to frontal belt-restrained child occupants (using child restraints or belts). However, given the very limited amount of data available, all sources of information were used to extract child injury PRV. An important point of distinction is the difference between injury criteria and protection reference values. Injury criteria apply to humans, while PRV apply to crash test dummies. If dummies were perfectly biofidelic, the injury criteria and PRV would be the same. Since dummies only approximate human response to varying degrees, PRV are usually different from injury criteria. In addition, PRV developed for a particular dummy in a particular situation may or may not apply to other dummies of that size, nor to other impact conditions. The dummies' structures particularly emphasize their different responses to direct and indirect loading. This report summarizes the literature on injury criteria and protection reference values as it pertains to children. As the first part of the background section, child anatomy and physiology are examined with respect to impact injuries (Burdi et al., 1969, Eichelberger, 1993). Epidemiology on the types of injuries that children receive in automotive accidents is also reviewed. In addition, data on how human tissue mechanical properties vary with age are presented. The characteristics and capabilities of different child dummies are documented as well. The next section assesses injury and PRV development techniques. A literature review on how these techniques have been applied to children follows. Data from regular test programs using child dummies are included for comparison. The last sections employ different scaling techniques to estimate PRV for child dummies. These, together with values from the literature survey, are summarized and presented as proposed reference values. KW - Age KW - Air bags KW - Anatomy KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Human tissue KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury criteria KW - Literature reviews KW - Mechanical properties KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Out of position (Vehicle occupants) KW - Physiology KW - Protection reference values KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Biomechanics%20&%20Trauma/kid.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/660498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00819638 AU - Klinich, K D AU - SAUL, R A AU - Auguste, G AU - Backaitis, S AU - KLEINBERGER, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPING CHILD DUMMY PROTECTION REFERENCE VALUES EVENT REPORT PY - 1996/10 SP - 87 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to present background information and techniques for developing protection reference values (PRV) to use with child dummies in out-of-position (OOP) child/air bag interaction testing. It is important to distinguish between injury criteria and protection reference values. Injury criteria apply to humans, while PRV apply to crash test dummies. If dummies were perfectly biofidelic, the injury criteria and PRV would be the same. Since dummies only approximate human response to varying degrees, PRV are usually different from injury criteria. This report summarizes the literature on injury criteria and protection reference values as it pertains to children. Child anatomy and physiology are examined with respect to impact injuries. Epidemiology on injuries received in automobile accidents is reviewed. The characteristics of different child dummies are discussed. Injury and PRV development techniques are described. Proposed reference tables of different scaling techniques are also presented. KW - Air bags KW - Anatomy KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Dummies KW - Epidemiology KW - Injuries KW - Injury causes KW - Injury characteristics KW - Injury classification KW - Injury severity KW - Injury types KW - Literature reviews KW - Out of position (Vehicle occupants) KW - Physiology KW - Protection reference values (Dummies) KW - Seats KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/740/00382.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11600/11676/kid.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21000/21000/PB98163751.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736071 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Kiger, S AU - ROCKWELL, T AU - Tornow, C AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 7A: IN-CAB TEXT MESSAGE SYSTEM AND CELLULAR PHONE USE BY HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVERS ON THE ROAD PY - 1996/10 SP - 92 p. AB - This report addresses the application of a workload assessment protocol and measurement system to empirically assess the degree to which a text message and cellular phone system impose workload on heavy vehicle drivers. Sixteen professional drivers performed over-the-road driving under various conditions of lighting (dark vs. light), road type (divided vs. undivided), and traffic density (high vs. low). Drivers were asked to read a variety of CRT text messages, to perform several manual tasks, and to respond to several questions imposing cognitive demand. Results revealed that CRT text message impacts visual allocation and lanekeeping and that steering measures were also sensitive to the workload imposed by the CRT messages. Seven- and 10-digit dialing were the manual tasks associated with the highest demand for visual attention, but these tasks did not affect lanekeeping or speed measures. Cellular phone dialogues (cognitive tasks) impacted mirror sampling relative to open road driving. Recommendations for the implementation of the CRT text message system and the cellular phone system in-cab are discussed. KW - Cellular telephones KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Text messaging KW - Truck drivers KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9419/L201.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736066 AU - Turanski, A AU - Tijerina, L AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 2: STANDARD VEHICLE CONFIGURATION/TASK SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1996/10 SP - 20 p. AB - This report presents the identification of a standard heavy vehicle configuration and driver tasks that would serve as baseline conditions for measuring workload. A subject matter expert and review of Department of Transportation manuals determined that a standard configuration would have the following functional characteristics: combination tractor and single trailer vehicle; conventional cab configuration with sleeper box optional; flat panel dashboard; diesel power with air brakes; and an absence of high-technology devices. Standard driving tasks reviewed in Task 1 and those results were categorized, rewritten for application, and screened by a subject matter expert, thus identifying key driving tasks. A list of basic driver behaviors (sub-tasks) is presented to complement the key driving tasks. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving tasks KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor vehicles KW - Size KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/12000/12300/12397/l_01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736068 AU - Wierwille, W AU - Tijerina, L AU - Kiger, S AU - ROCKWELL, T AU - Lauber, E AU - Bittner, A AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 4: REVIEW OF WORKLOAD AND RELATED RESEARCH PY - 1996/10 SP - 104 p. AB - This report reviews literature on workload measures and related research. It depicts the preliminary development of a theoretical basis for relating driving workload to highway safety and a selective review of driver performance evaluation, workload evaluation in driving contexts, and risk-taking and risk adaptation behavior. An actuarial approach to establish the safety relevance of workload measures is discussed in conjunction with a driver resources allocation model of in-cab device workload. The report concludes with the presentation of a driver resources-based taxonomy of in-cab tasks and candidate workload measures and their potential sensitivity to tasks described in the taxonomy. KW - Actuarial approaches KW - Cost allocation KW - Driver performance KW - Driver resource allocation models KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving tasks KW - Guides to the literature KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Literature reviews KW - Personnel performance KW - Risk adaptation KW - Risk taking KW - Taxonomy KW - Truck drivers KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16503/PB2000104130.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9424/1b_01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736070 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Kiger, S AU - ROCKWELL, T AU - Tornow, C AU - Kinateder, J AU - Kokkotos, F AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 6: BASELINE DATA STUDY PY - 1996/10 SP - 170 p. AB - This report consists of an empirical establishment of heavy vehicle driver baseline performance data. Researchers interested in highway safety have called out the need for rudimentary workload data so that they might have a basis for comparison of workload associated with particular in-cab high technology devices. Thirty professional drivers participated and were asked to perform a series of tasks during over-the-road drives involving both open road driving and close car following in both day and night conditions. The requested tasks included looking at right and left mirrors, adjusting CB volume, changing CB frequency, manually tuning the radio, adjusting radio volume, reading clock, reading air pressure, adjusting the heating or air conditioning, and calculating available driving hours. Drivers were measured with respect to visual allocation; steering, accelerator, and brake inputs; speed and headway maintenance; and lanekeeping. Results indicated that, to a varying degree, visual allocation measures, several steering measures, speed variance, and several lane position measures are preferable measures for further workload assessment. KW - Baseline data KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving tasks KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Personnel performance KW - Truck drivers KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9422/1bh01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736072 AU - HANOWSKI, R AU - Kantowitz, B AU - Tijerina, L AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 7B: IN-CAB TEXT MESSAGE SYSTEM AND CELLULAR PHONE USE BY HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVERS IN A PART-TASK DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1996/10 SP - 115 p. AB - This report contains the results of a simulator study conducted to serve as a supplement to a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) heavy vehicle driver workload field study. Its purpose was the evaluation of effects of cellular phone and text message display use tasks on driver-vehicle performance. Fourteen truck drivers participated and were asked to engage in three cellular phone dialing tasks (auto-dialing; local, 7-digit dialing; and long-distance dialing), two cognitive cellular phone tasks (responding to questions of a biographic nature or involving mental arithmetic), and seven CRT text message reading tasks (tachometer checking, time checking, radio tuning, 4-line reading, auto-dial, local-dial and long-distance dial). Driver-vehicle performance was also evaluated relative to traffic density. Results indicated that driver-vehicle performance varied with respect to each of the three kinds of in-cab tasks. Performance was also differentiated with respect to traffic density, although to a lesser extent. Of note is that the CRT reading tasks had a relatively more noticeable impact on driver-vehicle performance than did either the dialing or cognitive tasks. This report concludes with a comparison of simulator and on-the-road data collection results and prospects for future heavy vehicle driver workload assessments. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cellular telephones KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Personnel performance KW - Text messaging KW - Truck drivers KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9418/1bg01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736069 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Kiger, S AU - ROCKWELL, T AU - Wierwille, W AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 5: WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL PY - 1996/10 SP - 208 p. AB - This report presents a description of a prescriptive workload assessment protocol for use in evaluating in-cab devices in heavy vehicles. The primary objective of this heavy vehicle driver workload assessment protocol is to identify the components and processes necessary to conduct an empirical appraisal of the potential of an in-cab device to distract drivers from the driving task. The methodological approaches and experimental design strategies that may be used to conduct a workload assessment are presented in detail. Included in this protocol are sets of workload measurements that can demonstrate to what extent in-cab devices intrude onto the primary driving task. The scientific and theoretical bases for how these various workload measures relate to safe vehicle operation are discussed. The sets of workload measures comprise visual allocation measures; driver steering, pedal, and manual activity measures; driver-vehicle performance measures; and driver subjective assessments. KW - Distraction KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Protocols KW - Truck drivers KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/2214.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736067 AU - Kiger, S AU - ROCKWELL, T AU - Niswonger, S AU - Tijerna, L AU - Myers, L AU - Nygren, T AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 3: TASK ANALYSIS DATA COLLECTION PY - 1996/10 SP - 87 p. AB - This technical report consists of a collection of task analytic data to support heavy vehicle driver workload assessment and protocol development. Data were collected from professional drivers to provide insights into the following issues: the meaning of the term "workload" to heavy vehicle drivers (N = 41 drivers interviewed); the demand placed on drivers (N = 55) by various driving conditions using a psychological scaling approach; the safety criticality and difficulty of selected standard driving tasks (N = 30 drivers assessed); the perceptual, motor, and cognitive loads imposed by various tasks while on the road under various conditions (N = 9 drivers observed over-the-road during revenue runs); and a preliminary analysis of the key features of generic high-technology in-cab devices. When professional truck drivers speak of workload, they tend to talk in terms of time stress or stress caused by delays to their schedules. Various driving conditions were unidimensionally scaled in terms of order of impact on drivers, and those results are presented and discussed. Safety criticality and difficulty assessment results provided some validation for the scaling outcomes. Visual allocation measures in this study suggested that the use of common in-cab tasks would serve as baseline measures, based on the revenue runs. Finally, key features considered in evaluating voice communication systems, vehicle navigation and route guidance systems, single/integrated displays, and text communication devices were determined. KW - Data collection KW - Display devices KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Driving tasks KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Information display systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Navigation systems KW - Route guidance KW - Speech KW - Task analysis KW - Text messaging KW - Truck drivers KW - Voice communication KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16502/PB2000104129.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9425/lm01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736065 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Kiger, S AU - Wierwille, W AU - ROCKWELL, T AU - Kantowitz, B AU - Bittner, A AU - Nygren, T AU - Myers, L AU - Tolbert, C AU - McCallum, M AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 1: TASK ANALYSIS DATA AND PROTOCOLS REVIEW PY - 1996/10 SP - 138 p. AB - This report contains a review of available task analytic data and protocols pertinent to heavy vehicle operation and determination of the availability and relevance of such data to heavy vehicle driver workload assessment. Additionally, a preliminary consideration of development of safety-relevant criteria was pursued, and relevance of a review of the relationship between risk-taking behavior and workload was examined. Task analysis data included American, Canadian, and European sources which varied substantially in format and content, and were largely oriented to support training and certification. A variety of protocols including activity analysis, interviews and commentary, driving or protocol analysis, critical incident technique, subjective workload ratings, visual allocation measures, on-the-road driver-vehicle performance monitoring, safety criticality ratings, and rankings were identified. No fully developed methodologies or criteria were found by which to predict accident rates based on workload level, but actuarial, visual allocation of resources, and lanekeeping approaches were presented. KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Protocols KW - Task analysis KW - Truck drivers KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16500/PB2000104127.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9426/lq01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00805496 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF CRASH AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS BENEFITS PY - 1996/10 SP - 112 p. AB - This report provides a preliminary estimate of the safety benefits of a select number of crash avoidance system, in terms of the number of crashes that might be avoided. It uses experimental data as the basis of estimating the probability of a collision while driving without a collision avoidance system and the corresponding probability when driving with a collision avoidance system. These estimates of collision likelihood are combined with other information regarding usage and types of collisions to estimate benefits. Three types of systems are examined, addressing three types of major crashes: 1) rear-end, 2) single vehicle road departure, and 3) lane change/merge. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Crash avoidance systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16344/PB2000103524.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744494 AU - Moffa, P AU - Austin, J AU - Dow, G S AU - Ikizyan, I AU - Hibben, M AU - TRW Space and Electronics Group AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS FOR LANE CHANGE, MERGING, AND BACKING. TASK 5: CRASH COUNTERMEASURE TECHNOLOGY INVESTIGATION PY - 1996/10 SP - 62 p. AB - An investigation of the technologies that are important for crash countermeasures against lane change and merging accidents has been conducted. The sensor technologies have been limited to radar and lidar because of the relatively long ranges required for high closing velocity accident avoidance. The state of the art of digital signal processors has also been determined. The other key technology, namely, display technology is being investigated in other studies. The preliminary performance specifications that were developed earlier as part of this program have been utilized as a benchmark which the capability of each technology has been measured against. For sensor technologies, the ability to detect the specified targets over the defined volume in space is a key performance goal. Equally important is the immunity from both false and nuisance alarms. Issues concerning public safety from radiation exposure, and mitigation of interference have also been addressed. In the area of processing, a set of requirements for processor speed, architecture, and memory was derived from an estimate of the computations needed to accomplish the detection of targets and the further calculations necessary to determine their speeds and discriminate against non-threatening or inappropriate targets. The results indicate that both radar and lidar technology are capable of performing the detection function and both have enough waveform flexibility to mitigate against interference. Both can be utilized in a manner consistent with the prevailing safety standards and both have solid state implementations that could lead to low-cost, highly reliable components when the demand becomes more real. Processors are also advancing a rapid rate. Small low cost processors capable of performing the necessary computations in a timely manner already exist and progress continues towards faster and cheaper units. The overall cost of the crash countermeasure system cannot yet be determined; for one thing, it will vary in accordance with its level of crash avoidance capability. KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Driving KW - Investigations KW - Lane changing KW - Laser radar KW - Maneuvering KW - Merging KW - Merging traffic KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Radar KW - Studies KW - Technology KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744482 AU - Eby, D W AU - Christoff, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SAFETY BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: FALL 1996 PY - 1996/10 SP - 53 p. AB - Results of a direct observation survey of safety belt use in Michigan for Fall of 1996 are reported. In the present survey, 8,907 occupants traveling in four vehicle types (passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, vans, and pickup trucks) were surveyed between August 29 and September 30, 1996. Belt use was estimated separately for each vehicle type. Within each vehicle type, belt use by gender, age, road type, day of week, and time of day was estimated. Overall belt use for passenger cars was 70.8%, for sport utility vehicles was 71.6%, for vans/minivans was 67.6%, and for pickup trucks was 47.7%. For all vehicle types, belt use was higher for females than for males, and was generally higher for the zero to three year old age group than for any other age group. The 16 to 29 year old age group showed the lowest belt use. In general, belt use was highest during morning rush hour and at interstate exit ramps. Belt use did not vary systematically by day of week or weather conditions. KW - Age KW - Days KW - Gender KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Passenger cars KW - Periods of the day KW - Pickup trucks KW - Road type KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Types of roads KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744479 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - SAFETY ALERT: ANOTHER CHILD SAFETY SEAT FLUNKS OUR TEST PY - 1996/10 VL - 61 IS - 10 SP - p. 6-7 AB - Consumer Reports evaluated 3 infant seats. All have a detachable base that can remain strapped in the car, so one can just snap the infant carrier in and out. The seats can also be used without the base. The seats evaluated were the Century Smart Fit, the Cosco Turnabout, and the Evenflo Travel Tandem. All three seats were subjected to a test simulating a head-on crash at 30 mph into a fixed barrier. They used a 20 pound test dummy to evaluate the Century and Evenflo, and a 22 pound dummy to evaluate the Cosco. The Evenflo, tested with its base, failed catastrophically. (It passed the test when used without its base). The Century Smart Fit and Cosco Turnabout performed well in the tests, both with and without their bases. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact tests KW - Infants KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743869 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - MONTHLY TRAFFIC FATALITY REPORT: REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ESTIMATES, OCTOBER 1996 PY - 1996/10 SP - 3 p. AB - This report contains tables and graphs which summarize the statistics on highway fatalities for the twelve month period ending with October 1996, and compares these data with the corresponding period of the prior year for both the Nation and the 10 administrative regions of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. An estimated 3,717 fatalities occured in the United States in October 1996, showing a 5% decrease when compared to the same month in 1995. The twelve month total for the period ending October 1996 shows a 0.8% decrease from the corresponding total of the previous year. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743850 AU - Department of Energy TI - MODEL YEAR 1997 FUEL ECONOMY GUIDE PY - 1996/10 SP - 12 p. AB - The Fuel Economy Guide is published by the U.S. Department of Energy as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle. The Guide lists estimates of miles per gallon (mpg) for each vehicle available for the new model year. The Guide is intended to help consumers compare the fuel economy of similarly sized cars, light duty trucks and special purpose vehicles. The vehicles listed in the Guide have been divided into three classes of cars (sedans, two-seaters, and station wagons), three classes of light duty trucks (vans, small pick-ups, large pick-ups), and three classes of special purpose vehicles (2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, and cab chassis). By using this Guide consumers can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for any vehicle. The mileage figures in the Guide are most useful when comparing vehicles. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Environmental protection KW - Estimates KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Light trucks KW - Railroad cars KW - Special purpose vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471835 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743828 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - NOT ACCEPTABLE - ISUZU TROOPER/ACURA SLX PY - 1996/10 VL - 61 IS - 10 SP - p. 10-12 AB - This Consumer Reports article discusses the sport utility vehicles, Isuzu Trooper and Acura SLX. They were both tested for safety, and emergency handling, and both were judged not acceptable. The Isuzu Trooper lifted both its right wheels a few inches off the pavement several times when tested above 40 mph. On another short course, the Trooper lifted its right wheels high off the pavement, at just over 33 mph. It would have rolled over completely if not for the skill of the test driver. The Acura also repeatedly tipped up in their follow up tests. Both test courses tested the cornering ability of the vehicles. The article also mentions Consumer Reports attempts to persuade NHTSA to establish a standard to keep rollover prone vehicles off the road. To date, NHTSA has not done this, and vehicles prone to rollover accidents, like the two tested here are still marketed. Sport utility vehicles as a class are less stable than conventional passenger cars, primarily because they have a higher center of gravity. KW - Acura slx KW - Center of gravity KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Isuzu trooper KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Standards KW - Vehicle center of gravity KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety standards KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474676 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743829 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - THREE OTHER SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1996/10 VL - 61 IS - 10 SP - p. 13-17 AB - This article in Consumer Reports reviews three sport utility vehicles - the Toyota 4Runner, Nissan Pathfinder, and Chevrolet Tahoe. It discusses key cargo dimensions, maximum seating positions, the driving experience, the interior of the vehicles, and their safety and reliability. It mentions fuel economy, comfort, performance, convenience, acceleration, and braking, also. The article notes that many people who buy sport utility vehicles probably don't need them; a minivan would be easier to live with. However, if one wants a sport utility vehicle, the Toyota 4Runner and Nissan Pathfinder are both recommended. Consumers does not like the Chevrolet Tahoe. Though it rides quietly and handles adequately, they consider the brakes marginal, and the fuel economy of 13 mph "dismal". KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Brake performance KW - Braking performance KW - Cargo facilities KW - Chevrolet automobile KW - Chevrolet Tahoe KW - Comfort KW - Driving KW - Fuel conservation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Nissan automobile KW - Nissan pathfinder KW - Reliability KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Toyota 4runner KW - Toyota automobile KW - Vehicle acceleration tests KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738714 AU - Sines, N J AU - Schroth, P H AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - COMPENDIUM ON DRUG IMPAIRED DRIVING PY - 1996/10 SP - 124 p. AB - The report is designed to highlight relevant research pertaining to the effects of various drugs on the motor skills related to driving. In summarizing the existing research, the compendium's goal is to educate people about the dangerous combination of consuming drugs and engaging in the complicated task of driving. The first part of the compendium provides a discussion of the effects of various drugs on psychomotor skills, especially focusing on the drug's impact and influence on driving skills. The second part presents summaries of national and international research on the relationship between nonalcohol drug and traffic crashes and fatalities. The third part provides a comprehensive list of published research specific to drug impaired driving for reference purposes. Finally, the fourth part furnishes an extensive list of common street terms for various drugs. By presenting a comprehensive report on the effects of drugs on driving related skills, the compendium will serve as a valuable resource on the problem of drug impaired driving. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drug abuse KW - Drugs KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Fatalities KW - Guides to the literature KW - Impaired drivers KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736802 AU - Jones, R K AU - Wiliszowski, C H AU - Lacey, J H AU - Mid-America Research Institute, Incorporated TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMS FOR REPEAT DWI OFFENDERS PY - 1996/10 SP - 88 p. AB - This report documents the results of a study to determine the effectiveness of two alternative sanctions programs for repeat DWIs (driving while intoxicated offenders). The programs were an Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) program in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, and an Electronic Monitoring (EM) program in Los Angeles County, California. The ISP program was an early intervention program aimed specifically at engaging repeat DWI offenders in treatment shortly after arrest with ongoing monitoring and supervision throughout the pretrial period. The EM program engaged repeat DWI offenders immediately after conviction and sentencing with ongoing home electronic monitoring and supervision. The major concern in the evaluation was the effect of these two programs on the future drinking-driving behavior of program participants. The study found that both programs were effective in reducing DWI recidivism significantly from the traditional-sanctions comparison programs. The ISP program reduced a moderate re-arrest recidivism probability after one year by about one-half, and the EM program reduced a low re-conviction recidivism rate after one year by about one-third. Both programs offered the promise of significant cost savings over incarceration. The study recommended that both programs be considered seriously by jurisdictions desiring to reduce the pressures on their correctional facilities and, at the same time, to increase the traffic-safety effectiveness of their traffic law system. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Electronic monitoring KW - Electronics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Probation KW - Recidivism KW - Repeat offenders KW - Safety KW - Sanctions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5887/hs808493.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736074 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUFACTURERS' INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHILD SAFETY SEATS. 1996 EDITION PY - 1996/10 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is a collection of manufacturers' instructions for child safety seats and other motor vehicle restraint systems marketed in the United States since January 1, 1981. This manual is intended as a resource to assist child passenger safety advocates in the identification of child car seats. The manual is divided into three sections: Table of Contents; A compilation of the Manufacturers' Instructions for Child Car Seats 1981-1996; and Appendix (Related materials designed to broaden general knowledge of child car seats). KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Facilities KW - Industries KW - Installation KW - Instructions KW - Recall campaigns KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/481087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736061 AU - National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHY DATA LINKAGE? THE IMPORTANCE OF CODES (CRASH OUTCOME DATA EVALUATION SYSTEM) PY - 1996/10 SP - 14 p. AB - Injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes are a major public health problem. They can be prevented, but only if we understand fully the nature of the problem. Data linkage is the key to providing the information needed to understand what we should focus on first. What is data linkage? States may computerize statewide crash and medical records collected at the crash scene, en route, at the emergency department, in the hospital, and after discharge for occupants involved in a motor vehicle crash. When these different records are linked, injured occupants can be traced from the scene through the health care system. An example of linked data is the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES). This report discusses the wide variety of information that can be generated by linked data such as the CODES. Also discussed are the improvement in data quality as a result of implementing CODES, the benefits resulting from the collaboration required to implement CODES, the benefits of probabilistic linkage techniques to link CODES data, the resources States need to implement CODES, and the resources that are available to assist States interested in implementing CODES. KW - Benefits KW - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System KW - Data communications KW - Data files KW - Data links KW - Data quality KW - Implementation KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Reliability KW - Safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/400/448/whylink.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736063 AU - Stewart, D D AU - Young, A AU - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUCKLE UP KIDS: CHILD PASSENGER TRAUMA PREVENTION. PARTICIPANTS' MANUAL PY - 1996/10 SP - 117 p. AB - This is the Participants' Manual for a training program designed to encourage fire/rescue stations to become a community-based information and service center for life safety education and prevention issues. The course has two parts: (I) Promoting Child Passenger Safety in Your Community (3 hours) covers organizing a program that works; and (II) Understanding Child Safety Seat Use (5 hours) covers the technical aspects of restraint use that are needed in order to educate the public effectively and to provide other services. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Firefighters KW - Manuals KW - Prevention KW - Promotion KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Students KW - Training programs KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/12000/12200/12206/006885.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736062 AU - Stewart, D D AU - Young, A AU - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUCKLE UP KIDS: CHILD PASSENGER TRAUMA PREVENTION. INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL PY - 1996/10 SP - 90 p. AB - This is the Instructor's Manual for a training program designed to encourage fire/rescue stations to become a community-based information and service center for life safety education and prevention issues. It contains a basic outline of the entire course, with sample questions/answers. Masters for overheads are in the last section. Also included is a quiz that can be used as a pre- and post-test. The course has two parts: (I) Promoting Child Passenger Safety in Your Community (3 hours) covers organizing a program that works; and (II) Understanding Child Safety Seat Use (5 hours) covers the technical aspects of restraint use that are needed in order to educate the public effectively and to provide other services. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Firefighters KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Prevention KW - Promotion KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Training programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736064 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1996/10 SP - 47 p. AB - This report summarizes a program of research to develop methods, data, and guidelines to conduct heavy vehicle driver-oriented workload assessments of new, high-technology, in-cab devices. Many such devices are being developed and implemented in heavy trucks and cars. Examples include navigation systems, text message display systems, and voice communications systems, to name a few. The objective of this research was the development of methods to assess the degree to which in-cab device use competes with the primary task of safely controlling the vehicle at all times. The following seven tasks, conducted throughout this program, are summarized: reviewing task analysis data and protocols literature; defining standard heavy vehicle configuration and tasks; collecting original task analysis data; reviewing workload measures and related research; developing a workload measurement protocol document; collecting baseline data of workload measures; and evaluating two high-technology systems using the developed protocols. Presented for each task is a summary of the objectives, approach, and key results highlights. From this research, tentative heavy vehicle workload assessment measures and methods were recommended and a protocol document was prepared. KW - Guidelines KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human factors KW - In-cab devices KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Protocols KW - Task analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Truck drivers KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9427/1B_01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736053 AU - Godwin, T M AU - Steinhart, D J AU - Fulton, B A AU - American Probation and Parole Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Department of Justice TI - PEER JUSTICE AND YOUTH EMPOWERMENT: AN IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR TEEN COURT PROGRAMS PY - 1996/10 SP - 300 p. AB - The main objective of this Guide is to equip juvenile justice agencies with baseline information that will aid them in developing, implementing, and enhancing teen court programs as a viable alternative for juvenile offenders in their communities. Teen courts nationwide share many of the same fundamental principles. However, the manner in which they function in their day-to-day operations can vary significantly from program to program. Program organizers should be aware of the similarities and differences among programs and institute a development process to result in a program that responds to and fulfills the unique needs of the local youth, juvenile justice system, and community. This Guide is organized in the following chapters: (1) An Overview of the Teen Court Concept; (2) Organizing the Community; (3) Legal Issues for Teen Courts; (4) Developing a Program Purpose, Goals, and Objectives; (5) Determining a Target Population and Designing a Referral Process; (6) Designing Program Services; (7) Developing a Program Model and Procedures and Implementing Effective Case Management Practices; (8) Recruiting, Using, and Training Volunteers; (9) Examining Human and Financial Resource Issues; and (10) Program Evaluation. Appendices are as follows: (A) Teen Court Directory; (B) Sample Resources for Program Development and Implementation; (C) Sample Teen Court Program Brochures; (D) Sample Forms; (E) Sample Courtroom Protocol; (F) Sample Volunteer Resources; and (G) Sample Program Evaluation Resources. KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Human resources KW - Human resources management KW - Implementation KW - Juvenile justice KW - Program evaluation KW - Teen court programs UR - http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/PUBS/peerhome.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732403 AU - Greenberg, L AU - Applied System Technologies, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE ACCIDENT REPORT (PAR) QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROJECT PY - 1996/10 SP - 93 p. AB - In this study the author assesses the accuracy and completeness with which Police Accident Reports(PARs) are completed by state and local police. Focusing on data elements commonly used in studies carried out by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the author compared data from PARs to data collected in independent reinvestigations of the same crashes by NHTSA's Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) researchers. A total of 939 crashes in 1991 from four CDS study sites were investigated. In all 24 data elements were studied. For four data elements, very low discrepancy rates were found. For sixteen data elements, discrepancy rates varied by jurisdiction -- high in some, low in others. For four data elements, uniformly high discrepancy rates were found. These four data elements were manner of collision, vehicle identification number, occupant protection system use, and deployment of air bags (however the latter was treated as a separate data element in only one jurisdiction). The study results will be of interest to analysts relying on PAR-reported data. In addition, the author gives various recommendations for the improvement of PAR data quality. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crashworthiness Data System KW - Improvements KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Recommendations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398420 AU - Huey, R W AU - Harpster, J L AU - Lerner, N D AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Summary report on in-vehicle crash avoidance warning systems: human factors considerations PY - 1996/09 IS - DOT HS 808 531 SP - 33p KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Audible pedestrian signals KW - Audible signal KW - Audible warning devices in vehicles KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Behavior KW - Driver behaviour KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Reversing KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01397199 AU - Wierwille, W W AU - Lewin, M G AU - Fairbanks, R J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Final report: research on vehicle-based driver status/performance monitoring, part III PY - 1996/09 IS - DOT HS 808 640 SP - 113p KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human fatigue KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Monitoring KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1164980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756388 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING PREVENTION MONTH PROGRAM PLANNER PY - 1996/09 SP - 59 p. AB - This planner provides the information needed to develop a comprehensive National Drunk and Drugged Driving (3D) Prevention Month campaign. It encourages the formation of partnerships, involvement of a cross-section of community members, and openness to new ideas and methods for disseminating messages. Most importantly, it builds on the experiences of communities that have created safer environments in which impaired driving is no longer an acceptable norm. This planner contains information, materials, and suggestions for campaign activities. KW - Communities KW - Community action programs KW - Community support KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Partnerships KW - Prevention KW - Public information programs KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537664 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00756369 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PROCEEDINGS OF A SEMINAR SPONSORED BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1996/09 SP - 160p AB - Traffic enforcement has long been a mainstay of the police profession. The Oklahoma City bombing was solved as a direct result of a routine traffic stop. However, recently financial resources are being directed away from traffic enforcement. In fall 1995, the Police Executive Research Forum of Washington, D.C., organized for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) a national seminar to discuss the factors that would affect the delivery of police traffic services in the 21st century. This report details the proceedings of the seminar. It is meant to help agency administrators, public safety advocates, and others with an interest in traffic enforcement develop strategies to maintain and improve traffic services as we move into the 21st century. U1 - Police Traffic Services in the 21st CenturyNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReno, Nevada StartDate:19960928 EndDate:19960930 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Conferences KW - Delivery service KW - Police traffic services KW - Proceedings KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/300/335/00335.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16700/16721/PB2000104562.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/541028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754954 AU - Huey, R W AU - Harpster, J L AU - Lerner, N D AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IN-VEHICLE CRASH AVOIDANCE WARNING SYSTEMS: HUMAN FACTORS CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1996/09 SP - 35 p. AB - This document represents the final report of the work performed under contract DTNH22-91-C-07004, "In-Vehicle Crash Avoidance Warning Systems: Human Factors Considerations". This project was performed to develop guidelines for the interface design of in-vehicle crash avoidance warnings and to begin the process of filling some of the data gaps exposed during that definition process. It did not have the objective of designing some specific device or system. Rather, it had the more general perspective of identifying the common issues for the range of potential devices, supporting integration and compatibility among multiple types of devices, and promoting compatibility among alternative products for a given warning situation. In support of these objectives, the project conducted critical analyses, developed preliminary guidelines, and conducted new empirical research on selected issues. In addition to the guidelines, a series of experiments was conducted, centering around two issues: (1) the characteristics of effective acoustic alarms for crash avoidance warnings; and (2) features of effective backup warning devices. The present report provides a brief overview of project activities, and references the interim documents that provide full detail. It also presents a set of human factors recommendations for backup warning systems. This set of recommendations is new and has not been presented in any earlier reports, although the supporting research studies were documented in previous reports. KW - Acoustic alarms KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Crash avoidance KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driving KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - In-vehicle advisory KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Maneuvering KW - Research KW - Route guidance KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745688 AU - Wierwille, W W AU - Lewin, M G AU - Fairbanks, R J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH ON VEHICLE-BASED DRIVER STATUS/PERFORMANCE MONITORING, PART I PY - 1996/09 SP - 68 p. AB - A driver drowsiness detection/alarm/countermeasures system was specified, tested and evaluated, resulting in the development of revised algorithms for the detection of driver drowsiness. Previous algorithms were examined in a test and evaluation study, and were found to be ineffective in detecting drowsiness. These previous algorithms had been developed and validated under simulator conditions that did not emphasize the demand for maintaining the vehicle in the lane as would be expected in normal driving. Revised algorithms were then developed under conditions that encouraged more natural lane-keeping behavior by drivers in the simulator. In these revised algorithms, correlations between dependent drowsiness measures and independent performance-related measures were lower than expected. However, classification accuracy improved when a criterion of "drowsiness or performance" was used, with performance assessed directly from a lane-related measure. KW - Alarm systems KW - Alertness KW - Algorithms KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Detection systems KW - Detectors KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Personnel performance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20100/20128/PB98110539.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5911/887.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745689 AU - Wierwille, W W AU - Lewin, M G AU - Fairbanks, R J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH ON VEHICLE-BASED DRIVER STATUS/PERFORMANCE MONITORING, PART III PY - 1996/09 SP - 127 p. AB - A driver drowsiness detection/alarm/countermeasures system was specified, tested and evaluated, resulting in the development of revised algorithms for the detection of driver drowsiness. Previous algorithms were examined in a test and evaluation study, and were found to be ineffective in detecting drowsiness. These previous algorithms had been developed and validated under simulator conditions that did not emphasize the demand for maintaining the vehicle in the lane as would be expected in normal driving. Revised algorithms were then developed under conditions that encouraged more natural lane-keeping behavior by drivers in the simulator. In these revised algorithms, correlations between dependent drowsiness measures and independent performance-related measures were lower than expected. However, classification accuracy improved when a criterion of "drowsiness or performance" was used, with performance assessed directly from a lane-related measure. KW - Alarm systems KW - Alertness KW - Algorithms KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Detection systems KW - Detectors KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Personnel performance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20100/20129/PB98110547.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5912/827.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743787 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS) FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1996/09 IS - 134 SP - 1 p. AB - This sheet summarizes a document entitled, "The EMS Agenda for the Future". The document focuses on aspects of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) related to emergency care outside traditional health care facilities. The EMS Agenda proposes continued development of 14 EMS attributes, each of which is a chapter in the report: 1. Integration of health services; 2. EMS research; 3. Legislation and regulation; 4. System finance; 5. Human resources; 6. Medical direction; 7. Education systems; 8. Public education; 9. Prevention; 10. Public access; 11. Communication systems; 12. Clinical care; 13. Information systems; and 14. Evaluation. KW - Access KW - Clinical care KW - Communication systems KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Education KW - Emergency medical services KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Health care KW - Health care services KW - Human resources KW - Human resources management KW - Information systems KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Legislation KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Public information programs KW - Research KW - Safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6798/tt134.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474638 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743788 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PUBLIC'S ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS TOWARD DRINKING AND DRIVING - HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE 1991, 1993, AND 1995 NATIONAL SURVEYS PY - 1996/09 IS - 135 SP - 2 p. AB - Every other year, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducts a national survey to assess how America's attitudes about drinking and driving are changing. NHTSA conducts the survey to measure the scope of the drinking and driving problem and to guide program activities to reduce the severity of the problem. Topic areas in the 1991, 1993, and 1995 surveys included the frequency of drinking and driving, riding with impaired drivers, actions drivers take to avoid drinking and driving, and their views toward enforcement. New to the 1995 survey were knowledge items about actual BAC limits, the amount of alcohol required to reach the BAC limit, and crash and injury experiences. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Governments KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Public KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6805/tt135.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474639 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743785 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUBLIC SUPPORTS TRAFFIC SAFETY LAWS AND THEIR ACTIVE ENFORCEMENT PY - 1996/09 IS - 136 SP - 2 p. AB - According to the results of a recent national telephone survey, the public strongly supports a broad array of traffic safety laws. More than 8,000 people in all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in a national telephone survey conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Results of the survey indicate that: 84% of the public favor laws that require both drivers and front seat passengers to wear safety belts; people who live in states that have a strong belt law are much more likely to know correctly what the law entails; laws that protect children are strongly supported by the public; bicycle helmet laws are favored; 70% of the public think the 55 mph speed limit is just right; and there is strong support for motorcycle helmet laws. KW - Bicycle helmets KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motorcycle helmets KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6804/tt136.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474636 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743786 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OBSERVED PATTERNS OF MISUSE OF CHILD SAFETY SEATS PY - 1996/09 IS - 133 SP - 2 p. AB - While more adults and children are wearing safety belts, a new study finds that many children who are placed in child safety seats (CSSs) could be at risk of not attaining the full benefits of the seat because the CSS is not being used properly, not installed according to the manufacturer's recommendations, or that the child is being moved to safety belts too soon. Child restraints are very effective in reducing injuries and fatalities as they are currently used, but are more effective when used properly. KW - Building KW - Child injuries KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Facilities KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Installation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/Communication%20&%20Consumer%20Information/Studies%20&%20Reports/1996/tt133.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35700/35739/tt133.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743767 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPEEDING : MINIMAL GAINS AND BIG POTENTIAL LOSSES PY - 1996/09 SP - 5 p. AB - This brochure presents the case that speeding does not save very much time, and there are many harmful risks associated with it. It displays a table illustrating the very small amount of time saved per trip at different speeds. It discusses the increased likelihood of traffic accidents and speeding tickets and gives an example of impact speed when crashing into a barrier at 45 mph. KW - Hazards KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed KW - Speeding KW - Tickets KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742387 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NATIONAL TRUCK AND BUS PROGRAM: A HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT TOTALLY FREE OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE FATAL CRASHES PY - 1996/09 SP - 9 p. AB - This brochure describes the minimum safety standards that truck and bus companies must follow for the commercial vehicles they operate and the physical qualifications and operating rules for the drivers of trucks and buses. The regulations fall basically into five areas: driver physical qualifications, licensing, and operating rules; carrier safety performance; vehicle standards; hazardous materials transportation; and insurance protection for the public. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver physical fitness KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous materials transportation KW - Insurance KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance KW - Physical condition KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736073 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTS TO EVALUATE B&G BRAKE TORQUE TESTER PY - 1996/09 SP - 43 p. AB - Traditionally, inspections of heavy vehicle brake systems were performed by visual observation of the brakes. A number of devices have been developed to quickly evaluate the condition of the brakes without the need for the inspector to go under the vehicle. One such device is a tester which checks the status of a brake system by measuring the static breakaway torque of each wheel. This device uses a mechanism to grip the wheel and, with the brake applied, apply a torque to the tire, measuring the force necessary to turn the wheel. An evaluation of the device was conducted which compared the force measurements made using the breakaway torque device with forces measured on an in-ground roller dynamometer. This comparison showed that the forces measured with the torque tester agreed with the roller tester reasonably well, with the torque tester showing a somewhat higher level of run-to-run scatter. The evaluation also compared forces measured with the device at various levels of misadjustment of the brake. This comparison showed that, as with other low speed testers, brakes which are adjusted to near or just beyond the recommended readjustment point have generally the same force levels as do fully adjusted brakes. Brakes which are grossly misadjusted have lower forces, and a tentative criterion to distinguish between properly and improperly working brakes, which has been developed for other testers, appears to be appropriate for this device as well. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brake adjustment KW - Brake inspection KW - Brakes KW - Dynamometers KW - Inspection KW - Torque KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736060 AU - Walker, J AU - Hughes Training, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODOLOGY APPLICATION DOCUMENT: LOGISTIC REGRESSION USING THE CODES DATA PY - 1996/09 SP - 41 p. AB - This document was written to aid statistical analysts in the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) who required instruction in Logistic Regression, a method for analyzing data with a binary outcome variable and several covariates. It gives some background in Chi-Square analysis and simple linear regression, and then introduces the differences between odds, odds ratios and logits on the one hand, and probabilities, relative risk and effectiveness on the other. It then gives three examples of logistic regression, progressively more complex, with numerous explanatory comments. KW - Chi-square analysis KW - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Logistic regression analysis KW - Logistics KW - Regression analysis KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/783/00293.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735901 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: A COMPILATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH DATA FROM THE FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM AND THE GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM PY - 1996/09 SP - 206 p. AB - This annual report presents descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. Information from two of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) primary data systems has been combined to create a single source for motor vehicle crash statistics. These two data systems are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and the National Accident Sampling System/General Estimates System (GES). The report is presented in five chapters and three appendices. Chapter 1, "Trends", presents data from all years of FARS (1975 through 1995) and GES (1988 through 1995). The remaining chapters present data only from 1995. Chapter 2, "Crashes", describes general characteristics of crashes, such as when and how often they occurred, where they occurred, and what happened during the crash. Chapter 3, "Vehicles", concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in crashes and the damage to the vehicles. Chapter 4, "People", is the largest chapter of this report, with statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists. The last chapter of the report, "States", contains information about crashes for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Terms used throughout the report are defined in the Glossary. Appendix A contains FARS Data Elements, Appendix B GES Data Elements, and Appendix C a Technical Note. An Index is provided. KW - Characteristics KW - Cyclists KW - Damages KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - General Estimates System KW - Glossaries KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/43000/43400/43468/TSF95_Annual_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798219 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1996/08/22 SP - 27 p. AB - This report is from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored program, "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". In this Interim Report (Volume VI), preliminary performance specifications for the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) subset of rear-end collision avoidance systems are developed and presented. An ACC system tracks vehicles in the forward path of the host vehicle and automatically maintains a safe headway. When no vehicles are present, the host vehicle maintains a set speed (i.e., conventional cruise control). If the headway between the host vehicle and the lead vehicle falls below the safe headway, the ACC system initiates control actions to slow the vehicle and reestablish a safe headway. These performance specifications are based on all activities and results of the contract to date. The report covers the applicable documents, system classification, requirements of the performance specifications for ACS, the qualification tests and definitions. The requirements section includes the system requirements, driver controls, and driver display. KW - Adaptive control KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Cruise control KW - Headways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Performance KW - Rear end crashes KW - Specifications KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655207 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00814077 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PUBLIC FAVORS A STRONG GOVERNMENT ROLE IN HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1996/08 IS - 132 SP - 2 p. AB - This Traffic Tech summarizes the findings of a recent National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) customer satisfaction survey. In November and December of 1995, about 4,000 randomly selected persons aged 16 and older from across the nation participated in the "NHTSA 1995 Customer Satisfaction Survey." The results of the survey confirm that safety ranks high in purchase decisions and that the public prefers a strong role for government in setting standards for safety in vehicles. Virtually the entire public support minimum safety standards for vehicle features including brakes, gas tanks, headlights, safety belts, and crashworthiness. Most believe the government should provide information to consumers and promote safe driving behaviors. KW - Consumer protection KW - Crashworthiness KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Public opinion KW - Standards KW - Surveys KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6803/tt132.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754944 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1996/08 SP - 103 p. AB - This document serves as guidance for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers, health care organizations and institutions, governmental agencies, and policy makers. It presents the EMS of the future, which will be community based health management that is fully integrated with the overall health care system. It will have the ability to identify and modify illness and injury risks, provide acute illness and injury care and follow-up, and contribute to treatment of chronic conditions and community health monitoring. EMS will be integrated with other health care providers and public health and public safety agencies. It will improve community health and result in more appropriate use of acute health care resources. It will remain the public's emergency medical safety net. To realize this vision this document proposes continued development of 14 EMS attributes. They are: Integration of Health Services; EMS Research; Legislation and Regulation; System Finance; Human Resources; Medical Direction; Education Systems; Public Education; Prevention; Public Access; Communication Systems; Clinical Care; Information Systems; and Evaluation. KW - Access KW - Clinical care KW - Communication systems KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Emergency medical services KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Health care KW - Health care services KW - Human resources KW - Human resources management KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Injuries KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Legislation KW - Medical direction KW - Prevention KW - Public information programs KW - Research KW - Risk assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/252/00252.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744502 AU - Harpster, J L AU - Huey, R W AU - Lerner, N D AU - Steinberg, G V AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BACKUP WARNING SIGNALS: DRIVER PERCEPTION AND RESPONSE PY - 1996/08 SP - 62 p. AB - This report describes the findings of three experiments that concern driver reaction to acoustic signals that might be used for backup warning devices. Intelligent warning devices are under development that will use vehicle-based sensors to warn backing drivers of the presence of objects behind the vehicle. The research described here is part of a larger project concerned with the human factors of these warning devices. Specifically, the questions of interest center around what warning information to provide, when to present it, and how to display it. Based on previous work, this research focuses on acoustic signals, which are seen as more suitable for backup warnings than are visual displays. The three experiments were conducted dealing with different aspects of driver perception and response to backup warning signals, with the objective of contributing to the development of a set of recommendations for the human factors aspects of backup warning systems. KW - Acoustic signal processing KW - Acoustic signals KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver perception KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Maneuvering KW - Perception KW - Reaction time KW - Warning signals UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5874/791.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744477 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - FACTS: FATALITY FACTS (1995 MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS); STATE LAW FACTS PY - 1996/08 SP - 42 p. AB - The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety is a research and communications organization that develops and evaluates ways to reduce motor vehicle losses. As part of this work, Institute researchers carefully review and analyze federal, state, and other data files on the most serious highway crashes that occur each year. The fatal crashes may involve alcohol, bicycles, children, the elderly, large trucks, motorcycles, passenger vehicles, and pedestrians. These researchers also keep up-to-date files on relevant state laws including safety belt, child restraint, motorcycle helmet use, DWI, and laws containing special provisions for young drivers. KW - Aged KW - Alcohols KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle helmets KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - State laws KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743861 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - RURAL AND URBAN CRASHES -- A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PY - 1996/08 SP - 2 p. AB - Data from several sources were used to examine the similarities and differences in the characteristics of crashes occurring in rural areas vs. those occurring in urban areas. Data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for the period 1975-1993 were used to examine the characteristics of rural fatal crashes, contrasted with the characteristics of urban fatal crashes. For crashes of lower severity, data from three of the state files maintained by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA), i.e., Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New Mexico for the period 1989-1993, were examined. Finally, data from the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) were used to contrast safety belt use and medical costs for persons injured in rural crashes vs. those injured in urban crashes. For the comparisons of rural and urban crashes using the FARS data, the study found that while there are approximately 40% more fatal crashes occurring in rural areas compared to urban areas, there are fewer vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in rural areas. In addition, rural fatal crashes more often involve more trucks, have severe vehicle damage, and involve more head-on collisions and ejected persons, and the time for emergency medical services (EMS) to reach the crash scene is longer in rural areas than in urban areas. Findings were similar for the comparisons of crashes from the state data files. Findings for the CODES data indicate that the benefit of using safety belts, in medical dollars spent, is smaller for rural crashes. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Damage severity KW - Data files KW - Ejection KW - Emergency response time KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Health care KW - Loss and damage KW - Medical costs KW - Rollover crashes KW - Rural accidents KW - Rural areas KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Truck crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/pdf/ruralnot.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/805/00326.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474696 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743840 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRENDS IN DAILY TRAFFIC FATALITIES, 1975-1995 PY - 1996/08 SP - 4 p. AB - This Research Note presents the findings from a study of the fatality trends of crashes by day of week on which the crash occurred. The study also examined the changes in the day of week fatality trends for each day of the week over the 21 year period, from 1975-1995. Three figures are presented which summarize the results of a time series analysis of the monthly counts of total fatalities and fatalities by day of week for the period 1975-1995. Figure 1 focuses on total monthly fatality counts for all days of the week. Figure 2 presents the average daily fatality count for Saturday, and the resulting fatality trend line. Figure 3 presents the trend lines for each of the days of the week, including Saturday. KW - Days KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/808/00329.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20994/PB98163694.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743769 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADMINISTRATOR'S HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM OF EXCELLENCE: AWARD WINNING PROJECTS AUGUST 1996 PY - 1996/08 SP - 23 p. AB - The NHTSA "Administrator's Highway Safety Program of Excellence" was established in 1992 to recognize outstanding Section 402 funded activities and projects that contribute to the decline in motor vehicle deaths and serious injuries. This report highlights the efforts of 10 State and community initiatives that received the 1996 NHTSA "Administrator's Highway Safety Program of Excellence" award. These programs were selected based on their problem identification process, targeted strategies, effective use of Section 402 seed money, collaborative efforts, innovative approaches and project results. They represent significant Federal/State/local partnerships in highway safety and provide innovative ways in which the Congressional intent in enacting this legislation can be fulfilled. KW - Communities KW - Fatalities KW - Grant aid KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Partnerships KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Safety programs KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736076 AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKSHOP ON REARVIEW MIRROR HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH NEEDS: SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1996/08 SP - 35 p. AB - This document provides a summary of suggestions for research concerning rearview mirrors that were made at a workshop held at the University of Michigan on May 8 and 9, 1996. The workshop was sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation and conducted by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI). The purpose of the workshop was to identify future human factors research needed for determining rearview mirror performance and design requirements that will insure that drivers can use rearview mirrors safely and effectively. Although the workshop was sponsored by NHTSA, it was intended to identify the most important research needs in the area of rearview mirrors quite broadly, whether or not it was related to NHTSA regulatory activities and independent of who might sponsor the research. Forty-five individuals participated in the workshop, including representatives of the research community, the regulatory area, and the mirror and vehicle manufacturing sectors. KW - Human factors KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732404 AU - Jones, T L AU - Boyle, J M AU - Schulman, Ronca, and Bucuvalas, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL SURVEY OF DRINKING AND DRIVING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR: 1995 PY - 1996/08 SP - 144 p. AB - This report presents findings from the first (1991), second (1993), and third (1995) surveys conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on attitudes and behaviors of the general public related to drinking and driving. The purpose of these periodic surveys is to track change in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors, and thereby provide data needed to guide programmatic activity directed at the drinking and driving problem. The three surveys were administered to a national probability sample of driving age individuals residing in the United States. The surveys provide data on various topics relevant to the drinking and driving problem, including: support for taking action to reduce drinking and driving, opinions about current enforcement and penalties, expectations of consequences, intervention behavior, avoidance of drinking and driving, frequency of drinking and driving, efforts by hosts to prevent their guests from drinking and driving, and frequency of riding with a driver who may have consumed too much alcohol to be safe. The 1995 survey findings show that positive changes have taken place in drinking and driving attitudes and behavior since the 1991 and 1993 surveys. There has been a decline in the proportion of the population (age 16-64) who report having driven after drinking in the past year (from 28% to 24%) and the proportion who have ridden with a driver who may have drunk too much to be safe (from about 14% to 11%). Despite a slight decline since 1993, the public's concern about drinking and driving remains very high; 86% think it is "very important" to do something about the problem and 79% see drinking and driving as a "major threat" to the personal safety of themselves or their family. Two thirds of the public (age 16-64) believe sobriety checkpoints should be used more frequently (up slightly from 1993), while the percentage of the public who think penalties for drinking and driving violations should be much more severe is up substantially (37% in 1993 vs. 46% in 1995). KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intervention KW - Law enforcement KW - Penalties KW - Prevention KW - Public opinion KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25912/DOT-HS-808-438.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00728447 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY REDUCTION BY AIR BAGS: ANALYSES OF ACCIDENT DATA THROUGH EARLY 1996. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1996/08 SP - 150 p. AB - The fatality risk of front-seat occupants of passenger cars and light trucks equipped with air bags is compared to the corresponding risk in similar vehicles without air bags, based on statistical analyses of Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data from 1986 through early 1996. The principal conclusion is that driver air bags save lives. The fatality reduction benefit of air bags for all drivers is an estimated 11%; this percentage is essentially unchanged from 1992 and 1994 analyses by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) staff. New, positive findings are that driver air bags save lives in light trucks and in small cars, that passenger air bags save lives of right-front passengers age 13 or older, and that driver air bags provide a significant supplemental life-saving benefit for the driver who buckles up (as well as saving lives of unbelted drivers). On the other hand, preliminary analyses of limited accident data show a higher fatality risk for child passengers age 0-12 in cars with current dual air bags than in cars without a passenger air bag. Also, current air bags may have diminished, or even negligible benefits for drivers age 70 or older, and they do not have a statistically significant effect for drivers of any age group in oblique-frontal crashes. KW - Age KW - Age factor in accidents KW - Aged drivers KW - Air bags KW - Children KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data analysis KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Light trucks KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passenger cars KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Small car KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/261/00261.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/465341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00814076 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY SHOWS THAT YOUNG ADULTS DIAGNOSED WITH SEVERE ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AS CHILDREN HAVE MORE DRIVING RISKS PY - 1996/07 IS - 131 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored a study to assess whether Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosed during childhood would be a risk factor for poorer driving performance during early adulthood. This Traffic Tech summarizes the findings of this study. Complete, updated, driving records were available for 113 severe ADHD young adults from the time they obtained their first license through age 25. The study shows that ADHD is a risk factor for poorer driving performance during early adulthood. Youth who displayed severe symptoms of ADHD as children were more likely than a comparison group to have been convicted of assorted moving and non-moving violations. KW - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Moving violations KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic violations KW - Young adults UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6808/tt131.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756387 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - KIDS, THE SCHOOL BUS AND YOU PY - 1996/07 SP - 6 p. AB - For twenty three million students nationwide, the school day begins and ends with a trip on a school bus. The greatest risk is not riding the bus, but approaching or leaving the bus. Before children go back to school or start school for the first time, it is essential that adults and children know traffic safety rules. This brochure discusses traffic safety rules regarding approaching and leaving the school bus. It is addressed to motor vehicle drivers, children, and parents. KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parents KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5897/schbus.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756385 AU - Gilliland, E M AU - Weber, L AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque TI - THE PARAMETERS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE AND IMPAIRED DRIVING IN THE NAHAT'A DZIIL AND PINON CHAPTERS OF THE NAVAJO NATION PY - 1996/07 SP - 48 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to determine the scope of the problems of substance abuse and impaired driving in the Nahat'a Dziil and Pinon Chapters of the Navajo Nation. In this report, the authors examine four main issues concerning substance abuse and impaired driving. First, they identify the dimensions of alcohol and drug use and drunk driving, including usage patterns, access to alcohol and drugs, frequency of impaired driving, and contributing factors and associated behaviors. This includes an analysis of the impact of relocation on alcohol use. Second, they analyze the level of awareness of alcohol abuse, drug abuse, drunk driving, and related problems within the community. Third, they examine awareness of and exposure to programs and materials for the prevention or treatment of substance abuse and impaired driving, and the impact of these programs on individual behavior. This includes the identification of cultural barriers to the effectiveness of prevention programs and materials. Fourth, they summarize the suggestions provided by community members regarding what they feel would be effective programs and materials for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse and impaired driving. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Awareness KW - Communities KW - Community reactions KW - Cultural barriers KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Drug abuse KW - Drug use KW - Drunk driving KW - Native Americans KW - Navajo Nation KW - Prevention KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Social factors KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756386 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION STUDY/REPORT ON DWI: AN AFRICAN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE PY - 1996/07 SP - 29 p. AB - The National Black Alcoholism and Addictions Council (NBAAC) is currently conducting a project with a two-fold purpose: 1. to identify impaired driving and other traffic safety problems in a specific community that is not generally included in "mainstream American" and 2. to develop strategies and culturally relevant program materials that can be adapted for use by similar communities. In an effort to satisfy these objectives, focus group interviews were conducted with a sample of high school students, college students, professional, and non-professional adults. The targeted audience for this study were primarily African Americans residing in Greensboro, North Carolina, a typical metropolitan city. This report describes the focus groups demographics and questions discussed during the groups. KW - African Americans KW - Drunk driving KW - Focus groups KW - Minorities KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537662 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743831 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - ONO, K AU - Kanno, M AU - Elsevier TI - INFLUENCES OF THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS ON THE RISK TO NECK INJURIES IN LOW IMPACT SPEED REAR-END COLLISIONS PY - 1996/07 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 493-499 AB - The current state of neck injuries sustained in car-to-car rear end collisions were investigated according to recent automobile accident statistical data in Japan. To clarify the neck injury mechanisms for low impact speed car collisions, the newly developed impact sled experiment which simulates actual car impact acceleration was performed using human subjects. In order to measure and analyze the physical parameters such as human head rotational acceleration, neck bending moment, shearing and axial forces, the component measurement method with six degrees of freedom was applied and demonstrated. Furthermore, relationships among the physical parameters - impact speed, sitting positions, headrest heights and neck muscle tones applied on the subject's head and neck system - were analyzed. These analyses would enable the authors to comprehend the conditions of the neck muscle tone and the effects of the sitting postures including headrest height, factors which are of vital importance to the understanding of neck injury mechanisms. KW - Axial forces KW - Axial loads KW - Headrest height KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Muscle tone KW - Muscles KW - Neck KW - Neck impact tolerances KW - Neck injuries KW - Rear end crashes KW - Shear forces KW - Shear stress KW - Simulation KW - Sitting position KW - Speed KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Vertebrae KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743832 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - McCartt, A T AU - Ribner, S A AU - Pack, A I AU - Hammer, M C AU - Elsevier TI - THE SCOPE AND NATURE OF THE DROWSY DRIVING PROBLEM IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1996/07 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 511-517 AB - A telephone survey was conducted of a random sample of New York State licensed drivers to determine the prevalence and circumstances of drowsy driving. Based on the survey responses, 54.6% of the drivers had driven while drowsy within the past year; 22.6% had ever fallen asleep at the wheel without having a crash, 2.8% had ever crashed when they fell asleep, and 1.9% had crashed when driving while drowsy. Of the reported crashes due to driving while drowsy or falling asleep at the wheel, 82.5% involved driver alone in the vehicle, 60.0% had occurred between 11:00 pm and 7:00 am, 47.5% were drive-off-road crashes, and 40.0% occurred on a highway or expressway. Multiple regression analysis suggested that the following driver variables are predictive of an increased frequency of driving drowsy: demographic characteristics (younger drivers, more education, and men); sleep patterns (fewer hours of sleep at night and greater frequency of trouble staying awake during the day); work patterns (greater frequency of driving for job and working rotating shifts); and driving patterns (greater number of miles driven annually and fewer number of hours a person can drive before becoming drowsy). KW - Automobile driving KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving patterns KW - Drowsiness KW - Expressways KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highways KW - Labor KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - New York (State) KW - Sleep KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Work KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743833 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, A F AU - Farmer, C M AU - Elsevier TI - COMMENT ON THEEUWES AND RIEMERSMA'S REVISIT OF DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS PY - 1996/07 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 541-542 AB - This article, by Williams and Farmer, comment on an article written by Theeuwes and Riersma critiquing a 1981 study on daytime running lights. They note that, in "Daytime Running Lights as a Vehicle Collision Countermeasure: The Swedish Evidence Reconsidered", Theeuwes and Riemersma (1995) provided a critique of a 1981 study on daytime running lights (DRLs) in Sweden, concluding that the data "fail to show a clear effect of DRL". The authors of this article comment on and take issue with Theeuwes and Riemersma's conclusions, and mention studies that show positive effects of DRLs in reducing crashes. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Impacts KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743261 AU - ANDREASSEN, D AU - Bishop, J AU - CATCHPOLE, J AU - CUSACK, S AU - Morgan, R AU - Tan, H W AU - Uber, C AU - Ward, B AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - STUDY OF REAR END ACCIDENTS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1996/07 SP - 69 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study of rear end accidents performed by ARRB Transport Research Ltd for VicRoads Road Safety Department. The study comprised four components: (1) a review of Australian and overseas research literature on rear end accidents; (2) an analysis of Victorian mass accident data to determine where and when rear end accidents occur and who are the drivers involved; (3) an investigation of rear end accident sites to identify road and traffic engineering factors which contribute to accident causation or prevention; and (4) recommendation of countermeasures to reduce the frequency and/or severity of rear end accidents. KW - Australia KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash locations KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Drivers KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743262 AU - ANDREASSEN, D AU - Bishop, J AU - CATCHPOLE, J AU - CUSACK, S AU - Morgan, R AU - Tan, H W AU - Uber, C AU - Ward, B AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - STUDY OF REAR END ACCIDENTS: APPENDICES PY - 1996/07 SP - 152 p. AB - This document contains the appendices for the final report entitled "Study of Rear End Accidents", undertaken by ARRB Transport Research Ltd for VicRoads Road Safety Department. Appendix A is called Movements of Leading Vehicles in Rear End Accidents, from Mortimer (1984); Appendix B contains Supplementary Tables for the Analysis of Mass Accident Data; Appendix C contains Accident and Control Sites Selected for Site Investigation; and Appendix D summarizes the Site Investigation Data. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Highway safety KW - Rear end crashes KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736903 AU - Bradbard, S L AU - Panlener, J C AU - Lisboa-Farrow, E AU - Lisboa Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING SAFETY BELT USAGE IN RURAL AREAS PY - 1996/07 SP - 74 p. AB - The objective of this study was to identify effective safety communication messages and strategies for increasing safety belt usage among young males in rural areas. Focus groups were conducted with young males 16-19 and 20-26 years old who acknowledged that they do not consistently use their safety belts when driving in their pickup trucks. Two waves of focus groups were held at two sites in Kentucky, and at two sites in Texas. The Kentucky groups were comprised entirely of white non-Hispanic males whereas the Texas groups split evenly between those composed of white non-Hispanic males and those composed of Hispanic males. The study obtained results concerning appropriate message content and communication strategies, as well as cultural and psychological barriers that need to be addressed. Strategies promoting safety belt use must consider several key factors. First the respondents emphasized that they tend to be more affected by the way in which their actions affect those close to them, and less affected by how their own actions affect themselves. Secondly, the message should be simple, brief, and clearly show the direct consequences of nonuse. Finally, the respondents' comments suggested they harbor many misconceptions about the effectiveness of safety belts, based both on misinformation from key influencers and their own defense mechanisms. Strategies must recognize these misconceptions and use developmentally appropriate social marketing messages to counter their effects. KW - Communications KW - Cultural barriers KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Marketing KW - Message content KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Pickup trucks KW - Promotion KW - Psychological aspects KW - Rural areas KW - Seat belt effectiveness KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Social factors KW - Strategic planning KW - Young adults UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25913/DOT-HS-808-505.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736054 AU - Johnson, S W AU - National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SO YOU WANT TO LINK YOUR STATE DATA: PREPARATION FOR DATA LINKAGE BASED ON THE CRASH OUTCOME DATA EVALUATION SYSTEM (CODES) PY - 1996/07 SP - 61 p. AB - State data are a valuable source of information that can enhance decision making for highway safety and injury control activities. These data are usually collected to meet the specific needs of the collection agency: police reported crash data, emergency medical services data, emergency department data, or inpatient data. Each of these data sets alone lacks the comprehensive information required to support highway safety and injury control activities. By linking these data, population-based, computerized statewide data describing the outcome for all crash victims can be generated. This report focuses on how to obtain and prepare state data for linkage. It describes the linkage process but does not include instructions for implementing the linkage software. It provides examples of how to use the linked data analytically. The instructions are presented as a series of steps to be followed sequentially for best results. The 22 steps are grouped into five sections. Section one describes the data, equipment, and personnel resources needed for linkage and the obstacles which may occur. Sections two and three discuss file preparation and selecting the cases for linkage. The actual linkage begins with section four which describes the concepts and phases of the linkage process. Finally, section five describes the output, the validation process, and several applications for the linked data. KW - Applications KW - Crash data KW - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System KW - Data linkage KW - Emergency medical services KW - Highway safety KW - Hospital emergency rooms KW - Information organization KW - Information processing KW - Inpatient data KW - Linked data KW - Police reports KW - States KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/738/00364.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736056 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS) RESOURCE CATALOG 1996 PY - 1996/07 SP - 25 p. AB - The goal of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) EMS Division is to reduce death and disability from highway crashes by ensuring prompt and effective emergency medical services (EMS) for victims of motor vehicle crashes in urban and rural areas. To help get this message out to the emergency medical field, the EMS Division recognized the need for development of a collection of informational material. This EMS resource catalog is a compilation of materials that are available from NHTSA's EMS Division or from the Government Printing Office's Superintendent of Documents. Included in this resource catalog is a description of each EMS-related publication, along with the date it was published, and where to obtain the report. This catalog also contains a listing of the EMS Division Staff and their roles and responsibilities, a listing of the NHTSA Regional Offices and addresses, and a listing of the State EMS Directors and addresses. KW - Catalogs KW - Documents KW - Emergency medical services KW - Information dissemination KW - Nhtsa ems division staff KW - Nhtsa regional offices KW - Publications KW - State ems directors KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736057 AU - Stoy, W A AU - Margolis, G S AU - Platt, T E AU - Benson, N H AU - Garrison, H G AU - O'Keefe, M AU - Brown, W E AU - Fuchs, S M AU - Bailey, B W AU - Dickison, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS) FIRST RESPONDER REFRESHER: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM PY - 1996/07 SP - 267 p. AB - This course is one of a series of courses making up a national emergency medical services (EMS) educational program for out-of hospital care. The First Responder is a designated level of emergency medical care provider as outlined by the "National EMS Education and Practice Blueprint". The curriculum was designed and developed based on the 1995 release of the "First Responder: National Standard Curriculum". This refresher curriculum should be used in conjunction with a task analysis of student needs, the "National EMS Education and Practice Blueprint", the 1995 "First Responder: National Standard Curriculum", the 1994 "EMT Basic: National Standard Curriculum", and state guidelines for refresher training. It is not the intent of the course to introduce new material, but to ensure that the students have the necessary knowledge and skills to continue to function as First Responders. This curriculum includes skills necessary for the individual to provide emergency medical care with a limited amount of equipment. KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Education KW - Emergency medical services KW - First responders KW - Motor skills UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732407 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNITING FOR PROGRESS: TRAFFIC SAFETY DIVERSITY FORUM, JUNE 11-13, 1995, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA. SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS PY - 1996/07 SP - 46 p. AB - In 1993, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) established a Diversity Initiative to focus on the issue of how to target highway traffic safety messages to diverse audiences (Hispanics, Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans). NHTSA's Traffic Safety Programs (TSPs) initiated new partnerships with ethnic and culturally diverse organizations in an effort to learn about their specific problems and needs. As a part of that TSP Diversity Initiative, it was determined that NHTSA should sponsor a diversity information exchange forum. The forum would bring together non-governmental organizations for the sole purpose of providing an opportunity for an interchange of ideas among individuals. Participants would share information about various groups' activities and plans to deliver safety, public health or related programs and messages to specific populations regarding traffic safety. This diversity information exchange forum was held June 11-13, 1995 in Alexandria, Virginia. CEOs, presidents, and executive directors of culturally diverse national, state, and local public health, service, and grassroots organizations attended along with NHTSA senior level managers. Information was exchanged on marketing strategies, empowerment, educational approaches, program success, and opportunities for improvement in delivering programs. This document presents a summary of the diversity information exchange forum. Included are the following: Opening Remarks by F.L. Brisbane; Keynote Address by P. Recht; Panel Discussion summary; Luncheon Address by T. Evans; a summary of each breakout session's report and recommendations as drafted and presented by that session's facilitator and recorder; a summary of recommendations; Closing Remarks by J. Hedlund; Wrap Up and Adjournment by F. Brisbane; and Appendices containing the (A) Agenda, (B) List of Participants, and (C) Evaluation Summary. KW - Conferences KW - Diversity KW - Ethnic groups KW - Information dissemination KW - Recommendations KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732406 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IN-VEHICLE VIDEOTAPING OF DWI (DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED) SUSPECTS - USE, EXPERIENCE, RECOMMENDATIONS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PY - 1996/07 SP - 12 p. AB - The use of in-vehicle videotaping equipment to record DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) investigations has been increasing in recent years. This document is intended to assist police agencies in deciding whether such mobile videotaping should be a part of their DWI and other traffic enforcement efforts. The material is based on information provided to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) by 68 police departments in 13 states that have used in-vehicle videotaping and on first hand discussions with 93 officers from 10 of those departments. The booklet is organized as follows: Overview; Equipment; Equipment Evaluation; Policy; Prosecution; Training; and Other Applications. KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Equipment KW - Interviewing KW - Police departments KW - Police officers KW - Policy KW - Prosecution KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training KW - Vehicles KW - Videotapes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25906/DOT-HS-808-427.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732408 AU - Boyle, J M AU - Schulman, Ronca, and Bucuvalas, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES: A SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FROM NHTSA SURVEYS PY - 1996/07 SP - 35 p. AB - This report presents information related to emergency medical services (EMS) that was obtained in two national telephone surveys of the driving-age public (age 16 and older) conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Those surveys are the 1995 NHTSA Customer Satisfaction Survey and the 1994 Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey. In general, the public expresses confidence in EMS. Almost three quarters (70%) expect an ambulance will arrive within ten minutes of being called, and two-thirds (67%) are very confident that the emergency workers would know what to do regardless of the type of emergency. More than 90% are aware of an emergency 9-1-1 number. Confidence in EMS varied by ethnic and racial characteristics. When asked what concerns they might have about stopping to help injured crash victims, most persons asserted that they would have no concerns and would stop. Yet many persons may be ill-equipped to provide the needed assistance. Fewer than one-third of the public (31%) have taken any kind of emergency or first aid training in the past five years. Prior training in emergency or first aid procedures was more prevalent among those who had completed more years of schooling. But these also were the persons who tended to voice the greatest reluctance to stop and help at a crash scene. KW - Confidence intervals KW - Confidence level KW - Crash victims KW - Data collection KW - Emergency medical services KW - Emergency training KW - Ethnic groups KW - First aid KW - First on the scene KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725637 AU - Blincoe, L J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ECONOMIC COST OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES, 1994. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1996/07 SP - 77 p. AB - This report presents the results of an analysis of motor vehicle crash costs in 1994. The total economic cost of motor vehicle crashes in 1994 was $150.5 billion. This represents the present value of lifetime costs for 40,676 fatalities, 5.2 million nonfatal injuries, and 27 million damaged vehicles, in both police reported and unreported crashes. Property damage costs of $52.1 billion accounted for the largest share of costs, while lost market productivity accounted for $42.4 billion. Medical expenses totalled $17 billion. Each fatality resulted in an average discounted lifetime cost of $830,000. Alcohol-involved crashes caused $45 billion or 30% of all economic costs, and 78% of these costs occurred in crashes where a driver or pedestrian was legally intoxicated (>=.10% BAC). Crashes in which police indicate that at least one driver was exceeding the legal speed limit or driving too fast for conditions cost $27.7 billion in 1994. Public revenues paid for 24% of medical costs, and 9% of all costs resulting from motor vehicle crashes. These crashes cost taxpayers $13.8 billion in 1994, the equivalent of $144 in added taxes for each household in the United States. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Impaired pedestrians KW - Injuries KW - Intoxication KW - Loss and damage KW - Medical costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Payment KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/808425.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460935 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744471 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PLANNING EMERGENCY MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1996/06 IS - 129 SP - 1 p. AB - This technical bulletin summarizes a two volume publication entitled "Planning Emergency Medical Communications". Volume One, the State Level Planning Guide, contains general background information about a two tiered approach to EMS communications planning. First, the state plan identifies the communications goals and factors that need to be coordinated statewide to ensure compatibility. Second, local plans are developed to satisfy local system needs while providing compatibility with other emergency medical services within the state. Volume Two, the Local and Regional Level Planning Guide, gives more specific information and guidelines. It identifies five general categories of essential information: public access to the system, dispatch and coordination of resources, medical control for communications, interagency communication, and education of communications users. KW - Communications KW - Coordination KW - Education KW - Emergency medical services KW - Interagency relations KW - Local government agencies KW - Natural resources KW - Public access KW - Regional planning KW - State planning KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6802/tt129.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475047 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744468 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPAIRED DRIVING ENFORCEMENT: A PROGRAM GUIDE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AND HIGHWAY SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS PUBLISHED PY - 1996/06 IS - 126 SP - 1 p. AB - Law enforcement and highway safety administrators are an integral part of the solution to reduce injury and death on our roadways caused by impaired drivers. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) have teamed together to develop "Impaired Driving Enforcement: A Program Guide for Law Enforcement and Highway Safety Administrators". This 27 page guide outlines various components of an impaired driving program, lists sources of publications for specific enforcement topics, provides resources for more information or technical assistance, and has other practical information to review and assess an existing impaired driving enforcement program. This technical bulletin summarizes the Guide. KW - Administration KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Natural resources KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6799/tt126.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744470 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSENSUS REACHED IN THE ROLE OF EMS IN INJURY PREVENTION PY - 1996/06 IS - 128 SP - 1 p. AB - In August 1995, a panel of experts in out-of-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) and injury prevention deliberated, modified and affirmed a statement on the role of EMS in primary injury prevention. The Consensus Statement reflects a shifting emphasis from health care to health with a focus on wellness and prevention. The consensus statement consists of three major parts: 1. Principal points, 2. Role of EMS is primary injury prevention, and 3. Creating a culture of health promotion and safety. This technical bulletin summarizes the statement and its intent. KW - Emergency medical services KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6794/tt128.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475046 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744472 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REASONS SOUGHT FOR REPEAT DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1996/06 IS - 130 SP - 2 p. AB - This document summarizes the results of a study about why some individuals repeatedly drive while under the influence or intoxicated, even after being convicted of DWI and after experiencing sanctions. Qualified interviewers asked repeat offenders directly about their life experiences with the legal and adjudication process, as well as about their personal backgrounds. All of the taped interviews were reviewed in an attempt to identify reasons for repeating the behavior, countermeasures or sanctions experienced, and perceptions about those measures, and to learn about any suggestions repeat offenders might have for discouraging or stopping DWI. Promising countermeasures and sanctions are listed. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral research KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing KW - Psychology KW - Recidivism KW - Repeat offenders KW - Research KW - Sanctions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6806/tt130.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475048 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744474 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Gunnell, J AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - A TRUE OLYMPIC "ROAD WARRIOR" CIRCA 1996 PY - 1996/06 VL - 60 IS - 6 SP - p. 28-33 AB - The Buick Motor Division of General Motors has been offering its customers a unique way to show their enthusiasm for the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the mid 1980s, the automaker has issued a series of collector edition cars that share an Olympic theme. In 1996, sports fans and Buick collectors will have a chance to bring their Olympic edition automobile holdings up to 5 vehicles. With the release of two new midyear models, the company marks its third promotion of the Summer Olympic Games. It also sponsored the Winter Games in 1988. This is the first time that two different Olympic trim packages will be available from Buick. "U.S. Olympic Gold" editions of its Regal and Skylark models are being offered to commemorate General Motors' sponsorship of the 1996 U.S. Olympic team and the Olympic Games being held in Atlanta. KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Olympic games UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475050 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744473 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Olney, R AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - IN THE BLINK OF AN EYE...AIR BAGS ARE COMING OF AGE PY - 1996/06 VL - 60 IS - 6 SP - p. 17-19 AB - This article describes the safety benefits of air bag use, the mechanics of deployment, how people are injured in traffic accidents, and how air bags work. KW - Air bags KW - Benefits KW - Deployment KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475049 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744469 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DO MOTORCYCLE HELMETS INTERFERE WITH THE VISION AND HEARING OF RIDERS? PY - 1996/06 IS - 127 SP - 2 p. AB - This technical bulletin summarizes a study which assessed the effects of motorcycle helmets upon seeing and hearing by having 50 riders operate over a test route, changing lanes in response to an audible signal under three helmet conditions: none, partial coverage, and full coverage. Half of the subjects were assessed for the degree of head rotation during lane changes, while the other half were assessed for hearing threshold (decibel level at which they first responded to the signal). Results showed that subjects in the vision study increased the degree of head rotation in proportion to the vision restrictions imposed by the helmet, though not to the full extent of the restriction. Subjects in the hearing study evidenced no differences in hearing thresholds across the three helmet conditions. The authors conclude that the effects of helmets upon the ability to see and hear are, at most, far too small to compromise the safety benefits offered by head protection. KW - Auditory perception KW - Head motion range KW - Head rotation KW - Helmets KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane changing KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vision KW - Vision restrictions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6795/tt127.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756384 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPROACHING ALTERNATIVE-FUELED VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1996/06 SP - 6 p. AB - The purpose of this brochure is to assist law enforcement officers, fire services, emergency medical service providers and other public safety personnel who arrive on the scene of an alternative-fueled vehicle crash. Emergency personnel must identify the specific type of fuel and secure the scene so rescue work can begin. They also need to know when to call for trained personnel equipped with proper protective gear for assistance. The goal is to protect the first arriving emergency responders, occupants of the vehicle, and bystanders at the scene. The alternative fuels mentioned in the brochure include liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, methanol, ethanol, and electric (300 volt) batteries. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6000/6064/altfuel.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754942 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY AND CRIME - KEEPING PACE PY - 1996/06 SP - 35 p. AB - This publication was developed at the request of numerous law enforcement agencies experiencing possible reduction or elimination of dedicated traffic units. As government attempts to accomplish more with dwindling resources, traffic units seem to be targeted as budget reducing items. Government leaders lack the information to justify traffic enforcement units in this difficult economic climate. "Traffic Safety and Crime - Keeping Pace" illustrates the dramatic effects that traffic crashes have on our society and its communities; death, injury and substantial monetary costs - all of which are greater than the costs associated with crime. Also highlighted are the numerous benefits that traffic safety and enforcement offer to communities: lower fatalities and injuries from traffic crashes, crimes being solved with criminals apprehended, reductions in crime, asset forfeitures, safer roadways, safer communities, lower health care costs, and slower tax growth. This package includes recommendations, resources and visual overheads to assist individuals in presenting an educational, informative and compelling presentation in support of their traffic safety and enforcement efforts or to help create one. KW - Assets KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Crimes KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Public information programs KW - Taxes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743770 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1995 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1996/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1995. The Table of Contents lists the following: General Crash Statements; North Dakota/Out-of-State Driver Involvement; Contributing Factors in 1995 Fatal Crashes; Total Fatalities and Fatality Rate North Dakota vs.National; 1995 Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County - Map; Reportable Crashes by County; Fatalities and Injuries Per County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities, Injuries, Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Injury Crash Involvement by Age, Sex, and License of Driver; Driver Violation - 1995 Crashes; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions; Crashes by Manner of Collision; Reportable Crashes by City; Crashes by Urban Population; Crashes by First Harmful Event; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crash Severity by Vehicle Type; Crashes by Roadway; and Average Economic Costs of North Dakota Traffic Crashes. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Counties KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Licenses KW - Light KW - Light conditions KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Periods of the day KW - Population KW - Restraint systems KW - Statistics KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle type KW - Violations KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736044 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILDREN AND YOUTH TRAFFIC SAFETY DATA BOOK PY - 1996/06 SP - 108 p. AB - This book provides data on fatal and nonfatal traffic-related injuries of young people ages 5 through 20. It is organized in the following sections: Overview, Alcohol, Safety Belts, Pedestrians, Bicycles, Motorcycles, Speed, and School Buses. The data are presented in charts and graphs accompanied by brief text descriptions. Both single-year and trend data are presented to provide a glimpse of the current status compared to the recent past. Unless otherwise noted, all single-year data are from 1994. The main data sources are the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatal Accident Reporting System and General Estimates System. This book is designed to present a national perspective to be utilized in conjunction with state and local data to convey the pervasive effects of traffic crashes on the lives of young people. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bus crashes KW - Charts KW - Children KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - General Estimates System KW - Graphs KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736052 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING A MUNICIPAL SPEED ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM PY - 1996/06 SP - 16 p. AB - This document provides step-by-step guidance to both law enforcement and civilian personnel on the development of traffic safety program support committees and the implementation of municipal speed enforcement and other special traffic safety programs. Suggestions are provided that can be followed to design and implement a traffic safety program composed of enforcement and public information and education about the special enforcement. KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Public information programs KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734535 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION STRATEGIC EXECUTION PLAN PY - 1996/06 SP - 52 p. AB - In December 1994, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued its Strategic Plan. While the plan was well received, many who saw it were curious to know more about what NHTSA will do to make the plan a reality. This document provides that next level of detail: the specific programs that the agency intends to implement; performance measures for them; and details about objectives and milestones. This Strategic Execution Plan (SEP) is an amended version of what was initially published in October 1995 as a draft for public comment. This plan will be a living document that will be amended as more is learned and discovered about what the public wants and how these goals can best be achieved. The contents are organized as follows: Message from the Administrator; Preface; Working Relationships; Management Principles; Measures of Performance; I. Provide Leadership and Set an Agenda (Goals 1 through 4); II. Support Research and Apply the Results to Education, Engineering, and Enforcement to Reduce Road Casualties and Costs (Goals 5 through 7); III. Transform NHTSA through Continuous Improvement (Goals 8 through 11); and Acronyms Used in this Plan. KW - Deployment KW - Leadership KW - Management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Performance measurement KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471392 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00728344 AU - Martinez, R AU - ITS America TI - SPEECH TO THE ITS AMERICA/NHTSA PEER REVIEW WORKSHOP PY - 1996/06 SP - p. 7-10 AB - In this speech, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Administrator welcomes workshop participants, briefly reviews the road NHTSA has taken to improve highway safety, and discusses NHTSA's involvement in the Department of Transportation's Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) program, which is centered on development of collision avoidance systems. He discusses in further detail the four parts of the collision avoidance system development program, which are (1) a comprehensive crash data assessment, (2) establishment of performance specifications that specify the technical attributes for these systems, (3) production-feasibility demonstration, and (4) assessment of benefits that are provided to the driving public by ITS collision avoidance systems. U1 - Peer Review of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ProgramITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Baltimore, Maryland StartDate:19951211 EndDate:19951212 Sponsors:ITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Benefits KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Data analysis KW - Development KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/467959 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00728347 AU - Young, S K AU - ITS America TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FOR LANE CHANGE, MERGING AND BACKING: PHASE I RESULTS AND FUTURE PLANS PY - 1996/06 SP - p. 27-41 AB - The objective of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)-funded study at TRW is to determine the performance specifications of collision avoidance systems (CASs) for lane change, merging, and backing. This four-year effort was initiated in the summer of 1993 and is being carried out in three phases. Phase I (completed) involved four tasks: crash problem analysis, functional goals establishment, existing hardware system testing, and preliminary performance specifications development. In Phase II advanced technologies potentially applicable to crash countermeasures are being evaluated and a testbed developed. Phase III will involve construction of the testbed and refining of the preliminary performance specifications obtained in Phase I. This paper summarizes Phase I results, which culminated in the preliminary performance specifications for a lane change CAS. U1 - Peer Review of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ProgramITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Baltimore, Maryland StartDate:19951211 EndDate:19951212 Sponsors:ITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driving KW - Hardware KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lane changing KW - Maneuvering KW - Merging KW - Merging traffic KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Technological innovations KW - Test beds KW - Testing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/467962 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00728349 AU - Carter, R AU - Barickman, F AU - ITS America TI - DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR CRASH AVOIDANCE RESEARCH PY - 1996/06 SP - p. 53-63 AB - The Development of a Portable Driver Performance Data Acquisition System for Human Factors Research project is a 39-month (program inception was October, 1992) two-phase effort being conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The primary objective of the project is to develop a portable data acquisition system for crash avoidance research (DASCAR) that will allow driver performance data to be collected using a large variety of vehicle types and that would be capable of being installed on a given vehicle type within a relatively short time frame. The project is being performed in two phases. Phase I, Feasibility of Developing a Portable Driver Performance Data Acquisition System (completed), involved identifying parameters and measures, identifying analysis tools and methods, identifying measurement techniques and state-of-the-art hardware, developing design requirements and specifications, determining the cost of one or more copies of the proposed system, and preparing the Phase I final report. Phase II, Development and Test of the Prototype Data Acquisition System (in-process), involves developing a plan and constructing the prototype driver performance data acquisition system, preparing an evaluation plan, conducting the evaluation, updating the system, performing pilot research, demonstrating and delivering the system, and training NHTSA staff. This paper provides an overview of the project, describes the requirements for the DASCAR, presents a diagram of the DASCAR, and describes the DASCAR sensor suite, video data system, central data collection/analysis facility, data management platform, and specifications. U1 - Peer Review of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ProgramITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Baltimore, Maryland StartDate:19951211 EndDate:19951212 Sponsors:ITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Costs KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Personnel performance KW - Prototype tests KW - Prototypes KW - Specifications KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/467964 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00728343 AU - ITS America TI - PEER REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM. WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, DECEMBER 11-12, 1995 PY - 1996/06 SP - 134p AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) prepared an Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Plan as part of the early planning for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) work within the Department of Transportation. Commercialization of effective collision avoidance systems, is one of the ultimate goals of the ITS program plan. To help achieve this goal, NHTSA established contracts to develop safety-based performance specification/guidelines for systems that would address four high-priority types of collision: rear-end collisions, collisions at intersections, single vehicle road departure collisions, and collisions associated with vehicles, pedestrians, or other objects in the driver's blindspot. The status of these projects was presented at a "peer review" workshop jointly sponsored by NHTSA and the Intelligent Transportation Society of America. This was the third in a series of jointly sponsored workshops which have focused on the NHTSA collision avoidance activities and the safety benefits associated with collision avoidance systems. The workshop provided participants opportunities to review and comment on the NHTSA collision avoidance research program, as well as provide in-depth discussions of the first three programs via participation in breakout groups. Four specific questions posed to workshop attendees included: (a) Are the performance specifications on the "right track"?; (b) What experiences or lessons learned can be offered for incorporation into the NHTSA program?; (c) Will the eventual results from the NHTSA work be useful to system designers? If not, what would be useful?; and (d) What guidance can be provided on methodologies to estimate the benefits which would accrue to systems designed to meet the performance specifications? These proceedings summarize the workshop findings. U1 - Peer Review of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ProgramITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Baltimore, Maryland StartDate:19951211 EndDate:19951212 Sponsors:ITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Benefits KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver blindspot collisions KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intersection collisions KW - Intersections KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Program evaluation KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research projects KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/467958 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00728345 AU - Burgett, A AU - ITS America TI - PRESENTATION TO THE OPENING SESSION OF THE NHTSA/ITS AMERICA PEER REVIEW WORKSHOP PY - 1996/06 SP - p. 11-15 AB - These remarks summarize the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) program, the long range goal of which is the availability to American taxpayers of effective collision avoidance systems as early as possible. The remarks concern program organization, program benefits, and research tools. U1 - Peer Review of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ProgramITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Baltimore, Maryland StartDate:19951211 EndDate:19951212 Sponsors:ITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Benefits KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Program organization KW - Research KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/467960 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00728346 AU - Wilson, T AU - ITS America TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS PY - 1996/06 SP - p. 19-26 AB - Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions is a four year (program inception May 1993) multi-phase program sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Office of Crash Avoidance Research, and performed by Frontier Engineering, Inc. The primary objective is to develop practical performance specifications for forward looking (rear-end) vehicular collision avoidance systems. To develop the performance specifications, the following steps will be taken: (Phase I) Initial Work (complete) - analyze the rear-end crash problem and identify opportunities to intervene, establish a set of functional goals, perform hardware testing of existing systems, and develop preliminary performance specifications; (Phase II) Understand the State of the Art (in process) - review all relevant technologies and develop countermeasures test bed system; and (Phase III) Test and Report - construct the test bed system, conduct testing, and publish performance specifications. This paper provides an overview of accomplishments to date and discusses the requirements of a Driver Warning System (DWS), driver interface development, mathematical modeling and simulation development, and specification development. U1 - Peer Review of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ProgramITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Baltimore, Maryland StartDate:19951211 EndDate:19951212 Sponsors:ITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Development KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Driver warning systems KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Program evaluation KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Simulation KW - State of the art studies KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/467961 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00728348 AU - Pomerleau, D AU - ITS America TI - PROGRAM OVERVIEW: RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1996/06 SP - p. 43-51 AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is a four year program sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The prime contractor for this effort is Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). The primary goal of the program is to develop practical performance specifications for roadway departure collision avoidance systems. The program is divided into three phases. Phase I was recently completed, and involved analyzing the roadway departure crash population, identifying opportunities for intervention, testing existing systems for preventing roadway departure crashes, and developing mathematical models of potential countermeasure systems and using these models to develop preliminary performance specifications. Phase II consists of two primary activities: reviewing state-of-the-art sensing, processing and driver interface technologies for their applicability to run-off-road collision prevention, and designing an advanced testbed vehicle for evaluating alternative countermeasures. Phase III will involve constructing the testbed, conducting and documenting tests of alternative countermeasure systems, and developing and publishing technology independent performance specifications for roadway departure collision avoidance systems based on test results. This paper provides information on run-off-road problem characterization, countermeasure functional goals, tests of existing technology, mathematical modeling, and preliminary performance specifications. U1 - Peer Review of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ProgramITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Baltimore, Maryland StartDate:19951211 EndDate:19951212 Sponsors:ITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intervention KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - State of the art studies KW - Test beds KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/467963 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00728350 AU - Ervin, R D AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Gilbert, K AU - ITS America TI - STATUS OF A MEASUREMENT AND PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR CHARACTERIZING THE VEHICLE MOTION ENVIRONMENT (VME) PY - 1996/06 SP - p. 65-72 AB - Under a cooperative agreement, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has been supporting a joint effort by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) and the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) to develop and demonstrate a "Measurement and Processing System for Quantitatively Characterizing the Vehicle Motion Environment" (VME). The system has been built and subjected to initial trials and an effort to further refine the system technology is now proceeding. When fully operational, the portable measurement system would be moved from one road site to the next around the country, compiling an archival data set that would represent the near-range behavior of vehicles operating in traffic in the U.S. The VME data record would document our national everyday-driving experience in terms that would assist in developing an "active safety technology" (AST). This paper characterizes the state of VME development and reviews the plan for its application. Also, a review is given of the broad rationale for VME measurement in the context of the global initiative to advance crash avoidance technology. U1 - Peer Review of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ProgramITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Baltimore, Maryland StartDate:19951211 EndDate:19951212 Sponsors:ITS America - Advanced Vehicle Control Systems Committee, Safety and Human Factors Committee; and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data collection KW - In-vehicle measurement systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle motion environment KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/467965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724893 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nikkel, C AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - SPORT/UTILITIES SUCKER PUNCHED PY - 1996/06 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - p. 38 AB - In its latest round of five-mph bumper tests, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) reported astronomical total repair costs for six sport/utility vehicles. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) says, however, that the type of accident IIHS is simulating might statistically occur once in 40 years of average driving. Still, IIHS maintains that all passenger vehicles should withstand at least flat barrier tests at five mph without damage, although few cars do this and not one utility vehicle tested. NHTSA says that the IIHS tests highlight a pocketbook issue, not a safety issue. NHTSA has the authority to apply bumper standards to sport/utility vehicles, but four studies by the agency over the past 15 years show little benefit to the consumer to justify the added cost and lowered fuel economy caused by brawnier bumpers. In addition, bumper standards require uniform bumper height for all vehicles, but 4x4s need higher clearance to drive off road. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bumper standards KW - Bumpers KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Testing KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463761 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724894 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nikkel, C AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - CAPITOL NOTES: RECORD RECALLS; EMISSIONS TESTING RELIEF?, AND INSURANCE MATH FACTS PY - 1996/06 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - p. 38 AB - The following facts are noted: Record Recalls - In 1995, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched a total of 305 safety recall campaigns, 64% instigated by NHTSA and 36% voluntary recalls by the manufacturers. Emissions Testing Relief? - The Cato Institute suggests that new remote-sensing technology that is inexpensive and mobile be used to identify and cite polluting vehicles, saving everybody a trip to the emissions center. Insurance Math Facts - According to the Insurance Information Institute, for every $100 the consumer pays in auto premiums, $42 pays injury claims and $37 pays damage repair. The insurance company keeps $24 to cover insurance sales, process claims, and pay stockholders and state taxes and fees. The total for costs comes to $103, but the insurance companies gain $11 by investing premiums. Subtracting the $103 in costs, and another three dollars in federal taxes, the companies end up with a five-dollar after-tax profit on every $100. KW - Emissions testing KW - Insurance rates KW - Measurement KW - Pollutants KW - Recall campaigns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736807 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IVHS COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS, TASK 2--FUNCTIONAL GOALS PY - 1996/05/20 SP - 46 p. AB - The IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions program's primary objective is the development of practical performance guidelines or specifications for rear-end collision avoidance systems. This work focuses on light vehicles only and emphasizes autonomous in-vehicle-based equipment. This Task 2 interim report presents the functional goals developed for three basic types of rear-end collision avoidance and related systems [Driver Warning System (DWS), Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) System, Automatic Control System (ACS)]. In addition, the report presents the dynamic situations relevant to the rear-end crash problem. These dynamic situations allow the events leading to accidents, and accidents themselves, to be subdivided into smaller groups that can be addressed individually. To establish the functional goals, a taxonomy of collision subsets and crash-related events that provide a basis for identifying opportunities for intervention in the sequence of events leading to a crash was developed. The functional goals established for each of the system types is based on this taxonomy. The report also established the terms and definitions as they relate to this program. This is done to provide background into the rear-end collision avoidance problem and to standardize on definitions and terminology. The results presented in this report are based on a limited amount of work carried out with limited interaction with the academic, research, and industry communities. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Functional goals KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Rear end crashes KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5300/5384/826.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736055 AU - Horne, W AU - McOmber, R AU - Bruno, R AU - Stanford Telecommunications, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ITS ARCHITECTURE REQUIREMENTS AND FEATURES NEEDED TO PROVIDE FOR SAFETY-RELATED ITS USER SERVICES. TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1996/05/16 SP - 2 p. AB - The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Architecture is based on Department of Transportation (DOT) requirements to provide user services in areas such as mass transit, commercial vehicle operations, traffic management, and personal vehicles, among others. The objective of this task was to assess the extent to which the ITS Architecture supports or is compatible with safety-related ITS user services of interest to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), particularly those having significant in-vehicle control and warning functionality. The task was structured to permit feedback of NHTSA needs and concerns to the architecture development teams during the process of ITS Architecture development. The study found no major issues in the ITS Architecture that would limit or adversely impact the efforts of NHTSA to facilitate the deployment of future in-vehicle safety-related systems. To a large extent, this can be attributed to the fact that the ITS Architecture does not address in-vehicle safety systems in detail--actual deployment and design issues were considered beyond the scope of the architecture. It also assumes that these systems fall into the category of higher risk/later deployment, with most of the cost being borne by the private sector. The study did, however, identify several technical concerns and issues that were brought to the attention of NHTSA and the ITS Architecture Team during the course of the effort. While several areas of concern were addressed by the Architecture Team during the course of the study, other issues (documented in the final report) remain open. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive control systems KW - Compatibility KW - Control systems KW - In-vehicle safety systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - System architecture KW - System design KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730647 AU - Horne, W AU - McOmber, R AU - Bruno, R AU - Stanford Telecommunications, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ITS ARCHITECTURE REQUIREMENTS AND FEATURES NEEDED TO PROVIDE FOR SAFETY-RELATED ITS USER SERVICES PY - 1996/05/16 SP - 53 p. AB - The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Architecture is based on Department of Transportation (DOT) requirements to provide user services in areas such as mass transit, commercial vehicle operations, traffic management, and personal vehicles, among others. The objective of this task was to assess the extent to which the ITS Architecture supports or is compatible with safety-related ITS user services of interest to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), particularly those having significant in-vehicle control and warning functionality. The task was structured to permit feedback of NHTSA needs and concerns to the architecture development teams during the process of ITS Architecture development. The study found no major issues in the ITS Architecture that would limit or adversely impact the efforts of NHTSA to facilitate the deployment of future in-vehicle safety-related systems. To a large extent, this can be attributed to the fact that the ITS Architecture does not address in-vehicle safety systems in detail--actual deployment and design issues were considered beyond the scope of the architecture. It also assumes that these systems fall into the category of higher risk/later deployment, with most of the cost being borne by the private sector. The study did, however, identify several technical concerns and issues that were brought to the attention of NHTSA and the ITS Architecture Team during the course of the effort. While several areas of concern were addressed by the Architecture Team during the course of the study, other issues (documented in the final report) remain open. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive control systems KW - Compatibility KW - Control systems KW - In-vehicle safety systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - System architecture KW - System design KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466168 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724916 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - URBAN FREEWAY SPEEDS JUMP IN FIRST STATES TO RAISE SPEED LIMITS PY - 1996/05/04 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 7 AB - Using photo radar technology, researchers monitored traffic speeds on urban freeways in two communities -- Houston, Texas and Riverside, California -- just before the limits were raised and three months after they were raised, following abolishment of the national maximum speed limit. Speed limits in Texas climbed to 70 mph from 55 mph, and California's limits rose to 65 mph from 55. There were substantial increases in average speeds on these roads plus increases in the percentages of cars traveling faster than 70 mph, 75 mph, and even 80 mph in both states. Telephone surveys of residents in communities where researchers monitored speeds reveal respondents' perceptions of speed and speed enforcement. More than 80% in both communities sail they're concerned about the speeds of other vehicles on the roads. In both communities, the majority of respondents said enforcement of speed limits hasn't changed since the limits were raised. When asked it they'd ever received a speeding ticket on freeways in their area, 19% of Riverside respondents and 25% in Houston said yes. KW - Abolishment KW - Average travel speed KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Increase KW - Law enforcement KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Perception KW - Residents KW - Riverside (California) KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Violations UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3104.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463777 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724913 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - ENFORCEMENT OF PURCHASING AGE LAWS OFTEN NOT HIGH PRIORITY PY - 1996/05/04 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 4 AB - Minimum purchasing age laws for alcohol have led to crash reductions among young people, but the laws aren't well enforced by officials who may perceive their communities don't put high priority on curbing underage drinking. This finding by two studies from University of Minnesota researchers is discussed in this article along with related findings. The studies, which appear in Public Health Reports 110:4, are "Deterring Sales and Provision of Alcohol to Minors: A Study of Enforcement in 295 Counties in Four States" by A.C. Wagenaar el al. and "Law Officers' Views of Enforcement of the Minimum Drinking Age: A Four-State Study" by A.C. Wagenaar and M. Wolfson. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal drinking age KW - Minors KW - Police KW - Purchasing KW - Sales UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3104.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463774 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724911 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SIDE-IMPACT AIR BAGS NEW ON SAFETY MARQUEE PY - 1996/05/04 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 1-2,6-7 AB - Side impacts account for about 30% of all passenger vehicle occupant deaths. Serious injuries in side impacts usually involve the head, chest and abdomen. Thus, while side air bags aren't legally required, there is a growing market for them, especially as the benefits of frontal air bags become known. Side air bags will be in 1,700,000 vehicles worldwide by the end of 1996--about 300,000 of them in North America. They are projected to be in 5,000,000 vehicles worldwide in 1997. More cars in Europe will have side bags initially than in the United States, but the numbers should even out by 1999. Luxury cars generally will get side bags first, and midsize cars will follow. Small cars will get them, too, but on a more limited basis. The first side bag for a small car will debut in a 1997 model. Autoliv, Europe's largest manufacturer of air bags and safety belts, developed the world's first side-impact air bag for the Volvo 850. The company has air bag contracts with virtually every carmaker in Europe as well as orders from major U.S. manufacturers. Side air bags are mounted either in the door or in the seat. They will primarily use electronic sensors located in the crush zone to trigger deployment. They must detect an impact within 4-5 milliseconds, compared with 15-20 milliseconds in a frontal crash. They also must inflate faster--within 20 milliseconds after initial impact compared with 60-75 milliseconds for frontal bags. Tests conducted by air bag suppliers and automakers indicate side bags provide a 40-60% reduction in the dummy injury criteria for the head and chest. One company's tests have shown up to an 80% improvement in head injury scores with a head/thorax bag. There are potential barriers to widespread use of advanced restraints like side-impact air bags for the head and chest. Some automakers believe the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's new head impact protection standard conflicts with the use of alternative head protection systems, including side air bags. BMW, Mercedes, Volkswagen, and Volvo have asked that the rule be changed to allow compliance alternatives for vehicles with such dynamic protection systems. Regardless of the possible regulatory hurdles, air bag suppliers and auto manufacturers are not only proceeding with side bags but also with plans for other kinds of air bags, such as a knee bag, an inflatable head restraint, bags for rollover protection, and an external bag to cushion the vehicle itself in a crash. Side-impact air bags for people in rear seats may be constrained by economics as well as the low occupancy rate in the rear seats of passenger vehicles on U.S. roads. KW - Air bags KW - Availability KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Head KW - Head protection KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Market assessment KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Supply KW - Test results KW - Thorax UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3104.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724915 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - TEENAGERS USE THEIR SAFETY BELTS MORE BUT STILL NOT AS MUCH AS OLDER PEOPLE PY - 1996/05/04 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 5 AB - Driver belt use among students attending Maryland high schools was higher in 1995 at four of five schools surveyed in both 1988 and 1995. However, belt use still remains too low among teenage drivers, and is even lower among teenage passengers. A strong relationship was found between driver and passenger safety belt use. In vehicles with both a driver and right front passenger, 70% of the passengers were belted if the driver buckled up. If the driver wasn't belted, only 22% of the passengers used their belts. Females were more likely to buckle up than males, with 74% of all female high school drivers and right front passengers using belts, compared with 57% of males. Also, safety belt use corresponded to each community's socioeconomic status - areas with high median household incomes had schools with high driver belt use rates and those with low incomes had schools with low safety belt use. Maryland has secondary belt law enforcement provisions, meaning another violation has to be detected before an officer can issue a citation for not using a belt. Primary enforcement of safety belt use laws would get more teenagers to buckle up. These results are reported by A.F. Williams el al. in "Variations in High School Safety Belt Use" (available from Insurance Institute for Highway Safety). KW - Adolescents KW - Females KW - Income KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Males KW - Maryland KW - Passengers KW - Persons by socioeconomic levels KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3104.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463776 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724912 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - AUTOMAKER PLANS FOR SIDE-IMPACT AIR BAGS PY - 1996/05/04 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 3 AB - This article presents the plans of some well known automakers regarding side-impact air bags. Among the automakers mentioned are Audi/Volkswagen, BMW, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Mazda, Mercedes, Nissan, Saab, Subaru, Toyota, and Volvo. KW - Air bags KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile manufacturers KW - Side crashes UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3104.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724914 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DRIVERS VOICE SUPPORT FOR ZERO TOLERANCE, GRADUATED LICENSING PY - 1996/05/04 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 4 AB - A new study from the Insurance Research Council finds that there is strong support for zero tolerance laws and graduated licensing laws for beginning drivers. A national survey found that 76% of respondents favor zero alcohol tolerance laws for drivers younger than 21 who, under zero tolerance, would lose all driving privileges if caught driving with any alcohol in their blood. Zero tolerance laws are particularly supported by parents of teenage children - 82% of respondents with children 13-17 years old rate the idea as excellent or good. Also, 69% of parents with children 13-17 years old said they favor graduated licensing. The same percentage favor night driving curfews for teenagers. Sixty percent of parents said making teenagers wait until age 18 or older for their licenses is an excellent or good idea. These survey findings are included in "Public Attitude Monitor 1995" by the Insurance Research Council, 211 South Wheaton Avenue, Wheaton, IL 60187. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Attitudes KW - Curfew KW - Data collection KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Graduated licensing KW - Laws KW - Night driving KW - Parents KW - Regulation KW - Surveys KW - Zero tolerance UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3104.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399680 AU - Wiliszowski, C AU - Murphy, P AU - Jones, R AU - Lacey, J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Determine reasons for repeat drinking and driving PY - 1996/05 IS - DOT HS 808 401 SP - 44p KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitude KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Drink driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Motivation KW - Motivation KW - Penalties KW - Penalty KW - Prevention KW - Recidivist KW - Recidivists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167464 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01387886 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - FMVSS 121 recodified: air brake systems PY - 1996/05 IS - FMVSS 121 SP - 27289-304 KW - Air brake KW - Air brakes KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Design standard KW - Design standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1155652 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00814074 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY ANALYZES CRASHES ON THE CAPITAL BELTWAY PY - 1996/05 IS - 124 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored six studies to better understand how and why crashes occur on the Capital Beltway. This Traffic Tech describes one of these studies. Preusser Research Group, Inc., of Trumbull, Connecticut examined the patterns of crashes during a two-year period - 1993 and 1994. They looked beyond the physical characteristics of crashes to categorize driver behavioral errors that so often cause crashes. For these two years, three types of crashes accounted for 78% of all Beltway crashes: stop-slowing rear-end collisions (36%); ran off road (23%); and sideswipe-cutoff (18%). KW - Behavior KW - Capital Beltway KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6807/tt124.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688879 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00814071 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSIVE ALCOHOL SENSORS TESTED IN 3 STATES FOR YOUTH ALCOHOL ENFORCEMENT PY - 1996/05 IS - 121 SP - 2 p. AB - The passive alcohol sensor is a promising technology for enhancing impaired driving enforcement, especially at lower blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels. The sensors are designed to sample the air immediately around the suspect for signs of exhaled alcohol. Rather than giving a precise BAC level, sensors typically indicate the presence of alcohol, but not the amount. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored a field evaluation of several different passive alcohol sensor devices to assess their use as part of normal or typical police operations. Three municipal police agencies located in states with zero tolerance laws participated in the study, which focused on youth alcohol enforcement. This Traffic Tech summarizes the study findings. About 27% of all deployments resulted in a positive BAC reading and about 16% of all tested suspects were charged with an alcohol related violation. Participating officers viewed passive alcohol sensors as useful at (1) sobriety checkpoints, (2) crash investigations, (3) underage liquor law and zero tolerance violations, and (4) school and community presentations, but as less useful for routine patrol operations. KW - Alcohol use KW - Field tests KW - Passive alcohol sensors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Police operations KW - Sensors KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Zero tolerance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6801/tt121.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688875 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00814072 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL DISPATCH: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM READY PY - 1996/05 IS - 122 SP - 2 p. AB - This Traffic Tech describes the recently updated "Emergency Medical Dispatch: National Standard Curriculum," which was developed in 1972. Emergency service providers use these uniform standards to develop or select an emergency medical dispatch program that includes proper training of emergency medical dispatchers along with medically approved protocols. KW - Curricula KW - Dispatchers KW - Emergency medical services KW - Standards KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6796/tt122.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00814073 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES INSTRUCTOR TRAINING PROGRAM OF THE NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM REVISED PY - 1996/05 IS - 123 SP - 2 p. AB - In 1986, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) developed the first edition of the "Emergency Medical Services Instructor Training Program" to teach instructor skills to Emergency Medical Services (EMS) experts. In 1990, NHTSA revised the EMT-Basic Course from a diagnosis based curriculum to an assessment based curriculum. To keep up with these changes in the National Standard Curriculum, NHTSA has just revised the "Emergency Medical Services Instructor Training Program: National Standard Curriculum." This Traffic Tech briefly describes the revisions, which were well received in pilot tests. KW - Curricula KW - Emergency medical services KW - Instructors KW - Revisions KW - Standards KW - Training programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6797/tt123.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688878 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00814075 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPENDIUM OF RESEARCH AND EVALUATIONS IN TRAFFIC SAFETY PUBLISHED PY - 1996/05 IS - 125 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Office of Program Development and Evaluation (OPDE) conducts research projects that investigate human attitudes, behaviors, and failures as they relate to motor vehicle crashes. This Traffic Tech describes NHTSA's "Compendium of Traffic Safety Research Projects: A Decade and Beyond," an annotated bibliography of behavioral research and evaluations that gives a brief description of almost 200 of OPDE's projects. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Crash investigation KW - Human error KW - Research projects KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6793/tt125.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754943 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GETTING STARTED: A GUIDE TO DEVELOPING SAFE COMMUNITIES PY - 1996/05 SP - 93 p. AB - Safe Community programs are grounded in two basic principles. They are founded on the goal of reducing traffic injuries and are dependent upon a diverse group of partners for their success. They emphasize data sources in addition to police crash report forms as well as the need for coordination among prevention, acute care, and rehabilitation efforts. A Safe Community program serves as the vehicle for health, safety, and business partners in implementing injury control at the local level. Safe Communities have four defining characteristics. 1. Data Linkage - Including injury and cost reduction data means that different data sources need to be identified. Health departments, hospitals, emergency medical service providers, businesses, rehabilitation programs, and insurance companies become sources for understanding the magnitude and consequences of traffic injuries and monitoring progress in reducing the problem. 2. Expanded Partnerships - The Safe Community coalition will include traditional traffic safety partners such as law enforcement, local government, schools, courts, businesses, health departments, and community organizations, They will include, as well, medical, acute care, and rehabilitation agencies in prevention efforts. 3. Citizen Involvement and Input - Safe Community programs provide opportunities for citizen involvement into the program. 4. Comprehensive Injury Control Program - Safe Community programs use an integrated and comprehensive injury control system incorporating prevention, acute care and rehabilitation as active and essential participants in addressing community injury problems. KW - Acute care KW - Businesses KW - City planning KW - Communities KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Data sources KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Emergency medical services KW - Guidelines KW - Health care KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Injury control systems KW - Insurance industry KW - Partnerships KW - Police reports KW - Prevention KW - Public participation KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safe communities KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744500 AU - Tan, A K AU - Lerner, N D AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACOUSTIC LOCALIZATION OF IN-VEHICLE CRASH AVOIDANCE WARNINGS AS A CUE TO HAZARD DIRECTION PY - 1996/05 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of warning sounds is to alert a driver of potential roadway hazards detected by an in-vehicle crash avoidance warning device. This study investigated acoustical localization of the warning sound as a means of indicating hazard location. The research focused on several factors: speed and accuracy of responses, the effects on performance of sound type, speaker location, and using speaker pairs to provide directional cues. The study involved subjects responding to alarms of various types and from various locations within a Ford Taurus while they performed an auxiliary task. Under the conditions of this experiment, subjects were able to localize the direction of a warning signal with reasonable speed and accuracy. This indicates that directional acoustic cues have the potential to speed driver response to hazards. However, there was meaningful variation among alternative warning sounds and speaker locations. Auditory warnings should not be viewed as generally adequate for localized warnings without consideration of the signal and source. The better-performing sound/speaker combinations of this study led to broadly correct, though imprecise, orientation, with relatively few perceptual reversals. Performance appears promising, though generalizability of the implications is reserved until validation and additional vehicle types and environmental conditions can be confirmed. KW - Acoustic signal processing KW - Acoustic signals KW - Alarm systems KW - Alarms KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral research KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Direction finding KW - Driver information systems KW - Human factors KW - Localization KW - Location KW - Psychology KW - Radio direction finders KW - Research KW - Route guidance KW - Warning signals KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5331.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474030 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743790 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Luoma, J AU - SCHUMANN, J AU - Traube, E C AU - Elsevier TI - EFFECTS OF RETROREFLECTOR POSITIONING ON NIGHTTIME RECOGNITION OF PEDESTRIANS PY - 1996/05 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - p. 377-383 AB - This field study investigated potential effects of retroreflector positioning on recognition of nighttime pedestrians. The subject's task was to press a response button whenever he/she recognized a pedestrian on or alongside the road, while in a car with low-beam lamps on that was driven at a constant speed on a dark road. The results showed that each retroreflector configuration yielded significantly longer recognition distances than the no-retroreflector configuration. More importantly, the retroreflective markings attached to the limbs led to significantly longer (about 60-80%) recognition distances than when the retroreflective markings were attached to the torso. Furthermore, a pedestrian was more recognizable while crossing the road than while approaching the subject vehicle, except for configurations involving no retroreflective markings. KW - Arm KW - Automobile driving KW - Leg KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - Night visibility KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Perception KW - Positioning KW - Recognition KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Torso (Human body) KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474641 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743789 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Evans, Leonard AU - GERRISH, P H AU - Elsevier TI - ANTILOCK BRAKES AND RISK OF FRONT AND REAR IMPACT IN TWO-VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1996/05 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - p. 315-323 AB - While antilock brakes (ABS) have been convincingly demonstrated to enhance test track braking performance, their effect on crash risk in actual driving has been less clear. This research was conducted to seek clear associations between ABS and risk of involvement in one particular class of crashes, namely, two vehicle crashes, particularly on wet roads. Police reported crashes in which a following vehicle strikes the rear of a lead vehicle are extracted from 1992 and 1993 calendar year data for five states. The study uses seven General Motors passenger vehicles having ABS as standard equipment for 1992 models but not available for 1991. It is found that when driving on wet roads ABS reduces the risk of a vehicle crashing into a lead vehicle compared to its risk of being struck in the rear by (48 + or - 6)% (the error limits are one standard error). This large effect could arise from reduced risk of front impacts or increased risk of rear impacts. Using the assumption that side impact crashes estimate exposure showed that, for wet roads, ABS reduces the risk of crashing into a lead vehicle by (32 + or - 8)%, but increases the risk of being struck in the rear by (30 + or - 14)%. KW - Accident risks KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Passenger cars KW - Pavements KW - Rear end crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle vehicle collisions KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734532 AU - Boyle, J M AU - Schulman, Ronca, and Bucuvalas, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 1995 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SURVEY PY - 1996/05 SP - 112 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a national Customer Satisfaction Survey in response to the requirements of the National Performance Review and Executive Order 12862. An independent research organization, Schulman, Ronca and Bucuvalas, Inc., administered the telephone survey to 4003 persons ages 16 and older randomly selected from across the United States. The survey was administered during November and December 1995. Data from the sample were weighted to produce national estimates. Results from the survey show strong public support for a federal role in promoting traffic safety. A large majority of the public think it is very important that the federal government conduct public education campaigns, conduct research on motor vehicle safety and safe highway design, regulate the safety of heavy trucks, and require manufacturers to improve vehicle safety features. More than two-thirds favor government crash testing of vehicles and believe that the government should set crash safety and safety equipment standards. Most favor government being able to require manufacturers to recall vehicles for safety-related defects, and two-thirds favor government financial support to states and localities for driver education. Most think it is important that the federal government provide consumer information on traffic safety issues, and three-fourths think it is very important to have a national safety hotline number. However, only a small percentage knew that such a hotline already exists. KW - Attitudes KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer education KW - Crashes KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Customer service KW - Driver education KW - Education KW - Federal government KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Impact tests KW - Market surveys KW - National safety hotline KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Recall campaigns KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Surveys KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25902/DOT-HS-808-439.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732402 AU - Knoebel, K Y AU - Ross, H L AU - Ketron Division of the Bionetics Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE REVOCATION ON EMPLOYMENT PY - 1996/05 SP - 245 p. AB - This project addressed: (1) the impact of administrative license revocation (ALR) on the employment of first and multiple drunk-driving (DUI) offenders, and (2) the impact of alcohol-related crashes on the employment of crash-involved persons (i.e., innocent drivers, passengers, and pedestrians). In-person DUI offender questionnaires were completed by 579 first offenders and 233 multiple offenders (812 total) at alcohol education schools and treatment programs in the following four counties, which represented varying levels of ALR: Chester County, PA (no ALR), Anne Arundel County, MD (immediate hardship license available), Marin County, CA (30-day hard license suspension), and New Castle County, DE (90-day hard license suspension). Completed crash victim surveys were returned by 146 crash victims from Pennsylvania, California, and Delaware. The data in this study show that administrative license revocation does not have a pronounced impact on the DUI offender's job and income. Alcohol-involved crashes have a great impact on seriously injured victims. However, the proportion of DUI crashes producing serious injury is quite low. Most DUI is crash-free, and most crashes do not involve injury. Thus, the vast bulk of the impact of DUI falls on the offenders, and not the victims. Policy recommendations based on the study findings are: (1) One should not expect loss of jobs and income from administrative license revocations as great as 90 days for first offenders. Since such revocation has safety benefits, continued support for the adoption of administrative license revocation in the 12 states that do not yet have ALR is recommended. (2) The data indicate no strong reason to prefer one form or duration of ALR over another, from the viewpoint of minimizing economic consequences. (3) Because the population perceives the risk of apprehension for unlicensed driving as very low, more should be done to increase the rate of detection, and such efforts should be widely publicized. (4) States should facilitate license reinstatement so that more drivers become relicensed at the end of their sanction period. (5) Since the public is still not familiar with administrative license revocation, more resources should be devoted to publicizing this remedial action in order to achieve general deterrence. KW - Administrative license revocation KW - Administrative procedures KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license reinstatement KW - Driver licenses KW - Driving without a license KW - Drunk driving KW - Employment KW - Impact studies KW - Licensing KW - Offenders KW - Policy KW - Publicity KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - Victims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725636 AU - Wiliszowski, C AU - Murphy, P AU - Jones, R AU - LACEY, J AU - Mid-America Research Institute, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINE REASONS FOR REPEAT DRINKING AND DRIVING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1996/05 SP - 54 p. AB - This document summarizes the results of a study about why some individuals repeatedly drive while under the influence or intoxicated, even after being convicted of DWI and after experiencing sanctions. Qualified interviewers (trained counselors and probation officers in the substance abuse field) asked repeat offenders directly about their life experiences with the legal and adjudication process, as well as about their personal backgrounds. One hundred and eight-two interviews were conducted at three project sites (Phoenix, Arizona; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and the 18th Judicial District in Colorado) between February and October 1995. All of the taped interviews were reviewed in an attempt to identify reasons for repeating the behavior, countermeasures or sanctions experienced, and perceptions about those measures, and to learn about any suggestions repeat offenders might have for discouraging or stopping DWI. Promising countermeasures and sanctions are discussed. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral research KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing KW - Psychology KW - Repeat offenders KW - Research KW - Sanctions UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/reasons.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5879/reasons.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460934 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724921 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - BONDY, N AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - INCREASING THE NUMBER OF CRASHES INVOLVING AIR BAG-EQUIPPED VEHICLES IN THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM PY - 1996/05 SP - 2 p. AB - With the increase in the number of passenger vehicles equipped with air bags, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is evaluating fatality and injury risk to occupants of passenger vehicles to better understand the performance of the air bag. The data to evaluate the injury-reducing performance of the air bag come from the National Accident Sampling System's Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). CDS is a probability sample of all police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes occurring in the United States involving at least one passenger car, pickup, van or utility vehicle that was towed due to damage from the crash. This Research Note describes the methodology used to increase the number of crashes involving air bag-equipped vehicles in the CDS. The methodology involved changing the stratum weights to place more emphasis on the late model year strata and changing the definition of late model year from the five most recent model years to the four most recent model years. It is estimated that these changes will increase the ratio of late model year cases to non-late model year cases from three-to-two to five-to-two. KW - Air bags KW - Crashworthiness Data System KW - Methodology KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Performance evaluations KW - Revisions KW - Sampling KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463781 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724906 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - DIGGES, K AU - Meczkowski, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA CRASH TESTS FIND NEW APPLICATION PY - 1996/05 SP - p. 3 AB - Since 1970, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has crashed more than 2,000 vehicles in testing guardrails, median barriers, and breakaway luminaire supports. These tests have included many different kinds of impacts with both the front and side of a vehicle. After a crash, complex spinning motion and rollovers sometimes occur. The National Crash Analysis Center (NCAC) is using these crash film resources in a new way for a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored program. The objective is to find out how air bag-protected occupants are being injured in frontal crashes. Frontal crash tests conducted by NHTSA are useful in evaluating how air bags work under a standard crash. In these tests, the crash test dummy moves straight forward into the air bag. However, research is showing that many injuries occur because people miss the air bag. The FHWA crash tests are used to study occupant motion in complex real-world crashes. Using the resources of the FHWA/NHTSA Crash Film Library, NCAC has developed a new methodology for reconstructing real-world crashes. NCAC maintains a library of all the crash test films and data conducted by FHWA and NHTSA since 1970. More than 15,000 test films of almost every model of vehicle are in the library. Each crash in the study is initially documented by an experienced crash investigator. Photographs and descriptions of the crash scene, vehicle, occupant, and injuries are available. The NHTSA crash films of a similar vehicle are reviewed to determine the characteristics of the vehicle and air bag in a standard frontal crash. Next, the FHWA crash tests provide a vehicle that produced motion similar to that observed in the real-world crash. Using a combination of the NHTSA and FHWA crash test films as a basis, the occupant motion is reconstructed by computer simulation. This determines the actual motion of the occupant and the probable reason for the injury. This research approach has discovered injury mechanisms not apparent in standard air bag testing. (Entire Article) KW - Air bags KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injury causes KW - Occupant kinematics KW - Occupant kinetics KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724897 JO - Home & Away (Indianapolis Edition) PB - Automobile Association of America AU - Strongman, T AU - Automobile Association of America TI - HARD DRIVES: COMPUTERS IN CARS MAY BE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT SINCE THE WHEEL PY - 1996/05 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - p. 36 AB - Second generation On-Board Diagnostics (OBD II) is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to computers in cars. Through a labyrinth of electronic sensors, multiplex wiring systems and computer modules, just about everything that happens in a car is controlled by a computer, from gear shifts and spark ignition to anti-lock braking. The 1996 Lincoln Continental's electronic system represents the new wave of automotive computers. The driver can select low, normal or high steering effort; plush, normal or firm ride settings for the ride; and decide if the horn honks when the alarm is activated, if the seat slides back and down for easier exit when the key is turned off, and if the rear view mirrors point down when reverse is selected. The engine, in addition to OBD II, has an Electronic Engine Control (EEC-V) module which controls fuel mixture and spark timing. Because of these electronic advances, the Continental in one of the most driver-controlled vehicles on the road today, and it is not alone in terms of computer sophistication. In the next century, your car's best friend may well be a computer technician. KW - Automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine controls KW - Information processing KW - Onboard diagnostics KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463763 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724868 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Oldham, S AU - Lamm, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HAPPY 100TH! THE DEFINING ELEMENT OF AMERICAN LIFE CELEBRATES ITS CENTENNIAL PY - 1996/05 VL - 173 IS - 5 SP - p. 47-59 AB - The American automobile industry celebrates its 100th birthday this year. The car made Americans truly free and that freedom of mobility changed everything about this country. This article recounts the story of the American automobile industry from its birth in 1896, when Charles Duryea set up a small factory in Springfield, Massachusetts, specifically to build motorcars for profit (a novel idea at the time), to 1995, when for the first time in history Americans bought more trucks than cars. A brief glimpse at what is in store for the future of the automobile industry concludes the article. KW - Automobile industry KW - History UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463749 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724870 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Wilson, J AU - Hearst Magazines TI - GM ELECTRIC VEHICLE OFFERS 'NO PLUG' RECHARGING PY - 1996/05 VL - 173 IS - 5 SP - p. 19 AB - There are 4.2 miles of wire and 26 12-volt batteries in General Motors' first electric car, but no plug. The company's recently introduced EV1 2-seat coupe uses Delco Electronics' new Magne Charge inductive charging system, which eliminates shock hazards during battery charging. The driver parks the car and inserts a weatherproof plastic paddle into the EV1's charge port. An off-board AC charger creates a 120-kw magnetic field that energizes the car's on-board converter, which produces DC for battery charging. Recharges take from 3 to 15 hours, depending on whether the driver connects the EV to a 240- or 120-volt AC charger. GM plans to use the Delco system on the electric version of its Chevrolet S-Series pickup, scheduled to be available to fleet owners during the first half of 1997. The system has been licensed to Toyota and will appear on Japanese EVs as well. KW - Battery chargers KW - Battery charging KW - Electric vehicles KW - Recharge KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463751 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724869 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Gromer, C AU - Hearst Magazines TI - NEW HOME FOR A HALLOWED HALL PY - 1996/05 VL - 173 IS - 5 SP - p. 60-61 AB - The Automotive Hall of Fame offers a unique opportunity to appreciate the history of the motor-vehicle business by recognizing the contributions of the innovative men and women who shaped the industry and gave it direction. Dating back to 1939, when the organization was called the Automobile Old Timers, the founders established three primary missions that still hold today: Preserve the history of automobile pioneers, honor the living for their achievements and construct a hall of fame. The Hall of Fame was built in Midland, Michigan, and dedicated in October 1976. While this facility is somewhat convenient to Detroit, the automobile hub of the nation and auto capital of the world, it is still about 130 miles north of Detroit (a good 2- to 2 1/2-hr car ride). So the Automotive Hall of Fame is moving to Dearborn, next to the Henry Ford Museum. This article describes the new location and new building, and the expected enhancement of its many programs. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive hall of fame KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463750 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724890 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - MARYLAND MAN AMAZED, ANGERED BY PILES OF BEER CANS LITTERING ROADSIDES: RECYCLING PROJECT BECOMES SURVEY OF DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1996/04/20 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 4-5 AB - Dennis Brezina started collecting cans for recycling to benefit a local homeless shelter and what he discovered amazes and angers him. He began by picking up cans on the way to the post office and was amazed at the number of beer cans on what he now calls "beer can alley". His project has turned into a quest of sorts to see how many motorists consume alcohol while they drive. He patterned his survey after the Audubon Society's bird nesting surveys and now regularly patrols roads in about 320 sq mi of Maryland and Delaware, visiting selected sites one or more times every two to three weeks. Thus far this year he's gathered more than 7,100 cans (only about 10% are soda cans). He plans to continue his survey for about two years and to create a newsletter and Internet web page to share his information and connect with other people who may be doing the same thing. He also wants to attract the attention of Maryland government officials and hopes something good will come of his efforts. KW - Beer cans KW - Drunk driving KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Surveys UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3103.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463758 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724889 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - MAKING CHECKPOINTS BETTER: REDESIGNED PASSIVE SENSOR ADDRESSES LIMITATIONS OF OLDER ONES PY - 1996/04/20 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 3-4 AB - Currently, many drivers with illegal blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) aren't being detected at sobriety checkpoints. While passive alcohol sensor accuracy and reliability have been proven both in the laboratory and at checkpoints, officers haven't universally embraced them, but rely on their own subjective evaluations of impairment which frequently are wrong. Also, the sensors used have had to be held very close to a driver's face, and officers don't want to get that close. In addition, some sensor models don't include a flashlight and in some types of sensors the batteries run down quickly. This article describes a newly designed passive alcohol sensor, the PAS III from Public Service Technologies, Inc., which addresses these limitations. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3103.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463757 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724888 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - WHO'S GETTING AWAY WITH IT? SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS EFFECTIVE BUT COULD BE EVEN MORE SO PY - 1996/04/20 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 1-2 AB - This article discusses how sobriety checkpoints could be more effective. The findings of an Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) study in North Carolina that investigated who's caught more often and who's more likely to be missed at sobriety checkpoints are discussed, along with the findings of a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored study of sobriety checkpoints in Tennessee. KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Impaired drivers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sobriety checkpoints UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3103.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463756 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724891 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - NHTSA MOVES AHEAD WITH $49 MILLION DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1996/04/20 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 6-7 AB - The cost of the National Advanced Driving Simulator has risen $17 million, now totaling $49.3 million. TRW has won a $34.1 million contract to build the full-motion-based simulator at the University of Iowa. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) claims the simulator "will be the world's most technically sophisticated...capable of providing test drivers with an experience that nearly duplicates real world driving." Brian O'Neill, President of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, and Leonard Evans, researcher at General Motors, have both questioned the usefulness of the simulator. The Transportation Research Board found it difficult to pinpoint who would use the simulator and how much it would be used, though it did estimate use at 80% of design capacity or more and said NHTSA wouldn't be responsible for more than half its use. NHTSA will not only foot most of the bill for the simulator, but will also pay to use it when it becomes operational in 1999. Both O'Neill and Evans suggest NHTSA would do better to spend its dollars elsewhere. KW - Costs KW - Driving simulators KW - Financing KW - National Advanced Driving Simulator KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Utilization UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3103.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463759 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724892 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - NHTSA GETTING $277 MILLION THIS FISCAL YEAR PY - 1996/04/20 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 7 AB - Of the U.S. Department of Transportation's fiscal 1996 budget, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) will receive $277 million, down $6 million from fiscal 1995 and $63 million short of what NHTSA requested. This article briefly summarizes how these funds will be allocated within NHTSA, pointing out how the allocations differ from the requests for each program. KW - Appropriations KW - Budget requests KW - Budgeting KW - Fund allocations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3103.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00757877 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION'S INITIATIVE FOR PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE SAFETY: KIDS, BIKES AND SAFETY PY - 1996/04 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet discusses safety tips and riding practices for bicycle riding. It reminds riders to always inspect their bicycles to make sure all parts are secure and working properly. Included in the safety tips are: wear a bicycle helmet; see and be seen; avoid riding at night; check tires and brakes before riding. Riders are also reminded to follow the rules of the road when riding. The pamphlet discusses, too, the DOT Secretarial Initiative for Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety, which promotes walking and bicycling as safe, efficient, and healthy ways to travel. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Helmets KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Rule of the road KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739838 AU - Campbell, K L AU - Joksch, H C AU - Green, P E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A BRIDGING ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATING THE BENEFITS OF ACTIVE SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1996/04 SP - 32 p. AB - The objective of this project was to develop a methodology for estimating the safety benefits of active safety technology. Accident data, the traditional safety measure, are not sufficient because too great an exposure is required to achieve adequate sample sizes and the events leading to the collision often cannot be determined. Consequently, a method relating pre-collision events to safety is needed. The Traffic Conflicts Technique developed in the United States, Europe, and Canada in the mid-70's to address intersection safety is such a method. Traffic conflicts are near-collision events that are recorded by trained observers. This report describes an extension of the traffic conflicts technique to incorporate continuous measurements of crash margin measures, such as time to collision. This approach asserts that the probability of a collision can be estimated from the frequency of small crash margins. Extreme value theory is offered as a robust statistical method to compare probability levels in the tails of observed distributions of crash margins. The approach is illustrated using headway data from the FOCAS project. A final section describes future work that must be done in order to support application of this methodology to the estimation of the safety benefits of advanced technology. KW - Active safety systems KW - Near midair crashes KW - Near miss collisions (Ground transportation) KW - Near-collisions KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety research KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic conflicts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725631 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPAIRED DRIVING ENFORCEMENT. A PROGRAM GUIDE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT & HIGHWAY SAFETY ADMINISTRATORS PY - 1996/04 SP - 31 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and its traffic safety partners have set an ambitious goal: To reduce alcohol-related traffic fatalities to 11,000 by 2005. To achieve this goal, a variety of enforcement methods and strategies are available since the problem of impaired driving embraces numerous social factors that differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Law enforcement officials and highway safety administrators may find it necessary to review and modify their Impaired Driving Enforcement Program. This guide outlines the various components necessary to modify, intensify, reinforce and/or improve an Impaired Driving Enforcement Program. They are presented in the following eight chapters: (1) Assessing the Impaired Driving Problem in Your Jurisdiction; (2) Overcoming Obstacles to an Effective Impaired Driving Enforcement Program; (3) Impaired Driving Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing; (4) Drug Evaluation and Classification Program; (5) Breath Testing Instruments; (6) Effective Enforcement Strategies; (7) Program Effectiveness; and (8) Resources Available for Supporting Impaired Driving Enforcement Programs. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drug abuse KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Impaired drivers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Natural resources KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724910 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSENSUS STATEMENT ON THE ROLE OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES IN PRIMARY INJURY PREVENTION PY - 1996/04 SP - 30 p. AB - On August 25-26, 1995, at a consensus workshop in Arlington, Virginia, a panel of experts in out-of-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) and injury prevention deliberated, modified and affirmed this consensus statement on the role of EMS in primary injury prevention. The consensus statement project was sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation, and the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Department of Health and Human Services, and was directed by the National Association of EMS Physicians. The consensus statement consists of three major parts: 1) An executive summary of principal points; 2) a general statement on the role of EMS in primary injury prevention; and 3) a section called "Creating a Culture of Health Promotion and Safety" in which essential and desirable injury prevention activities and knowledge areas for EMS leaders, decision makers, and individual EMS providers are listed. KW - Emergency medical services KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724887 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - KIDS AND AIR BAGS PY - 1996/04 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure addresses the subject of child restraints for infants and toddlers and considers the risk that air bags pose for child passengers. Following the simple precautions outlined in this brochure can ensure optimum protection for everyone. KW - Air bags KW - Booster seats KW - Brochures KW - Child restraint systems KW - Hazards KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rearward facing child seat UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724885 AU - Toyota Motor Corporation TI - THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY - TOYOTA AND JAPAN. 1996 EDITION PY - 1996/04 SP - 44 p. AB - This publication provides information about Toyota and the Japanese auto industry and an outline of the current trends in the global auto industry. The contents are organized as follows: Section 1: Overview of Toyota: (1) Outline of Toyota; (2) Toyota's domestic automobile business and technology; (3) Global presence in marketing and manufacturing; (4) Toyota's globalization activities; (5) Overseas parts supply and after-sales service organizations; (6) Toyota's business diversification; and (7) Social contributions. Section 2: The Automobile Industry in Japan: (1) World motor vehicle production; (2) Motor vehicle production in Japan; (3) Motor vehicle registrations in Japan; (4) Registrations by model in Japan; (5) Registrations of imported vehicles in Japan; (6) Exports of Japanese motor vehicles; (7) Vehicles in use worldwide; and (8) Vehicles in use in Japan. An Appendix lists 1995 Activities at Toyota. KW - Activities leading to information generation KW - Annual reports KW - Automobile industry KW - Development KW - Diversification KW - Exports KW - Foreign KW - Globalization KW - Imports KW - International KW - Japan KW - Manufacturing KW - Marketing KW - Parts KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Reports KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Social impacts KW - Statistics KW - Supply KW - Supplying KW - Technology KW - Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724886 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - CRASHWORTHINESS: MIDSIZE UTILITY VEHICLES CRASHWORTHINESS EVALUATIONS PY - 1996/04 SP - 16 p. AB - The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) evaluated the crashworthiness of six 1996 midsize utility vehicles. The major component of the comparisons is each vehicle's performance in a 40 mph frontal offset crash test, in which slightly less than half of the width of the front end hits a deformable barrier made of crushable aluminum honeycomb. Three aspects of crashworthiness are assessed in the Institute's offset crash test: how well vehicle structure manages crash energy to limit occupant compartment damage; risk of injury measured with a 50th percentile male Hybrid III dummy in the driver seat; and how well the safety belt and air bag perform and interact with the steering column, driver seat, and other vehicle parts to control dummy kinematics (movement). The vehicles evaluated along with their twins are: Toyota 4Runner; Land Rover Discovery; Ford Explorer; Jeep Grand Cherokee; Isuzu Rodeo/Honda Passport; and Chevrolet Blazer/GMC Jimmy/Oldsmobile Bravada. None of the six vehicles earned a "good" overall evaluation. KW - Air bags KW - Bumpers KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Defects KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Dummies KW - Headrests KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Structural damage KW - Structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460549 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724877 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RURAL PREVENTABLE MORTALITY STUDIED IN MICHIGAN AND NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1996/04 IS - 120 SP - 2 p. AB - To evaluate and improve care to victims of rural trauma, the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Division of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored three studies to identify factors that lead to preventable death from trauma in rural areas. In the first study, conducted in Montana (TRAFFIC TECH, Number 46, May 1993), the overall preventable mortality rate for 154 deaths was 17%. Errors and omission in emergency care occurred in the management of airway problems, hemorrhage control, and fluid resuscitation. This TRAFFIC TECH presents the results of rural preventable mortality studies recently concluded in Michigan and North Carolina. These studies were conducted by the Departments of Surgery at the University of Michigan and East Carolina University School of Medicine. In the Michigan study, the overall preventable mortality rate for 155 trauma deaths was 12.9% and the most frequent types of inappropriate care were delays in treatment and evaluation, errors in airway and ventilation management, and errors in fluid and blood replacement. In the North Carolina study, the overall preventable mortality rate for 151 trauma deaths was 29% and the most frequent types of inappropriate care were errors in airway management and delays in evaluation and treatment. In summary, the results of all three studies suggest a need for developing and refining rural trauma care systems and provide information that will help NHTSA establish priorities to correct deficiencies and enable communities to provide optimum care to rural trauma patients. KW - Deficiencies KW - Delays KW - Emergency medical services KW - Errors KW - Fatalities KW - Michigan KW - North Carolina KW - Prevention KW - Rural areas KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463755 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724875 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A GUIDE TO SENTENCING DUI OFFENDERS AIDS JUDGES AND PROSECUTORS PY - 1996/04 IS - 118 SP - 1 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) have prepared "A Guide to Sentencing DUI Offenders" for judges and prosecutors to fill a gap in information available to these groups. The user-friendly 20-page document aids judges and prosecutors in identifying the most effective combination of sanctions and treatment for various offenders. The Guide was based on published research in the field and has four main sections: Sentencing; Specific Sanctions and Remedies; Rehabilitation Options for Offenders Sentenced to Treatment; and Compliance and Reporting. This article briefly describes each of these sections. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compliance KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Judges KW - Options KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Sanctions KW - Sentencing KW - Treatments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724873 AU - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety TI - CAN YOUR BUSINESS SURVIVE THE SKYROCKETING COSTS OF TRAFFIC CRASHES? PY - 1996/04 SP - v.p. AB - The Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to reducing on-the-job traffic crashes. NETS helps businesses dramatically reduce the costs associated with motor vehicle crashes through the implementation of effective traffic safety programs. Some programs are as easy as requiring employees to wear safety belts and drive alcohol- and drug-free while on company business. This packet contains information on NETS and information sheets on the following: special events and notable facts on a calendar; sample workplace policies that can be adapted to meet company needs; ideas for year-round traffic safety awareness and education activities; sample traffic safety articles to incorporate in company newsletters and memoranda, or to post on bulletin boards; and a NETS seasonal campaign folder with camera-ready art for posters, paycheck stuffers, newsletter ads and buttons, as well as some ideas to help promote traffic safety in the workplace. KW - Businesses KW - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724876 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY IDENTIFIES TRAFFIC SAFETY NEEDS OF HISPANIC GROUPS PY - 1996/04 IS - 119 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently completed a study to identify the highway safety needs of Hispanic communities in the United States, and to determine how best to promote safety in these communities. The project involved discussions with representatives of agencies and organizations actively engaged with Hispanic communities in California, Colorado, Texas, Florida, the District of Columbia, and the New York City/New Jersey area. Nearly 50 focus groups with community members were also conducted across these six sites. This article summarizes the study findings regarding major highway safety problems, strategies to promote health and safety, and strategies to avoid in working with Hispanic communities. KW - Highway safety KW - Hispanics KW - Needs assessment KW - Problem identification KW - Promotion KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723777 AU - Church, R AU - Jain, Kamal Kant AU - Little, C AU - Moavenzadeh, J AU - O'Donnell, J AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK CAPABILITIES, UTILITY REQUIREMENTS, AND USES: IMPLICATIONS FOR FUEL ECONOMY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1996/04 SP - 112 p. AB - This report covers the findings of a study that addresses two key questions: 1) What are the unique capabilities, utility requirements, and uses of light trucks? and 2) Do these consumer requirements and other regulatory requirements constrain the ability to improve light truck fuel economy? The capabilities of lights trucks that are notably superior to those of passenger cars are referred to as enhanced capabilities of light trucks. Five enhanced capabilities are identified, qualified and quantified: load carrying (passengers); load carrying (weight); load carrying (volume); towing; and off-road operation. Utility requirements are treated as the functions and capabilities that truck buyers need. Public domain survey data are used to identify utility requirements for both personal and commercial uses. Two major surveys, the 1992 Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) and the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), are used to identify and quantify the actual uses of light trucks for both personal and commercial purposes. Observations on the relationships between light truck capabilities and fuel economy are based on manufacturer specifications and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fuel economy ratings for a sample of model year 1994 light trucks. Existing fuel economy studies are referenced to identify potential fuel economy technologies for model years 1998 through 2006. The estimated fuel economy gain for implementation of each fuel economy technology is also presented. Potential conflicts between the application of each fuel economy technology and light truck enhanced capabilities, future emissions and safety standards, and consumer choice attributes are presented. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Choices KW - Consumers KW - Fuel conservation KW - Light trucks KW - Load carrying capacity KW - Load limits KW - Offroad traffic KW - Pollutants KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Towing devices KW - Uses KW - Utility requirements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723778 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPENDIUM OF TRAFFIC SAFETY RESEARCH PROJECTS: A DECADE AND BEYOND. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1996/04 SP - 57 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Office of Program Development and Evaluation (OPDE) conducts research and evaluation projects dealing with human attitudes, behaviors, and failures (motor vehicle crashes). This compendium is an annotated bibliography of 10-year's worth of behavioral research sponsored by NHTSA and conducted by OPDE. It provides a brief description of nearly two hundred OPDE projects past, present, and on-going in the following areas: alcohol-impaired driving, drug-impaired driving, occupant protection, speed and other unsafe driving actions, pedestrian and bicyclist safety, older drivers, novice and young drivers, and other traffic safety research. The compendium also includes information on how individual reports can be obtained. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral research KW - Bibliographies KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Novices KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Psychology KW - Research KW - Research projects KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4700/4747/compend.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460164 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723533 AU - ITS America TI - SAFETY EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS PY - 1996/04 SP - 169p AB - Improved safety is presented as an important potential benefit of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Systems are emerging and are under development that are designed to reduce the number of accidents and the severity of those accidents that cannot be prevented. These systems, as well as those developed to achieve other goals (such as congestion reduction), may have both positive and negative impacts on safety. Safety evaluations of ITS must include a consideration of the safety consequences of specific ITS technologies for the driving public. This workshop, jointly sponsored by ITS America and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, was held to foster better understanding of the process of evaluating the safety benefits and impacts of ITS. Tutorial papers and case studies were developed to provide an overview and discussion of the goals, considerations, methods, and lessons learned in the safety evaluation of ITS demonstration projects and field tests. U1 - A Workshop on The Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19950501 EndDate:19950502 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Crash severity KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS America KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/proceedn/6664.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723775 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAMPAIGN SAFE AND SOBER 8TH QUARTERLY PLANNER: SPEEDING: DRIVING TOO FAST FOR CONDITIONS PY - 1996/04 SP - v.p. AB - This is the 8th Quarterly Planner for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Campaign Safe and Sober. The topic is speeding: driving too fast for conditions. The contents are as follows: Bounce Back Card; Let Them Through (brochure); Don't Get Left Holding the Bag (brochure); Speeding: Minimal Gains and Big Potential Losses (brochure); State Legislative Fact Sheet on Speed; NCSA Fact Sheet on Speed; Mini Fact Sheet; Cost Factors Involved in Traffic Safety; 1996 National Chiefs Challenge Application; 3 Contact Lists (National Groups and Organizations That Support Programs to Reduce Speed-Related Traffic Crashes, NHTSA and FHWA Regional Offices and FHWA Division Offices, and State Highway Safety Offices); "Speed Shatters Life" Logo Sheet; Prescription for Injury Prevention; Driving at Night Can Be Deadly (card); Cops & Docs (information foldout); Motorcycle Safety Facts (card); Campaign Safe & Sober Traffic Safety Calendar; Programs That Make an Impact; Drug Evaluation and Classification Program; Employer Traffic Safety Programs; Model Community Speed Enforcement Program; sTEPs to Success; Speed Media Campaign Materials; Trucks and You; and Designed for Speed (How Roads Are Engineered). KW - Campaigns KW - Prevention KW - Promotion KW - Speeding KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461573 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721557 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Shuldiner, H AU - Hearst Magazines TI - AIRBAG EXPLOSION PY - 1996/04 VL - 173 IS - 4 SP - p. 49-51 AB - Before the end of this century, most major automakers will be offering cars equipped with side-impact airbags. Ten percent of all serious injuries from accidents are from side impacts, and 30% of all accidents are side-impact collisions. Side-impact airbags are intended to provide increased protection to an occupant's upper torso and head during a side impact. Carbuyers are eager to pay for the extra protection, especially in the luxury and near-luxury categories. Volvo was the first to introduce side airbags in its 1995 850 models and now includes side airbags as standard equipment in all cars it sells in North America. The design of side airbags is infinitely more difficult than front airbags. They must begin deploying in only 5 or 6 milliseconds. They must be either seatback-mounted with mechanical sensors or door-mounted with electronic sensors. Information is provided in this article on which automakers are installing side-impact airbags or plan to do so in the near future. KW - Air bags KW - Automobile makes KW - Inflation KW - Mounting KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Side air bags KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461955 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721561 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - UTILITY VEHICLES BETRAY THEIR FLIMSY DESIGNS IN 5 MPH BUMPS PY - 1996/03/02 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - A main attraction of utility vehicles is their supposed ruggedness. Yet based on the Isuzu Rodeo's performance in crash tests at a very slow speed, this vehicle and its identical twin, the Honda Passport, are anything but rugged. They're more likely to end up in repair shops because of damage sustained in parking-lot bumps than to perform their advertised purpose of transporting people on off-road adventures. This article presents the results of crash tests at 5 mph (8 kph) on six 1996 midsize four-door four-wheel-drive utility vehicles. In conclusion, it is pointed out that owners of these vehicles can expect to pay higher insurance premiums, as well as the time and aggravation involved in getting their vehicles repaired after low-speed bumps. KW - Crashes KW - Damages KW - Four wheel drive KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Insurance rates KW - Loss and damage KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3102.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461959 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721562 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - FINALLY: NEW RULE 43 YEARS AFTER THE LAST ACTION TO REDUCE UNDERRIDE PY - 1996/03/02 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-5 AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), after 43 years, has finally issued a new underride protection standard that takes effect in 1998. To reduce the chance of rear underride, large trucks involved in interstate commerce have been required since 1953 to be fitted with rear guards. But the guards aren't effective unless they are (1) strong and (2) extend down far enough toward the ground to keep a passenger vehicle from sliding underneath the truck or trailer. The 1953 standard fails on both counts. The new standard is better, but falls short of what technology allows and what the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and others requested. The new standard requires a guard-to-ground distance of 22 in. (56 cm) and specifies some strength requirements for the guards but not for their attachments. KW - Standards KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3102.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721563 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - ECONOMIC INDICATORS HELP RESEARCHERS TRACK TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS PY - 1996/03/02 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - p. 6 AB - Motor vehicle deaths hit about 51,000 annually in 1979-80. Twelve years later, deaths dropped to just over 39,000 but increased again during 1993-94 to more than 40,000 annually. Many short-term changes in motor vehicle deaths have historically been related to the state of the economy. To see if this was the case for the increase in deaths that occurred during 1993-94, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety researchers studied relationships between economic indicators and monthly motor vehicle fatality counts from 1975 through September 1995. They used linear regressions to model monthly fatalities as a function of vehicle miles traveled, statistics on employment, and sales of new automobiles. Researchers found that the best predictor of short-term changes in deaths is the number of unemployed people (a decrease in unemployment predicts an increase in motor vehicle deaths). Researchers concluded that the recent increases in motor vehicle fatalities are associated with an improved economy and that they are not related to short-term changes in total miles traveled. KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic predictors KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Unemployment UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr3102.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461961 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721542 JO - Consumers Digest PB - Consumers Digest Incorporated AU - Gorzelany, J AU - Consumers Digest Incorporated TI - AUTO-SAFETY UPDATE: FEATURES THAT CAN SAVE YOUR LIFE PY - 1996/03 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - Market research indicates that safety is on the minds of a growing number of car and truck buyers. Yet research also indicates that an alarming number of motorists either don't care or don't know how to properly use the very safety features they covet. This article describes three of these safety features and how to properly use them. These three are seat belts, air bags, and antilock brakes. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobile safety characteristics KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Seat belts KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725634 AU - Solomon, M G AU - Preusser, D F AU - Leaf, W A AU - Preusser Research Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE CAPITAL BELTWAY CRASH PROBLEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1996/03 SP - 89 p. AB - Sixty-four miles (103 km) of interstate highway surrounding Washington, D.C., is known as the Capital Beltway. Police reports were provided by Maryland and Virginia covering all crashes (N=4,447) on this roadway system for the years 1993-94. The most common type of crash was Stop/Slowing (36% of all Beltway crashes) in which one vehicle stops or slows, typically for congestion, and is rear-ended. Ran Off Road (23%) was second. Sideswipe/Cutoff (18%), third overall, was the most common type for tractor-trailers. Crashes were most prone to occur in close proximity to interchange locations. A cluster of Ran Off Road or Stop/Slowing crashes occurred at specific ramp locations within three Virginia interchanges. Ten percent of mainline Beltway crashes were followed by subsequent crashes. Crash risk increased for up to one hour and up to one mile (1.6 km) approaching the site of a previous crash. KW - Accident risks KW - Capital Beltway KW - Crash locations KW - Crash types KW - Interchanges KW - Ramps KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rear end crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Side crashes KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25914/DOT-HS-808-393.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725633 AU - Leaf, W A AU - Preusser, D F AU - Preusser Research Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF PASSIVE ALCOHOL SENSORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1996/03 SP - 84 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of passive alcohol sensors for youth alcohol enforcement conducted as part of normal or typical police operations. Three municipal police departments of 100 or more sworn officers in three states with zero tolerance legislation used each of three commercially-available passive alcohol sensors for two month periods in duty assignments likely to encounter youth and DWI enforcement opportunities. Applications of the passive sensors were logged, and after each test period each officer provided written evaluations and participated in debriefing discussions. Data for several years preceding the test period and during the test period for underage liquor law violations and underage DWI arrests and convictions were also examined. Devices were used more than 1,100 times in normal traffic stops, one sobriety checkpoint, youth encounters, and domestic disturbances. Overall judgments were positive by the officers and their departments, but there were differences between situations and devices. Officers were concerned about officer safety when using the devices for initial screening in normal traffic stops. Comments and suggestions specific to each device were cataloged. Few of the uses of the passive sensors led to alcohol-related arrests, and the underage liquor law and DWI data did not show changes over the test period compared to preceding periods. The discussion noted different requirements for portable alcohol sensors for low-BAC (youth, zero tolerance) and DWI (adult, .08% or .10%) enforcement and for tests without and with active subject participation. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Arrests KW - Convictions KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Impaired drivers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Officer safety KW - Passive alcohol sensors KW - Sensors KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25926/DOT-HS-808-381.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724867 AU - SCHUMANN, J AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - Traube, E C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DAYTIME VEILING GLARE AND DRIVER VISUAL PERFORMANCE: INFLUENCE OF WINDSHIELD RAKE ANGLE AND DASHBOARD REFLECTANCE PY - 1996/03 SP - 32 p. AB - Reflections of the top of the dashboard seen in the windshield can result in disability glare because these reflections reduce the contrast of objects in the road scene. This phenomenon, which occurs especially during direct sunlight, is due to the veiling luminance of the reflected sunlight being superimposed on the image of the road scene. The amount of veiling glare is influenced by the windshield rake angle and the dashboard reflectance. A field experiment under particular sunlight conditions was performed. The independent variables included windshield rake angle (45, 60, and 70 deg), reflectance of the top of the dashboard (13%, 20%, and 34%), and subject age (eight younger with a mean age of 24, and eight older with a mean age of 72). The subjects were asked to detect pedestrian dummies having either high or low contrast against the background. Reaction times to the high-contrast pedestrian and misses of the low-contrast pedestrian were used as the main dependent variables. Subjects also had to rate their own ability to see in the different experimental conditions. The results showed that both windshield rake angle and dashboard reflectance affected visual performance. Visual performance decreased with larger windshield rake angles, especially with rake angle larger than 60 deg. During those conditions, subjects needed more time to detect objects, and they had more misses in detecting low-contrast objects. The effect was particularly pronounced if a large rake angle was combined with a high dashboard reflectance. The reduced contrast produced by the experimental conditions had a larger effect for older than younger subjects. The perceptual consequences of decreased contrast sensitivity of older persons became evident when older subjects had to detect low-contrast objects or when extreme veiling glare conditions reduced the contrast of otherwise high-contrast objects. Although older subjects tended to overestimate their ability to see during conditions with high veiling glare, overall the ratings showed that subjects are reasonably well aware of the veiling-glare problem, because the rating data corresponded well with the objective reaction time data. Both subject groups gave their lowest visibility rating for the condition involving the largest rake angle and the highest dashboard reflectance. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Angles (Geometry) KW - Angularity KW - Contrast KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Glare KW - Human subject testing KW - Instrument panels KW - Reaction time KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Teenage drivers KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460529 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724865 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - SVENSSON, M Y AU - LOVSUND, P AU - Haland, Y AU - LARSSON, S AU - Elsevier TI - THE INFLUENCE OF SEAT-BACK AND HEAD-RESTRAINT PROPERTIES ON THE HEAD-NECK MOTION DURING REAR-IMPACT PY - 1996/03 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 221-227 AB - The influence of different seat properties on the head-neck motion during a low-velocity rear-end impact was tested using a Hybrid III dummy fitted with a modified neck (RID neck). The results show that by modifying the properties of the seat back and head restraint it is possible to influence the head-neck kinematics to a great extent. It was possible to virtually eliminate the neck extension motion during a rear impact. This will hopefully result in a significant decrease in neck injury risk in real world rear impacts. KW - Automobiles KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Dummies KW - Headrests KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Neck KW - Neck injuries KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Seat backs KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463748 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724864 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Ferguson, S A AU - Leaf, W A AU - Williams, A F AU - Preusser, D F AU - Elsevier TI - DIFFERENCES IN YOUNG DRIVER CRASH INVOLVEMENT IN STATES WITH VARYING LICENSURE PRACTICES PY - 1996/03 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 171-180 AB - Teenage driver licensing practices and the crashes of teenagers were compared in several states with differing laws and policies regarding licensure. High school seniors in Delaware, a state with laws that allow early driving and licensure, reported that they first drove on a public road, obtained a learner's permit and obtained a driver's license at younger ages than high school seniors in other northeastern states (Connecticut, New Jersey and upstate New York). State crash data indicated that Delaware and Connecticut, which allow unrestricted licensing at age 16, showed the highest rates of 16-year-old driver involvements in nonfatal and fatal injury crashes. Pennsylvania and upstate New York, which have night driving curfews for 16-year-olds, showed lower crash rates overall and much lower crash rates during their respective curfew hours. New Jersey and Nassau and Suffolk counties, where unsupervised driving by 16-year-olds is generally not allowed, showed the lowest crash rates for 16-year-olds. Graduated licensing programs that include delayed full-privilege licensure, night driving curfews, and extended periods of supervised practice driving are a possible countermeasure for the high motor vehicle crash rates of young drivers. KW - Adolescents KW - Connecticut KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Curfew KW - Delaware KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Graduated licensing KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Night driving KW - Pennsylvania KW - Regulation KW - Supervision KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724861 AU - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety TI - CONTROL YOUR COSTS, INCREASE YOUR PROFITS. SOUND SIMPLE? PY - 1996/03 SP - 5 p. AB - Three companies that controlled their costs and increased their profits by improving their company's traffic safety practices are featured in this packet, which contains information sheets for each of the companies and a list of NETS (Network of Employers for Traffic Safety) State Coordinators. NETS is a public- and private-sector coalition that fosters employer traffic safety education and awareness programs and assists employers in developing driver safety programs in the workplace. These programs are designed not only to reduce a company's high cost of crashes, but also strengthen employer-employee relationships. They also show a sense of community activism on the part of employers. The success stories highlighted in this packet show that traffic safety programs work. The effectiveness of traffic safety programs is further evidenced by noting that NETS membership has grown to include more than 2,000 organizations nationwide. The companies featured are: Jaynes Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Simplex Time Recorder Company, Gardner, Massachusetts; and Lorillard Tobacco Company, New York, New York. KW - Businesses KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724854 AU - SCHUMANN, J AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ARE DRIVER-SIDE CONVEX MIRRORS HELPFUL OR HARMFUL? PY - 1996/03 SP - 21 p. AB - This analysis of accident data was designed to replicate and extend an earlier analysis that investigated the effects of different types of driver-side mirrors on lane-change accidents (Luoma, Sivak, and Flannagan, 1995). The present analysis was based on 3,038 lane-change accidents that occurred in Great Britain between 1989 and 1992. Mirror information for the most popular car models in Great Britain was collected to identify different types of exterior mirrors. Data analysis was based on the odds ratio of cars with different types of driver-side mirrors (plane or convex) being involved in a lane-change accident to the driver side. Because all cars were equipped with the same type of passenger-side mirror (convex), lane-change accidents to the passenger side served as baseline data to control for exposure. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) Convex driver-side mirrors do not increase the risk of being involved in lane-change accidents to the driver side; (2) Consistent with the findings of Luoma et al. (1995), accident data for the largest cars revealed a tendency, albeit not statistically significant, for a decrease in lane-change accidents to the driver side when equipped with convex driver-side mirrors; and (3) Convex driver-side mirrors tended to be beneficial for the highest risk groups--the youngest and the oldest drivers. KW - Automobiles KW - Convex mirrors KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver side mirrors KW - Drivers KW - Exteriors KW - Lane changing KW - Plane mirrors KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Risk analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724866 AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Traube, E C AU - Kojima, S AU - Aoki, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF REALISTIC LEVELS OF DIRT ON LIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF LOW-BEAM HEADLAMPS PY - 1996/03 SP - 20 p. AB - This study evaluated changes in the light output of low-beam headlamps as a function of dirt accumulated during a 482-km route, representing a 10-day amount of driving for a typical U.S. driver. The complete route was traversed on three separate occasions, under each of the following environmental conditions: summer while dry, summer while wet, and winter with road salt. Candela matrices were obtained for a rectangular central portion of the beam, extending from 20 deg left to 20 deg right, and from 5 deg down to 5 deg up (in 0.5 deg steps). Photometry for each of two lamps was performed twice after the completion of each drive, first "as is" and then after cleaning. The results indicate that dirt deposits tended to cause the light output to decrease below horizontal and increase near and above horizontal. The changes in the light output differed between the driver-side and passenger-side lamps, especially after the two summer drives. The largest changes occurred after the winter drive, with the decreases and increases in a large part of the beam for both lamps exceeding 25%, and with some of the increases exceeding 50%. At the U.S., European, and Japanese test points that control road illumination, the dirt effects tended to reduce the light output, and some of these decrements exceeded 25%. On the other hand, at test points that control glare, the dirt effects tended to increase illumination, but none of these increases exceeded 25%. KW - Dirt KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Luminous intensity KW - Soils KW - Summer KW - Visibility KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460528 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724844 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tignor, S C AU - Alicandri, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOW DOES IVIS AFFECT DRIVER PERFORMANCE? PY - 1996/03 SP - p. 1 AB - The Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) program addresses the in-vehicle aspects of Advanced Traveler Information Systems and will use computer and communications technology to provide real-time information to drivers. IVIS have the potential to improve highway safety and reduce traffic congestion by presenting drivers with accurate and timely information about roadway conditions so they can make informed decisions. Research has been completed on preliminary human factors design guidelines and cost benefit analyses. IVIS could significantly benefit older drivers by presenting standardized visual and auditory information within vehicles, thereby reducing the need for drivers to scan the environment to detect and read roadway signs. Recent research on drivers' detection of and compliance with signs presented on standard highway signs and through IVIS indicates that IVIS will likely lead to more timely information and better sign detection and compliance for all drivers, regardless of the visibility condition. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Aged drivers KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Development KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463738 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724851 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY ADVICE FROM EMS (SAFE) - TRAFFIC SAFETY LESSON PLANS FOR EMS, FIRE & RESCUE PERSONNEL PY - 1996/03 IS - 115 SP - 1 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored development of a manual to help Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers and other medical or health professionals in rural and urban areas to educate the public on how to prevent serious injuries. The manual, "Safety Advice from EMS (SAFE): A Guide to Injury Prevention", is now available. The SAFE manual was designed to make it easy for EMS personnel to talk with the public on selected traffic safety topics, including occupant protection, impaired driving, speed, yielding to emergency vehicles, and bicycle and pedestrian safety. The lesson plans contained in the manual provide the materials needed to get started. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Education KW - Emergency medical services KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Manuals KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Right of way KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463742 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724852 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT SUMMARIZES NATIONAL AND STATE DATABASES ABOUT ADOLESCENT RISK TAKING BEHAVIORS PY - 1996/03 IS - 116 SP - 1 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has published a catalog of databases that contains information about adolescents and their risk taking behaviors. The purpose of the report is to identify data sources that can provide important information for understanding youthful risk taking and dealing effectively with it. Approximately half of the report describes national databases. These include databases that focus on traffic safety, substance use, schooling, and sexual behavior. For each database, the report gives information on the contents of the database, the methods used to collect the data, and who to contact to obtain access. Community safety professionals can use the databases to identify characteristics of the problem, targets for intervention, and issues to address during program development and implementation. Besides the national databases, the report describes databases collected by 21 states. The report, "Understanding Youthful Risk Taking and Driving: Database Report", was prepared by The COMSIS Corporation. KW - Adolescents KW - Catalogs KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Risk taking KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463743 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724853 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL SURVEY OF OCCUPANT SAFETY REVEALS LAPSES IN BELT USE PY - 1996/03 IS - 117 SP - 2 p. AB - A national telephone survey on occupant protection issues was conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Its purpose was to gather information to help the agency develop and implement effective countermeasures to improve highway safety. More than 8,000 people in all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in the survey. There were two questionnaires, each given to about 4,000 randomly selected persons age 16 and older. One questionnaire focused on safety belt usage and issues. The other focused on child safety seats. They also contained sections on crash experience, bicycle and motorcycle helmet usage, airbags, drinking and driving, and speed. Data were weighted to national estimates. Results from the survey show that 23% of the population age 16 and older have been injured in a vehicle accident that required medical attention. This translates into more than 45 million youths and adults. Among those injured, 61% had injuries that prevented them from performing at least some of their normal activities for at least a week, while 13% were unable to resume one or more activities a year after the crash. Three-fourths of drivers said they use safety belts all of the time when driving, but a conspicuous proportion of these "full-time" users also acknowledged recent lapses in their belt use. Nearly half (47%) of drivers over 15 have driven a vehicle with a child passenger under the age of 6 in the past year. Yet almost two-thirds of these drivers did not actually have a child of this age living in their household. This suggests that programs to increase car seat use should expand their targets beyond parents and caregivers to reach many of the people who transport young children. Reported use of car seats drops precipitously as children grow larger, with "all time users" falling from 92% of those weighing between 20 and 29 pounds to 29% of those weighing 40 to 49 pounds. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Questionnaires KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463744 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724845 JO - Trailer Life PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Longsdorf, R AU - TL Enterprises, Incorporated TI - MAKING SENSE OUT OF WARRANTIES PY - 1996/03 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 9 p. AB - This article tells consumers that they should examine warranties before purchasing a vehicle, pointing out that since passage of the Magnuson-Moss Act in 1975, consumers have been guaranteed the right to read, analyze and compare warranties before purchase, just as they compare features of a given product. It is also pointed out that, while the Magnuson-Moss Act defines specific guidelines for manufacturers who offer warranties, no federal or state law requires a manufacturer to offer a warranty. State laws, however, do provide for "implied warranties", such as the warranty of merchantability (the seller promises that the product will do what it is supposed to do) and the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose (when you buy a product on the seller's advice, it is suitable for a particular use). Implied warranties, however, are generally limited to about four years. Guidelines are provided on what should be considered when reading and evaluating a written warranty. Also, tips are provided on what to do if you are faced with problems with a product and have trouble obtaining the promised warranty coverage. KW - Consumer protection KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723776 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS INSTRUCTOR TRAINING PROGRAM: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM. STUDENT GUIDE SN - 016048586X PY - 1996/03 SP - v.p. AB - The "EMS Instructor Training Program: National Standard Curriculum" focuses on those skills necessary to successfully present any of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) EMS courses. The course provides a solid foundation in learning theory, yet moves directly into hands-on application. The course is designed as a series of interactive lessons facilitated by an Instructor Trainer. Included throughout the course are group discussions, individual exercises, and scenario-based roleplays that allow participants to apply their developing instructor skills. The curriculum package consists of an Instructor Guide, a Course Guide, and a Student Guide. This is the Student Guide. KW - Curricula KW - Emergency medical services KW - Guidelines KW - Instructor training KW - Instructors KW - Standardization KW - Students KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723768 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS INSTRUCTOR TRAINING PROGRAM: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM. COURSE GUIDE SN - 0160485878 PY - 1996/03 SP - 35 p. AB - The information contained in this Course Guide is to be used as a planning tool for the development, implementation, and evaluation of an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Instructor Training Course. It should provide the necessary assistance to the Course Administrator/Coordinator, and Instructor Trainer in organizing, initiating, and evaluating a course. The actual conduct of the course will require the use of additional materials and equipment which are detailed later in this Course Guide. The Course Guide contains the following four sections: Introduction - provides information regarding the roles and responsibilities associated with the management and delivery of the course; Instructional Program - covers the course purpose and goals and student qualifications, and includes a brief description of each lesson in the course; Planning Considerations - includes suggestions for scheduling lessons, determining class size, specifying required materials, equipment, facilities, and instructor qualifications, and guidelines for estimating course costs; and Course Management and Evaluation - includes suggestions for assessing student and program evaluation and provides recommendations for maintaining course records. KW - Course guides KW - Curricula KW - Emergency medical services KW - Instructor training KW - Instructors KW - Standardization KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723766 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DIGEST: A COMPENDIUM OF INNOVATIVE STATE AND COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTS (BROCHURE) PY - 1996/03 SP - 2 p. AB - This brochure briefly describes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) quarterly publication entitled "Traffic Safety Digest". It indicates which traffic safety topics are included in the Digest, what information is included in each project description, and how the Digest can be used. Availability information is provided. KW - Availability KW - Documents KW - Publications KW - Supply KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723774 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A GUIDE TO SENTENCING DUI OFFENDERS PY - 1996/03 SP - 26 p. AB - This sentencing guide is designed to assist judges and prosecutors in reducing recidivism among people convicted of drinking and driving offenses. Today's driving under the influence (DUI) arrestee is often a repeat offender and resistant to deterrence. This guide provides information for judges and prosecutors in matching offenders to the most effective combinations of sanctions and treatment to protect the public from drinking drivers. The information in this guide reflects published results of ongoing research in this field and is presented in the following eight sections: (I) Introduction; (II) Sentencing; (III) Specific Sanctions and Remedies; (IV) Rehabilitation Options for Offenders Sentenced to Treatment; (V) Compliance and Reporting; (VI) Sentencing Support and Research Needs; (VII) Conclusion; and (VIII) References. KW - Compliance KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Prevention KW - Recidivism KW - Remedies KW - Repeat offenders KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Research KW - Sanctions KW - Traffic violator sentencing KW - Treatment programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5889/710.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723761 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY ADVICE FROM EMS (SAFE) - A GUIDE TO INJURY PREVENTION. TRAFFIC SAFETY LESSON PLANS FOR EMS, FIRE AND RESCUE PERSONNEL PY - 1996/03 SP - v.p. AB - This manual was created using some of the latest traffic safety information and injury data. This information was then enhanced with EMS-specific references. During development, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) traffic safety experts, Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers and EMS traffic safety and injury prevention organizations nationwide reviewed the manual. The lesson plans were pilot tested by EMS providers in presentations to a variety of audiences. The manual is designed for out-of-hospital and hospital-based EMS providers of all levels. It can be used in presentations for all types of settings and groups. From talks at a preschool, to a senior citizen center and everything between, the SAFE manual offers: a year-round assortment of presentation topics; a "user-friendly" traffic safety resource specifically designed for EMS providers; flexible lesson plans easily tailored to specific audiences and time frames; a comprehensive package of lesson plans, overheads, handouts and video clips; the latest data and injury prevention strategies; ideas for additional EMS-based traffic safety programs; and a comprehensive listing of resources, organizations and contacts. KW - Curricula KW - Emergency medical services KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Lesson plans KW - Manuals KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461571 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721559 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Deery, H A AU - Love, A W AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - THE DRIVING EXPECTANCY QUESTIONNAIRE: DEVELOPMENT, PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTIVE UTILITY AMONG YOUNG DRINK-DRIVERS PY - 1996/03 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - p. 193-202 AB - The primary objective of this research was to develop a Driving Expectancy Questionnaire (DEQ) that reflects a model in which a distinction is made between driving skill and driving style. The second objective was to study young drivers across the spectrum of drink-driving practices, from non-drink-drivers to convicted drink-drivers, and to examine the relationship between their expectancies about driving and their drink-driving practices. The data from two separate samples, recruited through availability sampling, were used for the purpose of exploratory (n=224; 122 men) and confirmatory factor analyses (n=191; 101 men), respectively. The results revealed two factors of expectancies, driving skill and driving style, supporting the proposed model. The reliability, internal validity and relative independence of the factors were largely confirmed. Furthermore, criterion-related validity was demonstrated: expectancies about driving varied with drink-driving practices. Expectancies also contributed additional predictive power in relation to drink-driving practices beyond that afforded by several well-validated variables. The results are encouraging in terms of the ability of the DEQ to identify individual differences in expectancies about driving skill and driving style that are closely related to variations in drink-driving practices. The practical implications of these findings, as well as the potential research possibilities, are discussed. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Driver styles KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Forecasting KW - Motor skills KW - Psychometrics KW - Questionnaires KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461957 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721558 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - MEYERS, A R AU - Perrine, M W AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - DRINKING BY POLICE OFFICERS, GENERAL DRIVERS AND LATE-NIGHT DRIVERS PY - 1996/03 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - p. 187-192 AB - This study compares police officers' reported alcohol use with similar reports from age- and gender-matched samples from the general driving population (GDP) and drivers recruited at high-risk hours who are most likely to drink and drive (roadside drivers). Data were derived from interviews with 239 police officers who spent at least 5% of their time on alcohol or traffic enforcement; 243 subjects from the GDP, selected by random-digit dialing; and 249 drivers recruited at roadside on Friday and Saturday nights between 10:00 pm and 3:00 am. Officers report drinking less frequently and in smaller quantities than either of the driver samples. Differences between police and general drivers are modest: e.g., usual frequency of drinking (1 to <3 vs 3 or 4 times/month; p/=2 drinks/day (mean=2.5 +/-3.4 vs 4.9 +/-6.5; p45 mph). In the past, it has generally been assumed that this type of collision was unaddressable due to the large mass differential between the two vehicles involved, and the relatively high speeds. Recent studies have noted, however, that geometric mismatches between the collision partners, as well as the unusually stiff and rigid structure of the heavy truck contribute to the lethality of these collisions. This report presents the results obtained to date from a pilot study involving the analysis of heavy truck-to-light vehicle accident data. A total of 43 serious (AIS>3) and non-serious accident cases involving the front of heavy trucks impacting the front or sides of a light vehicle were reviewed. The variables examined included vehicle damage, presence and amount of override, collision angles, principal direction of force (PDOF), intrusion, delta V, occupant injury, source of injury, restraint use, etc. An assessment was also made after examining the above if lowering, softening, or changing the shape of the heavy truck front would have mitigated the injuries to light vehicle occupants. KW - Aggression KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Light vehicles KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mitigation KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Speed KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle vehicle collisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736059 AU - Decina, L E AU - Knoebel, K Y AU - Ketron Division of the Bionetics Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PATTERNS OF MISUSE OF CHILD SAFETY SEATS PY - 1996/01 SP - 111 p. AB - This project addressed the patterns of child safety seat (CSS) misuse in the nation and reported on the most appropriate techniques to accurately and efficiently collect these data. CSS use and misuse observations were collected for about 5,900 target young children (under 60 pounds) in over 4,000 vehicles in the following four states: Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Washington. Results showed overall restraint use for target children was 87.2%. CSS and safety belt use was 50.6% and 36.6%, respectively. The remainder of target children were unrestrained (12.8%). Correct CSS use was defined as proper use of all of the following CSS elements: seat direction, vehicle safety belt routing, harness buckle and harness strap, harness retainer (chest) clip, and locking clip (on safety belt, if needed). Overall correct CSS use was 20.5%. For infants (children under 20 pounds), 96.6% were in a CSS and 20.6% of the CSSs were correctly used. For toddlers (children between 20 and 40 pounds), 67.5% were in a CSS and 18.9% of the CSSs were correctly used. For pre-school, booster seat weight children (between 40 and 60 pounds), 6.1% were in a CSS and 50% of the CSSs were correctly used. The strongest positive relationship between target child restraint use and CSS proper use was for drivers using safety belts. Other positive relationships were found for the vehicle having air bags, the driver being a family member, the child in the middle back seat position, and CSS infrequently removed from the vehicle. Recommendations are provided for data collection techniques and promoting CSS use and proper use. Data collection should include: local support; "train-the-trainer" and local workshops; comprehensive classroom and field instruction and supervision; and demonstrations using several CSS makes and types. To improve CSS use and proper use the following are recommended: continue local programs; promote stronger state laws and restraint law enforcement; provide easy to read and understand instructions with CSSs; and conduct periodic CSS misuse surveys. Consideration should be given to CSS and vehicle restraint system design issues that arise from CSS misuse. Research should be conducted to quantify the impact of CSS misuse on children involved in motor vehicle crashes. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Infants KW - Misuse KW - Patterns KW - Preschool children KW - Recommendations KW - Research UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25907/DOT-HS-808-440.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736050 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TESTS TO EVALUATE RESERVOIR VOLUME REQUIREMENTS FOR STANDARD AND LONG STROKE CHAMBERS PY - 1996/01 SP - 36 p. AB - Tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of long stroke chambers on the air systems of pneumatically braked vehicles and to evaluate test procedures for establishing air reservoir capacities. Measurements were made of the volumes of typical standard and long stroke chambers, the effects of brake actuation and release timing for combination vehicles, and the pressure drops for simulated on-road situations and for a test procedure to measure reservoir capacity. The results of the vehicle tests showed that there was essentially no difference in standard and long stroke chambers with the brakes fully adjusted. With all of the brakes of a combination misadjusted, the brake application and release timing increased and the air consumption increased in many conditions. Having all of the brakes on a combination misadjusted would be an unlikely condition, however, given that vehicles manufactured after October 20, 1994 are required to have automatic brake adjustment. The SAE J1911 Recommended Practice, a test procedure to measure air reservoir capacity, was evaluated for its sensitivity to various initial conditions. The results showed that brake application methods were not critical; however, the initial pressure and, in the case of the trailer tests, the mini-tractor reservoir volume were found to be critical. KW - Air reservoir capacity KW - Brake chambers KW - Brake components KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fmvss 121 KW - Long stroke brake chambers KW - Test procedures KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723752 AU - Lerner, N D AU - Kotwal, B M AU - Lyons, R D AU - Gardner-Bonneau, D J AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR CRASH AVOIDANCE WARNING DEVICES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1996/01 SP - 186 p. AB - This document presents a set of preliminary guidelines for the human factors aspects of in-vehicle crash avoidance warnings; that is, how information is displayed to the driver and how the device is operated. The guidelines contain a section addressing generic system requirements, which are intended to be applicable across all crash avoidance warning devices, as well as four sections addressing specific types of crash avoidance warning devices: blind spot warning devices, backup warning devices, driver alertness monitoring devices, and headway warning devices. Major topics addressed include: multiple levels of warning, unique imminent crash warning signals, dual modality for imminent crash warnings, non-specificity to sensor or display technology, warning prioritization, compatibility with driver behaviors, warning message content, device status and controls, and minimization of nuisance warnings. These guidelines are intended to serve several purposes: 1) to outline the features and functional requirements that any crash avoidance warning device, or collection of devices, should meet in order to perform adequately, regardless of the type of sensing technology employed; 2) to uncover those areas where additional research is required in order to define optimal criteria; 3) to propose recommendations that will anticipate and avoid many of the problems that can come about if warning products are designed in a piecemeal fashion; 4) to define issues explicitly so that they can be reviewed and debated by specialists within the human factors and IVHS communities. KW - Control systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Displays KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723753 AU - Klein, T M AU - BURGESS, M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES 1994. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1996/01 SP - 28 p. AB - This report presents estimates of alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes that occurred during 1994. The data are abstracted from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and represent a combination of actual blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test results and estimated BAC distributions for those drivers and nonoccupants for whom no BAC test results are available. The estimates are made using a model developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In 1994, 32.2% of all fatalities occurred in crashes with a driver or nonoccupant with a BAC of 0.10 or greater (in this report, a BAC of 0.10 or greater is synonymous with intoxication). This represents a 30.5% reduction compared to 1982, when 46.3% of all fatalities occurred in crashes that involved an intoxicated active participant. Occupant fatalities resulting from crashes involving an intoxicated driver or nonoccupant totaled 10,780. Less than one-half (41.7%) of the occupant fatalities in single-vehicle crashes involved an intoxicated driver, compared with 22.4% of the occupant fatalities in multi-vehicle crashes. An estimated 36.4% of the fatalities in nonoccupant crashes involved an intoxicated driver or nonoccupant. More than two-thirds (66.8%) of the fatally injured drivers in single-vehicle fatal crashes on weekend nights were drunk. Overall, male drivers involved in fatal crashes were almost twice as likely as female drivers to be drunk (21.9% vs. 11.1%, respectively). Drivers of age 21-24 years exhibited the highest rates of intoxication (28.1%) followed by drivers of age 25-29 (27.8%). Drivers of age 16-20 years were intoxicated 14.1% of the time. Between 1982 and 1994, estimated reductions in the proportion of intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes are 37% for drivers of passenger cars, 34% for light trucks and vans, 65% for medium trucks, 67% for heavy trucks, and 19% for motorcycles. Drivers of motorcycles continue to exhibit a high rate of intoxication in fatal crashes, 40.5% of involved drivers exhibiting a BAC of at least 0.10, compared to 34.7% for drivers of light trucks and vans, and 30.6% for drivers of passenger cars. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Intoxication KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcyclists KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Periods of the day KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723747 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION, CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1996, FOURTEENTH EDITION PY - 1996/01 SP - 586 p. AB - This Digest reports the status, as of January 1, 1996, of State laws that are concerned with drunk driving offenses and alcoholic beverage control. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. Appendix A, using the State Law Summary's format, gives the Uniform Vehicle Code's provisions on implied consent, drunk driving, vehicle homicide and driving while license is either suspended or revoked. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driving without a license KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - State laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Vehicular homicide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723746 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING SYSTEM FOR YOUNG NOVICE DRIVERS. STATE STATUS PY - 1996/01 SP - 10 p. AB - A graduated driver licensing (GDL) system eases young drivers into the driving environment under safer conditions prior to full unrestricted licensure. This system consists of three stages, named by the type of license possessed at each stage: learner's permit, intermediate (provisional) license, and full unrestricted license. Although licensing practices vary from state to state and no state has a comprehensive GDL system, several states have components of a system. This booklet contains a table showing the recommended components of a GDL system, a map of states with GDL stages, and tables showing the components of licensing in states having three stages of licensing (California, Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin) and two stages, one being an intermediate license (Oregon and Vermont). KW - Adolescents KW - California KW - Colorado KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Graduated licensing KW - Maryland KW - Massachusetts KW - Motorcyclists KW - New York (State) KW - Novices KW - Oregon KW - Pennsylvania KW - Tables (Data) KW - Teenage drivers KW - Vermont KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723745 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING SYSTEM FOR YOUNG NOVICE DRIVERS. GUIDELINES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATORS PY - 1996/01 SP - 48 p. AB - This publication presents the guidelines for an improved graduated driver licensing system to assist states in licensing young novice drivers and motorcycle operators. It is recommended that states implement a driver licensing program designed to ease young novice drivers/riders into the traffic environment through three stages of licensing. Under this system young drivers gain driving experience under supervised conditions, are educated through driver training and improvement programs, and are exposed to more difficult driving experiences as restrictions are removed. Under graduated driver licensing young drivers are required to demonstrate responsible driving behavior prior to being issued a full unrestricted license. Although licensing practices vary from state to state, several states already have in place some features of a graduated driver licensing system and many states are considering graduated licensing for young novice drivers. States are encouraged to review the merits of the proposed program as they are planning for and implementing graduated licensing. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Graduated licensing KW - Guidelines KW - Motorcyclists KW - Novices KW - Recommendations KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723749 AU - Johnson, S W AU - Walker, J AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CRASH OUTCOME DATA EVALUATION SYSTEM (CODES). NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1996/01 SP - 98 p. AB - This report presents state-specific results from the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) project. These results confirm previous National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) studies and show that safety belts and motorcycle helmets are effective in reducing fatalities and injuries. The report also shows that safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in the seven CODES states (Hawaii, Maine, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wisconsin) could save millions of dollars in direct medical costs. The CODES project represents the first time that occupant-specific medical outcome and cost data for all occupants involved in motor vehicle crashes were available for highway safety evaluation. The technical report provides detailed descriptions of the crash, EMS, emergency department, hospital discharge and other state data files used to generate the population-based information for the Report to Congress. It describes the background of the CODES project, the selection of the seven states, the formation of the CODES advisory committees within each state (crucial to a project which depended on the cooperation of various data owners and data users) and the concepts of probabilistic linkage. Variations and similarities among the states are discussed regarding the availability of state data, file preparation, linkage variables, the linkage process and resulting linkage rates, and validation of the linkage results. It elaborates on the uniform research model used and discusses the outcome variables, additional risk factors used as covariates, models used in the logistic regressions, and methods of computing weighted averages of odds ratios and effectiveness. It compares odds ratios to risk ratios and "effectiveness" and presents state-specific results for the safety-belt analyses of injury and cost of injury. Finally, the document gives digests of other state-specific analyses, covering topics such as: data quality, additional linkages to improve the results, data outliers (extreme values, as in inpatient charges), alcohol and drug use, age factors, types of safety belts, and geographic patterns in crash characteristics. KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Costs KW - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Health care KW - Helmets KW - Linkages KW - Links (Networks) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Medical costs KW - Seat belt effectiveness KW - Seat belts KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/700/763/00249.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721512 AU - Sayer, J R AU - Mefford, M L AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REACTION TIME TO CENTER HIGH-MOUNTED STOP LAMPS: EFFECTS OF CONTEXT, ASPECT RATIO, INTENSITY, AND AMBIENT ILLUMINATION PY - 1996/01 SP - 19 p. AB - The objectives of this laboratory experiment were to investigate how reaction time to center high-mounted stop lamps (CHMSLs) is affected by context (the presence or absence of conventional low-mounted stop lamps), aspect ratio (the ratio of height to width), intensity, and ambient illumination. Recent trends in auto body styling have led to the use of long, narrow CHMSLs. These developments have increased the importance of understanding the efficacy of stop lamps with effective luminous areas that are long and narrow. Participants performed a reaction-time task by responding to the onset of CHMSLs with varying characteristics. The results of this experiment indicate that context, CHMSL aspect ratio and CHMSL intensity significantly affect reaction time. Specifically, participants' reaction times to the onset of simulated CHMSLs were longest when stimulus intensity was low, aspect ratio was large, and the CHMSL was shown without low-mounted stop lamps. These results, which are similar to those of a previous investigation (Sayer, Flannagan, and Sivak, 1995), suggest that intensity should be emphasized in the design of all stop lamps, and that combinations of large aspect ratio and low intensity should in particular be avoided. KW - Ambient illumination KW - Aspect ratio KW - Brake lamps KW - Center high-mounted stop lamps KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminous intensity KW - Ratios KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721514 AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - Traube, E C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVER PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION TO NONPLANAR REARVIEW MIRRORS PY - 1996/01 SP - 19 p. AB - This study examined perceptual adaptation to nonplanar (spherical convex and aspheric) rearview mirrors. Subjects made magnitude estimates of the distance to a car seen in a rearview mirror. Three different mirrors were used: plane, aspheric (with a large spherical section having a radius of 1400 mm), and simple convex (with a radius of 1000 mm). Previous research relevant to perceptual adaptation to nonplanar mirrors was reviewed. It was argued that, in spite of some cases of explicit interest in the process of learning to use nonplanar mirrors, previous research has not adequately addressed the possibility of perceptual adaptation. The present experiment involved three phases: (1) a pretest phase in which subjects made distance judgments but received no feedback, (2) a training phase in which they made judgments and did receive feedback, and (3) a posttest phase with the same procedure as the pretest phase. Initially subjects showed substantial overestimation of distance with the convex mirror relative to the aspheric mirror, and with the aspheric mirror relative to the plane mirror. At the beginning of the training phase, overestimation with the convex mirror quickly diminished, but after about one hour of experience the convex and aspheric mirrors still showed significant overestimation relative to the plane mirror. The present results demonstrate the existence of a rapid, but incomplete, form of adaptation. Whether there is a further mechanism that might operate over a longer time, but lead to more complete adaptation, is an open question that should be addressed by further research. Future research should also address the question of what forms of experience or training are most conducive to adaptation. If substantial adaptation is indeed possible, the use of nonplanar rearview mirrors would be strongly encouraged. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Aspheric mirrors KW - Convex mirrors KW - Distance perception KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Human subject testing KW - Plane mirrors KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459284 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721516 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - WINTER, D AU - Ward's Communications TI - FUEL ECONOMY: THE FORGOTTEN STATISTIC PY - 1996/01 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - p. 37 AB - After describing a situation where a more fuel efficient car would have made a big difference, a table is provided giving the fuel economy of "The Best Engines" (the Mazda Millenia's Type KJ Miller-cycle 2.3L V-6, the Nissan Maxima's VQ30DE 3L V-6, etc.). KW - Automobile engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721501 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY: COMPREHENSIVE STATE PROGRAMS OFFER BEST OPPORTUNITY FOR INCREASING USE OF SAFETY BELTS PY - 1996/01 SP - 49 p. AB - This report describes the nation's progress in achieving goals for the use of safety belts in motor vehicles, assesses the strategies used most successfully by some states to increase the use of safety belts, and identifies federal strategies that could help increase this use. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that 10,000 deaths, 200,000 injuries, and $20 billion in costs to society could be avoided annually if all of the occupants of motor vehicles wore safety belts. This report presents a matter for congressional consideration and a recommendation to the Secretary of Transportation aimed at further increasing the use of safety belts. Following an Executive Summary, the report is presented in the following four chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Safety Belt Use Has Increased, but National Goals Have Not Been Met; (3) Primary Enforcement Laws and Aggressive Enforcement Are Key to Increased Belt Use; and (4) Federal Strategies for Increasing Safety Belt Use. KW - Federal government KW - Laws KW - Recommendations KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6901/rc96024.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721503 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Ethridge, P A AU - Gonzalez, R AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - COMBATTING VEHICLE THEFT ALONG THE TEXAS BORDER PY - 1996/01 VL - 65 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-13 AB - To address the dramatic rise in vehicle thefts experienced along the Texas-Mexico border, several law enforcement agencies in southern Texas formed a task force that combined specialized investigative techniques and innovative prosecutive arrangements to reduce the number of vehicle thefts. The proactive measures employed by the South Texas Auto Theft Enforcement Task Force (STATETF) have proven effective in apprehending offenders and reducing the vehicle theft rate in the region. This article describes the extent of the vehicle theft problem in south Texas and the reasons for its increase over the past decade, and discusses the activities of the west end unit of the STATETF. KW - Committees KW - Effectiveness KW - Government agencies KW - International borders KW - Investigations KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement and criminal justice personnel KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prosecution KW - Studies KW - Task force KW - Texas-Mexico Border region KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00926733 AU - Hendricks, Donald L AU - Pomerleau, Dean AU - Bollman, E S AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES TASK 1, FINAL INTERIM REPORT, VOLUME 2, SUPPORT VOLUME PY - 1996 SP - 256 p. in various pagings AB - This report presents a summary of data that was used in the clinical heavy truck analysis that was part of the Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program. Focus of the program was to address the single vehicle crash problem through the application of technology in preventing and/or reducing the severity of these crashes. The data in the study was taken from NTSB heavy truck run- off-road cases. A data summary sheet describes each case. It contains descriptive data on the rash, a narrative of what took place in the crash, a scene diagram illustrating the crash site with the vehicle's trajectory, and a situation tree to summarize the crash sequence. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00930225 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT. TASK 7A, IN-CAB TEXT MESSAGE SYSTEM AND CELLULAR PHONE USE BY HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVERS ON ROAD PY - 1996 SP - iv, 63 p. AB - This report addresses the application of a workload assessment protocol and measurement system to empirically assess the degree to which a text message and cellular phone system impose workload on heavy vehicle drivers. Sixteen (16) professional drivers performed over-the-road driving and various conditions of lighting (dark vs. light), road type (divided vs. undivided), and traffic density (high vs. low). Drivers were asked to read a variety of CRT text message impacts visual allocation and lanekeeping and that steering measures were also sensitive to the workload imposed by the CRT messages. Seven- and 10-digit dialing were the manual tasks associated with the highest demand for visual attention, but these tasks did not affect lanekeeping or speed measures. Cellular phone dialogues (cognitive tasks) impacted mirror sampling relative to open road driving. Recommendations for the implementation of the CRT text message system and the cellular phone system in-cab are discussed KW - Cellular radio KW - Driving KW - Human factors KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16505/PB2000104132.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9419/L201.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929039 AU - Hendricks, Donald L AU - Pomerleau, Dean A AU - Bollman, E S AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES. TASK 1 FINAL INTERIM REPORT, VOLUME 1, TECHNICAL FINDINGS PY - 1996 SP - xiv, 227 p. AB - The objective of the Run-off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program was to address the single vehicle crash problem by applying prevention and/or severity reduction technologies. This report extends work from the original Task 1 report by including heavy trucks. The report describes three analysis types that were applied: statistical analysis for estimating the problem size and establishing characteristics of the national crash population; 2) clinical analysis for determining crash causation factors and establishing the circumstances in which the crashes occurred; and, 3) engineering analyses for establishing the dynamic scenarios associated with each crash contained in the sample. The scenarios represented situation trees which delineated the specific combination of driver vehicle, and environmental factors in each crash and driver responses to critical events. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00821761 AU - Workshop on the Safety Evaluation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (1995 : Reston, Va.) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - ITS America. Safety and Human Factors Committee TI - SAFETY EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS : WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, RESTON, VIRGINIA, MAY 1-2, 1995 PY - 1996 SP - 265 p. AB - This document presents tutorial papers and case studies from a workshop which focused on achieving a better understanding of the process for evaluating safety benefits and impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The papers and reports present an overview and discussion regarding the goals, considerations, methods and lessons learned in the safety evaluation of ITS demonstration projects and field tests. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16357/PB2000103550.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/712829 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787118 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Body, Christopher A AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EVOLUTION OF ITS, INTERMODAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS PY - 1996 SP - p. 90-92 AB - This article gives an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the U.S. that are looking to integration to enhance the intermodal aspects of their systems. It first describes efforts in Montgomery County in the Washington, D.C. area to create an intermodal database for traffic and transit managers as well as serving as the foundation for the county's public information system. This is followed by a description of the GPS- based Bus Dispatch System (BDS) to be implemented in by Tri-Met in Portland, Oregon. The first intermodal application there will be to use the BDS system to feed real-time trip data to the paratransit scheduling database. The article also discusses the Bus Emergency Communications System (BECS) to be implemented by the Chicago Transit Authority. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642205 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787110 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Samuel, Peter AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MIXED FORTUNES FOR ITS OLYMPIC SHOWCASE PY - 1996 SP - p. 42-47 AB - This article gives an overview of the successes and failures experienced by the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Showcase in Atlanta, Georgia, during the 1996 Summer Olympics. Computer networking and human factors accounted for the bulk of the problems while the Traveler Information Showcase and advanced traffic management technologies were perceived to be successful implementations of advanced technologies. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Special events UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642198 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787113 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Dunstan, Sue AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OLD LOOPS CAN LEARN NEW TRICKS PY - 1996 SP - p. 70-71 AB - This article describes how a new technology is capable of enhancing existing inductive loop detection technology. The techniques are embodied in several algorithms designed for use in roadside vehicle detection equipment designed for shadow tolling. Using this new technology, vehicles can be identified and classified without loss of accuracy using single- detection technology. KW - Loop detectors KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00786539 AU - Lerner, N D AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR CRASH AVOIDANCE WARNING DEVICES PY - 1996 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This document presents a set of preliminary guidelines for the human factors aspects of in-vehicle crash avoidance warnings. The guidelines contain a section addressing generic system requirements which are intended to be applicable across all crash avoidance warning devices, as well as four sections addressing specific types of crash avoidance warning devices. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/638076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787120 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Crawford, David AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVING GREEN IN PORTUGAL PY - 1996 SP - p. 113-115 AB - This article looks at electronic tolling collection (ETC) systems in Portugal. The author describes how at least 50% of Portugal's national toll motorway network users are expected to be using a tag- based, non-stop electronic tolling system KW - Automated toll collection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642207 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787109 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RDS-TMC CLEARS LAST TECHNICAL SERVICE HURDLE PY - 1996 SP - p. 35-36 AB - This article discusses how recent agreements have been reached between broadcasters, service providers and receiver manufacturers towards implementing RDS-TMC (Radio Data System - Traffic Message Channel) services. The agreement, focusing on the additional information requirements for the receivers, will enable RDS-TMC services to be available throughout Europe during the next couple of years. KW - Driver information systems KW - Radio Data System Traffic Message Channel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642197 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787114 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Michalopoulos, Panos AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MACHINE VISION : THE WAY AHEAD? PY - 1996 SP - p. 76-78 AB - This article discusses the emergence of computer vision techniques for advanced traffic surveillance management and control. Focus is on the advantages of video detection and the Autoscope system. KW - AUTOSCOPE (Video vehicle detection system) KW - Computer vision KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642202 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787117 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Crawford, David AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLOGNE GETS INTO MOTION PY - 1996 SP - p. 86-88 AB - This article focuses on the implementation of the MOTION (Method for the Optimization of Traffic signals in On-line controlled Networks) advanced traffic signalling model. Deployed in Cologne, Germany, in 1994, MOTION represents an advanced approach to the need for dynamic assessment of the relationships between traffic streams in urban networks. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642204 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787119 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Burgett, August AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH AVOIDANCE HOLDS KEY TO SAFER US HIGHWAYS PY - 1996 SP - p. 94-98 AB - This article gives an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)- related crash avoidance programs that are being adopted by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). After discussing the seven types of collisions that are currently being addressed in the NHTSA collision avoidance program, the article looks at different projects including Automatic Collision Notification (ACN), Data Acquisition System for Crash Avoidance Research (DASCAR) System for Assessing the Vehicle Motion Environment (SAVME), the Variable Dynamic Testbed Vehicle (VDTV), and intelligent cruise control (ICC). KW - Crash avoidance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642206 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787111 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Wilson, Julian AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOPHISTICATED SURVEILLANCE FOR AIRPORT ROUTE PY - 1996 SP - p. 57-60 AB - This article describes how computerized traffic controls are necessary to ensure transportation links to Hong Kong's new airport. A surveillance system, capable of automatic incident detection, traffic plan implementation and other signal monitoring systems, will be implemented to ensure traffic control. KW - Airports KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642199 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787112 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Kurogo, Hisamitsu AU - McCulloch, Russ AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TOKYO TAKES TO SHINJUKU PARKING SCHEME PY - 1996 SP - p. 66-67 AB - This article describes Japan's first fully-fledged parking guidance and information system (PGIS), established in Tokyo in 1993. KW - Parking guidance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787108 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Costantino, James AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL ITS FUNDING UP FOR 1997 PY - 1996 SP - p. 29-30 AB - This article describes how 1997 federal funding appropriations for for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the U.S. has increased over the amounts allocated for 1996. Despite the Senate's recommendation of decreasing $8 million from the previous year's proposal, the House of Representatives' proposal came in at $10 million more than last year. Altogether, Congressional appropriations total $572 million for the 1997 fiscal year. KW - Finance KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642196 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787116 JO - ITS international. Issue no. 6 PB - ITS America AU - Harris, Rick AU - Juha, Mike AU - ITS America AU - Nippon Shingo Kabushiki Kaisha AU - W.S. Atkins Consultants Limited AU - Orbital Sciences Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MAKING SENSE OF TRAFFIC SURGES PY - 1996 SP - p. 82-85 AB - In this article, the authors make a case for area-wide traffic control. They first discuss the types of signal controllers, and in particular, traffic-actuated controllers. The successful adaptive systems SCOOT ( Split Cycle Offset Optimization Technique) and SCATS (Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System) are then described. The article concludes with a brief discussion on opportunities for remote detection. KW - Adaptive control KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725640 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DIGEST: A COMPENDIUM OF INNOVATIVE STATE AND COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTS - WINTER 1996 PY - 1996 SP - 71 p. AB - This Traffic Safety Digest contains information on innovative state and community traffic safety projects. For each project the following information is provided: Title; State; Program Area(s); Type of Jurisdiction; Targeted Population(s); Project Characteristics; Jurisdiction Size; Problem Identification; Goals and Objectives; Strategies and Activities; Results; Funding; and Contact (person; address; telephone number). The 25 projects in this Digest are categorized in one of the following areas: Alcohol and Other Drugs; Occupant Protection; Police Traffic Services; Safe Communities; Injury Prevention; Youth Programs; and School Bus. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Communities KW - Drunk driving KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Innovation KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Police traffic services KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - School buses KW - School safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00784570 AU - Hu, P S AU - Trumble, D A AU - Foley, D J AU - Eberhard, J W AU - Wallace, R B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Institutes of Health TI - CRASH PREDICTION MODELS FOR OLDER DRIVERS: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS APPROACH PY - 1996 SP - 20 p. AB - The graying of America is resulting in a larger proportion of older individuals in the population. Recent transportation surveys show that an increasing number of older individuals are licensed to drive and that they drive more than their same age cohort a decade ago. These trends necessitate increased study of their potential highway safety problems. Considerable progress has been made on understanding older drivers' safety issues. Nonetheless, research has been rather limited and the findings inconclusive. One of the methodological limitations is the lack of considering temporal order between events (i.e., the time between onset of medical condition, symptom, and crash). Without time-series data, researchers have often linked a "snap-shot" of medical conditions and driving patterns to more than one year of crash data, hoping to accumulate enough data on crashes. The interpretation of the results from these studies is difficult in that one cannot explicitly attribute the increase in highway crash rates to medical conditions and/or physical limitations. This paper uses a panel data analysis approach to identify factors that place older drivers at greater crash risk. Our results show that factors that place female drivers at greater crash risk are different from those influencing male drivers. More risk factors were found to be significant in affecting older men's involvement in crashes than older women. When the analysis controlled for the amount of driving, women who live alone or who experience back pain were found to have a higher crash risk. Similarly, men who are employed, score low on word-recall tests, have a history of glaucoma, or use antidepressant drugs were found to have a higher crash risk. The most influential risk factors in men were the amount of miles driven, and use of antidepressants. KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Females KW - Highway safety KW - Males KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Panel studies KW - Physical condition UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5878/crash.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/637030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00776358 AU - Wierwille, Walter W AU - LEWIN, MARK G AU - FAIRBANKS, ROLLIN J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH ON VEHICLE-BASED DRIVER STATUS/PERFORMANCE MONITORING. PART II PY - 1996 SP - viii, 95 p. AB - This study reports on the specification, testing, and evaluation of a driver drowsiness detection/alarm/countermeasure system. This led to the development of revised algorithms for driver drowsiness detection. These revised algorithms were developed under conditions that encouraged more natural lane-keeping behavior by drivers in the simulator. KW - Driver monitoring UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20100/20153/PB98112329.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/507962 ER - TY - SER AN - 00775850 JO - Research report (University of California, Davis. Institute of Transportation Studies) ; UCD-ITS-RR-96-7 PB - University of California, Davis AU - University of California, Davis AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - Delco Automotive Electronics Development AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RAPID PROTOTYPING OF COLLISION WARNING ALERTS : DRAFT FINAL REPORT PY - 1996 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This report describes a study which investigated collision warning alerts. Specifically, it defines a target of about six alerts to be recommended for testing in a simulator. The study looks at alert characteristics that are associated with improved driver performance and acceptance, the implications of combined visual and auditory alerts, the implication of age on the alerts, and concerns to future alert development. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Human factors KW - Three dimensional displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774727 AU - Horne, William AU - McOmber, Robert AU - Bruno, Ron AU - Stanford Telecommunications Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ITS ARCHITECTURE REQUIREMENTS AND FEATURES NEEDED TO PROVIDE FOR SAFETY- RELATED ITS USER SERVICES PY - 1996 SP - 2 v. AB - The objective of this project was to assess the extent to which the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture supports or is compatible with safety-related ITS user services of interest to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), particularly those having significant in-vehicle control and warning functionality. The task was structured to permit feedback of NHTSA needs and concerns to the architecture development teams during the process of ITS Architecture development. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Safety KW - System architecture KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00757878 AU - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety TI - NETS SEASONAL PLANNER: THIRD QUARTER 1996 PY - 1996 SP - 6 p. AB - This seasonal planner includes camera-ready artwork for posters, a paycheck stuffer, a newsletter ad, a campaign button, and a list of ideas for employers to try, to promote speed-conscious driving by their employees. Many employees who commute by car need to be made aware of the dangers associated with speeding. Using the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety program to promote safety messages and facts can increase employees compliance with posted speed limits while increasing their overall safe driving habits as well. KW - Businesses KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Employees KW - Employers KW - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety KW - Publicity KW - Safety programs KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00757887 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DIGEST: A COMPENDIUM OF INNOVATIVE STATE AND COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROJECTS - SPRING 1996 PY - 1996 SP - n.p. AB - This edition of the Traffic Safety Digest focuses on traffic safety projects in the areas of Alcohol and Other Drugs, Emergency Medical Services, Joint FHWA/NHTSA Initiatives, Occupant Protection, Police Traffic Services, Safe Communities, Traffic Records, and Youth Programs. For each project the following information is provided: Title; State; Project Characteristics; Program Area(s); Type of Jurisdiction; Targeted Population(s); Jurisdiction Size; Problem Identification; Goals and Objectives; Strategies and Activities; Results; Funding; and Contact (person; address; telephone number). KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Communities KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical services KW - Innovation KW - Joint ventures KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Police traffic services KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Records management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/539067 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748470 AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - CHAMBERS, F K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AFTERMARKET DEVICES TO REPOSITION SHOULDER BELTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1012-31 AB - This paper presents the results from a series of HYGE sled tests that were conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to evaluate aftermarket devices designed to reposition the shoulder belt to improve fit/comfort. Three types of devices were tested using the 3- and 6-year-old and 5th percentile female dummies. Baseline (no device) tests were also conducted. Additionally, tests comparing the use of a belt positioning booster seat with and without one of the devices were also conducted. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Child KW - Children KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Females KW - Impact sled KW - Impact sleds KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485487 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748471 AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - HELL, W AU - LOWNE, R AU - HUIJSKENS, C G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT TO CHILDREN IN CARS. EXPERIENCE FROM INTERNATIONAL ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND SAFETY TESTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1046-61 AB - In the ISO TC22/SC12 working group 1 "Child Restraint Systems" the risk of side impacts to children in cars was declared an important working item and an ad-hoc group was established to analyse this field. This paper summarises the first experience and activities of this ad-hoc group "Children in Cars - Side Impact Studies". The group started in 1993 an international inquiry at accident research units to cover characteristics and injury patterns of children in cars depending on seating position, age and kind of restraint systems used. The resulting international database covers at present 83 side impacts of children in cars from 0 to 4 years and 56 accidents of children between 5 and 12 years where the children suffered an injury severity of MAIS 2+. Based on the results from the accident data and the sampling of full scale and sled tests, new test configurations have been developed. The paper includes suggestions for further work with side impact test procedures, which could be a basis for future safety standards. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Car door KW - Child KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Impact sled KW - Impact sleds KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485488 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748485 AU - ESUMI, N AU - SATAKE, K AU - OHMAE, H AU - HARIGAE, T AU - Ueno, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH CONCERNING VEHICLE OCCUPANT PROTECTION FOR LATERAL COLLISION - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS OF LATERAL COLLISION AND VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS IN JAPANESE MARKET PY - 1996 SP - p. 1257-65 AB - Lateral collisions in automobile accidents are recognized as serious accidents because very little space is available on the side of the vehicle to absorb the energy of the impact. Test procedures for evaluating the capabilities of a vehicle for protecting the occupants in lateral collision have been applied in the United States since 1993, and are expected to be applied in Europe in 1998. In Japan, in the report of the Council for Transport Technology presented in 1992 on this subject, lateral collision occupant protection was adopted as a middle term study item and studies are in progress for finding an appropriate test procedure to be adopted in Japan. This paper reports the results of analyses of lateral collision accidents in Japan, and also outlines the results of studies of test conditions for a lateral collision testing procedure to be introduced into Japan. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident rate KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485502 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748488 AU - Kanianthra, J N AU - Fan, W AU - Rains, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPPER INTERIOR HEAD IMPACT PROTECTION OF OCCUPANTS IN REAL WORLD CRASHES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1281-90 AB - The safety problem associated with head injuries due to impacts against upper interior components continues to be of concern to automobile manufacturers and others. Even with increased safety belt usage, and when the entire fleet would consist of air bag equipped vehicles only, the magnitude of fatalities and serious injuries that are likely to continue to occur would be significant. Based on 1988-1993 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) data, it is estimated that about 2200 fatalities and over 3600 serious injuries would likely occur due to head impacts against upper interior components in light vehicles, annually. NHTSA conducted research to develop countermeasures to reduce the head injury potential in upper interior head impacts in vehicles. A test device and procedure were developed. Using these along with the standard head injury criterion (HIC), the safety performance of baseline and modified vehicles were determined by conducting several tests. Based on these test results, it is estimated that over 1000 fatalities will be prevented, and up to about 800 serious head injuries will be reduced by the test procedures developed and implemented into an amendment to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 201. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Roof (veh) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485505 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748503 AU - KRAFFT, M AU - THOMAS, A AU - Nygren, A AU - LIE, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHIPLASH ASSOCIATED DISORDER - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCIDENCE IN REAR-END COLLISIONS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1426-32 AB - Whiplash associated disorder, AIS1 neck injury, occurring in car accidents is an increasing problem all over the world. The injury as well as the mechanism of the injury are still in many ways unknown. The purpose of this article is to add different factors that contribute to the knowledge of the origin of this injury. In the present study real-life data from police records was used. The paired comparison method was used to evaluate the influence of the seat-belt geometry, vehicle weight as well as the sex of the occupant. To study the influence of the seat-belt geometry on AIS1 neck injuries in rear-end collisions, two car models that were produced with two/three or four/five doors were selected. There was an increased risk in the car models with four/five doors compared to the same models with two/three doors. The risk of whiplash injury increases with increased weight difference between the struck and the striking car. For cars of a given size the risk of whiplash injury is higher for females. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety belt KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485519 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748504 AU - O'Neill, B AU - Preuss, C A AU - NOLAN, J M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMPUTED DELTA V AND IMPACT SPEEDS FOR OFFSET CRASH TESTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1433-40 AB - The intent of crashworthiness standards and new car evaluations based on full vehicle testing is to promote designs that eliminate many, if not all, of the serious injuries in real-world crashes of equivalent or lesser severity to that used in the test. A sample of real-world frontal crashes in the United States was examined and the estimated crash severities were related to impact speeds for single-vehicle offset crashes into deformable barriers. For each of the vehicles in these tests, the postcrash vehicle deformation was measured using the procedures specified for CRASH3 and a delta V was calculated. The results of this study suggest that a 40 percent offset test into a deformable barrier at 64 km/h represents a real-world crash severity below which about 75 percent of all MAIS 3 or greater injuries and slightly less than half of all fatal injuries to passenger car occupants in frontal offset crashes occur in the United States. The fact that many deaths and serious injuries occur in higher severity crashes suggests that this test speed choice is not too high and that standards or crashworthiness evaluations in offset tests into deformable barriers at significantly lower speeds would be ignoring large numbers of real-world crashes with serious injuries. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485520 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748521 AU - Viano, D AU - JEDRZEJCZAK, E AU - DENG, B AU - SMRCKA, J AU - KEMPF, P AU - PEARLMAN, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BELT AND AIRBAG TESTING WITH A PREGNANT HYBRID III FEMALE DUMMY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1584-97 AB - The objective of this research was to develop a pregnancy insert for the Hybrid III female dummy which would allow evaluation of various restraint conditions on energy transmission to the foetus. The pregnancy insert includes a urethane "abdomen-uterus" surounding an ellipsoidal "amniotic fluid" gel and simulated 28-32 week "foetus", and fits into a 5th percentile Hybrid III female dummy. The "foetus" is instrumented with accelerometers in the head and thorax. A load-measuring reaction plate records force on the abdomen. Thirty-nine crash tests were run in the driver and right front passenger position on a Hyge sled under eleven different belt restraint and airbag conditions at 10-25 mph (4.5-11.2 m/s). In the first series, foetal and maternal responses for recommended lap-shoulder belt placement were compared to improper placement of the lap or shoulder belt. In the second series, several driver airbag restraint conditions were studied. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Females KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Pregnancy KW - Pregnant women KW - Safety belt KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485537 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748522 AU - CHABERT, L AU - GHANNOUCHI, S AU - Cavallero, C AU - BONNOIT, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANATOMICAL STUDY AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BELTED HUMAN BODY IN SEATED POSITION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1598-1604 AB - This paper describes a method developed jointly by medical and technical staffs to improve knowledge of the anatomy of the body in the seat-belt position. The method consists of the following steps: - a human cadaver is belted into a model driver's seat and frozen in order to fix anatomical structures; - the entire body is then cut into serial sections; - sections are individually analyzed and drawings of organs are made; - a computer-generated three-dimensional reconstruction is made of each anatomical structure. The resulting reconstructions allowed study of the position of organs in relation to seat belt straps. With further study it is hoped to be able to predict the type of injuries that can occur during collisions and describe the mechanisms underlying lesions that have been reported in field studies. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometry KW - Anthropometry KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Digital computer KW - Digital computers KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Human body KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485538 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748536 AU - GANE, J AU - PEDDER, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAD RESTRAINT MEASURING DEVICE PY - 1996 SP - p. 1788-90 AB - Soft tissue neck injuries sustained in rear-end injuries (so-called "whiplash" injuries) are the most common type of injuries resulting from motor vehicle accidents. In fact, in Canada, these injuries exceed all other types of injuries combined. In support of efforts to reduce the incidence and severity of these types of injuries, criteria for adequate head restraint position have been developed based on minimum height and set-back requirements. The North American fleet of 1996 model vehicles was measured against these criteria and 79% of 148 vehicles failed to meet the minimum criteria. In order to enable accurate and repeatable measurements of head restraint position, a Head Restraint Measuring Device was used. This paper reviews the design and use of this device. The device is useful for measurement and rating of current motor vehicles, support of current or proposed motor vehicle regulations, and design of future vehicles. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head restraint KW - Headrests KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Measuring instruments KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485552 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748539 AU - BEAUGONIN, M AU - HAUG, E AU - MUNCK, G AU - Cesari, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF SOME CRITICAL PARAMETERS ON THE SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMIC HUMAN ANKLE DORSIFLEXION RESPONSE PY - 1996 SP - p. 1801-11 AB - In this paper, after a brief description of the human ankle/foot model by the authors, the influence of the modeling of the soft tissues using a non-linear material model and of elastic bones is described. While the non-linear behavior of the soft tissues has not much influence on the global kinematics of the ankle/foot complex, the fact that the main bones are modeled by elastic shell elements instead of rigid bodies has a more pronounced effect on the dorsiflexion ankle under impact loading. Therefore, in future work, more effort will go into modeling most of the bones as deformable. In addition, fractures criteria could be taken into account. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Foot KW - Foot (not a measure) KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Model (not math) KW - Motion KW - Movement KW - Scale models KW - Structural models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485555 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748553 AU - DOWDELL, B AU - VERTSONIS, H AU - SMITH, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE IN SERVICE BRAKE REQUIREMENTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1937-53 AB - A series of tests were conducted with the aim of: 1) determining the relationship between the brake forces measured by the VIT and actual braking performance of a heavy vehicle; 2) determining the relationship between brake force balance as measured by the VIT and actual truck behaviour during braking; and 3) establishing a relationship between roller brake testing and standards compliance testing. A strong relationship has been found to exist between the weight on a wheel and the brake force that wheel is capable of generating. On the basis of this relationship it is proposed to adopt a new minimum braking requirement expressed in kN/tonne. A relationship between brake imbalance and vehicle performance was also established. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Lorry KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485569 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748554 AU - PAINE, M P AU - FISHER, A J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FLASHING WARNING LIGHTS FOR SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1954-60 AB - Motorists who are approaching a bus which is picking up or dropping off school children should be alert to the possibility of children crossing the road. In country areas of New South Wales the motorists may be travelling at speeds around 100km/h. At this speed the warning signal should be readily seen at 250 metres in order for the motorist to be able to detect and react to the signal and to slow down without heavy braking. In bright daylight conventional vehicle signalling systems, such as direction indicator lamps, do not provide this required signal range. Traffic signals practice suggests that much brighter lights are required. A dilemma is that bright warning lights might cause discomfort and glare at dusk or at night. The authors examined the geometry of a typical scenario for a car encountering a bus at the side of the road. It was found that a warning light system could be specified which achieved the required signal range but which, due to its high mounting position on the bus and sharp vertical cut-off of the light distribution downwards, enabled motorists to move into a lower intensity portion of the beam as they approached the bus. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Bus KW - Buses KW - Child KW - Children KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Light intensity KW - Luminous intensity KW - School KW - Schools KW - Signal KW - Signals KW - Visibility KW - Visibility KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485570 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748571 AU - ROSMAN, D L AU - RYAN, G A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A LINKED ROAD INJURY DATABASE: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT, EVALUATION AND RESEARCH PY - 1996 SP - p. 1388-91 AB - The Western Australian Road Injury Database, maintained by the Road Accident Prevention Research Unit, consists of linked records of all police reported crashes, hospital admissions, ambulance trips and deaths from road traffic crashes in Western Australia from 1988 until 1992 inclusive. The merging of police reports with vehicle licence details allows the injury experience of vehicle types to be determined. In addition to providing an extremely valuable research tool, proposed enhancement of data collection and linkage methods will provide a powerful executive decision support system available to road safety agencies in this state. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Crashes KW - Data acquisition KW - Data banks KW - Data collection KW - Database KW - Hospital KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Police KW - Police KW - Safety KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485587 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748572 AU - SCHIMMELPFENNIG, K-H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BOARD FRAME. A POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION TO IMPROVE PASSIVE SAFETY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1920-5 AB - The board frame is a fully supporting board concept for commercial vehicles. The essential amount of structural strength is being provided by a surrounding main member. This surrounding member has the outside dimensions of the vehicle. Its height ranges from lower edge of the rim up to upper edge of the tire. The smooth surface and external finish of this member lead to an acoustic capsulation of rolling noise, lessen any spray problems and provide a gliding surface to reduce the degree of collision impact. An application out of extruded aluminium profiles will clearly reduce the dead weight in spite of optimized passive safety. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Aluminium KW - Aluminum KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Chassis KW - Chassis KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Lorry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Noise KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Splashing KW - Spray (veh) KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485588 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748474 AU - SAMPSON, D AU - LOZZI, A AU - KELLY, P AU - Brown, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECT OF HARNESS MOUNTING LOCATION ON CHILD RESTRAINT PERFORMANCE PY - 1996 SP - p. 1094-101 AB - This paper details an experimental investigation into the effect of harness mounting height, relative to the occupant's shoulders, on the performance of forward facing child restraints in frontal impacts. Child restraints typically feature a range of mounting slots for locating the restraint harness in the seat back. There had been speculation that, in frontal crashes, excessively low harness mountings could lead to an increased risk of spinal injuries. The experiments conducted for this project showed that when compared to results for harness slot positions at shoulder level, lumbar compressive forces were significantly larger for harness slot heights below the dummy's shoulders. However, these lower mounting positions produced lower head and neck loads. In all cases, higher mounting positions better limited the dummy's head excursion. All tests were performed twice, and repeatability between identical tests was better than that typically quoted for such experiments. This project establishes a link between the restraint harness mounting height and the level of protection offered to the occupant's spine, head and neck. It recommends that a mounting height at the level of the child's shoulders offers the best overall protection in a frontal impact. It also recommends that the Australian Standard AS 1754-1991 should be amended to increase the minimum height of mounting slots. These recommendations may need to be modified in the future as a result of further research in child biomechanics. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Child KW - Children KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485491 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748481 AU - PRACKEL, J AU - BACHMANN, V AU - BREUER, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A UNIVERSITY'S VIEW ON MOTORCYCLE SAFETY - RECENT RESEARCH RESULTS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1197-1211 AB - Funded by the Bundesanstalt fuer Strabenwesen fzd, intensified experimental man-machine-interface- (MMI-) research by looking into the braking behaviour of motorcyclists in real traffic was undertaken. Measurements and video data documented that even in "normal" driving situations the braking behaviour differs from the ideal braking. Extraordinary requirements asked from the driver in certain driving situations decrease the braking performance even more. In many situations higher decelerations were possible and necessary. The fear of locking the front wheel seems to be fixed in the riders consciousness of the subjects and prevents maximum deceleration. The braking performance of riders on motorcycles equipped with today's standard independent braking system is insufficient in dangerous situations. An outlook on future perspectives of enhancing the safety of motorcycles is given. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Contact (tyre road) KW - Crash helmet KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Rolling contact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485498 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748492 AU - HOPTON, J R AU - BACON, DGC AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR COST EFFECTIVE AIRBAG AND TRIM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1996 SP - p. 1329-34 AB - A radical change has occurred in the organisation and planning of vehicle programmes in recent years. A number of systems within the vehicle are to be developed by Tier 1 suppliers in isolation from the vehicle platform. There is a need for a higher level of confidence in a system's performance before it is tried out on a full vehicle. For side impact crashworthiness development the change in programme style has put a greater emphasis on advanced engineering at the concept and prototype stages. The need for increased confidence has required the development of physical test methods that do not need prototype bodyshells, but represent the environment experienced in full crash tests. The application of two sled based techniques, S.I.D.E. and M-SIS, is described in relation to the modern vehicle programme with the advantage that: (1) Side structure performance targets can be related to door velocity profiles and their effect on occupant response, before prototype vehicles are built; (2) Structural and occupant computer models can be evaluated against a physical test method; and (3) Airbag and trim systems can be developed with a dynamic test without the need for destruction of many prototype parts. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Body (car) KW - Car KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485509 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748500 AU - ISENBERG, R A AU - Walz, M AU - CHIDESTER, C AU - Kaufman, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN CRASH DATA STUDY - AN INTERIM EVALUATION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1396-1407 AB - In July 1994, a Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) was initiated within the United States to collect detailed crash reconstruction data for pedestrian crashes. This paper reports on the scope and design of the PCDS. It also examines the results of early months of data collection and reports on the new techniques used for data collection, including the use of video recording for vehicle and scene documentation and the development of a pedestrian contour gauge for the documentaion of the pedestrian's contacts with the vehicle. Additional analyses of the pedestrian crash circumstances, including pre-crash, at crash, and injury consequences, are also discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Accident rate KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485516 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748507 AU - Newstead, S AU - CAMERON, M AU - SKALOVA, M AU - MULLAN, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORRELATION OF RESULTS FROM THE AUSTRALIAN NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM WITH REAL CRASH DATA PY - 1996 SP - p. 1458-65 AB - This paper assesses the relationship between Australian NCAP test results and data from real crashes by comparing the results of crashworthiness ratings to the outcomes of NCAP testing for vehicle models which have been assessed in both programs. Existing crashworthiness ratings based on all crash types have been used in the comparison, as well as crashworthiness ratings derived from crashes of specific types which are thought to be more typical of the crash types the NCAP program claims to represent. Comparison has been made not only with the raw NCAP measures but also with transformations and combinations of these which claim to estimate the probability of severe injury to a vehicle occupant in an NCAP type collision. The effect of vehicle mass in the relationship has also been investigated. A second stage of the study has examined the relationship between detailed injury data by body region recorded in insurance claim data and the corresponding measurements taken from the various body regions of the crash test dummies in the NCAP procedures. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485523 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748518 AU - LEHMANN, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE FEATURES OF THE ACCIDENT DATA RECORDER AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ROAD SAFETY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1565-8 AB - The Accident Data Recorder is a black box for the vehicle which can be compared to the flight recorder used in aeroplanes. It records the transversal and longitudinal acceleration as well as the vehicle rotations and road speed. It further knows when and how long ignition, light, indicators and brakes have been activated. In the event of an accident, this data is recorded with high precision 30 seconds before and 15 seconds after the accident. Accident recognition is fully automatic. The device can be installed into any vehicle. Experience gained by VDO Kienzle show that the system has a positive effect on accident prevention and provides the accident expert with objective data on the course of an accident. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Accident prevention KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Crashes KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485534 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748525 AU - ONO, K AU - Hayano, K AU - Ito, M AU - MATSUOKA, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TAD-50M DUMMY PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCE IN HYGE SLED TESTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1632-43 AB - This paper describes the results of laboratory evaluation of the thoracic assessment device (leased out by NHTSA under the cooperation research) developed for the advanced anthropometric test device and prototyped for the 50th percentile male dummy (TAD-50M) in a HYGE test under relatively severe impact conditions. The advanced thorax has been integrated with the HY-III head, neck, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities. The evaluation program consisted of eight sled tests; five at 30 mph and three at 35 mph, including airbag only, the 3-point seat belt and the 3-point seat belt with airbag systems using a white body of a compact car. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485541 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748532 AU - WHITE, R P AU - Zhao, Y AU - RANGARAJAN, N AU - HAFFNER, M AU - EPPINGER, R E AU - KLEINBERGER, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENTED BIOFIDELIC NECK FOR THE NHTSA ADVANCED FRONTAL TEST DUMMY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1728-40 AB - This paper sets forth the needs of an advanced instrumented neck for the NHTSA advanced frontal dummy, which is intended to duplicate the response of a human neck during dynamic impact in the fore and aft and lateral directions. Previous efforts to develop a suitable biofidelic mechanical neck for human surrogates are briefly discussed in order to outline their limitations in the dynamic impact environment. Human response of the head/neck system under various dynamic impact conditions, to which the new neck simulation system was designed, are presented and the goals of the development effort outlined. The evolution of the new biofidelic neck design is presented and the final neck design that has been incorporated into the advanced ATD is discussed in detail. A series of evaluation tests of the neck response under various dynamic impact loadings were conducted to evaluate the success of the dummy head/neck response in duplicating the responses obtained from the volunteer tests. The results of these evaluation tests are presented and discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485548 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748543 AU - NIII, N AU - NAKAGAWA, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVER ANALYSIS METHOD OF A LARGE-SIZED BUS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1845-53 AB - Remarkable progress has been made in the safety technology of a car, and in recent years there has been strong demand for a safety sight-seeing bus. For this reason, safety bus structure is essential to reduction in casualties, and computer simulation is indispensable for developing a safety bus. However, the structural analysis of a bus is so time-consuming because of the enormous number of elements of a vehicle model. This paper deals with structural analysis method for a bus in the event of rollover to reduce the calculation time to a reasonable one. A common crash analysis solver is modified in our method by reducing the number of integration cycles with respect to time in the explicit finite element method. Rollover test and computer simulation have been performed based on the ECE R66 regulation which specifies European rollover test standards. Deceleration and displacement of critical points on the bus have been measured during the time the vehicle is being deformed. As a result, quite a good agreement has been achieved between the test results and the simulation ones. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident prevention KW - Bus KW - Buses KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485559 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748550 AU - CHENG, L Y AU - GIRVAN, D S AU - Werner, S M AU - KHATUA, T P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK CRASHWORTHINESS - 90 DEGREE ROLLOVER ACCIDENTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1900-11 AB - The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) initiated a research program to evaluate heavy truck crashworthiness, with the goal of using that information to evaluate truck occupant protection. Phase I of this crashworthiness program entailed development of characteristic crash pulses and analysis of occupant dynamics for heavy truck accidents involving truck occupant fatalities. This paper is part of a series of reports documenting the Phase I results of the SAE heavy truck crashworthiness study. A companion study identified three major accident events in these accidents: rollover, collision with a fixed object, and collision with a motor vehicle. Ninety-degree rollover accidents with and without subsequent collision were reconstructed in order to develop a representative crash pulse, which in turn was input into a dynamic model of the cab interior and occupant. Occupant dynamics analyses demonstrated the effectiveness of restraint use in occupant protection. Shoulder belt use was shown to be effective in limiting forward and lateral excursion of the upper body, but less effective in limiting vertical occupant excursions. Head impacts with the roof, roof header, and side roof rail were the most common and significant occupant impacts in the 90 degree rollover simulations. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Lorry KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Safety belt KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485566 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748557 AU - DALINKIEWICZ, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SECURING LOADS IN TELECOM VEHICLES TO WITHSTAND IMPACT PY - 1996 SP - p. 1976-9 AB - Research and development work carried out worldwide on vehicle safety tends to focus heavily on protecting vehicle occupants from being injured during the initial collision between their vehicle and another vehicle or object. This paper outlines work carried out by Telstra (Telecom Australia) to secure loads carried in vehicles such as station wagons and forward control vans, where the load can break free during a collision and strike the vehicle occupants - they can therefore be victims of two collisions in one accident. Australia leads the world in setting standards for cargo barriers, but these are limited in their ability to stop flying loads, and should only be treated as a secondary line of defence. Anchorage systems developed by Telstra have restrained loads of up to one tonne in vans during impact with a concrete barrier at speeds up to 50 kph. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Commodities KW - Crashes KW - Freight KW - Freight traffic KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Lorry KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485573 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748568 AU - VROMAN, R AU - Roberts, J AU - GLOYNS, P AU - RATTENBURY, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EUROPEAN SECONDARY SAFETY RATING SYSTEM FOR CARS PY - 1996 SP - p. 2071-6 AB - This paper describes a unique, but very effective, approach to the rating of cars for crash safety. The system introduced takes into account not only real accident data, but also the safety of all occupants, not just the average male driver. The output is a single safety figure for each model of car. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485584 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748477 AU - ROGERS, N M AU - ZELLNER, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPLICATION OF ISO 13232 TO MOTORCYCLIST PROTECTIVE DEVICE RESEARCH PY - 1996 SP - p. 1119-48 AB - International Standard 13232 has been developed and internationally approved for the purpose of providing common research methods for assessing the feasibility of protective devices which might be fitted to motorcycles and which are intended to reduce injuries to riders resulting from car impact. The Standard represents the current international consensus of relevant experts from 10 participating nations reached through the committee process. The Standard involves agreed methods for description of a standardized motorcycle accident population, a specialized motorcyclist crash dummy, measurement methods, injury indices, full scale test procedures and conditions, and methods for calibrating and using computer simulations to predict performance across the population of accidents. The Standard provides a practical and specific means for evaluating the comparative effects of proposed protective devices. Results of applying the Standard to a full scale test evaluation of an example proposed UKDS motorcycle leg protector device are presented and discussed, along with suggestions for possible future refinements of the Standard. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485494 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748479 AU - KOCH, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MOTORCYCLE RIDERS SECONDARY SAFETY BY PROTECTORS FITTED TO RIDERS CLOTHING PY - 1996 SP - p. 1160-6 AB - This paper describes the draft CEN-standard (prEN 1621-1) named "Motorcyclists Protective Clothing against Mechanical Impacts, Part 1". It contains performance requirements for impact protectors fitted to motorcyclists' clothing. Impact protectors meeting the requirements of the standard will provide some protection against injury caused by impacts with road surfaces in motorcycle accidents. Injuries from impacts with such objects or other vehicles may be slightly reduced, although the capacity and performance of protectors is limited. This draft standard is the result of a long period of discussion and research within CEN/TC 162 working group 9. In his conclusion the author distinguishes between the different tasks of the motorcycle riders' clothing such as protection against atmospheric conditions and the secondary safety performance limited to protectors. He points out that further research is necessary to improve both the protectors and the standard. Quoting from an official document of the EU Commission, the author gives a negative answer to the question if there is an additional safety potential in riders clothing. He underlines the basic conflict requirements, for example the increase of secondary safety versus the limited manoeuvrability of the rider, which may cause accidents. Another conflict of requirements is the one of secondary safety versus primary safety which may occur if the rider's ability to handle his bike safely is negatively influenced by clothing reducing the fitness. The author proposes follow-up research before further standards for every kind of riders clothing could possibly be discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Clothing KW - Clothing KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485496 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748494 AU - HASEGAWA, J AU - MOTOJIMA, H AU - Ogawa, Y AU - Ando, K AU - HAUG, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE SIDE IMPACT DUMMY AND APPLICATION FOR THE SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1342-54 AB - In occupant safety assessment, numerical simulations of automotive crash provide a valuable tool for the engineers. A large number of numerical models of dummies have been proposed to date to help engineers to assess with numerical simulation tools the level of injury on occupants in automobile crashes. In side impacts, the phenomena are more complicated than in other crash configurations such as the frontal and rear-end collision. The dummy and the car structural parts, such as side-door panels, interact strongly during the side impacts. In order to accurately predict the phenomena in such situations, a detailed 3D finite element model of the DOT-SID dummy was developed. In the present model, based on the SID dummy, the combined simulation and experimental verification of the dynamic and pseudo-static characteristics of different materials such as foam, rubber, composites and so forth, was carried out. The SID finite element model has been validated first at the individual segment level, then by using rigid surface impactor tests on dummy sub-assemblies, and finally based on the SID performance verification impact tests on the complete dummy assembly. Furthermore, the SID finite element model was also validated in padded surface impactor situations providing similar effects as the real configuration of passenger car side impacts. A parametric study was carried out on this configuration to reduce the level of injury parameters. The paper presents the results from these validation steps. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Padding (safety) KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485511 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748496 AU - Ando, K AU - NIIZEKI, H AU - KISIELEWICZ, L T AU - CHHOR, A AU - GUYON, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOAM MATERIAL CALIBRATION FOR THE SIDE IMPACT SIMULATION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1365-70 AB - Foam materials such as polyurethane play a very important role as the shock and energy absorbing material in many kinds of impacts. Recent interest in the numerical analysis of side impact testing coupled with the strong influence that such a material has on the impact response have made the determination of an appropriate material model for foam mandatory. The typical mechanical behavior of this material, which should be considered in the numerical material model, can be described as highly non-linear and strain-rate dependent with high energy dissipation characteristics. Such a material also possesses hysteresis characteristics in cyclic loading. Specified numerical parameters are required in order to adequately model the behavior of this material. The main objective of this paper is to present a method of determining these parameters and provide some examples of the effect of these parameters in the chest impact simulation of the DOT-SID dummy. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485513 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748512 AU - GALASKO, CSB AU - MURRAY, P A AU - PITCHER, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHIPLASH ASSOCIATED DISORDERS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1504-13 AB - This paper reports the results of several studies the aims of which were to determine the cost, prevalence, frequency of reporting and disability associated with whiplash associated disorders. In 1982 the World Health Authority concluded that previous studies on the costs of road traffic accidents "had been based on cost of deaths and in-patient treatment, and had neglected to examine the cost of long term disability to the community" (WHO 1982). During the past 12 years we, with the Transport Research Laboratories and the Department of Transport, have tried to evaluate the cost of road traffic accidents, paying particular attention to whiplash associated disorders and looking at the cost of the residual disability. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Disabled person KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485528 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748514 AU - NICKLES, J E AU - Samaha, R R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN UPGRADED SYSTEM FOR CRASH TEST DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM EVALUATION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1519-29 AB - Since 1987 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has been providing to each of its crash and sled test contractors a signal waveform generator (SWG) which supplies precision test waveforms to evaluate the facility's crash or sled test data acquisition system performance for compliance to SAE J211 requirements. As more experience was gained with the SWG, requests from crash test sites world wide to borrow an SWG increased until they exceeded the numbers of SWGs in existence. The SWG was custom designed and built in the early 80's because the required technology was not commercially available. Although the basic electronic design is good, its mechanical construction left the SWG vulnerable to shipment from one site to another and reliability on site was poor. Since the required technology is now available, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has developed a system that uses commercially available hardware to the extent possible and can be used by any crash or sled test site in the world to evaluate its own system. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Signal KW - Signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485530 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748529 AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - WITHNALL, C AU - GIBSON, T J AU - ROGERS, N AU - Zellner, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE NECK OF A MOTORCYCLIST ANTHROPOMETRIC TEST DUMMY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1679-89 AB - A standard reearch methodology for comparing the performance of various motorcyclist crash protection devices such as airbags and leg protectors has been developed under the auspices of the International Standards Organization, ISO/TC22/SC22/WG22. This methodology employs an Anthropometric Test Device, ATD, specially designed to represent a motorcyclist. Based on the Hybrid III, it incorporates several special features specific to this application. Among these is a neck which includes several unique performance specifications. Foremost among these requirements is the recognition that the initial head-neck orientation of the motorcyclist is both different from the automobile occupant and will vary from vehicle to vehicle. Secondly, the helmeted head of the motorcyclist ATD will be subjected to inertial and impact loading not only in the fore-aft direction, but also laterally. Finally, the head and neck will be subjected to torsional loading. Some of these requirements have been incorporated in Draft International Standard 13232. Others need further development particularly if the dummy is to be used for motorcycle airbag research. This paper discusses how current biomechanical specifications for frontal and side impact automotive ATDs are applied to this special application. Additionally, new specifications for neck torsional response are proposed. A set of general criteria for these has been proposed and accepted by the relevant technical committees and could form the basis for possible neck development. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485545 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748531 AU - CHHOR, A AU - SVENSSON, N L AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - KJELLBERG, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF SEAT DESIGN PARAMETERS INFLUENCING NECK LOADS IN LOW SPEED VEHICLE REAR-IMPACTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1717-27 AB - The application of finite element methods to the analysis of occupant neck responses in rear-end vehicle crashes is presented. A finite element (FE) model of a 50th percentile Hybrid III dummy, which had been previously used for simulating frontal impact, was appropriately modified to handle rear-impact cases. The crux of these modifications was the development of a deformable FE model of the Hybrid III neck. This new neck model was correlated using data from the Amended Part 572 Head-Neck Pendulum compliance test, and finally incorporated into the Hybrid III dummy model to permit better analysis of the head-neck region. Responses of the so modified full dummy model were correlated with experimental sled test data. The FE Hybrid III rear-impact model was used within the PAM_CRASH explicit dynamic finite element code to conduct a parametric study of seat properties on the head-neck responses. Recommendations are presented for mechanical and geometrical seat properties to reduce head and neck loads in rear-impact. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Head restraint KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485547 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748544 AU - SHIOSAKA, Y AU - KUBOIKE, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH ON THE EVACUATION READINESS OF BUS CREWS AND PASSENGERS - INVESTIGATION OF CURRENT BUS EXIT PERFORMANCE AND EFFECT OF EASY-TO-UNDERSTAND EMERGENCY EXIT DISPLAY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1854-60 AB - The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of current bus emergency exits and the effect of a new type of exit based on the results of the current bus exit performance. Tests employing human subjects were conducted to measure the time required to evacuate current buses through the emergency exit, regular door, window, and new type exit. The subjects' psychological responses during evacuation were also investigated to identify any evacuation problems with current buses. The results show that it is important to improve the safety of emergency exits located above the floor and to provide an easy-to-understand display of the opening procedure. Moreover, it is important to have an easy-to-understand display. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Bus KW - Buses KW - Car door KW - Coach KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency KW - Exit KW - Intersection elements KW - Safety KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485560 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748546 AU - PUCLIN, A AU - Watkins, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - QUANTITATIVE TRUCK SPRAY MEASUREMENT PY - 1996 SP - p. 1869-72 AB - When trucks drive down wet roads they usually generate a spray cloud around the wheels which can be hazardous to other drivers. Various methods of reducing truck wheel spray are in existence but a method to accurately determine and rank the performance of spray suppressing devices had yet to be established. In order to remove the subjectivity from measuring the spray cloud, research was carried out to develop a system to objectively measure truck spray and hence quantify the effect of truck spray on the visual impairment of other road users. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Contact (tyre road) KW - Lorry KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Splashing KW - Spray (veh) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Trucks KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet road KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485562 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748548 AU - CHENG, L Y AU - Werner, S M AU - KHATUA, T P AU - RAY, R M AU - LAU, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK CRASHWORTHINESS - CASE STUDIES OF HEAVY TRUCK ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TRUCK OCCUPANT FATALITY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1880-8 AB - The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) initiated a research program to evaluate heavy truck crashworthiness, with the goal of using that information to evaluate truck occupant protection. Phase I of this crashworthiness program entailed development of characteristic crash pulses and analysis of occupant dynamics for heavy truck accidents involving truck occupant fatalities. This paper is part of a series of reports documenting the Phase I results of the SAE heavy truck crashworthiness study. It presents the findings from an in-depth review of the case files for 182 fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck accidents from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Statistical analysis showed that this NTSB case study is representative of heavy truck accidents involving truck occupant fatalities. Five prominent accident scenarios were identified, containing combinations of three major accident events: 1) rollover, 2) collision with fixed object, and 3) collision with motor vehicle. Detailed analysis of these NTSB cases revealed trends in damage patterns and ranges of severity associated with these prominent accident scenarios. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Data banks KW - Database KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Lorry KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485564 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748561 AU - O'Neill, B AU - LUND, A K AU - ZUBY, D S AU - ESTEP, C R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS EVALUATIONS BY THE INSURANCE INSTITUTE FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1996 SP - p. 2030-9 AB - The Institute has conducted crashworthiness evaluations of 22 vehicles in two market classes: four-door midsize cars (16 vehicles) and four-door midsize utility vehicles (6 vehicles). The results reveal a wide range of performance in all three aspects of offset crash protection: structural integrity, dummy injury measures, and restraints and dummy kinematics. Within both vehicle classes, ratings ranged from good to poor in each of these areas. This range of performance is noteworthy because it further confirms that the test speed chosen for the crashworthiness evaluations is reasonable. The separate results indicating that many serious injuries and fatalities are occurring in real-world crashes of greater or equivalent severity to the 40 mi/h offset deformable barrier test means that improved protection up to and including this severity is desirable. These crash test results show that several cars and utility vehicles are already capable of providing good protection in such crashes, while a number provide relatively poor protection and need improvement. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485577 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748563 AU - MCINTOSH, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER NEEDS IN VEHICLE CRASH RATING SYSTEMS PY - 1996 SP - p. 2045-8 AB - Consumers and fleet purchasers have shown that they want intelligent but simply expressed information on vehicle safety. Much of this material is not available from the vehicle manufacturers and as a result the information must come from developing consumer safety interest groups. Needs of consumers are discussed together with the extent that international consumer groups are able to provide the required safety information. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Public participation KW - Public participation KW - Publicity KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Standardization KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485579 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748473 AU - HENDERSON, M AU - Brown, J AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADULT SEAT BELTS: HOW SAFE ARE THEY FOR CHILDREN? PY - 1996 SP - p. 1076-93 AB - Investigation of crashes involving 121 children aged up to 14 in adult three-point lap/shoulder (lap/sash) belts showed that irrespective of age they were generally well protected even in severe frontal crashes, and none sustained belt-induced inertial neck injury. The prime cause of injury among these children was contact with the interior surfaces of the car, predominantly in side impacts. Lap-belted children sustained a higher proportion of belt-induced abdominal injuries and a similar proportion of head injuries despite mostly being seated in centre positions away from the side of the car. Sled tests with 18-month, three-year-old and six-year-old dummies produced data consistent with the conclusion that adding torso restraint slightly increases the risk of minor (AIS 1 or 2) neck injury, but has the major benefit of reducing the risk of serious head and abdominal injuries. The conclusion of this work is that adult lap/shoulder belts do not present a significant risk of injury to young children. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Adult KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Crashes KW - Impact sled KW - Impact sleds KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive safety system KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal column KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485490 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748475 AU - Cesari, D AU - FONTAINE, F AU - LASSARE, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE VALIDITY OF THE PROPOSED EUROPEAN PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION PROCEDURE AND ITS EXPECTED BENEFITS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1102-6 AB - EEVC has developed a subsystem test procedure for pedestrian assessment. This procedure is the basis of a draft proposal for a European Parliament and Council directive relating to the protection of pedestrians and other road users in the event of a collision with a motor vehicle and amending directive 70/156/EEC. This procedure proposes to use three independent subsystem tests to assess the protection against leg and head injuries. The proposal is discussed taking into account the experience gained in the validation programme. This analysis shows that before the integration of this work into a directive it is necessary to perform additional work. This concerns especially the leg form test for which the design of deformable elements should be optimized, and the reduction to 35 km/h of the impact speed should be considered. The bonnet leading edge test is more questionable, and the potential benefits of such a test are not demonstrated. This test should be at least validated through a specific programme, and the possibility of cancelling this test should be considered. Cost benefit studies give very different results, but three out of the four indicate a high benefit of the procedure. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Hoods KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485492 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748498 AU - WALSH, W H AU - Utter, D E AU - Walker, J AU - Johnson, S W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LINKAGE OF STATE DATA AND THE CODES PROJECT PY - 1996 SP - p. 1380-7 AB - NHTSA's Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) project linked crash, EMS, ED, inpatient hospital and rehabilitation, and insurance data for a twelve month period in seven states to generate medical and financial outcome information for everyone involved in motor vehicle crashes. The linkage was performed using a probabilistic linking algorithm. Occupant-specific population-based data for 879,679 passenger vehicle drivers and 10,353 motorcyclists were standardized for analyses that showed that safety belts and motorcycle helmets were effective in reducing mortality, morbidity, severity and cost. The average hospital inpatient charge for unbelted drivers was five times the charge for those who were belted. Helmets were 67 percent effective in preventing brain injuries. Brain injured motorcycle riders had inpatient charges twice as high as those for the non-brain injured. Full results of this study are described in a Report to Congress (NHTSA, 1996) and its companion Technical Report (Johnson and Walker, 1996). [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Crash helmet KW - Data banks KW - Database KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Safety belt KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485515 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748501 AU - McLean, A J AU - Kloeden, C N AU - Anderson, RWG AU - BAIRD, R P AU - Farmer, MJB AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE FACTORS IN RELATION TO PEDESTRIAN BRAIN INJURY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1408-11 AB - This paper relates the severity of brain injuries in fatal pedestrian collisions to relevant characteristics of the head impact locations on the striking cars. Based on cases in which there was no significant impact to the head from contact with the road, the correlation of the nature and severity of the impact to the head with the characteristics of the injury to the brain yields information which is relevant to the assessment of the brain injury potential of head impact locations on passenger cars. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485517 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748508 AU - THOMAS, P AU - OTTE, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONISATION OF EUROPEAN REAL-WORLD CRASH INJURY DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1466-75 AB - This paper describes the role of real-world crash injury data in the development of safety strategies or regulations. It highlights the difficulties in combining or comparing data from several teams or countries. Areas are indicated where a harmonised approach could allow a more general view of vehicle safety issues. Current European activity towards data harmonisation is described. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Data acquisition KW - Data banks KW - Data collection KW - Database KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Standardization KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485524 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748510 AU - DUIGNAN, P AU - WILLIAMS, S AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE DEFECTS IN CRASHES - IN-DEPTH VEHICLE FACTORS STUDY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1487-94 AB - This paper presents the preliminary results and research methodology of an in-depth study examining vehicle factors in crashes in New South Wales, Australia. Previous research projects have reported that defects are a primary causal factor in approximately 4% of crashes and may contribute to 13% and 24% of all crashes. The Crashed Vehicle Study examines the presence of defects and their role in crash causation and severity. 5000 vehicles from all categories will be examined. A comprehensive on scene and follow-up examination is undertaken of all vehicles involved in the crash. Examinations are conducted to specified guidelines to provide a consistent and objective approach to data recording and analysis. Vehicle inspectors record all major and minor vehicle faults, and wherever possible objectively measure these faults. Faults will be analysed in terms of vehicle category, rural versus urban, and component areas (i.e. steering, brakes, vision, etc). Results to date are discussed in terms of comparison to crash statistics and achievement rates. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Defect (tech) KW - Defects KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485526 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748533 AU - BAUGHN, D J AU - KALEPS, I AU - SHIPLEY, B W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING THREE DIMENSIONAL CRASH DUMMY MOTION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1741-55 AB - Tracking angular motion of dummy components, such as the head, is important in understanding body response during violent force exposures. This paper compares four methods of measuring angular motion of a Hybrid III dummy head during a series of tests using a horizontal accelerator sled and a head/neck pendulum. The Hybrid III head was instrumented with three orthogonal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) angular rate sensors and with nine linear accelerometers arranged in a 3-2-2-2 array. The motion of the head was monitored using a Selspot optical target tracking system and a high speed video camera during the horizontal accelerator sled tests. A two-potentiometer device and a high speed camera were used to monitor the head motion during a series of head/neck pendulum flexion and extension tests. Software routines were written to calculate the head rotation and angular velocity from the head mounted sensors. Comparisons of the angular velocity and rotation, determined using the MHD, nine accelerometer array, and Selspot system, were made for each of the horizontal accelerator sled tests. For each pendulum test, the two-potentiometer data were differentiated to determine the angular velocity and these data were compared to the angular velocity determined using the MHD sensors and the nine accelerometer array. The angular rotation of the head from the three sensor technologies was also compared for each pendulum test. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motion KW - Movement KW - Sensor KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485549 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748535 AU - REILLY-JONES, C AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF BULL BARS ON PEDESTRIAN INJURY MECHANISMS AND KINEMATICS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1782-7 AB - This paper describes a full scale crash testing program designed to assess the effects of bull bars on pedestrian injury mechanisms, severity and kinematics in pedestrian-vehicle frontal interactions. Laboratory testing was conducted using an instrumented Hybrid III dummy fitted with pedestrian pelvic conversion kit, and advanced lower leg assembly. The dummy was impacted by a late model production sedan, in control configuration and equipped with 2 popular aftermarket bull bars of varying aggressivity. Test speeds of 20 km/h and 30 km/h were used. Analysis of data and high speed film allowed comparison of the effect of the bull bars on pedestrian injury and kinematics. The testing showed that kinematics were significantly changed by the addition of a bull bar. Biofidelity of the test dummy was a limitation of the testing. Further dummy development is necessary to provide a useful pedestrian test dummy. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Bar KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485551 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748540 AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - BAUMLER, H AU - DE COO, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EUROPEAN ACCIDENT STATISTICS RELATED TO CAR-TO-TRUCK FRONTAL COLLISIONS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1814-22 AB - In 1993 the European Experimental Vehicles Committee set up Working Group 14 to develop a test procedure for energy-absorbing front underrun protection systems (FUPS) for trucks. For this purpose the working group proposed a research programme, describing a stepwise approach to achieve this objective. This paper reports on the first results of the project dealing with accident investigation and results from car-to-truck frontal crash tests with a front underrun protection device (FUPD) according to ECE Regulation No. 93. For the first time accident data of several European countries have been connected to give an overview about the accident scene in Europe with respect to car-to-truck frontal collisions. A representative accident type is defined as a basis for crash testing. Car-to-truck frontal crash tests with a FUPD according to the ECE Regulation are described and the results are discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident prevention KW - Accident rate KW - Automobiles KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Car KW - Crash rates KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Lorry KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485556 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748542 AU - TOMAS, J A AU - TRAN, H H AU - Altamore, P F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CERTIFICATION OF ROLL-OVER PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES BY COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1840-4 AB - To boost workplace safety on mining and quarry sites in Victoria, the State Government has announced a new initiative, accompanied by financial support, to help operators to fit roll bars and seat-belts to their vehicles, and to assess them by computer simulation of the prescribed physical tests. The procedure for compliance by computer simulation is demonstrated on one real case, involving a "one off", self-made ROPS. Static tests are simulated first, followed by the simulation of dynamic roll-over in order to evaluate a recent criticism on the adequacy of the AS 1224-1994 for the protection of drivers in real roll over accidents. Finally, the self-made ROPS design of the discussed case is evaluated and modified to demonstrate that not only a substantial weight reduction is possible, but also that a lighter ROPS may improve passive safety of operators. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident prevention KW - Construction site KW - Construction sites KW - Digital computer KW - Digital computers KW - Lorry KW - Mine KW - Mines KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Tractor KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485558 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748565 AU - HOBBS, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNITED KINGDOM - NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME (UK-NCAP) PY - 1996 SP - p. 2055-9 AB - The United Kingdom is carrying out a study into the feasibility of using the European Experimental Vehicles Committee (EEVC) test procedures for frontal and side impact and pedestrian protection to provide consumer safety information. The first group of tests has just been completed and the assessment is now being made. The study considers the validity of using data from crash tests to provide reliable, objective consumer information. The ways in which crash test data might be assessed and supplied to the consumer, in an understandable format, is being studied and the need for such programmes to be extended more widely and harmonisation is discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Standardization KW - Standardization KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - United kingdom KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485581 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748567 AU - KLANNER, W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST AND RATING METHODS TO QUANTIFY THE PASSIVE SAFETY OF CARS PY - 1996 SP - p. 2064-70 AB - In 1987 motoring clubs in Europe integrated crash testing in their consumer protection programme. Since that time more than 100 frontal, side, rear impact and rollover crash tests have been carried out. Alongside this work, the clubs have developed a rating system to evaluate the performance of passive safety based on crash test results and real life accident statistics. In order to achieve the aim of obtaining the broadest possible range of information, the clubs' rating system is not restricted to dummy measurements, but also takes into account all parameters affecting passenger injuries related to the cars' assembly groups. Further evaluation calls for the test results to be converted into assessment grades. This is done by using suitable rating scales, which are based on the one hand on state-of-the-art engineering and on the other hand on the generally recognised threshold values. The rating system has been worked out predominantly for frontal and side impact and delivers both total injury risks to the occupants and injury risks to body parts like head, neck, thorax, arms, abdomen, pelvis and legs. The resulting information gives the consumer a reliable guide to the injury risks and the safety performance of each car's relevant components. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Safety KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485583 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748472 AU - Chamouard, F AU - Tarriere, C AU - BAUDRIT, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECTION OF CHILDREN ON BOARD VEHICLES. INFLUENCE OF PELVIS DESIGN AND THIGH AND ABDOMEN STIFFNESS ON THE SUBMARINING RISK FOR DUMMIES INSTALLED ON A BOOSTER PY - 1996 SP - p. 1063-75 AB - The first part of this study endeavours to show that the design of the inter-spinal notch of the pelvises of impact test dummies is unrealistic and can therefore not be expected to reproduce satisfactorily the interaction between the seat belt and the child's pelvis. This part of the study leads to a shape and position recommendation for each dummy weight group. Part two attempts to define the crushing force pattern for the thighs and abdomen of children based on seat belt static compression tests. These recommendations led to modification of a TNO P series dummy. To measure forces in the abdomen during impact and predict a dummy injury risk, a load cell is placed just above the iliac crests of the modified pelvis. Tests performed with the modified dummy highlight the need to equip all boosters with side strap guides by illustrating the phenomenon of submarining for those boosters lacking such guides. To help the booster designer position satisfactorily the strap guides integral with the booster, an installation zone is recommended with reference to the 3-year child dummy. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Child KW - Children KW - Dummies KW - Hip KW - Hip (human) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485489 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748483 AU - KELLY, P AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - BOOTH, M AU - LEMON, J AU - CROTHERS, N AU - FRANKS, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT EVALUATION PROGRAM PY - 1996 SP - p. 1235-45 AB - The Roads and Traffic Authority, the NRMA Ltd and the Australian Consumers' Association (ACA) conducted the first stage of an ongoing joint program to provide consumers with information which will enable them to make an informed choice when purchasing a child restraint system (CRS). This should allow market forces to bring about consumer driven improvements to CRS design. CRS's were examined for their: (1) Performance in crash tests which were more rigorous than the Australian Standards tests; (2) Ease of installation and ease of use; and (3) Compatibility with a represntative range of popular motor vehicles. Twenty-two CRS's were evaluated. These included dedicated rearward facing infant restraints, dedicated forward facing child seats, convertibles (CRS's which convert from rearward facing infant restraints to forward facing child seats), booster seats (with back and sides), and booster cushions (backless). At the conclusion of the program, the results were presented in a national subscription consumer magazine with advice to consumers as to what to buy. Wider consumer access was arranged through a brochure in which a CRS was given a Preferred Buy rating if it performed well in all the crash tests and scored well for ease of correct installation and for ease of use. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Child KW - Children KW - Conference KW - Durability KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Infant KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Installation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive safety system KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485500 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748490 AU - ROBERTS, A K AU - LOWNE, R AU - DECOO, P AU - SEECK, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EVALUATION OF SUB-SYSTEMS METHODS FOR MEASURING THE LATERAL HEAD IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF CARS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1302-12 AB - The EEVC Side Impact Test Procedure includes the measurement of head impact with the EUROSID dummy. It was recognised that this would evaluate only a limited range of the potential head contact locations within the vehicle. EEVC commenced a study of accident analysis and the evaluation of potential head impact sub-systems tests. Three alternative headforms have been appraised and the effect of free flight and linearly guided impacts have been examined. The objective was to develop a simple, repeatable and representative sub-system test procedure. This paper presents progress of the EEVC study and the initial results of the test programme. Proposals are made for a possible test method and for a future validation test programme. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Padding (safety) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485507 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748497 AU - MILLER, P M AU - Rychlewski, H A AU - Phillips, S L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPPER INTERIOR IMPACT: TEST EQUIPMENT AND TESTING TECHNIQUES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1371-7 AB - This paper provides an overview of testing equipment which is used to conduct Free Motion Headform (FMH) impact testing. With the issuance of new safety regulations concerning head impact protection, automobile manufacturers and suppliers must add testing capabilities to their laboratories. Drawing upon a large amount of FMH testing experience, as well as the design and fabrication of numerous systems, this paper presents an overview of the types of systems available, as well as a discussion of the various operating aspects of the equipment. Peripheral equipment items such as a Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM), FMH template, and FMH calibration drop tower are also reviewed. Simple techniques used in FMH tests which can help in achieving repeatable results is also presented. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Padding (safety) KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485514 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748502 AU - Morris, A P AU - THOMAS, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF SOFT TISSUE NECK INJURIES IN THE UK PY - 1996 SP - p. 1412-25 AB - This study examines in detail some of the factors associated with soft tissue neck injuries in the UK. The data were drawn from a retrospective study of vehicle crash injuries in which the overall soft tissue neck injury rate was 16%. This study shows how although it is commonly assumed that soft tissue neck injuries are a rear impact phenomenon, over 50% of the injuries actually occur in frontal crashes and over 25% in side impact crashes. In both front and rear impacts, these injuries are asociated with seat-belt use. The incidence of soft tissue neck injury has been shown to double over the ten-year period of the study with the effect more prominent in females. Females (21%) overall are more at risk of sustaining soft tissue neck injury compared to males (13%). In all cases, such injuries are more likely to be self-reported than clinically diagnosed. Head restraints have not been found to mitigate neck injuries in either front or rear impacts at a statistically significant level. A slight but non-significant trend towards reduced neck injury rates is observed in cases of seat back yielding in a rear impact. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Head restraint KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485518 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748509 AU - Ueyama, M AU - BEPPU, S AU - KOURA, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC RECORDING SYSTEM AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AT UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1476-86 AB - The purpose of this paper is to assess the usefulness of a new automatic recording system called "TAAMS" for traffic accidents, which can save the pre- and post-accident scenes, in determining the causes of accidents and near misses. The study was conducted to assess the dynamics of traffic accidents and near misses using TAAMS installed at two unsignalized intersections. Some cases recorded by TAAMS are analyzed focusing on misjudgments of drivers including road condition and the pre-accident behavior of vehicles. In some cases, mail interviews were also made for the drivers involved in accidents as a means of examining the role of human factors. Analysis of accidents and near misses recorded by TAAMS and driver interviews reveal some kinds of misjudgments caused by habitual driver behavior and lack of concentration under certain situations. Misjudgments on drivers involved accidents are classified into three categories, which are caused by traffic congestion, overlooking and gap distance, are demonstrated in this paper. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Camera KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Junction KW - Video cameras UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485525 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748516 AU - MURRAY, N W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASIC ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICS OF HEAD-ON CAR COLLISIONS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1548-56 AB - When a car collides head-on with another car or some other unyielding object the subsequent motion of the car can be predicted by using the laws of physics. This is first done in the paper in a gross way by means of a simple graphical method. The analysis is then refined to take into account the non-uniformity of crushing strength found in real cars. The motion of the occupants using a simple model completes the picture. It is shown that for older cars, which have no air bags and elementary seat-belt systems, an impact with the steering wheel or dashboard is almost inevitable at the speeds considered in the paper. The advice to drivers is to drive at a less-than-average speed and to occupants to set the seat back as far as possible. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mechanics KW - Mechanics KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Safety belt KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485532 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748523 AU - MORGAN, R M AU - EPPINGER, R H AU - KUPPA, S M AU - TAYLOR, L M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THORACIC TRAUMA ASSESSMENT FOR THE HYBRID III DUMMY IN SIMULATED FRONTAL CRASHES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1605-21 AB - In an effort to better understand thoracic trauma in frontal impacts, sled tests with cadaveric specimens and test dummies in various restraint environments were conducted. Analysis of the measured mechanical and physiological responses and anthropometric data of the human subjects suggested that for the same mechanical response (either acceleration, deflection, or a combination of both), belt restraint systems have a higher associated injury rate than air bag restraint systems. The Dichotomous Process was developed to provide better injury evaluation from measured mechanical parameters without prior knowledge of what restraint system was used. Based on multiple chest deflection measurements, this process first determines whether the chest deflection patterns were localized (belt like) or distributed (bag like). It then uses separate injury criteria for each of the two categories. Analysis of the test data and the first version of the Dichotomous Process has already been presented in the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference in 1994. This paper presents further validation of the Dichotomous Process and its application to the Hybrid III dummy (with additional chest deflection gages) in vehicle crash tests. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485539 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748527 AU - Bilston, L E AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - Brown, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE BIOMECHANICS OF THE CERVICAL SPINAL CORD IN ROLLOVER CRASHES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1659-64 AB - A series of physical models of the human head and neck were constructed to study the biomechanics of the cervical spinal cord during a simulated rollover crash. These models incorporate anatomically similar surrogates for the skull, vertebrae, spinal cord and brain. The spinal cord and brain surrogates have embedded within them a grid of dots to allow visualisation of the deformation patterns within the tissues during the experiment. The mechanical properties of each element of the physical models were matched to those of the human. The kinematics of the head and spine were validated carefully. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Skull KW - Skull KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal column KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485543 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748534 AU - Zellner, J W AU - WILEY, K D AU - BROEN, N L AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STANDARDIZED MOTORCYCLIST IMPACT DUMMY FOR PROTECTIVE DEVICE RESEARCH PY - 1996 SP - p. 1756-81 AB - A specialized impact dummy for research into the feasibility of motorcycle mounted devices which are intended for protection of riders has been developed and is specified in ISO 13232. The ISO motorcyclist dummy specification is based an a Hybrid III dummy with modified capabilities and characteristics for comparative tests involving motorcycle/car impacts and considering the tendency for three dimensional dummy motions and forces. Special characteristics include: 32 channel internal data recording system; instrumented frangible upper and lower leg bones; three degrees of freedom frangible knees; helmet compatible head form; a neck torsional module; and other modifications to provide for motorcycle compatibility. Technical requirements and the research basis for the key components are presented and discussed, along with suggestions for possible future refinements. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motorcyclist KW - Motorcyclists KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485550 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748541 AU - BERG, F A AU - GRANDEL, J AU - NIEWOHNER, W AU - MORSCHHEUSER, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVING THE SAFETY OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ON THE BASIS OF ENTIRETY OBSERVATIONS WITH ACCIDENT ANALYSES AND CRASH TESTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1823-39 AB - The article commences with a summary of accidents involving commercial vehicles. A description of the major points is followed by the results from the analyses of 400 accidents involving injury or deaths to the vehicle passenger. The injured or killed commercial vehicle passengers are of particular significance because the commercial vehicle is also the workplace at the same time. In conclusion, measures to lower the accident risk to commercial vehicle passengers are discussed while taking the results of crash tests into consideration. Further aspects are the hazards to other road-users. Safety measures are also discussed to this end. Entirety observations indicate possible additional applications for existing special safety installations through the general protective functions. The closing discussion considers the possible benefits and defines the needs for further research. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident rate KW - Collision KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Lorry KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485557 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748552 AU - HAWORTH, N L AU - BOWLAND, L AU - FODDY, B AU - ELLIOTT, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRUCK SEAT BELTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1926-36 AB - This paper addresses why seat belt wearing rates remain low among truck drivers, despite revisions to Australian Design Rules aimed at making truck seat belts more comfortable. These changes allow for anchorage of the seat belt to the seat and reduced retractor sensitivity. Drivers of articulated and rigid trucks were interviewed regarding seat belt use and reasons for non-use. Responses are analysed as a function of type of belt and anchorage, type of truck and driver characteristics. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Enforcement (law) KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Lorry KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485568 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748559 AU - RASENACK, W AU - Appel, H AU - RAU, H AU - RIETZ, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BELT SYSTEMS IN PASSENGER COACHES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1986-95 AB - Touring coaches are the safest means of transportation, safer than aircraft, railway, truck and passenger car. Nevertheless, spectacular accidents happen and attract the attention of the general public. Especially when coaches overturn, there are severe injuries and in individual cases even fatalities to be regretted. The paper deals with accident situations of coaches. Collision types with relevant deceleration phases and collision velocities will be deduced from that. The kinematics of dummies, the dummy-loadings, the belt forces to be transferred to the structure as well as the safety potential will be determined by computer simulation (MADYMO 3D). Relevant collision types are the 90 degree rollover, and, to a far lesser extent, the frontal crash. The two-point belt proves to be superior to the conventional three-point belt. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Buses KW - Coach KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Safety belt KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485575 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748566 AU - Tingvall, C AU - LIE, A AU - Larsson, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASHWORTHINESS TESTING AND RATINGS FROM THE CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE, AND IN RELATION TO THE VISION OF ZERO DEATHS IN ROAD TRAFFIC PY - 1996 SP - p. 2060-3 AB - The potential of increased occupant protection in cars is large with a possible reduction of deaths and disabilities of more than 50%. Increased protection is also a strategic area for the gradual implementation of the Swedish 0-goal, that is the goal of zero fatalities in the road transport system. The possibilities to manage a further development of crashworthiness by simply a legislative process is limited, especially in Europe, and it can be estimated that the distance between the levels in vehicle regulations and best practice is 20 years. This is mainly because the technical development is driven by market forces, while the legislative process is not. Such a process must be fed by adequate information about important differences between products, as well as possible solutions. In this presentation, it is claimed that such information, partly derived from crash tests, must be dynamic in the sense that criteria and test methods must be changed gradually. The Swedish approach to consumer information is presented, like Swedish NCAP, as well as the EURO-NCAP activities. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Publicity KW - Publicity KW - Sweden KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485582 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748486 AU - McLean, A J AU - Kloeden, C N AU - Farmer, MJB AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ROLE OF THE UPPER INTERIOR IN CAR OCCUPANT BRAIN INJURY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1266-72 AB - Crashes involving passenger cars have been investigated as part of the ongoing study of brain injury mechanisms being conducted by the NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit (RARU) and also in the course of an at the scene in-depth study of rural road accidents. The information available in 74 fatal cases includes the results of a detailed investigation of the vehicle and the crash circumstances, and the neuropathologist's report on the nature and extent of the injury to the brain, together with details of other injuries sustained by the occupant in the crash. The exact location of the impact or impacts to the head has also been recorded. In 43 non-fatal cases, the information on the injury to the brain is based on neurosurgical diagnosis, often supported by the results of CT scans. On a case by case basis, selected characteristics of the injury to the brain are related to characteristics of the impact to the head and the object struck to identify those cases in which the provision of some means of energy absorption might reasonably be expected to prevent, or significantly reduce the severity of, the injury to the brain in a similar crash. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Brain KW - Brain KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Roof (veh) KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485503 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748487 AU - McIntosh, A S AU - SVENSSON, N L AU - Kallieris, D AU - Mattern, R AU - KRABBEL, G AU - IKELS, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAD IMPACT TOLERANCE IN SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1273-80 AB - In order to assess side impact protection it is necessary to establish criteria for head impact tolerance in side impacts. This paper describes research undertaken to investigate the tolerance of the head to lateral impact using experimental and numerical methods. A series of direct lateral head impacts were conducted with unembalmed cadavers. Damped and undamped impacts were performed. The linear and angular head centre of gravity accelerations were calculated from the measured head accelerations. Impactor force and velocity were measured. A detailed autopsy was performed post-test. To investigate relationships between the independent variables (head acceleration, HIC, impactor force etc.) and the dependent variable maximum AIS injury severity, the logistic regression model was used. Selected tests were simulated using MADYMO and the effect of impact location on head acceleration was examined. The paper describes the results of these tests and applies these to the discussion of head protection in side impact including occupant protection criteria. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485504 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748505 AU - LIE, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - Larsson, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CRASH SAFETY OF NEW CAR MODELS - A COMPARATIVE ACCIDENT STUDY OF NEW VERSUS OLD CAR MODELS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1441-3 AB - In this study the safety benefits from the newly introduced cars have been compared to cars produced at the same time but with older constructions. It is clearly demonstrated that drivers of the newer cars, regarding fatal and severe injuries, have a significantly lower risk compared to the drivers of the older cars. This is an important finding set in relation to the predictions made in society regarding the benefit from increased crash protection. The increased crash protection has been achieved only on the benefit of the occupants of the newer car, and not as a higher aggressiveness to other car occupants. This was also clearly demonstrated in this study. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Hazards KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Risk KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485521 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748506 AU - CAMERON, M AU - Newstead, S AU - SKALOVA, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS RATINGS IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1996 SP - p. 1444-57 AB - The paper reviews the history of the production of vehicle crashworthiness ratings, based on real crash data, in Australia since 1990. The methods used in Europe and the USA are described, as well as their influence on the Australian developments. The Australian ratings published in 1992 and 1994 are summarised and the vehicle manufacturers' and importers' reactions to them are described. The paper then outlines the preparation of new crashworthiness ratings of 1982-94 model Australian cars crashing during 1987-94 in the States of New South Wales and Victoria. The data covers over 305,000 cars involved in tow-away crashes in New South Wales, and around 64,000 drivers injured in crashes in the two States. The crashworthiness rating for each make/model measures the risk of a driver being killed or admitted to hospital when involved in a tow-away crash, derived from separate estimates of the driver injury risk and driver injury severity when injured. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485522 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748519 AU - AUGENSTEIN, J S AU - Perdeck, E B AU - MURTHA, M AU - STRATTON, J AU - QUIGLEY, C AU - ZYCH, G AU - BYERS, P AU - NUNEZ, D AU - DIGGES, K AU - LOMBARDO, L AU - Malliaris, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INJURIES SUSTAINED BY DRIVERS IN AIR BAG CRASHES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1570-7 AB - The William Lehman Injury Research Center has conducted multi-disciplinary investigations of fifty crashes involving drivers where an air bag deployed. In all cases, serious injuries were suspected. Eleven cases involved fatal injuries. While these cases are not representative of crashes in general, when used in conjunction with National Accident Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System NASS/CDS they provide insight into the most severe injuries in crashes of vehicles equipped with air bags. A comparison with data from the NASS/CDS shows that head injury and abdominal injury make up a larger fraction in the Lehman data than in NASS/CDS. Examination of fatal cases indicates that head injuries are frequently caused by an intruding structure or by unfavorable occupant kinematics among the unrestrained population. The more precise injury examination provided to patients admitted to a Level 1 Trauma Center may contribute to the higher proportion of abdominal injuries observed at the Lehman Center. Serious upper extremity injuries are rare in the Lehman data, but contribute a large harm fraction in NASS/CDS. Both NASS/CDS and Lehman data indicate that lower extremity injuries are an increasing harm factor among occupants in severe crashes. The Lehman data suggests that air bags are remarkably effective in high severity frontal crashes, however, in some rare events the protection at low crash severity may be less than without the air bag. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485535 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748520 AU - DIGGES, K AU - HAFFNER, M AU - LOMBARDO, L AU - STUCKI, L AU - Malliaris, A AU - AUGENSTEIN, J S AU - PERDECK, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHALLENGES IN INJURY MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR TESTING OF DRIVER AIR BAG SYSTEMS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1578-83 AB - The paper illustrates the extent of protection provided to each body region at low, moderate and high levels of crash severity. More than 100 crashes with air bag deployment and severe occupant injuries are documented in files from the Special Crash Investigation Study and from the William Lehman Injury Research Center Study, both sponsored by NHTSA. These data files permit in-depth analysis of air bag related injuries and the environment in which they occurred. For the severely injured occupants, cases with chest/abdominal injuries at the limits of restraint performance are summarized. These cases suggest priority in measuring the potential for injuries to the liver, spleen, and intestine. In addition, cases of brain stem injury have been observed in low severity crashes involving small statured individuals. The fatal injuries documented by the NASS/CDS system in the U.S. suggest that heart and arterial injuries are the most common causes of death in cases where the air bag may have contributed to the injury. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Skull KW - Skull KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485536 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748537 AU - BAUBERGER, A AU - SCHAPER, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BELT PRETENSIONING AND STANDARDIZED "SLACK" DUMMY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1791-4 AB - Belt pretensioning systems are more and more prevalent in todays vehicles and their contribution will influence accident statistics positively. Current developments are using test procedures and requirements not reflecting real life situations regarding slack. Field studies show that most occupants have a huge amount of slack in their belt system during normal operation. Belt slack has a big influence on the performance of restraint systems and can therefore not be ignored in dynamic laboratory tests. This paper proposes an improved test method with standardized slack, in order to make systems comparable and show customers the real advantages of pretensioning. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pretensioning KW - Pretensioning KW - Safety belt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485553 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748538 AU - DETER, T AU - HELLKAMP, U AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MADYMO P6 CHILD DUMMY MODEL PY - 1996 SP - p. 1795-1800 AB - In this paper the development of a P6 child dummy model for the multi body system (MBS) program "MADYMO-3D" is demonstrated, thus making possible the evaluation of the results obtained during the simulations with the model. The P6 model was developed in cooperation with TNO on the basis of technical drawings, measurements on the dummy and the P3/4 model. The data base is constructed according to the P3/4 model for compatibility reasons of the child dummy data bases. The P3 model was developing during the genesis of the P6 model. The basis for the tuning of the P6 model are sled tests for frontal and side impact, three of each, which were carried out with the P6 child dummy on the pneumatic test device. These tests were subsequently simulated on the computer, the parameters were tuned and the P6 model validated. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Child KW - Children KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485554 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748555 AU - Tijerina, L AU - GOODMAN, M J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USE OF WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT MEASURES AND METHODS TO ASSESS SAFETY-RELEVANT IMPACTS OF IN-VEHICLE DEVICE USE AMONG HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1961-72 AB - As a result of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) initiatives in the United States and abroad, a wide variety of in-vehicle information systems are being proposed and developed for use in heavy trucks and cars. Such systems can improve transport efficiency, driver satisfaction, and highway safety. However, these technologies must be designed such that their use does not distract the driver or otherwise interfere with the driving task. This interference is what is referred to by the term "driver workload" in this paper. What is needed is a workload assessment protocol that can be used to evaluate the safety impacts of in-vehicle systems and promote a driver-centered design. In response to this need, a program of research was undertaken to develop a safety-relevant workload assessment protocol. This paper presents a brief description of the resulting protocol document, approaches taken to establish the safety relevance of the measurement system, application of the protocol to cellular phone use and text message displays in heavy vehicles, and future directions. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Driver information systems KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Information display systems KW - Lorry KW - Message KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Printed publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Telephone KW - Telephone KW - Trucks KW - Visual display KW - Visual display KW - Visual display units (Computers) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485571 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748556 AU - SPITTLE, J A AU - RYAN, G A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASHES INVOLVING ROAD TRAINS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA PY - 1996 SP - p. 1973-5 AB - Road trains consist of a prime mover with two or more trailers attached, and are used extensively by the agricultural and mining industries in the rural and remote regions of the state. For the five year period 1988-1992, 91 crashes involving road trains were identified in the Road Injury Database of the Road Accident Prevention Research Unit, Department of Public Health, the University of Western Australia. This database consists of linked data from police crash records, hospital admission records, ambulance records and death registry records. Police crash report forms were then examined to obtain more details of each crash. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Freight transportation KW - Goods traffic KW - Lorry KW - Railroad trains KW - Train KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485572 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748569 AU - BREEN, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PERFORMANCE RATING SYSTEMS AND CO-OPERATIVE ACTIVITY IN EUROPE PY - 1996 SP - p. 2077-80 AB - This paper summarises the findings of a review conducted in 1995 by the European Transport Safety Council on Consumer Information on the Crash Performance of Cars. Secondly, it reports on co-operation by those involved in consumer information activity in Europe through a forum providing loose co-ordination, the European Crash Safety Evaluation Consortium. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485585 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748570 AU - Mouchahoir, G E AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENGINEERING FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF MULTI-MODAL CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1226-34 AB - This paper discusses some of the critical factors affecting the design of MULTI-MODAL use of child restraint systems (CRS). The paper summarizes the results of a research effort conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to determine the effects of available space for head and knee movement of the child occupant, belt anchor point locations, belt angle and routing on the dynamic performance of surrogate child occupant of various child restraints placed in motor vehicle and aircraft seats. Findings of this testing indicate that the current fleet of motor vehicles has adequate average available space for head and knee displacement. On the other hand, the testing indicates that some belt anchor point locations and belt routing configurations result in excessive displacement of the head and high potential for head injury of the child occupant when restrained in some motor vehicles and aircraft seats. This paper emphasizes the importance of incorporating into the design process the interfacing of child restraints with the passenger compartment environments. Alternative courses of action are presented for providing safety protection for children traveling in motor vehicles and aircraft. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Child KW - Children KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748469 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLS 1 AND 2 PY - 1996 IS - DOT HS 808 465 SP - 2124 p. AB - This is the report of the Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles held in Melbourne, Australia 13-16 May 1996. The Technical Sessions included: (1) Improved frontal protection (offset) and advanced occupant protection systems; (2) Performance assessment of ITS collision avoidance systems; (3) Vehicle aggressivity and compatibility for occupant protection; (4) Vehicle rollover and occupant protection (crashworthiness and crash avoidance); (5) Side impact and upper interior head protection; (6) Specialised road users - older drivers, motorcyclists, pedestrian and children; (7) Data collection and analysis; (8) Biomechanics and advanced dummy components; (9) Heavy vehicle safety. For abstracts of individual papers see IRRD 896529-896728 and 896844-896846. KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Collision KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Lorry KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/483625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748476 AU - SCHMELING, G AU - ARCHER, R AU - Wiley, K AU - ZELLNER, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE IMPACT PERFORMANCE: FURTHER RESULTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1107-18 AB - This paper describes the results of 101 full scale motorcycle/car impact tests to evaluate the effects of various engine guard treatments and impact configurations, and also the effects of a passenger and vehicle speed combinations on impact performance and kinematic injury potential (KIP) for various motorcycle models. Included were seven different impact configurations, two moving/moving speed combinations, tests with and without passengers, three different add-on engine guards and three different motorcycle types. The impact dummies used were a partially instrumented fiftieth percentile male Hybrid II (operator dummy) and fifth percentile female (passenger dummy). Data included dummy and vehicle trajectory information from high speed films and electronically measured accelerations. Changes in kinematic injury potential due to the addition of add-on engine guards, passengers, and speed variations were analyzed. Conclusions and recommendations based on statistical analysis of the data are presented. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Speed KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485493 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748478 AU - ROBBINS, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRECISION REPLICATION OF MOTORCYCLE COLLISION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1149-59 AB - Crashworthiness of motorcycles has been evaluated over a period in excess of twenty-five years by means of crash testing motorcycles into automobiles. A common problem associated with this type of activity is the failure to maintain sufficient accuracy to allow repeatability. This is particularly true where both the automobile and the motorcycle are moving at the time of impact. This paper describes a highly accurate method of performing collisions between a moving motorcycle (with dummies aboard) and a moving automobile where the intent was to replicate actual on-road accidents. Summaries of eight demonstration collisions, which were performed between 1986 and 1995, are provided here. Each collision was predicated on an actual on-road accident. In each of the accident collisions the suggestion had been made that a steel loop type "crash bar" would have prevented injury. The object of these replicated collisions was to demonstrate the effects of these structures under actual accident conditions. These collisions were analyzed utilizing high speed 16mm film, real time videography and still photography. The photography, videography, crashed vehicles and dummies were reviewed to make measurements and comparisons between them and the actual persons and vehicles involved in the original accident. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485495 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748480 AU - DeJeammes, M AU - Ramet, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AGING PROCESS AND SAFETY ENHANCEMENT OF CAR OCCUPANTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1189-96 AB - Seat belts, knee-bolsters, and air bags have been developed for many years and are being used more widely. But passive safety can still be enhanced and must take a greater account of the occupants' specificities. In industrialized countries it is expected that by 2025, nearly 22% of the population will be more than 60 years old. Meanwhile new technologies, mainly electronic control, could soon be used to monitor a number of components of the restraint system even anticipating the crash initiation. For example, air bags and pretensioners are activated by crash sensors, belt anchorages are movable on the B-pillar as well as head restraints on the seat-back. It is therefore advisable to look at the ways to improve the restraint systems' efficiency for elderly drivers and passengers. After recalling the issue at stake from accident statistics, a literature search aims at investigating how and to what extent the human tolerance to impact is weakened by aging so that the variation of tolerance levels to impact could be estimated and proposed for consideration when developing intelligent restraint systems. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Aged KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Bone KW - Bones KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Old people KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485497 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748493 AU - Kasai, J AU - TAKAHASHI, T AU - MIKI, Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXAMPLES OF EVALUATION METHODS OF ENERGY-ABSORBING PROPERTIES FOR UPPER INTERIOR HEAD PROTECTION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1335-41 AB - Various types of samples, including plastic foams, elastomers, and hollow-shaped plastics, are evaluated by both high-speed impact tests and the static compression tests. It was found that the high-speed impact tests together with proper data analyses are very effective in evaluating Energy-Absorbing (E/A) properties of various materials. Analyses from the data obtained from those tests, estimation of E/A properties for different types of samples from the compression data should be avoided and the compression data are effective only among the same type of samples. With the high-speed impact tests, plastic foams and hollow-shaped plastics showed excellent head protection properties. Foamed plastics, which can be easily applied to interior trim parts, are focused on and some typical plastic foams are additionally tested under various conditions. Comparison of those test results to actual vehicle tests, design guidelines in applying plastic foams to head protection trims are introduced as final conclusion. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Body (car) KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Head KW - Head KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Padding (safety) KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Roof (veh) KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485510 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748495 AU - PAL, C AU - ICHIKAWA, H AU - SAGAWA, K AU - HAGIWARA, I AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT SIDE IMPACT DUMMY (SID) MODEL BASED ON DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR PY - 1996 SP - p. 1355-64 AB - More stringent safety regulations worldwide have made the development of a vehicle a difficult process. The automotive industry has been working hard over the last decade in searching for new methods and processes to develop new models to meet the market timing and the safety standard requirements. Consequently, various computer aided engineering tools have been integrated in the design process of vehicles and have become key elements in reducing the development cycle time and number of prototypes required for new vehicles. In side-crash phenomena, finite element modeling becomes essential in investigating the occupant's post-impact dynamic behaviors after contact with the door panels. Almost all automobile companies in developed countries are actively involved in developing dummy models to meet the stipulated occupant safety regulations. These models are either developed in-house or in collaboration with national organizations in the respective countries. In the present model, based on the initial NHTSA model, a number of modifications are made based on combined simulation and experimental verifications of dynamic and pseudo-static characteristics of different materials such as foam, rubber, composites and so forth. This report illustrates how the modified material and structural modeling improve the accuracy of the overall dynamic behavior. Numerical simulation is validated by a number of experiments which also include oblique impacts to incorporate the effects on the rear dummy on the driver's side. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485512 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748511 AU - PERRON, T AU - Thomas, C AU - LE COZ, J-Y AU - BOCQUET, J-C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR PRIMARY AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY: SYSTEM SAFETY APPROACH FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL SCENARIOS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1495-1503 AB - The purpose of the research presented in this paper is to provide a methodological framework for primary automotive safety. The methodology proposed is based on a systematic approach of driving and follows the principles of System Safety Analysis. The paper first covers the general concepts involved in the approach. A Generic Driving Model is proposed and the notions of operating range and accident mechanism are explained. An accident typology and a classification of safety systems are provided on the basis of these notions. A method for the determination of critical scenarios encountered in automotive driving is then proposed. This method first requires a qualitative modeling of the operation of the driver-vehicle system in a given driving phase. The different possible failures are then deduced from this model which leads to a qualitative failure model. Finally, the malfunction probabilities must be quantified using in-depth accident investigations and driving simulator experiments. The quantified malfunction model obtained can be used for specification and probabilistic safety assessment of crash avoidance systems. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Failure KW - Failure KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Safety KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485527 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748513 AU - DUIGNAN, P AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - LIE, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS IN CRASH INVESTIGATION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1514-8 AB - A new system developed in Sweden, jointly between Folksam Insurance and Chalmers University of Technology, allows photogrammetry to be conducted on vehicles to determine deformation. The system requires minimal training in both taking photographs and in their subsequent analysis. This paper outlines the photographic procedures used and developed for an indepth crash study using such a system, to minimise on scene inspection time and maximise data collection. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages, as well as future enhancements of the system. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photography KW - Photography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485529 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748528 AU - THUNNISEN, JGM AU - VAN RATINGEN, M R AU - BEUSENBERG, M C AU - JANSSEN, E G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DUMMY NECK FOR LOW SEVERITY REAR IMPACTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1665-78 AB - Neck injury in car collisions is rapidly becoming one of the most aggravating traffic safety problems with serious implications for society. From studies performed in European countries such as Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands, but also in Canada and Japan, it is found that a very large proportion of traffic injuries to the neck are due to rear impacts. In order to reduce these injuries an increasing number of studies are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of head restraints. However, the current available crash test dummies are not biofidelic for low-severity rear impacts. Since 1995, TNO has started the development of a Rear Impact Dummy. In this paper the kinematic performance requirements for a Rear Impact Dummy neck are defined, the Hybrid-III neck response is evaluated, a new neck is designed and, finally, this neck is evaluated using pendulum and sled experiments. This neck is the first step towards the development of a complete Rear Impact Dummy. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485544 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748530 AU - KIRKISH, S L AU - HULTMAN, R W AU - SCHERER, R D AU - DANIEL, R P AU - Rouhana, S AU - Nusholtz, G AU - ATHEY, J AU - BALSER, J AU - Irwin, A AU - MERTZ, H AU - KNEISLY, A AU - EICHBRECHT, P AU - Salloum, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATUS OF PROVE-OUT TESTING OF THE SID-IIS ALPHA-PROTOTYPE PY - 1996 SP - p. 1690-1716 AB - The prototype SID-IIs advanced side impact dummy, designed to assist the Occupant Safety Research Partnership's efforts at harmonization, is currently undergoing extensive testing and is being modified as required before worldwide sales of the beta-prototype begins. This paper summarizes the testing since the 1995 Stapp Conference paper on the dummy's technical specifications. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Standardization KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485546 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748545 AU - WASIOWYCH, A AU - LOZZI, A AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN OF AN ENERGY ABSORBING TRUCK-FRONT BUMPER BAR PY - 1996 SP - p. 1861-8 AB - This paper reports on an experimental investigation aimed at reducing fatalities and injury associated with head-on collisions between passenger vehicles and trucks, or other heavy vehicles. In such collisions the truck typically overrides the front structure of the passenger car causing extreme occupant compartment intrusion. This is due in part to the relative rigidity of the trucks structure, and to the incompatibility in the heights of the bumper bars. In addition, the strength and stiffness of the truck front means that very little energy in the collision is absorbed by the truck. This paper focuses on the design and testing of a mechanism, mounted to the truck front, designed to prevent underride and to absorb a significant portion of the crash energy. Full-scale truck-to-car crash tests were performed using a prototype energy absorbing, underride resisting, bumper bar system, at impact speeds ranging from 56 to 100 km/h. From these initial tests it is concluded that it is possible to significantly reduce the severity of head-on collisions between cars and trucks at significant closing speeds. Further work is being conducted to examine other collision modes and means of reducing the bulk of the truck bumper bar components. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Bar KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Lorry KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485561 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748547 AU - HAWORTH, N L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATIGUE DETECTION IN TRUCKS IN NORMAL OPERATIONS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1873-9 AB - This paper describes some initial investigations of the feasibility of development of a driver fatigue warning system for trucks. Extensive measurement of drowsiness and vehicle control variables was undertaken on trucks and drivers in normal operation. The result suggests that the phenomenon of less frequent but larger steering wheel movements which underlies the Renault system for detection of drowsiness in car drivers is also present in trucks. The steering wheel angles observed are larger, however, and this may require revision of the algorithms to more effectively detect fatigue in truck drivers. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Lorry KW - Measuring instruments KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Trucks KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485563 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748562 AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER CRASH TEST PROGRAMS. INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION AND SCOPE FOR INJURY REDUCTION PY - 1996 SP - p. 2040-4 AB - The primary purpose of this paper is to look at: 1) the potential for international harmonisation of consumer crash test programs, 2) the degree of harmonisation adopted by ANCAP, and 3) the scope for improvement, that may go unrealised, if a country does not have a consumer crash test program. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Standardization KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485578 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748564 AU - HORIGOME, N AU - NAITO, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM OF AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND PUBLICATION ACTIVITY IN JAPAN PY - 1996 SP - p. 2049-54 AB - This program is designed to gather information concerning the safety of automobiles and to provide this information to consumers on a regular basis to encourage them to select safer automobiles. The experimental program was designed to study problems concerning active safety and passive safety for five years. Concerning passive safety, full-frontal crash tests proved to be useful from the stand point of repeatability, discrimination, usefulness and internationality in the assessment of crash safety. As the result of this experimental program, the brochure titled Automobile Safety Information was published in Mar. 1996 as a trial. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Public participation KW - Public participation KW - Publicity KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485580 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748482 AU - JANSSEN, E G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EEVC TEST METHODS TO EVALUATE PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION AFFORDED BY PASSENGER CARS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1212-25 AB - In 1987 the European Experimental Vehicles Committee set up Working Group 10 with the task to improve an existing proposal for an EC Directive with respect to pedestrian protection and to coordinate the necessary research. This Working Group finalized its activities in 1994. This paper gives a general description and background information of the test methods developed by EEVC WG10 for assessing the protection afforded to pedestrians by the fronts of cars in an accident. The test methods are based on three sub-system tests, essentially to the bumper, bonnet leading edge and bonnet top surface. Each of the test conditions are generally based on a car to pedestrian impact velocity of 40 km/h but for the assessment of the leading edge of the bonnet, the test conditions are adjusted to compensate for the influence of vehicle shape. The acceptance levels for the tests are based on the characteristics of the weaker sections of the adult population including the aged, who have been shown to be the most susceptible to injury. The test methods are considered to be appropriate to children, but a separate child head impact test has been included to assess their particular requirements. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Bonnet (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Child KW - Children KW - Hoods KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485499 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748484 AU - SPARKE, L J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAD AND NECK INJURY IN SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1252-6 AB - This paper discusses the injuries that result from side impact crashes in Australia, and identifies the high incidence and cost to the community of head and neck injury. The limitations of injury risk measurement are discussed, as well as the need to achieve protection for the whole community. It cautions that strategies concerned with only one performance measure (such as government regulation or NCAP test) can lead to ineffective protection for the community. It proposes the use of a biomechanical injury cost model in the development of occupant protection to achieve the maximum benefit to the Australian community, in terms of minimisation of injury and cost to the community. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485501 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748489 AU - MILLER, P M AU - Rychlewski, H A AU - Lee, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FREE MOTION HEADFORM TESTING: RESULTS AND POTENTIAL DESIGN COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1291-1301 AB - This paper provides an overview of Free Motion Headform (FMH) impact testing on vehicle upper interior components from the perspective of typical testing results from conventional vehicles, a general methodology to interpret test results, and available design options for improving the crashworthiness characteristics in the event of head impact. Actual test data, as well as a statistical summary of testing results from tests conducted on many vehicles, is presented. Emphasis is placed on converting the test data from a time-based to a displacement-based format. A simple approach which can be used to estimate effective design countermeasure characteristics is described. A general discussion of available design countermeasure alternatives to increase the level of safety provided by interior components is provided. Readers of this paper will view testing results from a different perspective in that less focus will be directed to the specific injury index value, but more on the mechanics which caused the result. This perspective allows the engineer to focus on how to improve FMH test results through commonly accepted force management techniques. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Padding (safety) KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485506 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748491 AU - Chou, C C AU - Zhao, Y AU - Huang, Y AU - Lim, G G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A DEFORMABLE FEATURELESS HEADFORM MODEL USING LS-DYNA3D PY - 1996 SP - p. 1313-28 AB - A deformable featureless headform model was developed using LS-DYNA3D. The model used a visco-elastic material type based on data obtained from 2.68, 4.02, 5.36 and 6.71 m/s (6, 9, 12 and 15 mph) head drop tests. The model predictions were validated against results from various experiments, such as drop tests, sheet metal and/or foam tests and vehicle upper interior impact tests. Comparisons between predicted and experimental results showed excellent correlations for all the cases studied. In addition, headform impact responses subjected to different impact conditions using the deformable headform model and the rigid headform model at reduced velocities were also compared. The application of the deformable featureless headform model to afore-mentioned test conditions indicates that the model is reliable when it is used to predict the dynamic responses of the headform. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Head KW - Head KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Rubber KW - Rubber KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485508 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748515 AU - SHELTON, TST AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL OCCUPANT PROTECTION USE SURVEY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1538-47 AB - The National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) was designed to gather information on the use of safety belts, motorcycle helmets, and child restraints. NOPUS is composed of three observational studies: the moving traffic study, which provides information on overall shoulder belt use and motorcycle helmet use; the controlled intersection study, which provides more detailed information about shoulder belt use by type of vehicle, characteristics of the belt users and child restraint use; and the shopping center study, which provides information on rear-seat belt use and shoulder belt misuse. An overview of the NOPUS survey design, implementation and significant results from all three of the studies are presented in this paper. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Child KW - Children KW - Crash helmet KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Protective clothing KW - Safety belt KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485531 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748517 AU - CLARK, BAJ AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VISUAL HANDICAPS ALLOWED BY ROAD VEHICLE STANDARDS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1557-64 AB - This paper is a summary of Clark (1996). Tinting of road vehicle transparencies delays driver perception and reaction. Theoretically this must increase collision probability and severity. Similar adverse effects can also result from excessive coloration in eyewear, styling excesses in transparency rake angles, obscuration in fields of view, use of long-wavelength red signal lights, and poor through-vehicle visibility. Road accident investigations generally have not been thorough enough for such contibutory effects to be identified reliably. However, Australian vehicle insurance claims rates have increased substantially since 1990 when windshield tinting was first allowed and permitted tinting for windows was increased. There is scope for better matching of road vehicle standards to driver capabilities and limitations. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Accident rate KW - Color KW - Colour KW - Crash rates KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Vision KW - Vision KW - Windscreen (veh) KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485533 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748524 AU - RANGARAJAN, N AU - SHAMS, T AU - WHITE, R P AU - ZHAO, Y-M AU - Beach, D AU - HAFFNER, M AU - EPPINGER, R E AU - DIGGES, K H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF AN INSTRUMENTED ABDOMEN FOR THE NHTSA ADVANCED DUMMY PY - 1996 SP - p. 1622-31 AB - A dummy abdomen consisting of two sections was designed as a part of an effort to upgrade the biofidelity and measurement capabilities of current generation frontal crash test dummies. The abdomen was designed to mimic the dynamic stiffness of the human abdomen under steering wheel, belt and airbag impacts in an automotive environment. Instrumentation capable of measuring the deformation of the dummy abdomen was also designed and integrated into the abdomen. This presentation discusses the features of an abdomen and instrumentation system. In addition, tests conducted to evaluate the performance of the system are described. Results of these tests are presented. A number of design changes were instituted based on the results from static and dynamic tests. These design changes are described. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Apparatus (measuring) KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measuring instruments KW - Safety belt KW - Sensor KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485540 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748526 AU - SHAMS, T AU - RANGARAJAN, N AU - Higuchi, K AU - Keller, J AU - HAFFNER, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF TAD-50M IN VEHICLE-BARRIER TESTS AND COMPARISON WITH HYBRID III PY - 1996 SP - p. 1644-58 AB - Four rigid barrier, frontal vehicle tests at 48 and 56 kph using the TAD-50M dummy were performed. Restraint conditions included a 3-point belt only, an airbag only, and a combination bag and 3-point belt system. TAD-50M responses, including the head, chest, and pelvic accelerations, belt and femur loads and chest deflections have been analyzed and compared with the Hybrid III. Some user convenience issues related to the use of the TAD-50M in a test environment are also discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Comfort KW - Comfort KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485542 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748549 AU - CHENG, L Y AU - Werner, S M AU - GIRVAN, D S AU - KHATUA, T P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK CRASHWORTHINESS - COLLISION ACCIDENTS PY - 1996 SP - p. 1889-99 AB - The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) initiated a research program to evaluate heavy truck crashworthiness, with the goal of using that information to evaluate truck occupant protection. Phase I of this crashworthiness program entailed development of characteristic crash pulses and analysis of occupant dynamics for heavy truck accidents involving truck occupant fatalities. This paper is part of a series of reports documenting the Phase I results of the SAE heavy truck crashworthiness study. A companion study identified three major accident events in these accidents: rollover, collision with a fixed object, and collision with a motor vehicle. Rearend collision with another heavy truck was identified as a commonly occurring accident mode that was also amenable to accident reconstruction. Results indicated that the failure of fifth wheel/kingpin assembly occurs at approximately 5.5 g's for a loaded trailer. Therefore, design changes to reduce frontal cab crush must be accompanied by proportional strength increases to structures such as the fifth wheel, kingpin, and the load tie-downs. This study further develops the capability for simulating occupant dynamics in collision accidents. It is concluded that future studies in occupant protection should further investigate steering wheel geometry and stiffness, in addition to the design of ICP and suspension seat. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Lorry KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Safety belt KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485565 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748551 AU - BOTTO, P AU - Got, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE ROLLOVER AND OCCUPANT RETENTION PY - 1996 SP - p. 1912-9 AB - Research on real-world coach accidents reveals a high level of tipover and rollover accidents. It also shows that the main occupant injury mechanism is due to the insufficient protection offered by the roof structures in this type of accident. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on these questions, using information gathered from two separate sources: 1) A series of three experimental crash tests using road ready vehicles; and 2) Accident research on 16 real-world accidents. Comparing and correlating the results of these two studies provides a mine of information which is essential for designing the countermeasures necessary to enhance occupant protection. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Buses KW - Coach KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Roof (veh) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485567 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748558 AU - KLEUSKENS, RJA AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TILTING OF TRUCKS: A DRIVER EDUCATION SYSTEM AND WARNING SYSTEM PY - 1996 SP - p. 1980-5 AB - To reduce the risk of tilting, TNO has developed a tilt warning system for commercial vehicles. This system is able to monitor vehicle weight, lateral acceleration and velocity during normal operation. The system CPU is constantly comparing the measured lateral acceleration to a calculated limit value. It can be connected to a PC, providing the opportunity to on-line or off-line analyze trip data. The system has proven itself as a useful educational and off-line warning tool for commercial vehicle drivers. TNO has patented the system. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Lorry KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Trucks KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485574 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00748560 AU - Hackney, J R AU - Kahane, C J AU - CHAN, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACTIVITIES OF THE NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1996 SP - p. 1998-2018 AB - The upgrade of Federal Motor Vehicle Standard (FMVSS) No. 214, Side Impact Protection, to require a dynamic test provides the opportunity for the expansion of NCAP into side-impact protection. Crash conditions for this expansion have been determined and test results from higher speed crashes have been compared to results from FMVSS No. 214 test results. In 1995 and 1996, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) conducted frontal offset crash tests on passenger cars and light trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles. These data provide the first comparison of an extensive group of U.S. vehicles which have been tested in both full frontal and frontal offset crashes. The results support the position that the full frontal test is a more stringent evaluation of the restraint system performance. However, due to more intrusion, the probability of lower leg injury will be better determined in the offset crashes. By testing in both crash modes, as the Road and Traffic Authority of New South Wales is doing, a more complete assessment of vehicle safety is possible. Two studies on consumer information have recently been completed. The "NHTSA 1995 Customer Satisfaction Survey" provides national estimates of the public's attitudes, opinions, and behavior relative to traffic safety. The Transportation Research Board's study "Shopping for Safety: Providing Consumer Safety Information" broadly examined motor vehicle consumer needs and methods of communicating this information to the public. NHTSA is closely reviewing these studies relative to NCAP and consumer information activities. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. VOLUME 2 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485576 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747402 AU - KUMAGAI, K AU - KAWAI, Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DRIVER SIDE AIRBAG SIMULATION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 236-41 AB - The chest of an occupant who does not wear a seatbelt is not only restrained by the driver side airbag but also receives the reaction force applied by the steering wheel. This reaction force takes the form of more concentrated load than from the airbag. On the other hand, the larger chest deflection has some potential to cause the higher risk of the chest injury. Because the human rib cage is relatively compliant under a concentrated load, a concentrated load may have a tendency to cause a higher risk of the chest injury. It is estimated that the reaction force applied by the steering wheel to the test dummy has some increased potential to cause the chest deflection. However, it is impossible to measure the reaction force that is applied by the steering wheel to the occupant's chest. For this reason, a driver side airbag simulation that uses a finite element model (FEM) to attempt to measure the reaction force applied by the steering wheel was developed. The results of the developed simulation reveal that the contact force caused by interacting with the steering wheel and the occupant's chest is reduced and the risk of the chest injury is somewhat lower with deploying the airbag compared to the case without deploying the airbag in certain circumstances. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Force KW - Force KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Steering wheel KW - Steering wheels KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477175 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747404 AU - Mahon, G L AU - MATERNA, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREED TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED STORED GAS INFLATOR: THE ONLY TRUE GREEN SOLUTION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 251-8 AB - The Temperature Compensated Stored Gas (TCSG) inflator provides output gas which is completely clean and cool, with no particulate or objectionable chemical components. The inflator has no combustion-based gas generation and hence needs no filtration. As a result it is environmentally attractive, more easily recyclable, requires little or no pyrotechnic material and can be classified as a non-pyrotechnic device. To improve on earlier deficiencies of stored gas inflators, the variation of output with temperature is narrowed by means of internal mechanical components. For the first time, significant energy is added to the gas by convection rather than by chemical means. Pulse-shaping is also provided by mechanical means. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Gas KW - Gases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477177 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747411 AU - Bielaczek, C AU - BARZ, M AU - BREUER, B AU - ROHMERT, W AU - BREUER, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF WARNING STRATEGIES AND DRIVER-VEHICLE INTERFACES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 305-16 AB - It was the aim of this research to develop a warning strategy for a driving assistance system which gives information to the driver about a pending critical driving situation relating to the friction potential. The safety margin, respectively the use of the friction potential in the lateral direction, was primarily used as the most important safety parameter for the development of information, support and warning strategies. The human information processing and control mechanisms used during car driving were considered in the search and for evaluation of possibilities to inform the driver. The visual, auditory and haptic (kinesthetic and tactile) channels have been considered. An active accelerator pedal yielded the best result to transmit information to the driver. The most detectable signals were the combination of haptic and acoustic signals, which gave the best support for the driver. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accident prevention KW - Driver information systems KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency KW - Prevention KW - Printed publicity KW - Safety KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477184 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747413 AU - Burgett, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATUS UPDATE OF NHTSA'S ITS COLLISION AVOIDANCE RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 321-38 AB - This paper provides a status update on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) program to facilitate development and early deployment of cost-effective, user-friendly collision avoidance systems. The program includes an expanding crash avoidance knowledge base, development of a vital set of research tools, identification of crash avoidance opportunities, examination of key human factors and system design issues, and development of performance specifications for crash avoidance products and systems. The status of each element of the program is discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accident prevention KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Case study KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Sensor KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477186 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747436 AU - PATON, I P AU - ROY, A P AU - ROBERTS, A K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE FRONTAL IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS (CRS) CONFORMING TO THE ISOFIX CONCEPT PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 549-57 AB - In Europe, universal child restraints are attached to the vehicle using adult seat belts. This has been found to result in interaction problems and in a high proportion of misuse. It is hoped that at some point in the near future a universal child restraint attachment concept will be adopted that will greatly reduce or eliminate some of the failings found in existing restraint designs and the misuses that these failings generate. The proposed child restraint fixation system, 'ISOFIX', is based upon the provision of suitable attachment points in appropriate seating positions onto which suitably equipped child seats may be simply and safely latched. This paper details some initial dynamic testing of early prototype ISOFIX seating systems and, where appropriate, compares and contrasts these results with relevant data from similar tests with typical current UK child restraint systems. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Child KW - Children KW - Durability KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477209 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747438 AU - GOUALOU, C AU - MAILLARD, V AU - PERNIN, J P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COUPLED APPROACH OF SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION TO DESIGN SAFETY SYSTEMS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 567-74 AB - This paper presents a methodology for designing safety systems during early concept phases by coupling crash victim simulation and optimization techniques. According to a global strategy, the different steps achieved to implement such a tool are described and illustrated on a typical frontal crash example. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477211 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747445 AU - FORET-BRUNO, J-Y AU - Thomas, C AU - MORVAN, Y AU - Faverjon, G AU - LE COZ, J-Y AU - Tarriere, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF CAR WEIGHTS ON DRIVER INJURY SEVERITY AND FATALITIES IN HEAD-ON COLLISIONS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 639-47 AB - This statistical study looks at injury severity and fatalities for belted drivers involved in collisions between two cars having a known mass. This research, when considered along with the results already presented by other teams, allows an in-depth evaluation of risk as a function of the mass of the impacting cars. In this study, the authors have analyzed injury severity and fatalities for the drivers in both involved cars as a function of the cars' respective weights, as well as the overall severity of the collisions. Moreover, in the second part of the paper, the authors have applied to the accident sample L. Evans' method of establishing drivers' exposure to risk in two-car collisions through the analysis of pedestrian fatality frequency according to car mass. The differences between the results observed using the two methods are discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477218 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747447 AU - Bullen, F AU - Thambiratnam, D AU - BUGEJA, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTEGRATION OF BULL-BARS AS IMPACT ATTENUATION DEVICES WITH AIR BAGS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 655-9 AB - Bull-bars are often added to many Australian vehicles to minimise damage and maximise the possibility of vehicle driveability after a frontal impact. The increased use of SRS air bags in vehicles has meant that the problem of possible premature air bag deployment during a sub-critical impact speed must be addressed. Finite element modelling (FEM) was used to evaluate the crash "transparency" of several bull-bars fitted to Australian passenger vehicles. Some calibration of the models using static load tests was also carried out. The FEM was used to analyse the action of impact loads using force-time functions developed on the basis of typical vehicle response histories obtained from crash testing of vehicles. The results from the FEM indicated that the bull-bar had very little effect on the crash characteristics of the vehicle. Failure in the bull-bar system typically occurred in the order of mounting plates, attachment bolts and finally the bull-bar itself. This meant that very little energy was absorbed before the bar met the front of the vehicle. The bull-bar system could be designed to obtain a predetermined failure mechanism which would control the impact attenuation properties of the bull-bar system. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Bar KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Body (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477220 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747470 AU - Fildes, B AU - DEERY, H AU - LENARD, J AU - KENNY, D AU - EDWARDS-COGHILL, K AU - Jacobsen, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF AIRBAGS IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 873-80 AB - General Motors - Holden's Automotive (Holden) was the first Australian manufacturer to introduce a package of new safety features with the release of the VR Commodore, including a driver's side airbag. This was followed two years later with a passenger airbag, released in the VS model. These airbags, in conjunction with an improved seat belt system have the distinction of being specifically designed for Australian driving and accident conditions and as a consequence are different to those found in vehicles designed overseas. To determine the effectiveness of these systems the investigation of a number of field accidents has been conducted. The preliminary results of this work, although not all statistically significant, are very encouraging and suggest that the airbags have had a positive effect on reducing occupant injury with few of the negative side effects that are now being identified with some foreign airbag systems. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477243 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747472 AU - SATAKE, K AU - OHMAE, H AU - HARIGAE, T AU - Ueno, M AU - HITOMI, Y AU - Yamaguchi, T AU - FUJIWARA, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS OF SIDE COLLISIONS USING ACTUAL VEHICLES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 890-900 AB - Test procedures for evaluating the performances of a vehicle for occupant protection during side impact have been applied in the United States since 1993, and are expected to be applied in Europe beginning in 1996. In Japan, in the report of the Council for Transport Technology presented in 1992 on this subject, side impact occupant protection was adopted as a middle term study item and studies are in progress for finding an appropriate test procedure to be adopted in Japan. This paper summarises the results of a series of full-scale side impact tests using Japanese passenger vehicles according to the US and European side impact test procedures. In addition to tests carried out in accordance with the conditions of FMVSS 214 and ECE/R.95, tests were implemented with the parameters such as crab angle, MDB height, seat position etc. changed. The test vehicles were selected from Japanese-made 1994 models in a variety of body types, weights, etc. Dummy responses were measured in the tests, specifically TTI and Pelvis G in the US procedure, and HPC, RDC, V*C, APF, and PSPF in the European procedure. Intrusions of the vehicle side structure and changes in velocity were recorded. Analysis of the test results included dummy responses, vehicle responses, and intrusions of the vehicle under a variety of tests and test conditions. In addition, analyses were made for repeatability of the full-scale tests, and repeatability in the dummy itself. The advantages and disadvantages of the US and European side impact testing procedures were studied based on the results of these analyses. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Reproducibility KW - Reproducibility KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477245 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747477 AU - IZUMI, K AU - OKAMOTO, A AU - Yoshikawa, M AU - ISHIGURE, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS FOR SIDE IMPACT OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 933-9 AB - In order to assist in providing effective protection for the occupants in a side impact collision, the crash phenomena must be understood. This understanding assists the effort to control the deformation mode, intrusion velocity, and the like of each section of the vehicle to the extent possible. For that purpose, computer analysis is very effective in that it allows investigation of data which is difficult to segregate by crash testing. Among side impact test types, this paper deals with the European regulation ECE95. For simulation the PAM-CRASH finite element code was used. First, in the case of analyzing the side impact with computer, it is explained that it is important to install finite element (FE) dummy model by comparing three simulation results, without dummy model, with rigid body dummy model and with FE dummy model. Next, two cases of simulations that had differences in side structure strengths were carried out, with FE dummy model. The crash tests and simulations of the two cases were compared. In these results, it was found that the simulation results were reasonably well correlated to the vehicle crash test results within the parameters studied. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477250 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747479 AU - Pipkorn, B AU - Haland, Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SIDE AIRBAG SYSTEMS USING A MATHEMATICAL BIOSID DUMMY PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 963-77 AB - A two dimensional lumped mass model of the BIOSID dummy was developed and validated by means of pendulum and sled tests at various impact speeds. The mathematical BIOSID dummy consisted of eleven body parts: head, neck, arm, shoulder rib, thoracic ribs, abdominal ribs, spine and pelvis. The model was used to evaluate the potential injury reducing benefits of padding or airbags in side impacts. The side impact simulations were carried out using the crash victim simulation software MADYMO2D. The airbags were initially filled with compressed air and had varying initial (over) pressures and ventilation areas. The protective system resulting in the lowest injury measures for the dummy was thus determined. The lowest TTI was obtained with the airbag with 0 kPa initial over pressure and 1500 mm squared ventilation area, while the lowest chest deflection and chest VC were obtained with an airbag with 40 kPa initial over pressure and 2000 mm squared ventilation area. The risk of the head impacting the side window was significantly reduced with the addition of an airbag. It was found that the airbag should have a thickness of approximately 120 mm when fully deployed to adequately protect the occupant. The arm and shoulder of the occupant have to be engaged in the impact. The model of the BIOSID dummy was found to be a very valid and valuable tool for evaluating the protective effort of padding and airbags in the side door. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477252 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747398 AU - REILLY-JONES, C AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - HALEY, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUSTRALIAN NCAP PROGRAM REVIEWED - A COMPARISON OF THE NCAP PERFORMANCE OF 1995 AUSTRALIAN & US VEHICLES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 206-9 AB - Both Australia and the United States of America conduct consumer crash testing programs to assess vehicle crash performance. A 1993 analysis showed that the performance of Australian vehicles was inferior to that of equivalent US vehicles. This paper reviews the relative crash performance of 1995 model Australian and US vehicles. Full frontal crash data was compared for light, compact, medium weight vehicles, four wheel drive vehicles, and light utilities (pickups). Offset crash data was compared for medium and four wheel drive vehicles. Analysis shows that Australian occupants are still offered inferior crash protection compared to equivalent US model vehicles. The safety equipment fitted, which may contribute to these results, are compared. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477171 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747400 AU - COXON, CGM AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF AUSTRALIAN AUDIT CRASH TESTS AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS WITH INJURY PREDICTION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 220-6 AB - Audit crash tests of showroom vehicles by Australian NCAP, with subsequent media promotion and ready availability of the results, has enabled the Australian vehicle user to be better informed of the safety of vehicle occupants in frontal collisions. The difference between the regulatory and audit crash test speeds can have a significant effect in the potential for head, chest and leg injury. Data is presented to show the injury differences to front seat occupants in frontal crashes including the relationship of the speed of the crash to the injury severity of occupants in the crash. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477173 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747415 AU - WORDENWEBER, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INNOVATIVE VEHICLE LIGHTING FOR ACTIVE SAFETY AND COMFORT PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 348-53 AB - Good lighting can increase visual comfort. For example, today's free-form surface headlights can control the beam to illuminate road markings and verges for additional visual guidance. All European headlights with HID are equipped with headlamp cleaning and therefore able to show less glare than halogen headlights. In conjunction with dynamic headlamp levelling, they produce a steady and reliable field of vision. The AFS-initiative sets out to increase visual performance for varying road or weather situations by taking into account the comfort requirements of drivers and traffic. Vehicle lighting provides for vision and visibility. A current trail evaluates the significance of marked contours on trucks and heavy-goods vehicles with respect to accidents. In the vehicle interior there is a noticeable move away from point light sources in the dashboard or cockpit area. The driver is distracted less when displays are back-lit, switches marked by their contour and feeling for space created by unobtrusive, ambient light. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Brake lamps KW - Brake light KW - Dashboard KW - Headlamp KW - Headlamps KW - Instrument panels KW - Light intensity KW - Lighting (street) KW - Luminous intensity KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Street lighting KW - Visibility KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477188 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747417 AU - SCHMIDT-CLAUSEN, H-J AU - DAMASKY, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS FOR MOTORCAR-HEADLIGHTING SYSTEMS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 361-5 AB - A world wide harmonised light distribution for low beam headlamps is discussed, based on requirements of the areas of SAE, JSAE, and ECE. It comes out that not the improvement of the light distribution of low beam headlamps of the light distributions existing today is the aim but only the harmonisation. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Headlamp KW - Headlamps KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477190 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747432 AU - Satoh, T AU - Takada, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLLAPSE AND ENERGY ABSORPTION OF THIN-WALLED FRAME WITH POLYGONAL SECTION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 518-24 AB - There have been ever-increasing demands for higher levels of passive safety for automobile occupants. With small-sized vehicles in particular, we are facing the major problem of reducing occupant injury with a limited crush stroke. To cope with the problem, a body structure that effectively absorbs impact due to collision should be designed and developed. This paper reports the confirmation that a side member structure featuring a rectangular cross section is capable of ensuring a similar level of energy absorption to that of a hexagonal cross section. This was realized through the combination of the advantages of the thin-walled side member characteristics and addition of several corner lines to ensure equal ratios for the width and thickness of each side-wall. Static compression experiments and computer simulations were performed. Those results are also described. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477205 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747434 AU - JAWAD, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL COLLISION MITIGATION USING INTELLIGENT EXTENDING BUMPER PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 534-41 AB - This paper investigates feasibility and performance of collision mitigation using an intelligent extending bumper system to absorb impact energy in vehicle frontal collisions. It is proposed to use a 1-1.5 m extending bumper supported by two hydraulic cylinders fixed to the longitudinal columns of the vehicle. A specially adapted fast response hydraulic flow control valve with a learning digital computer control is proposed. Simulation investigations revealed a maximum level of 9g deceleration could be achieved in a 30 mph collision. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Hydraulic fluids KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydraulics (fluid) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477207 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747449 AU - Maurer, D AU - Thompson, G M AU - Muller, R AU - GRAFFE, M AU - WEYERSBERG, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY CONCEPTS FOR VERY SMALL VEHICLES, EXAMPLE: OPEL MAXX PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 666-73 AB - The safety performance of very small cars is a big challenge in modern vehicle design. Basic physics requires entirely new concepts for such small vehicles in order to meet the safety standards of normal-sized cars and to achieve crash compatibility. This paper outlines the safety concept for very small cars using the example of the Opel MAXX. The structural design and the restraint system are discussed, together with computer simulations of the crash behaviour. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Body (car) KW - Car KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477222 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747451 AU - OTTE, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF MEASURES REDUCING RESIDUAL SEVERE AND FATAL INJURIES MAIS 3+ OF CAR OCCUPANTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 695-703 AB - The Accident Research Unit at the Medical University Hannover carried out an in-depth investigation of road accidents in a statistical representative manner. Each year approx. 1000 accidents are collected on order of BASt. These data are a good tool for analysing the accident scene of severe car crashes, answering the question how car crashes of severe and fatal injury occurrence look like. While many safety measures for car occupants and test procedures for car developments exist, 1/3 of all severe and fatal injured persons in road accidents are car occupants. 5.5% of all car occupants involved in road accidents suffered injury severities of more or equal than MAIS 3, but it must be the aim to avoid these victims. For this purpose the accident situations were analysed in detail. In the study the injury mechanisms are described, measures reducing these residual severe and fatal injuries assessed and demands for test procedures and car design formulated with regard to an optimized occupant protection. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477224 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747466 AU - Herbst, B AU - Forrest, S AU - Wang, P AU - CHNG, D AU - Friedman, D AU - Friedman, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ABILITY OF 3 POINT SAFETY BELTS TO RESTRAIN OCCUPANTS IN ROLLOVER CRASHES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 843-7 AB - Three point safety belts are intended to restrain front seat occupants in motor vehicle crashes. Their purpose is to reduce the severity of occupant collisions with the interior of a vehicle and thus to reduce occupant injury. Manufacturers and the government test occupant protection in frontal collisions both for compliance with federal requirements and under a federal consumer information program. No consensus exists for a test of the ability of seat belts to prevent harmful contact with the roof and roof structure of vehicles. This paper describes a simple test procedure and provides data from tests of some common production safety belt systems. These tests demonstrate that most of the production belts place the head and neck in potentially injurious positions in a rollover. These tests also show that simple geometric improvements could provide substantial head and neck protection in rollover crashes. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Roof (veh) KW - Safety belt KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477239 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747468 AU - Friedman, K AU - Friedman, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED VEHICLE DESIGN FOR THE PREVENTION OF SEVERE HEAD AND NECK INJURIES TO RESTRAINED OCCUPANTS IN ROLLOVER ACCIDENTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 856-65 AB - The 1988 through 1992 NASS field accident data on rollovers and injuries to occupants in these crashes were analysed. The data show that more than 96 percent of all occupants in rollovers do not receive serious head or neck injuries. The authors discuss why most restrained occupants do not suffer serious head or neck injuries in rollovers and how that helps understanding of the injuries that do occur. Based on these data, the authors further developed the rollover injury parameter "residual headroom" to identify the likelihood of severe head/face or neck injury and the vehicle design measures that can mitigate those injuries. A theory of rollover head and neck injury causation is proposed that is supported by all available evidence and observations. In particular, how minor modifications of the roof structure and occupant protection systems of most contemporary passenger cars, light trucks, and vans can prevent severe injuries in rollovers is discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Roof (veh) KW - Vehicle roofs KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477241 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747481 AU - Fildes, B N AU - DYTE, D AU - Carr, D AU - SEYER, K AU - DIGGES, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT REGULATION BENEFITS FOR AUSTRALIA PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 987-92 AB - This paper reports the benefits of Australia adopting either the current FMVSS 214 or the proposed ECE Regulation 95 side impact regulation. A Harm analysis was undertaken following a one-day meeting in Munich, Germany, involving a panel of international specialists to determine the likely injury reductions of both standards. Using the Harm reduction method, the total benefit for FMVSS 214 was subsequently estimated to be A$136 million annually or A$147 per car using a 7% discount rate and a 25 year fleet life. The equivalent figures for ECE Reg 95 were A$147 million with a unit Harm benefit of A$159 per car. Given an implementation cost of A$100 per car, it is evident that either standard is likely to be cost-effective for Australia. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477254 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747392 AU - Morris, A P AU - THOMAS, P AU - BRETT, M AU - BRUNO-FORET, J-Y AU - Thomas, C AU - OTTE, D AU - ONO, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REVIEW OF DRIVER AIRBAG DEPLOYMENTS IN EUROPE AND JAPAN TO DATE PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 122-31 AB - This study examines data from 186 crash-damaged vehicles in Europe and Japan fitted with driver airbags. There were 130 cases of airbag deployment in the vehicles, 97 of which were in single-impact frontal crashes. The majority of drivers in these impacts sustained AIS 1 injuries with the head/face being the most commonly injured body region. Some AIS 2+ injuries occurred to the head/face but these almost always occurred when the optimum occupant protection circumstances were compromised in some way. The most common site of AIS 2+ injuries was the lower limb followed by the upper limb. 12 out of 14 AIS 2+ injuries to the upper limb occurred in vehicles whose airbag deployed. Slight differences were observed in injury outcomes when a differentiation was made between airbag sizes although this may have been a function of sample size. Overall, encouraging results are apparent. However, this is a preliminary survey. Follow-up studies with more data are clearly the next stage if a comprehensive overview of the real-world performance of airbags is to be attained. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Collision KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Severity (accid, injury) KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477165 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747406 AU - STOLINSKI, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESULT PRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA'S NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 261-8 AB - This paper examines market research findings about consumer knowledge of vehicle safety. Consumer demand for simplified information is evaluated in the context of output generated from Australian NCAP full frontal and offset frontal barrier crash tests. The development of Australia's NCAP result presentation format is described. Australian NCAP originally presented results as discrete dummy response measurements from each crash test. Following consumer demand to simplify presentation, NCAP management applied injury risk functions to the results producing a single index rating. This 100 point scale represents the risk of life threatening injury for a weighted combination of full frontal and driver's side offset crashes. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Data acquisition KW - Data collection KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Safety belt KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477179 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747407 AU - BREUER, J J AU - ROHMERT, W AU - BREUER, B J AU - Bielaczek, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HUMAN DETERMINANTS OF ACTIVE SAFETY: RESULTS OF INTERDISCIPLINARY DRIVER BEHAVIOUR EXPERIMENTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 270-81 AB - In order to obtain and validate design criteria to improve active safety in road traffic, driver behaviour was analysed in an interdisciplinary approach. Effects of stress (e.g. route properties) and individual human characteristics (age, sex, personality, driving experience) on driver performance (especially the use of friction potential) and driver strain (physiological and psychological measures) were analysed. This paper focuses on inter-individual variations of performance and strain in field experiments. They were interpreted with individual characteristics: subjects with more driving experience and higher age show lower strain. Female subjects drive with higher safety margins and less strain. Conspicuousness in certain personality measures is related to conspicuous driver performance measures. Strain generally increases with performance, the slope value is determined by the task difficulty. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Attitude (psychol) KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Durability KW - Motor skills KW - Performance KW - Skill (road user) KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477180 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747424 AU - ZEIDLER, F AU - SCHEUNERT, D AU - BREITNER, R AU - Krajewski, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE REDUCTION OF THE RISK OF LOWER LEG INJURIES BY MEANS OF COUNTERMEASURES OPTIMIZED IN FRONTAL OFFSET CRASH TESTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 438-48 AB - In the seventies injuries of the lower extremities were frequently observed in serious frontal collisions. Although these injuries were not perilous, there were dramatic personal and financial consequences. In the late seventies Mercedes-Benz introduced an offset crash test procedure for the development of new car lines. In view of the poor biofidelity of the dummies' lower legs and the lack of knowledge about human tolerances in this body region at that time, as a first step critical load values were determined in volunteer tests. These values have been checked in crash tests with modified dummies and are still valid today, as a comparison with the latest biomechanical research in this field shows. Various safety measures were then incorporated in all new Mercedes-Benz car lines in the eighties and have considerably reduced the risk of foot injuries particularly in frontal offset collisions. This reduction can now be proven by a comparison of the results from the analysis of real world accidents over the last two decades. In addition, the findings show new priorities for future safety measures and the need for an improvement of the test procedure resulting in offset crash tests against a deformable barrier. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Foot KW - Foot (not a measure) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477197 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747425 AU - KOSSAR, J M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE FIRST GENERATION AIR BAGS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 449-55 AB - It is clear that truly smart air bags require substantial additional development efforts before substantial implementation in production cars can be anticipated. The interfacing of electronic crash sensors with occupant state sensors and controllable staged flow rate air bag inflators is a formidable task requiring maintenance of high reliability currently associated with air bags. Can it be accomplished is not in question, but rather the question is will the efforts and costs be expended which are required to achieve the full goal of smart air bag systems? The goals to be achieved are worthy of re-evaluation. Each of us recognize the need to reduce the magnitude of injuries and the number of fatalities associated with air bag deployments. Is it now or ever to be possible to completely eliminate all such events and still appreciate the overall occupant crash protection benefits achievable with air bags? From the vantage point of today, the answer must be no. However, even today, it appears feasible, and perhaps appropriate, that we may tolerate some reduced system reliabilities if the net result could be major reductions in incidence of severe injuries and fatalities caused by air bag deployments. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Improvement KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477198 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747439 AU - HOLLOWELL, W T AU - GABLER, H C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S VEHICLE AGGRESSIVITY AND COMPATIBILITY RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 576-92 AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administraion's vehicle aggressivity and compatibility research program explores the global evaluation of vehicle crashworthiness designs as a means of minimizing injuries in the design vehicle while simultaneously minimizing injuries in the vehicle's collision partners. The program pursues both an analytic investigation of fleet wide vehicle performance as the basis for global optimization and pursues an experimental component as the foundation for validation of computer models and tools. This paper presents an overview of this research program along with a summary of the results achieved to date. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Delivery vehicle KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Injury KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Research project KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Stiffness KW - Usa KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477212 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747442 AU - SHEARLAW, A AU - THOMAS, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMPATIBILITY IN REAL WORLD ACCIDENTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 607-16 AB - Vehicles in collision can be said to be incompatible if the deformation and structural characteristics mean the occupant loads are unequally distributed between the vehicles. Current crash testing does not consider vehicle safety in terms of the occupants of an opposing vehicle despite the obvious problems associated with incompatible vehicle sizes and structures. Real world accident data can be used to study the effects of vehicle structure on injury outcome in a number of impact types. This study examines the structural features of car fronts and sides by reviewing real world accident cases where both vehicles were available for examination. Cases are studied to see how the structures previously classified interact. The residual damage to each vehicle is assessed and the load transmission paths identified. Cases with low injury outcome can be compared to those with more severe injuries to see if the vehicle structure influences injury outcome. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accident KW - Body (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Standardization KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477215 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747443 AU - SCHIMMELPFENNIG, K-H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE GLIDING ZONE. A NEW APPROACH TO INCREASE PASSIVE SAFETY FOR VEHICLES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 625-33 AB - If the amount of energy that has to be converted into deformation work is too high or if the effective surface for the energy exchange is too small, the current concept of passive safety in passenger cars fails. This is already the case within the permissible speed ranges. A transformation into deformation work at lateral areas without breaking into passenger compartment of a vehicle is hardly possible. Due to legally tolerated speed differences in mixed traffic, it is possible in case of a collision to exceed the amount of energy which can be transformed. Therefore, intrusion into and disrupting of passenger compartments take place in real accidents. To solve this problem a new safety concept for passenger cars is being proposed. This concept consists of a combination between diversion of impulse by gliding off and transformation of kinetic energy into deformation work. For this purpose, the vehicle gets a surrounding main member, which provides the essential portion of structural strength. This surrounding member - board frame - is being designed as a frame. Outwards it is closed, has a smooth surface and is very stiff, especially in lateral areas. It is the idea that in the case of an accident there will be no catching and intrusion between vehicles but gliding off at each other into a gliding zone. Besides the gliding effect front and rear areas of the vehicle provide also the possibility to transform a certain amount of energy into deformation work, however, without allowing any intrusion or catching. By combining gliding and crumple zones the speed after collision is being reduced, thus the run-out distance is being shortened. In addition the deceleration of the compartment remains controllable in a biomechanical sense. At higher speed differences it will be true, too. Intrusion or even disrupting of the passenger compartment is being avoided by the combination of gliding and crumple zones. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Body (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Standardization KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477216 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747456 AU - HIGGINS, R K AU - SEYER, K A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN LIGHT COMMERCIAL, OFF ROAD AND FORWARD CONTROL PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 746-54 AB - Off-road passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles are becoming an increasing proportion of the Australian passenger vehicle fleet. Consequently, a review of the level of occupant protection provided by these vehicles was commenced in 1992. As part of the review, a further study was commissioned with the Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) to examine the occurrence of injuries to occupants of these vehicles. In parallel, a review group was set up with industry to explore ways to improve the level of occupant protection provided by these vehicles. This included a regulatory impact statement on the costs and benefits of new ADR requirements. This paper provides the outcome of that review in general and specifically covers the FORS crash test program which was conducted as part of the standards development program to improve occupant protection provided by off-road passenger vehicles and light commercials. The test program provides a general indication of the safety performance of these vehicles and in summary supports the application of ADR 69/00 Full Frontal Occupant Protection to Off-road Passenger Vehicles and Light Goods Vehicles which would result in an improvement in the occupant protection levels. This would also shift the focus towards performance based testing of the vehicle occupant protection package as a whole and provide a level of occupant protection equal to that of passenger cars. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Lorry KW - Minibus KW - Minibuses KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477229 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747457 AU - ZIVKOVIC, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LOAD RETENTION AND CARGO BARRIERS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 755-8 AB - "Second Collision", a collision between cargo carried inside the vehicle occupants compartment and vehicle occupants or vehicle interior structures, is not well documented or widely publicised. There are no reliable statistics to quantify magnitude of the problem, although several cases of serious injuries and deaths caused by the unrestrained cargo are reported by the public media every year. This paper provides the latest research results from Milford Testing Laboratories after ten years of continuous development of cargo restraining systems. The paper also provides current status of national standards covering this problem and a special analysis of a comparison between two alternatives for better cargo retention: stronger vehicle seats or installation of a cargo barrier. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Collision KW - Commodities KW - Crashes KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Freight KW - Freight traffic KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477230 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747474 AU - SEYER, K AU - Fildes, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKING TOWARDS A HARMONISED DYNAMIC SIDE IMPACT STANDARD - AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 910-6 AB - This paper reviews the differences between the US and European regulations and outlines the Australian Federal Office of Road Safety's research program to examine the likely benefits of allowing a third alternative which combines the better features of the two regulations and promotes the use of the BioSID dummy. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477247 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747475 AU - Ueno, M AU - OHMAE, H AU - HARIGAE, T AU - SATAKE, K AU - Yamaguchi, T AU - FUJIWARA, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIERS IN JAPAN PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 917-28 AB - A Moving Deformable Barrier (MDB) used to simulate a colliding vehicle is an important element in full-scale side impact test procedures. There are several differences in weights, dimensions, force deflection characteristics, etc. between the US MDB and the European MDB, by reflecting the difference in vehicle population in their markets. During the past studies being made for the introduction of side impact testing procedures into Japan, it is expected to develop a practical MDB corresponding to the situations of the Japanese automobile. This paper reports the results of the studies of Japanese automobile characteristics, and also describes the design and performance of an MDB developed in Japan. Based on the investigation results of Japanese automobiles, the specifications of the MDB to be used in Japanese side impact test procedures were determined. To meet these specifications, studies were made for materials and construction of the MDB, paying attention to form a practical test procedure. Frontal barrier impact tests and full-scale side impact tests were carried out to evaluate the characteristics of the MDB. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477248 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747396 AU - Gupta, V AU - Menon, R AU - Gupta, S AU - Mani, A AU - Shanmugavelu, I AU - KOSSAR, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED OCCUPANT PROTECTION THROUGH ADVANCED SEAT DESIGN PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 181-91 AB - Through a contract from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), EASi Engineering in conjunction with Johnson Controls Inc. (JCI) is working to conceive and develop an advanced integrated structural seat that meets the current FMVSS requirements and significantly improves occupant protection for frontal, rear, side and rollover accidents and contributes to passenger compartment intrusion resistance. This work is a cooperative effort between the government and industry, bringing together the strengths of impact biomechanics, computer aided engineering and seat systems engineering and manufacturing. This paper summarizes the advanced integrated structural seat criteria used, the design concepts evolved and adapted thus far as part of this ongoing research, the evaluation of the design concepts using various computer aided engineering (CAE) methodologies, and the resulting changes in occupant crash protection. Concept level models were created primarily through use of the MADYMO software to establish potential benefits. Further design evolution and evaluation were achieved via detailed finite element models and coupled models using LS-DYNA3D and LS-DYNA3D/MADYMO coupling. The design concepts studied include rollover-sensing seat belt pretensioners and extended head rest frames for improved rollover protection, belt load limiters for improved frontal crash protection, energy absorbing dual recliners, strengthened seat back wing structures for improved side impact protection and side intrusion resistance. This study does not include seat mounted side airbags as they have been explored already (Pilhall et al, IRRD 894946) and are in production. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477169 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747403 AU - GU, J AU - ROY, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTIMISATION OF THE WHEELCHAIR TIEDOWN AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEM (EFFECT OF DIAGONAL STRAP ANCHORAGE CONFIGURATIONS ON OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEM) PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 242-50 AB - To improve the safety of wheelchair occupants using both private and public transportation, effort is being focused through the International Standards Organisation (ISO) to produce standards for Wheelchair Tiedown and Occupant Restraint Systems (WTORS) (ISO/CD/10542) and Transportable Wheelchair Systems (TWS) (ISO/CD/7176-19). To ensure the structural integrity of the systems, these standards define a crash test protocol, which includes the use of a test wheelchair (ISO-W/C). In the UK the diagonal strap of a lap and diagonal (L/D) wheelchair occupant restraint is either anchored to the floor of the vehicle or to the B pillar. This paper reports a programme of frontal impact tests using the ISO-W/C test chair in a forward facing mode, carried out at the impact facility of Middlesex University, Road Safety Engineering Laboratory (MURSEL). The objective was to identify the influence of the diagonal strap anchorage position on the variation of loads in the WTORS. Two computer models were built using MADYMO and DYNAMAN respectively, validated by the experimental results, to predict the occupant response to impacts and hence provide data to optimise future system design. The results suggested that the 'B pillar' anchorage configuration was superior to the floor anchorage in that it exhibited reduced occupant shoulder loads and wheelchair front wheel loads. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anchorage KW - Anchorages KW - Disabled person KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Safety belt KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477176 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747410 AU - SUGASAWA, F AU - UENO, H AU - KANEDA, M AU - KOREISHI, J AU - SHIRATO, R AU - FUKUHARA, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF NISSAN'S ADVANCED SAFETY VEHICLE PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 298-304 AB - This paper describes Nissan's Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV), which has been developed in the course of the company's involvement in the ASV Project of Japan's Ministry of Transport. While the ASV incorporates a total of twelve advanced safety systems, space limitations preclude a detailed explanation of each one. An overview is given of the individual systems, and several technologies that are distinctive features of the ASV are discussed in detail. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accident prevention KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Tires KW - Tyre KW - Warning KW - Warning systems KW - Windscreen (veh) KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477183 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747421 AU - LOWNE, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE VALIDATION OF THE EEVC FRONTAL IMPACT TEST PROCEDURE PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 401-13 AB - The EEVC Working Group 11 proposed a new frontal impact test procedure, based on a partial overlap impact to a deformable faced barrier, at the 14th ESV Conference in 1994. This test procedure has been subject to a validation programme to evaluate the repeatability, reproducibility and the applicability of the test procedure to a range of passenger car types and sizes. It also considered the effect of an increase in the impact speed from 56km/h to 60km/h. As well as the European validation programme, parallel testing in support of the EEVC work has been performed in Australia, Canada, Japan and the USA. This paper presents the results of the validation programme and the conclusions regarding the current recommendations for the EEVC front offset deformable impact test procedure. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Europe KW - Europe KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477194 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747428 AU - HAMON, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VSR PROGRAM - VEHICLE AND SAFETY ON ROAD - STATE OF THE ART AT MIDWAY PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 478-85 AB - The Vehicle and Safety on the Road (VSR) Program runs from 1993 to 1998, sponsored by the European Commission. VSR is organised around four main aspects: (1) increasing the knowledge of accident causes and analysing in depth their consequences; (2) preventing situations leading to accidents; (3) avoiding the situations which cause accidents; and (4) protecting the occupant when impact does occur. This paper describes the research so far and describes some of the results. The program is built upon a strong cooperation between car manufacturers, suppliers of the automotive industry, managers of the road network and scientific laboratories, particularly INRETS. For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accident KW - Accident prevention KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Lorry KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477201 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747435 AU - BIANCO AU - KOZYREFF, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PARTICLE METHOD FOR AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT SIMULATION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 542-8 AB - The aim of this paper is to present the use of particle method to evaluate the stress modes of a deploying airbag, starting from its folded condition. The innovation is in the gas modelization which is assumed to be made of a large number of particles. As that number is bounded by memory and CPU performance, it is clear that the particles are not identified with the molecules. They are instead abstract building blocks, whose dynamics are chosen to reflect the macroscopic behaviour of the gas. The approach consists of replacing the molecular content of the system by a different <> description, whose coarse-grained space-time behaviour approximates the macroscopic dynamics. The main idea is to consider the gas as a hybrid system containing a fluid in the classical sense (obeying fluid dynamic equations) and particles in interaction with it. Both elements correspond to the same physical system, but they represent different aspects of it. The fluid represents the part which is in thermal equilibrium, while the particles handle its turbulent aspect. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Gas KW - Gases KW - Hydraulic fluids KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydraulics (fluid) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477208 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747446 AU - Rechnitzer, G AU - POWELL, C AU - SEYER, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF ENERGY ABSORBING REAR UNDERRUN BARRIERS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 648-54 AB - Rear underrun crashes involving heavy vehicles with rear overhangs represent the most extreme examples of the incompatibility between heavy and light vehicles, particularly passenger cars. This paper describes the design, development and prototype testing of a practical, effective energy-absorbing rear underrun barrier system. This builds on the extensive work previously undertaken demonstrating the effectiveness of well designed lightweight - but rigid - rear underrun barriers. The energy absorbing unit consists of two lightweight steel tubes, containing the energy absorbing glass fibre reinforced composite tube. The full system exhibits very good force-deformation characteristics, with minimum energy absorption in excess of 40KJ. Testing has included static and dynamic loading, including centred and offset crash testing of the prototype unit to compare the injury outcome with that of a full frontal barrier test of the same vehicle model. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Lorry KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes KW - Underride prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477219 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747453 AU - SPARKE, L J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTIMISATION OF CRASH PULSE THROUGH FRONTAL STRUCTURE DESIGN PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 720-5 AB - Structural analysis techniques are now available that allow the development of safer vehicle structures. The basis for the development strategy is new knowledge of the biomechanics of injury and of the spectra of real life accidents occurring in Australia, plus new computer simulation techniques. An optimised crash pulse is proposed, which analysis suggests will provide reduced injury risk thorughout the spectrum of frontal crashes. Design of a vehicle with a front structure having this characteristic could result in reduced injury risk to occupants in the complex interaction between the occupants and the vehicle during the variety of crash types and speeds that occur on Australian roads. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Body (car) KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477226 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747460 AU - WASIOWYCH, A AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVER PROPENSITY OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF AUSTRALIAN VEHICLES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 774-8 AB - Certain US 4WD utility vehicles now require labelling indicating risk of rollover. This labelling followed field observations that 4WD vehicles were much more likely to fall over. Quite a few of these vehicles had a narrow wheel track and high centre of gravity. From this and associated litigation a fairly quick widening of wheel base on imported 4WD vehicles has been observed, however windscreen labelling on Australian 4WD vehicles is not required, and the authors have no assessments of their overall rollover propensity. However, in analysis of field data it has been observed that 4WD vehicles are significantly overinvolved in rollover crashes. This project conducted static rollover tests on a tilt table on a variety of 4WD wagon and utility vehicles and passenger sedans on sale in Australia. Future direction is to review the involvement in rollover crashes of equivalent categories of 4WD vehicles and passenger sedans and to compare static rollover stability to equivalent US categories. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Test KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477233 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747464 AU - FRIEDEWALD, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF BODY LOADS DURING ROLLOVER TESTS; ROOF CRUSH AND OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 814-20 AB - The only standardized test procedure for vehicle rollover tests is described in FMVSS 208. An often raised objection to this test procedure stresses the fact that, for a given car, the number of revolutions as well as the final position of the test car after the crash vary from test to test. Consequently, there are no body deformations that resemble those of the previous test. This paper presents an analysis of the contact forces. Such contact forces are determined from the accelerations of the car bodies during the rollover employing a numerical calculation method. It became obvious that the structural forces are reproducible, in spite of the differences in rollover kinematics. The body load strongly depends on the geometric design and the stiffness distribution of the car body. Another conclusion of the test series is that good results in roof crush tests are not necessarily an indicator for good rollover performance. Biomechanical data are measured by Hybrid III dummies. In addition to measuring the forces and torque of the head and neck, the surface pressure on the skull was determined by using a pressure sensitive foil. With the exception of extreme roof crushes, there is no correlation between roof crush and biomechanical loads. This result is in accordance with the analysis of real world crashes. From the test series one may conclude that rollover crashes are a useful instrument for developing cars. However, such crashes only allow a qualitative investigation of crash performance, but they are not suitable for establishing any ratings of safety for different types of cars. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Body (car) KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Roof (veh) KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477237 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747471 AU - KOMPASS, K AU - Haberl, J AU - Messner, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL BENEFIT OF DIFFERENT SIDE AIRBAG SYSTEMS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 882-9 AB - In the opinion of accident researchers, in side-impact collisions top priority should be given to protecting the head. However, the side airbags so far offered and installed in production cars are systems primarily dedicated to protecting the upper part of the occupant's body. Introducing a side airbag system for the head area proved to be very much more difficult. For this reason systems such as the ITS presented by BMW are appearing on the market with something of a delay compared with the thorax airbag. In order to assess the various approaches adopted for this specific form of protection system, the requirements must be defined, the test procedures described and a form of "shopping list" drawn up to permit comparisons to be made. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477244 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747478 AU - TRELLA, T J AU - Samaha, R R AU - Smith, E J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE USE OF ADVANCED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN SIDE IMPACT CRASHWORTHINESS RESEARCH PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 940-62 AB - This paper provides an overview of NHTSA's application of advanced analytical tools in side impact research. Finite Element (FE) approaches are highlighted as emerging simulation tools. Status of the Moving Deformable Barrier (MDB), Side Impact Dummy (SID), and passenger car FE model development efforts at NHTSA are reported. Simulated responses from these models are compared against crash test data. Use of FE models for general vehicle safety performance characterization is illustrated. Advanced lumped mass simulation models for vehicle safety performance and countermeasure characterizations are also discussed. Such models include barrier to car and car to pole impacts using rigid body dynamics and simplified lumped mass techniques in combination with FE techniques. Emphasis is placed on model development and extraction of modeling characteristics from both FE model outputs and crash tests. Future research directions are also presented. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477251 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747393 AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - HUMMEL, T A AU - MULLER, C B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIENCE WITH AIRBAG-EQUIPPED CARS IN REAL-LIFE ACCIDENTS IN GERMANY PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 132-54 AB - This paper describes experience obtained from the analysis of 249 real-life accidents in Germany in which front airbag-equipped cars were involved. The performance of the airbag as a safety system and the injury patterns of the drivers and front seat passengers are analysed. In comparison with belted drivers and front seat passengers (without an airbag) it was possible to observe a significant reduction in severe and fatal injuries to the belted and airbag-protected drivers; but for the belted and airbag-protected front seat passengers airbags resulted in no major reduction in injuries. Driver airbags led to a substantial reduction in head injuries, and so in frontal car collisions with airbag deployment the injury severity MAIS 2+ in the case of belted drivers was dominated by injuries to the extremities, especially to the feet. The injury severity MAIS 2+ for belted front seat passengers, on the other hand, was dominated by injuries to the thorax. In this accident material, fatal injuries even with airbag deployment were only observed in very severe frontal impacts with a high degree of intrusion of the passenger compartment ("disaster cases"). The system of "airbag plus safety belt" has to be optimised in the future and "intelligent airbag systems", especially with regard to the passenger airbag, are required. "Intelligent airbag systems" must avoid an airbag deployment on the passenger side if there is no passenger present and also have to solve the conflict with rearward facing child seats. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Germany KW - Germany KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477166 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747395 AU - HALEY, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 169-75 AB - The early 1990s was a period which saw the rapid introduction of improved occupant restraint systems into Australian vehicles. However, even in 1995, by which date nearly all US passenger vehicles were equipped with single or twin airbags, most Australian vehicles only offered a single airbag, and in most cases this was optional equipment. A few models offered twin airbags, most also optional equipment. There has therefore been a limited opportunity to examine the difference in results between otherwise identical vehicle models with and without airbags in NCAP tests. It has also become evident that crash dummy head to knee impacts are much more common in the Australian NCAP than in the US NCAP. This is mainly due to the difference in the rate of airbag fitment noted above, and again there is a valuable opportunity to gain useful knowledge about occupant restraint systems by examining the circumstances of the head to knee impacts experienced in the Australian NCAP. This paper examines the difference in NCAP injury scores between otherwise identical vehicle models with and without airbags, and analyses the reasons for dummy head to knee contacts in NCAP full frontal tests. From these analyses some suggestions are made to improve occupant restraint performance. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477168 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747397 AU - Stucki, S L AU - HOLLOWELL, W T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S IMPROVED FRONTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 192-205 AB - In the United States, within the next few years air bags will be required in all passenger cars and light trucks under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 208, Occupant Crash Protection. Even after full implementation of driver and passenger air bags as required by FMVSS No. 208, frontal impacts will still account for up to 8,000 fatalities and 120,000 moderate to critical injuries (i.e. injuries of AIS >= 2). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has an ongoing research program to address these fatalities and injuries and provide a basis for the possible future upgrade of FMVSS No. 208. This effort includes developing supplementary test procedures for the evaluation of occupant injury in higher severity crashes, developing improved injury criteria including criteria for assessing injuries to additional body regions, and evaluating the injuries associated with occupant size. More recently, in monitoring the fleet performance of current air bag systems, NHTSA has identified aggressive air bag deployment as a potential cause of injuries and fatalities of occupants in minor severity crashes. Accordingly, the agency has added new activities to investigate this finding in its frontal crash protection research program. This paper presents an overview of the agency's overall research program. Selected results from the testing conducted to date are discussed. Finally, a discussion is presented toward improving occupant protection systems in frontal crashes. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - United States KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477170 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747420 AU - Prasad, P AU - Laituri, Tony R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSIDERATION FOR BELTED FMVSS 208 TESTING PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 389-400 AB - Years of testing and field experience demonstrate that today's airbags in combination with safety belts are performing well and that the vast majority of airbag-related injuries caused by contact with an inflating airbag are minor. However, the reported incidence of severe-to-fatal injuries establish a need to further enhance airbag designs. The present paper introduces an overview of both testing and math modeling of driver airbags. This overview helps to identify both the design opportunities and the design constraints for such enhancements. The design parameter that shows the greatest significance is the inflator. The design constraint that poses the most difficulty is the unbelted occupant test requirement. A case is accordingly made for lower-energy inflators as a means to further reduce the risk of injury from an inflating airbag. Toward that end, a new inflator specification is proposed to facilitate understanding of an inflator's performance in occupant-near-module scenarios. Additionally, the implications of implementing lower-energy inflators are addressed from the standpoint of both FMVSS 208 and real-world frontal collisions. Finally, a critical review of the relevance of unbelted testing is presented. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Durability KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Safety belt KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477193 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747422 AU - ZUBY, D S AU - Farmer, C M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LOWER EXTREMITY LOADS IN OFFSET FRONTAL CRASHES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 414-21 AB - To examine the relationship of occupant compartment intrusion and lower leg injuries, 17 new 1994-1996 midsize sedans representing 15 different models were crashed at 40mph (64.4 km/h) into a stationary deformable barrier with 40 percent of the car's front width overlapping the barrier. A Hybrid III 50th percentile adult male dummy was positioned in the driver seat of each of these air bag equipped vehicles and restrained by the lap and shoulder belt. In addition to the usual head, chest, and femur instrumentation, the dummies were also equipped with instrumented lower legs and two accelerometers on each foot. Significant correlations with measures of intrusion were observed for all loads measured on the left leg. The right leg loads had fewer significant correlations, but the data from the distal tibia indicate a general trend of higher loads in crashes with more intrusion. Right proximal tibia bending moment and index were significantly correlated with maximum measures of intrusion, if not with the intrusion of specific nearby structures. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Body (car) KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Motor vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477195 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747427 AU - VAN VOORHIES, K L AU - NARWANI, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF AN INTELLIGENT TOTAL RESTRAINT SYSTEM PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 465-77 AB - The TAKATA Intelligent Total Restraint System, or ITRS, is a controllable vehicle occupant restraint system optimized so as to cost effectively minimize the risk of injury to occupants from crashes. A model based technique is described for optimizing the performance of the ITRS. The ITRS senses occupant weight, occupant position, crash severity, and seat belt usage; and in response to these sensed measurements, controls the individual firing times of a two-stage inflator. A general form of the ITRS also controls inflator module vent area, seat belt force limit, and a seat belt pretensioning. The first stage inflator is experimentally sized so as not to injure the worst case out-of-position occupant, while the combined gas generant loading of both stages is sufficient to satisfy FMVSS-208 requirements. Given the system architecture and associated fixed parameters, occupant injury and injury assessment value (IAV) measures are each modeled as a function of the input and control variables using data gathered from an occupant simulation experiment comprising combinations of occupant size, occupant position, crash severity, and air bag inflation rate. Optimal controls are found by minimizing the IAV model with respect to the system controls subject to constraints that individual injury measures be less than corresponding threshold values. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Durability KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Performance KW - Safety belt KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477200 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747429 AU - Yang, Jinglin AU - Haland, Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODELING OF ADAPTIVE PASSENGER AIRBAG SYSTEMS IN CAR FRONTAL CRASHES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 486-501 AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the effectiveness of a passenger airbag can be increased by making the passenger airbag adaptive to crash conditions, such as severity and type of impact, belt use, and passenger size. Such an adaptive passenger airbag will better cover a wider range of crash situations than a conventional airbag system. In this study, mathematical modeling was performed for the optimization of an existing passenger airbag restraint system. The final solution can be used as reference for the design of an adaptive airbag system. The present study was divided into four steps: (1) an FEM airbag model was developed by using the MADYMO 3D program based on an existing prototype of a passenger airbag; (2) the airbag model was validated against airbag static deployment tests, airbag drop tests, and sled tests; (3) the performance of passenger airbag systems of different volumes was evaluated in terms of injury criteria for front seat occupants of different sizes; and (4) a parameter study with different impact conditions and varying levels of variables was carried out to find an optimized design of an adaptive passenger airbag restraint system. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Durability KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477202 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747452 AU - Pipkorn, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A MATHEMATICAL HYBRID MODEL FOR EVALUATING VEHICLE PERFORMANCE IN CAR-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 704-719 AB - A hybrid model consisting of several parts (a baseline vehicle, a EUROSID-1 dummy and a US-SID dummy) was developed using the finite element software RADIOSS. The vehicle model was developed using truss, beam, spring and beam type spring elements. Where necessary, the vehicle model was complemented with shell elements. The EUROSID-1 and US-SID dummies were one dimensional lumped mass spring damper models and consisted of spine, ribs and pelvis. The model will be used to evaluate effects of vehicle modifications on injury risk predicted by the dummies. The model was validated by means of mechanical tests. Generally good agreement was obtained between predictions of the model and the results from the mechanical tests. The dummy models were validated by means of pendulum tests. The baseline vehicle models with the dummies were validated by means of crash tests according to both the American crash test procedure (FMVSS 214) and the proposed European side impact test procedure. The applicability of the hybrid approach for vehicle and occupant modelling has been demonstrated. The hybrid model provides a quick and economical analysis of a large number of design changes. The advantage of this model is that it can be used in the early design stages of passenger vehicles. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Collision KW - Deformation KW - Dummies KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injury KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477225 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747454 AU - Preston, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RACE CAR SAFETY DEVELOPMENT PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 726-31 AB - Insights are provided into the engineering challenge involved in providing crash protection to the driver when modifying production cars for racing conditions. Building on knowledge gained from passenger car safety development, the higher performance parameters associated with high speed racing crashes are reviewed and proposals developed to minimise the injury risk to racing car drivers. Structural modifications to improve front, rear and side crash performance are proposed, utilising the opportunity to make modifications not practical in a production vehicle, but which can be implemented in a racing car. The role of the seat and seatbelt system in driver protection is discussed, and the potential for major gains in safety are discussed. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Race cars KW - Racing car KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477227 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747461 AU - Yamamoto, A AU - KIMURA, Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF ABS ON ROLLOVER ACCIDENTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 779-86 AB - In the present study, human behavior in driving a vehicle is analyzed, the causes of increased rollover accidents involving ABS-equipped vehicles is identified, and solutions sought to this problem. Analysis of ordinary driver's behavior in a panic situation shows that many of them: (a) press the brake pedal, but not hard enough to activate the ABS system, or (b) never press the pedal, concentrating too much on operating the steering wheel, or (c) press the pedal but release it part of the way. Under such operating conditions, most vehicles run off the course, and may even spin. These analysis results suggest that increase in rollover accidents involving ABS-equipped vehicles is not attributed to the characteristics of the ABS, but mainly to drivers who become aggressive in their driving method, relying too much on the ABS, or who cannot activate the ABS properly when necessary. Therefore, to prevent the number of rollover accidents from increasing it is essential to ensure that each driver understands the proper operation of the ABS, and to install appropriate mechanical systems to assist drivers who cannot operate the ABS properly. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anti locking device KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477234 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747463 AU - WILBER, V H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE ROLLOVER PREVENTION, A BALANCED APPROACH TO A COMPLEX PROBLEM PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 796-813 AB - A variety of laboratory tests, both static and dynamic, have been employed by engineers with the intention of defining a measure to correlate with real world vehicle rollover propensity. Two static metrics, Title Table Angle (TTA) and Critical Sliding Velocity (CSV), have recently been put forth as measures that identify causal factors related to rollovers in a predictable manner. This paper explores the physical principles underlying TTA and CSV and their relationship to real world rollover performance. In addition the ability of TTA or CSV to accurately predict rollover propensity among various vehicles is examined. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Stability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477236 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747399 AU - KLANNER, W AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TEST AND REAL-LIFE ACCIDENTS FOR THE CAR-TO-CAR FRONTAL CRASH PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 210-9 AB - Test and rating methods copying as closely as possible the real accident process are required in order to get reliable information on the safety performance. For frontal impact tests this means that today the preferred impact obstacle is the deformable barrier and not the rigid wall. Comparison tests show that the barrier causes more realistic deformation of the vehicle than the rigid wall. Reliable data on vehicle compatibility is however still not available and based on the results it is demonstrated how the barrier could be developed in order to also get information on this passive safety aspect. Crash test results are evaluated with a rating procedure in order to determine the injury risk for passengers. To prove the validity of the methods used results are compared with real life accidents on a type-specific basis. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477172 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747401 AU - PANT, R AU - CHENG, J AU - O'Connor, C AU - Jackson, D AU - MELLIGERI, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK SAFETY CONCEPT MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 227-35 AB - This paper illustrates development of a safety CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) tool. The MADYMO full vehicle concept model of a body-on-frame utility vehicle for frontal impact was developed to perform up-front safety analysis. This full vehicle model is capable of predicting both structural and occupant response. To gain confidence, the model was correlated with the test for both structural and occupant response. A problem of higher chest G's was identified. Two approaches were taken to look at the problem: 1) Direct optimization was used with some parameters to minimize the chest G's; and 2) DOE (Design of Experiments) approach was used to study the sensitivity analysis and understand the interaction of various components on the response of interest (chest G's). The results and the direction provided by both the approaches are compared later. This paper demonstrates the approach to solve such problems. A methodology was also developed to generate this type of MADYMO concept models for all other similar types of configuration. This new tool needs geometry, weight, stiffness characteristics etc. of key components as an input. Based on this information it generates the full vehicle MADYMO model which can be used to predict occupant and structural response. This method has been implemented for body-on-frame pick-up trucks and utility vehicles. Later it will be extended for unibody and subframe type vehicles. Once implemented this new method will help drive a more efficient and effective design for safety. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Lorry KW - Model (not math) KW - Optimization KW - Optimum KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Scale models KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Structural models KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477174 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747414 AU - CHAMBEAU, F AU - COLINOT, J P AU - DILLIES, M A AU - GOLGOLAB, A AU - HAMON, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PSA PEUGEOT CITROEN EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY SUBSYSTEMS IN VSR (VEHICLE AND SAFETY ON ROAD) PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 339-47 AB - The Experimental Safety SubSystems (ESSS) proposed by PSA Peugeot Citroen in the Vehicle and Safety on Road - VSR - program are based on the information coming from accidentological activities; they are the result of synthesis studies performed in the frame of accident avoidance, primary safety and occupant protection: (1) ESSS 1 are devoted to electronics and intelligent vehicle developments for crash avoidance; (2) ESSS 2 present new methods for dynamic behavior improvement in order to prevent the driver from being in a critical driving condition; and (3) ESSS 3 is given up to enhanced passive safety conditions aimed at increased occupant protection in case of accident. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Case study KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Driver KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Printed publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477187 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747416 AU - WASKO, R J AU - RYBAK, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW OF THEIR RELATIONSHIPS AND CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 354-60 AB - This paper provides an overview of the history of motor vehicle electromagnetic compatibility, and underscores the need for cooperation between the motor vehicle industry and those who control the electromagnetic environment. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Electricity KW - Electricity KW - Electronics KW - Electronics KW - Magnetic properties KW - Magnetism KW - Radio KW - Radio KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477189 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747418 AU - Knipling, R R AU - Wang, J-S AU - Kanianthra, J N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CURRENT NHTSA DROWSY DRIVER R&D PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 366-74 AB - The NHTSA drowsy/fatigued driver research program focuses on the development of a vehicle-based driver drowsiness detection and warning system. NHTSA has developed a detailed concept of system operation and is supporting R&D on detection algorithm refinement, sensor development, and driver interface, i.e. advisory messages and alerting stimuli. A large system development, test, and evaluation project is fabricating a field-testable prototype for use in combination-unit trucks, and obtaining over-the-road data on system performance and useability. In addition, ongoing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) R&D relating to larger classes of crashes will also have the potential to reduce drowsy driver crashes. This includes ITS crash countermeasure performance specification programs on single vehicle roadway departure crashes and rear-end crashes, and the ITS concept of Automatic Collision Notification which will speed the emergency medical response to crashes in general. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Detection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Eye movement KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477191 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747431 AU - TANG, X D AU - Cheng, J C AU - Lu, Chao AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONCEPT MODELING APPROACH OF VEHICLE STRUCTURE CRASH/CRUSH FEA PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 511-7 AB - This paper presents finite element analysis (FEA) of simplified automotive structures using beam-like elements. The concept is to perform FEA quickly or at early product development stage in order to guide the design process. Two types of finite element models are studied: (1) simplified models which use beam elements to model beam-like components and use other elements for the rest of the vehicle parts such as joints, engines and roofs; and (2) thin-walled beam models which purely use thin-walled beam elements. The static stiffness, modal and crash analyses are conducted and the correlation of the results with those from conventional methods are provided. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Analysis (math) KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477204 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747433 AU - HIBINO, T AU - AWANO, M AU - Sato, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BODY STRUCTURE OF MITSUBISHI'S ADVANCED SAFETY VEHICLE PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 525-33 AB - Mitsubishi's Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) has been developed in conjunction with the ASV project proposed by Japan's Ministry of Transport. Among the various safety technologies incorporated in the Mitsubishi ASV, this paper focuses specifically on the features of the lighter and safer body structure and the associated development process. Mitsubishi ASV has been developed around two fundamental concepts; improvement of the crashworthiness of the front end and the integrity of the passenger compartment. The aim was to achieve both a lighter vehicle weight and improved safety performance. To improve the energy-absorbing capacity of the front end, hybrid side members composed of steel and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) were adopted along with a CFRP chassis center member and a CFRP bumper reinforcement beam. The CFRP composition and materials combination were selected on the basis of fundamental component tests. The energy-absorbing performance of the front end structure basis was then confirmed by FEM analysis and in sled crash tests. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Absorption KW - Absorption KW - Body (car) KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles KW - Weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477206 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747448 AU - Sullivan, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BULLBAR DESIGN FOR AIRBAG EQUIPPED VEHICLES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 660-5 AB - This paper addresses the design philosophies required to design a functional and robust bullbar for an airbag equipped vehicle. Areas addressed in this paper include potential issues with after market bullbars, design of the bullbar to vehicle substructure interface, testing and validating original equipment (OE) bullbars and real world functional performance. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - Bar KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Body (car) KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Motor vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477221 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747450 AU - MENDIS, K AU - MANI, C AU - PRASAD, A K AU - Willke, D AU - Monk, M AU - CLARKE, R M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONCEPTS TO REDUCE HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVITY IN TRUCK-TO-CAR COLLISIONS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 674-94 AB - This paper describes the concept development and testing of a new front end design for heavy trucks. The design objective was to develop a bumper which reduces the aggressivity of the truck in an offset frontal collision with an automobile. Collisions involving heavy trucks and cars are particularly unfavorable to the car due to the large mismatch in mass. The bumper design concept described in this paper has evolved from a program of work which has actively focused on reducing truck aggressivity without adversely affecting the other operational characteristics of the truck. The new bumper design involves an energy absorbing honeycomb block, covered by an impact surface which swivels upon impact, thus deflecting the car away from the path of the truck. Computer simulations were used to develop the design from a basic concept to a form suitable for stationary barrier testing. The prototype bumper was fabricated and crash tested on a stationary barrier. A Ford Taurus was used as a bullet vehicle for this purpose. The test showed that the barrier deflected the vehicle as desired, with minimum intrusion into the passenger compartment. The barrier test of this design has confirmed the potential for further refinement for truck adaptation. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Lorry KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477223 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747465 AU - KECMAN, D AU - DUTTON, A J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THE UNIVERSAL COACH SAFETY SEAT PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 835-42 AB - The paper presents the development and performance results of a new 'universal' coach safety twin seat (patent pending) which carries three-point belts, but also protects occupants sitting behind. Four main scenarios investigated comprised an empty and fully loaded seat impacted from behind by unbelted or lap-belted dummies. The extreme 12 g reverse acceleration pulse was applied on a HyGe sled rig and the pitch of 750 mm was interpreted as 'spacing' as defined in the ECE Regulation 36. All the injury criteria specified in the ECE Regulation 80 were met in both Hybrid II and Hybrid III dummies, as well as the Hybrid III neck injury levels. The seat performed well with 95% and 5% dummies, as well as with a pitch of 650 mm, and it passed the 76/115/EEC belt anchorage test. The mass of the feasibility prototype twin seat with one leg and anchorages is 36.3 kg, it is made using conventional materials and production techniques, demonstrating full technical and commercial feasibility. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Buses KW - Coach KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Test KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477238 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747467 AU - DICKISON, M AU - BUCKLEY, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BODY ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS TO IMPROVE OCCUPANT SAFETY IN MINIBUSES AND COACHES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 848-55 AB - Bolting seat belts to an existing seat is generally unsatisfactory because the seat and its mountings were not originally designed to withstand the loads imposed by the occupant under impact conditions. Thus the seat either detaches from the floor structure or collapses onto the occupant. Specially designed structural seats with integral belts provide the maximum occupant safety, but the vehicle floor generally requires significant strengthening to successfully transfer seat belt loads into the structure. The majority of companies that convert vehicles mount these replacement seats directly to the sheet metal floor. Research work at MIRA has confirmed that this method is insufficiently strong to prevent the seats from tearing out of the floor when subjected to the quasi-static seat belt anchorage test, ECE Regulation 14 (M2 vehicle loads). To deal with this installation problem, MIRA has developed a system which enables the fitting of replacement seats with integral belts into minibuses. An 'under floor' solution was adopted, to prevent the loss of headroom and weight penalty incurred with alternative 'over floor' framework designs. The design, development and subsequent system validation process is described, illustrating the methods adopted for transferring occupant belt loads through the sheet metal floor, into the body structure. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Body (car) KW - Buses KW - Coach KW - Manual safety belts KW - Minibus KW - Minibuses KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Safety belt KW - Seat (veh) KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477240 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747482 AU - BERGMANN, R AU - BREMER, C AU - Wang, X AU - ENSSLEN, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE SIDE PROTECTION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CAR DEVELOPMENT PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 993-1009 AB - In recent years more attention has been given to the side impact following the reductions made in the severity of frontal collisions in the past. The need for vehicle designs giving occupants a higher level of safety in the event of a side impact has also been recognised by the legislators and resulted in introduction of the standard FMVSS 214 dynamic in the USA in 1993. In 1998, the directive R95 was introduced in Europe, meaning that there will be two different international standards for the dynamic side impact test in the future. These standards differ enormously not only in their test conditions but also in the construction of the dummies and the biomechanical assessment criteria for the latter. In this respect, a vehicle manufacturer with worldwide activities such as Volkswagen AG is obliged to develop its new vehicles to meet the requirements of both the existing laws. At the same time, the requirements to be met by the vehicle which are revealed by the effects analysis of real accidents must, of course, not be overlooked. The development process is confronted with a large number of conflicting objectives resulting from different requirements. The changing basic conditions for vehicle development, such as reduction of development times, systematic use of lightweight designs etc., give rise to further requirements, which can only be met with the use of modern development tools. This paper discusses in detail design requirements for comprehensive side protection and necessary development methods and tools. In addition, the conflicting objectives of the various crash requirements encountered in the design process are described. Particular attention is paid to FEM structural computation and occupant simulation, and to components and vehicle testing. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Body (car) KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477255 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747394 AU - DALMOTAS, D J AU - HURLEY, J AU - German, A AU - DIGGES, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR BAG DEPLOYMENT CRASHES IN CANADA PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 155-68 AB - In the fall of 1993 Transport Canada initiated a major field accident study to examine the injury experience of occupants protected by supplementary air bag systems. While the initial findings of this study confirm that belted drivers are afforded added protection against head and facial fracture injury in moderate to severe frontal collisions, the findings also suggest that these benefits are being negated by a high incidence of bag-induced injury. Most bag-related injuries consist of AIS 1 facial injuries and AIS 1 to 3 upper extremity injuries. However, they can include AIS >=3 injuries to other body regions if the occupant is close to the deploying air bag. The incidence of bag-induced injury was greatest among female drivers. To further quantify the benefits and drawbacks afforded by air bag systems, particularly as a function of collision severity, additional analyses were carried out using US field accident data. Both Canadian and US data examined suggest the protection afforded belted drivers by air bag systems would be greatly enhanced if deployment thresholds were increased. Far greater attention to the protection requirements of female drivers needs to be given in federal regulations addressing restraint system performance. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Canada KW - Canada KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Females KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Woman UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477167 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747405 AU - CHARLES, A F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE APPROVAL OF AIR-BAGS ETC. - THE NEED FOR A STANDARD PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 259-60 AB - This paper discusses the need for an international standard which may be used by National Competant Authorities (NCAs) to approve or authorise the acquisition of air-bags and seat-belt tensioners. Recent discussions in the USA between the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and others (e.g. motor and insurance industry) on ways of reducing unwanted side-effects of air-bags has focused on four main points: (a) changes in crash test requirements; (b) enforcement of seat-belt use regulation; (c) education of the public; and (d) the need for "smart" restraint systems. This paper considers the problems experienced by companies resulting from delays in obtaining approvals or authorisations for the components of smart systems and suggests that such delays could be avoided if national authorities based their approval or authorisation procedures on an international standard. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Tension KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477178 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747412 AU - VERNET, M AU - FRAIGNEAU, F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USABILITY OF IN-CAR EMERGENCY WARNINGS ACCORDING TO AGE AND CAPABILITIES OF DRIVERS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 317-20 AB - The response times to collision warning signals of 114 French drivers have been collected, using the INRETS driving simulator. The age of participants ranges from 18 to 80 years. Different scenarios were designed on the driving simulator in order to compare the response times of drivers according to the attentional sharing during driving. It was observed that the following variables have an effect on response times while driving: age, gender, level of attention sharing (i.e. task complexity), familiarity with situation (learning). [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Age KW - Age KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Driver KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency KW - Motor reactions KW - Printed publicity KW - Reaction (human) KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Time KW - Time KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477185 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747419 AU - SEYER, K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING THE OFFSET FRONTAL DEFORMABLE BARRIER TEST PROCEDURE PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 376-88 AB - Frontal crashes are the cause of the majority of deaths and injuries on the roads. In 1995, the Federal Office of Road Safety (FORS) introduced Australian Design Rule (ADR) 69 for full frontal crash protection which has seen the majority of passenger cars fitted with at least driver's side airbags. When coupled with Australia's high seat belt wearing rate of over 95% in the front seats, significant reductions in road trauma are expected. FORS has participated in the work of the European Experimental Vehicle Committee (EEVC) to develop a globally harmonised test procedure for offset frontal crash testing. Other participants include the USA, Canada and Japan. This paper summarises the outcomes of Australia's offset frontal crash test program which have been provided to EEVC Working Group 11. Australia's aim is to have a set of frontal crash standards which will result in vehicle designs that protect occupants both in high deceleration head-on crashes as well as "softer" offset crashes which usually result in intrusion based injuries. While serious lower limb injuries are rarely life threatening, they usually result in extremely high societal costs associated with life-long debilitation. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Long term KW - Long term KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standards KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477192 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747430 AU - ESTEP, C R AU - LUND, A K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DUMMY KINEMATICS IN OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TESTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 502-10 AB - A number of midsize four-door passenger cars equipped with air bags were crashed at 40mph (64 km/h) into a deformable barrier with an overlap of 40 percent of the vehicle width. An instrumented Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy was positioned in the driver seat with the seat belt fastened. In nearly all these crashes, the air bag and seat belt protected the driver dummy from sustaining loads to the head that would exceed injury thresholds specified by U.S. federal motor vehicle safety standards. However, in several crashes, as the vehicle rebounded and rotated from the barrier, the dummy experienced considerable lateral motion relative to the occupant compartment. This motion suggests that the mostly good upper body injury results may not adequately indicate the risks for occupants of different stature and/or occupants not seated as specified in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 procedures. High speed film analysis and postcrash vehicle inspection suggest that occupant compartment deformation plays an important role in the performance of the restraint system in many offset frontal crashes. The air bag, seat belt, driver door, and the seat itself are each important components in controlling occupant kinematics as the vehicle rebounds and rotates from an offset frontal crash. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motion KW - Movement KW - Safety belt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477203 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747437 AU - WITTEMAN, W J AU - KRIENS, RFC AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A CABLE-SUPPORTED FRONTAL CAR STRUCTURE FOR OFFSET CRASH SITUATIONS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 558-66 AB - The improved frontal crashworthiness of cars necessitates totally new design concepts, which take into account that the majority of collisions occur with partial frontal overlap and under off-axis load directions. Realistic crash tests with partial overlap have shown that conventional longitudinal structures are not capable of absorbing all the energy in the car front without deforming the passenger compartment. The reason for this is that the structure of the longitudinal members is specifically designed for meeting the more relaxed requirements of the compulsory full overlap test, in which both longitudinals are loaded axially. Increased protection for the entire collision spectrum can be obtained by a frontal structure consisting of two special longitudinal members, which combine a higher bending resistance without increasing the axial stiffness. In addition, the longitudinal members are supported by a cable connection system for symmetric force distribution. If only one of the longitudinal members is loaded during a partial overlap crash, the cable connection system will force the other longitudinal member to crumple as well. This results in normal programmed energy absorption. With this revolutionary concept it is possible to design a frontal car structure with the same stiffness for all overlap percentages and impact angles, resulting in an optimal crash pulse. The influence of various crash situations on the amount of energy absorbed by this system is demonstrated by means of simulations and analyses. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Body (car) KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477210 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747444 AU - BLOCH, J-A AU - CHEVALIER, M-C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TESTS IN VIEW OF EXTERNAL AGGRESSIVITY CRITERIA PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 634-8 AB - Starting from the observation of the results of offset crash tests against a deformable element, the authors suggest it is possible to determine frontal aggressivity criteria taking into account the effect of the car mass and stiffness. Some hypotheses are considered like the stopping time of the vehicle and the energy lost by the vehicle after a pre-determined forward movement. It seems these parameters can give a good qualitative idea of the vehicle aggressivities but these hypotheses are still to be confirmed and developed by other test results analysis in order to determine a more quantitative approach. A condition to determine a quantitative criteria based on the deformable element is to avoid bottoming-out during the crash. In fact, it was observed that in the tests used for this analysis, the barrier very often bottomed-out and this occurred more easily and earlier with the heaviest vehicles. In consequence it is also recommended to adapt the barrier characteristics before going further in the development of aggressivity parameters in offset deformable crash tests. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477217 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747455 AU - KOHLHOFF, S AU - BLABER, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMABLE BARRIER TESTS WHICH ACCOUNT FOR COMPATIBILITY PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 732-6 AB - The aspect of compatibility between large and small cars has become a main topic in recent accident research. The likelihood of collisions between vehicles of considerable different size is triggering latest discussion on new legal requirements and test procedures. Computer modelling applicable in crashworthiness has advanced substantially due to the availability of mature software and powerful hardware. Design guide lines derived from these calculations are no longer restricted to A-B comparisons and rough trend analyses. This paper describes a compatibility study based on full scale finite element and lumped mass model calculations involving models exceeding 140000 elements. A head-on car-to-car offset crash is compared to a car-to-deformable-barrier simulation. The cars have a weight ratio of approximately 1.5:1. The efforts of obtaining a single deformable barrier which gives similar deformation and deceleration profiles for both vehicles as in the case of the car-to-car collision are described. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477228 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747462 AU - KECMAN, D AU - RANDELL, N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ROLE OF CALCULATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND TYPE APPROVAL OF COACH STRUCTURES FOR ROLLOVER SAFETY PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 787-95 AB - The paper reviews the experience with calculation in the development and Type Approval of coach structures according to the ECE Regulation 66 on rollover safety. The five main application areas considered are structural development, Type Approval based on component tests and calculation of the safety structure, identification of the 'worst cases' and 'representative bays' for Approval and assessment of similarity when considering extensions of existing Approvals. Ability to predict beam collapse properties and optimise sections is also presented as a major development aid. Various quasi-static, 'quasi-dynamic' and full dynamic simulation approaches are also discussed and illustrated by practical examples. All the results are extensively supported by experimental evidence. Calculation-related interpretation of the Regulation 66 in the UK is summarised. Finally, the paper reviews the options of achieving weight efficient designs by combining the calculations for rollover safety and normal service loading conditions. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Buses KW - Coach KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Safety KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477235 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747469 AU - SIRONIC, E AU - Grzebieta, R H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SHOULD CAR ROOF PILLARS BE EPOXY-FILLED FOR INCREASED ROLL-OVER STRENGTH? PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 866-72 AB - Some vehicle manufacturers have recently used lightweight epoxies to fill hollow thin-walled roof pillars in car subframes to increase their strength and energy dissipation capacity in roll-over crashes. It is questionable, however, whether epoxy filling is more efficient than increasing the wall-thickness of a member to improve strength to weight ratios. This paper examines vehicle roof pillars and how their breadth to thickness, b/t, ratio and epoxy filling affects their structural performance under gross bending deformation. A review of theoretical and experimental work carried out to date on void-filled versus hollow sections and an analysis of some typical vehicle roof pillar sections are presented. Conclusions indicate that with present epoxy fillers and roof pillar dimensions, there is no gain in peak strength to weight efficiencies when void-filled sections are compared to their equivalent in weight thicker-walled hollow members, unless compressive strengths of fillers can be increased and/or density reduced. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Body (car) KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics KW - Roof (veh) KW - Strength (mater) KW - Strength of materials KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477242 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747480 AU - DUIGNAN, P AU - GRIFFITHS, M AU - WILLIAMS, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACTS IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 978-86 AB - Approximately thirty percent of fatal car crashes occurring in Australia each year involve side impacts. Recent international research has focused on the development of Standards for side impact testing. This paper presents preliminary data obtained from an indepth vehicle factors crash study in respect to side impact crashes. Data was collected through on-scene investigations and vehicle inspections. Information is presented in terms of distribution of damage, striking vehicle and injury severity. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477253 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747391 AU - Huelke, D F AU - REED, R T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONT SEAT PASSENGERS AND AIRBAG DEPLOYMENTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 116-21 AB - Passenger side airbag effectiveness is relatively unknown, for infrequently is there a passenger in the front seat when the airbag deploys. Injuries from passenger side airbag deployments are usually minor and approximately 42% of the passengers have no airbag related injuries. The cases selected for presentation are fatalities related to the airbag and are from the field accident investigations conducted of airbag deployments by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Special Crash Investigation program and the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute personnel. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Statistics KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477164 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747408 AU - LAVERGNE, C AU - DE LEPINE, P AU - ARTAUD, P AU - PLANQUE, S AU - DOMONT, A AU - Tarriere, C AU - ARSONNEAU, F AU - Yu, Xiangzhan AU - NAUWINCK, A AU - LAURGEAU, C AU - ALLOUA, J M AU - BOURDET, R Y AU - NOYER, J M AU - RIBOUCHON, S AU - CONFER, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A SYSTEM FOR WARNING OF DROWSINESS AT THE STEERING WHEEL BASED ON ANALYSIS OF DRIVER EYELID MOVEMENTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 282-91 AB - Renault has investigated two approaches for developing an on-board system to warn of driver drowsiness. The first approach is based on the use of mechanical signals (steering wheel angle, lateral position, etc.), while the second is based on analysis of eyelid movements. The aim of this system is to warn the driver sufficiently early of the occurrence of micro-sleeps, because it is during these micro-sleep phases that the driver completely loses control of his vehicle. These moments of loss of control of the vehicle are characterized objectively by the simultaneous analysis of physiological signals and driving incidents recorded during tests on simulator and on the test circuit. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Eye movement KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Warning KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477181 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747409 AU - Gotoh, S AU - Aoki, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVE HEAD LIGHT PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 292-7 AB - Recently, traffic accidents during nighttime driving have increased. Fatal accidents while cornering are a particularly serious problem. The possibility was considered that the causes of such accidents might be either a driver's mistake during a steering maneuver due to low visibility or an unsuitable watch point due to the angle of conventional fixed lighting distribution. In an attempt to solve these problems, the "Active Head Light (AHL)" system was researched and developed. It is capable of improving visibility on curves and guiding the driver's eyes to a suitable point. In this system, the beam or lighting distribution is properly controlled before the vehicle enters the curve by using road shape information from the car navigation system. It is confirmed that when using AHL, visibility on curves during nighttime driving can be maintained at about the same level as that during daytime driving and that the driver's mental stress during nighttime driving is decreased. It is also confirmed that the glare level of this system for oncoming vehicles is equal to that of conventional headlights. It is concluded that this system will help the driver to maintain proper driving maneuvers during nighttime driving like that of daytime driving. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Angle KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Automatic KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Bend (road) KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Headlamp KW - Headlamp setting KW - Headlamp settings KW - Headlamps KW - Highway curves KW - Japan KW - Japan KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Steering KW - Steering (process) KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477182 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747423 AU - FORSSELL, J AU - JAKOBSSEN, L AU - LUND, A AU - TIVESTEN, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOOT AND LEG INJURIES IN FRONTAL CAR COLLISIONS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 422-37 AB - Attention to injuries to foot, ankle and tibia is becoming increasingly focused as safety improvements are made in other areas. As our knowledge increases, views concerning the factors that cause leg injuries become more varied. This paper presents Volvo's view on the subject and focuses on four main factors: Geometry, Pedals, Acceleration and Intrusion. The risk of injury is believed to be an accumulation of these factors. In order to achieve significant improvements in the area of leg injuries, it is therefore necessary to address all factors. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Foot KW - Foot (not a measure) KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477196 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747426 AU - Kallieris, D AU - RIZZETTI, A AU - WIREN, B V AU - Mattern, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF FORCE LIMITER TO THE INJURY SEVERITY BY USING A 3-POINT BELT AND DRIVER AIR BAG IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 456-64 AB - This study asks if it possible to obtain both the thoracic injury mitigating benefits of an air bag only restraint and the all-impact-direction benefits of the belt from a restraint system combination by adding a force limiter to the shoulder belt. For this reason, tests with force limiters were performed. The force limiter with the level of 4 kN showed, through examination of the chest band contours, a more bag like uniform compression of the chest and reduces therefore the injury risk. Non or AIS 1 injuries were found in the cervical spine and AIS 0 to AIS 1 was observed in the thorax, even in the age range 60 to 65 years. The chest compression amounts to 4 to 8 cm, and the resultant vertebral accelerations were in the average 30 to 40 g's; at these levels the thorax of the most cadavers remained uninjured or an injury severity of AIS 2 was observed. It is concluded that when a driver side air bag is combined with a 3-point belt system that limits the torso belt loop load to 4 kN, additional injury mitigation benefits for both the cervical spine and the thorax are obtained in frontal collisions. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Crash severity KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head on collision KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety belt KW - Severity (accid, injury) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477199 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747440 AU - NAGATOMI, K AU - Akiyama, A AU - KOBAYASHI, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUMPER STRUCTURE FOR PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 593-601 AB - In previous studies, foam materials have been used as the energy absorbing structure on automobile bumpers to reduce the severity of leg injuries in pedestrian-to-automobile accidents. One obvious problem with the foam material is that some portions of the foam remain uncrushed even though being fully compressed. To ensure effective impact absorbing performance while reducing the space required for the bumper, the portions remaining uncrushed must be minimized. In other words, crush efficiency, defined as the quotient obtained by dividing the crushed length by the original length prior to impact, should be improved. This report describes the results of research using a skin only bumper structure with high crush efficieny. The results were applied to the Honda ASV-3, a research vehicle developed as a part of the Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) project. Lateral knee bending angle, knee shearing force and force acting on the tibia were adopted as leg injury parameters. Based upon these parameters, a vehicle front profile which might reduce the parameters was studied and assessed using computer simulation. Computer simulations were performed to ensure the effectiveness of the skin only bumper structure. The structure effectiveness was confirmed in reducing leg injury parameters with impact tests using a rigid legform impactor and a pedestrian dummy. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Leg KW - Leg (human) KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Plastic material KW - Plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477213 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747441 AU - NEILSON, I AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACHIEVING COMPATIBILITY AT IMPACT PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 602-6 AB - The concept of designing all road vehicles to be compatible in terms of their impact with each other at an agreed height above ground level came to the fore at the 14th ESV Conference. In particular this is to be done to minimise intrusion and consequent severe injuries, especially to occupants of the smaller vehicle involved, which is assumed to be a small car. The present paper discusses some of the more practical aspects of achieving this compatibility. It is suggested that the front sections of all impacting structures at the fronts of vehicles should have similar crushing characteristics up to an agreed depth of crush, maybe 700mm, whether they be cars, coaches, vans or goods vehicles. The question is how can this structure be designed. It is proposed that perhaps 150mm behind the softer front face designed to alleviate impacts with pedestrians and then impacts with the sides of cars, there should be a rectangular frame supported by corner posts. The corner posts would crush back to provide the main impact resistance at the corners of the front. The sides would be strong in tension and would be the structures which would actually interact with the frame of the opposing vehicle. They would transfer the impact loads back to the corner posts which would control the crush characteristics. It is assumed that only the perimeter of the rectangular frame contains major impact resisting structures. The role of the engine is considered separately. The rationale behind this layout is discussed together with a number of details about applying it to various types of vehicles and to their sides and rears as well as to their fronts. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bumper KW - Bumpers KW - Collision KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Height KW - Height KW - Specification (standard) KW - Standardization KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477214 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747458 AU - SUMMERS, S AU - Rains, G C AU - WILLKE, D T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CURRENT RESEARCH IN ROLLOVER AND OCCUPANT RETENTION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 760-5 AB - This paper provides an overview of NHTSA's rollover crashworthiness research program. This program emphasizes reducing ejections through door openings and side windows. Opportunities to reduce occupant to vehicle interior contacts are investigated through improved restraints, reduced roof crush, and improved upper interior head protection. (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Number 201 upgrade, FMVSS 201). [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Car door KW - Door (Car) KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477231 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747459 AU - Wech, L AU - OSTMANN, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE SAFETY OF CONVERTIBLES IN REALISTIC ROLLOVER CRASH TESTS PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 766-73 AB - The US regulation FMVSS 208 defines a rollover as when a vehicle with no longitudinal velocity starts to roll over unaided. However, in real-life accidents rollovers usually take place with some longitudinal velocity component. This results in very different loading conditions for the passenger compartment and windscreen frames. Rollover safety is particularly important for convertibles because of the high injury potential. Although this accident mechanism is relatively rare, realistic rollover testing of convertibles is nevertheless meaningful since the number of registered convertibles in Germany, for instance, is continually increasing. TUV Bayern has, therefore, developed a new procedure in which vehicles are rolled over with a specified longitudinal speed. This is made possible using the TUV Bayern ECV Crash System, which controls the vehicle in driving along a special one-sided ramp. This paper deals with a series of convertible rollover tests. The weak points discovered in the vehicles included the failure of a rollover bar and insufficient windscreen frame stiffness. Results from a sedan rollover test are shown for comparison. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Roof (veh) KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477232 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747473 AU - DALMOTAS, D J AU - WITHNALL, C AU - Gibson, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION OPPORTUNITIES PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 901-9 AB - The level of side impact protection achievable by passenger vehicles was examined in a series of crash tests performed following US FMVSS 214 dynamic testing protocols, but substituting EuroSID 1 and BioSID crash test dummies in place of the US SID. The vehicles included a Honda Accord modified by Transport Canada, a production Ford Contour and production versions of the Volvo 850 with and without the Sipsbag. In addition to satisfying the criteria referenced in US and European regulations, the modified Honda Accord, the Ford Contour and the Volvo 850 fitted with the Sipsbag all showed high levels of protection to the abdomen based on the responses measured with the BioSID. All three vehicle models limited abdominal penetration on the driver side to under 39 mm and the peak VC value to well below 1 m/s. The results obtained in this series of tests suggest that innovative padding schemes represent viable alternatives to side-mounted air bag systems as a means of further improving occupant safety in side impacts. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air bag (restraint system) KW - Air bags KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant (Veh) KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477246 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747476 AU - SPARKE, L J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE ON SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION PY - 1996 VL - 1 SP - p. 929-32 AB - This paper discusses the side impact crashes that occur in Australia, and the reasons for the differences between crashes in Australia, USA and Europe. It provides some information about the Australian road system and the Australian vehicle fleet which lead to these differences. It proposes an approach to the development of occupant protection in side impact crashes to achieve the maximum benefit for the Australian community. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528. U1 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Australia KW - Australia KW - Impact test (veh) KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Side impact KW - Statistics KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00881597 AU - Wierwille, Walter W AU - LEWIN, MARK G AU - FAIRBANKS, ROLLIN J AU - National Technical Information Service AU - VEHICLE ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION LABORATORY, DEPT. OF INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY FOR THE OFFICE OF CRASH AVOIDANCE RESEARCH, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION UNDER TI - RESEARCH ON VEHICLE-BASED DRIVER STATUS/PERFORMANCE MONITORING PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Detectors KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/567977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744476 AU - Call, D A AU - Fanter, T A AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation TI - WYOMING'S COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON TRAFFIC CRASHES 1995 PY - 1996 SP - 215 p. AB - This report provides statistical information on Wyoming traffic accidents in 1994. There were 14,425 traffic accidents in Wyoming in 1994. Of these, 138 were fatal accidents, 3,819 were injury accidents, and 10,468 were property damage only accidents. 170 people were killed and 6,061 people injured. The type of accident that occurred most often was motor vehicle vs. motor vehicle. Of the fatal accidents, 54 (39.1%) were alcohol involved. 1,319 accidents involved trucks, 30 involved school buses, and 221 involved motorcycles. The month in which most accidents occurred was October and the day of the week when most accidents occurred was Friday. The reported used of safety equipment for drivers was 72%. KW - Age KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Months KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - School buses KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Weather KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744486 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - 1995 MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH FACTS FOR ARIZONA PY - 1996 SP - 71 p. AB - This publication is a statistical review of the motor vehicle crashes in the state of Arizona for calendar year 1995. The data are compiled from Arizona Traffic Accident Reports submitted to the Arizona Department of Transportation by state, county, city, tribal, and other law enforcement agencies. The following sections are included: 1) Highlights and Historical Trends; 2) Geographic Location; 3) Crash Descriptions; 4) Safety Devices; 5) Motor Vehicle and Driver Characteristics; 6) Alcohol-Related Crashes; 7) Pedestrian and Pedalcyclists; 8) Motorcycle Crashes; and 9) School Bus Crashes. KW - Annual reports KW - Arizona KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Geographical distribution KW - Human characteristics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744487 AU - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety TI - NETS SEASONAL PLANNER, FOURTH QUARTER 1996 PY - 1996 SP - 5 p. AB - This promotional planner discusses the dangers of drinking and driving. The planner provides an employer with camera-ready art for promotional materials and useful ideas that will help promote activities throughout the quarter, specifically during December, which is National Drunk and Drugged Driving (3D) Prevention Month. KW - Crash causes KW - Drug caused accidents KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Employers KW - Public information programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743885 AU - Federal Office of Road Safety TI - THE NATIONAL ROAD SAFETY STRATEGY PY - 1996 SP - 24 p. AB - The National Road Safety Strategy aims to reduce road crashes and their human and economic costs in Australia during the 1990s and into the next century. The strategy hopes to keep road trauma below current levels despite an expected 18% increase in population and a 25% increase in road travel by the year 2001. The objectives of the strategy will be achieved through coordination and involvement among all agencies to make the best use of their resources. Partnerships of governments, police departments, motorists' associations, industry and community groups will be formed. All stakeholders will be required to set priorities for funding on the basis of their cost effectiveness. A strategic research and development program will also be formed to encourage stakeholders to coordinate their research and development activities to avoid costly duplication. This publication describes Australia's National Road Safety Strategy. KW - Australia KW - Coordination KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Development KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Partnerships KW - Public participation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Strategy KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743886 AU - Queensland Transport TI - TOWARDS THE BEST DRIVING STATE: A PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR PUBLIC DISCUSSION SN - 0724269312 PY - 1996 SP - 36 p. AB - This booklet describes how driving is managed in Queensland, Australia, the role played by the government in this process and which activities appear to deliver the most benefits for road safety. The main objective of driver management is to improve road safety by reducing the death, injury and damage caused by road crashes. The present driver management system operates at three levels: 1) preparing people for driving (driver education and training); 2) setting requirements which need to be met to allow drivers on the road (driver testing and licensing); and 3) influencing how drivers behave on the road (education, enforcement and encouragement). KW - Australia KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving tests KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Management KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471882 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743878 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Kostyniuk, L P AU - Eby, D W AU - Streff, F M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - MICHIGAN TRAFFIC SAFETY OPINIONS AND BEHAVIORS PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 14 p. AB - The Michigan Omnibus State Traffic Safety Survey, conducted by the Social and Behavioral Analysis Division of the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, is a multiyear study intended to provide periodic information on traffic safety attitudes, perceptions, and reported behaviors of adult residents of the state of Michigan. This paper presents partial results from the latest phase of the survey, conducted in summer 1995. While the 1995 survey covered an extensive list of traffic safety topics, this paper reports on data for five particularly relevant topics: use of safety belts, drunk and impaired driving, driving with a suspended license, speeding, and age-related driver licensing sanctions (e.g., graduated licensing). KW - Age KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver age KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Driving without a license KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Graduated licensing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Perception KW - Public opinion KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743881 AU - Hoskin, A F AU - Fearn, K T AU - Kao, L AU - Miller, T AU - Porretta, K AU - Adams, J AU - Munao, J AU - Thompson, A AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS. 1996 EDITION SN - 0879121947 PY - 1996 SP - 160 p. AB - The National Safety Council has published injury statistics for more than 75 years. In this 75th anniversary edition in 1996, Accident Facts reports 93,300 deaths from unintentional injuries in 1995. The five leading causes of unintentional-injury deaths are motor vehicle accidents, falls, poisonings by solids and liquids, drownings, and fires and burns. This volume covers all unintentional injuries; work; occupational health; motor-vehicle; public; home and farm; and environmental health. Under Motor Vehicle Unintentional Injuries are listed; motor vehicle; deaths by age and type; type of accident; costs; state legislation; speed; alcohol; occupant protection; deaths by hour, day of week, month; type of motor vehicle; school bus accidents; age and sex of driver; improper driving; state data; pedestrians; pedalcyclists; residence of driver; emergency vehicles; fleet accident rates; and historical data. KW - Air quality KW - Alcohols KW - Automobiles by type KW - Bus crashes KW - Costs KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Drowning KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fall KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Injuries KW - Labor KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Occupational diseases KW - Pedestrians KW - Poisoning KW - School buses KW - Speeding KW - State laws KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743874 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1996 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1996 SP - 17 p. AB - This annual motorcycle statistical publication contains tables and charts depicting information about the following topics: Motorcycle Population by Model Type and Engine Displacement; Motorcycle Population by State and Region; Total U.S. Motorcycle Registrations; Estimated New Motorcycle Sales Market Shares for Leading Brands; New Motorcycle Retail Sales by Units and Dollars; Retail Sales/Economic Value by State; Motorcycle Retail Outlets by State; Motorcycle Retail Outlet Profile Retail Sales Volume; Motorcycle Owner Profile; Rider Education and Safety; State Motorcycle Equipment Requirements; State Off-Highway Motorcycle Requirements; Motorcycle Usage by Model Type and State; Motorcycle Manufacturers and Distributors in the U.S.; and State Motorcycle Dealers Associations. KW - Equipment KW - Industries KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Registration KW - Retail trade KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471869 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743859 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Blower, D AU - Campbell, K AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS PROJECT PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - p. 1-15 AB - The purpose of this article is to describe the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) survey project, part of the Center for National Truck Statistics (CNTS) at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The TIFA project produces a comprehensive accident data file covering all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal traffic accident in the United States. The TIFA survey provides the most detailed data available on trucks - weights, lengths, cargoes, cargo bodies, cabstyles - more detail than is available in any other accident file. This article offers background about the TIFA methodology and the history of the project, along with an overview of fifteen years of data and some recent results, highlighting the unique information available in the file. Among other categories of information, this article presents accident types in fatal truck involvements; and the kinds of accidents that truck drivers are killed in. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Cargo bodies KW - Commodities KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Freight transportation KW - Length KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743849 AU - Danish Council of Road Safety Research TI - DANISH COUNCIL OF ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH ACTIVITY REPORT: ACTIVITIES IN 1995 PY - 1996 SP - 71 p. AB - This annual report highlights the Danish Council of Road Safety Research's activities in 1995 and gives a survey on present research projects including short descriptions of objectives, methods and results. Council projects include: Daytime Running Lights - a benefit for car drivers but not for pedestrians; lorry drivers' working conditions and accident risk; speeds in urban areas; speeds on rural roads; analysis of drink-driving charges; quality of Danish driver education; "SIKVAI" Safety in road transport by means of information technology; road users' accident risk; and methods to analyze police reported accidents. In addition, the report contains items about Assistance to the Danish Ministry of Transport, cooperative projects, additional international projects, participation in committees and working groups, conference and seminar participation, in-house activities, and publications in 1995. KW - Accident risks KW - Annual reports KW - Automobile drivers KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Crash analysis KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Denmark KW - Documents KW - Driver education KW - Information technology KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police reports KW - Publications KW - Research projects KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety KW - Travelers KW - Truck drivers KW - Urban areas KW - Working conditions KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471834 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743846 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - IATSS RESEARCH PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 173 p. AB - Volume 20, number 1, of IATSS Research contains 21 articles and is subdivided into four major topic areas. The major topic areas are: traffic safety for elderly drivers, current transportation issues from Asia, general traffic issues, and countries' statistics of road accidents and commentary. Over one half of this issue is devoted to traffic safety for elderly drivers. KW - Aged drivers KW - Asia KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Roads KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474692 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743839 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Williams, A AU - Wells, J AU - Rodgman, E AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF DRIVERS NOT USING SEAT BELTS IN A HIGH BELT USE STATE PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - p. 209-215 AB - A study was undertaken in North Carolina to determine the characteristics of the minority of drivers who were not using seat belts following an extensive publicity/enforcement campaign, which had increased statewide use to 80%. Vehicles and drivers whose seat belt use was observed at sites across North Carolina were matched against Division of Motor Vehicles registration and driver history files for vehicle owners. The study file consisted of those observed drivers who matched the owners with respect to sex, race, and approximate age. The results of this investigation indicate that nonuse of seat belts was associated with males; younger age (<35); older vehicles (pre-1985); vehicles other than cars, especially pickups; and poor driving records. Telephone survey information indicated that nonusers were less likely to have health care coverage, more likely to acknowledge having consumed large amounts of alcohol in the past year, and more likely to have an arrest record. When asked about enforcement of the belt use law, many nonusers said that they would not respond to higher fines but they would respond to driver license points. To change the belt use behavior of this hard-core nonuser population, it may well be necessary, as was done in Canada, to combine publicity/enforcement campaigns with driver license points as a penalty for nonuse. KW - Age KW - Alcohol use KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonusers KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Point demerit systems KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Service life KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743837 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Tormoehlen, R L AU - Sheldon, E J AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE (ATV) USE, SAFETY PRACTICES, AND INJURIES AMONG INDIANA'S YOUTH PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 147-155 AB - Limited data exist on ATV-related injuries and the associated behavioral practices of youths who operate ATVs. A questionnaire was administered to 2,098 Indiana youths to gather baseline data on the ATV operational and safety practices that would provide guidance in the development of a youth ATV safety program. Over two-thirds of the respondents had operated an ATV and nearly 80% had been either an operator or a passenger. The most frequently cited source of safety training was a "friend". Helmets were the most commonly used personal protective safety equipment, being used by 40% of youths who operated ATVs. Over 7% of youths indicated that they had suffered an ATV injury requiring medical treatment in the last year. KW - Adolescents KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Helmets KW - Indiana KW - Injuries KW - Passengers KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Use UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743835 AU - Huelke, D F AU - Reed, R T AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CRANIAL-VERTEBRAL FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH STEERING WHEEL AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT PY - 1996 SP - 6 p. AB - From field investigations of 477 airbag deployments a number of cervical and craniocervical fractures and dislocations have been identified. Case histories of these injury types are presented in this paper. Injury mechanism appears to be due to distraction of the upper cervical at the junction of the base of the skull from upward forces produced by the airbag in association with possible airbag-chest interaction that augments the distraction forces. KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bag injuries KW - Air bags KW - Cranial-vertebral dislocations KW - Cranial-vertebral fractures KW - Crash injuries KW - Driver injuries KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Safety equipment KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743836 AU - Huelke, D F AU - Reed, R T AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - FRONT SEAT PASSENGERS AND AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT PY - 1996 SP - 6 p. AB - Passenger side airbag effectiveness is relatively unknown, for infrequently is there a passenger in the front seat when the airbag deploys. Injuries from passenger side airbag deployment are usually minor and approximately 42% of the passengers have no airbag related injuries. The cases selected for presentation in this paper are fatalities related to the airbag and are from the field accident investigations conducted of airbag deployments by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Special Crash Investigation program and the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute personnel. KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bag injuries KW - Air bags KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Motor vehicles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle accidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471816 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743830 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Shope, J T AU - Waller, P F AU - Lang, S W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ADOLESCENT DRIVING: GENDER DIFFERENCES PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-12 AB - This research examines the relationships between early measures of demographic and alcohol-related factors and subsequent high-risk driving behavior of adolescents. The research builds on Dr. Shope's earlier study that collected survey data from students to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based, substance-abuse prevention program. Study subjects' Michigan driver-history data were subsequently obtained and linked to the survey data to identify relationships between earlier demographic and alcohol-related measures and subsequent high-risk driving events. Such relationships would be important in the development of effective strategies to prevent injuries and fatalities due to high-risk driving among young people. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Differences KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - High risk drivers KW - High schools KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743814 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Laflamme, L AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - AGE-RELATED ACCIDENT RISKS AMONG ASSEMBLY WORKERS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF MALE WORKERS EMPLOYED IN THE SWEDISH AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - p. 259-268 AB - This study investigates whether there is evidence of age-related accident risks among male assembly workers in the Swedish automobile industry. Age-related accident ratios (ARs) were measured for all accidents aggregated and for six accident types over a 10-year period, using five age categories and three time intervals. The results showed that regardless of accident type, ARs were generally higher among younger workers than older ones, though not for all accident types and time periods. ARs by (open) age cohorts increased over time in four accident situations out of six for assemblers aged 25-34 (35-44 in 1990-1991). Inequalities in risk exposure, labor-market factors, and early deselection from the occupation are emphasized as significant external factors in the age-related differences observed in ARs. KW - Accident risks KW - Age KW - Age factors KW - Assembly workers KW - Automobile industry KW - Crash types KW - Males KW - Risk assessment KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743817 AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - 1996 FAMILY SHOPPING GUIDE TO CAR SEATS PY - 1996 SP - 1 p. AB - This brochure, published by the American Society of Pediatrics, lists car seats by type, product name and price. It clearly differentiates, with concise description of use and child weight, between Infant Car Seats, Convertible Car Seats, and Booster Seats. The product descriptions also contain reference to the language in which the labels were written (Spanish and French); English is taken for granted. KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Convertible car seats KW - Safety KW - Types of seats KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471791 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743901 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Hagge, R A AU - Romanowicz, P A AU - Elsevier TI - EVALUATION OF CALIFORNIA'S COMMERCIAL DRIVER LICENSE PROGRAM PY - 1996 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - p. 547-559 AB - This study evaluated the traffic-safety impact of the California Department of Motor Vehicles' Commercial Driver License (CDL) program. The program, initiated on 1 January 1989, began a new commercial license classification and endorsement system, implemented stronger licensing standards and more comprehensive tests of knowledge and driving competency, required drivers to report specific violations to employers, and provided for more stringent post-licensing sanctions on negligent operators. The effect of the program on fatal and fatal/injury accidents involving heavy vehicles operated by drivers licensed in California was assessed using intervention time-series analysis. The results indicate that the CDL program did not have a statistically significant effect on either accident measure. KW - Bus drivers KW - California KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licenses KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474706 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743815 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Parenteau, C S AU - Viano, D C AU - LOVSUND, P AU - Tingvall, C AU - Elsevier TI - FOOT-ANKLE INJURIES: INFLUENCE OF CRASH LOCATION, SEATING POSITION AND AGE PY - 1996 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - p. 607-617 AB - Foot-ankle injuries have increased in relative importance in recent years. As a basis for future countermeasures, an epidemiology study has been undertaken using Swedish accident data from Folksam Insurance. The database consists of 805 foot-ankle injuries out of 57,949 car occupant injuries reported from 1985 to 1991. The influence of crash location, seating position and occupant age is determined for the frequency, incidence and rate of foot-ankle injury in car crashes. Frontal car crashes produce 76% of the AIS 2-3 foot-ankle injuries with 13% in side impacts and 8% in roll-overs. The rate of AIS 2-3 foot-ankle injury is 24.7 per 1000 occupants injured in all crash locations and is similar irrespective of seating positions. Ankle fractures and sprains both occur at an incidence of 3.7 per 1000 injuries, followed by malleolus fractures at 2.7 and midtarsal fractures at 2.4. The foot-ankle injury incidence and rate are significantly greater (p<0.01) in near oblique-frontal crashes than for 12 o'clock frontals. For drivers in 11 o'clock and front passengers in 1 o'clock, the incidence is 27.8 per 1000 injuries as compared to 17.5 for drivers and front passengers in 12 o'clock crashes. Occupant age is not as significant as seating position and crash location; however, there are higher incidences for rear occupants greater than or equal to 60 years old in oblique frontal crashes. Using the new AAAM Impairment Injury Scale (IIS), 48% of the foot-ankle injuries are rated with residual impairments IIS 1-2. The incidence in near-seated occupants is 1.5 times greater in oblique frontal crashes than in frontals. The incidence for IIS 1-2 impairment in near oblique-frontal crashes is 12.8 per 1000 occupant injuries as compared to 8.3 in frontal crashes. KW - Age KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash locations KW - Crashes KW - Driver injuries KW - Drivers KW - Epidemiology KW - Foot KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury rates KW - Lower extremities KW - Lower extremity KW - Occupant positioning KW - Passenger injuries KW - Passengers KW - Seat (Car) KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474666 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743809 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Affum, J K AU - TAYLOR, MAP AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR ROAD ACCIDENTS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 15-21 AB - Large numbers of accidents occur at intersections in urban street networks. The major intersections most often controlled by signals contribute to the majority of these collisions. While the reason for these are varied and complex, a significant part may be attributed to the built environment in terms of both the physical and traffic management systems. This paper reports on the development of appropriate predictive models for accidents at signalised intersections capable of being used in planning purposes. Four years of accident data at 115 signalised intersections are assembled in a database using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Non-linear and stepwise multiple linear regression methods are used to develop models for each of the main types of accidents at signalised intersections in South Australia. It is known that different traffic flow movements lead to different types of accidents. Hence for each accident type, the accident frequency was related to a functional form of the traffic flow movements contributing to that type of collision, signal parameters and intersection geometry and location factors. The study found that: 1) Valid predictive models can be developed by relating the various types of accidents to the traffic movements contributing to their occurrences. 2) The various types of accidents relate to different functional form of the flow exposure measure, site and signal parameters, so that models based on aggregate data are inappropriate. 3) Differences exist between the characteristics and number of accidents occurring at signalised intersections in the Adelaide CBD and those outside the CBD due to differences in land use activities and signals operation. KW - Crash types KW - Forecasting KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway safety KW - Intersection collisions KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Roads KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Urban intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474660 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743810 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Gunnarson, S O AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND REDUCTION: REVIEW OF STRATEGIES PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 6-14 AB - Many theories and strategies have been set up to explain the causes of accidents and to prevent and reduce traffic accidents. This paper reviews important contributions to the field of accident theory and prevention. Generally, strategies for traffic safety can be summarized in three basic actions: 1) Traffic Exposure Control - policies and regulations, including pricing, that reduce transport demand or transfer a given transport need to safer forms of transport, or avoidance of transport by using telecommunication; 2) Accident Risk Control - technical measures and behavioral modifications, directed to eliminate, reduce or detect risks or incidents that can generate severe incidents and accidents; 3) Injury Control - protective measures to ensure that the consequences in the event of a traffic crash are effectively reduced, including efficient medical treatment and rehabilitation of injured persons. The traffic safety level for a population can be measured as a traffic injury volume, based on the rate of these three actions. A relatively low injury volume can be achieved with low accident and low injury rate even if the exposure is high (similar to the situation in highly motorized countries). For motorising countries the injury volume will be high even if exposure is low depending on the high accident risks and the high injury rate per accident. KW - Accident risks KW - City planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic exposure KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474661 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743803 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Yannis, G AU - Golias, J AU - Frantzeskakis, J AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - REPORT ON NATIONAL ROAD ACCIDENT ANALYSES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COUNTRIES PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 60-68 AB - The objective of this research is the presentation of the national official use of accident data in the EU countries as well as the possibilities for pan-European comparison. The national reports of the official road accident statistics were analyzed and compared. The comparison revealed that EU-level road accident analysis is limited by the data collected and the restrictions of the collection system used in each EU country. The road accident data collection-elaboration process is a national matter reflecting sometimes the way road safety is treated in each member state. The above processes present significant differences among the twelve EU countries and therefore convergence perspectives face important difficulties. This analysis identified the frequency of use of the various accident data categories in the various national publications, which is an interesting result showing which information can be compared at European Union level. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - European Commission KW - European Union KW - Highway safety KW - International KW - Restrictions KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474654 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743806 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Nishida, Y AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND SAFETY PROGRAM FOR THE ELDERLY CONSIDERING BIRTH COHORT PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 37-42 AB - The number of road traffic accidents in Japan has been increasing since 1990, especially traffic accidents involving the elderly. The more the aging of the population progresses, the more important traffic accident analysis of the elderly becomes. There are many studies about traffic accidents of the elderly or road safety programs for the elderly, but in most of these studies only age is discussed. Road traffic accident characteristics of road users are, however, thought to be affected by not only physical or mental characteristics related to age, but also road user characteristics such as trip objective, choice of mode, or driver experience. In this study, birth cohort was selected as one of the factors related to road user characteristics, and the relationship between road traffic accident characteristics and birth cohort was analyzed. Data on road traffic accident casualties in Japan from 1980 to 1993 were analyzed by gender, age group and road user type. The results show that the change of characteristics of road traffic accidents of the elderly varies with gender or road user type and they are dependent on not only age, but also birth cohort. The results also indicate that traffic safety programs for the elderly should be discussed in consideration of road user characteristics related to birth cohort which is unique to road user experience. KW - Age KW - Age factor in accidents KW - Aged KW - Birth cohort KW - Casualties KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Gender KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474657 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743807 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - OEI, H-L AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - SPEED POLICY IN THE NETHERLANDS AND SPEED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AT THE SWOV PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 30-36 AB - The (Netherlands) government objective on speed is to reduce the level of speeders on main urban and secondary rural roads to maximally 10% in the year 2000. To enable monitoring the speed level, a traffic measuring network on secondary rural roads was designed and installed in several provinces. The data from this network serves two purposes: use for national policy on speed and for provincial speed management. Speed management through automatic warning and enforcement combined with information campaigns and feed back signs has been applied and evaluated at: (1) An urban and rural intersection: speeders are warned automatically by a switchable sign. Mean speed dropped by minimally 5 km/h. The number of accidents was too small for a statistical evaluation. A theoretical calculation showed a considerable potential for accident reduction. (2) Two lane rural road stretches: on four stretches of road, length between 10 and 20 km, speeders are warned automatically and when ignored a radar and camera registers the number plate of the car and a fine is sent later. The percentage of speeders dropped from 38 to 11%, the number of accidents was reduced by 35%. Vandalism of the radar and camera occurred several times. (3) Provincial road network: the total road length enforced in three provinces was 700 km, the duration was 6 months. A radar and camera from an unmarked car parked on the road side registers speeders. A sign was posted downstream reading 'Your speed has been checked. Police'. Speed was reduced by 5 km/h. Surveys conducted among drivers showed the enforcement measures were accepted by the majority of drivers. KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Intersections KW - Law enforcement KW - Netherlands KW - Policy KW - Radar KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research organizations KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Speed measurement KW - Speed signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban areas KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474658 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743799 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Nilsson, G AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS IN SWEDEN PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 118-119 AB - This article presents road accident statistics in Sweden. It discusses population demographics, automobile use, injuries and fatalities, safety measures, and changes in car ownership and use. It notes that the most important change in traffic during the 1990s is the decreasing use of cars among young people, 18-24 years old. The reasons are the economy combined with a decreasing interest in car ownership and use. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile travel KW - Car ownership (Railroads) KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Demographics KW - Economic factors KW - Economy KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Population KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Sweden KW - Traffic crashes KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474650 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743800 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Hwang, K P AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS IN TAIWAN PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 116-117 AB - This article presents road accident statistics in Taiwan. It discusses motor vehicle ownership, traffic accidents, casualties, fatalities, and factors which contribute to a high traffic accident fatality rate. High non-use of helmets among motorcyclists, and the lack of a compulsory seat belt law are two contributing factors to traffic fatalities. KW - Casualties KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Ownership KW - Passenger cars KW - Roads KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics KW - Taiwan KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474651 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743802 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - TIGHT, M AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - A REVIEW OF ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH ON CHILDREN AS PEDESTRIANS: HOW FAR CAN WE GO TOWARDS IMPROVING THEIR SAFETY? PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 69-74 AB - Road traffic accidents are an important cause of death and injury to children. In Britain child pedestrian casualties make up by far the largest group of casualties to children. In 1994, 4,610 child pedestrians, 1,562 children who were passengers in or on motor vehicles, and 1,234 children who were riding pedal cycles were killed or seriously injured. Almost a quarter (21.1%) of deaths in the age group 5-15 years resulted from a traffic accident, compared to 10.7% as a result of other types of injury, and 68.2% as a result of non-injuries. The importance of such figures is increasingly being recognized by safety researchers and practitioners. A considerable amount of work is being undertaken to establish ways of reducing this annual toll. This paper draws together research from a number of sources, both in Britain and elsewhere, and aims to identify some of the principle characteristics and circumstances of child pedestrian accidents as well as considering the underlying causes. A summary is given of the major problems facing child pedestrians as road users and the solutions currently open to researchers, policy makers and practitioners to resolve these problems. The potential of different approaches to achieving gains in safety, ranging from direct and indirect measures to change driver behavior to means of increasing children's knowledge and understanding of the dangers of the road system are considered. The implications of such solutions on the children themselves, on their parents, and on other road users are examined. The paper concludes with an overall assessment of the improvements to safety which could be made and the costs to society of undertaking such changes. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Child injuries KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Externalities KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Parents KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474653 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743798 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Theeuwes, J AU - Riemersma, J AU - Elsevier TI - COMMENT ON WILLIAMS AND FARMER'S EVALUATION OF DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS PY - 1996 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - p. 799-800 AB - In 1981 Andersson and Nilsson published a paper claiming that the nationwide implementation of Daytime Running Lights (DRL) in Sweden resulted in a reduction of multiple daytime accidents. In 1995 the authors of this comment, Theeuwes and Riemersma, published a paper taking issue with Andersson and Nilsson's conclusion. Theeuwes and Riemersma showed that when the correct statistical procedures are applied, the data show no effect of DRL. In 1996, Williams and Farmer published a paper concluding that the implications of Theeuwes and Riersma's study 'DRLs are ineffective in reducing crashes' was not warranted. This current comment (paper) by Theeuwes and Riersma rebuts Williams and Farmer's conclusion and notes that, unfortunately, DRL remains a matter of belief. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474649 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743804 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Biecheler, M B AU - CAUZARD, J-P AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROAD RISK PRODUCTION: A SOCIAL ANALYSIS THROUGH MOBILITY, ATTITUDE, REPORTED BEHAVIOUR AND ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 53-59 AB - It is highly desirable to improve our understanding of the attitudes and behaviours which lead to offending and accidents in order to be able to appraise and adapt preventive strategies. In order to assist this process, the authors have examined the links between the factors which produce road risk, through three separate sources of information relating to mobility (household car survey), to attitudes and behaviours (social attitudes survey) and to accidents (the 1/50th sample of accident reports). The method used is based on the empirical creation of homogeneous groups (cells) on the basis of socio-demographic criteria. These cells are distinct from each other as regards the three areas; they also each provide a coherent outline of the links between types of mobility, of attitudes and of accidents. It is possible to identify sets of cells on the basis of the average level of accident involvement. Analysis has demonstrated that beyond the factors which are traditionally associated with risk (young persons, high mobility, failure to comply with regulations) multivariate structures are involved in generating risk within each cell. Dominant amongst these are factors which are linked to daily mobility constraints, which essentially involve cells of working women, or factors which are more related to social attitudes and risk taking, which essentially involve cells of working men. Comparing these structures in the case of cells with similar risk ratings has allowed the authors to identify different types of risk and accidents. It also suggests a number of applications in the context of prevention. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Crash data KW - Gender KW - Labor KW - Mobility KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk taking KW - Roads KW - Social factors KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474655 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743805 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - CHRIST, R AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - AGEING AND DRIVING - DECREASING MENTAL AND PHYSICAL ABILITIES AND INCREASING COMPENSATORY ABILITIES? PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 43-52 AB - The increased population of aged drivers raises the question of driver suitability for older people. Risk factors increasing with age and compensation strategies are discussed. As developments concern both changes in mental and physical performance and changes in the personal situation and personality, the conclusion is drawn that a professional assessment is necessary which considers several dimensions. Results of psychophysiological performance tests and driving tests will be described. The validity of performance tests regarding driver behavior is discussed based on empirical results. Guidelines for performance assessment and interpretation of test results will be presented. Personality assessment is proposed as a necessary supplementary information to performance data. Strategies for personality assessment based on standardized personality tests and on results of semi structured interviews are described. Indicators favorable for risk compensation and indicators for additional risks are listed. The need for comprehensive interpretation of the data obtained is pointed out. Decisive rules and recommendations for older drivers finish this paper. KW - Abilities KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Mental factors KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Physical condition KW - Psychological tests KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474656 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743808 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Tarko, A P AU - Weiss, J V AU - Sinha, K C AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - AN ADVANCED METHOD OF IDENTIFYING HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-29 AB - Selecting individual highway facilities for an in-depth safety analysis and potential safety improvement is one of the key functions of the Safety Management System (SMS). Since this process includes all road facilities administered by the SMS center, the selection process must be automated due to a typically large number of candidate locations. The methods currently in use rank locations according to crash rates or number of crashes. They deploy the criteria that detect locations with abnormally high number of crashes. As it is shown in this paper, the current methods may not ensure the maximum crash reduction - the objective of the SMS. This paper proposes a new method that overcomes the weakness of the current methods. In the proposed method, potential safety benefit is used as a criterion to rank locations. The potential crash reduction is the difference between the overall crash rate and the minimum crash rate. The minimum crash rate is the part of the overall crash rate that cannot be eliminated by applying safety countermeasures at individual sites. The paper describes the method of estimating both the overall and minimum crash rates. The crash rate estimates take the form of belief functions to incorporate the authors' uncertain knowledge of the true values. To estimate these values, the procedure accepts data of varying scope and quality. The proposed method promotes selection of sites where the potential for safety improvement is high. The paper presents an example application of the method. KW - Analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Estimates KW - Hazards KW - High risk locations KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Location KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474659 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743801 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Minja, P S AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - EFFECTIVE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION AND MANDATORY DRIVER TRAINING PY - 1996 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 110-114 AB - The current increase in traffic accidents, especially in developing countries like Tanzania, demands special attention from the various governments of the day. The impact of traffic accidents in Tanzania has had a very negative effect on the social and economic development, due to the loss of human resources and hard earned property. It is estimated that every year Tanzania loses the equivalent of $1.8 billion, through traffic accidents. For many poor countries, one of the major factors contributing largely to accident occurrence is ignorance and lack of education regarding traffic rules and road safety regulations for all road users. It is a well known fact that lack of resources coupled with poor economic conditions have made these countries pay very little attention to the consequences caused by traffic accidents. Many studies have been conducted and the trend shows that these problems can largely be reduced by improving the education system to include road safety in primary school curricula, introducing mandatory training for drivers and improving the current licensing systems, particularly in developing countries. The education systems in developing countries, i.e., Tanzania, is mostly subjective rather than objective. The fact that some important facts of life, like safer traffic participation, is not taught in schools have left many people in the dark regarding matters of road traffic safety. In Tanzania, for example, it is very common for pedestrians to cross the road at any point they wish regardless of the dangers involved. Traffic safety at school will help gain the attention of citizens and drivers of the future on matters related to traffic safety, safety regulations, and the proper and safe use of roads and vehicles. The issuance of driving licenses should be accompanied by comprehensive training in both theory and practice, followed by written, oral and practical examinations. KW - Developing countries KW - Driver education KW - Driver licenses KW - Economic impacts KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Prevention KW - Regulations KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Schools KW - Tanzania KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474652 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743796 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Elvik, R AU - Elsevier TI - A META-ANALYSIS OF STUDIES CONCERNING THE SAFETY EFFECTS OF DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS ON CARS PY - 1996 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - p. 685-694 AB - A meta-analysis of 17 studies that have evaluated the effects on traffic safety of using daytime running lights (DRL) on cars is presented. A distinction is made between studies that have evaluated the effects of DRL on the accident rates of each car using it and studies that have evaluated changes in the total number of accidents in a country following the introduction of mandatory use of DRL. Three different definitions of the measure of safety effects are compared and their validity is discussed. It is concluded that the use of DRL on cars reduces the number of multi-party daytime accidents by about 10-15% for cars using DRL. The estimated effects on the total number of accidents of introducing DRL laws are somewhat smaller, 3-12% reduction in multi-party daytime accidents, and are likely to contain uncontrolled confounding effects. There is no evidence to indicate that DRL affects types of accident other than multi-party daytime accidents. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Daytime crashes KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474647 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743797 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Shope, J T AU - Waller, P F AU - Lang, S W AU - Elsevier TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED PREDICTORS OF ADOLESCENT DRIVING: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CRASHES AND OFFENSES PY - 1996 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - p. 755-764 AB - Demographic and alcohol-related data collected from eighth-grade students (age 13 years) were used in logistic regression to predict subsequent first-year driving crashes and offenses (age 17 years). For young men's crashes and offenses, good-fitting models used living situation (both parents or not), parents' attitude about teen drinking (negative or neutral), and the interaction term. Young men who lived with both parents and reported negative parental attitudes regarding teen drinking were less likely to have crashes and offenses. For young women's crashes, a good-fitting model included friends' involvement with alcohol. Young women who reported that their friends were not involved with alcohol were least likely to have crashes. No model predicting young women's offenses emerged. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohols KW - Attitudes KW - Crashes KW - Differences KW - Drunk drivers KW - Gender KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Parents KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474648 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743795 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Sampalis, J S AU - Tamim, H AU - Nikolis, A AU - Lavoie, A AU - Williams, J I AU - Elsevier TI - PREDICTIVE VALIDITY AND INTERNAL CONSISTENCY OF THE PRE-HOSPITAL INDEX MEASURED ON-SITE BY PHYSICIANS PY - 1996 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - p. 675-684 AB - Physiological measures of injury are used as triage tools to identify patients that require treatment in trauma centers. The Pre-Hospital Index (PHI) is based on systolic blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, (level of) consciousness, and presence of penetrating injury. The present study evaluated the validity and internal consistency of the PHI. The study was based on 628 patients assessed by physicians at the scene. Mean age was 38.7 years (SD=24.8), and 65% were male. Motor vehicle collisions caused the injury for 45%. The majority had head/neck (56%) and extremity (45%) injuries. Mean PHI was 4.62 (SD=5.77), 40% had a PHI of zero, 6% between 1 and 3, 32% between 4 and 7, and 21% greater than 7. The associations between PHI and rates of hospital admission, surgery, ICU treatment, mortality, duration of hospitalization, and length of ICU stay were significant (p<0.001). A total of 260 (41.4%) patients had major trauma requiring treatment at a trauma center. A PHI >3 had 83% sensitivity and 67% specificity for identifying these patients. Internal consistency of the PHI variables was above the acceptable limits. This study has shown that the PHI is a valid and reliable physiological measure of injury severity and field triage tool. KW - Arm KW - Arm injuries KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Leg KW - Leg injuries KW - Males KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neck KW - Neck injuries KW - Physicians KW - Pre-hospital index KW - Traffic crashes KW - Triage KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743772 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - WHITE PAPER ON TRAFFIC SAFETY IN JAPAN '96. ABRIDGED EDITION PY - 1996 SP - 27 p. AB - This is an abridged version of the "White Paper on Traffic Safety in Japan '96"; it gives an overview of road traffic only. The table of contents lists the following chapter headings : Chapter 1. Road Accident Trends: I. Road Accidents in Recent Years; II. Road Accidents in 1995 - 1. Overview, 2. Distinctive Features Evident in Fatal Accidents, 3. Incidence of Expressway Traffic Accidents; Chapter 2. The Road Ahead for Traffic Safety Measures: I. Overview; II. The Outlook for Peripheral Road Traffic Factors - 1. Changes in the Number of License Holders, 2. Changes in the Number of Vehicle Registrations, 3. Changes in Motor Vehicle Kilometers Travelled, 4. Changes in Social and Economic Conditions; III. Road Accident Forecast; IV. Future Measures - 1. Traffic Safety Measures for the Elderly, 2. Complete Public Acceptance of Seat Belt Usage, 3. Special Measures for Sites Where Accidents Frequently Occur, 4. Intelligent Transport Systems Using Advanced Information Processing Technology, 5. Transportation Demand Management, 6. Improve and Expand Driver Education, 7. Maintaining Vehicle Safety, 8. Effective Instruction and Enforcement Activities, 9. Establishment of an Emergency Rescue System, 10. Maintaining Traffic Safety during Disasters, 11. Expanded Accident Survey and Analysis and Traffic Safety Research Study; Chapter 3. Principal Policies of 1995: I. Priority Placement of Traffic Safety Facilities; II. Traffic Safety Countermeasures During Disasters - 1. Implementing Road Disaster Prevention Measures, 2. Traffic Regulation during Disasters, 3. Construction of a Traffic Control System Resilient to Disasters; III. Moped Safety Lectures; IV. Revision of the Motorcycle Licensing System; V. Mass Publicity and Education Programs for Transportation Demand Management Policies; VI. Dissemination of Vehicle Safety Information; VII. Promotion of Seat Belt Use; and VIII. Research Study into Emergency Helicopter Use in Traffic Accidents. KW - Aged KW - Air ambulances KW - Ambulances KW - Crash locations KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver education KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Economic conditions KW - Emergency response KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Helicopters KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Japan KW - Law enforcement KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycle operator licensing KW - Motorcyclists KW - Registration KW - Roads KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Social factors KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel demand management KW - Vehicle kilometer KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743771 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '95: ROAD ACCIDENTS, JAPAN PY - 1996 SP - 80 p. AB - This statistical report, compiled under the supervision of the Traffic Bureau, the National Police Agency, Japan, provides road traffic accident statistics for Japan. The Table of Contents lists the following categories: I. Road Traffic Situation; II. Traffic Accidents: Trends; III. Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1995 - 1) Traffic Accidents, 2) Fatal Accidents, 3) Casualties, 4) Child Casualties, 5) Traffic Accidents on Expressways, 6) Fatalities Within 30 Days; IV. Traffic Violations; V. Traffic Regulations and Controls; VI. Drivers License and VII. Reference Information. KW - Casualties KW - Child injuries KW - Children KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Expressways KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471733 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743766 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 2 p. AB - This fact sheet describe traffic safety tips for driving sport utility vehicles. Because sport utility vehicles have a higher center of gravity, making them more top heavy than cars, they handle and maneuver differently than automobiles. The risk of rollovers is greater in sport utility vehicles than in most passenger cars. Sharp turns and abrupt maneuvers may cause the sport utility vehicle to go out of control, or to rollover. Manufacturers are required to place an advisory sticker on the dashboard of each sport utility vehicle which warns the driver that the vehicle handles differently than a passenger car. KW - Center of gravity KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sharp turns KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6787/utilits.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474623 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743763 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHTING: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 4 p. AB - This fact sheet discusses traffic safety tips on motor vehicle lighting, including headlights, tail lights, and signal lights. It details the cleaning of headlamps, proper aiming of headlamps, and replacement of burned out bulbs. It describes the center high mounted stoplamp, which is required on all passenger cars manufactured since September 1, 1985. It discusses checking lights for damage; and describes reflectors for large trailers. KW - Center high mounted stoplamps KW - Cleaning KW - Headlamp aiming KW - Headlamps KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Lighting KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger cars KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Replacing KW - Signal lights KW - Taillamps KW - Traffic safety KW - Trailers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6788/light.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474620 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743758 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MATURE DRIVERS: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 4 p. AB - This fact sheet discusses safety tips for drivers aged 70 and older. It notes that mature drivers: rank lower in aggressive actions; tend to make necessary safety adjustments in their driving, based on their own experience; strongly desire to keep their automobiles to ensure independence and mobility. It discusses the safety problems which come with age, and emphasizes that older drivers are not necessarily unsafe; they just need to become more aware of safety. Safety issues detailed include vision checks; avoidance of driving in bad weather; how to leave your vehicle; adjusting head restraints; wearing seat belts; where to place grandchildren in the car; and driving with air bags. A checklist to peruse before driving is included. These items note possible occurrences on the road, and how to handle them. KW - Age KW - Age factor in driving KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Perception KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic safety KW - Vision KW - Vision disorders KW - Vision tests KW - Weather conditions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6790/mature.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474615 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743760 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PREGNANCY: PROTECTING YOUR UNBORN CHILD IN A CAR PY - 1996 SP - 4 p. AB - This fact sheet discusses the correct and necessary use of seat belts for pregnant women. It notes that there is no evidence that seat belts can harm the unborn child, and that, indeed, it is the best protection in a traffic accident. KW - Parents KW - Pregnant women KW - Protection KW - Responsibilities KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Unborn child UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6783/preg.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474617 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743762 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USE: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 4 p. AB - This fact sheet discusses traffic safety tips for wearing seat belts. It describes the correct way to wear a seat belt, how to sit, and differentiates between lap belts and shoulder belts. It points out that air bags provide supplemental protection, therefore, seat belts are still necessary. It mentions child restraint systems and seat belt wearing during pregnancy. It also notes the availability of seat belts in back seats, and the existence of seat belt laws. Finally, there is a separate section on facts about child safety seats, including how to obtain a child safety seat for a special needs child. KW - Air bags KW - Back seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Lap belts KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Needs assessment KW - Position KW - Pregnant women KW - Rear seats KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder belts KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Special needs children KW - Special user groups KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6785/prop.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474619 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743764 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRANSPORTING YOUR CHILDREN SAFELY: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 4 p. AB - This fact sheet discusses the use of child safety seats in cars. It describes the proper use of the seats, how to select one that fits both your child and the car, and lists problems to avoid. It mentions where to place the seat in the car, and how to use them with air bags. A comprehensive chart entitled "Size and Weight Guide for Child Safety Seats" is also included. KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Child seat belts KW - Children KW - Passenger cars KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6791/child.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474621 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743757 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUMPERS: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 2 p. AB - This fact sheet discusses automobile bumpers. It notes that a car bumper is not a safety device to prevent or reduce injuries to people in the car. Instead, it is designed to protect the hood, trunk, grille, parking lights, headlamps and tail lights in low speed collisions. The fact sheet also describes bumper standards, how a bumper works, and the cost factors of bumpers. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumper design KW - Bumper standards KW - Bumpers KW - Costs KW - Railroad cars KW - Vehicle design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6784/bumpers.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474614 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743759 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TIRES: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 4 p. AB - This fact sheet discuses motor vehicle tires. It includes how to buy the right tires (obtaining tires of the correct size, type and tread); how to grade the tires (treadwear, traction, and temperature resistance); and how to register your tires. It also describes the proper maintenance and driving tips useful to keep tires in good condition. KW - Evaluation KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registrations KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Temperature KW - Tire grading KW - Tire maintenance KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire safety KW - Tire selection KW - Tire sizes KW - Tire temperature KW - Tire traction KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Wear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6789/tires.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474616 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743765 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAKES: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 2 p. AB - This fact sheet describes traffic safety tips about brakes. It discusses drum brakes, disc brakes, and antilock braking systems. It notes that there are government standards for brakes, and describes how to take care of brakes to keep them in good condition. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6782/brakes.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474622 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743761 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INSURANCE DISCOUNTS: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 4 p. AB - This fact sheet discusses automobile insurance discounts. It relates how to obtain a discount, and details what factors can influence insurance premiums. It notes that discounts for safety features vary from insurance company to insurance company. Some safety features which frequently lead to insurance discounts include automatic crash protection (safety belts and air bags), anti-lock brakes, non-smoker/non-drinker, driver education, defensive driving courses, and good driving records. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobile insurance KW - Defensive drivers KW - Discount KW - Driver education KW - Driver records KW - Drunk drivers KW - Insurance rates KW - Manual safety belts KW - Seat belts KW - Smoking KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6786/ins-disc.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743753 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: STATE ALCOHOL ESTIMATES PY - 1996 SP - 21 p. AB - This booklet contains tables which estimate alcohol involvement for the nation and on a state-by-state basis for 1995 and 1982, using NHTSA's discriminant function model as applied to the FARS data. This model estimates BACs of drivers and nonoccupants when their BAC is not available. The estimates presented represent the combination of known and estimated BACs. A driver or nonoccupant involved is considered alcohol-related if he/she is involved in the fatal crash and exhibits a BAC of 0.01 or greater (the last column on the right in the tables). A fatality is considered alcohol-related if any driver or nonoccupant involved in the crash had a positive BAC. Estimates are presented for four categories: (1) BAC of 0.0 (no alcohol), (2) BAC of 0.01-0.09 (low alcohol), (3) BAC of 0.10 or greater (high alcohol), and (4) BAC of 0.01 or greater (any alcohol, the sum of (2) and (3)). Nationwide in 1995, alcohol was involved in 41.3% of the traffic fatalities (8.9% low alcohol and 32.5% high alcohol), translating to 17,274 alcohol-related fatalities. KW - Alcohols KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7271/stalc95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471714 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743755 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS: TRAFFIC SAFETY TIPS PY - 1996 SP - 2 p. AB - This fact sheet defines antilock braking systems, and discusses their benefits, how they work, and their major components. It also details how one would get used to antilock brakes, discussing how they feel and operate somewhat differently from the brakes motorists may have become used to. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Benefits KW - Brake systems KW - Brakes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6780/anti-br.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743752 AU - Australian Office of Road Safety TI - NATIONAL ROAD TRAUMA ADVISORY COUNCIL: 1994-1995 ANNUAL REPORT SN - 064251397X PY - 1996 SP - 36 p. AB - In the last year of the National Road Trauma Advisory Council's operation, a number of significant events were organized which progressed the need to reduce road trauma. The Council held a meeting in February 1995 with members of the Parliamentary Road Safety Committees from New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia. They were joined by representatives of Ministers responsible for Transport in South Australia, Tasmania, the Northern Territory and the ACT. The Council also sponsored the Rural Road Safety seminar "Focus for the Future", held in Wodonga on April 20 and 21, 1995. Some issues addressed by the Council in 1994-1995 include: Trauma Systems Report; State Parliamentary Road Safety Committees; Rural Road Safety Seminar; Risk Taking Behavior Among 15-24 Year Olds; National Road Safety Strategy - Review of National Road Safety Action Plan; National Road Safety Awards; Pedestrian Safety; and Sales Tax on Safety Equipment. KW - Adolescents KW - Australia KW - Committees KW - Highway safety KW - National road trauma advisory council KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Risk taking KW - Rural highways KW - Safety equipment KW - Sales tax KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471713 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743756 JO - NHTSA FACTS: SUMMER 1996 PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY HELMETS PY - 1996 SP - 3 p. AB - This fact sheet describes motorcycle safety helmets and discusses their certification; how to tell if you have a fake; helmet styles, fit, chin straps, eye protection and color; and safe motorcycle riding. It also instructs on the care and replacement of motorcycle helmets. KW - Certification KW - Chin straps KW - Design KW - Eye KW - Eye protection KW - Fittings KW - Helmet design KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743754 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: OVERVIEW PY - 1996 SP - 11 p. AB - This overview fact sheet contains statistics on motor vehicle fatalities based on data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System. In 1995, 41,798 people lost their lives in motor vehicle crashes - an increase of 2.7% from 1994. The fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles of travel in 1995 was 1.7. The injury rate per 100 million vehicle miles of travel in 1995 was 141. The fatality rate per 100,000 population was 15.81 in 1995, an increase of 1.1% over the 1994 rate of 15.64. An average of 115 persons died each day in motor vehicle crashes in 1995 - one every 13 minutes. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for every age from 5 through 27 years old. Vehicle occupants accounted for almost 84% of traffic fatalities in 1995. The remaining 16% were pedestrians, pedalcyclists, and other nonoccupants. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrians KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7254/over95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742407 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BE A ROADS SCHOLAR...DON'T HANG OUT IN THE NO-ZONE PY - 1996 SP - 9 p. AB - This folder contains fact sheets, brochures, and decals illustrating and explaining the "No-Zone Campaign". This campaign is directed at drivers who share the roads with trucks; and specifically tries to educate them about how to drive safely around trucks. It describes the No-Zones (blindspots) that surround trucks, and details safe passing and backing up behavior on the roadway. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Blindspots KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Maneuvering KW - No-zone KW - Passing KW - Public information programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742386 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DON'T HANG OUT IN THE NO-ZONE PY - 1996 SP - 2 p. AB - This brochure illustrates a truck's four blindspots and describes how to safely share the road with trucks. It discusses passing, backing up, rear blindspots, side blindspots and wide turns. KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Blindspots KW - Driving KW - Maneuvering KW - Passing KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Turning KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00874281 AU - WALKER, JONATHAN AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODOLOGY APPLICATION DOCUMENT LOGISTICS REGRESSION USING THE CODES DATA (THE CRASH OUTCOME DATA EVALUATION SYSTEM). T2 - LOGISTICS REGRESSION USING THE CODES DATA (THE CRASH OUTCOME DATA EVALUATION SYSTEM) PY - 1996 IS - PB96-215066 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brain KW - Mathematical models KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/562055 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00736001 AU - Belinda Goodwin Administrative Consulting Services TI - APPLICATIONS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY. PROCEEDINGS FROM THE JOINT CONFERENCE, 22ND INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON TRAFFIC RECORDS AND HIGHWAY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THE 5TH NHTSA CONFERENCE ON THE ANALYSIS OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY DATA, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, JULY 21-24, 1996 PY - 1996 SP - 302p AB - The contents of the proceedings are as follows: OPENING SESSION: R.L. Thompson, Presiding; Presentation of Colors, Philadelphia Police Honor Guard; Welcome to Pennsylvania, The Honorable Bradley Lee Mallory; Welcome to Philadelphia, D. Goren; Welcome to Conference, R.L. Tippie; and Keynote Speaker, P.R. Recht; GENERAL SESSION I: Traffic Records Applications = Safer Highways, A National Perspective: Moderator R. Pain; CONCURRENT SESSION II(a): Health/Accident Records - Information Systems for the Future: Moderator S. Johnson; CONCURRENT SESSION II(b): Utilizing Traffic Records: A Law Enforcement Perspective: Moderator Maj. L. Holestine; GENERAL SESSION III: Improving Data Access/Utilization for Decision Makers - The New York State EMS Experience: Moderator C. Mistron; GENERAL SESSION IV: State & Local Traffic Records Applications - A Time to Share/Vendor Exchange: Moderator J.G. Templeton; WORKSHOPS A through G (Hands-on Workshops - No Written Proceedings); CONCURRENT SESSION V(a): Information System Issues for Drivers and Vehicles: Moderator K. Kim; CONCURRENT SESSION V(b): Alternative Uses and Sources of Data: Moderator J. Paniati; CONCURRENT SESSION V(c): ANSI D-16 - The New Book: Co-Moderators K. Hackman and C.W. Miller; GENERAL SESSION VI: Emerging Technology - What's New and What Will It Do?: Moderator M. Schumacher; GENERAL SESSION VII: Future Directions for Highway Information Systems - The Challenge: Moderator N.J. Luther; GENERAL SESSION VIII: Tackling the Speed Issue: Moderator J. Emery; CONCURRENT SESSION IX(a): Traffic Records/Health Data Systems Interface: Moderator M. Florey; CONCURRENT SESSION IX (b): Problem Identification, Program Evaluation and the New 402 Process: Moderator A. Nwankwo; CONCURRENT SESSION IX(c): Law Enforcement Data Collection - A Glimpse at the 21st Century: Moderator W. Clements. Also included in the proceedings are the conference agenda and a list of attendees. U1 - Applications for the 21st CenturyNational Safety Council and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania StartDate:19960721 EndDate:19960724 Sponsors:National Safety Council and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Access control (Communications) KW - Conferences KW - Crash records KW - Data access KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data protection KW - Data sources KW - Data uses KW - Decision making KW - Emergency medical services KW - Health data systems KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Problem identification KW - Records management KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Traffic accident classification KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00867383 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: YOUNG DRIVERS. T2 - YOUNG DRIVERS PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7277/young95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/631068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00866729 AU - PRASAD, ALOKE K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVITY IN COLLISIONS WITH PASSENGER CARS. PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00866547 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: PEDACYCLISTS. T2 - PEDACYCLISTS PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7256/cycle95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00866548 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: LARGE TRUCKS. T2 - LARGE TRUCKS PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7238/truck95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00866577 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: MOTORCYCLES. PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycling KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7242/mcfac95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00866576 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: SCHOOL BUSES. PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bus crashes KW - Children KW - School buses KW - School safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7265/bus95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00866578 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: OVERVIEW. PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00863541 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1995: ALCOHOL. PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7200/7231/alcfac95.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/629855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00863672 AU - KLEIN, TERRY M AU - Burgess, Marilouise AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES, 1994. PY - 1996 IS - PB96-146097 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/629930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00863671 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK WITH CAB AND MODIFIED BUMPER INTO 1988 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN. PY - 1996 IS - PB96-162391 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Taurus automobile KW - Testing KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/629929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00863687 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1989 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN INTO MODIFIED HEAVY TRUCK BUMPER. PY - 1996 IS - PB96-162227 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Taurus automobile KW - Testing KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/629938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00863670 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HEAVY TRUCK AGGRESSIVENESS MOVING HEAVY TRUCK INTO A 1987 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 91.9 KPH. PY - 1996 IS - PB96-162219 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Taurus automobile KW - Testing KW - Truck crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/629928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00861907 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - BEDARD, PATRICK AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THEY SAY SPEED KILLS: WE ASK, HOW DO YOU KNOW?. PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/631207 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00861908 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - BEDARD, PATRICK AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - I'M DR. SAFETY: WE GO TO WASHINGTON, MEET WITH NHTSA'S CHIEF AND DISCOVER THAT SPEED IS THE MORAL EQUIVALENT OF SMOKING. PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/631208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00860672 AU - U.S. DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION; ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON HIGHWAY SAFETY OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE TI - THE HIGHWAY SAFETY DESK BOOK: NHTSA, PEOPLE SAVING PEOPLE.. T2 - NHTSA, PEOPLE SAVING PEOPLE PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Handbooks KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/523076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724920 AU - SIPINEN, L AU - HEINO, J AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - MONITORING OF TRAFFIC BEHAVIOUR 1994 PY - 1996 SP - 61 p. AB - The Traffic Behaviour Monitoring System was initiated by the Ministry of Transport and Communications in 1992. The project involves collecting information each year on the behaviour of road users with the aid of automatic counting devices and roadside measurements. The report presents the results of the 1994 measurements, and compares them with measurements made in earlier years. No significant changes have occurred in driving speeds compared with the 1993 data. In 1994, vehicle speeds fell in 100 km/h speed limit zones 0.8 km/h and rose in 80 km/h speed limit zones 0.4 km/h. Nighttime speeds rose in both speed limit zones. Close-following driving and nighttime traffic volumes declined compared with 1993. Daytime traffic volumes have risen continuously. The incidence of drunk driving in the Province of Uusimaa remained at the same level (0.22%) as in the previous year. The use of safety belts in the front seats of passenger cars rose to 85% in built-up areas and remained at the 1993 level (92%) outside built-up areas. Sixty-five percent of back seat passengers used their safety belts in 1994. There was an increase in the use of safety belts in vans. The use of headlights during the daytime declined in comparison with 1993. In 1994, the percentages of drivers using headlights during the daytime in and outside built-up areas were 83% and 95%, respectively. The use of bicycle safety helmets has risen to 12% in 1994. The use of reflectors by pedestrians remained at the 1993 level (19%) in built-up areas, but fell to 63% outside them. The incidence of failing to observe pedestrian crossing signals has declined. KW - Behavior KW - Cyclists KW - Days KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Drunk driving KW - Finland KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Front seats KW - Helmets KW - Night KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrians KW - Rear seats KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Rural areas KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724918 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, A F AU - Weinberg, K AU - Fields, M AU - Ferguson, S A AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - CURRENT REQUIREMENTS FOR GETTING A DRIVERS LICENSE IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - p. 93-101 AB - In the United States there are few restrictions on where, when, and with whom young people can drive once licensed, and thus the learning period prior to licensing is important. An assessment was made of the requirements for obtaining a license in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. There is substantial variation in prelicensure requirements, and many jurisdictions allow a quick and easy route through the learning phase. Only 30 jurisdictions require that a learner's permit be obtained; only 11 of these require the permit to be held for a minimum period, ranging from 14 to 90 days. Driver education prior to licensure is required in 26 states. Fourteen states have neither permit nor driver education requirements. Requiring supervised learner's permit periods of several months is one method to encourage sufficient supervised driving experience prior to licensure, and it is an essential component of a graduated licensing system. KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Graduated licensing KW - Permits KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - States KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724919 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - RICHARDSON, J AU - Kim, Karl AU - Li, Li AU - Nitz, L AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - PATTERNS OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH INVOLVEMENT BY DRIVER AGE AND SEX IN HAWAII PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - p. 117-125 AB - The purpose of this paper is to develop a statistical description of patterns of motor-vehicle crash types among drivers of different age and sex in order to identify underlying differences in behavior and ability. Using techniques of categorical data analysis and comprehensive data on crashes in Hawaii during 1991 and 1992, we relate crash type (e.g., sideswiper, sideswiped, rearender, rearended, etc.) to driver age and sex categories. We also examine interactions between driver age and sex, crash type, and vehicle type. By fitting a loglinear model, we find that different crash types are associated with different driver groups in a way that suggests systematic differences in driver behavior and ability. In particular, young drivers have much greater frequency of rollovers and of being the rearender or headoner, whereas older drivers have much higher frequency of being rearended, sideswiped, or broadsided. The most notable effect of vehicle type is the much higher frequency of rollover for pick-up trucks, a vehicle much more frequently driven by young male drivers. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for appropriate interventions and future research. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Behavior KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Gender KW - Hawaii KW - Intervention KW - Motor skills KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Patterns KW - Research KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463780 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724917 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Ferguson, S A AU - Williams, A F AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - PARENTS' VIEWS OF DRIVER LICENSING PRACTICES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - p. 73-81 AB - Parents of 17-year-olds were interviewed about the licensing experiences of their sons and daughters. A nationally representative sample of 1,000 parents were asked about the path to licensure of their children, and about their participation in the process. Parents were asked about their opinion of the licensing practices in their own states and about their support for additional driving restrictions on novice drivers. The majority (86%) said their children already had licenses, and 81% of parents thought their sons and daughters were ready when first licensed to drive under most conditions. Over half were satisfied with the licensing process in their own state, but a sizable minority (25%) reported that states were not doing such a good job with the existing requirements. Forty-one percent of parents surveyed thought that it should be more difficult to obtain a license. Parents overwhelmingly supported restrictions for beginning drivers such as a minimum period of supervised driving, night driving curfews, restrictions on the number of teenage passengers in the car, and a zero blood alcohol concentration for teenage drivers. Graduated licensing programs that include delayed full-privilege licensure were supported by 58% of those surveyed. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Curfew KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Graduated licensing KW - Laws KW - Night driving KW - Novices KW - Parents KW - Passengers KW - Public opinion KW - Regulation KW - Supervision KW - Teenage drivers KW - Zero tolerance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724884 AU - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety TI - NETS SEASONAL PLANNER: SECOND QUARTER 1996 PY - 1996 SP - v.p. AB - Employers, with help from the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS), can help ensure a safe and fun atmosphere for their employees' children, young workers, and families throughout the community. This NETS safety planner includes camera-ready artwork for posters, a newsletter ad and article, paycheck stuffers, and buttons. The campaign message "Don't Make Your Next Test A Sobriety Test" is targeted to teenagers, and should be distributed in areas with high visibility for that group. The newsletter article speaks directly to parents. It stresses the importance of talking to, and educating their teenagers about the dangers of drinking and driving. In addition, there are useful ideas and activities to help a company start a program encouraging safe and alcohol-free driving and activities. KW - Businesses KW - Drunk driving KW - Employees KW - Employers KW - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety KW - Parents KW - Publicity KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724882 AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - THE PENNSYLVANIA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE: 1994-1995 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1996 SP - 36 p. AB - Since its inception in 1968, the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute (PTI) has maintained a threefold mission of research, education, and service. In pursuit of this mission, the institute has aspired to conduct innovative and relevant research directed toward current and future transportation needs, to promote continuing education for transportation professionals, to provide significant interdisciplinary educational and research opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students, and to disseminate research results within and outside the transportation field. PTI's research activities, educational efforts, and service projects are directed toward solving problems in five major transportation areas: construction engineering and management, pavements and materials, transportation operations, transportation structures, and vehicle systems and safety. The institute also addresses transportation issues through several affiliated centers and programs, including the Bus Testing and Research Center, the Center for Intelligent Transportation Systems, the Crash Safety Research Center, LTAP--The Pennsylvania Local Roads Program, the Mid-Atlantic Universities Transportation Center, and the Northeast Center of Excellence for Pavement Technology. Increased funding from federal, state, municipal, and industrial sources during fiscal year 1994-1995 placed PTI's active research contracts at more than $32 million and its total expenditures at more than $7 million. The contents of this PTI 1994-1995 Annual Report are organized as follows: Message from the Director, Dr. Bohdan T. Kulakowski; Overview; Executive Committee; Selected Research Projects; Affiliated Centers and Programs; Technology Transfer; Publications and Presentations; Appendix A - Contract Research Projects; Appendix B - PTI Research Associates; Appendix C - PTI Advisory Board; and Directory. KW - Annual reports KW - Construction KW - Directories KW - Documents KW - Education KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Information dissemination KW - Materials KW - Operations KW - Pavements KW - Pennsylvania Transportation Institute KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Research projects KW - Structures KW - Technology transfer KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460546 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00724874 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Office of Road Safety, Australia TI - ABSTRACTS: FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, WORLD CONGRESS CENTRE, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 13-16 MAY 1996 PY - 1996 SP - 121p AB - This publication contains abstracts of the papers presented at the Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne, Australia, 13-16 May 1996. The abstracts are organized according to the following technical sessions: (1) Improved Frontal Protection (Offset) and Advanced Occupant Protection Systems; (2) Performance Assessment of ITS Collision Avoidance Systems; (3) Improved Frontal Protection (Offset) and Advanced Occupant Protection Systems; (4) Vehicle Aggressivity and Compatibility for Occupant Protection; (5) Vehicle Rollover and Occupant Protection (Crashworthiness and Crash Avoidance); (6) Side Impact and Upper Interior Head Protection; (7) Specialized Road Users -- Older Drivers, Motorcyclists, Pedestrians, and Children; (8) Side Impact and Upper Interior Head Protection; (9) Data Collection and Analysis; (10_ Biomechanics and Advanced Dummy Components; and (11) Heavy Vehicle Safety. U1 - Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of VehiclesMelbourne, Australia StartDate:19960513 EndDate:19960516 KW - Abstracts KW - Aged drivers KW - Aggression KW - Air bags KW - Biophysics KW - Buses KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compatibility KW - Conferences KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head protection KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motorcyclists KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Rollover crashes KW - Seat belts KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724879 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONTRACT FOR LIFE: A FOUNDATION FOR TRUST & CARING PY - 1996 SP - 1 p. AB - This is a contract to be signed by a young adult and his or her parent or guardian. Both agree to recognize that SADD (Students Against Driving Drunk) encourages all young people to adopt a substance-free life style and to view this contract as a means of opening the lines of communication about drinking, drug use and traffic safety to ensure the safety of all parties concerned. Both agree to certain conditions concerning drinking and driving. The purpose is to prevent driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, to prevent riding in a car operated by a driver under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and to encourage the use of safety belts. KW - Contract for life KW - Drug abuse KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Parents KW - Prevention KW - Promotion KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Students Against Drunk Driving KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723779 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - U.S. GOVERNMENT AWARDS FOR SAFETY ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE PY - 1996 SP - 27 p. AB - This booklet presents the recipients of the United States Government Awards for Safety Engineering Excellence, which were presented at the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne, Australia, May 13-17, 1996. Recipients of Special Awards of Appreciation are also included. KW - Awards KW - Safety engineering KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723771 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM: TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS, CALENDAR YEAR 1995 PY - 1996 SP - 47 p. AB - This Twentieth Annual Report to Congress on the Automotive Fuel Economy Program summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1995, in accordance with 49 U.S.C. 32916 et seq., which requires the submission of a report each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during 1995 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III, of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Fuel conservation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Rule making KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723773 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIVING IN A SAFE COMMUNITY DOESN'T HAPPEN BY ACCIDENT PY - 1996 SP - 12 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is dedicated to promoting traffic safety on our nation's streets and highways. Traffic crash injuries are one of the most overlooked public health problems facing our nation today. Through the Safe Communities approach, NHTSA hopes to become your partner in preventing traffic deaths and injuries and raising your community's awareness of the steps that can be taken to reduce these traumatic injuries. This brochure discusses what you should know about Safe Communities, then provides a checklist for becoming a Safe Community. The checklist includes the following: Create a community profile; Form a community coalition; Foster community ownership; Link local injury data; Identify and plan strategies; Start a program; and Evaluate impact and cost benefit. Two lists are provided showing, respectively, how living in a Safe Community benefits us all and what you can do to start a Safe Community. KW - Benefits KW - Brochures KW - Communities KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Public participation KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723769 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1995 TO DECEMBER 31, 1995 PY - 1996 SP - 192 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1995 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 183 recall campaigns involving 8,597,075 domestic motor vehicles, 75 recall campaigns involving 9,254,444 foreign motor vehicles, 37 recall campaigns involving 824,073 units of domestic equipment, 7 recall campaigns involving 43,453 units of foreign equipment, 3 recall campaigns involving 9,527 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723772 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IT WOULDN'T HURT TO LIVE IN A SAFE COMMUNITY PY - 1996 SP - 12 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is dedicated to promoting traffic safety on our nation's streets and highways. Traffic crash injuries are one of the most overlooked public health problems facing our nation today. Through the Safe Communities approach, NHTSA hopes to become your partner in preventing traffic deaths and injuries and raising your community's awareness of the steps that can be taken to reduce these traumatic injuries. This brochure discusses why you should get involved in Safe Communities, what's in it for your community, and what you can do to start a Safe Community. KW - Brochures KW - Communities KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Public participation KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723754 AU - Tessmer, J M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FARS ANALYTIC REFERENCE GUIDE 1975-1996 PY - 1996 SP - 217 p. AB - The purpose of this document is to provide an analytic reference to individuals who wish to conduct crash and vehicle research using the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data. The FARS analytic reference guide serves as a coding manual, providing a set of written instructions on how to transfer the data from a police accident report (PAR) to the FARS system. The guide has three main sections, one for each of the three principle file types: the accident, vehicle and person files. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manuals KW - Police reports KW - Transferring KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721556 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Retting, R A AU - Williams, A F AU - Elsevier Science, Incorporated TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF RED LIGHT VIOLATORS: RESULTS OF A FIELD INVESTIGATION PY - 1996 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-15 AB - A substantial proportion of urban motor-vehicle crashes occur at intersections, and many intersection crashes involve drivers running through red lights. The present study used data collected by an automated camera, trained observers, and department of motor vehicle records to provide a profile of red light runners at an urban intersection. It compares characteristics of these drivers and their vehicles with those of a comparison group of drivers that had an opportunity to run the red light but did not. Red light runners, as a group, were younger, less likely to wear seat belts, had poorer driving records, and drove smaller and older vehicles than the drivers who did not run red lights. Research has shown that red light running can be reduced through automated enforcement using red light cameras and by environmental modifications, such as changing traffic signal timing. KW - Adolescents KW - Cameras KW - Compact automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Human characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Service life KW - Signalized intersections KW - Small car KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic violators KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721541 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES: NHTSA LEADING THE WAY PY - 1996 SP - 20 p. AB - As the national leader in Emergency Medical Services (EMS), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is working to ensure that every citizen is served by an organized and coordinated system of timely, effective emergency medical care, regardless of whether the medical emergency occurs in the smallest town, rural community, or the largest urbanized city. This booklet is intended to educate and inform the non-EMS professional about current EMS systems, the future of EMS, and NHTSA's leadership role. It furnishes a definition of EMS, summarizes the history and highlights of EMS, describes traditional and evolving roles for system participants, including their relationships with others in EMS, lays out the broad tasks facing those who work in the field, and illustrates a concept for the future. KW - Definitions KW - Emergency medical services KW - Future concepts KW - History KW - Innovation KW - Leadership KW - Strategic planning KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459320 ER - TY - SER AN - 00721519 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - Johnson, S AU - Walker, J AU - Utter, D AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - CRASH OUTCOME DATA EVALUATION SYSTEM (CODES) PROJECT SAFETY BELT AND HELMET ANALYSES PY - 1995/12/20 SP - 3 p. AB - Analyses of the benefits of safety belt and helmet use were undertaken in response to Section 1031(b) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) for a report to Congress. This research note describes the data collection methodology, outcome measures for determining the effectiveness of safety belts and helmets, and the cumulative findings concerning the benefits of safety belt and helmet use. The states involved in the study were Hawaii, Maine, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wisconsin. The individual state estimates are reported in the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) Technical Report. KW - Benefits KW - Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/codes/codes_rn.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20982/PB98163579.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744498 AU - Huey, R AU - Harpster, J AU - Lerner, N AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD MEASUREMENT OF NATURALISTIC BACKING BEHAVIOR PY - 1995/12 SP - v.p. AB - A series of observations and measurements were made as 21 subjects drove their own vehicles in an assortment of naturalistic backing tasks. The tasks were performed on public roads in real world driving conditions. As the subjects performed the eight tasks, the following data were collected: glance direction, hand position, car speed, and distance to object in back of the vehicle. The results provide a set of normative data usable by automotive system designers for the design of backing warning systems, or other products or environments related to backing. The results were divided into glance direction, backing speed, and time-to-collision. Glance directions were found to vary greatly between tasks, and were distributed widely around the vehicle. Elderly drivers demonstrated a preference for using their mirrors and looked over their shoulder less than the young subjects. Except for the extended backing maneuvers, backing speeds averaged around 3 mph. The maximum backing speed for the young drivers was faster than the elderly and males backed faster than females. Time-to- collision values were approximately the same for males and females as well as young and old. Time-to-collision tended to remain relatively constant as the vehicle backed toward an object. The minimum times-to-collision exceeded 1.0 s, and usually exceed 2.0 s. KW - Age KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Distance KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Gender KW - Glance direction KW - Hand position KW - Maneuvering KW - Mirrors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Time-to-collision KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724846 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - MONTHLY TRAFFIC FATALITY REPORT: REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ESTIMATES, DECEMBER 1995 PY - 1995/12 SP - 4 p. AB - An estimated 3,480 fatalities occurred in the United States in December 1995, showing a 3.5% decline when compared to the same month in 1994. The twelve month total for the period ending December 1995 shows a 1.9% increase from the corresponding total of the previous year. Tables and graphs are presented summarizing the statistics on highway fatalities for the last twelve month period and comparing these data with the corresponding period of the prior year for both the Nation and the 10 administrative regions of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723742 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE ACCIDENT REPORT FORMS CATALOG: 1995 UPDATE PY - 1995/12 SP - 274 p. AB - This publication contains a consolidation of accident report forms used by all the States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Its purpose is to provide a comparative accident data reference document for use by the States, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Regional Offices, other Federal agencies, and private organizations. Many States have upgraded or revised their accident report forms since the State Accident Report Forms Catalog was last updated in 1992. This publication will be updated and reprinted every second or third year to maintain its timeliness and relevance. Also included in the Catalog are lists for the Critical Automated Data Reporting Elements (CADRE) and the National Governors' Association (NGA) data elements. NHTSA supports the use of uniform police accident report form data elements, such as CADRE, and encourages the use of the ANSI D-16 and D-20 standards. The purpose of the ANSI D-16, "Manual On Classification Of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents", is to provide a common language for collectors and users of traffic accident data. The purpose of the ANSI D-20, "Data Element Dictionary For Traffic Records Systems", is to provide a common set of data element coding instructions as these relate to traffic safety, driver licensing and vehicle registration. KW - Catalogs KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data elements KW - Databases KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Information organization KW - Records management KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - States KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460133 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719428 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - MORRIS, A AU - HASSAN, A AU - MacKay, M AU - Hill, J AU - Elsevier TI - HEAD INJURIES IN LATERAL IMPACT COLLISIONS PY - 1995/12 VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - p. 749-756 AB - Individual non-minor injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) greater than or equal to 2) to the head that occurred to belted and unbelted drivers and front seat passengers on the struck side of impacted vehicles were examined. Injury type, injury combination, collision severity in relation to type of injury as well as contact sources were assessed. Forty-eight percent of injuries were moderate in severity (AIS 2). The most common type of injury was the diffuse brain injury, typically marked by a short period of unconsciousness, which occurred in collisions of lower severity than focal brain and skull fracture injuries. One-hundred and five out of 216 (48.6%) of contact sources for all injury types originated from outside the vehicle and such exterior sources were more likely to result in high severity injuries. Thirty percent of injuries resulted from head contacts with other vehicles. The most frequent vehicle interior contact source was the side window glass. Diffuse injuries tended to occur independently of other injury types and were more likely to originate from an interior rather than exterior contact. Preventative measures for head injury reduction in lateral collisions are discussed. Overall, the data show that proposed and present European and U.S. lateral impact test methods do not address many head injury problems such as those included in this study. KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Injury severity KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719429 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Parkin, S AU - Mackay, G M AU - Cooper, A AU - Elsevier TI - HOW DRIVERS SIT IN CARS PY - 1995/12 VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - p. 777-783 AB - This paper presents results from a study to measure the separation of the driver's head and shoulder to various internal features of the car. Drivers were filmed while driving in general traffic flow, hence were unaware that they were involved in a study. The results show that certain sub-groups of the driver population are likely to be more at risk for certain impact types. Small females are considerably closer to the steering wheel than the rest of the population, and therefore prone to head strikes in frontal impacts. Large males are likely to interact with the cant rail and B-pillar in side impacts. KW - Drivers KW - Frontal crashes KW - Hazards KW - Human body size KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment KW - Side crashes KW - Sitting position KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458316 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719430 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Huelke, D F AU - Compton, C P AU - Elsevier TI - THE EFFECTS OF SEAT BELTS ON INJURY SEVERITY OF FRONT AND REAR SEAT OCCUPANTS IN THE SAME FRONTAL CRASH PY - 1995/12 VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - p. 835-838 AB - Data on passenger cars in frontal crashes were reviewed using NASS (National Accident Sampling System) data for the years 1980-1991. Only crashes with one or more rear seat passengers were included. Combinations (pairs) were made based on restraint use: lap-shoulder belts in the front seat (or no belts worn) and lap belts in the rear seat (or no belts worn). Passive belts or child restrained occupants were not included. The AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) was used for injury severity. The data indicate the rear seat to be a safer environment. Lap belted rear seat occupants always fared better than their front seat counterparts. KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injury severity KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Rear seat passengers KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719426 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Hammer, M C AU - FULLER, S Z AU - THODE, H C AU - State University of New York, Albany TI - IN-VEHICLE VIDEOTAPING OF DWI (DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED) SUSPECTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1: OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS PY - 1995/11/30 SP - 160 p. AB - An operational analysis of in-vehicle videotaping of DWI (driving while intoxicated) suspects was conducted, using a case-study approach to focus in-depth on 10 police agencies currently using in-vehicle videotaping of DWI suspects. The agencies, located in 5 states, included 3 state highway patrols, 2 county agencies, 2 large city agencies, and 3 small city agencies. In-person interviews were conducted with 93 supervisors and other police officers from August to November 1994. Eight prosecutors, one from each jurisdiction served by the agencies, were also interviewed. Support was expressed by enforcement personnel and prosecutors for the utility and efficacy of in-vehicle videotaping in enhancing the enforcement and prosecution of DWI cases. The main advantages of in-vehicle videotaping included: protecting the officer and agency against false allegations of improper conduct, enhancing evidence-gathering and the quality of evidence, using videotaping for training, ensuring that officers follow correct procedures, convincing defendants to plead guilty, and protecting the rights of suspects. The most common problems were that suspects may not appear impaired on the videotape and that officers sometimes forget to activate the camera. Equipment problems were noted by about half of the officers. Problems with body microphones were common with all types of systems. Systems with truck-mounted recorders received higher overall ratings and were recommended by more officers than other systems. An agency's successful use of in-vehicle videotaping may be aided by the development of a written policy for videotaping, the provision of training, an emphasis on the benefits of videotaping to the officer, regular review of tapes by officers and periodic review by supervisors, and the use of equipment that is reliable and well-suited to the agency's needs. KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing KW - Microphones KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Problem identification KW - Prosecution KW - Recommendations KW - Reliability KW - Reviews KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training KW - Vehicles KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719427 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Hammer, M C AU - FULLER, S Z AU - THODE, H C AU - State University of New York, Albany TI - IN-VEHICLE VIDEOTAPING OF DWI (DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED) SUSPECTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: OUTCOME ANALYSIS PY - 1995/11/30 SP - 37 p. AB - This study examines the effects of in-vehicle videotaping on the prosecution and adjudication of DWI (driving while intoxicated) cases for each of two cities: Binghamton (NY) and San Diego (CA). The analyses consisted of a set of comparisons between a program group, DWI suspects who were videotaped in the field, and a comparison group, DWI suspects who were not videotaped. The analyses included the use of logistic or stepwise multiple regression to determine the case characteristics, including the use of videotaping, associated with each outcome measure. The outcome measures included the rate of conviction, the violation of conviction, the elapsed time between arrest and disposition, and whether the case went to trial. The results for Binghamton support the hypothesis that the use of in-vehicle videotaping increases the likelihood of a DWI suspect's conviction during the study period 1991-1993. While having a prior DWI conviction increased the likelihood of a suspect's conviction for the charge of DWI rather than the lesser charge of driving while ability impaired (DWAI), having a prior conviction and being videotaped increased that likelihood even more. In-vehicle videotaping was not associated with either the elapsed time between arrest and disposition or the occurrence of a trial, although the small number of trials limited the ability to draw meaningful inferences. The results for San Diego indicate that in-vehicle videotaping was not associated with the conviction rate, the violation of conviction, or the occurrence of a trial during the study period 1991-1993. It should be noted that for each agency, 97% of DWI suspects, including those who were videotaped and those who were not, were convicted during the study period. With such a high rate of conviction, the marginal effects of any intervention, including videotaping, would be difficult to detect. KW - Adjudication KW - Binghamton (New York) KW - Case studies KW - Convictions KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Prosecution KW - San Diego (California) KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Trials KW - Vehicles KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399486 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - Johns Hopkins University AU - COMSIS Corporation TI - Understanding youthful risk taking and driving: database report PY - 1995/11 IS - DOT HS 808 346 SP - 166p AB - This report catalogs national databases that contain information about adolescents and risk taking behaviors. It contains descriptions of the major areas, unique characteristics, and risk-related aspects of each database. Detailed information is provided concerning data collection procedures, including survey questions, variables, and sampling and data collection methods. Information is also provided as to where to request each database, the accessibility of the data, and the kinds of electronic media available. This report also contains information on databases that states collected on various domains of risk taking behaviors, and, in some cases, protective factors. The state databases were included in this report because a number of the surveys conducted by particular states include a more fine-grained examination of risk taking behaviors than national databases. KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Database KW - Databases KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Methodology KW - Modelling KW - Risk taking KW - Risk taking KW - Young adults KW - Young driver UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00821150 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EJECTION MITIGATION USING ADVANCED GLAZING - A STATUS REPORT PY - 1995/11 SP - 47 p. AB - In response to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Authorization Act of 1991, the agency initiated research programs concerning motor vehicle rollover protection. Its crashworthiness research program evaluating ways to reduce the number of fatalities due to ejection was expanded from side impact ejections to include ejections from rollover, front, and rear impacts. An average of 7,492 people are killed and 9,211 people are seriously injured each year in passenger cars, light trucks and vans because of partial of complete ejection through glazing. Of these, 4,557 fatalities are associated with vehicle rollovers. Advanced ejection mitigating glazing at the right and left front side windows could save 1,313 lives and 1,290 serious injuries. Computer simulations and component testing show that head injuries may increase with the use of some alternative side glazings. NHTSA recommends continuing research to further evaluate the safety potential of advanced glazing materials and to measure the performance characteristics of the prototype systems. These studies include expanded computer modeling beyond rollover type accidents, to planar accident simulations, testing repeatability and reproducibility, development of injury criteria, full scale vehicle testing, and additional vehicle design testing. They also recommend soliciting additional automotive industry cooperation in the development and testing of modeling techniques, test procedures and vehicle designs. KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer models KW - Crashworthiness KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Glazing KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side windows KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle sides KW - Vehicle tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/253/00253.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/712649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744501 AU - Tan, A K AU - Lerner, N D AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE EVALUATION OF AUDITORY WARNING SIGNALS FOR IN-VEHICLE CRASH AVOIDANCE WARNING SYSTEMS PY - 1995/11 SP - v.p. AB - This research was directed at optimizing the auditory warnings that may be used in future crash avoidance warning applications. There is a need to standardize such warnings, so that they retain immediacy of meaning across various vehicles, situations, and hazards. The current findings contribute to an empirical basis upon which such decisions can be made, so that an effective warning stimulus is ensured. The research included the following sequence of steps: it identified key attributes of auditory warning signals; established relative importance weightings for each of those attributes through expert ratings; collected subjective ratings for each attribute for a set of potential crash avoidance warning sounds through a laboratory experiment; applied the weightings to the subjective ratings to evaluate each sound; and identified a most promising subset of sounds, based on the findings. The experimental study was successful in identifying four acoustic signals as preferred over 22 others for in-vehicle application. Findings for voice message warnings were less clear, since no voice message stood out as clearly better. KW - Acoustic signal processing KW - Acoustic signals KW - Audible warning devices KW - Auditory signals KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Evaluation KW - Route guidance KW - Warning signals KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6225/879.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723759 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Bogard, S E AU - Bowen, M A AU - Ganduri, S M AU - Lindquist, D J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN OPERATIONAL FIELD TEST OF LONG COMBINATION VEHICLES USING ABS AND C-DOLLIES--VOLUME I: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/11 SP - 167 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability enhancing characteristics, practicality, reliability, maintenance costs and fleet personnel reactions to antilock braking systems (ABSs) and double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies). To do this, a fleet of double- and triple-trailer longer combination vehicles (LCVs) in actual commercial service was equipped with ABSs and with C-dollies and monitored for a period of one and one-half years. The fleet of test vehicles was distributed among five commercial fleets operating in the northwestern region of the country where the use of LCVs is most prevalent. The fleet accumulated 1.4 million miles on trips, and the individual units accumulated over 10.5 million unit-miles. All maintenance work done on the vehicles during the study was monitored, and the physical behavior of the vehicles on the road was measured with on-board instrumentation systems. Findings include the following: (1) ABSs can be expected to play a significant, stability-enhancing role in some ten to twenty severe braking events per 100,000 miles (roughly a year for a professional driver); (2) ABSs on LCVs can be powered through the brake-light circuit provided that several important conditions are met; (3) An ABS increases the total maintenance costs of an LCV by about 1% but reduces costs due to flat-spotting of tires; (4) The use of C-dollies on LCVs reduces rearward amplification in normal use; (5) Using C-dollies increases the total maintenance costs of an LCV by 3 to 5%, due mostly to increased tire wear; and (6) Drivers, mechanics and fleet managers favor the use of ABSs and C-dollies in LCV operations, and drivers especially favor C-dollies. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake lamps KW - Brake light circuits KW - Braking performance KW - C dollies KW - Dollies KW - Double trailers KW - Electric circuits KW - Field tests KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test results KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723760 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Bogard, S E AU - Bowen, M A AU - Ganduri, S M AU - Lindquist, D J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN OPERATIONAL FIELD TEST OF LONG COMBINATION VEHICLES USING ABS AND C-DOLLIES--VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1995/11 SP - 260 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability enhancing characteristics, practicality, reliability, maintenance costs and fleet personnel reactions to antilock braking systems (ABSs) and double-drawbar dollies (C-dollies). To do this, a fleet of double- and triple-trailer longer combination vehicles (LCVs) in actual commercial service was equipped with ABSs and with C-dollies and monitored for a period of one and one-half years. The fleet of test vehicles was distributed among five commercial fleets operating in the northwestern region of the country where the use of LCVs is most prevalent. The fleet accumulated 1.4 million miles on trips, and the individual units accumulated over 10.5 million unit-miles. All maintenance work done on the vehicles during the study was monitored, and the physical behavior of the vehicles on the road was measured with on-board instrumentation systems. Findings include the following: (1) ABSs can be expected to play a significant, stability-enhancing role in some ten to twenty severe braking events per 100,000 miles (roughly a year for a professional driver); (2) ABSs on LCVs can be powered through the brake-light circuit provided that several important conditions are met; (3) An ABS increases the total maintenance costs of an LCV by about 1% but reduces costs due to flat-spotting of tires; (4) The use of C-dollies on LCVs reduces rearward amplification in normal use; (5) Using C-dollies increases the total maintenance costs of an LCV by 3 to 5%, due mostly to increased tire wear; and (6) Drivers, mechanics and fleet managers favor the use of ABSs and C-dollies in LCV operations, and drivers especially favor C-dollies. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake lamps KW - Brake light circuits KW - Braking performance KW - C dollies KW - Dollies KW - Double trailers KW - Electric circuits KW - Field tests KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test results KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723756 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNDERSTANDING YOUTHFUL RISK TAKING AND DRIVING: DATABASE REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/11 SP - 170 p. AB - This report catalogs national databases that contain information about adolescents and risk taking behaviors. It contains descriptions of the major areas, unique characteristics, and risk-related aspects of each database. Detailed information is provided concerning data collection procedures, including survey questions, variables, and sampling and data collection methods. Information is also provided as to where to request each database, the accessibility of the data, and the kinds of electronic media available. This report also contains information on databases that states collected on various domains of risk taking behaviors, and, in some cases, protective factors. The state databases were included in this report because a number of the surveys conducted by particular states include a more fine-grained examination of risk taking behaviors than national databases. KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Data files KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Risk taking KW - State data bases KW - States KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5917/data.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721565 AU - New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority TI - EVALUATION OF THE ROTARY/RTA ROAD SAFETY 2000 PROJECT SN - 0731054407 PY - 1995/11 SP - 48 p. AB - Evaluation of the Rotary/RTA Road Safety 2000 project among Rotary Clubs in the Sydney Region was conducted from June through November 1994. The evaluation was undertaken to identify factors facilitating project initiation, critical success factors, and barriers to participation, and to make conclusions about the conduct of future road safety initiatives of this nature. The Rotary/RTA Road Safety 2000 project is part of a ten-year strategy called Road Safety 2000 which aims to reduce road casualties in New South Wales. This report outlines the findings of the evaluation. KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - New South Wales KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Sydney (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721502 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPDATED VEHICLE SURVIVABILITY AND TRAVEL MILEAGE SCHEDULES PY - 1995/11 SP - 34 p. AB - Updated survivability and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) schedules for passenger cars and light trucks were developed from current registration and mileage survey data. The newer projections confirmed that vehicles are lasting longer and are being driven significantly farther than previous schedules have indicated. These updated schedules should be used to assess the effects of proposed fuel economy and safety standards. KW - Data collection KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel conservation KW - Impacts KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger cars KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Service life KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle age KW - Vehicle mileage KW - Vehicle survivability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719425 AU - Berends, L AU - Veno, A AU - Richardson, B AU - Monash University TI - RISK FACTORS INVOLVED IN VICTORIAN MOTORCYCLE CRASHES AND PROPOSED COUNTERMEASURES: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH SN - 0730649350 PY - 1995/11 SP - 83 p. AB - Risk factors involved in motorcycle crashes were investigated using focus groups. The study aimed to identify human factors determining crash involvement of motorcycle riders and to promote the recognition, by motorcyclists, of their role in motorcycle crash prevention. A total of 60 motorcycle riders participated, 19 of whom had been in a motorcycle crash in the previous five years, and 41 of whom had not. Few differences between crash and non-crash riders were found, although emerging trends were noted, and warrant further investigation in a large scale study. Levels of experience, age and exposure were similar for both groups. Riders agreed on contributing factors to motorcycle crashes, strategies for crash avoidance, and approaches to address the safety concerns of the motorcycle community. Participants who had been involved in a crash placed greater importance on the role of environmental factors in causing a crash than non-crash riders. Riding a motorcycle for fun was more prevalent in non-crash than crash riders. The majority of participants in both groups had undertaken advanced rider training and this was continually stressed as a major strategy for crash avoidance. Recommendations arising out of this study suggest targeting vehicle drivers to reduce the incidence of multi-vehicle crashes involving motorcycles. Countermeasures to address the safety needs of motorcyclists ought to focus on public awareness, pre-driver education and driver training. KW - Awareness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver training KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Human factors KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle operator education KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719352 AU - Stoke, C B AU - Sullivan, A M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville TI - SAFE WALKING IN THE COMMONWEALTH: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES AND PROPOSED CLARIFICATIONS OF THE CODE OF VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/11 SP - 67 p. AB - Public interest in measures to make walking a safer form of personal conveyance manifests itself every several years in Virginia's General Assembly. Since 1983, the Virginia Transportation Research Council has conducted at least six studies regarding pedestrian safety, and two dealt specifically with legal issues. None of them, however, led to changes to the Code of Virginia (the Code). This study of pedestrian legislation and traffic safety was undertaken at the request of the Commissioner of Virginia's Department of Motor Vehicles in response to concerns expressed to him by state and local government officials. The authors reviewed the relevant literature, analyzed Virginia's pedestrian crash data, examined and critiqued Virginia's Code and those of other states with regard to pedestrian issues, reviewed the Uniform Vehicle Code, and surveyed the departments of education of all states to ascertain their efforts with regard to pedestrian safety education. The study showed that a significant number of pedestrians continue to be killed and injured in Virginia and that many of these cases can be related to specific vehicle and pedestrian actions as well as the age of the victim. Annually, 10 to 12% of motor vehicle crash fatalities are pedestrians, an average of about 105 per year. The analysis of the Code revealed that particular sections are either confusing or ambiguous concerning the actions required by or prohibited to motorists, pedestrians, or both. The survey revealed that Virginia was doing about as well as other states in educating its public school children concerning pedestrian safety. The authors recommend that Virginia revise its crash report form, modify and add to the pedestrian statutes in the Code, and institute public education and enforcement campaigns to address pedestrian safety issues. A separate document details the recommended additions and deletions to the Code in legislative format and is available upon request from the authors. KW - Age KW - Child safety KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Guides to the literature KW - Injuries KW - Literature reviews KW - Pedestrian age KW - Pedestrian education KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Recommendations KW - School children KW - State laws KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Virginia KW - Walking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36942/96-R13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719360 AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - Traube, E C AU - Aoki, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF FOREGROUND ILLUMINATION, WET PAVEMENT, AND DRIVER AGE ON PEDESTRIAN DETECTION DISTANCE PY - 1995/11 SP - 18 p. AB - The potential benefits offered by high-intensity discharge (HID) sources for vehicle headlamps have raised new issues in the design of headlamp beam patterns. The primary purpose of the present study is to address some of those issues by quantifying the effects of one major aspect of headlamp beam patterns--foreground light--on visual performance. The authors measured the seeing distance to a dark-clad pedestrian at night on a two-lane road as a function of observer age, foreground luminance, and pavement condition (dry/wet). Observers sat in the driver's seat of a stationary vehicle positioned on the road while a pedestrian walked either toward or away from the vehicle. The observer indicated when the pedestrian just became visible or invisible, depending on the direction of movement. Wet pavement resulted in longer seeing distances under all conditions. The effect of foreground luminance on seeing distance depended on both observer age and pavement wetness. High foreground luminance resulted in shorter seeing distances for older people and longer seeing distances for younger people. High foreground luminance also resulted in shorter seeing distances with dry pavement and longer seeing distances with wet pavement. However, all of the effects of foreground luminance were small, suggesting that although high foreground luminance does decrease seeing distances under some conditions, it is probably not a major problem for drivers. Two major limitations apply to the interpretation of the effects observed in this study. First, the effects of glare from opposing headlamps were not measured. Second, only the effects of pavement wetness itself were measured, not the effects of active precipitation. KW - Age KW - Beam pattern KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Foreground luminance KW - Headlamps KW - Human subject testing KW - Night visibility KW - Pavements KW - Pedestrians KW - Visibility KW - Visibility distance KW - Visual perception KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743256 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Johnson, G AU - Venhovens, P AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Ulsoy, A G AU - LeBlanc, D J AU - Lin, C-F AU - Peng, H AU - Liu, C-S AU - Gerber, G AU - DeSonia, R AU - Pilutti, T E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE CREWMAN'S ASSOCIATE FOR PATH CONTROL (CAPC) : AN AUTOMATED DRIVING FUNCTION PY - 1995/10/13 SP - 145 p. AB - An integrated system for preventing road-departure accidents was developed and then implemented on a passenger car. The system images the roadway ahead by means of a digital Charge-Coupled Detector camera, predicts the vehicle's future trajectory based upon inertial sensing and model prediction, computes a "time-to-lane-crossing" or TLC value beyond which the vehicle's mass center will cross the road-edge line, and executes a decision to either warn the driver or initiate a control intervention. Although the control intervention feature, involving differential braking, is not implemented in the system prototype, its design is documented herein and evaluated using computer simulation. A driver-state-assessment feature is also discussed. Overall, the prototype system affords a testbed for examining the many parameters and features that may influence the utility of a road-departure, warning-and-intervention function for motorists. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automation KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forecasting KW - Imagery KW - Images KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intervention KW - Passenger cars KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle path KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399219 AU - Stewart, K AU - Taylor, E AU - Tippetts, S AU - Sole, C AU - Cohen, A AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Motivating anti-DWI behavior using existing values PY - 1995/10 IS - DOT HS 808 321 SP - 58p + appendices AB - Despite progress in reducing alcohol-impaired crashes, the drunk driving problem will not be solved until changes are made in the public's beliefs and attitudes toward drinking and driving. We need to strengthen a social norm (standard of behavior) that says that people should not drive while impaired or let others do so. One way to do this is by using values that are already important to people and associating them with the anti-DWI norm. This will allow people to avoid impaired driving based on their own values, thus establishing a foundation for behavior that is more resistant to outside influence and change. Data was collected through in-depth discussions and focus groups with 18-29 year-old drivers who drink alcohol. Information was collected on those things which were most valued in respondents' lives, and the settings and situations in which their drinking and driving occurs. They were also asked whether countermeasures such as designated drivers are practical given their drinking and driving patterns. KW - Attitude KW - Attitudes KW - Drink driving KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Motivation KW - Motivation KW - Prevention KW - Social values KW - Values KW - Young adults KW - Young driver UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725632 AU - Winnicki, J AU - Rainbow Technology Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USE LAWS: EVALUATION OF PRIMARY ENFORCEMENT AND OTHER PROVISIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/10 SP - 119 p. AB - As of January 1995, all states except Maine and New Hampshire had laws requiring safety belt use. These laws vary widely in their enforcement options (primary or secondary), scope of coverage (vehicles covered and seats covered), fine levels, and other provisions. In this study, Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data on restraint use among fatally injured motor vehicle occupants from 1983 to 1994 were analyzed for the effects of the laws. Particular attention was given to the effects of different enforcement options on safety belt use. Conclusions pertaining to a larger population than the fatally injured were obtained utilizing the concept of use rate for individuals involved in potentially fatal crashes. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Options KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16611/PB2000104416.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736046 AU - National Association of State EMS Directors AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PLANNING EMERGENCY MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS. VOLUME 2: LOCAL/REGIONAL-LEVEL PLANNING GUIDE PY - 1995/10 SP - 115 p. AB - This volume of Planning Emergency Medical Communications, Volume 2, provides more specific information and directions for use by local and regional planners in preparing detailed second-tier regional emergency medical services (EMS) communications plans. The volume is organized in the following chapters: (1) Writing the Regional EMS Plan Introduction; (2) Defining the Regional Organization; (3) Current EMS Communications Status; (4) Defining Regional Goals and Objectives; (5) Analyzing Regional Requirements; (6) Evaluating Regional Alternatives; (7) Designing the Regional System; (8) Developing a Procurement Plan; (9) Developing a Funding Plan; (10) Developing an Implementation Plan; and (11) Developing Procurement Specifications. Also included are an appendix on procurement processes, a list of applicable documents, and an index. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Communications KW - Emergency medical services KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Procurement KW - Regional planning KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724922 AU - Department of Energy TI - MODEL YEAR 1996 FUEL ECONOMY GUIDE. EPA FUEL ECONOMY ESTIMATES, OCTOBER 1995 PY - 1995/10 SP - 14 p. AB - This Guide is published as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle. It lists estimates of miles per gallon (mpg) for each vehicle available for the new model year. These estimates are provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in compliance with Federal Law. This Guide is intended to help consumers compare the fuel economy of similarly sized cars, light duty trucks and special purpose vehicles. The vehicles listed in the Guide have been divided into three classes of cars (sedans, two-seaters, and station wagons), three classes of light duty trucks (vans, small pick-ups, and large pick-ups), and three classes of special purpose vehicles (2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, and cab chassis). By using this Guide consumers can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for any vehicle. The mileage data are most useful when comparing vehicles. The actual mileage when driving a vehicle may differ considerably from the predicted mileage. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel conservation KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Light trucks KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Special purpose vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460589 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724907 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Winkler, C B AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - LONG COMBINATION VEHICLE OPERATIONAL FIELD TEST PY - 1995/10 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-16 AB - The objective of this operational field test was to evaluate the stability enhancing characteristics, practicality/reliability, maintenance costs, and fleet personnel reactions to antilock braking systems (ABS) and double-drawbar dollies [C-dollies on long combination vehicles (LCVs)]. To do this, a fleet of double- and triple-trailer LCVs in actual commercial service was equipped with ABS and with double-tow-bar dollies and their performance monitored for a period of about one and one-half years. In that time, the test fleet accumulated approximately 1.4 million miles on trips within the study, and the individual units of the test fleet accumulated over 10.5 million unit-miles. Monitoring techniques included the tracking of all maintenance work done on the vehicles in the study, measurement of the physical behavior of the vehicles on the road by means of on-board instrumentation systems, and interviews with drivers, mechanics, and fleet managers. This report provides a detailed description of the test methods and results in the following sections: Background; Limitations of the Field Study; An Introduction to Terminology; An Overview of the Test Program (the participating fleets, vehicles, ABS equipment, special vehicle wiring, C-dollies and hitches, electronic data systems, duration of the study and mileage accumulations); The Performance of Antilock Braking Systems on Long Combination Vehicles; Maintenance and Operating Costs of ABS on LCVs; The Performance of C-Dollies in the Operations of LCVs; Maintenance and Operating Costs of C-Dollies on LCVs; and The Opinions of Fleet Personnel on ABS and C-Dollies in LCV Operations. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - C dollies KW - Dollies KW - Field tests KW - Fleet management KW - Fleet managers KW - Interviewing KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reliability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Subjective analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724871 AU - Hendrie, D AU - RYAN, G A AU - University of Western Australia TI - REVIEW OF ROAD SAFETY PRACTICES IN AUSTRALIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA PY - 1995/10 SP - 107 p. AB - The main purpose of this study was to review road safety policies and programs in other States and Territories of Australia in order to identify practices that could be implemented in Western Australia to prevent road traffic crashes and injuries. It was found that the structures for managing and coordinating road safety in many other States were better developed than in Western Australia. In these States, the framework for administering road safety has been established to encourage intersectoral activity, and there are formal mechanisms for interagency coordination at a strategic level, a policy level and an operational level. These States also tend to closely monitor and evaluate the performance of their road safety initiatives, so that it is possible to determine their effectiveness and to have a baseline from which to plan new activities. The study also compared the delivery of three of the main road safety programs in each of the States, namely the random breath testing program, the speed enforcement program and mass media publicity activities. In many program areas, there is some general agreement developing, based on Australian experience, about how to optimise program performance. There are considerable differences in the intensity at which States operate their road safety programs, with Victoria and New South Wales generally committing more resources to most program areas than the other States. Penalty structures were also examined, and it was found that Victoria generally has the most severe penalties for drink driving and speeding offences, while Western Australia has among the least. Some other factors that affect road safety performance were also discussed. The report includes some recommendations about actions that should be taken to improve road safety performance in Western Australia. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Australia KW - Coordination KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Interagency relations KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Penalties KW - Performance evaluations KW - Policy KW - Publicity KW - Random breath tests KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Safety management KW - Safety practices KW - Safety programs KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Western Australia UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723781 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A NON-DEFORMABLE CRABBED IMPACTOR INTO A 1992 CHEVROLET CAPRICE 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1995/10 SP - 88 p. AB - This test was conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. This test was conducted on a 1992 Chevrolet Caprice 4-door sedan, VIN 1G1BL537XNW148868, on October 11, 1995. The impact speed was 53.9 kph. The maximum cumulative crush results were as follows: At Vehicle Sill Height: 581 mm; At Vehicle Maximum Crush: 1032 mm; and At Vehicle Window Bottom: 774 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Non-deformable crabbed impactors KW - Simulation KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723739 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CAMPAIGN SAFE AND SOBER 7TH QUARTERLY PLANNER: YOUTH TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1995/10 SP - v.p. AB - This is the 7th Quarterly Planner for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Campaign Safe and Sober. The topic is youth traffic safety. The contents are as follows: Campaign Safe & Sober Slim Jim; Taking It To The Streets newspaper; Legislative Fact Sheets (Zero Tolerance, Motorcycle Helmets, Graduated Licensing, Bicycle Helmets, Occupant Protection, Minimum Drinking Age Laws, Kids Aren't Cargo in Pickup Trucks); Traffic Safety Outlooks sheets (Traffic Safety, Alcohol, Occupant Protection, Health Care/Injury Control); Camera-ready logo sheets; Bounce Back Card; Success Stories (Youth Enforcement Programs, Youth Prevention Programs, Legislation That Affects Youth); NHTSA Regional Offices and State Highway Safety Offices Contact List; Youth Traffic Safety Advocates Contact List; Buckle Up America! Sample Editorial; School Checklist; Promotional Materials Catalog and Order Form; and Strides for Safety flier. KW - Adolescents KW - Campaigns KW - Promotion KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723741 AU - Stewart, K AU - TAYLOR, E AU - Tippetts, S AU - SOLE, C AU - COHEN, A AU - Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTIVATING ANTI-DWI BEHAVIOR USING EXISTING VALUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/10 SP - v.p. AB - Despite progress in reducing alcohol-impaired crashes, the drunk driving problem will not be solved until changes are made in the public's beliefs and attitudes toward drinking and driving. We need to strengthen a social norm (standard of behavior) that says that people should not drive while impaired or let others do so. One way to do this is by using values that are already important to people and associating them with the anti-DWI norm. This will allow people to avoid impaired driving based on their own values, thus establishing a foundation for behavior that is more resistant to outside influence and change. Data were collected through in-depth discussions and focus groups with 18-29 year-old drivers who drink alcohol. Information was collected on those things which were most valued in respondents' lives, and the settings and situations in which their drinking and driving occurs. They were also asked whether countermeasures such as designated drivers are practical given their drinking and driving patterns. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral research KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing KW - Motivation KW - Present value KW - Psychology KW - Research KW - Standard of behavior KW - Standards KW - Teenage drivers KW - Values UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/values.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25917/DOT-HS-808-321.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5900/values.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721513 AU - Eby, D W AU - Streff, F M AU - Christoff, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SAFETY BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: FALL 1995 PY - 1995/10 SP - 49 p. AB - Results of a direct observation survey of safety belt use in Michigan for fall of 1995 are reported. In the present survey, 9,867 occupants traveling in four vehicle types (passenger vehicles, sport-utility vehicles, vans, and pickup trucks) were surveyed between August 31 and September 19, 1995. Belt use was estimated separately for each vehicle type. Within each vehicle type, belt use by gender, age, road type, day of week, and time of day was estimated. Overall belt use for passenger vehicles was 66.8%, for sport-utility vehicles was 70.7%, for vans was 69.1%, and for pickup trucks was 29.3%. For all vehicle types, belt use was higher for females than for males, and was higher for the 0-3 year old age group than for any other age group, with the 16-29 year old age group most frequently showing the lowest belt use. In general, belt use was highest during morning rush hour and at interstate exit ramps. Belt use did not vary systematically by day of week or weather conditions. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Data collection KW - Days KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Gender KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Michigan KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Periods of the day KW - Pickup trucks KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Surveys KW - Vans KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719433 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - MONTHLY TRAFFIC FATALITY REPORT: REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ESTIMATES, OCTOBER 1995 PY - 1995/10 SP - 4 p. AB - An estimated 3,713 fatalities occurred in the United States in October 1995, showing a 2.3% decrease when compared to the same month in 1994. The twelve month total for the period ending October 1995 shows a 2.2% increase from the corresponding total of the previous year. Tables and graphs are presented summarizing the statistics on highway fatalities for the last twelve month period and comparing these data with the corresponding period of the prior year for both the Nation and the 10 administrative regions of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719423 AU - SCHUMANN, J AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Aoki, M AU - Traube, E C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - VISUAL DISPLAYS AND SELECTIVE ATTENTION: DO THE ELDERLY BENEFIT IF THE INFORMATION IS FLASHING? PY - 1995/10 SP - 31 p. AB - People show substantial decrements in controlled processes with advanced age. However, there is evidence that automatic processes are more resistant to aging. The decline in controlled processes is likely to affect driving--a task that is dependent on efficient information processing. Consequently, older drivers could benefit if parts of the driving task can be designed so that they can be performed in an automatic way. The present laboratory study investigated the effect of a flashing stimulus on its efficiency to attract the subject's attention in an automatic manner. There were two groups of subjects: sixteen older drivers with a mean age of 70, and sixteen younger drivers with a mean age of 29. They had to perform a two-alternative, forced-choice task, which involved responding to an arrow pointing left or right. The response time was measured for different arrow presentation modes (flashing vs. steady), workload conditions (with and without an additional tracking task), distracter conditions (with and without), and monitor locations (center vs. periphery of the visual field). The results showed that flashing stimuli were not processed in an automatic manner. Although younger subjects benefited from the flashing in conditions in which the arrow was embedded among distracters, older subjects did not. This may be explained by age-related decrements in discrimination between relevant and irrelevant information. Although the results of the present study do not clearly indicate specific ways in which the automatic/controlled processing distinction can be used to the advantage of older drivers, the most basic limitations of these results may be the lack of evidence for automatic processing by either young or old subjects. The controlled/automatic distinction remains potentially important. The present results suggest that the most promising strategy to exploit the distinction may involve a systematic task analysis that would identify what components of the driving task are performed most automatically. KW - Aged drivers KW - Automatic processes KW - Controlled processes KW - Displays KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Emergency response time KW - Flashing KW - Human subject testing KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Laboratory studies KW - Location KW - Reaction time KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719409 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Kullgren, A AU - LIE, A AU - Tingvall, C AU - Elsevier TI - CRASH PULSE RECORDER--VALIDATION IN FULL SCALE CRASH TESTS PY - 1995/10 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - p. 717-727 AB - Estimation of the accident severity is a fundamental requirement in accident reconstruction and analysis. Accident severity can be measured in many different ways, but in frontal collisions change of velocity, energy equivalent speed or equivalent barrier speed are frequently used parameters. These parameters are most often estimated from vehicle deformation. It is known, however, that the quality of these estimates is limited if compared with those obtained in laboratory test conditions. To be able to achieve almost the same measurements and measurement accuracy in real-life accidents as in the laboratory, where the acceleration time history is measured, an on-board measurement technique is required. This presentation gives results of tests of a low cost device for measuring the crash pulse for a car involved in an accident, concerning systematic and random error. The device, called the Crash Pulse Recorder (CPR), has been tested previously in several sled tests. The CPR is based on measurement of the movement of the mass in a sprung mass system in a collision. A brief description of its construction is also included. The CPR is an integral part of a large accident data collection system including interior and exterior deformation measurements and evaluation of injury outcome. This report presents the results of several full-scale crash tests, undertaken to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the CPR in cars in different impact modes. The tests comprised both offset and angled collisions. Most of the tests were car to car collisions, but barrier tests were also performed. The random error of the CPR was found to be 2.2 km/hr for the change in velocity measurements and 0.6 g for mean acceleration. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash pulse recorders KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Precision KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719408 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Chipman, M L AU - Elsevier TI - RISK FACTORS FOR INJURY: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES FOR TRAFFIC CRASHES AND OTHER CAUSES PY - 1995/10 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - p. 699-706 AB - Actions to prevent injury may address either individual behavior or population practice. Factors associated with injuries in a variety of circumstances may be best suited to prevention at the level of population whereas more specific causes would not be. Data from the Ontario Health Survey were used to assess the similarities and differences between risk factors and injury in traffic crashes, at work and in other circumstances. Respondents reporting injury were compared with age- and sex-matched controls reporting no injury for reported alcohol ingestion, binge drinking and drinking and driving. In addition, data on the use of licit and illicit drugs, occupation and other demographic factors were compared. Variables showing consistent associations with injury included drug use, some measures of alcohol ingestion and reports of co-existing chronic disease. Many variables showed a variable pattern, including occupation, education and income. In many instances, these differences reflected differences in exposure to risk. Efforts at prevention related to alcohol or medication could be broadly based, whereas for other factors, more targeted prevention efforts would be appropriate. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Drug use KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Income KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Jobs KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458303 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719391 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - SAFETY BELT USE LAWS: EVALUATION OF PRIMARY ENFORCEMENT AND OTHER PROVISIONS PY - 1995/10 SP - 2 p. AB - As of January 1995, all states except Maine and New Hampshire had laws requiring safety belt use. These laws vary widely in their enforcement options (primary or secondary), scope of coverage (vehicles covered and seats covered), fine levels, and other provisions. In this study, Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data on restraint use among fatally injured motor vehicle occupants from 1983 to 1994 were analyzed for the effects of the laws. Particular attention was given to the effects of different enforcement options on safety belt use. Conclusions pertaining to a larger population than the fatally injured were obtained utilizing the concept of use rate for individuals involved in potentially fatal crashes. The present study appears to be the first comprehensive assessment of the effects of state safety belt use laws based on a national data system. A number of statistical techniques are used to assess the effects of safety belt use laws. The results confirm beyond any doubt that the enactment of a law is associated with increased safety belt use. The results also show that primary enforcement is the most important aspect of a safety belt use law affecting the use rates. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - State laws KW - Statistical analysis KW - Utilization UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/belteval.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458286 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719370 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA CITES SAFETY PROGRAMS IN 10 STATES FOR EXCELLENCE PY - 1995/10 IS - 106 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) honored exemplary highway safety program efforts of 10 states with its 1995 NHTSA Administrator's Highway Safety Program of Excellence Award. Receiving recognition were programs in Alabama, California, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin. The awards honored achievements in emergency care, child restraint, bicycle and motorcycle helmet use, safety belt campaigns, youth programs, and efforts against drunk driving. The awards were established in 1992 to recognize outstanding Section 402 funded activities that contribute to the decline in motor vehicle deaths and serious injuries. This Traffic Tech report lists the individual award recipients and gives a summary statement of each recipient's safety program. KW - Awards KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - States KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.935ae205e29ac00baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=1b2e7fee9f1bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=2A&trafficTechYearSelect=1995&overrideViewName=Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458266 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719371 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - SHELTON, TST AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - REVISED VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS, 1975 TO 1993 PY - 1995/09/21 SP - 5 p. AB - Based on the methodology described in this Research Note, total vehicle miles of travel (VMT) for cars and light trucks as reported by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been redistributed. This revision affects the fatality and injury rates based on VMT for these vehicle types back to 1975. No changes have been made to VMT for any other vehicle types. This method for revising VMT may not be applicable in future years. FHWA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) are working together to improve the registered vehicle and VMT data that are used by both agencies. As more data become available, the revision method will be re-evaluated. KW - Fatalities KW - Injury rates KW - Light trucks KW - Methodology KW - Passenger cars KW - Revisions KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/300/324/00324.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/800/804/00325.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20995/PB98163702.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798214 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS (IVHS) COUNTERMEASURES FOR REAR-END COLLISIONS. TASK 4 INTERIM REPORT - VOLUME II: HUMAN FACTORS STUDIES PY - 1995/09/15 SP - 249 p. AB - The overall purpose of this project is to develop practicable performance specifications or guidelines for rear-end collision avoidance systems. The goal of this fourth task was to develop the preliminary performance guidelines. In task 4, Volume II "Human Factors Studies," preliminary human factors performance specifications are developed and presented for rear-end collision avoidance systems that are based on the accident data analysis carried out in Task one, the testing done in Task three, and which accomplish the functional goals outlined in Task two. Task four included extensive math modeling and computer simulations along with human factors testing of subjects in the moving base Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS). The methodologies of the modeling and simulations are discussed overall with details available in Volume II. The subjects in the IDS were exposed to various collision warning designs and algorithms for different accident scenarios; details are available in Volume II. Detailed results of the Human Factors Studies are presented in the report including preliminary design alternatives for the three collision avoidance systems: Collision warning/driver warning, intelligent cruise control (ICC), and automatic control systems (ACS). Some of these specifications include: The collision warning/driver warning system should be designed to present the driver with two different types of information pertaining to the vehicle ahead - display of relative velocity and safe headway maintenance. It is recommended that the ICC system display the cruise control speed setting and that controls follow the convention of standard cruise control. ACS should allow the driver some measure of control, usually through "overpowering" the control's input. Further performance specification details can be found in the report. KW - Automatic control KW - Computers KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Cruise control KW - Driving simulators KW - Headways KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Rear end crashes KW - Specifications KW - Velocity KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740661 AU - Pape, D AU - Pomerleau, D AU - Narendran, V AU - Hadden, J AU - Everson, J AU - Koenig, M AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES, TASK 4. VOLUME 1 PY - 1995/09/05 SP - 110 p. AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is to address the single vehicle crash problem through application of technology to prevent and/or reduce the severity of these crashes. This report describes the findings of the Task 4 effort. Task 4 focused on the development of preliminary performance specifications for run-off-road countermeasures. A total of 62 performance specifications were developed to ensure that potential run-off-road countermeasures meet the functional goals developed in Task 2. These performance specifications were divided into those that apply generally to run-off-road countermeasures, and those that apply specifically to lateral or longitudinal countermeasures. These performance specifications were generated by developing and running a computer program called RORSIM to simulate the combined effects of the dynamical properties of the vehicle, the response of the driver, sensor measurements, environmental conditions and in-vehicle countermeasure systems. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash severity KW - Functional goals KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mitigation KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736806 AU - Koenig, M AU - Pape, D AU - Pomerleau, D AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES, TASK 4. VOLUME 2: RORSIM MANUAL PY - 1995/09/05 SP - 75 p. AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is to address the single vehicle crash problem through application of technology to prevent and/or reduce the severity of these crashes. This report documents the RORSIM computer simulation developed in Task 4. RORSIM is a PC program which simulates the combined effects of the dynamic properties of the vehicle, the response of the driver, sensor measurements, environmental conditions and in-vehicle countermeasure systems. RORSIM is an extension of the commercial program VDANL (Vehicle Dynamic Analysis NonLinear) which was developed by Science Technology, Inc., (STI). This report is an operating manual that contains detailed instructions on the operation of RORSIM. Results obtained using RORSIM are contained in a companion volume, Task 4 Volume 1. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash severity KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Manuals KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6238/825.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398194 AU - Mazzae, E N AU - Garrott, W R AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Development of performance specifications for collision avoidance systems for lane change, merging, and backing; task 3 - human factors assessment of driver interfaces of existing collision avoidance systems PY - 1995/09 IS - DOT HS 808 433 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems (ADIS) KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Behavior KW - Collision avoidance system KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Detection KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Human factors KW - Human machine interface KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lane changing KW - Lane changing KW - Merging traffic KW - Merging traffic KW - Passenger transport KW - Passenger transportation KW - Reversing KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165977 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00819648 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF COMBINATION-UNIT TRUCK FATAL CRASHES BY LOCATION OF FATALITY PY - 1995/09 SP - 7 p. AB - This note provides comparative statistics on crash problem size and characteristics for two types of heavy combination-unit truck fatal crashes: (a) fatal to truck occupants and (b) fatal only to non-truck vehicle occupants or non-motorists (e.g., pedestrians, pedalcyclists. The principal data source was the 1991-1994 Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). A secondary data source was the 1991-1994 General Estimates System (GES). KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - General Estimates Reporting System KW - Location KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Railroad trains KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/623.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/695636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756383 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ARE YOU USING IT RIGHT: CHILD RESTRAINTS PY - 1995/09 SP - 12 p. AB - This booklet displays and discusses common mistakes in securing children in cars. It describes proper car seat installation, seat belt positions, locking clip use, selecting a seat for the best fit, how to cover an infant in its seat, correct car seat angle, harness slot levels, seat belt fit, seat belts that can be locked, shoulder belt fit, use of a seat belt with a booster seat, harness straps, built in seats, car beds, and keeping children away from air bags. KW - Air bags KW - Booster seats KW - Building KW - Car beds KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Child seat belts KW - Children KW - Facilities KW - Infants KW - Installation KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Safety KW - Safety seat fit KW - Seat belt fit KW - Seat belts KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736077 AU - Eberhard, C D AU - Moffa, P J AU - Young, S K AU - Allen, R W AU - TRW Space and Electronics Group AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS FOR LANE CHANGE, MERGING AND BACKING. TASK 4 INTERIM REPORT: DEVELOPMENT OF PRELIMINARY PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1995/09 SP - 158 p. AB - Preliminary performance specifications which accomplish the functional goals outlined in the Task 2 interim report (shown abridged in Appendix A) are developed for lane change, merge and backing crash avoidance systems (CAS). These preliminary performance specifications are based on analyses of Monte Carlo computer simulations, interactive driving simulator results and the evaluations of the CAS driver-vehicle interface (DVI) by human factors experts. The Monte Carlo simulations utilize travel speed distributions derived from the General Estimates System database and accident scenarios constructed from Crashworthiness Data System hard copy files and police accident reports. The structure and methodology of the Monte Carlo simulations and the interactive driving simulator are discussed in detail. In addition, a description of a sensor model, which provides a means of computing detection probabilities and which was included in both the Monte Carlo simulations and the driving simulator, is included. Using the Monte Carlo simulation, various sensor configurations and parameter fields are investigated for both passenger vehicles and large trucks. Using the interactive driving simulator, various configurations and modalities of the DVIs are investigated in lane change/merge and backing scenarios. The results of these analyses are presented herein. KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Lane changing KW - Maneuvering KW - Merging KW - Merging traffic KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478669 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00724847 JO - State Legislative Fact Sheet PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE REVOCATION PY - 1995/09 SP - 4 p. AB - Administrative license revocation (ALR) laws are based on objective chemical tests (blood, breath or urine). ALR allows police and driver licensing authorities to revoke the driver's license swiftly, without long delays while waiting for a criminal trial, and protects the offender's right to due process through an appeal process. This fact sheet presents some key facts concerning ALR and addresses the following four questions: What provisions should be included in an ALR law? How much does this type of program cost? How can this type of program be financed? Who supports ALR? Criteria that States must achieve to receive incentive grants provided in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) are listed. KW - Administrative license revocation KW - Administrative procedures KW - Costs KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Financing KW - Governments KW - Grant aid KW - Impaired drivers KW - Incentives KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Licensing KW - Private enterprise KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Revocation KW - State laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723767 AU - Hamilton, Alberto AU - Arias, A AU - Acosta, A AU - CDM Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY NEEDS OF U.S. HISPANIC COMMUNITIES: ISSUES AND STRATEGIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/09 SP - 173 p. AB - Growing diversity within the U.S. population is presenting new challenges to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and other agencies that serve the public. One of the fastest growing demographic groups is the Hispanic population. The term Hispanic encompasses a number of communities that differ in their cultural heritage. The objective of this study was to identify the highway safety needs of Hispanic communities within the United States. The study also explored how best to promote highway safety issues to those communities and identified similarities and differences among the Hispanic communities on highway safety issues. Telephone discussions were held with representatives of public and other agencies actively engaged with Hispanic communities in California, Texas, Colorado, the District of Columbia, New York City/New Jersey, and Florida. In addition, focus groups were conducted with adolescent males, young adult males, young adult females, and parents of young children. Drinking and driving was the safety problem most frequently identified by the organizational representatives and community members, followed by nonuse of safety belts. In promoting health and safety, community members recommended developing themes that have some relationship to their lives, and agreed that the family is one of the most powerful symbols in the Hispanic community. The organizational representatives emphasized the importance of personal contact and establishing relationships within the community. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Focus groups KW - Highway safety KW - Hispanics KW - Needs assessment KW - Problem identification KW - Recommendations KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25921/DOT-HS-808-373.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6700/6776/hispanic.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723758 AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF MOTOR CARRIER ENFORCEMENT ON THE MEXICAN BORDER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/09 SP - 115 p. AB - The southwest border states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California have mature motor carrier safety programs with a long history of successfully dealing with safety issues along the Mexican border. The states possess the expertise and commitment to effectively resolve new problems that may arise and ensure that safety is not compromised. However, there is a general concern that they may not have sufficient resources to increase their enforcement efforts to accommodate the anticipated increase in the number of trucks that will be operating in and out of Mexico as the provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are implemented. To address these concerns a study was initiated of the effectiveness of motor carrier safety regulations, size and weight enforcement, insurance requirements verification, and other related matters in the states along the U.S.-Mexico border. This report presents the results of this study. The five chapters address, respectively, the following project objectives: (1) Determine current conditions, including traffic patterns, enforcement strategies, and levels and effectiveness of enforcement efforts; (2) Project the impacts of NAFTA on current conditions and levels of enforcement; (3) Develop criteria to describe what constitutes acceptable levels of enforcement; (4) Develop strategies for coordination, data sharing and joint enforcement efforts among state and federal enforcement agencies in border states; and (5) Identify ways to more effectively provide enforcement in border areas after the implementation of NAFTA. KW - Arizona KW - California KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Coordination KW - Data communications KW - Data sharing KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal government agencies KW - Interagency relations KW - International borders KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor carriers KW - New Mexico KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Safety KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - State government agencies KW - Texas KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723744 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LOW-THREAT-TO-LIFE MOTOR VEHICLE INJURIES: A PROFILE OF MOTOR VEHICLE INJURIES IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/09 SP - 33 p. AB - A profile of emergency department visits resulting from motor vehicle traffic injuries was developed as part of an examination of the hypothesis that low threat-to-life motor vehicle traffic injuries are undercounted. Data were taken from the public use tape of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 1992 survey of emergency department visits. A total of 3.2 million people were treated and released, an additional 465 thousand were hospitalized, and 280 thousand returned for a follow-up visit. There were 176 unique diagnoses, the 20 most frequent comprising more than 70% of the total incidence of 5.8 million injuries. Based on an NCHS estimate of the cost per emergency department visit, the cost of these visits was more than $1 billion. The results of the study suggest that there is an undercount of low threat-to-life injuries, however these results cannot be considered definitive. Other data sources are being examined. The results of these studies are expected to provide further insights concerning the undercounting hypothesis. KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Hospital emergency rooms KW - Injuries KW - Injury types KW - Low threat to life injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Undercounting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723748 AU - Boyle, J M AU - Schulman, Ronca, and Bucuvalas, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY SURVEY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/09 SP - 163 p. AB - This report presents findings from the first Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted this survey to collect critical information needed by the agency to develop and implement effective countermeasures to improve highway traffic safety. Two different versions of the questionnaire were used, one giving special attention to safety belt use and the other to child safety seats. Other issues covered include motor vehicle crash and injury experience, airbags, bicycle and motorcycle helmet use, speeding, and drinking and driving. The survey was administered to 8,000 respondents age 16 and older, 4,000 per version of the questionnaire. The survey results show that 23% of the population age 16 and older, or more than 45 million youth and adults, have sustained a motor vehicle crash injury that required medical attention. The survey results also show that safety belt use continues to rise. Nearly three-fourths of drivers report using their belts all the time, but some of these drivers admit to not having used their belt at some time in the past year. Among self-reported "most of the time" belt users, 40% did not buckle up while driving in the past day. The survey also indicates that most children are placed in child safety seats when they are very young (under age two), but that use of the car seat declines precipitously as the child grows larger. Many small children who should still be using car seats are not. KW - Air bags KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Injury statistics KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Questionnaires KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25922/DOT-HS-808-334.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723734 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY TIPS PY - 1995/09 SP - 17 p. AB - This report contains eight child passenger safety tips. These safety tips concern the following: safety seat checkup; where your child should ride; protecting new babies in the car; what to use for a big baby or toddler; how preschool and school children should ride; making sure the safety belt around the child safety seat is secure; using child safety seat harness straps; and safety seat recalls. KW - Booster seats KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Preschool children KW - Recall campaigns KW - School children KW - Seat belt positioning KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719542 AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - LAW ENFORCEMENT FLEET CRASH STUDY PY - 1995/09 SP - 19 p. AB - This report presents the results of a law enforcement fleet crash study. Some of the major findings are as follows: In terms of the frequency with which law enforcement vehicles are involved in crashes, a wide disparity exists between the overall crash experience of the state police/highway patrol agencies and those of the municipal law enforcement agencies. Crashes are almost twice as frequent among municipal agencies as among state police/highway patrols. While the state agency crash rate between the 1986 study and the current study almost doubled (7.6 crashes per million miles travelled vs. 13.12), the municipal agency rate changed very little (35.2 crashes per million miles travelled vs. 36.46). Comparing crash rates per millions of miles travelled of municipal law enforcement agencies by population served shows that crash risks are greatly reduced in lower population areas. The greatest crash rate of 40.54 is in the 500,000 to 999,999 population. All other populations are well below the 36.46 crash rate. Further information is provided in the following areas: Where these crashes occur; Injury producing crashes; When the injury crashes occur; Fatal crashes involving law enforcement officers; Crashes resulting in property damage; and What these crashes cost a law enforcement agency. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash locations KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Government agencies KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Local government KW - Loss and damage KW - Municipal law enforcement agencies KW - Police patrol KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Rural areas KW - State government agencies KW - State police KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719431 JO - State Legislative Fact Sheet PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 0.08 BAC ILLEGAL PER SE LEVEL PY - 1995/09 SP - 3 p. AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) encourages States to have laws that make it illegal for a person to operate a motor vehicle if he or she has blood or breath alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or more (i.e., an illegal per se law at this level). Alcohol concentration is to be based on either the number of grams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood or the number of grams of alcohol in 210 liters of breath. As of September 1, 1995, 13 States have an illegal per se law at the 0.08 level, 35 other States and the District of Columbia have illegal per se laws at the 0.10 level, and 2 States and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico have no illegal per se law. This Fact Sheet provides additional information on this topic under the following headings: Key Facts; Why 0.08?; Life Saving Benefits of 0.08; Impact on the Criminal Justice System; Who Supports 0.08?; Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991; and Information Sources. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Benefits KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Impacts KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Per se laws KW - Random breath tests KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/3000/3000/3087/fs_08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719432 JO - State Legislative Fact Sheet PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STRENGTHENING CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY LAWS: INCREASE CAR SEAT AND BELT USE, DECREASE CRASH FATALITIES AND INJURIES PY - 1995/09 SP - 2 p. AB - Traffic crashes are the leading cause of death for Americans from 6 to 28 years of age. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Territories have child passenger safety laws ("car seat laws") but there are serious gaps and exemptions in coverage which diminish the protection all children need in motor vehicles. This Fact Sheet provides further information on this topic under the following headings: Close Gaps Between Belt Laws and Child Safety Laws; Upgrade Child Safety Laws--Eliminate Exemptions; and Conduct Combined Public Awareness and Enforcement Campaigns. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child seat belts KW - Exemption KW - Law enforcement KW - Publicity KW - Requirements KW - Safety education KW - Specifications KW - State laws UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6287/fs_child.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719424 AU - Vale, L AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia AU - Royal Children's Hospital TI - SPECIAL TRANSPORT RESTRAINT NEEDS FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AGED 0-18 YEARS SN - 0730649342 PY - 1995/09 SP - 83 p. AB - The aims of this research project are: 1) Identify the diagnoses that predispose children to difficulty using standard car restraints; 2) Estimate the number of children with the relevant diagnoses who may require special car restraints; and 3) Survey a sample of the parents of children with one of the selected diagnoses to investigate the specific problems they are experiencing with car restraints. Seven main neurological diagnoses were selected: cerebral palsy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, intellectual disability, acquired brain damage (e.g., cerebral hypoxia), and others (e.g., encephalitis, meningitis, brain tumor, arteriovenous malformation). The number in Victoria needing specialized restraints was estimated as 6,200 children, 0.52% of the population aged 0-18 years with neurological disabilities and an additional number of children with behavioral difficulties and orthopedic disabilities. The problems and improvements centered around the comfort of the child and ease of use of the car restraint, including prevention of misuse by the child. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child seat belts KW - Children KW - Comfort KW - Disabled KW - Mental disorders KW - Misuse KW - Neurological disorders KW - Neurology KW - Orthopedic disabilities KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Physical disabilities KW - Restraint systems KW - Specialized restraints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740660 AU - Pomerleau, D AU - Kumar, P AU - Everson, J AU - Lazofson, L AU - Kopala, E AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES, TASK 3. VOLUME 1 PY - 1995/08/23 SP - 147 p. AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is to address the single vehicle crash problem through application of technology to prevent and/or reduce the severity of these crashes. This report describes the findings of the Task 3 effort. Task 3 focused on testing of existing technology to meet the functional goals for run-off-road countermeasures identified in Task 2. These tests included all aspects of countermeasure performance, including sensing functions, algorithm or decision making functions and driver interface functions. Tests of existing technology were performed using a range of techniques and facilities, including laboratory experiments, in-vehicle tests and driving simulator tests. Two primary categories of run-off-road countermeasure technologies were tested in this effort - lateral countermeasures and longitudinal countermeasures. Lateral countermeasures are designed to prevent run-off-road crashes in which the vehicle drifts from its lane because of driver inattention or because the driver relinquishes steering control due to drowsiness, intoxication or some other medical condition. Technology tested in this category included forward and downward looking vision systems for sensing the vehicle's lateral position on the roadway. Longitudinal countermeasures are designed to prevent run-off-road crashes in which the vehicle departs the road due to excessive speed for the roadway geometry or pavement conditions. Technology tested in this category included a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) and digital maps for sensing the distance to, and the severity of, upcoming curves. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash severity KW - Digital maps KW - Driving simulators KW - Global Positioning System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mitigation KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vision KW - Vision systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6236/882.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736805 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Jackson, J L AU - Pomerleau, D A AU - Romano, R A AU - Perterson, A AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES, TASK 3. VOLUME 2 PY - 1995/08/23 SP - 197 p. AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is to address the single vehicle crash problem through application of technology to prevent and/or reduce the severity of these crashes. This report describes the findings of the driving simulator experiments conducted for Task 3. In these experiments, 64 subjects drove a simulated vehicle over a 40-minute course on the Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS), a six degree-of-freedom, moving-base simulator with a wide field-of-view image generation system. For 48 of the subjects, the vehicle was equipped with lateral and longitudinal countermeasures to warn the driver of roadway departure danger. Different subjects experienced a variety of countermeasure algorithms and driver interfaces, including auditory, haptic and combined auditory and haptic displays. There were also 16 subjects who drove the same simulated course, but received no countermeasure support. Results suggest that the roadway departure countermeasures have potential for preventing crashes. Driver interfaces that provide information about the appropriate driver response appear to have some performance benefit. Either auditory or haptic displays appear promising, but a combination auditory and haptic display appeared to produce driver overload. KW - Auditory displays KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash severity KW - Driving simulators KW - Experiments KW - Information display systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tactile perception UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6237/820.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719536 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER GUIDE TO UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING PY - 1995/08/10 SP - 53 p. AB - This report contains grade designations for treadwear, traction, and temperature for passenger car tires as of August 10, 1995. All passenger car tires must conform to federal safety requirements in addition to these grades. KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Grades KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Slopes KW - Temperature KW - Tire quality KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Treadwear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399250 AU - Gish, K W AU - Staplin, L AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Human factors aspects of using head up displays in automobiles: a review of the literature PY - 1995/08 IS - DOT HS 808 320 SP - 75p AB - This document provides an overview of studies investigating the use of HUDs by aviators and drivers, including a summary of HUD research variables, test procedures and study results. The predicted performance advantages of automotive HUDs include increased eyes-on-the-road time and reduced re-accommodation time, particularly for the older driver. To date, the research does not provide robust evidence for operationally significant performance advantages due to HUDS. However, conclusions are equivocal due to the interaction of independent variables such as workload, display complexity and age. Studies indicate that key operator performance issues with HUDs include contrast interference, where HUD symbology masks safety-critical targets in the forward driving scene, and cognitive capture, or degradation of responses to external targets due to the processing of information from a HUD image. In general, the review supports and extends earlier findings that HUD information cannot be processed separately from external roadway information. Countermeasures reviewed in this paper include the use of conformal symbology, and auditory HUDS. The review identifies a number of implementation issues for automotive HUDS: (1) reliable measures of the effect of HUD use on responses to priority external targets must be obtained, under realistic operating conditions; (2) practical considerations of cost, size, and adaptability to a range of driver eye heights figure prominently if the use of HUDs in the private vehicle fleet in the US is to become routine; and (3) driver age and associated visual/cognitive performance differences which are commonly linked to safe vehicle operation must be taken into account during product design, development, and testing. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems (ADIS) KW - Age KW - Age KW - Attention KW - Attention KW - Comprehension KW - Comprehension KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Human factors KW - Human factors KW - Instrument panel KW - Instrument panels KW - Literature review KW - Literature reviews KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398379 AU - Pomerleau, D AU - Kumar, P AU - Everson, J AU - Lazofson, L AU - Kopala, E AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Run-off-road collision avoidance countermeasures using IVHS countermeasures; task 3 report, volume 1 PY - 1995/08 IS - DOT HS 808 501 SP - 105p + appendices KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident type KW - Behavior KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash types KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Human factors KW - Human machine interface KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Run off the road accident KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743784 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nikkel, C AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - NEW OFFSET CRASH TESTS SPREAD ALARM, NOT FACTS PY - 1995/08 VL - 47 IS - 8 SP - p. 27 AB - With an alarming warning that "your car may not be as safe as you think", ABC's "Dateline" recently unveiled the results of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's (IIHS) offset barrier crash tests at 40 mph. Of 14 midsize cars tested, only three - Chevy Lumina, Ford Taurus GL, and Volvo 850 - scored well enough on the leg-injury portion to earn a "best pick" rating. Several auto makers pointed out, though, that while IIHS and "Dateline" chose to underscore poor results in injuries to the lower legs, the show glossed over the important fact that all 14 vehicles received "good" marks in the category of fatal or serious injury to head and chest-which is where NHTSA places its highest priority. NHTSA said they do not have enough funds to conduct offset crash tests, and when asked if they would use additional funding for offset crash tests they said no. They would use the funds to investigate side impact crashes. The other 11 models tested, in descending order, scored poorly for structural intrusion of engine and chassis components and metallic supports into the passenger cabin: Toyota Camry, Subaru Legacy, Honda Accord, Mazda Millennia, Saab 900, Ford Contour, Volkswagen Passat, Chevrolet Cavalier, Mitsubishi Gallant, Chrysler Cirrus, and Nissan Maxima. KW - Chest injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Leg KW - Leg injuries KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Thorax KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle front end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00728466 AU - Leaf, W A AU - Preusser, D F AU - Preusser Research Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF YOUTH PEER-TO-PEER IMPAIRED DRIVING PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/08 SP - 89 p. AB - More than 16,000 high schools in the United States have youth peer-to-peer groups that encourage students to refrain from drinking, drinking and driving, and riding in a vehicle with a drinking driver. While each of these groups is unique, most refer to themselves as SADD (Students Against Driving Drunk) chapters. Selected highly active chapters were studied in Arizona, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Focus group results indicated that chapter members, primarily female, are leaders in many school and community activities. School-wide surveys conducted in six active peer-to-peer program schools and six comparison schools without active peer-to-peer programs (N = 17,484) indicated that students attending an active-program school were exposed to substantially more in-school activities directed against drinking and drinking and driving. They were also more likely to hold attitudes reflecting positive reasons as to why not to use alcohol. Student self-reported behavior and data covering police-reported crashes were inconclusive. It was felt that student activities such as SADD can be an important component of a total community strategy to deal with underage drinking. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - High schools KW - Peer groups KW - Prevention KW - Safety programs KW - Students Against Drunk Driving KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25866/DOT-HS-808-309.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/465349 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723879 AU - National Safety Council TI - MANAGING HIGHWAY SAFETY: A BUSINESS APPROACH. PROCEEDINGS FROM THE JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE 21ST INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON TRAFFIC RECORDS AND HIGHWAY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THE 4TH NHTSA CONFERENCE ON THE ANALYSIS OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY DATA, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, AUGUST 6-9, 1995 PY - 1995/08 SP - 163p AB - The contents of the proceedings are as follows: OPENING SESSION: S. Olson, Presiding; Welcome to Milwaukee, T. Witkowski; Welcome to Conference, G.F. Scannell; and Keynote Speaker, N. Bufe; GENERAL SESSION I: Identifying and Meeting Decision Makers' Information Needs: Moderator, J. Cirillo; Speakers: J.H. Hedlund, B. Smith, and J.S. Polenske; GENERAL SESSION II: Decision Making in a Business Environment: Moderator, D.W. Carter; Speakers: R.A. Scopatz, D. Ainsworth, and F.R. Ross; GENERAL SESSION III: Traffic Records, the Safety Management System, and Managing Safety: Moderator, J.F. Paniati; Speakers: T. Woodworth, M. Manthey, and M.E. Florey; GENERAL SESSION IV: From "Islands of Information" to "Decision Support Systems": Really Transforming Data into Information: Moderator, L. Jackson; Speakers: L. Jackson, R. Stanley, and T. Mulcahy; GENERAL SESSION V: Emerging Technologies and Applications for the 21st Century: Moderator, M.S. Schumacher; Speakers: K.L. Schwartz, T. Dillinger, and P. Pisano; SPECIAL EVENING SESSION: Using MINICODES and Data Linkage Software: Instructor: S. Johnson; NHTSA CONCURRENT WORKSHOPS: (A-1) Using Linked Data in Highway and Traffic Safety Analysis, Instructors: K. Kim and L. Nitz; (B-1) Basic Highway Safety Analytical Procedures, Instructor: R.Q. Brackett; (C-1) Factors Confounding Highway Safety Outcome Evaluation, Instructor: D. Thompson; (D-1) Applications of Outcome Measures in Highway Safety Programs, Instructor: E. MacKenzie; CONCURRENT SESSIONS: Tools for the Transformation -- Applications of New Technology and Strategic Planning: (1-A) Improving the Efficiency of Data Collection: Moderator, C. Mosher; Speakers: T. Dillinger, E. Serra, and D. Price; (2-A) Data Maintenance and Access: Moderator, R.E. Paddock; Speakers: G. Choquette, D. Harmon, C. Braam, and W. Callahan; (3-A) Applications and Uses of Information: Moderator, J.J. Zogby; Speakers: B. Hivner, E.V. Milton, and J.J. Zogby; (4-A) Implementing Strategic Plans: Moderator, J. Latteral; Speakers: M.L. Edwards, S. Martinez, J. Emery, and U.G. Templeton; and (5-A) On-Site Visit to the Highway Monitoring System in Milwaukee: Guide, M.S. Schumacher; Speaker: S. Young. U1 - Managing Highway Safety: A Business ApproachNational Safety Council; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Milwaukee, Wisconsin StartDate:19950806 EndDate:19950809 Sponsors:National Safety Council; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Access control (Communications) KW - Applications KW - Conferences KW - Data access KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Data maintenance KW - Data protection KW - Decision making KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highway monitoring systems KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Information organization KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Records management KW - Safety management KW - Software KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723743 AU - Stuster, J W AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SPEED ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/08 SP - v.p. AB - Three California communities were selected to participate in the study on the basis of comparability and isolation from each other. Two of the communities' police departments implemented special speed enforcement programs focused on six zones within each community. The third community refrained from implementing any special traffic enforcement effort for the six-month duration of the programs, provided crash, speed, and crime data for six comparable control zones, and served as a comparison site in the quasi-experiment. Officers in both experimental communities spent, on average, more than 8 hours each week conducting radar and laser-assisted speed enforcement in each of the special enforcement zones. Project staff also organized traffic safety program support committees in the experimental communities. The committees planned and implemented extensive publicity programs to elevate public awareness of the special enforcement efforts. Crash, speed sample, and crime data were obtained from the participating police departments and a statewide reporting system. The primary dependent measure of program impact was the incidence of injury, fatal, and property damage only crashes in which unsafe speed, following-too-closely, or right-of-way violation was the primary collision factor. No significant differences in effectiveness between the two special enforcement programs were found. However, the experimental communities experienced declines in the numbers of speed-related crashes of 11.3% and 1.1%, while the same categories of crashes increased by 3.4% in the comparison community. A statistically significant reduction in speed-related crashes was found in one of the experimental communities. Times series analysis found no significant declines in all crashes, suggesting that program effects were confined to the primary collision factors associated with vehicle speed. Further, unobtrusive measures of vehicle speed found 19% and 10% declines in the numbers of vehicles exceeding the limits in the two experimental communities, while the numbers of speeders declined by only 3% in the comparison community. The incidence of Part I and Part II crimes in the special enforcement and control zones was analyzed for all three communities. Both experimental communities experienced statistically significant declines in the incidence of the only type of Part I crime that is equally likely to occur during daylight hours as at night (i.e., when the special enforcement was conducted). Paired samples analyses found the 11% and 12% declines in larceny/theft to be statistically significant, and attributable to the deterrence effects of the special enforcement programs; larceny/theft declined by only 1.7% statewide and increased by 4% in the control zones of the comparison community. Overall, the research showed that municipal speed enforcement programs can have significant, positive effects on measures of public opinion, traffic safety, and crime. KW - Awareness KW - Communities KW - Crimes KW - Deterrence KW - Improvements KW - Lasers KW - Publicity KW - Radar KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25927/DOT-HS-808-325.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723740 AU - Gish, K W AU - Staplin, Loren AU - Scientex Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS ASPECTS OF USING HEAD UP DISPLAYS IN AUTOMOBILES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1995/08 SP - 87 p. AB - This document provides an overview of studies investigating the use of head-up displays (HUDs) by aviators and drivers, including a summary of HUD research variables, test procedures and study results. The predicted performance advantages of automotive HUDs include increased eyes-on-the-road time and reduced reaccommodation time, particularly for the older driver. To date, the research does not provide robust evidence for operationally significant performance advantages due to HUDs. However, conclusions are equivocal due to the interaction of independent variables such as workload, display complexity and age. Studies indicate that key operator performance issues with HUDs include "contrast interference", where HUD symbology masks safety-critical targets in the forward driving scene, and "cognitive capture", or degradation of responses to external targets due to the processing of information from a HUD image. In general, the review supports and extends earlier findings that HUD information cannot be processed separately from external roadway information. Countermeasures reviewed in this paper include the use of conformal symbology, and auditory HUDs. The review identifies a number of implementation issues for automotive HUDs: (1) reliable measures of the effect of HUD use on responses to priority external targets must be obtained, under realistic operating conditions; (2) practical considerations of cost, size, and adaptability to a range of driver eye heights figure prominently if the use of HUDs in the private vehicle fleet in the U.S. is to become routine; and (3) driver age and associated visual/cognitive performance differences which are commonly linked to safe vehicle operation must be taken into account during product design, development, and testing. KW - Age KW - Cognitive capture KW - Contrast interference KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response time KW - Guides to the literature KW - Head up displays KW - Human factors KW - Literature reviews KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Symbols UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721508 AU - Peck, R C AU - Healey, E J AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - CALIFORNIA'S NEGLIGENT OPERATOR TREATMENT PROGRAM EVALUATION SYSTEM, 1976-1995. AN OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS AND PROGRAM IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1995/08 SP - 30 p. AB - This report is a chronological review of an evaluation system which was initiated in the early 1970s and which was terminated at the end of 1994. Originally known as the Post Licensing Control Reporting and Evaluation System (PLCRES) and later as the Negligent Operator Treatment Evaluation System (NOTES), it produced a large number of evaluation reports over the period 1976-1995. The purpose of this report is to summarize what was learned from the evaluation system and to document how the results were used to improve program effectiveness. Among the findings are the following: (1) All components of the program had a significant effect in reducing the rate of subsequent traffic citations throughout the 20-year period covered; (2) Taken as a whole, the evidence indicates that all components of the program probably reduced the subsequent rate of accidents; (3) The total number of accidents prevented is closely related to the volume of drivers treated; (4) The negligent-operator program is highly cost-beneficial in that the economic value of the accidents prevented far exceeds the cost of the program; (5) The effectiveness of PLCRES declined over time, while NOTES produced markedly better results; (6) During the period of 1976-1994, it is estimated that the post-license control interventions prevented 30,000 accidents; and (7) The number of accidents prevented by the program peaked at close to 3,000 accidents prevented in 1986, and declined to 1,600 in 1994, due largely to reductions in the volume of drivers treated. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Intervention KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prevention KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Safety KW - Traffic citations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721507 AU - Romanowicz, P A AU - Hagge, R A AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE VALIDITY OF CALIFORNIA'S DRIVING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ROAD TEST PY - 1995/08 SP - 50 p. AB - This report presents findings of a validity evaluation of a prototype drive test, called the Driving Performance Evaluation (DPE), that was piloted in 30 California Department of Motor Vehicles field offices. The study represents the fourth stage in a four-stage project to develop an improved competency-based drive test for possible statewide implementation. The conclusions were as follows: The overall results of the analyses provide strong evidence that the DPE is a valid test. The DPE is more difficult than the current drive test, substantially increasing test fail rate. The DPE takes more than 10 minutes longer to administer than does the current drive test. If the DPE must be modified to reduce test length, freeway driving should not be eliminated. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prototype tests UR - http://apps.dmv.ca.gov/about/profile/rd/r_d_report/Section_2/S2-154.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719535 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 3D PREVENTION MONTH PLANNER: DECEMBER 1995 PY - 1995/08 SP - 52 p. AB - December is National Drunk and Drugged Driving (3D) Prevention Month. This "3D Prevention Month Planner" was prepared to assist community groups, government agencies, law enforcement and businesses throughout the nation to conduct 3D Month promotions and to tie their efforts into the December 1995 campaign theme, "Take a stand against impaired driving." The Planner contains suggestions for getting involved in anti-DWI efforts, sample media materials, fact sheets on various DWI-related topics, and information on national special events like "Lights on for Life", National Holiday Lifesaver Weekend, and MADD's Red Ribbon of Memories. The Media Materials section has practical tips on establishing good relationships with TV, radio and newspaper reporters. Also included is a section listing addresses and telephone numbers of NHTSA Regional Offices, State highway safety offices, and national groups and organizations involved with impaired driving and safety belt issues. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Mass media KW - National Drunk and Drugged Driving Prevention Month KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719541 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A RENAISSANCE CARS TROPICA ROADSTER INTO FLAT FRONTAL BARRIER AT 47.6 KPH PY - 1995/08 SP - 178 p. AB - A 48 kph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a Renaissance Cars Tropica Roadster at Transportation Research Center Inc. on June 5, 1995. This test was conducted to gather data concerning the application of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208, "Occupant Crash Protection". The impact velocity was 47.6 kph. The vehicle's maximum static crush was 730 mm. The ambient temperature was 23 deg C. The driver's Head Injury Criterion (HIC) was 373. The driver's chest maximum resultant acceleration with three milliseconds minimum duration was 41.8 g. The driver's chest maximum deflection was 31 mm. The driver's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 2750 N and 793 N, respectively. The passenger's HIC was 592. The passenger's chest maximum resultant acceleration with three milliseconds minimum duration was 40.1 g. The passenger's chest maximum deflection was 28 mm. The passenger's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 5536 N and 7664 N, respectively. KW - Axial forces KW - Axial loads KW - Chest acceleration KW - Chest deflection KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Drivers KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Femur KW - FMVSS 208 KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719534 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIRST RESPONDER: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM PY - 1995/08 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is a revision of the "Emergency Medical Services: First Responder Training Course" based upon the 1994 "EMT-Basic: National Standard Curriculum" and the "National EMS Education and Practice Blueprint". Its goal is to provide students with the core knowledge, skills and attitudes to function in the capacity of a first responder. The "First Responder: National Standard Curriculum" was designed and developed by a Curriculum Development Group of emergency medicine and education experts. It was subjected to two pilot tests, one in Raleigh, North Carolina (representing urban/metropolitan First Responders), and the other in New Prague, Minnesota (representing rural First Responders). It consists of an Instructor's Course Guide, designed and developed to assist the course coordinator, instructors, and others in planning, managing and teaching the "First Responder: National Standard Curriculum", and Instructor's Lesson Plans, composed of seven modules of instruction. There are 26 lessons within the seven modules. KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical services KW - First responders KW - Instructor course guide KW - Lesson plans KW - Standardization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/200/267/00267.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719368 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY GRANT MANAGEMENT MANUAL PY - 1995/08 SP - v.p. AB - The contents of this manual are as follows: Section I - Documents covering highway safety grants for state, local and Indian tribal governments; and Section II - Documents covering funding for universities, hospitals and other nonprofit organizations. KW - Grant aid KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713512 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY FACTS 1994: A COMPILATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH DATA FROM THE FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM AND THE GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM PY - 1995/08 SP - 204 p. AB - This annual report presents descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. Information from two of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) primary data systems has been combined to create a single source for motor vehicle crash statistics. These two data systems are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and the National Accident Sampling System/General Estimates System (GES). The report is presented in five chapters and three appendices. Chapter 1, "Trends", presents data from all years of FARS (1975 through 1994) and GES (1988 through 1994). The remaining chapters present data only from 1994. Chapter 2, "Crashes", describes general characteristics of crashes, such as when and how often they occurred, where they occurred, and what happened during the crash. Chapter 3, "Vehicles", concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in crashes and the damage to the vehicles. Chapter 4, "People", is the largest chapter of this report, with statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists. The last chapter of the report, "States", contains information about crashes for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Terms used throughout the report are defined in the Glossary. Appendix A contains FARS Data Elements, Appendix B GES Data Elements, and Appendix C a Technical Note. An Index is provided. KW - Characteristics KW - Cyclists KW - Damages KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - General Estimates System KW - Glossaries KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713011 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM 1991-1993 PY - 1995/08 SP - 130 p. AB - During the period 1991 through 1993, an estimated 10.6 million vehicles each year were involved in police-reported traffic crashes. Approximately 95% of these were automobiles, pickup trucks, vans, and sport/utility vehicles, collectively referred to as passenger vehicles. Most of these vehicles were not seriously damaged: less than 29% of them were towed from the crash scene due to damage sustained. Approximately 46,000 were involved in fatal crashes each year. This report focuses attention on occupants of those passenger vehicles that were towed from the crash scene. NHTSA's National Accident Sampling System (NASS) / Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) collects detailed information on towed passenger vehicle crashes, employing trained, professional accident investigation teams. The in-depth data collection, scientific protocols, and professionalism of those involved make the NASS/CDS database a valuable resource to many in the traffic safety community. NASS data are used by government, industry, and the private sector to conduct research, identify injury patterns and mechanisms, provide a basis for regulatory decision making, and provide a means of evaluating the association between occupant injury and various crash-related characteristics. This report is presented in the following sections: Executive Summary; (1) Introduction; (2) Perspective; (3) Vehicle Crash Data; (4) Occupant Injury Data; (5) Data on Injuries to Children; and Appendixes. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Damages KW - Data collection KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury statistics KW - Intrusion KW - Loss and damage KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744489 AU - Washington Consulting Group, Incorporated TI - NATIONAL OCCUPANT PROTECTION USE SURVEY PY - 1995/07/31 SP - 178 p. AB - The primary purpose of the National Occupancy Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) was to estimate the safety belt use rate of front-seat occupants in passenger vehicles which are generally covered by the state safety belt laws--automobiles and light trucks (vans, pickups and utility vehicles). Separate estimates were desired for the following subdomains: type of vehicle - automobiles and light trucks; type of front seat occupant - driver and right front seat occupant; type of road - Interstate, U.S./State route, and other roads; type of area - urban, suburban and rural; age - infant, toddler, youth, young adult, and 25 years old and older; sex; race; motorcycle helmet use; child restraint use; and vehicle license plate to obtain detailed vehicle information. NOPUS is composed of three separate restraint studies: the Moving Traffic Study which provides information on overall shoulder belt use; the Controlled Intersection Study which provides more detailed information about shoulder belt use by type of vehicle, characteristics of the belt users and child restraint use; and the Shopping Center Study which provides information on rear-seat belt use and shoulder belt misuse. In addition to the three NOPUS studies, this report discusses the Occupancy Count Study which was performed at the same sites as the Controlled Intersection Study to obtain estimates of average number of occupants per vehicle for various types of vehicles. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Gender KW - License plates KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Race KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Rural areas KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder belts KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Suburbs KW - Urban areas KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472105 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01398248 AU - Prasad, A K AU - Clarke, R M AU - Willke, D W AU - Monk, M W AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Reducing heavy truck aggressivity in collisions with passenger cars PY - 1995/07 IS - DOT HS 808 476 SP - 22p + appendix KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident severity KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact studies KW - Impact study KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle aggressivity KW - Vehicle incompatibility KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166031 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743737 JO - Smithsonian PB - Smithsonian Associates AU - Wolkomir, R AU - Smithsonian Associates TI - SITTING IN OUR STEAD: CRASH DUMMIES TAKE THE HARD KNOCKS FOR ALL OF US PY - 1995/07 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - p. 29-41 AB - This article discusses crash dummies, who act as stunt doubles for human beings in automobile crashes. They repeatedly crash into walls to show what would happen to us. GM engineers say 30% of their crashes are to make sure new cars meet federal safety regulations. The rest are to work out bugs in prototype cars or equipment. Each instrumented dummy costs nearly $100,000. There are "50th Percentile males", an average Joe of 5 feet 8 and 170 pounds, a "5th Percentile Female", who is small enough to serve also as a teenager, and children in assorted sizes. These dummies test airbag deployment, side impact airbags, air bags when the individual is belted (and not), air bags when the individual is slumped over the steering wheel, and other crash variables. Side impact tests, and leg injuries are relatively new areas of investigation, as are tests for air bags deploying out of the sides of the steering wheel column. The crash dummies are instrumented to measure the impacts of injuries under different crash conditions. KW - Adolescents KW - Adults KW - Air bag deployment KW - Air bags KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Fatalities KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Measuring instruments KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Seat belts KW - Side crashes KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00789216 AU - Hu, P S AU - Trumble, D AU - Lu, A AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVING DECISIONS AND VEHICLE CRASHES AMONG OLDER DRIVERS PY - 1995/07 SP - 189 p. AB - American society is undergoing a major demographic transformation. A larger proportion of the population is becoming older and an increasing number of older individuals are licensed to drive and they drive more than their age cohorts a decade ago. This trend poses a problem because older drivers have higher vehicle crash rates. The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors that increase older drivers' involvement in crashes, and factors that influence older drivers' decisions on driving. This report summarizes results of cross-sectional/time series analyses of a panel database that was developed using the data from the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study. Factors that significantly contribute to older drivers' decisions to stop driving or to change their driving behavior, and factors that increase the likelihood of older drivers being involved in vehicle crashes are reported. Future research needs are presented. KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash rates KW - Demographics KW - Physiological aspects KW - Psychological aspects KW - Risk assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5882/older.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/647753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744465 AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - HEADLAMP BEAM-PATTERN SHIFTS WITH THERMOPLASTIC COMPLEX REFLECTORS: A COMPARISON TO SHIFTS FROM OTHER CAUSES PY - 1995/07 SP - 24 p. AB - Traditional headlamps use functional lenses that focus or disperse the light. Thus, the optical control of traditional headlamps is achieved, to a large extent, by the lenses. In contrast, one of the new trends in automotive headlighting eliminates the need for functional lenses by incorporating the optics in the reflectors. However, thermal effects in headlamps with such reflectors have a greater influence on the location of the beam pattern than in headlamps with conventional reflectors, especially if the complex reflector is made of a thermoplastic material. A study by Sherman et al. (1995) reported the vertical and horizontal beam-pattern shifts with thermoplastic complex reflectors to be on the order of 0.13 degrees and 0.08 degrees, respectively. The present study was designed to evaluate these beam-pattern shifts relative to shifts from other known causes. The analysis indicates that the shifts in the beam pattern associated with the use of thermoplastic complex reflectors of the magnitude reported by Sherman et al. (1995) will not appreciably change the current on-the-road misaim of low-beam headlamps in the United States. KW - Headlamp aiming KW - Headlamp tests KW - Headlamps KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Pattern shifts KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743255 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Zhang, Hongli AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Naval Air Warfare Center TI - ROLL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE TARVAN PY - 1995/07 SP - 34 p. AB - The TARVAN is a special purpose, highway semitrailer used by the U.S. Navy for the transportation of rocket motors and components of missiles. It is typically hauled by standard commercial tractors on public highways by operators under contract to the Navy. The purpose of this project was to assess the roll stability of the TARVAN trailer fitted with a C-4, first-stage, inert rocket motor and in combination with a representative commercial highway tractor. That assessment was accomplished by direct measurement of the static roll stability of the vehicle using UMTRI's commercial vehicle tilt table facility. Four repeats of a tilt table test of this TARVAN test vehicle showed the static rollover threshold of the vehicle to be 0.26g. This is judged as poor stability and is expected to result in about one rollover event every million miles of highway travel. The relative importance of various facets of the TARVAN in determining the vehicle's rollover threshold are evaluated. Design changes that could improve roll stability are suggested and evaluated. KW - Analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Safety KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Static stability KW - Tarvan KW - Tilting KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - United States Navy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471485 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719372 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Sivak, M AU - Campbell, K L AU - Schneider, L W AU - Sprague, J K AU - Streff, F M AU - Waller, P F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE SAFETY & MOBILITY OF OLDER DRIVERS: WHAT WE KNOW & PROMISING RESEARCH ISSUES PY - 1995/07 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 21 p. AB - This issue of UMTRI Research Review addresses the safety and mobility of older drivers. The report is presented in five sections. The first section, Introduction, summarizes the literature on older drivers and traffic safety. The next section, Mobility, Travel Patterns, and Well-Being of Older Drivers, focuses on issues surrounding the mobility needs and desires of older persons, current and projected travel patterns of this group, and how the use of personal vehicles affects the emotional and physical well-being of older persons. These issues impact not only safety, but also the design and marketing of vehicles appropriate for this booming market segment. The third section, Vision, Perception, and Attention of Older Drivers, summarizes major findings concerning age-related changes in anatomy, vision, perception, and attention, as well as the relationships of these changes to driving performance and driving accidents. A discussion of topics for future research in this area follows. Among these topics are automatic vs. controlled processing, divided attention: the role of the demand on motor coordination, divided attention: usefulness of nonvisual information channels, selective attention: ignoring irrelevant information, and the useful field of view (UFOV). The next section, Human Biomechanics and Aging in the Automotive Environment, provides a brief overview of current knowledge of biomechanical changes in the human body with age that may affect the ability of elderly persons to access and/or safely operate motor vehicles, and that may increase their susceptibility to, and recovery from, injuries in a crash. Biomechanical factors discussed include muscular strength, reflex and reaction times, manual dexterity, joint range of motion, and mechanical tissue properties. The final section, Alcohol, Aging, and Driving Performance, summarizes major past findings in this area and indicates two possible areas of future research: (1) Investigation of the factors associated with drinking and driving, particularly for the cohort of women currently age 20 to 40, and design of appropriate interventions to reduce the probability of drinking and driving behavior persisting into later years; and (2) Investigation of gender differences in driving-related performance as a function of alcohol. KW - Aged drivers KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Biophysics KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guides to the literature KW - Injuries KW - Literature reviews KW - Mobility KW - Personnel performance KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel patterns KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719369 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - MONTHLY TRAFFIC FATALITY REPORT: REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ESTIMATES, JULY 1995 PY - 1995/07 SP - 4 p. AB - An estimated 3,662 fatalities occurred in the United States in July 1995, showing a 3.4% decrease when compared to the same month in 1994. The twelve month total for the period ending July 1995 shows a 0.2% increase from the corresponding total of the previous year. Tables and graphs are presented summarizing the statistics on highway fatalities for the last twelve month period and comparing these data with the corresponding period of the prior year for both the Nation and the 10 administrative regions of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798218 AU - Wilson, T AU - Frontier Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION PY - 1995/06/28 SP - 29 p. AB - This report is from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored program, "IVHS Countermeasures for Rear-End Collisions". In this Interim Report (Volume V), preliminary performance specifications for the Automatic Control System (ACS) are developed and represented. Automatic Control Systems would take temporary control of the vehicle, such as braking and/or steering, to avoid a dangerous situation. These performance specifications are based on all activities and results of the contract to date. The report covers the applicable documents, system classification, requirements of the performance specifications for ACS, the qualification tests and definitions. The requirements section includes the system requirements, driver controls, and driver display. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automatic control KW - Braking KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Instrument displays KW - Performance KW - Rear end crashes KW - Specifications KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719537 AU - Fairbanks, R J AU - Fahey, S E AU - Wierwille, W W AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg TI - RESEARCH ON VEHICLE-BASED DRIVER STATUS/PERFORMANCE MONITORING: SEVENTH SEMI-ANNUAL RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1995/06/15 SP - 137 p. AB - This report describes new findings supplementing previous project reports on driving simulation studies to develop detection algorithms and effective advisory, alarm, and alerting stimuli for a vehicle-based drowsy driver detection/warning system. Part I describes attempts to further optimize previously-reported driver drowsiness detection algorithms by the use of time-on-task variables, assessment of the predictive power of algorithms, use of prior time segment data along with current data, and "cropping" of outliers to minimize their possible spurious effects. Part II reports an experimental study to identify effective advisory, alarm, and alertness-maintaining stimuli to be used in a drowsy driver detection system. A three-stage system is conceptualized: monitoring/detection, advisory/alarm, and alertness maintenance. Various advisory, alarm, and alertness-maintaining stimuli were tested to determine optimal stimuli to be used in a vehicle-based drowsy driver detection/warning system. KW - Alarm systems KW - Alertness KW - Algorithms KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Detectors KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Monitoring KW - Personnel performance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/1717.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740659 AU - Pierowicz, J A AU - Pomerleau, D A AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Bollman, E S AU - Schmitt, N J AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES, TASK 2. VOLUME 2: SUPPORT DATA PY - 1995/06/07 SP - 215 p. AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is to address the single vehicle crash problem through application of technology to prevent and/or reduce the severity of these crashes. This volume contains a summary of the data used to develop the run-off-road collision taxonomy and functional goals for run-off-road collision countermeasures. A summary sheet is provided for each case, containing basic information about the case, as well as data on the time it took for the vehicle to depart the roadway. The methods used to calculate these departure times is also provided. An accident collision diagram is included for each case with a superimposed timeline. The timeline depicts interpolated times for each known vehicle position during the run-off-road crash sequence. Also included in this volume are descriptions of countermeasure functional goals applied to the causal factor groupings of these cases. KW - Collision taxonomy KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Diagrams KW - Functional goals KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mitigation KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Strategic planning KW - Taxonomy KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738710 AU - Pierowicz, J A AU - Pomerleau, D A AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Bollman, E S AU - Schmitt, N J AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RUN-OFF-ROAD COLLISION AVOIDANCE COUNTERMEASURES USING IVHS COUNTERMEASURES, TASK 2. VOLUME 1: TECHNICAL FINDINGS PY - 1995/06/07 SP - 123 p. AB - The Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program is to address the single vehicle crash problem through application of technology to prevent and/or reduce the severity of these crashes. This report describes and documents the analysis sequence conducted in Task 2 to achieve the following objectives: Establish Collision Taxonomy, the run-off-road collision population is to be classified in subsets that provide a basis for identifying opportunities for intervention in the sequence of events leading to a crash; and Develop Functional Goals, on the basis of the consequences and factors that precede run-off-road collision subsets, determine functional goals that will eliminate or mitigate the severity of these crashes. KW - Collision taxonomy KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Functional goals KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intervention KW - Mitigation KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Strategic planning KW - Taxonomy KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400236 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Heavy vehicle research - a new agenda for the 21st century PY - 1995/06 SP - 1 vol KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident cause KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Activity report KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Driving KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injury prevention KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor vehicle dynamics KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Stability analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Usa KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle handling KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399251 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - Johns Hopkins University AU - COMSIS Corporation TI - Understanding youthful risk taking and driving PY - 1995/06 IS - DOT HS 808 318 SP - 142p AB - Injuries from motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for young persons, accounting for more than one-fifth of all deaths in the late teenage years. Youthful drivers are substantially over-represented in motor vehicle crashes compared to all other age groups. They have the highest crash rates regardless of whether the rate is based on number of licensed drivers or on number of vehicle miles traveled. In order to develop an understanding of the over representation of youths in motor vehicle crashes it was necessary to look more broadly than at highway safety. This is because risky driving and other unsafe practices on the roadway system do not occur in a vacuum. They occur in the context of social, cultural, developmental, and other influences. Thus, the purpose of this literature review was to assess the state of knowledge available on risk taking behavior that would contribute to gaining a better understanding of youthful risk taking within this broader context. To accomplish this goal, a review of theoretical as well as research articles was conducted. This review is summarized in this report. KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Literature review KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Risk taking KW - Risk taking KW - Young adults KW - Young driver UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398925 AU - Najm, W AU - Mironer, M AU - Koziol, J AU - Wang, J - AU - Knipling, R R AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Synthesis report: examination of target vehicular crashes and potential ITS countermeasures PY - 1995/06 IS - DOT HS 808 263 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) AB - This report synthesizes the results of a preliminary analysis of nine major target crashes: (1) rear-end, (2) backing, (3) lane change and merge, (4) single vehicle roadway departure, (5) opposite direction, (6) signalized intersection, straight crossing path, (7) unsignalized intersection, straight crossing path, (8) left turn across path, and (9) reduced visibility. This report provides statistical descriptions of target crash sizes and characteristics, identifies crash subtypes and causal factors, defines intelligent transportation system (ITS) collision avoidance system (CAS) concepts, and includes a sample of kinematic models representing crash avoidance actions. A case-by-case examination of a sample of 1,183 crashes identified 18 crash subtypes and showed that driver recognition and driver decision errors were the primary causes of 44% and 23% of target crashes, respectively. The CAS concepts discussed in this report provide mechanisms of intervention in three basic categories: advisory, warning, and automatic control intervention. Crash avoidance actions are kinematically modeled as applied to target crash subtypes in terms of braking, steering, and holding course actions. This report concludes by highlighting key results of the analysis. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident type KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems (ADIS) KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) KW - Collision avoidance system KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash types KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398453 AU - Pierowicz, J A AU - Pomerleau, D A AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Bollman, E S AU - Schmitt, N J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Run-off-road collision avoidance countermeasures using IVHS countermeasures: Task 2 final interim report: volume 1: technical findings PY - 1995/06 IS - DOT HS 808 499 SP - 106p KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Crash analysis KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Run off the road accident KW - Single vehicle accident KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398378 AU - Pierowicz, J A AU - Pomerleau, D A AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Bollman, E S AU - Schmitt, N J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Run-off-road collision avoidance countermeasures using IVHS countermeasures; task 2 final interim report, volume 2: support data PY - 1995/06 IS - DOT HS 808 500 SP - 209p KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident type KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash types KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Run off the road accident KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166161 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743793 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Dionne, G AU - Desjardins, D AU - LABERGE-NADEAU, C AU - Maag, U AU - Elsevier TI - MEDICAL CONDITIONS, RISK EXPOSURE, AND TRUCK DRIVERS' ACCIDENTS: AN ANALYSIS WITH COUNT DATA REGRESSION MODELS PY - 1995/06 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 295-305 AB - Recent studies do not agree on the possible relationship between medical conditions and traffic safety; most of them do not control for exposure factors. This problem has become more pertinent for scientific studies because of litigation that showed that present regulations about access to driver permits might contravene human rights legislation. In this study, the authors estimate the effect of different medical conditions on truck drivers' distribution of accidents. Their data and models permit simultaneous control for age; medical conditions; exposure factors measured by hours, kilometers, and qualitative factors; and other characteristics of truck drivers. Their results show that diabetic truck drivers of the permit class for straight trucks have more accidents than drivers in good health. No other studied medical condition has a significant effect on individual accident distributions. Many risk exposure variables are also significant. The effect of age is discussed in detail. KW - Age KW - Crash exposure KW - Diabetes KW - Diabetics KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Hazards KW - Human characteristics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474644 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743792 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Gabella, B AU - Reiner, K L AU - Hoffman, R E AU - Cook, M AU - Stallones, L AU - Elsevier TI - RELATIONSHIP OF HELMET USE AND HEAD INJURIES AMONG MOTORCYCLE CRASH VICTIMS IN EL PASO COUNTY, COLORADO, 1989-1990 PY - 1995/06 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 363-369 AB - A case-control study was conducted in El Paso County, Colorado, to estimate differences in risk of head injury among persons in motorcycle crashes who were or were not wearing helmets. There were 71 cases, motorcyclists with head injuries from crashes, and 417 controls, motorcyclists in crashes without head injuries. Motorcyclists not wearing helmets were 2.4 times as likely to sustain head injuries (95% confidence limits: 1.23, 4.70) than motorcyclists wearing helmets. This odds ratio was adjusted for age and crash characteristics, using logistic regression. Alcohol intoxication and severity of motorcycle damage were also associated with significantly elevated odds ratios related to sustaining a head injury. KW - Crash injuries KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474643 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743794 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Retting, R A AU - Williams, A F AU - Preusser, D F AU - WEINSTEIN, H B AU - Elsevier TI - CLASSIFYING URBAN CRASHES FOR COUNTERMEASURE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1995/06 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 283-294 AB - Efforts to reduce urban crash rates have been hampered by a lack of information about motor vehicle crash types. The present study is based on a systematic sample of 4,526 police crash reports from four urban areas. The sample was weighted to give each area equal representation. Diagrams and narrative descriptions from each report were reviewed, and the most common crash types based on precrash driver/vehicle behavior, were identified. Fourteen crash types were defined, and five of these were found to account for 76% of all crash events and 83% of injury crashes. Although the rank order of the five types differed from city to city, they accounted for the vast majority (69%-81%) of the crashes in each. Potential countermeasures are discussed based on the predominant crash types identified in this study. For example, ran traffic control crashes, the most common type, might be reduced by changes in signal timing, providing all-red signal intervals, increasing sign visibility, and increasing sight distances. KW - Behavior KW - Classification KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Red KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signs KW - Urban areas KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474645 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743791 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Thurman, D J AU - Burnett, C L AU - Beaudoin, D E AU - Jeppson, L AU - Sniezek, J E AU - Elsevier TI - RISK FACTORS AND MECHANISMS OF OCCURRENCE IN MOTOR VEHICLE RELATED SPINAL CORD INJURIES: UTAH PY - 1995/06 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 411-415 AB - The purpose of this paper is to describe the incidence, risk factors, and crash factors of motor-vehicle-related spinal cord injuries in Utah. The Utah Department of Health established a statewide registry of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) occurring in 1989-1991, analyzing data from hospital medical records and police reports. Forty-nine percent of all SCIs involved motor vehicles, including injuries arising from motor vehicle collisions with bicyclists and pedestrians. Adolescent and young adult males were at highest risk of injury. Among occupants of automobiles and trucks with SCI, 70% were involved in a vehicle rollover, while 39% were ejected from the vehicle. Only 25% report using seatbelts. SCIs were much more likely to be associated with rollover compared with other types of motor vehicle occupant injuries. These findings suggest areas in which SCI prevention programs and research should be focused. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Ejection KW - Hazards KW - Incidence KW - Injuries KW - Males KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk assessment KW - Rollover crashes KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal cord injuries KW - Spinal injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Utah KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743257 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1994 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1995/06 SP - 24 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1994. Pertinent information is maintained concerning drivers, motor vehicles, highways, and traffic crashes. Other information is obtained from the state toxicologist, the Highway Patrol, and emergency medical services. The table of contents lists the following categories: Costs; Fatalities, North Dakota and National Fatality Rate; Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County 1994 - Map; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Crashes by County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device and Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Crash Involvement by Age, Sex and License of Driver; Driver Violation; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions - Fatal Crashes, Injury Crashes, All Crashes; Crashes by Manner of Collision; Reportable Crashes by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crashes by First Harmful Event; Crashes by Urban Population; Crash Severity by Vehicle Type; and Crashes by Roadway. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Costs KW - Counties KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Light KW - Light conditions KW - Motor vehicles KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passengers KW - Periods of the day KW - Restraint systems KW - Statistics KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type KW - Violations KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736049 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A NON-DEFORMABLE IMPACTOR INTO A 1990 HONDA CIVIC 3-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1995/06 SP - 237 p. AB - Four non-deformable impactor left side impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. The tests were conducted on a 1990 Honda Civic 3-door hatchback, VIN 2HGED6343LH574704, on May 18, 1995. The tests conducted were as follows: Test No. 950518-1: 32.5 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 242 mm; Test No. 950518-2: 32.7 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 360 mm; Test No. 950518-3: 32.2 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 457 mm; and Test No. 95051804: 56.5 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 732 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736045 AU - National Association of State EMS Directors AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PLANNING EMERGENCY MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS. VOLUME 1: STATE-LEVEL PLANNING GUIDE PY - 1995/06 SP - 176 p. AB - This volume of Planning Emergency Medical Communications, Volume 1, contains general background information and information regarding the two tiered approach to emergency medical services (EMS) communications planning. The first-tier plan focuses on factors necessary to ensure proper compatibility, interface, and coordination of local EMS communications within a statewide system. The contents are organized in the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) EMS Communications Needs; (3) EMS Communications System Components; (4) Public Access; (5) Dispatch & Coordination; (6) Medical Control Communications; (7) State Communications Planning; (8) EMS Communications History; (9) Emergency Medical Communications Plan; (10) EMS Radio Frequency Plan; (11) The Regional System; (12) Communications System Components; and (13) System Concepts. Also included are seven appendices, selected references, suppliers of FCC license data, acronyms, a glossary, and an index. KW - Communications KW - Components KW - Emergency medical services KW - Radio frequencies KW - Radio frequency KW - Regional planning KW - State planning KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734534 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE SAFETY RESEARCH: A NEW AGENDA FOR THE 21ST CENTURY PY - 1995/06 SP - 52 p. AB - This report was prepared in response to Senate Report 103-310 of the Senate Appropriations Committee, which accompanied H.R. 4556, requesting the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a 5-year strategic plan outlining the future of its Heavy Truck Safety Research Program. The Committee requested that the report outline the scope, nature, and direction of a revitalized Heavy Truck Safety Research Program in consultation with, among others, the Motor Vehicle Safety Research Advisory Committee, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Motor Carriers (OMC), and the American Trucking Associations. The research program described in this report is structured to provide National and international leadership (1) in efforts to develop cost-effective, practical, high-payoff technologies and (2) to industry and government efforts to develop safety performance assessment methodologies that can be used to enhance the operational safety performance of commercial motor vehicles. The program is in four broad areas which were identified as warranting either continued attention or new initiatives. They are: problem identification/crash causal analysis; facilitating development and early deployment of advanced technology collision avoidance and crashworthiness systems; ensuring efficient and safe driver/vehicle interaction; and support of NHTSA/FHWA safety performance standards development programs. A total of 30 projects are described under these headings which form the basis of NHTSA's and the industry's proposed agenda for working together to improve heavy vehicle safety design/performance and driver/vehicle interaction into and through the next century. Implementation of all the programs described in this report is based on the assumption that sufficient funding will be available. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Crashworthiness systems KW - Development KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human machine systems KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725691 AU - Lambert, N M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF DRIVING HISTORIES OF ADHD SUBJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/06 SP - 23 p. AB - The goals of this research were to assess the relationship between early childhood diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and later driving performance. Driving records were obtained for ADHD and comparison subjects who were participants in a prospective longitudinal study begun in 1974 to explore the identification, treatment, and life histories of hyperactive children. The subjects had been selected in 1974 from a representative sample of over 5,000 children in the school-age population of Alameda and Contra Costa Counties in California. The analyses compared subjects diagnosed as having severe ADHD to all other subjects. The latter group included subjects with mild or moderate ADHD, plus subjects not diagnosed as having ADHD. Results showed the severe ADHD subjects more likely than the comparison group to have been convicted of the following moving violations: sign and signal, speeding, roadway marking, following too closely, and passing. For nonmoving violations, the percentage of convicted violators was significantly higher among the severe ADHDs in almost all categories (equipment, licensing, failure to appear in court, failure to pay fines, ignoring police authority). Statistically significant differences were not found between the severe ADHDs and the comparison group for most types of crashes. However, there again tended to be higher percentages among the severe ADHDs. Moreover, the only recorded crashes involving fatalities (2) occurred among the severe ADHDs. KW - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder KW - Crashes KW - Driver records KW - Fatalities KW - Moving violations KW - Nonmoving violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25864/DOT-HS-808-417.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724872 AU - University of Western Australia TI - ROAD ACCIDENT PREVENTION RESEARCH UNIT (ROADWATCH), DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA ANNUAL REPORT, 1993-94 PY - 1995/06 SP - 37 p. AB - This Annual Report demonstrates that the Road Accident Prevention Research Unit (Roadwatch), which was established in March 1989 in the Department of Public Health, University of Western Australia, and is the only research unit in Western Australia dedicated to road traffic research, has been highly successful in managing a balanced portfolio of research, that meets both the criteria of relevance to existing road safety practice and excellence as judged against international academic standards. The report is notable for the diversity of research, continuing education and community service activities undertaken by Roadwatch, but there have also been areas of concentration on issues of crucial importance to the improvement of public health. Two excellent examples are the Unit's work on the involvement of Aboriginal people in road traffic crashes and on bicycle safety. The research in these areas has public health implications that reach much further than the prevention of road injury alone. The contents of this report are organized as follows: Foreward, C. D'Arcy J. Holman; Director's Review, G. Anthony Ryan; Introduction to the Road Accident Prevention Research Unit; Administration; Funding, Research Grants, and Consultancies; Special Article - The Western Australian Road Injury Database; Review of Research 1993 and 1994; Collaboration and Involvement with Other State, National, and International Agencies; Conference and Seminar Presentations; Publications; Academic Activities; Roadwatch Seminars; Roadwatch Library; Conference - Measuring the Burden of Injury, scheduled for February 15-16, 1996; and Appendix A - Details of Research Grants and Consultancies. KW - Administration KW - Annual reports KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Databases KW - Documents KW - Finance KW - Injuries KW - Interagency relations KW - Public health KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Road accident prevention research unit, uwa KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Western Australia UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723780 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A NON-DEFORMABLE CRABBED IMPACTOR INTO A 1988 FORD ESCORT 3-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1995/06 SP - 91 p. AB - This test was conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. This test was conducted on a 1988 Ford Escort 3-door hatchback, VIN 1FAPP2199JW190257, on May 26, 1995. The impact speed was 53.4 kph. The maximum cumulative crush results were as follows: At Vehicle Sill Height: 171 mm; At Vehicle H-Point Height: 334 mm; At Vehicle Mid-Door Height: 290 mm; At Vehicle Window Sill Height: 212 mm; and At Vehicle Window Top Height: 5 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Crush damage KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Non-deformable crabbed impactors KW - Simulation KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723751 AU - Maio, R F AU - Burney, R E AU - GREGOR, M A AU - Baranski, M G AU - Welch, K B AU - Rothman, E D AU - University of Michigan Medical Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MICHIGAN RURAL PREVENTABLE MORTALITY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/06 SP - 96 p. AB - Using an expert panel, we conducted a prospective study of all deaths due to injury occurring in 24 non-MSA counties to determine the preventable death rate (PDR) and to identify the frequency and nature of inappropriate medical care associated with those deaths. Panel review was conducted using a structured implicit review format. A second panel was also convened to determine the reliability of the review process. One hundred fifty-five deaths were analyzed. Ninety patients were pronounced dead at the scene and 65 patients were transported to a hospital. Twenty patients were identified as having definitely preventable or possibly preventable deaths for an overall PDR of 12.90%. For patients transported to a hospital the PDR was 27.69%. Motor vehicle crashes were the most common mechanism of injury overall and also among preventable deaths. Overall, the most frequent physiologic cause of death was central nervous system injury. Among preventable deaths, death from hemorrhage was most frequent. There were a total of 43 episodes of inappropriate care with 31 episodes occurring among preventable deaths. Among episodes of inappropriate care associated with preventable death, 12 occurred in the ED phase, 12 occurred in the in-hospital phase and 7 in the prehospital phase. Among preventable deaths the three most frequent types of inappropriate care were delays in treatment and/or evaluation (14), airway/ventilation management (7) and fluid/blood replacement (5). The second panel reviewed 75 cases. Inter-Panel agreement, as measured by Kappa was good (0.600). Only a relatively small percentage of rural trauma fatalities could have been saved by more appropriate or timely medical care. Current efforts to reduce this percentage should be primarily directed at care in the ED and in-hospital care and secondarily at prehospital care. Additional studies are warranted to determine the cause for inappropriate care being rendered. Further studies should also evaluate the manner by which resources need to be distributed between primary injury prevention and acute trauma care in order to most efficiently decrease rural trauma mortality. KW - Bleeding KW - Crashes KW - Delays KW - Emergency medical services KW - Fatalities KW - Health care services KW - Inappropriate medical care KW - Medical treatment KW - Mortality KW - Preventable death rate KW - Rural accidents KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723738 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNDERSTANDING YOUTHFUL RISK TAKING AND DRIVING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1995/06 SP - 162 p. AB - Injuries from motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for young persons, accounting for more than one-fifth of all deaths in the late teenage years. Youthful drivers are substantially overrepresented in motor vehicle crashes compared to all other age groups. They have the highest crash rates regardless of whether the rate is based on number of licensed drivers or on number of vehicle miles traveled. In order to develop an understanding of the overrepresentation of youths in motor vehicle crashes it was necessary to look more broadly than at highway safety. This is because risky driving and other unsafe practices on the roadway system do not occur in a vacuum. They occur in the context of social, cultural, developmental, and other influences. Thus, the purpose of this literature review was to assess the state of knowledge available on risk taking behavior that would contribute to gaining a better understanding of youthful risk taking within this broader context. To accomplish this goal, a review of theoretical as well as research articles was conducted. This review is summarized in this report. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drug abuse KW - Guides to the literature KW - Intervention KW - Literature reviews KW - Personality KW - Risk taking KW - Sexual behavior KW - Teenage drivers KW - Theoretical studies KW - Violent crimes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5918/risk.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719533 AU - Stuster, J W AU - Blowers, P A AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorporated TI - EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/06 SP - 172 p. AB - Six California communities were selected to participate in the study on the basis of comparability and isolation from each other. Four of the communities' police departments implemented programs of sobriety checkpoints; the checkpoint configurations varied in terms of staffing level (three to five officers vs. eight to twelve) and mobility of the checkpoints (remaining in one location for the evening vs. three sequential locations within the city). The fifth community's police department implemented a program of aggressive roving patrols that focused on DWI enforcement. The sixth community refrained from implementing any special DWI enforcement effort for the duration of the project and served as the experimental comparison site; statewide totals provided additional comparison. The level of effort devoted to the roving patrols was equal to the officer hours required to operate the high-staffing level checkpoints. The California Office of Traffic Safety provided each of the checkpoint departments with a trailer and equipment-set necessary to conduct their programs of frequent checkpoints (18 in a nine-month period). Committees of concerned local citizens were organized to develop and implement vigorous public information and education programs to support the special enforcement efforts. Crash, arrest, and BAC data were obtained from the participating police departments and a state reporting system; and, data regarding public awareness of the programs and perceived risk of arrest were obtained through a survey conducted at local Department of Motor Vehicles offices. There were no significant differences in the decline in alcohol involved crashes among the four configurations of checkpoints tested in this study. Thus, decisions regarding an optimum checkpoint configuration can be made on the basis of other factors, including cost, traffic volume, and demographics. Further, the checkpoint communities experienced declines in the proportions of alcohol-involved crashes of 43, 32, 19, and 16%, while the statewide decline for communities was only 8%; the proportion in the roving patrol community declined by 5%. Paired samples analyses found a statistically significant reduction in alcohol-involved crashes in one of the sobriety checkpoint programs, and for all of the checkpoint programs when data from the four checkpoint communities were combined. Logistic regression analysis indicated alcohol involved crashes declined significantly in the checkpoint sites, and did not change significantly at the comparison site during corresponding periods. Comparing with statewide data, the checkpoint communities' decline was more than 3 times greater. KW - Arrests KW - Awareness KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Location KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public information programs KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Selection and appointment KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Staffing level KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25932/DOT-HS-808-287.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719540 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO LEFT SIDE OF 1995 SOLECTRIA FORCE AT 52.9 KPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/06 SP - 129 p. AB - The purpose of this test was to gather data concerning the application of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214, "Side Impact Protection - Passenger Cars", in the 48/24 kph 270 deg driver's side impact mode to electric vehicles. This test was conducted with a 1995 Solectria Force 4-door sedan, VIN 2C1MR529X6756913, at Transportation Research Center Inc. on May 16, 1995. The impact velocity was 52.9 kph. The vehicle's maximum crush was 346 mm. The ambient temperature was 21 deg C. The driver's Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) was 63.8. The driver's pelvis maximum lateral acceleration was 77.5 g. The left rear passenger's TTI was 89.7. The left rear passenger's pelvis maximum lateral acceleration was 83.6 g. KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Drivers KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - FMVSS 214 KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Pelvis KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Rear seat passengers KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Thoracic trauma index KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719539 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1995 SOLECTRIA 4-DOOR SEDAN INTO FLAT FRONTAL BARRIER AT 48.1 KPH PY - 1995/06 SP - 181 p. AB - A 48 kph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1995 Solectria 4-door sedan at Transportation Research Center Inc. on May 22, 1995. This test was conducted to gather data concerning the application of the following Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSSs) to electric vehicles: FMVSS 208, "Occupant Crash Protection"; FMVSS 212, "Windshield Mounting"; and FMVSS 219 (partial), "Windshield Zone Intrusion". The impact velocity was 48.1 kph. The vehicle's maximum static crush was 495 mm. The ambient temperature was 21 deg C. The driver's Head Injury Criterion (HIC) was 575. The driver's chest maximum resultant acceleration with three milliseconds minimum duration was 43.0 g. The driver's chest maximum deflection was 32 mm. The driver's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 2013 N and 6002 N, respectively. The passenger's HIC was 312. The passenger's chest maximum resultant acceleration with three milliseconds minimum duration was 40.2 g. The passenger's chest maximum deflection was 28 mm. The passenger's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 2819 N and 2683 N, respectively. KW - Axial forces KW - Axial loads KW - Chest acceleration KW - Chest deflection KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Drivers KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Femur KW - FMVSS 208 KW - Fmvss 212 KW - Fmvss 219 KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Speed KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719524 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1993 PY - 1995/06 SP - 66 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) unter the Highway Safety Act of 1966, as amended. The report covers the period January 1, 1993 through December 31, 1993. The report is divided into two parts. Part I contains information on the NHTSA highway safety program activities and is organized as follows: Introduction; Statistical Summaries; Current Research Programs; Research Activities Completed; Enforcement Actions, Judicial Decisions, Settlements, or Pending Litigation; Effectiveness of Highway Safety Programs; and Glossary. Part II contains information on highway safety activities within the FHWA and is organized as follows: Introduction; Goals and Objectives; FHWA Section 402 Program; FHWA Safety Program Highlights; and FHWA's Safety Research Activities: FY 1993. KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal action KW - Litigation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Statistics KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States Code. Title 23. Section 402 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719525 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1993 PY - 1995/06 SP - 43 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, as amended. The report is for the period January 1, 1993 through December 31, 1993. It is organized as follows: Introduction; Statistical Summaries; Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Observance of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Summary of Current Research Grants and Contracts; Research Activities Completed and Technological Progress; Enforcement Actions, Judicial Decisions, Settlements, or Pending Litigation; Consumer Activities; Title I: Bumper Standard; and Glossary. Appendix A lists publications of the NHTSA and Appendix B presents New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) results for 1993. KW - Bumper standards KW - Bumpers KW - Compliance KW - Consumer protection KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal action KW - Litigation KW - Motor vehicles KW - New Car Assessment Program KW - Research KW - Statistics KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719514 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY AND HEALTH CARE: STATE AND NATIONAL ESTIMATES OF EMPLOYER COSTS PY - 1995/06 SP - 12 p. AB - This report describes motor vehicle injury cost to employers both on a nationwide and state-by-state basis. It reflects a cost update of the national estimates of employer costs of crashes presented in "The Cost of Injuries to Employers: A Traffic Safety Compendium" and new estimates of employer cost by state. Cost conscious employers would be wise to evaluate their potential health care savings from traffic safety programs. KW - Costs KW - Employers KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Injury costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety programs KW - Savings KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719512 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - "STAR OF LIFE" EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE SYMBOL: BACKGROUND, SPECIFICATIONS, AND CRITERIA. REVISED EDITION PY - 1995/06 SP - 11 p. AB - This brochure has been prepared for both administrative application and general public information relative to the blue "Star of Life" Emergency Medical Care symbol. Since congressional enactment of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 and its approval of the Highway Safety Guideline on "Emergency Medical Services", the Department of Transportation has vigorously pursued the implementation of a comprehensive Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system nationwide. The objectives of this program have been to reduce mortality and morbidity among the sick and injured through prevention efforts, effective medical intervention and care at the scene of medical emergency onset, during transit to definitive care within the hospital or acute care facility and through rehabilitation. It is appropriate that EMS be distinctively identified for the benefit of not only those working in this vital service area but also the victims and the general public. The contents of this brochure are as follows: DOT/NHTSA Authority; Design and Meaning; Staff of Asclepius (Greek), Aesculapius (Roman); United States of America Certificate of Registration; Criteria and Specifications for the Use of the "Star of Life" Symbol; Specifications (color, dimensions, location); and Camera Ready Art. KW - Brochures KW - Emergency medical services KW - History KW - Specifications KW - Star of life symbol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719367 AU - National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives AU - National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors TI - PROMISING APPROACHES IN THE PREVENTION OF UNDERAGE DRINKING: CASE STUDIES OF STATE ACTIVITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/06 SP - 75 p. AB - This report is a product of a joint project of the National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives (NAGHSR) and the National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors (NASADAD) focusing on state and local efforts to reduce underage drinking. Part of the project included a survey of the memberships of both NAGSHR and NASADAD designed to assess what states were doing to prevent underage drinking and to determine the extent of interagency cooperation within these efforts. The 10 case studies featured in this report were chosen from the efforts described by survey respondents to the question: "Can you identify current efforts to reduce underage drinking in your state that you consider to be particularly effective or promising?" Phone interviews were conducted with program coordinators during October and November 1994. Selections included in this report were chosen to represent a broad range of strategies and approaches to prevent underage drinking throughout the country. Some are new approaches established quite recently; others are long-standing with a history of success. All are quite replicable and are being presented to state and local agencies as strategies to consider for their own jurisdictions. KW - Case studies KW - Cooperation KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Interagency relations KW - Legal drinking age KW - Local government KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys KW - Underage drinking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713027 AU - Najm, W AU - Mironer, M AU - Koziol, J AU - Wang, J-S AU - Knipling, R R AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYNTHESIS REPORT: EXAMINATION OF TARGET VEHICULAR CRASHES AND POTENTIAL ITS COUNTERMEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/06 SP - 64 p. AB - This report synthesizes the results of a preliminary analysis of nine major target crashes: (1) rear-end, (2) backing, (3) lane change and merge, (4) single vehicle roadway departure, (5) opposite direction, (6) signalized intersection, straight crossing path, (7) unsignalized intersection, straight crossing path, (8) left turn across path, and (9) reduced visibility. This report provides statistical descriptions of target crash sizes and characteristics, identifies crash subtypes and causal factors, defines Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Collision Avoidance System (CAS) concepts, and includes a sample of kinematic models representing crash avoidance actions. A case-by-case examination of a sample of 1,183 crashes identified 18 crash subtypes and showed that driver recognition and driver decision errors were the primary causes of 44% and 23% of target crashes, respectively. The CAS concepts discussed in this report provide mechanisms of intervention in three basic categories: advisory, warning, and automatic control intervention. Crash avoidance actions are kinematically modeled as applied to target crash subtypes in terms of braking, steering, and holding course actions. This report concludes by highlighting key results of the analysis. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash causes KW - Crash types KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/1722.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448177 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743843 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL OCCUPANT PROTECTION USE SURVEY: SHOPPING CENTER STUDY PY - 1995/05/18 SP - 2 p. AB - As part of the 1994 National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), a study was conducted at shopping centers to collect information on rear-seat belt use, shoulder belt misuse, and lap belt use. Unlike the other NOPUS studies, the moving traffic and controlled intersection studies, the shopping center data were not collected at statistically selected sites due to the difficulty of obtaining these data. Although the results from the shopping center study cannot be weighted to be representative of belt use in the country, they do provide valuable data for issues where little or no information is currently available. This note presents the results from the shopping center study. KW - Lap belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Shopping centers KW - Shoulder belts KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/pdf/nopus2rn.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21323/PB99111833.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4500/4500/nopus2rn.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736058 AU - Fancher, P AU - Bareket, Z AU - Sayer, J AU - Johnson, G AU - Ervin, R AU - Mefford, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOSTERING DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION, AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORWARD CRASH AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS (FOCAS) PY - 1995/05/15 SP - 182 p. AB - This work is part of a three year program to foster the development, evaluation, and deployment of forward crash avoidance systems (FOCAS). The efforts during this first year have focused on operational testing of a passenger car equipped with a baseline autonomous intelligent cruise control system, also known as "adaptive cruise control" (ACC). To aid in evaluating and comparing ACC with other types of speed and headway control, on-road measurements have been made while driving using conventional cruise control and manual control (normal driving), as well as using the ACC system. The objective and subjective results obtained this year are from a population of 36 driver-participants that was balanced for gender, age, and experience with cruise control. These results indicate that the baseline system operates well on U.S. freeways, and that the performance obtained with this system will be useful as a benchmark for comparison with the performance of future ACC systems. In general, most of the driver-participants liked driving with this baseline ACC system. Given that the results obtained with the baseline system are useful, there now exists an extensive database which contains new knowledge about driving and the intelligent control of vehicle dynamics. The report presents technical results and information that support preliminary conclusions and recommendations concerning: simple design methods for speed and headway control; evaluation of system performance as a function of range, range rate and velocity; methods for evaluation of operational field experience; and future studies aimed at obtaining improved results for ACC systems. KW - Adaptive control KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Headway control KW - Headways KW - Longitudinal control KW - Performance evaluations KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Research KW - Speed control KW - Test procedures KW - Velocity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/766.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478651 ER - TY - SER AN - 00743841 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL OCCUPANT PROTECTION USE SURVEY: CONTROLLED INTERSECTION STUDY PY - 1995/05/01 SP - 4 p. AB - In late 1994, NHTSA conducted the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS). NOPUS is comprised of three separate studies: the moving traffic study, the controlled intersection study, and the shopping center study. This note presents the first results from the controlled intersection study. It discusses data collection methodology; general results - restraint use by age, shoulder belt use by sex, shoulder belt use by race, and shoulder belt use by type of area; estimation procedures; results for child restraint use; and driver shoulder belt use by presence or absence of child in the vehicle and whether or not the child was restrained. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Intersections KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Race KW - Rural areas KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder belts KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Suburbs KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/pdf/nopus1rn.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4400/4499/nopus1rn.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757882 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRIMARY ENFORCEMENT OF SEAT BELT USE LAWS SAVES LIVES AND REDUCES INJURIES PY - 1995/05 IS - 93 SP - 2 p. AB - Highway fatalities and injuries have been declining over the past decade. One major reason is that more motorists are wearing their seat belts. Most states (48) in the U.S. now have mandatory seat belt use laws to encourage motorists to buckle up, or face the possibility of getting a citation. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports on the effectiveness of these mandatory seat belt laws in increasing seat belt usage and reducing crash fatalities. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Primary enforcement KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.935ae205e29ac00baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=b8c161750b6bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=2A&trafficTechYearSelect=1995&overrideViewName=Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542208 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757883 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHY PEOPLE DRINK AND DRIVE: STUDY LOOKS AT DECISIONS THAT LEAD TO IMPAIRED DRIVING PY - 1995/05 IS - 94 SP - 2 p. AB - Very few people set out to drive while impaired by alcohol. Rather, alcohol impaired driving results from a combination of decisions about drinking and decisions about driving. The sequence of these decisions brings the two acts together in place and time. A study recently completed by the National Public Services Research Institute looked at the decisions people made to drink and drive. Some of the most critical decisions occur early in the series. These include decisions about taking part in events where drinking will occur and transportation to get to the event. Decisions made at this point can lead to conditions that make alcohol impaired driving a virtual certainty. As a result, many current countermeasures do not work. For example, encouraging social hosts to control guests' drinking may prove futile where celebrations create expectations of overindulgence. Efforts to combat alcohol impaired driving must address the range of conditions that influence drinking and driving decisions if they are going to be successful. This bulletin discusses this study and its results. KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Decision making KW - Decisions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Social factors UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.935ae205e29ac00baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=544c61750b6bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=2A&trafficTechYearSelect=1995&overrideViewName=Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744484 AU - New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND PREVENTION: POLICY AND GUIDELINES SN - 0731054199 PY - 1995/05 SP - 22 p. AB - The accident investigation and prevention program for the RTA provides a framework for coordinating corporate and regional activities in the investigation and treatment of accidents. It is an ongoing program encompassing a wide variety of activities aimed at: identification of crash factors not currently identifiable; implementation of timely and cost effective treatments. This document presents the policy and guidelines for RTA's accident investigation and prevention program. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Guidelines KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744485 AU - New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND PREVENTION: PROCEDURES FOR ROAD BASED COUNTERMEASURES SN - 0731054202 PY - 1995/05 SP - 53 p. AB - The accident investigation and prevention program for the RTA provides a framework for coordinating corporate and regional activities in the investigation and treatment of accidents. It is an ongoing program encompassing a wide variety of activities aimed at: identification of crash factors not currently identifiable; implementation of timely and cost effective treatments. This volume contains the procedures for road based countermeasures. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Highway safety KW - Prevention KW - Procedures KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736080 AU - Talmadge, S AU - Yokoyama, K E AU - Shreve, G A AU - Johnston, S AU - TRW Space and Electronics Group AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS FOR LANE CHANGE, MERGING AND BACKING. TASK 3 INTERIM REPORT: TEST OF EXISTING HARDWARE SYSTEMS, PART 1 - SENSOR SYSTEM TESTING PY - 1995/05 SP - 253 p. AB - Results from the testing of eleven Collision Avoidance Systems (CAS) for lane change, merge and backing are presented. Complete systems were tested for static pattern, latency time and dynamic response to potential targets. Testing was performed statically, in a controlled test track environment and on public roads to obtain operational and performance data. Sensor systems were mounted on a test vehicle equipped with a self-contained data acquisition system as well as calibrated video cameras for ground truth. There was observed to be a wide scatter in the performance capability of the various sensor systems. Results from the lane change/merge sensor systems indicated that the measure of the True Negative (TN) response of the system could be a useful metric to judge the relative effectiveness of the system tested. Most of the systems in this category were simple proximity detectors, while those that claimed to discriminate against non-moving ground objects did so with only fair results. Two of the four backing systems provided warnings to the driver and were based on ultrasonic technology. They proved to be extremely sensitive and prone to false alarms. Video systems for backing appear to be quite capable of extending the driver's field of regard. One appeared to be of limited utility at night. KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driving KW - False alarms KW - False alarms (Security) KW - Lane changing KW - Maneuvering KW - Merging KW - Merging traffic KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Proximity detectors KW - Sensitivity KW - Sensors KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Ultrasonics KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724863 AU - Eby, D W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AN ANALYSIS OF MICHIGAN CRASH LIKELIHOOD: AGE VERSUS DRIVING EXPERIENCE PY - 1995/05 SP - 15 p. AB - The study was designed to determine the crash likelihood of drivers in Michigan as a function of two independent variables: driver age and driving experience. The age variable had eight levels (18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 years old) and the experience variable had two levels (one and two years of experience). The dependent variable was the annual number of crashes per person. The results showed that for drivers with one year of experience the crash rate declined generally between the ages of 18 and 23, with an upturn at age 22. The average crash rates then leveled off between the ages of 23 and 25. This finding suggests that the youth-related factors in crash involvement decline up to about age 23. For drivers with two years of experience, the crash rates declined up to about age 21, then increased slightly for the rest of the ages studied. Finally, crash rates for drivers with two years of experience were significantly higher for the 23, 24, and 25-year-olds than the rates for drivers with one year of experience in the same age groups. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/1115/2/88736.0001.001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721537 AU - Mayhew, D R AU - Brown, S W AU - Simpson, H M AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - ALCOHOL USE AMONG DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS FATALLY INJURED IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: CANADA, 1993 PY - 1995/05 SP - 194 p. AB - This report describes the conduct of a project to compile data on alcohol use by persons fatally injured in motor vehicle accidents occurring on or off public highways in Canada. Data are obtained from two sources: (1) police-reported information on the characteristics of the victim and details of the fatal motor vehicle accident; and (2) coroners' and medical examiners' files for objective, toxicological data from body fluid samples (mostly blood) on alcohol-use among victims. The primary focus of the report is on alcohol in fatally injured drivers because this group of road users is of greatest interest to traffic safety officials, and the rate of testing for alcohol is consistently higher among drivers than other groups of road users. A secondary focus is on alcohol in fatally injured pedestrians because walking on or by highways after drinking is extremely risky and the testing for alcohol especially among those over 16 years of age is reasonably high. The report contains (1) general descriptive information on the frequency and quantity of alcohol found in drivers and pedestrians fatally injured in motor vehicle collisions in Canada during 1993 and (2) trends in alcohol detected among fatally injured operators of automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, vans, and tractor-trailers and among fatally injured pedestrians. As well, data on alcohol use by fatally injured drivers are presented separately for each province and territory. General descriptive information on the incidence of alcohol among fatally injured drivers are first presented; then, trends in alcohol involvement among fatally injured automobile drivers are examined. An historical overview of the Fatality Database Project and a more detailed description of the design of the project are provided in an Appendix. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Canada KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Intoxication KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian intoxication KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721506 AU - Marsh, W C AU - Healey, E J AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - NEGLIGENT-OPERATOR TREATMENT EVALUATION SYSTEM. PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS REPORT #7 (SUMMARY OF FINDINGS) PY - 1995/05 SP - 26 p. AB - The Negligent-Operator Treatment Evaluation System (NOTES) has provided decision makers with biennial cost-effectiveness analyses of the Department of Motor Vehicles' negligent-operator program. This report summarizes the results of the seventh and final impact evaluation of the treatment system. The negligent-operator program consists of four levels: (1) warning letter; (2) notice of intent to suspend; (3) probation hearing; and (4) probation-violator suspension. The evaluation was based on the accumulated post-treatment records of 338,743 violators who entered NOTES between May 1991 and October 1994 and were assigned to one of the three lower-level negligent operator programs or to a no-treatment control group. Level 4 was evaluated indirectly using data from Level 3 groups. At Levels 1 and 2, violators with evidence on their records of alcohol involvement received specially tailored alcohol materials. Major findings are as follows: All four program levels produced statistically significant reductions in traffic citations. The treatments at all program levels except Level 2 resulted in statistically significant reductions in accidents. There was some evidence that the increased use of license suspensions among drivers attending Level-3 probation hearings led to an increase in the effectiveness of the treatment. There was no indication that the introduction of telephone hearings at Level 3 had any adverse impact on traffic safety. At Level 3 there was statistically significant evidence that drivers with prior citations for driving while suspended were less responsive to the treatment (with respect to subsequent accident and citation involvement and hearing attendance). KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Safety KW - Traffic citations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459276 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721484 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Kao, L AU - National Safety Council TI - DECEMBER TRAFFIC DEATHS DECREASE FIVE PERCENT PY - 1995/05 VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - p. 38-39 AB - Motor-vehicle deaths in December 1994 totaled 3,330, a decrease of 5% from the December 1993 total of 3,510. The preliminary death total for 1994 is 41,360, 2% lower than the 1993 total of 42,000. Disabling injuries through December 1994 are estimated to be nearly 2 million. These are injuries that result in disability beyond the day of the collision; they do not include minor injuries, which number approximately twice as many. The provisional estimate of the cost of motor-vehicle collisions for 1994 is approximately $164.6 billion. Based on preliminary vehicle mileage reports for 1994, the estimated annual mileage death rate is 1.8 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Disabling injury KW - Fatalities KW - Injury characteristics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461909 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721481 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - CUT HIGHWAY CRASHES, CUT HEALTHCARE COSTS PY - 1995/05 VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-22 AB - This article contains the responses of Ricardo Martinez, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), to questions during an interview with the National Safety Council. The questions cover the following topics: his mission as head of NHTSA; goals for NHTSA and their timetable for accomplishment; injury prevention and healthcare costs; NHTSA's role in injury prevention; head-impact protection rule making; drinking and driving - what more can be done; administrative license revocation laws; safety belt law compliance; fleet employer safety priorities; company penalties for poor fleet safety records; companies with particularly good fleet safety programs; collision avoidance systems; and the role safety features played in his personal choice of a car. KW - Administrator, nhtsa KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Fleet safety KW - Head KW - Head protection KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Interviewing KW - Laws KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Per se laws KW - Regulation KW - Revocation KW - Rule making KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Strategic planning KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721483 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - FEEDBACK: "TRAFFIC SAFETY" READERS TALK ABOUT RADAR BAN PY - 1995/05 VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - p. 9 AB - For each issue, "Traffic Safety" sends advance copies of an article about a current traffic-safety topic to a random sample of its readers, along with a short questionnaire. In this issue the topic of the survey is the federal ban on radar detectors. There are eight survey questions on which the readers choose a category from strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree, or other. KW - Data collection KW - Federal laws KW - Public opinion KW - Radar detectors KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461908 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721482 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Mateja, J AU - National Safety Council TI - WARNING SYSTEM SHEDS LIGHT ON BLIND SPOT PY - 1995/05 VL - 95 IS - 3 SP - p. 4-5 AB - General Motors Delco Electronics Division has developed a collision avoidance system called "Forewarn" that eliminates the motorist's blind spot. The system uses radar to "see" vehicles that approach from the driver's left or right side, and it alerts the driver to the presence of other vehicles during lane changes. This article briefly reports on the author's experience with a test of this device in a Pontiac Trans Sport mini van. Also reported on briefly in this article are the safety effectiveness of air bags, a new in-vehicle tire pressure warning system, and the safety of mini sport-utility vehicles. KW - Air bags KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Sport utility vehicles KW - Tire pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719528 AU - Barokas, J AU - Sociometrics, Incorporated TI - LESSONS LEARNED FROM PUBLIC HEALTH CAMPAIGNS AND APPLIED TO ANTI-DWI NORMS DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/05 SP - 171 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine norms development in past public health campaigns to direct lessons learned from those efforts to future anti-DWI programming. Three campaigns were selected for a multiple case study. The anti-smoking, anti-drug, and anti-AIDS campaigns were examined through in-depth discussions with experts of the campaigns. Ten experts specifically discussed their knowledge of those campaigns and the potential application to anti-DWI promotions; three other experts provided a more theoretical background on norms development and behavior change models. The 13 experts were interviewed by telephone between February and April, 1994. The in-depth discussions were recorded and reviewed at length. Relevant excerpts of conversations were sometimes transcribed directly, sometimes paraphrased. Information from the interviews was combined to describe the anti-smoking, anti-drug, and anti-AIDS campaigns. After the three cases were described, the most important factors actually contributing to norms change were analyzed. Basic principles and strategies of norms development were then extracted from both individual examples in a single campaign and from multiple sets of examples across different campaigns. Finally, recommendations were developed to promote actions that can lead to the further development of anti-DWI norms. KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Case studies KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety campaigns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719527 AU - Kennedy, M AU - Medina, J AU - Wu, Y-Y AU - Organization of Chinese Americans, Incorporated TI - THE ORGANIZATION OF CHINESE AMERICANS' PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION REPORT ON ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ISSUES IN THE CHINESE AMERICAN COMMUNITY, 1993-1994 PY - 1995/05 SP - 43 p. AB - In an effort to begin to understand the issue of alcohol and traffic safety awareness in the Chinese American community, the Organization of Chinese Americans, Inc. (OCA) has put together this Problem Identification Report. Through this publication, OCA hopes to increase the awareness of alcohol and traffic safety issues within and about the Chinese American community. This publication contains the results of two community-based surveys, a review of the existing research on the issue and a summary of a model research project in Los Angeles, California. It concludes with an overview and recommended actions for the future. The contents are organized as follows: Introduction; Health Service Provider Survey; "Have You Ever..." Survey Results, Analysis & Charts; Literature Review; Potential Factors Contributing to Drinking; Prevention and Intervention; A Special Alcohol Peer Consultant Project Report; and Overview and Recommended Actions. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Asians KW - Awareness KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethnic groups KW - Guides to the literature KW - Intervention KW - Literature reviews KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454186 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719373 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - GUPPY, A AU - Adams-Guppy, J R AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - BEHAVIOR AND PERCEPTIONS RELATED TO DRINK-DRIVING AMONG AN INTERNATIONAL SAMPLE OF COMPANY VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 1995/05 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - p. 348-355 AB - The study examined reported behavior, perceptions and attitudes related to drink-driving among company vehicle drivers located across eight countries. An additional aim of the research was to identify important predictors of drink-driving. A cross-sectional mailshot questionnaire survey was undertaken on all drivers of company vehicles identified by the collaborating companies. Responses to items concerning reported drink-driving, perceived consumption limits, perceived risk and reported restraint were examined for a total of 600 male drivers, representing an overall response rate of 55%. Driving after any alcohol consumption was found to be relatively common across most of the sample, while driving when over the legal limit at least once in the previous 12 months was reported by approximately one-third of the drivers. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the strongest predictors of reported drink-driving behavior were associated with perceived limits of personal alcohol consumption and a "moral attachment" to non-drink-driving associated with alcohol consumption restraint. This general prediction model seemed to be relatively consistent across the different national groups. The results suggest that longer term cognitive components of decision making such as "moral attachment" may form fundamental elements in the decision to drive after excessive drinking. It was suggested that company-based policies and programs may have a useful role in promoting safer driving practices, particularly in relation to driving after drinking. KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Company vehicles KW - Company-based policies KW - Company-based programs KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Limits KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Self evaluation KW - Surveys KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719374 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Buntain-Ricklefs, J J AU - Rivara, F P AU - Donovan, D M AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Polissar, N L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - DIFFERENTIATING "BAD DRIVERS" WITH AND WITHOUT A DWI PY - 1995/05 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - p. 356-360 AB - Risk factors for driving while intoxicated (DWI) are still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors, other than multiple vehicle-related violations, that identify a group of bad drivers at risk of subsequent DWI violations. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of drivers with multiple vehicle-related violations who completed a questionnaire on driving and personal characteristics (N = 253). Thirty-six variables were found associated with a 1.8- to 6.3-fold increased risk of subsequent DWI in the following categories: driving behavior, drinking behavior, history of physical trauma, alcohol-related expectancies and family history. A screening system could be incorporated in DWI prevention programs to target high-risk groups. KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - High risk drivers KW - Risk assessment KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712946 AU - Hertz, E AU - Hilton, J AU - JOHNSON, D M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE CRASH EXPERIENCE OF PASSENGER CARS EQUIPPED WITH ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/05 SP - 35 p. AB - Using data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and Florida, Maryland, Missouri, and Pennsylvania, four antilock braking system (ABS) relevant crash types were identified as follows: (1) rollovers, (2) side impacts with parked vehicles or fixed objects, (3) frontal impacts with parked vehicles or fixed objects, and (4) frontal impacts with another motor vehicle in transport. These crash types represented situations in which it was felt that the ABS would be beneficial. The passenger car experiences in these four crash types were compared to a control group of crashes that are not expected to be affected by the presence of the ABS. Detailed findings are provided for the four individual crash types, and on favorable vs. unfavorable road surfaces. The following findings were noted: A significant reduction in non-fatal frontal impacts with another motor vehicle in transport crashes was associated with the presence of the ABS; Significant increases in non-fatal frontal impacts with parked vehicles or fixed objects and in non-fatal side impacts with parked vehicles or fixed objects were associated with the presence of the ABS; and Significant increases in fatal rollover crashes and in fatal side impacts with parked vehicles or fixed objects were associated with the presence of the ABS. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Florida KW - Frontal crashes KW - Maryland KW - Missouri KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712945 AU - Hertz, E AU - Hilton, J AU - JOHNSON, D M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE CRASH EXPERIENCE OF LIGHT TRUCKS EQUIPPED WITH ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/05 SP - 34 p. AB - Using data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and Florida, Maryland, Michigan, and Missouri, four antilock braking system (ABS) relevant crash types were identified as follows: (1) rollovers, (2) side impacts with parked vehicles or fixed objects, (3) frontal impacts with parked vehicles or fixed objects, and (4) frontal impacts with another motor vehicle in transport. The light truck experiences in these four crash types were compared to a control group of crashes that are not expected to be affected by the presence of the ABS. Detailed findings are provided for each type of ABS, for the four individual crash types, and on favorable vs. unfavorable road surfaces. The following findings were noted: Significant reductions in nonfatal rollover crashes and side impacts with fixed objects/parked vehicles were associated with the presence of rear-wheel antilock (RWAL) braking systems; A significant reduction in nonfatal rollover crashes was associated with the presence of all-wheel antilock (AWAL) braking systems; The reductions in nonfatal crashes did not extend to fatal crashes, in which no significant reductions associated with the RWAL or AWAL braking systems were found; Significant increases in "did not stop in time" nonfatal and fatal crashes were found, associated with the presence of RWAL braking systems; and The relatively small sample size available for AWAL braking systems made it more difficult to detect significant differences in crashes. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Crash data KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Florida KW - Frontal crashes KW - Light trucks KW - Maryland KW - Michigan KW - Missouri KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712941 AU - Klein, T M AU - BURGESS, M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES 1993. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/05 SP - 28 p. AB - This report presents estimates of alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes that occurred during 1993. The data are abstracted from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and represent a combination of actual blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test results and estimated BAC distributions for those drivers and nonoccupants for whom no BAC test results are available. The estimates are made using a model developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In 1993, 34.9% of all fatalities occurred in crashes with a driver or nonoccupant with a BAC of 0.10 or greater (in this report a BAC of 0.10 or greater is synonymous with intoxication). This represents a 25% reduction compared to 1982, when 46.3% of all fatalities occurred in crashes that involved an intoxicated active participant. Occupant fatalities resulting from crashes involving an intoxicated driver or nonoccupant totaled 11,431. Less than one-half (44.6%) of the occupant fatalities in single-vehicle crashes involved an intoxicated driver, compared with 24.5% of the occupant fatalities in multi-vehicle crashes. An estimated 39.1% of the fatalities in nonoccupant crashes involved an intoxicated driver or nonoccupant. More than two-thirds (67.4%) of the fatally injured drivers in single-vehicle fatal crashes on weekend nights were drunk. Overall, male drivers involved in fatal crashes were almost twice as likely as female drivers to be drunk (23.7% vs. 12.1%, respectively). Drivers of age 21-24 years exhibited the highest rates of intoxication (30.7%) followed by drivers of age 25-29 (28.9%). Drivers of age 16-20 years were intoxicated 16.2% of the time. Between 1982 and 1993, estimated reductions in the proportion of intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes are 32% for drivers of passenger cars, 26% for light trucks and vans, 22% for medium trucks, 68% for heavy trucks, and 19% for motorcycles. Drivers of motorcycles continue to exhibit a high rate of intoxication in fatal crashes, with 32.9% of involved drivers exhibiting a BAC of at least 0.10, compared to 24.9% for drivers of light trucks and vans, and 20.7% for drivers of passenger cars. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Intoxication KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcyclists KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Periods of the day KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448127 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740410 AU - Leasure, W A AU - BURGETT, A L AU - ITS America TI - NHTSA'S IVHS COLLISION AVOIDANCE RESEARCH PROGRAM: STRATEGIC PLAN AND STATUS UPDATE PY - 1995/04 SP - p. 5-32 AB - This paper provides a status update on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) program to facilitate development and early deployment of cost-effective, user-friendly collision avoidance systems. The program includes an expanding crash avoidance knowledge base; development of a vital set of research tools, including the National Advanced Driving Simulator; identification of crash avoidance opportunities; examination of key human factors and system design issues; and development of performance specifications for crash avoidance products and systems. The specifications will define performance characteristics in engineering and human factors terms and will help guide product development toward achievement of maximum safety potential. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Technology assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16515/PB2000104146.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576601 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740411 AU - Ervin, R D AU - ITS America TI - EVALUATING ACTIVE SAFETY TECHNOLOGY FOR THE MOTOR VEHICLE PY - 1995/04 SP - p. 59-102 AB - The process of developing and evaluating so-called " Active Safety Technologies" (AST) is examined, particularly in terms of the need for new data resources and investigative methods. The performance of AST systems is conceptualized according to an "Application Space" consisting of three domains within the roadway environment, namely, 1) the "host" vehicle and driver; 2) other objects that are targeted for sensing; and 3) the unsensed and thus system-inoperative aspects of nearby traffic. Recognizing the need to establish the safety-efficacy and side-effects of new AST products before widespread marketing begins, new tools supporting analysis and experiment are seen to be needed. The paper inventories such tools including crash data records, kinematics-based analyses of AST benefits, instruments for defining the vehicle motion environment, instrumented vehicles, driving simulators, and a range of full-scale test methods - all in the light of the Application Space elements. The various sources of new information are compared in terms of the degree of driving realism attained, the level of definition achieved in the data, and the degree of proximity-to-crash that can be addressed. In considering the long-term outlook on the challenge of AST development, an analogy is made to the process of new drug development by the pharmaceutical industry. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Active safety systems KW - Collision statistics KW - Crashes KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Statistics KW - Technology assessment KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576602 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740414 AU - Hagleitner, W AU - ITS America TI - CONVENIENCE: A FIRST STEP TOWARDS COLLISION AVOIDANCE? PY - 1995/04 SP - p. 134-147 AB - As a key enabling technology for ICC and any collision avoidance systems, the vehicle has to be equipped with "eyes" which are able to supply headway distance information to the on board electronics. As a result of the development of optimized sensor and powertrain control concept, including consideration of human factors, a prototype Leica ICC system has turned out to be a promising product for the consumer market and a well accepted first step towards collision avoidance. The development of this ICC system has a multi faceted background and philosophy behind it which will be discussed in this paper. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Headways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Power trains KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576605 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740409 AU - Allen, R W AU - ITS America TI - THE DRIVER'S ROLE IN COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1995/04 SP - p. 33-57 AB - The application of advanced technology sensors, processors and software will have significant influence on highway vehicle safety in the coming decade. Advanced vehicle sensors and processing already play a significant role in AVCS (automatic vehicle control systems), so the application to collision avoidance systems will amount to an extension of current on-board sensing, processing and control systems. The main issues to be resolved will be the driver/system interface and the driver's reaction to and effective integration within the CAS. Because of the diverse nature of the driving population, and inability to provide consistent orientation or training, the CAS will have to be designed as a natural extension of the driver's current role in driving. Also, several types of CASs are envisioned to address different accident categories, so some form of integration must be provided to make the various systems compatible. There also must be some commonality of operation between different vehicle models so that drivers can easily and safely transition to different systems. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automatic vehicle control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Drivers KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576600 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740416 AU - Schmidt, E H AU - ITS America TI - INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL ISSUES PY - 1995/04 SP - p. 156-158 AB - Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) enhances the convenience of highway driving by automatically sensing and responding to forward traffic scenarios. The convenience is achieved by reducing the need to disengage cruise control with braking, and re-engage later with the cruise resume or set switch. The ICC feature is made possible by advances in automotive radar and laser sensor technologies. An ICC vehicle subsystem consists of a sensor that determines range and range rate to a forward vehicle, and a throttle control that automatically maintains a driver's preferred headway distance. This article discusses following issues that influence the operating characteristics of an ICC vehicle subsystem: estimated price, convenience, vehicle design impact, throttle performance, detection, and weather performance. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Cruise control KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576607 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740412 AU - Najm, W G AU - ITS America TI - A REVIEW OF IVHS CRASH AVOIDANCE TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1995/04 SP - p. 103-123 AB - This paper reviews and classifies IVHS crash avoidance technologies based on a partial search of the literature. A brief description of technologies is provided which addresses their characteristics, capabilities, and limitations as reported in the literature. In addition, a list of 109 references is presented to help interested readers pursue further studies in vehicular crash avoidance. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Decision making KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Guides to the literature KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Literature reviews KW - Sensors KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576603 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740413 AU - Rault, A AU - ITS America TI - INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL: THE PSA PEUGEOT CITROEN EXPERIENCE WITH PROMETHEUS PY - 1995/04 SP - p. 126-133 AB - To maintain a constant distance with the vehicle ahead, to recognize a non-moving object on the lane and stop before collision, to stop and go in heavy traffic, and ultimately to have an automated highway: all these concepts seem feasible, and most of them have been experimented on a partial basis. The actual challenge is the design of an automotive product which should please the customer through the comfort and safety improvements it yields. This presentation will describe the approach taken by PSA with the following sequence: main functions specification; system components; main difficulties encountered; product development - system architecture. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Human machine systems KW - Product development KW - Safety factors KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576604 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00740415 AU - Andrews, S AU - Mecherle, S AU - Moffa, P AU - ITS America TI - INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL SENSORS: REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION COMPARISONS PY - 1995/04 SP - p. 148-155 AB - The paper discusses the various requirements imposed on a distance and speed sensor intelligent cruise control. Operational characteristics and perceptive requirements are discussed in the context of performance on limited access highways. Mechanical and cost restraints are summarized. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Cruise control KW - Headways KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Sensors KW - Speed detectors KW - Speed sensors KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/576606 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723532 AU - ITS America TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1995/04 SP - 212p AB - In March of 1992, ITS America's Safety and Human Factors Committee convened a workshop to discuss the issues and opportunities presented by collision avoidance systems. Core topics addressed include the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Program, the driver's role in collision avoidance systems, evaluating active safety technologies, a review of collision avoidance technologies, and a discussion of intelligent cruise control systems. These Proceedings summarize the workshop. U1 - Workshop on Collision Avoidance SystemsITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationReston, Virginia StartDate:19940321 EndDate:19940322 Sponsors:ITS America Safety and Human Factors Committee and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Cruise control KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Human machine systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS America KW - Safety KW - Technology KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721498 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Lane, P L AU - MCCLAFFERTY, K J AU - Green, R N AU - NOWAK, E S AU - Elsevier TI - A STUDY OF INJURY-PRODUCING CRASHES ON MEDIAN DIVIDED HIGHWAYS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO PY - 1995/04 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - p. 175-184 AB - The University of Western Ontario Accident Research Team investigates every fatal crash, and approximately one out of every 50 personal-injury crashes, within a defined geographic area of three counties. Over a seven-year period, the team investigated 107 collisions (62 fatal and 45 personal injury) that occurred on median-divided highways. These crashes were representative of over 2,300 collisions on the highways involving 81 fatalities and injury to over 3,200 vehicle occupants. Vehicle loss of directional control prior to any impact occurred in 55 of the 62 fatal cases and in 36 of the 45 personal-injury cases. In 36 fatal cases and 17 personal-injury cases loss of control was initiated after a vehicle travelled from the roadway onto the gravel shoulder. Rollover collisions were the most frequent collision type investigated and comprised 25 fatal and 25 personal-injury cases. Unrestrained occupants made up 24 of the 29 rollover fatalities with 96% of these unrestrained occupants being ejected from the vehicle. Collision with an oncoming vehicle after median-crossover occurred in 26 fatal cases. These crashes were usually frontal or side impacts characterized by extensive vehicle damage and massive intrusion into the occupant compartment. Severe head injury (AIS 5 or greater) predominated as the cause of death in all collision types. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Cross median accidents KW - Divided highways KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gravel roads KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Intrusion KW - Loss of control KW - Loss of control accidents KW - Medians KW - Occupant restraint KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Restraint systems KW - Road shoulders KW - Rollover crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719526 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: RESULTS OF THE STATEWIDE EMS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM. DECEMBER 1988 TO SEPTEMBER 1994. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1995/04 SP - 57 p. AB - The Division of Emergency Medical Services, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), has developed the Technical Assessment (TA) Program as a tool for States and communities to assess the effectiveness of their Emergency Medical Services (EMS) programs. Between February 1988 and September 1994, 40 states, 2 territories and the Indian Health Service participated in the technical assessment process. This report provides a summary of information gathered during the statewide assessments, and documents the impact of the TA program on the states' ability to improve EMS systems. Collated data from a retrospective review of forty state assessment reports now represent a composite of the status of EMS in those states that have been reviewed. As an objective measure of the usefulness of the TA process, outcome information was also solicited from each state. Extremely recent changes or improvements that have occurred subsequent to the TA process may not be entirely reflected in this report. This report presents the program background, an overview of the TA process and a discussion of the EMS assessment program evaluation. Aggregate assessment findings are presented and the primary accomplishments of the states in response to the TA process are summarized. Since the TA teams evaluate each state using ten standard components, summaries of the findings, recommendations and ensuing improvements are also provided by discrete component category. KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency medical services KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recommendations KW - States KW - Technical assessment KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454185 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719364 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY VEHICLE OPERATORS COURSE REVISED FOR AMBULANCES PY - 1995/04 IS - 92 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) develops training courses that are responsive to the guidelines established by the Highway Safety Act of 1966 as amended. One of these courses in the Emergency Vehicle Operator's Course (EVOC) for Ambulances as part of the National Standard Curricula. The goal of the EVOC is to reduce the incidence of emergency vehicle crashes. This Traffic Tech report describes the revision of EVOC, including the goals of the revision, the revisions of the three separate modules, and the pilot testing of the revised curriculum. KW - Ambulance personnel KW - Ambulances KW - Curricula KW - Drivers KW - Emergency vehicle operators KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Revisions KW - Safety KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.935ae205e29ac00baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=b7e561750b6bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=2A&trafficTechYearSelect=1995&overrideViewName=Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458265 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719363 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL MINIMUM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR LIDAR SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICES PY - 1995/04 IS - 91 SP - 2 p. AB - Within the past few years the use of lidar speed measurement devices for speed limit enforcement by police agencies has steadily increased. LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) is more commonly known as a laser speed measurement device. To insure the devices are accurate and reliable, there is a need for independent testing. To fill this need, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), requested that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) establish minimum performance specifications for lidar speed measurements. This Traffic Tech report provides information on how lidar works, lidar minimum performance specifications, lidar testing, and a NHTSA model basic operator training course in lidar speed measurement. KW - Instruments for measuring speed or velocity KW - Lasers KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Speed limits KW - Speed measuring devices KW - Testing KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.935ae205e29ac00baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=791d41ad9c6bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=2A&trafficTechYearSelect=1995&overrideViewName=Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724908 AU - Reed, M P AU - Schneider, L W AU - Eby, BAH AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE EFFECTS OF LUMBAR SUPPORT PROMINENCE AND VERTICAL ADJUSTABILITY ON DRIVER POSTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/03/31 SP - 130 p. AB - An appropriately contoured lumbar support is widely regarded as an essential component of a comfortable auto seat. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that lumbar intervertebral disc pressure is lower when the spine is in an extended posture (lordosis) than when the spine profile is flat. These findings have led researchers to recommend longitudinally convex seatback contours that are intended to maintain or induce lordosis in the lumbar spine. In the present study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of changes in seatback contour on driver posture. The primary goal of the research was to identify preferred driving postures for a range of seatback contours. Preferred postures were examined to determine if drivers respond to longitudinally convex lumbar supports in auto seats by sitting with lumbar lodosis. In the first part of the study, 48 male and female subjects from 4 stature/gender groups operated an interactive laboratory driving simulator for 3 1-hr sessions with the lumbar support of a test seat adjusted to produce prominences of 0, 10, and 25 mm, respectively. Prior to each session, the standing posture of the subject was recorded. Posture and subject back contour data were collected by means of a sonic digitizing system. Changes in posture over the 1-hr simulations were found to be small. Based on the results from the first phase of testing, a second phase was conducted using short-duration sitting sessions to measure driver posture over a wider range of lumbar-support prominences. Eight subjects from each of the 4 stature/gender groups in the original pool of 48 subjects were recruited. Postures were measured after a 2-min driving simulation with lumbar-support prominences of 0, 25, 35, and 45 mm. Sessions were conducted in which the subject could adjust the vertical position of the support as well as with the support fixed. Posture was also measured in sessions for which the subject's sitting procedure was prescribed to maximize the subject's lumbar lordosis in a manner similar to that used in previous studies of the effects of lumbar support. Increasing the prominence of the lumbar support from 0 to 45 mm changed sitter-selected postures only slightly. Subject postures in sessions with the prescribed sitting procedure showed significantly more lumbar lordosis than in the preferred-posture conditions, indicating that the test conditions did not preclude postures with greater lordosis. Even when the sitting procedure was prescribed to maximize lordosis, the change in lumbar spine curvature with an increase in lumbar-support prominence was smaller than expected. These findings indicate that relatively large changes in the longitudinal contour of an automobile seat backrest do not result in similar changes in subject spine curvature. An analysis of changes in pelvis angle and leg posture with varying lumbar-support prominence and sitting procedure suggests that the extended-knee posture required with the typical automobile seat heights and pedal locations are key factors that prevent substantially lordotic postures. KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Females KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lumbar lordosis KW - Lumbar supports KW - Males KW - Posture KW - Seat backs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724909 AU - Reed, M P AU - Schneider, L W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DESIGN CRITERIA FOR AUTOMOBILE SEATBACKS BASED ON PREFERRED DRIVER POSTURES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/03/31 SP - 42 p. AB - This report presents lumbar support design recommendations for auto seats based on data from a recent study of preferred driving posture. Specifications and methods for determining seat contours are presented for both fixed- and adjustable-contour seats. Techniques for evaluating the success of the design are discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drivers KW - Lumbar supports KW - Posture KW - Recommendations KW - Seat backs KW - Seat design KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400308 AU - Morris, J B AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Alternative fueled vehicle fleet safety experience PY - 1995/03 IS - DOT HS 808 265 SP - 31p AB - This study was initiated to other information on the safety performance of alternative fueled vehicles from fleet operators experienced in the day to day operation of these vehicles. Eight fleets and one compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle converter were visited during the course of the study. The types of fleets visited consisted of those with vehicles fueled with CNG, liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electric vehicles (EVs). Three CNG fleets, two LNG fleets, one EV fleet and two LPG fleets were visited in addition to one CNG converter. Items discussed with the fleet operators included fuel system performance in the crash environment as well as safety related problems encountered during the refueling operation and when maintaining the vehicles. The fleets visited have experienced no accidents where the fuel system has been jeopardized and no injury to personnel that can be attributed to the alternative fuel system. However, the accident experience of the fleets visited is very limited. Many of the problems with alternative fueled vehicles experienced in the past have been corrected by advances in the state of the art and improvements in system components. Improvements continue to be made. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Alternative fuel KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Compressed natural gas (CNG) KW - Electric vehicle KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuel KW - Fuels KW - Liquefied natural gas KW - Liquefied natural gas (LNG) KW - Liquefied petroleum gas KW - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400271 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Langston, E A AU - McKnight, A S AU - Resnick, J A AU - Lange, J E AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Why people drink and drive: the bases of drinking and driving decisions PY - 1995/03 IS - DOT HS 808 251 SP - 124p AB - Using a Critical Incidents approach, 600 drivers were called upon to identify the bases of decisions to drink and drive. In an unstructured interview, each driver described the bases for decisions leading to specific instances of impaired driving, including decisions regarding participation in drinking events, transportation to events, plans prior to and following initiation of drinking, activities while drinking, leaving the drinking event, and transportation following drinking. Over 12,000 individual decision bases were described. While the bases were highly specific to the individual decisions, those involving the social environment exerted the strongest influence, followed in descending order by influences of a personal nature, the occasion giving rise to drinking, economic considerations, plans already made, and usual patterns of behavior. Results evidenced the need for 1) friends, hosts and sellers of alcohol to avoid inadvertent encouragement to over-consumption of alcohol and driving while impaired; 2) better planning in providing alternatives to drinking as well as driving; and 3) helping drinkers and those around them to redefine what they perceive as their "responsibilites" with respect to situations leading to alcohol impaired driving. KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitude KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Drink driving KW - Driver behaviour KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Sociology KW - Sociology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168055 ER - TY - SER AN - 00742397 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PUBLIC'S ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS TOWARD DRINKING AND DRIVING: HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE 1991 AND 1993 NATIONAL SURVEYS PY - 1995/03 IS - 89 AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) administered its first national survey (N=2,406) to assess the public's attitudes, perceptions and behaviors toward drinking and driving in 1991. A second nationwide survey (N=4,010), using the same basic instrument was adminstered in 1993, and current plans call for continuing to obtain updated data at least every other year. The purpose of these surveys is to enable NHTSA to track change in attitudes and behaviors toward drinking and driving, and thereby provide data needed to guide programmatic activity directed at the drinking and driving problem. Two broad categories of individuals were the primary interest in these surveys: 1) the general driving age public, and 2) the subpopulation of drinking drivers. Survey results suggest that the changes in attitudes and behaviors occurring between the 1991 and 1993 surveys are small. The proportion of the public (age 16-64) that drives after drinking, and those who place themselves at risk by riding with an impaired driver, held fairly constant from 1991 to 1993. The public's concern about drinking and driving remains high, although there is a small decline from 1991 to 1993 in the public's view of the importance of doing something about the problem. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Changes KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Governments KW - Public KW - Surveys UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.935ae205e29ac00baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=177d9459dd6bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=2A&trafficTechYearSelect=1995&overrideViewName=Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/735882 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742396 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF YEAR-ROUND AND HOLIDAY RIDE SERVICE PROGRAMS PY - 1995/03 IS - 88 SP - 2 p. AB - This is a summary of the Ride Service Programs (RSPs), which provide rides home for individuals who have been drinking. In 1987-1988, a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Study identified over 300 RSPs operating in the U.S., delivering an average of 841 and a total of some 25,000 safe rides annually. This study assessed the effectiveness of two RSPs. I'm Smart is a year-round, for profit organization located in the Syracuse, New York area. The program provides member clients transportation home in their own vehicles. Membership is available, for a fee, to corporations and alcohol-serving establishments. SoberCab is a holiday program which provides free rides home in Minneapolis and St. Paul between December 25 and January 1st. KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Ride service programs UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.935ae205e29ac00baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=f66f9459dd6bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=2A&trafficTechYearSelect=1995&overrideViewName=Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577673 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00742398 JO - TRAFFIC TECH PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUNDING IMPAIRED DRIVING PROGRAMS: GUIDELINES, STATE SUMMARIES, MATRIX, AND CASE STUDIES PY - 1995/03 IS - 90 SP - 2 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Adminstration (NHTSA) collaborated with the National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives (NAGHSR) to conduct a study of funding that supports statewide impaired driving programs. The primary goal for this project was to document the current status of legislated funding systems for impaired driving countermeasure programs in the states. The MayTech Corporation updated NHTSA's A Guide to Self-Sufficient Funding of Alcohol Traffic Safety Programs, first published in 1983. The poster size State Funding Matirix lists legislated funding sources by state for drunk and drugged driving programs that are bing funded by fines, fees, assessments, surcharges, or taxes. KW - Case studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Drug abuse KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Legislation KW - Regional planning KW - Sources KW - State planning KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/template.MAXIMIZE/menuitem.935ae205e29ac00baff82410dba046a0/?javax.portlet.tpst=0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_ws_MX&javax.portlet.prp_0f20ab7a9032b29e6be0955e1891ef9a_viewID=detail_view&itemID=d73a9459dd6bff00VgnVCM1000002c567798RCRD&orderTrafficTechSelect=2A&trafficTechYearSelect=1995&overrideViewName=Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/577674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736047 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A NON-DEFORMABLE IMPACTOR INTO THE LEFT SIDE OF A 1992 CHEVROLET CAPRICE: CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1995/03 SP - 363 p. AB - Five non-deformable impactor side impact tests were conducted for research and development of support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1992 Chevrolet Caprice, VIN 1G1BL5374NW138451, on January 31 and February 6, 1995. The following five tests were conducted on the vehicle: Test No. 950131-1: 01/31/95 at time=1135, 8.0 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 27 mm; Test No. 950131-2: 01/31/95 at time=1342, 24.1 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 135 mm; Test No. 950131-3: 01/31/95 at time=1559, 32.2 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 271 mm; Test No. 950206-1: 02/06/95 at time=1124, 32.2 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 356 mm; and Test No. 950206-2: 02/06/95 at time=1348, 56.3 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 670 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Crashes KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724896 AU - Thomas, B AU - Johnson, L AU - Theobald, M AU - Kim, C S AU - Department of Commerce TI - INVENTIONS NEEDED FOR PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES PY - 1995/03 SP - 66 p. AB - Today's automobile forms an important component of the U.S. economy and has become an integral part of our way of life. It is therefore essential that we find cost-effective solutions to the issues of fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) was formed to find these solutions. PNGV is a cooperative, collaborative research and development program between the U.S. Government and the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), which is made up of the auto partners -- Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors. This publication addresses inventions needed for PNGV. The first section discusses the goals of PNGV. The next section examines PNGV's technology strategy. The third section discusses innovation needs in the following areas: lightweight materials; advanced manufacturing; energy conversion; energy storage devices; and efficient electrical systems. The next section presents information on how interested individuals and organizations can participate and on PNGV-related government funding. The next section summarizes Intellectual Property (IP) rights for the different funding mechanisms used for PNGV-related research and development. The final section presents active or typical solicitation topics by program. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Cooperation KW - Cooperative research and development agreements KW - Development KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Fuel conservation KW - Intellectual property rights KW - Inventions KW - Patents KW - Private enterprise KW - Proposals KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460561 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721564 JO - Publication of: Monash University, Australia PB - Monash University AU - HAWORTH, N AU - BOWLAND, L AU - Monash University TI - SURVEY OF NEW SOUTH WALES LOCAL GOVERNMENT ROAD SAFETY PLANNING AND ACTIVITIES SN - 0730538761 PY - 1995/03 SP - 287 p. AB - The results of a survey of the current level of road safety planning and activity within local government areas of New South Wales are presented. Three methods of data collection were used: a mailed questionnaire to 160 Councils, face-to-face interviews for 17 urban Councils, and telephone interviews for 10 rural Councils. Data were received from 133 (75.1%) Councils in total. This report outlines the aims of the study and describes the methods used for preparation and administration of the mail and face-to-face and telephone interviews. The results of each component of the survey are discussed and general conclusions are made about the survey and local government road safety planning and activities. KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Interviewing KW - Local government KW - New South Wales KW - Planning KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721520 AU - RESOLVE, Incorporated TI - POLICY DIALOGUE ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO ASSIST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM PERSONAL MOTOR VEHICLES. INTERIM REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT PY - 1995/03 SP - 35 p. AB - In September, 1994, in response to Presidential directive and appointment, the Policy Dialogue Advisory Committee to Assist in the Development of Measures to Significantly Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Personal Motor Vehicles began meeting to address the reduction of climate change impacts from the personal transportation sector. The goal for this Advisory Committee is to develop consensus on three sets of policies that would, if adopted, most cost-effectively return greenhouse gas emissions from cars and light trucks to 1990 levels by the years 2005, 2015, and 2025, respectively, with no upturn thereafter. The Advisory Committee has met seven times and has made considerable progress in its consideration of the policies that will form the basis of its final recommendations. The purpose of this interim report is to document the Committee's progress to date and to explain the challenges ahead as consensus is sought on solutions to climate change and transportation issues. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Greenhouse effect KW - Light trucks KW - National transportation policies KW - Options KW - Policy analysis KW - Presidential advisory committees KW - Transportation policy KW - United States KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721491 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Callen, A AU - National Safety Council TI - OCTOBER TRAFFIC DEATHS DECREASE FOUR PERCENT PY - 1995/03 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - p. 32-33 AB - Motor-vehicle deaths in October 1994 totaled 3,830 a decrease of 4% from the October 1993 total of 3,970. Deaths for the first 10 months of 1994 totaled 34,570, 1% lower than the 1993 total of 34,820. Disabling injuries through October are estimated to be nearly 1.7 million. These are injuries that result in disability beyond the day of the collision; they do not include minor injuries which probably numbered twice as many. The cost of motor-vehicle collisions for 1994 is estimated to be approximately $137.6 billion. Based on preliminary vehicle mileage reports for this year, the estimated annual mileage death rate is 1.8 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Disabling injury KW - Fatalities KW - Injury characteristics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461916 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721488 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - FEEDBACK: "TRAFFIC SAFETY" READERS TALK ABOUT TRAFFIC LAWS PY - 1995/03 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - p. 13 AB - For each issue, "Traffic Safety" sends advance copies of an article about a current traffic-safety topic to a random sample of its readers, along with a short questionnaire. For this survey, readers were questioned about whether there are too many traffic laws. KW - Data collection KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461913 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721490 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Gilbert, D T AU - National Safety Council TI - PUT AN END TO REPEAT DUI OFFENDERS PY - 1995/03 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - p. 24-25 AB - There are efforts under way to seek solutions and develop reasonable approaches to successfully identify, prosecute, adjudicate and sentence the multiple DUI (driving under the influence) offender. The Cook County DUI Symposium, which was held in May 1994 in Rosemont, Illinois, is one such effort. More that 200 professionals from diverse disciplines, including judges, lawyers, police counselors and other professionals who work with the multiple DUI offender, assembled at the conference. It provided a unique opportunity for these leaders to meet and discuss strategies to deal with the multiple DUI offender in a coordinated manner. This article includes the participants' profile of the hard-core offender and some of their recommendations for dealing with these offenders. KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Offender profiles KW - Recommendations KW - Repeat offenders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461915 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721492 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Mateja, J AU - National Safety Council TI - ARE BIGGER CARS SAFER? PY - 1995/03 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-5 AB - Looking more closely at a study conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) on the safety of big cars versus small cars, there is more to be discovered than just that the Volvo 240 sedan, the Plymouth Voyager mini van and the Volvo 740 had the lowest death rates while the Chevrolet Corvette, the Pontiac LeMans coupe and the Isuzu Amigo sport-utility vehicle had the highest death rates. The cars with the lowest death rates were driven by people with a purpose; the cars with the highest death rates were driven by people with an attitude. In other words, "what it comes down to is that big can be better when it comes to the vehicle you are driving, but in the end (pardon the pun), the person behind the wheel is really the one who determines just how safe a car is." This article also comments briefly on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's proposed graduated licensing program, "tattletale" air bags equipped with black boxes to reveal if they did their job when deployed during an accident, and a unique steering wheel cover developed by a reflexologist. KW - Air bags KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Attitudes KW - Compact automobiles KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Human factors KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Small car KW - Steering wheel covers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461917 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721487 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Melia, M K AU - National Safety Council TI - WARNING: WORK STILL AHEAD ON WORK-ZONE SAFETY PY - 1995/03 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - p. 16-19 AB - With the current focus on increasing the capacity of existing highways instead of building new ones, work zones are more commonplace, but motorists have yet to gain respect for the dangers they pose. This article discusses what is being done to solve this problem, with emphasis on the belief that drivers, contractors, and transportation officials need to work together to reduce collisions in work zones. KW - Construction sites KW - Contractors KW - Cooperation KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - High risk drivers KW - Safety KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation engineers KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461912 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721489 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Kedjidjian, C B AU - National Safety Council TI - FLEET SAFETY: HOW TO SAVE LIVES AND MONEY PY - 1995/03 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - p. 20-23 AB - The topic of this article is how fleet operators can reduce the number of motor vehicle collision fatalities among their drivers and cut the costs of motor vehicle crashes which currently stand at more than $17.1 billion for on-the-job motor vehicle crashes in the United States. Suggested actions include assessing the fleet's safety and identifying problem areas, driver education in defensive-driving techniques, the DriverCheck program (a toll-free number on the vehicle that motorists can call to report good or bad driving), and vehicle safety features such as air bags and antilock brakes. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Assessments KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver education KW - Driver evaluation devices KW - Driver monitoring KW - Driver training KW - Fleet safety KW - Improvements KW - Problem identification KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461914 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721485 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Hans, M AU - National Safety Council TI - NHTSA SPOTLIGHTS BELTS AND BOOZE PY - 1995/03 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - p. 6-9 AB - Safe & Sober, launched on October 1, 1994, is a two-year national traffic-safety campaign. The program aims to unite federal, state and local agencies and allied organizations and community groups to reduce alcohol-related crashes and increase safety-belt use. The program also integrates methods for public healthcare accounting. The campaign's top priority is to attain the Secretary of Transportation's goals: reduce alcohol-related traffic fatalities to 43% and increase safety-belt use to 75% by 1997. The program is budgeted at $110 million each year. Based on projections, Safe & Sober could save 3,000 lives and $1 billion in U.S. healthcare expenses annually. This article provides additional information on the Safe & Sober program, including information on local community participation, its three types of activities, its accompanying software for estimating economic cost savings, and corporate support for the program. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Cost control KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost savings KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Prevention KW - Private enterprise KW - Promotion KW - Public health KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Safety programs KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Software KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461910 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721486 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Johnson, E AU - National Safety Council TI - ARE THERE TOO MANY TRAFFIC LAWS? PY - 1995/03 VL - 95 IS - 2 SP - p. 10-13 AB - This article examines the current trend in the United States toward a proliferation of traffic laws and ordinances. While much of this legislation has had a positive impact, there is concern over the "alarming rate" at which traffic laws have increased over the past 10 years, and the impact of this increase on (1) citizens who may get confused by inconsistencies as they travel from one locale to another, (2) officers who must enforce an increasingly complex code, and (3) courts that must deal with a greater caseload and often confusing sentencing requirements. One possible solution to this problem is examined--the adoption of a uniform code. Some of the pros and cons to the adoption of the Uniform Vehicle Code are briefly discussed. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the move toward greater uniformity and the driving force behind even more new legislation may be one and the same--the public. It is the public that, through public interest groups, will draw attention to the problem and lead the charge for change. KW - Courts KW - Governments KW - Impacts KW - Increase KW - Law enforcement and criminal justice personnel KW - Public KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Standardization KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719521 AU - Morris, J B AU - Rainbow Technology Incorporated TI - ALTERNATIVE FUELED VEHICLE FLEET SAFETY EXPERIENCE. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 12 p. AB - This study was initiated to gather information on the safety performance of alternative fueled vehicles from fleet operators experienced in the day to day operation of these vehicles. Eight fleets and one compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle converter were visited during the course of the study. The types of fleets visited consisted of those with vehicles fueled with CNG, liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electric vehicles (EVs). Three CNG fleets, two LNG fleets, one EV fleet, and two LPG fleets were visited in addition to one CNG converter. Items discussed with the fleet operators included fuel system performance in the crash environment as well as safety related problems encountered during the refueling operation and when maintaining the vehicles. The fleets visited have experienced no accidents where the fuel system has been jeopardized and no injury to personnel that can be attributed to the alternative fuel system. However, the accident experience of the fleets visited is very limited. Many of the problems with alternative fueled vehicles experienced in the past have been corrected by advances in the state of the art and improvements in system components. Improvements continue to be made. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fleet safety KW - Fuel systems KW - Liquefied natural gas KW - Liquefied petroleum gas KW - Refueling KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719529 AU - Bradbard, S L AU - Lisboa-Farrow, E AU - Lisboa Associates, Incorporated TI - PROGRAM STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING CAR SEAT USAGE IN RURAL AREAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 60 p. AB - Data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) operated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reveal nonuse of safety restraints to be associated with most young child crash fatalities. Rural areas of the United States are substantially over-represented in these fatalities. The objective of this study was to identify effective strategies for increasing car seat usage in rural areas. Focus groups were conducted with young rural female respondents in their teens and 20s who have children under the age of four years. Two waves of focus groups (four groups per wave) were held with white females in Tennessee, and two waves were held with black females in Georgia. Results were obtained concerning appropriate messages, activities, and channels of delivery. This study report is intended to provide a guide for safety professionals for developing and implementing programs designed to increase car seat usage. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Fatalities KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Parents KW - Rural areas KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25900/25929/DOT-HS-808-274.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719516 AU - Jones, R AU - Joksch, H AU - LACEY, J AU - Wiliszowski, C AU - Marchetti, L AU - Mid-America Research Institute, Incorporated TI - SITE REPORT: KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE FIELD TEST OF COMBINED SPEED, ALCOHOL, AND SAFETY BELT ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 101 p. AB - This report describes the implementation and evaluation of a traffic safety program in Knoxville, Tennessee. The goal of the program was to reduce the incidence of speeding, alcohol-impaired driving (DWI) and non-use of safety belts through well-publicized enforcement strategies focusing attention on all three areas. The Knoxville Police Department selected "Triple Jeopardy: Speeding, Drunk Driving and Belt Use - In Knoxville, if you're stopped for one, you're checked for all three" as the theme for their program. The program sequentially emphasized five different combined enforcement strategies over a period of approximately one year. A public information and education program that focused on each strategy ran for about two months. The study concluded that Knoxville's combined enforcement program did not decrease speeding or DWI, nor did it result in increased use of safety belts. Though an impressive public information and education program was implemented, it was not matched by actual increases in enforcement intensity for any of the target offenses. This provides additional support to prior research which has suggested that public information and education programs with enforcement themes should be backed up by a credible enforcement threat. KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Knoxville (Tennessee) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public information programs KW - Safety programs KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719518 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Langston, E A AU - McKnight, A S AU - Resnick, J A AU - Lange, J E AU - National Public Services Research Institute TI - WHY PEOPLE DRINK AND DRIVE: THE BASES OF DRINKING-AND-DRIVING DECISIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 128 p. AB - Using a Critical Incidents approach, 600 drivers were called upon to identify the bases of decisions to drink and drive. In an unstructured interview, each driver described the bases for decisions leading to specific instances of impaired driving, including decisions regarding participation in drinking events, transportation to events, plans prior to and following initiation of drinking, activities while drinking, leaving the drinking event, and transportation following drinking. Over 12,000 individual decision bases were described. While the bases were highly specific to the individual decisions, those involving the social environment exerted the strongest influence, followed in decreasing order by influences of a personal nature, the occasion giving rise to drinking, economic considerations, plans already made, and usual patterns of behavior. Results evidenced the need for 1) friends, hosts and sellers of alcohol to avoid inadvertent encouragement to over-consumption of alcohol and driving while impaired, 2) better planning in providing alternatives to drinking as well as driving, and 3) helping drinkers and those around them to redefine what they perceive as their "responsibilities" with respect to situations leading to alcohol impaired driving. KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Interviewing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719517 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NUMBER 10 -- EVALUATION OF TRAILER ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL POWERING. INTERIM FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 31 p. AB - Two means of powering trailer Antilock Brake Systems (ABSs) have been considered in this country. One approach is to provide separate electrical circuits; the other approach is based on the use of the existing 7-pin connector and the stoplamp circuit in it. A number of full-scale vehicle tests were conducted to evaluate the following areas: Electrical power available from tractor stoplamp circuits; ABS power requirements (amperage and minimum operating voltage); and ABS powering on doubles and triples (separate vs. shared power circuits; one vs. two ABS modulators per axle; effect of using light-emitting diode (LED) stoplamps in lieu of incandescent lamps). The tests showed that current ABSs require a minimum of from 7 to 10 volts to operate and draw approximately two to six amps. Given the minimum voltages necessary and the current draw of the ABSs and the stoplamps, some of the test tractors were not able to supply sufficient power for multiple trailers. Additionally, modulated brake applications of stoplamp powered trailer ABSs could, under certain conditions, result in trailer wheel lock-up. In testing double and triple combinations, it was found that improvements in ABS powering for trailers can be made by using full-time power on a separate circuit with increased wire size to the ABS and by using LED lights. Also found to be critical to powering trailer ABSs were the connectors between the tractor and the trailer and between the trailers. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake lamp circuits KW - Connectors KW - Electric circuits KW - Electric power KW - Energy consumption KW - Fasteners KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Power requirements KW - Prototype tests KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wire size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719515 AU - Jones, R AU - Joksch, H AU - LACEY, J AU - Wiliszowski, C AU - Marchetti, L AU - Mid-America Research Institute, Incorporated TI - SUMMARY REPORT: FIELD TEST OF COMBINED SPEED, ALCOHOL, AND SAFETY BELT ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 41 p. AB - This report summarizes the implementation of traffic safety programs in three communities: Knoxville, Tennessee; Wichita, Kansas; and Lexington, Kentucky. The goal of each program was to reduce the incidence of speeding, alcohol-impaired driving (DWI) and non-use of safety belts through well-publicized enforcement strategies focusing attention on all three areas. The programs sequentially emphasized five different combined enforcement strategies over a period of approximately one year. A public information and education program that focused on each strategy ran for about two months. The overall results of this project provide some support to the basic premise of combined enforcement, but raise some questions about the practicality of operating such a program over an extended period of time. To be effective, it appears that combined enforcement programs should incorporate increased intensity of enforcement of the target laws as well as a strong public information and education program supporting the effort. Only one of three sites was able to sustain increased enforcement in all three areas, and had the most positive results. Details of the programs and evaluation results for each of the sites appear in separate reports. KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Education programs KW - Field tests KW - Knoxville (Tennessee) KW - Lexington (Kentucky) KW - Public information programs KW - Safety programs KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Wichita (Kansas) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719361 AU - Bareket, Z AU - Fancher, P S AU - Johnson, G AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CONTROL OF HEADWAY BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I - TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 116 p. AB - This project addresses the general area of robotics and, in particular, TACOM's areas of interest concerning collision avoidance and task automation. The task that is being automated is the control of headway distance or time as is applicable to military convoying operations involving heavy vehicles. The research contributes to the state-of-the-art and the knowledge and understanding needed to define, develop, and implement an integrated, on-board system that provides control of headway between successive vehicles. The work that was performed included building and experimenting with a prototype testbed. The cooperation of the Eaton Corporation and the Detroit Diesel Corporation has been obtained to augment the simulation, controller design, and the experimental expertise of UMTRI. A testbed was assembled for use in investigating the impact of a headway-control functionality on the performance of vehicle convoys. The work involved developing and installing a flexible headway control unit, and installing an Eaton/Vorad range and range-rate sensor into an M-915A2 Army vehicle equipped with a Detroit Diesel engine that includes electronic controls. The system was tested on a proving ground and demonstrated to TACOM personnel at their test track. This technical report is Volume I of the final report. Volume II contains Appendices A and B. KW - Control systems KW - Convoys KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Headways KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Military vehicles KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Prototype tests KW - Prototypes KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Sensors KW - Traffic platooning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00715251 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CASE FOR PRIMARY ENFORCEMENT OF STATE SAFETY BELT USE LAWS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 19 p. AB - Most states in the U.S. now have mandatory safety belt use laws. Some state laws allow primary enforcement which means that law enforcement may issue a citation when they observe an unbelted driver or passenger. The majority of states have passed secondary enforcement laws which specify that a citation can only be written after an officer stops the vehicle for another infraction. Primary laws, as compared to secondary laws have been associated with greater reductions in fatal and serious injury resulting from a motor vehicle crash. States that enacted primary laws will, in general, have significantly higher safety belt user rates and experience greater reductions in fatality and injury rates, compared with states that enact secondary laws. The enactment of a primary enforcement law enhances the perceived importance of the law by both the public and the police which ultimately leads to greater compliance with the law. Primary enforcement is considered by most safety experts to be one of the most important objectives for states to consider to achieve higher usage rates. KW - Injury rates KW - Law enforcement KW - Police operations KW - Primary enforcement KW - Safety KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Secondary enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712944 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1994 TRAFFIC CRASHES, INJURIES, AND FATALITIES - PRELIMINARY REPORT. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/03 SP - 81 p. AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of the number of police reported crashes, injuries, and fatalities for 1994. Trend data are presented for these estimates. The trend in fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles of travel is also included. The national estimates included in the report are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used crash classifiers. Some of the estimates are compared to the corresponding values available for 1993. The results are presented in tabular and graphical form and are summarized in a set of summary findings. KW - Fatalities KW - Graphs KW - Injuries KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677696 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINANCIAL SELF-SUFFICIENCY STUDY AND GUIDELINES: VOLUME 3 - CASE STUDIES MANUAL PY - 1995/03 SP - 152 p. AB - This manual is an update of a 1981-1983 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) study on state use of self-sufficient funding sources (i.e., fees, fines, assessments, dedicated taxes, and surcharges) for programs to prevent impaired driving. This manual provides updated policy guidelines and other information and resources for states seeking to initiate or improve the implementation of such self-sufficient revenue sources for their impaired driving countermeasure programs. Additionally, the manual provides an overview of NHTSA's involvement in self-sufficiency, federal funds which are useful as seed or incentive money, descriptions of the components of a comprehensive impaired driving program, and information about different types of citizen groups concerned with the issue of impaired driving that may be helpful in obtaining self-sufficiency legislation. The goal of this manual is to share many of the successful strategies, activities, and resources already being implemented around the country concerning self-sufficient comprehensive impaired driving programs. KW - Capital KW - Case studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financial self-sufficiency KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Impaired drivers KW - Implementation KW - Legislation KW - Manuals KW - Policy KW - Public participation KW - States KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677699 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PARTNERS IN PROGRESS: IMPAIRED DRIVING GOALS AND STRATEGIES FOR 2005, FEBRUARY 21-22, 1995, WASHINGTON, D.C. SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS PY - 1995/03 SP - 129 p. AB - The purpose of this meeting was to set new, tougher goals for reducing drunken driving. Dr. Ricardo Martinez, Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and Jim Hall, Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board, opened the meeting. Participants then met in ten workshops to develop strategies and recommendations. This report contains each workshop's report and recommendations as drafted and presented by the workshop's moderator and recorder. Also included are the concluding remarks of Federico Pena, Secretary of Transportation. Appendix A contains the meeting agenda. Appendix B is an alphabetical listing of the workshop participants. Appendix C includes reports from the impaired driving town meetings held by each NHTSA region during the week of February 13, 1995. KW - Drunk driving KW - Meetings KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Strategic planning KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677695 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINANCIAL SELF-SUFFICIENCY STUDY AND GUIDELINES: VOLUME 2 - FUNDING MATRIX AND SUMMARIES OF STATE PROGRAMS PY - 1995/03 SP - 122 p. AB - In 1983, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published a guidelines manual for states on self-sufficient funding of drunk driving countermeasures. Since then, major advances have been made at state and local levels in expanding the number, range, and effectiveness of impaired driving countermeasures funded by legislated sources. Recognizing the importance of obtaining current information on this topic, the National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives (NAGHSR) agreed to help NHTSA with the national update by collecting the information directly from each state. Each state was asked to provide current information on its legislated funding sources for impaired driving programs. Some in-depth case studies were conducted by NHTSA as part of the update. This document contains the case studies for the following states: California, Colorado, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. KW - California KW - Capital KW - Case studies KW - Colorado KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financial self-sufficiency KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Impaired drivers KW - Manuals KW - Montana KW - New Jersey KW - New Mexico KW - New York (State) KW - Ohio KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Virginia KW - West Virginia KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677694 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINANCIAL SELF-SUFFICIENCY STUDY AND GUIDELINES: VOLUME 1 - GUIDELINES MANUAL PY - 1995/03 SP - 88 p. AB - In 1983, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published a guidelines manual for states on self-sufficient funding of drunk driving countermeasures. Since then, major advances have been made at state and local levels in expanding the number, range, and effectiveness of impaired driving countermeasures funded by legislated sources. Recognizing the importance of obtaining current information on this topic, the National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives (NAGHSR) agreed to help NHTSA with the national update by collecting the information directly from each state. Each state was asked to provide current information on its legislated funding sources for impaired driving programs. This document contains information from the completed state data forms on self-sufficient funding for impaired-driving programs that were returned to NAGHSR. Additional information was gained from some in-depth case studies conducted by NHTSA as part of the update, as well as from the 1992 Section 410 incentive grant applications. This document is organized as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) Matrix of Self-Sufficient Funding for Impaired Driving Programs; (III) Summaries of Self-Sufficient Funding for Impaired Driving Programs; and Appendix A - Definitions. KW - Capital KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financial self-sufficiency KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Impaired drivers KW - Manuals KW - States KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677687 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE RADAR INSTRUCTOR TRAINING COURSE PY - 1995/03 SP - v.p. AB - The contents of this training course for police radar instructors are presented in eight chapters: (1) Background and Overview; (2) Course Administration; (3) Instructional Methodologies; (4) Operational Considerations (A - History and Theory, B - Operating Principals, C - Glossary of Terms, D - Operation of Specific Radar Devices, E - Environmental Considerations, and F - Health Concerns); (5) Speed Offenses and Speed Enforcement; (6) Legal Issues (A - Legal Considerations and B - Moot Court); (7) Practical Exercises; and (8) Appendices (A - Overheads, B - Trouble Shooting, C - IACP Consumers Product List, D - Model Minimum Performance Specifications, and E - Health Concerns Information Package). KW - Environmental impacts KW - Health hazards KW - Instructors KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Legal issues KW - Police KW - Radar KW - Radar devices KW - Speed limits KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00757881 JO - Research Note PB - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - OBSERVED SAFETY BELT USE IN 1994 PY - 1995/02/15 SP - 3 p. AB - In recent years, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has used several methods to measure national safety belt use. This Research Note presents findings of the latest measures and contrasts the nature of the various measurement methods. From 1982 to 1990, the agency used a survey which sampled use in 19 U.S. cities as an indicator of national belt use. With the launch of the National "70% by '92" Safety Belt Program in 1991, the agency turned to a measure that would be sensitive to changes in each of the states. This measure combined the findings of individual state surveys to produce the national belt use rate. In 1994, NHTSA supplemented the state-based analysis with the new National Occupant Protection Use Survey. KW - Data collection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Observation KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/542207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736079 AU - Young, S K AU - Eberhard, C D AU - Moffa, P J AU - TRW Space and Electronics Group AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS FOR LANE CHANGE, MERGING AND BACKING. TASK 2 INTERIM REPORT: FUNCTIONAL GOALS ESTABLISHMENT PY - 1995/02 SP - 32 p. AB - This report determines the set of functional goals, i.e., those changes to the situation, which would help to eliminate the lane change, merge and backing crashes or decrease their frequency or severity. The functional goals include consideration of changes or additions to the vehicle and/or additions to the roadway infrastructure. They have been identified from an examination of crash events, appropriately classified, from the 1992 General Estimates System and Crashworthiness Data System. Significance of crash types is ranked by frequency of occurrence as well as by "fatal crash equivalents". In addition to the most basic goal of eliminating the "blind spot", significant crash avoidance opportunities can be realized by guarding against "fast closing" vehicles during lane change and merging. These "fast approach" collisions, though infrequent relative to the "blind spot" crashes, have relatively large "fatal crash equivalents". Similarly for backing collisions, significant reduction of "fatal crash equivalents" can be realized by guarding against vehicles in a crossing path trajectory relative to the backing vehicle. These functional goals translate into top level requirements for collision avoidance systems. These requirements are briefly discussed and their implications on several system design issues are noted. This report forms the basis for Task 4: Development of Preliminary Performance Specifications. KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Driving KW - Functional goals KW - Lane changing KW - Maneuvering KW - Merging KW - Merging traffic KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance specifications KW - Prevention KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Requirements KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736048 AU - LOOKER, K W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1992 CHEVROLET CAPRICE INTO A FLAT FRONTAL BARRIER IN SUPPORT OF CRASH3 DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMULATION PY - 1995/02 SP - 268 p. AB - Five frontal barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH3 damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1992 Chevrolet Caprice, VIN 1G1BL5378NW138176, on January 19, 1995. The following five tests were conducted on the vehicle: Test No. 950119-1: 01/19/95 at time=0930, 8.5 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 5 mm; Test No. 950119-2: 01/19/95 at time=1035, 15.4 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 49 mm; Test No. 950119-3: 01/19/95 at time=1125, 15.0 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 225 mm; Test No. 950119-4: 01/19/95 at time=1335, 31.5 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 499 mm; and Test No. 950119-5: 01/19/95 at time=1501, 55.4 kph, maximum cumulative crush: 963 mm. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobile tests KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724858 AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - CSAP STATISTICAL BULLETIN. DRUG-FREE FOR A NEW CENTURY: A CHART BOOK BY THE CENTER FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION PY - 1995/02 SP - 36 p. AB - The CSAP (Center for Substance Abuse Prevention) chart book is designed for easy duplication and adaptation for use in presentations before groups and organizations interested in preventing alcohol and other drug abuse. It is a comprehensive overview of substance abuse prevention issues, and can easily be made into overhead transparencies for group presentations. Individual charts offer excellent graphics for newsletters and bulletins. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Charts KW - Drug abuse KW - Prevention KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723750 AU - CHAR, A R AU - NAGARAJA, H N AU - Rainbow Technology Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/02 SP - 20 p. AB - The General Estimates System (GES) is currently the main database used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to produce national statistics on nonfatal accidents in the United States. GES data are based on an annual sample of about 50,000 police accident reports. The National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA), which operates GES, also maintains the State Data Program. Seventeen states provide NCSA with the data representing all police accident reports filed in their respective jurisdictions. This study is intended to assess the feasibility of supplementing or replacing GES with alternative methods of producing national motor vehicle statistics by utilizing the state-provided data. The main conclusion of this study is that, until required enhancements of the State Data Program are in place, it is recommended that the agency rely on GES for its national estimates. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Estimates KW - General Estimates System KW - National estimates KW - Regional analysis KW - State data KW - States KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723732 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPAIRED PERSPECTIVES: ALCOHOL ON AMERICA'S HIGHWAYS PY - 1995/02 SP - 5 p. AB - Society's perspective on DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) has changed a lot in the past 30 years. DWI is no longer accepted as an unavoidable price of automobile travel. More and more, DWI is recognized as a violent crime. These changes are mainly due to years of intense effort by federal and state agencies, citizen activist groups, nonprofit organizations, and private businesses. As public attitudes have changed, the percentage of alcohol-related crashes has decreased. But, impaired driving still takes far too great a human and economic toll. Nearly half of all fatal crashes still involve alcohol, and intoxicated driving is actually increasing for some groups, such as young women. This brochure looks at the trend in impaired driving from the 1980s to the present, concluding that, despite encouraging trends, drunk driving remains one of our nation's most serious public health challenges. Statistics are then presented showing just how serious the problem is today and who the offenders are. Recommendations are then offered on what can be done to reduce drunk driving, followed by specific suggestions on how individuals and their organizations can get involved in the campaign against impaired driving. KW - Age KW - Arrests KW - Attitudes KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Brochures KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Repeat offenders KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723737 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A 1995 SOLECTRIA E-10 PICKUP INTO FLAT FRONTAL BARRIER PY - 1995/02 SP - 155 p. AB - A 48 kph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1995 Solectria E-10 pickup on December 19, 1994. This test was conducted to gather data concerning the application of the following Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSSs) to electric vehicles: FMVSS 208, "Occupant Crash Protection"; FMVSS 212, "Windshield Mounting"; and FMVSS 219 (partial), "Windshield Zone Intrusion". The impact velocity was 47.2 kph. The vehicle's maximum static crush was 746 mm. The ambient temperature was 22 deg C. The driver's Head Injury Criterion (HIC) was 286. The driver's chest maximum resultant acceleration with 3 milliseconds minimum duration was 36.5 g. The driver's chest maximum deflection was 32 mm. The driver's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 3459 N and 5320 N, respectively. The passenger's HIC was 370. The passenger's chest maximum deflection was 34 mm. The passenger's left and right femur maximum axial forces were 1530 N and 1522 N, respectively. KW - Axial loads KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Chest acceleration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crush distance KW - Crushing KW - Drivers KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Femur KW - FMVSS 208 KW - Fmvss 212 KW - Fmvss 219 KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact KW - Impact tests KW - Impact velocity KW - Injuries KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Thorax KW - Windshield penetration KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460130 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721497 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Elsevier TI - DISCUSSION OF "DID THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT SAVE LIVES?"; AUTHOR'S RESPONSE PY - 1995/02 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - p. 137-140 AB - This is a discussion of the paper, "Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives?" by C. Lave and P. Elias, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 26, No. 1, Feb. 1994, pp 49-62 (see TRIS 625568 which was input from the original paper published September 1992 by AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, D.C.). It is followed by the author's response. The original report concluded that raising the speed limit for rural interstate highways to 65 mph (105 km/h) reduced the fatality rate by 3.4% to 5.1%. The discusser finds this conclusion questionable because of the use of statewide fatality rates to capture systemwide effects, the use of unscientific information, a weak assumption about the relationship of fatalities and exposure, the use of an unscientific control group, and potential problems in the regression models. The author, C. Lave, responds to each of these points, supporting the methods by which the conclusion was reached. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Fatalities KW - Interstate highways KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461919 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721496 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Agran, P F AU - Winn, D G AU - Anderson, C L AU - Elsevier TI - WHO CARRIES PASSENGERS IN THE BACK OF PICKUP TRUCKS? PY - 1995/02 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - p. 125-130 AB - This study was designed to compare pickup truck drivers who carried passengers in the back with those who did not, with respect to driving behaviors, sociodemographic features, and issues related to use of the pickup truck. A computerized assisted telephone survey was conducted in Riverside County, California. One thousand ten motor vehicle drivers were interviewed with respect to demographics, restraint use, driving behaviors, and variables related to vehicle use. Thirty-six percent (364) of the households had a pickup truck driver. Pickup drivers were grouped into those who stated that they had carried occupants in the back (n = 119) and those who had not (n = 245). A higher proportion of 16- to 24-year-old and 35- to 44-year-old pickup truck drivers carried passengers in the back of pickup trucks. Those who carried occupants in the back were significantly more likely to be Hispanic, to be students, and to live in a household that included teenagers. They also had a larger mean household size. They were less likely to own the pickup and less likely to be the principal wage earners. They were more likely to report four high-risk driving behaviors. They also used the pickup truck for multiple purposes, i.e., recreation, work, school transportation, and daily transportation. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of teenagers in the household, three high-risk driving behaviors, and three indicators of pickup truck use were independently related to carrying passengers in the back of a pickup. Those who allowed passengers in the back were significantly less likely to agree with statements suggesting restriction of travel in the back. Finally, only 9% of the respondents who carried passengers in the back of a pickup reported that the pickup truck was the only vehicle available in the household. KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Households KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Passengers KW - Passengers (Cargo area) KW - Pickup trucks KW - Research KW - Risk taking KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719530 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HUNTER HEAVY DUTY PLATE BRAKE TESTER. INTERIM FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/02 SP - 38 p. AB - Inspections of heavy vehicle braking systems have traditionally been performed by visual inspection of the brake components and their operation, which can be difficult and unsafe for the inspectors. To simplify this process, devices have been developed to measure certain characteristics of the brake system in order to indicate the status of the brake system. One such device is a set of brake plates manufactured by Hunter Engineering Company. A set of Hunter brake inspection plates was evaluated to ensure that the results produced were meaningful and had some correlation with vehicle braking performance. The evaluation consisted of comparisons of brake forces measured on the Hunter brake inspection plates to those measured with an in-ground roller brake tester. Comparisons were also made with vehicle stopping distance measurements. These comparisons were made with the brakes fully adjusted and at various levels of misadjustment. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brake inspection KW - Brake tests KW - Brakes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plate brake testers KW - Roller brake testers KW - Stopping distances KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454189 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00719375 JO - Journal of the American Optometric Association PB - American Optometric Association AU - Allen, M J AU - Savez Drustava Za Puteve Jugoslavije TI - YELLOW SIGNAL LIGHT TIMING AND THE DILEMMA ZONE PY - 1995/02 VL - 66 IS - 2 SP - p. 77 AB - The author comments on the timing of the yellow signal light. He is especially concerned about accidents in intersections which may be caused by the lack of sufficient response time to the yellow signal light, the worsening of this situation when other conditions such as wet pavement or downgrades exist, and the lack of markings to indicate where the dilemma zone is when the signal light turns yellow. He makes recommendations for improving the current situation and eliminating the present highway signs warning of signals ahead, the primary function of which appears to be to warn the public that the traffic signal ahead is not properly designed for this highway and the state wishes to disclaim any responsibility for the accidents that will occur. KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677692 AU - SHELTON, TST AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/02 SP - 30 p. AB - Through 1992, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) based its estimates of fatality and injury rates per registered vehicles on Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) registered vehicle data. However, in recent years, the FHWA registered passenger car and light truck numbers did not appear to reflect the dramatic increase in light truck sales. Beginning with the 1993 Traffic Safety Facts report, NHTSA published rates per registered car and light truck based on data from R.L. Polk. This technical report describes how the estimates of registered vehicles were developed from the Polk car and light truck data and what the impact of using these estimates is on commonly published rates. KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Injury rates KW - Light trucks KW - Passenger cars KW - Registrations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677678 AU - Worthy, Joshua AU - Lieberman, G AU - Moran, Bill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL MINIMUM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR LIDAR (LASER) SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICES. FINAL REPORT; TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1995/02 SP - 58 p. AB - This technical report provides an overview of the circumstances leading to a request from the International Association of Chiefs of Police to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for the development of performance specifications for LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging), aka laser, devices used in speed limit enforcement. Chapter I provides an overview and description of the use of LIDAR speed measurement devices in speed limit enforcement. This chapter also contains NHTSA's recommendations concerning the use of LIDAR in speed limit enforcement and for the training of law enforcement officers using these devices. Chapter II contains the model minimum performance specifications for LIDAR along with the protocol for use in the laboratory and field testing of these devices to determine their compliance with the model performance specifications. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Instruments for measuring speed or velocity KW - Laser applications KW - Laser radar KW - Lasers KW - Law enforcement KW - Performance based specifications KW - Specifications KW - Speed measuring devices KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677673 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION, CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1995, THIRTEENTH EDITION PY - 1995/01/01 SP - 574 p. AB - This Digest reports the status, as of January 1, 1995, of State laws that are concerned with or somehow related to (1) drunk driving offenses and (2) alcoholic beverage control. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The Digest's Appendix, using the State Law Summary's format, gives the Uniform Vehicle Code's provisions on drunk driving, vehicle homicide and driving while license is either suspended or revoked. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driving without a license KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - State laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Vehicular homicide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674280 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) PROJECTS PY - 1995/01 SP - 435 p. AB - The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program applies advanced and emerging technologies in such fields as information processing, communications, control, and electronics to surface transportation needs. As described in the National ITS Program Plan, the ITS program is focused on the development and deployment of a collection of user services. Twenty-nine inter-related user services have been defined to date as part of the national program planning process. Deployment of these user services will help to attain the goals defined for the national ITS program by creating safer and better informed travelers, improved traffic control systems, and more efficient transit and commercial vehicle operations. This report describes those ITS projects that are wholly or partially funded by the Department of Transportation's modal administrations, including the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Transit Administration, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The report is a complement to the National ITS Program Plan, and is organized to describe those DOT-sponsored activities which support the development of user services, national compatibility planning, deployment, deployment support, and program assessment. KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - National compatibility planning KW - Program assessment KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Technological innovations KW - User services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743740 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Fillmore, M T AU - Vogel-Sprott, M AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - EXPECTANCIES ABOUT ALCOHOL-INDUCED MOTOR IMPAIRMENT PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSES TO ALCOHOL AND PLACEBO PY - 1995/01 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - p. 90-98 AB - Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the amount of alcohol-induced impairment that a drinker expects will predict his response to alcohol and to placebo. Social drinkers (N=81) were familiarized with a laboratory motor skill task before they rated the amount of impairment on the task that they expected from a moderate dose of alcohol. The degree of change in the subjects' performance was measured during an alcohol session and a subsequent session where alcohol was expected but a placebo was received. Subjects who expected greater impairment displayed poorer performance under alcohol (0.35 g/kg) and under placebo. This evidence calls attention to the importance of expectancies as a factor that may contribute to the understanding of individual differences in behavior under alcohol and a placebo. KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral research KW - Expectancies KW - Forecasting KW - Impairment KW - Individual differences KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motor skills KW - Physical disabilities KW - Psychology KW - Research KW - Responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677671 AU - Boyle, J M AU - Schulman, Ronca, and Bucuvalas, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL SURVEY OF DRINKING AND DRIVING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR: 1993. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/01 SP - 348 p. AB - This report presents findings from the first (1991) and second (1993) surveys on attitudes and behaviors of the general public related to drinking and driving conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The purpose of these periodic surveys is to track change in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors, and thereby provide data needed to guide programmatic activity directed at the drinking and driving problem. The 1991 and 1993 surveys were administered to a national probability sample of driving age individuals residing in the United States. The surveys provide data on various topics relevant to the drinking and driving problem including: support for taking action to reduce the problem, opinions about current enforcement and penalties, expectations of consequences, intervention behavior, avoidance of drinking and driving, frequency of drinking and driving, and frequency of riding with an impaired driver. The surveys suggest that from 1991 to 1993 changes in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors are small. The proportion of the public that drives after drinking, and the proportion that has placed themselves at risk by riding with an impaired driver held fairly constant from 1991 to 1993. The public's concern about drinking and driving remains high, although there is a small decline from 1991 to 1993 in the public's view of doing something about the problem. The public supports more severe penalties, and strongly favors the use of sobriety checkpoints. Data from both the 1991 and 1993 surveys are available on magnetic media from NTIS, accession number PB95-501755. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intervention KW - Law enforcement KW - Penalties KW - Public opinion KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677672 AU - Molof, M J AU - DRESSER, J AU - Ungerleider, S AU - Kimball, C AU - SCHAEFER, J AU - Integrated Research Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF YEAR-ROUND AND HOLIDAY RIDE SERVICE PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/01 SP - 105 p. AB - Ride Service Programs (RSPs) provide rides home for individuals who have been drinking. In 1987-1988, a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration study identified over 300 RSPs operating in the U.S., delivering an average of 841 and a total of some 25,000 safe rides annually. This study assessed the effectiveness of two RSPs. I'm Smart is a year-round, for profit organization located in the Syracuse, New York area. The program provides member clients transportation home in their own vehicles. Membership is available, for a fee, to corporations and alcohol-serving establishments. SoberCab is a holiday program which provides free rides home in Minneapolis and St. Paul between December 25 and January 1st. KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Ride service programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25865/DOT-HS-808-203.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676460 AU - Tijerina, L AU - Browning, N AU - Mangold, S J AU - Madigan, E F AU - Pierowicz, J A AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF REDUCED VISIBILITY CRASHES AND POTENTIAL IVHS COUNTERMEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995/01 SP - 84 p. AB - This report provides a preliminary analysis of reduced visibility crashes to support the development of crash avoidance system (CAS) concepts as part of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS). In this report, a reduced visibility crash is defined and background on driver perception is presented in order to identify candidate sources of visibility limitations and enhancements. Some indications as to the size of the reduced visibility problem are presented. A detailed analysis of a sample of crashes is discussed to provide further insights into the nature of the problem. Candidate functional crash avoidance concepts are presented in terms of in-vehicle warning systems, roadway information systems, direct vision enhancement systems, and imaging vision enhancement systems. The mechanisms of reduced visibility and how it affects stopping sight distance are then presented together with recommended sight distances used in traffic engineering for highway safety. The analysis concludes with a list of research needs that will further an understanding of driver vision and perception requirements and the development of effective reduced visibility crash countermeasures. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Perception KW - Reduced visibility KW - Research KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Visibility KW - Vision enhancement systems KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/416229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01135169 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - General Estimates System Coding Manual, 1995 PY - 1995 SP - 380p AB - This Coding Manual contains instructions for coding accident data from police accident reports for the General Estimates System (GES). GES is currently the main database used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to produce national statistics on nonfatal accidents in the United States. GES data are based on an annual sample of about 50,000 police accident reports. KW - Coding systems KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - School buses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/GES95.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894536 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00743782 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Reksnis, M AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS IN POLAND PY - 1995 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - pp 100-101 AB - This article discusses the population of Poland, number of passenger cars on the roads, traffic accident rates, casualties and fatalities. It notes that the great number of road accidents in Poland forced the Polish government and state police to undertake a wide range of activities as mitigation measures. The seat belt law introduced in 1991 had positive effects on traffic safety. KW - Casualties KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Poland KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Seat belts KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/474633 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00966072 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Bascunana, Jose L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF LANE CHANGE CRASH AVOIDANCE PY - 1995 SP - p. 33-43 AB - This paper examines the dynamic conditions that set apart safe from unsafe lane changes. Using pertinent variable,s the paper first determines the conditions that identify safe and unsafe lane changes. The analysis provides means to quantify the significance of the errors of the measurements and estimations that the countermeasure system must carry out to achieve its goal. The discussion includes consideration of the system's latency and reaction times of driver and vehicle, to compare them with the time between lane change initiation and the moment when the crash would occur. the paper considers possible different levels of capability for lane change countermeasure systems, and how they could be verified by tests without crash risk. KW - Automatic steering control KW - Lane changing KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/682695 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786902 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Bachalo, William D AU - Inenaga, Andrew AU - Schuler, Carlos AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - ADVANCED LASER BASED TRACKING DEVICE FOR MOTOR VEHICLE LANE POSITION MONITORING AND STEERING ASSISTANCE PY - 1995 SP - p. 128-137 AB - This paper describes a laser-diode based device that provides a warning signal when a motor vehicle deviates from the center of the lane. The device is based on a sensor that scans the roadway on either side of the vehicle and determines the lateral position relative to the existing painted lines marking the lane. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Lasers KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814690 AU - Fancher, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOSTERING DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION, AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORWARD CRASH AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS (FOCUS) PY - 1995 SP - 159 p. in various pagings AB - This report is part of a three year program to foster the development evaluation, and deployment of forward crash avoidance systems. Focus is on operational testing of a passenger car equipped with adaptive cruise control (ACC). The report presents technical results and information that support preliminary conclusions and recommendations concerning: simple design methods for speed and headway control; 2) evaluation of system performance as a function of range, range rate and velocity; 3) methods for evaluation of operational field experience; and, 4) future studies aimed at obtaining improved results for ACC systems. KW - Adaptive control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Cruise control KW - Deployment KW - Longitudinal control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/682778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00806474 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Doble, Michael E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSIVE LEARNING : PUTTING SIMPLICITY BACK INTO DRIVING PY - 1995 SP - p. 97-102 AB - This paper describes a futuristic passive learning system for automobiles. The system is programmed according to driver tendencies and preferences and uses that knowledge to adjust different vehicle systems. The paper describes different features of the system, such as passive entry and ignition, navigation, interactive steering wheel controls, automated vehicle storage, and voice activated cellular phones. KW - Consumer behavior KW - Electronic equipment KW - Human factors KW - Mobile computing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/675654 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786571 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Maciuca, Dragos B AU - Hedrick, J K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAKE DYNAMICS EFFECT ON AHS LANE CAPACITY PY - 1995 SP - p. 81-86 AB - This paper investigates the effects of brake system dynamics and inter- vehicle communication delays on the capacity of an Automated Highway system (AHS). Simulations were conducted to investigate the relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics and random variations from vehicle to vehicle within a platoon. Recommendations were made regarding the maximum desired delays intra-platoon and inter-platoon distances and platoon size in order to achieve the highest possible capacity while maintaining a high degree of safety. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Brakes KW - Highway capacity KW - Traffic platooning KW - Vehicle to vehicle communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786893 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Denes, Louis J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - ASSESSMENT OF DRIVER VISION ENHANCEMENT TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1995 SP - p. 17-28 AB - This study assesses imaging systems in the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, radars operating in various bands from 30 to 300 GHz and laser radars. Applications towards enhancing driver vision are discussed. KW - Automobile driving KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641994 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786904 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Baret, M AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - SENSOR FUSION : LANE MARKING DETECTION AND AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1995 SP - p. 150-162 AB - This paper describes an Autonomous Intelligent Cruise Control (AICC) systems combined with a lane marking detection function. Experiments will be carried out to estimate the gain in performance and comfort as a result of this new combination. KW - Data fusion KW - Optical radar KW - Road markings KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642005 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786567 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Choi, Sei-Bum AU - Devlin, Peter AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THROTTLE AND BRAKE COMBINED CONTROL FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - p. 53-60 AB - This paper summarizes the design of a throttle and brake combined controller and experimental work done for the longitudinal control of autonomous vehicles. It presents a sliding mode based longitudinal control law, brake system sub-model, brake control law and a throttle/ brake switching algorithm. The developed control strategies were implemented on a test vehicle and the longitudinal combined controls tested with a single vehicle using a predetermined trajectory of desired speed as a function of time. Initial test results shows good tracking, good ride quality, and smooth switching between throttle and brake. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Longitudinal control KW - Sliding mode control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641683 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786896 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Hennessey, Michael P AU - Shankwitz, Craig AU - Donath, Max AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - SENSOR BASED "VIRTUAL BUMPERS" FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE : CONFIGURATION ISSUES PY - 1995 SP - p. 48-59 AB - This paper looks at a 2 degree-of-freedom (DOF) control strategy based on the concept of a virtual bumper, used for collision avoidance strategies. The paper describes the virtual bumper concept, the physical basis behind it, and several issues that arise depending on how those virtual forces are generated. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - In vehicle sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641997 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786897 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Ganci, Paul AU - Potts, Steven AU - Okurowski, Frank AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - FOWARD LOOKING AUTOMOTIVE RADAR SENSOR PY - 1995 SP - p. 60-65 AB - In this paper, the authors report on a low-cost automotive millimeter wave (MMW) radar design which addresses shortcomings associated with standard intelligent cruise control (ICC) system implementations. The importance of the sensor's ability to identify and separately track all obstacles in the field of view is discussed. The applicability of the MMW FM-Collision Warning sensor implementation to collision warning systems is also discussed. KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Millimeter wave devices KW - Millimeter waves KW - Radar KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641998 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786900 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - D'Agostino, Salvatore A AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - MACHINE VISION BASED TRAFFIC SURVEYS PY - 1995 SP - p. 94-113 AB - This paper describes several traffic surveys that have been conducted using machine vision. It presents the results of field trials to calculate travel times, as well as the use of machine vision to address certain micro survey data requirements. KW - Computer vision KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642001 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786535 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Shiller, Zvi AU - Sundar, Satish AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MANEUVERS FOR AHS VEHICLES PY - 1995 SP - p. 1-11 AB - This paper addresses the issue of emergency maneuvers of intelligent vehicles, treated in the context of time-optimal control. Time optimal trajectories are computed along specified paths for a nonlinear vehicle model, which considers both lateral and longitudinal motions. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641656 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786538 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Lygeros, John AU - Godbole, Datta N AU - Broucke, Mireille AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TOWARDS A FAULT TOLERANT AHS DESIGN PY - 1995 SP - p. 13-32 AB - In this paper, the authors propose a hierarchical control architecture for dealing with faults and adverse environmental conditions on an Automated Highway System (AHS). The design of the framework provides a high degree of autonomy by extending the information structure to include data about the system capability and the control structure to make a distinction between strategic planning and execution. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641658 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786572 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - David, William J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMCW SENSORS FOR LONGITUDINAL CONTROL OF VEHICLES PY - 1995 SP - p. 87-96 AB - This paper examines current requirements of FMCW ranging sensors for automotive applications. The primary function of the ranging sensor is to measure range and closing rate to keep vehicles at a safe distance from each other. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641688 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786906 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Zoratti, Paul AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - MILLIMETER WAVE SCATTERING CHARACTERISTICS AND RADAR CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS OF COMMON ROADWAY OBJECTS PY - 1995 SP - p. 169-179 AB - This paper addresses a critical millimeter-wave radar sensing issue for automotive radar, namely the scattering characteristics of common roadway objects such as vehicles, roadsigns, and bridge overpass structures. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Millimeter wave devices KW - Millimeter waves KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00787412 AU - Tan, A K AU - Lerner, Neil D AU - Comsis Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE EVALUATION OF AUDITORY WARNING SIGNALS FOR IN- VEHICLE CRASH AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This research was directed at optimizing the auditory warning that may be used in future crash avoidance warning applications. The research included studying the key attributes of warning signals, weighing their importance, subjectively rating them, evaluating each sound, and ultimately identifying a most-promising subset of sounds. Four acoustic signals were identified aas being preferred over 22 others for in-vehicle applications. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00786001 AU - Lee, David AU - McOmber, Robert AU - Bruno, Ron AU - Stanford Telecommunications Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTEGRATION OF IN-VEHICLE ELECTRONICS FOR IVHS AND THE ELECTRONICS FOR OTHER VEHICLE SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This report investigates the use of off-the-shelf automotive electronic multiplexing and networking standards and electronic bus architectures to achieve the integration of in-vehicle Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems ( IVHS) safety systems with other in-vehicle electronic systems. Issues addressed include whether existing standards are adequate to support the required types of interfaces and the anticipated data traffic volumes that such integrated systems would impose, and whether safety and reliability issues have been adequately addressed. KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/638069 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786568 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Fujioka, Takehiko AU - Aso, Makoto AU - Baba, Jun AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISON OF SLIDING AND PID CONTROL FOR LONGITUDINAL AUTOMATED PLATOONING PY - 1995 SP - p. 61-67 AB - This paper investigates longitudinal vehicle control for platooning. Two- car platooning is realized by controlling the throttle of the following car. A vehicle model which is used for simulation and as a control model for experiment is constructed. Comparison of sliding control and PID control is done under various conditions. It is shown that especially under large initial deviation from the target state sliding control has better stability and more rapid convergence than PID control. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Longitudinal control KW - Traffic platooning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786570 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Foreman, Bret AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SURVEY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR AUTOMATED VEHICLE CONTROL PY - 1995 SP - p. 73-79 AB - This survey examines existing wireless technologies to determine appropriateness for control, maneuver, and advisory functions. Specific examples are taken from work done in the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) program regarding traffic platooning. In this context, the control function is to maintain stability and good ride quality among the vehicles in a group; the maneuver function is for a vehicle to join or leave a group; and the advisory function is to inform the groups about conditions ahead. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Communication systems KW - Traffic platooning KW - Wireless communication systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641686 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786569 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Michael, James B AU - Segal, Andrew C AU - Patwardhan, Satyajit AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION OF SOFTWARE TESTING RESULTS FOR REAL-TIME VEHICLE CONTROL SOFTWARE PY - 1995 SP - p. 69-72 AB - In this paper, an approach, based on Monte Carlo black-box testing, is presented to test the California Partner for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) program's lateral control system software. The paper concludes with a report on the validation of the results obtained from the software testing experiment. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automatic steering control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786869 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Arya, Vivek AU - de Vries, Marten J AU - Wang, Anbo AU - Murphy, Kent AU - Claus, Richard O AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - EXTRINSIC FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER FOR ITS-RELATED COMMUNICATION AND SENSING APPLICATIONS : AN EXACT ANALYSIS PY - 1995 SP - p. 2-9 AB - This paper looks at the use of optical sensors to perform health monitoring in fault-tolerant multicomputer networks. Specifically, it describes the application of an optical interferometer in providing a communication link and a fault- tolerant architecture. KW - Communication systems KW - Fault monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641971 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786895 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - MELLER, S AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS FOR VEHICLE DETECTION PY - 1995 SP - p. 39-45 AB - This paper presents an overview of optical fiber sensors fir civil structure monitoring and emerging applications of optical fiber sensors for traffic monitoring. Vehicle flow, speed, and weigh-in- motion measurements using fiber-based sensors are discussed. KW - Fiber optics KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00786218 AU - Worthy, Joshua AU - Lieberman, G AU - Moran, Bill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL MINIMUM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR LIDAR SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICES PY - 1995 SP - 50 p. in various pagings AB - This report focuses on the development of performance specifications for LIDAR (LIght Detection and Ranging) devices used in speed limit enforcement. It begins with an overview and description of the use of lidar speed measurement devices in speed limit enforcement. It also contains recommendations concerning the use of lidar in speed limit enforcement and for the the training of law enforcement officers using these devices. The report then provides the model minimum peformance specifications for lidar along with the protocol for use in the laboratory and field testing of these devices to determine their compliance with the model performance specifications. KW - Lasers KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radar KW - Speed KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/638073 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786565 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Bascunana, Jose L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF LANE CHANGE CRASH AVIODANCE PY - 1995 SP - p. 33-43 AB - This paper examines the dynamic conditions that set apart safe from unsafe lane changes. Using pertinent variable,s the paper first determines the conditions that identify safe and unsafe lane changes. The analysis provides means to quantify the significance of the errors of the measurements and estimations that the countermeasure system must carry out to achieve its goal. The discussion includes consideration of the system's latency and reaction times of driver and vehicle, to compare them with the time between lane change initiation and the moment when the crash would occur. the paper considers possible different levels of capability for lane change countermeasure systems, and how they could be verified by tests without crash risk. KW - Automatic steering control KW - Lane changing KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786566 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Li, Perry Y AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC FLOW STABILIZATION PY - 1995 SP - p. 45-52 AB - In this paper, a link layer controller is derived using a vehicle density conservation flow model. Control laws are considered for three highway topologies: a single lane highway, a highway with multiple discrete lanes and a highway with an arbitrary two dimensional flow pattern. The control law obtained for each of the topologies is distributed and is very suited for implementation at lower levels of the Automated Vehicle and Highway System (AVHS) control hierarchy. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic platooning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641682 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786898 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - James, Robert D AU - Mendola, Jeffrey B AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - ULTRA-WIDEBAND SENSOR FOR RANGE FINDING AND COMMUNICATION PY - 1995 SP - p. 66-71 AB - This paper describes the basics of Ultra-wideband (UWB) communications technology, describes its features, provides background on the technology, and provides possible applications of UWB to Intelligent Transportation Systems. KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Rangefinders KW - Wideband communication systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641999 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786899 JO - Collision avoidance and automated traffic management systems PB - International Society for Optical Engineering AU - Shiller, Zvi AU - Fiorini, Paolo AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Computer Recognition Systems, Inc. AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute AU - Institut fur Flugfuhrung (Braunschweig, Germany) AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Raytheon Electronic Systems AU - Aerometrics, Incorporated AU - Honeywell AU - MATRA CAP Systemes AU - Prometheus (Program) AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Caliper Corporation TI - AUTONOMOUS NEGOTIATION OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC PY - 1995 SP - p. 83-92 AB - This paper presents a new approach for autonomously negotiating freeway traffic. It is based on the concept of Velocity Obstacle (VO) which maps the set of vehicle's velocities that would result in a collision with other moving vehicles. The method is demonstrated in simulations for planning the trajectory of an automated vehicle in an Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) scenario. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642000 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00786574 JO - Systems and issues in ITS PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Devereux, R Wayne AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE OF A RECONFIGURABLE FIELD RESEARCH VEHICLE FOR HUMAN FACTORS EXPERIMENTS PY - 1995 SP - p. 103-115 AB - This paper describes efforts to develop a new reconfigurable research tool to perform human factors experiments in the areas of vehicle display type, placement and symbology (including Head-Up Display) route navigation, in- vehicle signing, and audio messaging. The Human Factors Field Research Vehicle architecture provides computer controlled experiments. This design uses the vehicle's reconfigurable instrument panel, displays and audio messages to stimulate the driver while a data acquisition system records driver and vehicle responses. KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors KW - System architecture KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641689 ER -