TY - RPRT AN - 00741856 AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PUBLICATIONS CATALOG PY - 1997/05 SP - 8 p. AB - Prepared by the Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, DOT, this publication presents a brief introduction to the latest publications available on the subject of intelligent transportation systems. KW - Advanced systems KW - Catalogs KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geographical information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099672 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Faucett (Jack) Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - Air Quality Impacts of Intercity Freight. Volume 1: Guidebook PY - 1997/03 SP - 294p AB - This report has been developed to provide assistance to planners and decision makers -- public and private -- to improve the understanding of freight transportation, economic and air quality relationships, and to provide some helpful tools for identifying and testing improvement strategies. The focus of the report is on truck and rail/intermodal transportation, and it offers guidance and procedures in assessing the impacts of shifts in the industry and overall traffic levels, capacity enhancements, changes in operational or management practices, policy or pricing initiatives, or changes in vehicle technologies or fuels. KW - Air quality KW - Economic analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuels KW - Intercity transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Operations KW - Pricing KW - Railroads KW - Traffic control KW - Trucking KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21415/PB99117038.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/851880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099660 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Faucett (Jack) Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - Air Quality Impacts of Intercity Freight. Volume 2: Appendices PY - 1997/03//Appendices SP - 314p AB - This report has been developed to provide assistance to planners and decision makers -- public and private -- to improve the understanding of freight transportation, economic and air quality relationships, and to provide some helpful tools for identifying and testing improvement strategies. The focus of the report is on truck and rail/intermodal transportation, and it offers guidance and procedures in assessing the impacts of shifts in the industry and overall traffic levels, capacity enhancements, changes in operational or management practices, policy or pricing initiatives, or changes in vehicle technologies or fuels. This document provides the appendices to the report. KW - Air quality KW - Economic analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuels KW - Intercity transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Operations KW - Pricing KW - Railroads KW - Traffic control KW - Trucking KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21471/PB99119620.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/851899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358902 AU - Reiff, Richard P AU - Gurule, Stan T AU - Gage, Scott E AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Influence of Contact Patch Resistance on Loss of Shunt at Highway-Railroad Grade Crossing PY - 1997/02//Final Report SP - 177p AB - Results of testing completed to date have revealed no promising mitigation techniques to reduce or eliminate loss of shunt on highway/rail grade crossing island circuits. During the course of this test program, results have shown that resistive films that develop on the running surfaces of wheels and rails are a major contributor to loss of shunt. Some untested mitigation techniques, however, have been developed recently and may offer an effective long-term solution for removing these resistive films. This phase of testing was based on results of the field monitoring effort performed at eight field locations throughout North America by the Association of American Railroads, Transportation Technology Center, Pueblo, Colorado, to document statistical occurrences of loss of shunt (interim report titled "Influence of Contact Patch Resistance on Loss of Shunt," August, 1993). KW - Car wheels (Railroads) KW - Contaminants KW - Electric current KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Relays (Electricity) KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Rolling contact UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42700/42701/ord9704.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01010762 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Ensuring Tank Car Safety: A Government and Industry Partnership PY - 1997/01/14 SP - 14p AB - On January 14, 1997, the Ensuring Tank Car Safety Planning Committee met to discuss the outcome of the Ensuring Tank Car Safety Public Information Meeting held in Houston. Texas on February 14, 1996. The Committee also discussed the minutes of the 1996 North American Tank Car Research Coordination Meeting (RCM) held at the Association of American Railroads' headquarters Building in Washington, D.C., on November 19, 1996. In recognition of the participants at both meetings who contributed their insight with respect to designing, operating, maintaining, and transporting tank cars, the FRA thanks you. The final outcome of these meetings will be realized in the years ahead through both government and industry research, rulemaking, and industry standard setting activities ad the mutual desire to achieve improved safety. To this end, the Planning Committee developed the following priority list of government and industry initiatives to ensure tank car safety. It is important to note that the initiatives do not represent a hierarchy of safety needs, but merely a list of needs that industry and government should review when establishing long term research, rulemaking, and industry standard setting activities: 1. Non-Accident Release Reduction; 2. Responding to Emergencies; 3. Tank Car Damage Assessment; 4. Tank Car Fire Protection; 5. Tank Car Structural Integrity; 6. Performance Oriented Standards; 7. Negotiated Rulemaking; 8. Railroad Operating Practicies; 9. Public Workshops, Information Meetings and Lessons Learned; 10. 286,000 Gross Weight on Rail; and 11. Safety of Intermodal Portable Tanks Transported by Rail. KW - Damage assessment KW - Design KW - Emergency response time KW - Fires KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Human factors KW - Intermodal facilities KW - Maintainability KW - Operations KW - Partnerships KW - Protection KW - Public information programs KW - Research KW - Rulemaking KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Tank cars KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818114 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Association of American Railroads TI - BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FREIGHT RAIL TRANSPORTATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1997. REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION PY - 1997 SP - n.p. AB - This report provides a preliminary assessment of the freight railroad system as a critical infrastructure of the United States, and describes the system's ability to continue to operate after accidents, natural disasters, actions caused by trespassers, and possible terrorist attacks. KW - Disasters KW - Emergencies KW - Hazardous materials KW - National security KW - Railroads KW - Terrorism KW - Threats KW - Vandalism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00749963 AU - Caldwell, H AU - Steinmann, R AU - Comeau, C AU - Crichton, R AU - Nguyen, L AU - McGarry, J AU - Welbes, M AU - Fiocco, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - 1997 STATUS OF THE NATION'S SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: CONDITION AND PERFORMANCE. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1997 SP - 108 p. AB - This is the 1997 edition of a series of reports required by Congress on America's surface transportation system. The report provides information on the physical and operating characteristics of the highway, bridge, and transit portions of our Nation's intermodal transportation system. It also discusses the current financing of those transportation modes and the future investment that will be required to achieve benchmarks of system performance. The investment analysis employs subjective assumptions about travel growth, land use, vehicle use patterns, and other factors that can be expected to influence future funding requirements. The analysis in this report is based on data submitted by State and local transportation agencies. The report has four sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Highlights - a bulleted summary covering conditions and performance, finance, and investment requirements for highways, bridges, and transit; (3) Questions and Answers - a series of significant and relevant questions and answers about these topics, plus information on the National Highway System, the backbone of the intermodal surface transportation system; and (4) U.S. Freight: Economy in Motion - an overview of the current status of freight transportation via the different transportation modes (highway, rail, air, water, and pipeline) and an outline of the forces of change expected to transform freight transportation in the future. KW - Air cargo KW - Bridges KW - Finance KW - Financial requirements KW - Financing KW - Freight transportation KW - Ground transportation KW - Highways KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Investment planning KW - Investments KW - National Highway System KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Physical properties KW - Pipeline transportation KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - United States KW - Water transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20800/20878/PB98156060.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7700/7706/cov-xii.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484217 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745771 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - DeLuca, J M AU - Dittmar, H AU - Joseph, G F AU - Marino, R J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BUSINESS PLANNING FOR STATE INFRASTRUCTURE BANKS--DISCUSSION SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 151-161 AB - This is a panel discussion on State Infrastructure Banks (SIBs). The first panelist reviews some issues that SIBs raise from a project and planning perspective. The second panelist, on behalf of the Surface Transportation Policy Project, focuses on the concern that innovative financing techniques and SIBs ought to contribute to the broader goals of the transportation system and to the broader public interest. The third panelist discusses the demand for projects funded by the Ohio SIB and how the SIB fit into the needs of the state, reviews the process of effectively establishing and administering the Ohio SIB program, and comments on what future legislation at the federal level is needed for Ohio's SIB program. The fourth panelist points out that not every state should have a SIB (a SIB does not work everywhere), and expresses concern at attempts to change the SIB requirements. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Ohio KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - State infrastructure banks KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475893 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745772 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Joseph, G F AU - Horton, M AU - Soberon-Ferrer, H AU - Sale, S H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: STATE INFRASTRUCTURE BANKS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 165-170 AB - Presented here are the following case studies: Ohio State Infrastructure Bank; Oregon State Infrastructure Bank; Florida State Infrastructure Bank; and Arizona State Infrastructure Bank. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - State infrastructure banks KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475894 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745768 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cowan, R AU - Yarema, G AU - Farris, R E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: PRESENTATIONS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 125-128 AB - These three presentations on innovative transportation finance discuss public-private partnerships. The first provides a history of public-private initiatives in Washington State and some insights on mistakes made. The second discusses new applications in the public-private partnership arena, including toll road partnerships, use of public rights-of-way for fiber optics and PCS agreements, contracting out operation/maintenance and asset management, and design/build and design/build/maintain contracts. The third examines South Carolina's experience with public-private partnerships for financing highway projects. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Assets KW - Conferences KW - Contracting out KW - Design build KW - Finance KW - Highways KW - Innovation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Public private partnerships KW - Right of way (Land) KW - South Carolina KW - Toll roads KW - Transportation KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475890 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745775 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Leonard, J AU - Abramowitz, B AU - Wood, S A AU - Colon, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: TURNKEY AND DESIGN-BUILD SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 180-184 AB - Presented here are the following case studies of turnkey and design-build projects: I-15, Utah; JFK Airport International Arrivals Terminal; Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (New Jersey Transit); and San Juan Tren Urbano (Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority). U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Design build KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - John F. Kennedy International Airport KW - Light rail transit KW - New Jersey Transit KW - Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority KW - Rapid transit KW - Transportation KW - Turnkey systems KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745766 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McCaleb, N AU - Haley, R AU - Seltzer, D AU - Vobach, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BOND FINANCING: ISSUES AND STRATEGIES: PRESENTATIONS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 99-106 AB - These four presentations on innovative transportation finance discuss bond financing. The first gives a brief overview of what is happening in Oklahoma in the area of debt financing for highway construction. The second covers three issues: the necessity for a highway program in Kansas, why sales taxes and bonds are used in Kansas, and the method used to sell bonds in Kansas. The third outlines several federal policy incentives in the area of tax policy and credit policy that can be used in connection with tax-exempt financing. The fourth covers the following areas: (1) Development of tax-exempt bond financing for highway and toll road projects; (2) Structuring of alternatives available to surface transportation entities; (3) Credit considerations and structuring enhancements that are key to developing programs and providing the lowest overall interest cost; (4) Marketing bonds to investors; and (5) Creation of a framework for future projects. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Bond financing KW - Bonds KW - Conferences KW - Credit KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Incentives KW - Innovation KW - Kansas KW - Marketing KW - Oklahoma KW - Policy KW - Road construction KW - Toll roads KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475888 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745770 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nichol, C AU - McCalley, M AU - Ismart, D AU - Grote, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EMERGING FINANCIAL INNOVATIONS: PRESENTATIONS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 140-147 AB - These four presentations on innovative transportation finance discuss emerging financial innovations. The first addresses the funding of airport projects, such as the extension of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system to the airport. The second discusses lease/leaseback transactions, with a walk through of a generic $100 million transaction. The third describes the Federal Highway Administration's findings from workshops conducted on innovative financing among the states. The fourth discusses federal assistance through bond reimbursement, grant anticipation revenue vehicles (GARVEEs), and three new programs in the National Economic Crossroads Transportation Efficiency Act (NEXTEA): a border gateway pilot program, the credit enhancement program, and a deployment incentive program to implement innovative technologies. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Airport operations KW - Bond reimbursement KW - Conferences KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicles (GARVEEs) KW - Innovation KW - Leasing KW - National economic crossroads transp efficiency act KW - San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475892 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745773 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ERICKSON, R C AU - Pfeffer, G S AU - Duve, J L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: ROAD PRICING PANEL SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 171-176 AB - Presented here are the following case studies: Congestion Pricing Pilot Program (Federal Highway Administration); SR-91, Los Angeles Express Lane Project; and I-15, San Diego Congestion Pricing Project. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Congestion pricing KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Road pricing KW - San Diego (California) KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745765 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Franklin, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: BOND FINANCING: ISSUES AND STRATEGIES SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 91-98 AB - The purpose of this resource paper is to explore bond financing as an option for increasing or "leveraging" funds to finance transportation projects. The paper reviews terminology related to bond financing, describes how such financing is incorporated into surface transportation capital programs, discusses the advantages of and questions related to bond programs, identifies the key issues involved in structuring a bond issue, and summarizes how and to whom bonds are sold. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Bond financing KW - Bonds KW - Conferences KW - Definitions KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Innovation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475887 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745767 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lockwood, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ARE THE ANSWER; WHAT IS THE QUESTION? SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 109-124 AB - Despite their apparent potential, public-private partnerships are still in the experimental stage with few completed implementations. But there are several projects with precedent-setting features in the late stages of development. Furthermore, valuable lessons have been learned through policies developed, models created, and deals negotiated (and derailed). Mainstreaming these promising new approaches requires integrating new policies and procedures into the transportation infrastructure development activities of both public agencies and industry. This resource paper aims at setting a context for discussion of the issues surrounding these developments. The question is, therefore, "What promising new resources, procedures, roles, and relationships for improved highway delivery are suggested by the current constraints, opportunities, and the lessons to date?" U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Innovation KW - Policy KW - Procedures KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475889 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745769 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Marx, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: FINANCING INNOVATIONS IN TRANSIT: METHODS AND ISSUES SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 131-139 AB - This resource paper provides an overview of recent financing innovations that the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has either reviewed or heard about and presents some issues with regard to each innovation. These innovative financing methods present new risks and new opportunities for transit systems and private-sector firms wishing to forge new partnerships for infrastructure investment. The most successful of these new partnerships will be based on a solid understanding of where the market and its financing methods are going. Covered in the discussion are transit finance corporations, lease/leaseback transactions, joint development, State Infrastructure Banks, and super turnkey arrangements. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Joint development KW - Leasing KW - Public transit KW - State infrastructure banks KW - Transportation KW - Turnkey systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475891 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745774 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Preusch, J AU - Seltzer, D AU - Henkin, T AU - Atwell, J W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: FEDERAL CREDIT ASSISTANCE SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 177-179 AB - Presented here are the following case studies: Alameda Corridor Project; Federal Credit Program (Federal Highway Administration); Accessing States' Unobligated Balances (Apogee Research, Inc.); and Virginia programs (Virginia Department of Transportation). U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Alameda Corridor KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Credit KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal credit assistance KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Transportation KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475896 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745776 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Roskin, M AU - Griffin, J W AU - McPherson, T AU - Petko, T S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDIES: TE 045 PROJECTS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 185-190 AB - Presented here is an overview of Test and Evaluation 045 Projects, followed by these case studies: George Bush Turnpike (Texas); Butler County, Ohio project; and Michigan Blue Water Bridge project. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Butler County (Ohio) KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Michigan KW - Test and evaluation 045 projects KW - Texas KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475898 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745763 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Forkenbrock, D J AU - Schweitzer, L A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND HIGHWAY FINANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 73-82 AB - In this resource paper the authors explore how intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and related technologies can be applied to collect user charges from operators of motor vehicles. First, the nature of transportation user charges is discussed. Next, several underlying principles that should be taken into account when structuring user charges are explained and common problems that exist with contemporary methods for charging users of transportation systems are discussed. Then current ITS capabilities are explored as they relate to roadway pricing and the collection of user charges. Finally, the authors contemplate a series of public policy issues that need to be addressed for ITS technologies to play a central role in financing highways through progressive methods of collecting user charges. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Collection KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Public policy KW - Road pricing KW - Transportation KW - Transportation users KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475885 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745756 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION FINANCE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, DALLAS, TEXAS, APRIL 23-25, 1997 SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - 209 p. AB - The conference was organized as a national forum to provide information on new approaches to financing all modes of transportation, to share success stories, and to stimulate discussion on the merits and drawbacks of new techniques, which are known collectively as innovative finance. Innovative finance in transportation is a diversified set of public- and private-sector actions that move beyond the traditional federal-aid and state-aid funding processes. Nearly 500 federal, state, and local government officials and private-sector representatives attended the conference. Conference participants grappled with the growing inadequacy of traditional funding sources and how to find new means to finance the continued maintenance and improvement of the nation's transportation infrastructure. The broad-based conference turnout makes it clear that these concerns are shared industrywide and that transportation providers across the nation are actively seeking new ways to raise revenues to finance the necessary improvements. By the close of the conference, participants were better informed about the new revenue sources and more creative means of financing transportation infrastructure that may be necessary to meet the challenges of the future, and they were more familiar with the complex issues associated with changing the current means of transportation finance. Tangible outcomes of the conference are a description of the benefits and possible risks associated with innovative financing techniques, identification of the types of legislative and administrative changes needed to facilitate the implementation of innovative finance, and the suggested development of a research and information transfer program that would disseminate best practices to state and local transportation agencies. The proceedings are organized as follows: Summary; Conference Findings; Major Themes - presentations and discussions from conference plenary sessions on the following major innovative finance themes: current state of the art, future developments, national legislative considerations, and how to bring about implementation; Key Topics - presentations, discussions, and resource papers on five topics that are key to innovative finance: (a) the roles of the public and private sectors, (b) linking technology and finance, (c) bond financing, (d) public-private partnerships, and (e) business planning for State Infrastructure Banks; Case Studies; and List of conference participants. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Benefits KW - Bond financing KW - Bonds KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Financing KW - Governments KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Innovation KW - Private enterprise KW - Public private partnerships KW - Risk assessment KW - State infrastructure banks KW - Transportation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475878 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745759 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mineta, N Y AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE PERSPECTIVE SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 41-45 AB - This conference presentation discusses likely congressional action and inaction on transportation funding. It is argued that, since the aim of the Congress and the President is to reduce the budget deficit to zero, the prospects for increased federal-aid highway funding are poor, even though the balance of the Highway Trust Fund will grow. A decrease in the level of federal funding is likely, and state and local governments will not be able to make up the difference, given the current political climate. A broader array of financing options and more private funding or blends of public and private funding must be found. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Political factors KW - Private enterprise KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475881 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745761 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Giglio, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESOURCE PAPER: PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC BENEFITS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 57-64 AB - This resource paper examines the roles of the public and private sectors in transportation finance. The following areas are discussed: who owns what; the local highway mess; the privatization controversy; who pays and how; better management; greater operating efficiency; absence of conflicting goals; easier access to low-cost capital; cost of capital; and whether or not private operation can really work on a large scale. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Capital KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Governments KW - Innovation KW - Ownership KW - Private enterprise KW - Privatization KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475883 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745757 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kane, A R AU - Lammie, J L AU - Griebel, T A AU - Morris, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WHAT IS INNOVATIVE FINANCE AND HOW HAS IT BEEN USED? SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 15-26 AB - Four presentations are made on the current state of the art of innovative finance. The presentations cover federal initiatives, private sector initiatives, examples of state initiatives in Texas, and examples of innovative finance in the metropolitan area of Dallas. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Innovation KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Private enterprise KW - State government KW - State of the art studies KW - Texas KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475879 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745762 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Giglio, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LUNCHEON ADDRESS: WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS? SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 65-69 AB - This luncheon address examines the roles of the public and private sectors in transportation finance. The conclusion is that, "Innovative finance and reprivatization will not weaken government. They have the potential to restore vitality to get government to focus on what it ought to do, which is to govern. And transportation finance, under the umbrella of innovative finance, may be just a fulcrum on which to rest a policy lever to expand our transportation resources." U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Governments KW - Innovation KW - Private enterprise KW - Privatization KW - Transportation KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475884 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745764 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Johnson, C AU - Foote, J AU - Gehring, S AU - Twomey, W V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LINKING TECHNOLOGY AND FINANCE: PRESENTATIONS SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 83-88 AB - These four presentations on innovative transportation finance discuss the linking of technology and finance. The discussions cover Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), the National Economic Crossroads Transportation Efficiency Act, the role of ITS America and its Program Development Task Force, and information systems deployment through public-private partnerships. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Deployment KW - Finance KW - Information systems KW - Innovation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS America KW - National economic crossroads transp efficiency act KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475886 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745758 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Francois, F B AU - Spencer, J AU - Kane, A R AU - Skinner, R E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND STRATEGIES: REAUTHORIZATION AND BEYOND SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 27-40 AB - These four presentations examine future developments and strategies in transportation finance. The presentations cover the highway perspective, Federal Highway Administration initiatives, Federal Transit Administration initiatives, and a long-range view of transportation finance and how it may change (the strategic perspective). U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Highways KW - Innovation KW - Long range planning KW - Long term KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475880 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00745760 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ERICKSON, R C AU - Sale, S H AU - Forkenbrock, D J AU - Giglio, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WHAT IS NEEDED TO MAKE INNOVATIVE FINANCE IMPLEMENTABLE SN - 0309062144 PY - 1997 IS - 15 SP - p. 46-49 AB - Four presentations are made on how to bring about implementation of innovative finance. The perspectives are those of the Federal Highway Administration, a state department of transportation, a person interested in the economic aspects of transportation policy, and an expert in public-private transportation finance. U1 - Transportation Finance for the 21st CenturyTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19970423 EndDate:19970425 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Economic policy KW - Finance KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Public private partnerships KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742297 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - STRATEGIC PLAN PY - 1997 SP - 17 p. AB - The Federal Railroad Administration is committed to doing business in a new way. This new Strategic Plan is FRA's guide to the future and is designed to be user friendly, customer focused, results oriented and a guide for the development of competitive rail transportation for the 21st century. It's mission and vision is to promote safe, environmentally sound, successful railroad transportation and to encourage new policies and investments in infrastructure and advanced technology to meet the current and future needs of all customers. KW - Communities KW - Customer service KW - Environmental protection KW - Future growth KW - Future policies KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Policy KW - Public relations KW - Railroads KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739860 AU - Gordon, J E AU - Orringer, O AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BRAKING SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS ON THERMAL INPUT TO COMMUTER CAR WHEELS PY - 1997 SP - 64 p. AB - A heat transfer model, previously developed to estimate wheel rim temperatures during tread braking of MU power cars and validated by comparison with operational test results, is extended and appplied to cases involving several different blended brake system configurations. Preliminary and final system configurations defined by the car owner/operator are evaluated. The ability of the selected option to maintain wheel rim temperatures at safe levels is demonstrated. KW - Brakes KW - Braking systems KW - Commuter cars KW - Heat transfer KW - System configuration KW - System design KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses KW - Wheel rims UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34554/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-95-07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01207230 AU - Askey, T Sheridan AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Research and Special Programs Administration TI - Safety of High Speed Ground Transportation Systems - Human Factors Phase II: Design and Evaluation of Decision Aids for Control of High-Speed Trains; Experiments and Model PY - 1996/12//Final Report SP - 152p AB - Although the speed of some guided ground transportation systems continues to increase, the reaction time and the sensory and information processing capacities of railroad personnel remain constant. This second report in a series examining critical human factors issues in future high-speed rail systems, describes the design and evaluation of computer-based decision aids to compensate for the increased demands on locomotive engineers. (The next report will explore increasing control automation.) Three concepts of aiding, referred to as preview, predictive, and advisory aiding, were integrated into two displays and compared with a conventional high-speed cab environment. Experimental evaluations were conducted on the high-speed-rail simulator developed at the Department of Transportation's Volpe Center for Human Factors Research. Results show that the decision aids improved safety by reducing both reaction times to emergency events and the need for emergency braking. Schedule adherence, station-stopping accuracy, and, with advisory aiding, energy consumption improved. Concerns that aiding may induce higher visual workload were allayed both empirically and via subjective questionnaires, where the advanced displays were consistently rated lower on workload-related measures. A high-speed train locomotive engineer model was developed to evaluate decision aids in a less costly model-in-the-loop simulation. The findings of the human-in-the-loop evaluation were confirmed. KW - Decision making KW - High speed rail KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Human in the loop simulation KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad traffic control KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33600/33639/33639.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/968129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737747 AU - Cai, Y AU - Rote, D M AU - Mulcahy, T M AU - Wang, Z AU - Chen, S S AU - Zhu, Shankuan AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - DYNAMIC STABILITY OF REPULSIVE-FORCE MAGLEV SUSPENSION SYSTEMS PY - 1996/11 SP - 79 p. AB - This report summarizes the research performed on maglev vehicle dynamic stability at Argonne National Laboratory during the past few years. It also documents both measured and calculated magnetic-force data. Because dynamic instability is not acceptable for any commercial maglev system, it is important to consider this phenomenon in the development of all maglev system. This report presents dynamic stability experiments on maglev systems and compares the results with predictions calculated by a nonlinear-dynamics computer code. Instabilities of an electrodynamic suspension system type vehicle model were obtained by experimental observation and computer simulation of a five-degree-of-freedom maglev vehicle moving on a guideway that consists of a pair of L-shaped aluminum conductors attached to a rotating wheel. The experimental and theoretical analyses developed in this study identify basic stability characteristics and future research needs of maglev systems. KW - Dynamic stability KW - Dynamics KW - Guideway dynamics KW - Guideways KW - Instability KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Repulsive force KW - Stability analysis KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745375 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - ENHANCING RAIL SAFETY NOW AND INTO THE 21ST CENTURY: THE FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION'S SAFETY PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1996/10 SP - 54 p. AB - The report assesses the new safety program, known as the Safety Assurance and Compliance Program (SACP). This program complements correction of safety issues on a site-by-site basis with a comprehensive approach to systemic safety issues. The report underscores the safety partnership approach, which includes representation from Federal, and State entities, rail labor, rail management, suppliers, customers, and the public, all of the parties having a vested interest in the process of improving safety on the nation's rail system.. KW - Compliance KW - Cooperation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety programs KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19600/19606/PB2002108381.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6883/721.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732033 AU - Tyrell, D AU - Severson, K AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CRASHWORTHINESS TESTING OF AMTRAK'S TRADITIONAL COACH SEAT. SAFETY OF HIGH-SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1996/10 SP - 84 p. AB - Tests have been conducted on Amtrak's traditional passenger seat to evaluate its performance under static and dynamic loading conditions. Quasi-static tests have been conducted to establish the load-deflection characteristics of the seat. Dynamic tests of selected collision conditions have also been conducted with instrumented Hybrid III dummies to evaluate the collision performance of the seat and to verify the analytic simulation tools. This report describes the results of the crashworthiness testing of Amtrak's traditional seats. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Load deflection KW - Loads KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety research KW - Seat design KW - Seat tests KW - Seats KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/2311 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/13000/13200/13203/ord9608.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01039093 AU - Pollard, John K AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Locomotive Engineer's Activity Diary PY - 1996/09//Final Report SP - 68p AB - About 200 freight engineers working on several major railroads completed a 14-day diary recording such data as: the demographic characteristics of the participants; how much time they spent working, sleeping at home, sleeping away from home, commuting; and how much time they spent on all other purposes. Data were also gathered regarding the quality of rest, how alert they felt on the job, and how well they could predict the time of the next job start. Their comments were solicited about the factors responsible for fatigue and job-induced stress, and what countermeasures they would prefer. Analyses of these data are presented showing how hours of sleep and alertness on the job are affected by: job category, age, average daily hours worked, job-start time, and job-end time. Self-rated alertness estimates by time-of-day are given for each railroad along with graphs showing how average alertness varies with hours worked and the effect of having an assistant. There are tables of ratings on ease of falling asleep, ease of staying asleep, and quality of rest for at-home and away-from-home rest. Also included are poll results for some 50 suggested countermeasures and scatter plots of errors in estimates of job-start times. KW - Age KW - Alertness KW - Commuting KW - Countermeasures KW - Demographics KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Job end times KW - Job start times KW - Jobs KW - Locomotive engineers KW - Periods of the day KW - Personnel KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroads KW - Rest KW - Sleep KW - Stresses KW - Time UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/2834 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745310 AU - Mee, B E AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RIDE QUALITY EVALUATION OF HIGH SPEED TRAINS ON THE NORTHEAST CORRIDOR PY - 1996/09 SP - 90 p. AB - This document contains the results of testing to characterize the ride quality of high speed rail passenger vehicles. The lateral and vertical acceleration and vibration of standard Amtrak Metroliners, the Swedish X2000, and the German Intercity Express (ICE), were recorded during simulated and actual revenue service on the Northeast Corridor (NEC) between Washington, DC Union Station (WAS) and New York City Penn Station (NYP). The ride vibration environment was evaluated using current Amtrak ride quality criteria, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 2631 'Guide for the Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-body Vibration'. Data were collected for locomotives and coaches. The response to specific track features such as interlocking was compared using peak-to-peak acceleration values. The ride quality experienced in steady-state operation on tangent or curving track was compared using ISO 2631 'reduced Comfort Boundary' vibration exposure levels. The ISO exposure levels were calculated using a 'snapshot', generally 8192 data points, corresponding to approximately 41 seconds of travel. KW - High speed rail KW - International Standards Organization KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Passenger comfort KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Ride quality KW - Vibration KW - Vibration levels UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20000/20058/PB98107162.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42684/ord9607.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736895 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HIGHWAY-RAIL CROSSING ACCIDENT/INCIDENT AND INVENTORY BULLETIN NO. 18, CALENDAR YEAR 1995 PY - 1996/09 SP - 126 p. AB - This eighteenth annual report combines Highway-Rail Crossing Accident/Incident statistics with the National Highway-Rail Crossing Inventory. Accident/Incident data are compiled from monthly reports filed by railroads. The National Highway-Rail Crossing Inventory contains sight-survey data about individual crossings and is provided voluntarily by states and railroads. Information on accidents/incidents and crossings is presented in the following sequence: Historical data on highway-rail crossing accidents/incidents at public crossings; Summary of 1995 accidents/incidents that occurred at public crossings sites; Physical and operational statistics for all public at-grade highway-rail crossings as described in the inventory on July 19, 1996; and Summary of 1995 accidents/incidents occurring at private highway-rail crossings and tabulations of private crossings in the inventory. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Incidents KW - National Highway-Rail Crossing Inventory KW - Physical and operational statistics KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics KW - Traffic incidents UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/bull95.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736893 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - INTERCITY FREIGHT AND PASSENGER RAIL: STATE AND LOCAL PROJECT REFERENCE GUIDE. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND ISTEA: PLANNING, EVALUATING AND FINANCING PUBLIC BENEFIT RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS PY - 1996/09 SP - 58 p. AB - This Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) reference guide is designed as a practical, single source document for local and state officials and other interested stakeholders. The purpose of this guide is to assist local and state planners and decision makers in considering rail projects in their transportation plans and programs and in determining cost-effective allocation of scarce transportation resources. It includes discussion of: (1) the transportation planning process; (2) intercity rail project evaluation; (3) project priority setting; (4) project opportunities under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA); (5) assessment of projects' environmental/societal benefits; and (6) innovative financing mechanisms that can be employed to advance public benefit rail projects. The guide also summarizes a new tool developed for FRA to assist states and localities in evaluating the public and private benefits of rail and rail-related projects. Examples are presented to illustrate more tangibly how project funding might be structured. Each section identifies key contacts within FRA. KW - Benefits KW - Decision making KW - Environmental impacts KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Infrastructure KW - Intercity rail KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Local government KW - Planning KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public private partnerships KW - Railroad transportation KW - Ratings KW - Social benefits KW - States KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00726706 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HIGH-SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION FOR AMERICA PY - 1996/08 SP - 33 p. AB - High-speed ground transportation (HSGT) - a family of technologies ranging from upgraded existing railroads to magnetically levitated vehicles - is a passenger transportation option that can best link metropolitan areas lying about 100 to 500 miles apart. To provide an objective basis for transport policy formulation and planning at the State and Federal levels, this report examines the economics of bringing HSGT to well-populated groups of cities throughout the United States. The intention is to draw nationwide - not corridor specific - conclusions from projections of the likely investment needs, operating performance, and benefits of HSGT in a set of illustrative corridors in several regions. Although useful collectively, these case studies cannot substitute for the more detailed, State- and privately-sponsored analyses of specific corridors that would be prerequisite to HSGT implementation. KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Investments KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941435 AU - Mengert, P H AU - Davin, J AU - Weinstock, H AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PROCEDURE TO ESTABLISH INSPECTION INTERVALS OF REGULARLY MAINTAINED IN-SERVICE UNITS SUBJECT TO FAILURE PY - 1996/05 SP - 84 p. AB - Procedures have been developed for determining the period between regular inspections that is required to ensure, with a specified level of confidence, that no more than a certain percentage of the units of a population that is in service has failed. The procedure assumes that the units have a uniform random failure rate and that the population is divided into many equal sized groups. These groups are inspected sequentially at a uniform rate over the inspection interval, repaired if necessary, and returned to service. A new inspection interval is calculated based on the number found failed in an initial inspection interval. Comparisons of repeated simulations of the percentage of in-service units of the population using randomly generated data have determined that the procedure is useful when the population is greater than 100 units and the percentage of the population found failed at inspection is less than 1%. These procedures, combined with engineering data and experience, may be applied to the definition of approaches for ensuring safety of equipment in railroad operations. KW - Equipment KW - Failure rate KW - In-service units KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Railroads KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Time intervals UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42682/ord9604.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734580 AU - Mayville, R A AU - Stringfellow, R G AU - Rancatore, R J AU - Hosmer, T P AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LOCOMOTIVE CRASHWORTHINESS RESEARCH. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 5: CAB CAR CRASHWORTHINESS REPORT PY - 1996/03 SP - 40 p. AB - Models used to analyze locomotive crashworthiness are modified for application to control cab cars of the types used for intercity and commuter rail passenger service. An existing control cab car is analyzed for crashworthiness based on scenarios developed from two accidents. The peak strength of crashworthiness-related components is found to exceed the 49 CFR 221.141 requirements. Options for further improvement are analyzed. KW - Control cab cars KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Locomotives KW - Passenger trains KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroad trains KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Survival UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22300/22354/ord9508_5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721762 AU - Samavedam, G AU - Blader, F AU - THOMSON, D AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. TRACK LATERAL SHIFT: FUNDAMENTALS AND STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW PY - 1996/02 SP - 76 p. AB - This report presents a review of the state of the art of track lateral shift analysis, with improved concepts for safety evaluation of high speed trains generating track shift forces. The mechanics of track shift and the resulting track failure modes are defined. A critical review of the track shift literature from France, England, Sweden, Japan, and the United States is presented. An approach is suggested in this report for an improved understanding and analysis of track shift for application to the U.S. track conditions. The proposed approach consists of a vehicle dynamic model to predict lateral loads on the track, and a track model to determine limit loads on the track and residual lateral deflections under the influence of the vehicle loads. KW - Dynamics KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Safety KW - Track lateral shift KW - Train track dynamics KW - Wheels UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34600/34623/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-96-01.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42681/ord9603.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745373 AU - Carroll, A A AU - Helser, J L AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGHWAY-RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS RESEARCH NEEDS WORKSHOP. VOLUME 1 PY - 1996/01 SP - 142 p. AB - The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) recently developed the DOT Action Plan for Rail-Highway Grade Crossing Safety. The objective is to achieve at least a 50% reduction in accidents and fatalities at grade crossings over the next 10 years. The Volpe National Transportation Systems Center hosted and conducted the Highway-Railroad Grade Crossing Safety Research Needs Workshop; 75 delegates participated in the workshop and identified 92 crossing safety related research needs. This document contains results of analyses of the research needs. The results suggest that cost-effective research can be conducted without large expenditures of public funds. Results also indicate most research needs apply to high speed rail and the area of human response to grade crossing applications should receive increased emphasis in the future. Results address relationships among the identified research needs, the Action Plan and current research being conducted. The workshop delegates' consensus is that the workshop was a worthwhile first step in developing an intermodal approach to improving highway-railroad grade crossing safety and the process should continue. KW - Grade crossing accidents KW - Grade crossing safety KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745374 AU - Carroll, A A AU - Helser, J L AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGHWAY-RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS RESEARCH NEEDS WORKSHOP. VOLUME II PY - 1996/01 SP - 440 p. AB - The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) recently developed the DOT's Action Plan for Rail-Highway Grade Crossing Safety. The objective is to achieve at least 50% reduction in accidents and fatalities over the next 10 years. The Action Plan identifies the need for a workshop to develop an intermodal consensus on projected research needs. The Volpe National Transportation Needs Workshop was attended by 75 delegates; they identified 92 crossing safety related research needs. This Volume 2 contains appendices containing: List of attendees; agenda and handouts; Action Plan support proposals; driver (public) education papers; enforcement papers; human factors papers; crossing improvement (engineering) program papers; and, data papers. KW - Grade crossing accidents KW - Grade crossing safety KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00726694 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION 1996 REPORT UPDATE PY - 1996 SP - 20 p. AB - This report describes the benefits that our nation gains from transit investments and points to transit's importance in the years ahead. The nation faces many transportation challenges, from managing traffic growth to ensuring access to jobs and sustaining the environment for future generations. Public transit can help meet these needs by providing high-quality service in congested corridors, offering low-cost transportation access for millions of Americans, and supporting pedestrian-oriented business districts and neighborhoods. This report introduces estimates of the value of these benefits. These findings can be the foundation for addressing many future transportation needs in the United States. The report is also available on the U.S. DOT Web-site at: http://www.fta.dot.gov. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Business districts KW - Investments KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Public transit KW - Transit vehicle operations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16378/PB2000103616.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00861564 AU - UNITED STATES. SUBCOMMITTEE ON RAILROADS. FOR SALE BY THE U.S. G.P.O., SUPT. OF DOCS., CONGRESSIONAL SALES OFFICE AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE PROPOSED EXPANSION AND RENEWAL OF RAIL SAFETY USER FEES: HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON RAILROADS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ONE HUNDRED FOURTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, SEPTEMBER 14, 1995.. SN - 0160525578 PY - 1996 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Railroad transportation KW - Railroads KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Transportation policy KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/523317 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723865 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Huerta, M P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994. KEYNOTE ADDRESS SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 11-16 AB - This keynote address briefly reviews the first conference on intermodal transportation that took place in Irvine, California, in 1992 and addressed the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) and intermodal planning, then discusses the progress that has been made in the continuing evolution of intermodalism. The achievements of the Department of Transportation in three areas - advancing the intermodal agenda, funding for intermodal projects, and changes in the intermodal regulatory environment - are highlighted. In conclusion, areas of future focus are identified. These are funding for intermodal projects, analytic tools, and roles and relationships. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Data needs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Information organization KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Planning KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463200 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723867 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Donohue, T J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994. REPORT FROM THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION BY COMMISSION MEMBER THOMAS J. DONOHUE SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 20-23 AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) established a National Commission on Intermodal Transportation to study the status of intermodal standardization, intermodal impacts on public works infrastructure, legal impediments to efficient intermodal transportation, financial issues, new technologies, problems in documenting intermodal transfers of freight, research and development needs, and the relationship of intermodal transportation to productivity. This paper presents a report on the work of the National Commission on Intermodal Transportation by Commission Member Thomas J. Donohue, President and CEO of American Trucking Associations, Inc. Mr. Donohue comments on the commission's report and recent political and market realities that contradict or support it, and on the conference presentations. He notes, in particular, the following four recommendations: support for the National Highway System and intermodal connectors (roads that connect to a rail, air, or water terminal); coordination between transportation, environmental, and related health and regulatory policies; the application of new technology for processing freight across the United States-Mexico and United States-Canada international borders; and changes in the rules that govern federal and state procurement processes for transportation. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Connectivity KW - Coordination KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International borders KW - Markets KW - National commission on intermodal transportation KW - National Highway System KW - National transportation policies KW - Political factors KW - Procurement KW - Recommendations KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation policy KW - United States KW - United States-Canada Border KW - United States-Mexico Border UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463202 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723863 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994 SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - 260 p. AB - These proceedings are organized as follows: Executive Summary; Plenary Session 1, containing the keynote address and reports from the members of the National Commission on Intermodal Transportation; Luncheon Presentations; Plenary Sessions 2 through 9, some containing an issue overview, with case studies supporting the theme of the session; An appendix with poster session case studies and corporate profiles; and A listing of conference participants. The case studies developed by the participants are snapshots of progress toward realizing intermodal systems, snapshots ranging from policy funding innovations to technical solutions. The proceedings provide a workbook of ideas and a directory of diverse national initiatives upon which to draw. All speeches are not quoted here; rather, session summaries and case study templates are presented. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463198 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723871 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Patin, JWP AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994. SESSION 3: STATE SAMPLER. ISSUE OVERVIEW SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 61-63 AB - This issue overview for the conference session entitled State Sampler gives an overview of what the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development is doing toward the development of an intermodal transportation infrastructure system. Louisiana was one of six states awarded a $3 million grant by the U.S. Department of Transportation to develop a prototype intermodal transportation master plan. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Louisiana KW - Master plans KW - Prototypes KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463206 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723868 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Porter, M M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE CHALLENGE OF MANAGING AN INTERMODAL SYSTEM SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 27-30 AB - This conference presentation addresses the past, present, and future of intermodal transportation in the United States, and discusses the role of CSX Intermodal in the intermodal transportation arena. In conclusion, it is stated that private industry and the government have to be innovative in meeting the nation's freight and transportation needs for the future, and all must have the determination, persistence, and will to make intermodal transportation in this country successful. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Governments KW - Innovation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Management KW - Private enterprise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463203 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723870 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Borrone, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994. SESSION 2: INTERMODAL HUB FACILITIES AND CORRIDORS. ISSUE OVERVIEW AND WRAP-UP REMARKS SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 41-43,56 AB - This issue overview for the conference session entitled Intermodal Hub Facilities and Corridors stresses the progress being made in hub facility and corridor projects, highlights the obstacles that must be overcome, and comments on the vision for intermodal services in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). The Wrap-Up Remarks comment on the opportunity to realize the vision set forth under ISTEA and on the things that can be done to achieve intermodal nirvana. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Hubs KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463205 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723864 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Meyer, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 1-7 AB - This second conference on intermodalism emphasized examples of effective intermodal project and plan implementation. This executive summary highlights the key observations and messages that emerged from this conference. Given the long-term, evolutionary perspective toward intermodalism adopted by the conference, these summary comments should be considered a point of departure for further consideration of intermodalism in the context of transportation planning and decision making. Concepts needing further exploration were identified. Intermodalism was viewed fundamentally as a dynamic process, one that responds to opportunities for improving the transportation system in a changing world. In summary, the conference was another step in the process of developing a true intermodal transportation system. The key concepts discussed there provide guidance on how intermodalism can be successfully incorporated into planning and investment decisions. The following global themes emerged from the conference presentations: not business as usual; partnerships; total-trip perspective; market-driven planning; customer orientation; rethinking roles and responsibilities; funding; importance of linkage; consideration of intermodalism at all levels: policy, planning, design, and operations; technology innovation; and intermodalism as opportunity. Intermodalism was viewed by many conference participants as an opportunity to improve the efficiency of the transportation system and, ultimately, to benefit society in a variety of ways. Several case studies described these benefits, which included economic, environmental, safety, and quality of life benefits. Concerning implementation, the conference presentations pointed to strategies for and approaches to project implementation that proved successful for particular situations. Presentations related to three areas: systemwide/areawide approaches, corridor or subarea applications, and site-specific strategies. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Implementation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463199 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723866 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Canby, A P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994. REPORT FROM THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION BY COMMISSION MEMBER ANNE P. CANBY SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 17-20 AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) established a National Commission on Intermodal Transportation to study the status of intermodal standardization, intermodal impacts on public works infrastructure, legal impediments to efficient intermodal transportation, financial issues, new technologies, problems in documenting intermodal transfers of freight, research and development needs, and the relationship of intermodal transportation to productivity. This paper presents a report on the work of the National Commission on Intermodal Transportation by Commission Member Anne P. Canby, Delaware Secretary of Transportation. Mrs. Canby points out that a guiding light for the commission was Secretary Pena's remarks on integrating all modes of transportation into a seamless system. She comments on the commission's many discussions, including those on the benefits of intermodalism and on the opportunities available through intermodalism, and remarks on the three basic areas on which recommendations were focused - making efficient intermodal transportation the goal of federal policy, increasing investment in intermodal transportation and strategically focusing any increased investment in that area, and restructuring government institutions to support intermodal transportation. She highlights the commission's recommendations in each of these areas. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Investments KW - National commission on intermodal transportation KW - National transportation policies KW - Recommendations KW - Restructuring KW - Transportation policy KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463201 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723872 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dahms, L D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994. SESSION 4: MPOS REENGINEERING FOR INTERMODALISM. ISSUE OVERVIEW SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 98-99 AB - This issue overview of the conference session entitled MPOs Reengineering for Intermodalism discusses how the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) progressed from a project to a systems approach, which produced the Metropolitan Transportation System, and the progress the MTC is making in addressing freight and intermodal issues; examines the unresolved problems that threaten to mask this progress and that of similar efforts; and offers reasons why the conventional wisdom, which says that the local orientation of MPOs may stand in the way of intermodal investments, is misdirected. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Metropolitan planning organizations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463207 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723873 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Huerta, M P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERMODALISM: MAKING THE CASE, MAKING IT HAPPEN, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, DECEMBER 7-9, 1994. CLOSING REMARKS SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 187-188 AB - These closing remarks comment on deregulation as the initiator of intermodalism, on how we must not lose sight of the fact that intermodalism is providing transportation service for the benefit of its customers, on the need to celebrate accomplishments and seize opportunities, and on the theme of continuous improvement. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Customer service KW - Deregulation KW - Improvements KW - Intermodal transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463208 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723869 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - REES, J H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EUROPEAN UNION PERSPECTIVE SN - 030906211X PY - 1996 IS - 11 SP - p. 31-36 AB - This conference presentation gives the European perspective on intermodal transport, or what Europeans call combined-transport. It is pointed out that, whereas in the United States intermodalism was developed on the basis that it would increase the efficiency of the transport system as a whole, in terms of its rate of return, in the European Union (EU) it was developed to satisfy the demand for transport and to do so in an environmentally friendly way. Another difference is that, unlike in the United States, in the EU most goods move over short distances. Thus the EU needs an intermodal transport system that has the same quality and cost as the road alternative. To provide this, the EU is developing integrated planning, or a trans-European network for combined-transport. The problem in doing this is that the railway systems in the EU are run individually, by each nation, and have never really been interested in the international business. One of the areas that the EU is developing is automated terminals. Another is the technology for transferring pallets very rapidly. The EU has a high-speed rail network for passenger transport well under way, which will free up capacity for freight trains on the conventional system. The EU has 11 designs of road railers up and running, a hub system called Commeter, and a research program ready to start for the development of new technologies, particularly in intermodal. In conclusion, it is stated that both the United States and the EU have ideas and solutions for intermodal transport that need to be shared in order to advance intermodalism as a whole. U1 - National Conference on Intermodalism: Making the Case, Making It HappenFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19941207 EndDate:19941209 Sponsors:Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Automation KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Development KW - Dual mode vehicles KW - European Commission KW - European Union KW - High speed rail KW - Hubs KW - Integrated planning KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Pallet transfer KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road railers KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720900 AU - New York State Metropolitan Transportation Authority AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - ART IN TRANSIT...MAKING IT HAPPEN PY - 1996 SP - 42 p. AB - Art in Transit reaffirms FTA's endorsement of making public transit a first rate experience. To provide the quality transit service necessary to attract new riders, FTA encourages agencies to pursue art and design excellence in their transit systems. Artists can play a unique role in this search for quality, as the case studies in this booklet demonstrate. The ten cases documented herein illustrate the myriad ways in which transit agencies have engaged artists, civic leaders, community residents, and businesses in changing the way transit vehicles and facilities are designed. They illustrate the added value that art has brought to transit systems in metropolitan areas throughout the United States. Each case study is descriptively and graphically profiled and accompanied by the 'Lessons Learned". The projects profiled in this book are intended to serve as models for agencies that are planning new transit investments. KW - Aesthetics KW - Beautification KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Facilities KW - Improvements KW - Level of service UR - http://www.fta.dot.gov/planning/metro/planning_environment_3529.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00715234 AU - Tonya, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - BUS INDUSTRY SUMMIT PROCEEDINGS PY - 1995/12 SP - 105 p. AB - This Bus Industry Summit Proceedings contains the results of the Federal Transit Administration sponsored Bus Industry Summit that was held in Washington, DC on September 22, 1995. The Summit brought together more than 35 representatives of bus manufacturers, suppliers, consultants, transit operators, and Federal officials. The goal was to stimulate dialogue on the issues and challenges faced by the bus industry and to identify actions to address them. The report summarizes the discussions and outcomes of the Summit. Chapter one presents remarks from the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of the US Department of Transportation, and from the Administrator of FTA. Chapter two includes presentations made by four representatives of the bus industry. Chapter three provides a summary of discussions that resulted from the presentations. Chapter four includes the papers presented at the Summit. Chapter five contains the conclusions. The Summit agenda and a list of participants are included in appendices. This report is also available at the FTA Internet address: http://www.dot.gov/dotinfo/fta/index.html. KW - Bus performance KW - Buses KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Industries KW - Market assessment KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Performance KW - Proceedings KW - Procurement KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720233 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - STATE INFRASTRUCTURE BANKS: A PRIMER PY - 1995/11 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper examines the issues and options associated with establishing a State infrastructure bank (SIB) by first reviewing the general rationale for creating this type of new institutional structure for financing surface transportation projects. It defines the concept and provides the historical context. The paper then examines two existing State programs that use the revolving loan concept: wastewater revolving funds and transportation revolving funds; and an additional financing program, bond banks. Each of these programs can provide insight for States in their efforts to structure a SIB. The discussion closes by presenting the implications involved in setting up a SIB to serve transportation infrastructure finance needs. KW - Financing KW - Ground transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Investments KW - State infrastructure banks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454620 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01575028 TI - Fatigue AB - Data collection, analysis and modeling of railroad worker sleep and rest patterns to understand fatigue. Projects to provide education to railroad workers concerning sleep hygiene, sleep disorders, and fatigue management. Projects to promote best practices in rostering workers. Projects to develop fatigue monitoring technologies. KW - Best practices KW - Data collection KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Labor force KW - Monitoring KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rest periods KW - Sleep disorders UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54200/54257/Start_Time_Variability_20140402_FINAL_1_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1367333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716380 AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - REPORT TO OUR CUSTOMERS PY - 1995/10/01 SP - 17 p. AB - This report , issued at the 114th annual meeting of the American Public Transit Association, represents a summary of key FTA activities since the 1994 annual meeting. The focus of the activities is on the implementation of the FTA's strategic plan, KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Program evaluation KW - Strategic planning KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444604 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Florida's Train Whistle Ban PY - 1995/09//Final SP - 147p AB - In 1990, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) studied train whistle bans in Florida. The study showed a strong correlation between nighttime whistle bans and the number of accidents at highway-rail crossings. This report summarizes and updates the second edition of the study done in 1992. The report also incorporates FRA administrative decisions issued subsequent to earlier editions of Florida's Train Whistle Ban. KW - Audible warning devices in vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Florida KW - Horns KW - Nighttime crashes KW - Noise control KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad law KW - Railroad safety UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L02612 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358911 AU - Cogburn, Lowell T AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Stub Sill Tank Car Research Project Results of a 15,000-mile Over-the-Road Test PY - 1995/09 SP - 174p AB - The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) contracted with the Association of American Railroads (AAR), Transportation Test Center (TTC) - now known as the Transportation Technology Center - Pueblo, Colorado, to study in-revenue service loads on stub sill constructed tank cars. Over 162,000 of these cars have been placed into service since 1950. The FRA has been investigating incidents of fatigue cracking at the attachment of the stub sill to the tank shell of these cars. As a result, the FRA has undertaken a program to work with industry representatives to further investigate the causes of the fatigue cracking and recommend preventative measures. Results from the over-the-road (OTR) testing showed that the highest surge pressures experienced never exceeded 40 psi. OTR testing resulted in obtaining vertical coupler force and longitudinal coupler force histograms for typical environments experienced by tank cars. Representative time history events were obtained that suggest a possible source of VCF's responsible for a high percentage of total fatigue damage experienced by tank cars. KW - Couplers KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Force KW - Histograms KW - Tank cars KW - Testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42675/ord9511.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01322742 AU - Luedeke, Jonathan F AU - Battelle AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Safety of High Speed Ground Transportation System: Analytical Methodology for Safety Validation of Computer Controlled Subsystem. Volume 1:State-of-the-Art and Safety Verification/Validation PY - 1995/09//Final Report SP - 217p AB - This report describes the development of a methodology designed to assure that a sufficiently high achieved and maintained in computer-based system which perform safety critical functions in high-speed rail or magnetic levitation transportation system. This report consists of two volumes. This, the first presents a glossary of relevant computer technology terminology to assure consistency of use and understanding. A state-of-the-art review of safety verification and validation processes worldwide is presented. Following the review, these processes are assessed relative to their degree of assured safety as well as their potential applicability to safety critical system in US rail transport at i on system. The second volume builds upon the information developed in the first volume and describes a methodology which has been developed specifically for application to computer-controlled system used in railroad applications in the United States. KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed rail KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroad trains KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety standards KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34577/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-95-8-v1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1084090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714514 AU - Wagner, D P AU - Ahlbeck, D R AU - Luedeke, J F AU - Cook, S D AU - Dielman, M A AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: SAFETY OF ADVANCED BRAKING CONCEPTS FOR HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1995/09 SP - 88 p. AB - The objective of this study is to develop qualitative and quantitative information on the various braking strategies used in high-speed ground transportation systems in support of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The apporach employed in this study is composed of two steps: first, build a technical understanding of the various braking strategies, and second, perform a safety analysis for each system. The systems considered in this study include seven operating high-speed rail transportation systems and three existing magnetic levitation systems. The principal technique used in the system safety analysis is Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), an inductive approach to identifying system failure modes that depends on a thorough understanding of the system design and operation. Key elements derived from the system safety analysis are the fault-tolerated and fail-safe characteristics of the braking system. The report concludes with recommended guidance on the structure of potential future regulations governing high-speed rail braking systems. KW - Brake design KW - Brakes KW - Fail safe systems KW - Failure analysis KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety KW - Vehicle design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34579/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-95-14.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42673/ord9509.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713636 AU - Luedeke, J F AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR SAFETY VALIDATION OF COMPUTER CONTROLLED SUBSYSTEMS. VOLUME II: DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY VALIDATION METHODOLOGIES PY - 1995/09 SP - 154 p. AB - This report describes the development of methodology designed to assure that a sufficiently high level of safety is achieved and maintained in computer-based systems which perform safety critical functions in high-speed rail or magnetic levitation transportation systems. This report consists of two volumes. This, the second volume, builds upon the information developed in the first volume and describes a methodology which has been developed specifically for application to computer-controlled systems used in railroad applications in the United States. KW - Hardware KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Methodology KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Software KW - Standards KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42674/ord9510-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713635 AU - Luedeke, J F AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR SAFETY VALIDATION OF COMPUTER CONTROLLED SUBSYSTEMS. VOLUME 1: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY VERIFICATION/VALIDATION METHODOLOGIES PY - 1995/09 SP - 224 p. AB - This report describes the development of a methodology designed to assure that a sufficiently high level of safety is achieved and maintained in computer-based systems which perform safety critical functions in high-speed rail or magnetic levitation transportation systems. This report consists of two volumes. This, the first, presents a glossary of relevant computer technology terminology to assure consistency of use and understanding. A state-of-the-art review of safety verification and validation processes worldwide is presented. Following the review, the processes are assessed relative to their degree of assured safety as well as their potential applicability to safety critical systems in US rail transportation systems. KW - Hardware KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Methodology KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Software KW - Standards KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34577/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-95-8-v1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01354551 AU - Carroll, Anya A AU - Multer, Jordan AU - Markos, Stephanie H AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Safety of Highway-Railroad Grade Crossings: Use of Auxiliary External Alerting Devices to Improve Locomotive Conspicuity PY - 1995/07//Final Report SP - 153p AB - Historically, highway-railroad grade crossings have represented a major hazard to motor vehicle drivers. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) has initiated a comprehensive research program to address grade crossing safety issues in order to reduce the number of train-motor vehicle collisions. One area of study investigates measures to improve the ability of motor vehicle drivers to detect the approach of the train at grade crossings by enhancing train conspicuity. The FRA has identified several types of auxiliary external alerting light arrangements as acceptable locomotive conspicuity measures and issued two Interim Rules in 1993 and 1994. This study investigated the performance of currently available external visual alerting devices for installation on locomotives. A variety of passive (paint schemes and reflective materials) and active (lights) systems were reviewed. These devices were evaluated in terms of their ability to assist the motorist to: (1) detect the approaching train, (2) recognize the potential of the hazard, and (3) estimate its approach, and thus avoid a collision with a train at a grade crossing. Controlled field testing was conducted to measure the effect of selected locomotive alerting light systems on observers. In-service railroad test operational experience for locomotives equipped with crossing lights, used in combination with the standard headlight, was also evaluated in terms of capital costs, maintenance, operational concerns, and accident data. The results of the controlled field tests indicate that the use of selected alerting light systems, rather than use of the standard headlight alone, is an effective means of enhancing locomotive visibility. The preliminary in-service accident data provided by participating railroads indicates a potential for significant accident rate reduction with the use of the crossing light system. KW - Crosswalk warning lights KW - Highway safety KW - Locomotives KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad trains KW - Signal lights KW - Visibility UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33500/33508/33508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00730660 AU - Carroll, A A AU - Multer, J AU - Markos, S H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGHWAY-RAILROAD CROSSINGS. USE OF AUXILIARY EXTERNAL ALERTING DEVICES TO IMPROVE LOCOMOTIVE CONSPICUITY PY - 1995/07 SP - 195 p. AB - The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has initiated a comprehensive research program to address grade crossing safety issues in order to reduce the number of train-motor vehicle collisions. One area of study concerns measures to improve the ability of motorists to detect the approach of the train at grade crossings by enhancing train conspicuity. The Volpe Center evaluated the performance of currently available auxiliary external alerting devices which may improve locomotive visibility at grade crossings. A variety of external visual alerting devices was reviewed and evaluated; these devices included various light systems, paint schemes, and reflective materials. The FRA has been directed by law to develop a final rule for enhanced locomotive conspicuity. The results of the evaluation effort described in this report are intended to assist the FRA in the development of provisions for auxiliary external alerting light standards. KW - Grade crossing safety KW - Light signals KW - Locomotives KW - Navigation lights KW - Paint KW - Paint system KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reflective materials KW - Refractive materials KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Visibility KW - Visual alerting devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33500/33508/33508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358896 AU - Ebersohn, W AU - Selig, E T AU - Trevizo, M C AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Trial Low Track Modulus Tests at FAST PY - 1995/06//Technical Note SP - 164p AB - A study to investigate the influence of low track modulus on track performance under traffic was conducted by the Association of American Railroads, Transportation Test Center, Pueblo, Colorado. A 100-foot trial section of track was constructed to control track modulus. The existing stiff natural silty sand subgrade was excavated, and a 5-foot layer of low stiffness clay was installed providing the low modulus. For a comparison, a control section was established nearby over the natural subgrade, which provided a much greater track modulus. Both sections were monitored to determine the track performance with tonnage accumulation and with maintenance. Of primary interest were the track deflection, stiffness and modulus measurements and how these changed with tonnage accumulation and maintenance. It was determined that as variance in track stiffness along the track increases, differential settlement or track roughness also increases. The factor causing rough track was not the low modulus itself; rather, it was due to the increased variability of track stiffness in the low track modulus section. Although this report is intended to describe the test procedures and present the results in a general manner, a number of very promising leads are suggested by the research. For example, the test illustrated the maintenance forecasting potential which could result from measuring track deflection or stiffness on a moving basis. Also indicated by the test results is the manner in which such data should be measured and analyzed to provide meaningful information to the track maintenance engineer. KW - Deflection KW - Maintenance KW - Modulus KW - Performance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Stiffness KW - Tonnage UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42667/ord9507.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714504 AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - INNOVATIVE FINANCING HANDBOOK PY - 1995/05/09 SP - 28 p. AB - This handbook contains guidance on and examples of many of the innovative financing techniques that may be used by transit authorities to enhance the effectiveness of their infrastructure investment programs, and includes the FTA Innovative Financing Federal Register Notice (FRN). The publication is intended as a reference document that facilitates development of additional ideas and financial innovations. It is envisioned that transit operators who develop variations on these techniques, or additional innovations, would propose these to FTA for review and approval. The publication begins with specific financing techniques which are described in greater detail than was included in the FRN. The last section contains the text of the FRN as well a matrix of the sample techniques, compared with the various FTA funding sources that may be available for use in innovative financing. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Financing plans KW - Handbooks KW - Infrastructure KW - Investment planning KW - Investments KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554385 AU - Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Seismic Damage Assessment of Rail Structures in Japan after the January 1995 Kobe Earthquake PY - 1995/04 SP - 108p AB - On January 17, 1995 a large earthquake struck the southern coast of Japan. The magnitude of the earthquake was 7.2 on the Japan Richter scale which is roughly 6.9 on the U.S. Richter scale. The earthquake was felt most heavily in the Kobe area. Kobe is a major transportation hub with critically important highway, rail and marine centers. The three railways linking Kobe to Osaka and the two highways were all disrupted. The cost to repair the railways was estimated at $3.53 billion. This document outlines the damage and repair to West Japan Railroad Company facilities, Hanshin Osaka Kobe Main Line facilities, Hankyu Kobe Mainline facilities, the Port Island People Mover, and Kobe Municipal Subway. KW - Earthquakes KW - Japan KW - Kobe Earthquake, January 17, 1995 KW - Railroad facilities KW - Railroads KW - Repairing KW - Subways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54400/54403/Seismic_Damage_Assessment_of_Rail_Structures_in_Japan_after_January_1995_Kobe_Earthquake.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716735 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - NATIONWIDE STUDY OF TRAIN WHISTLE BANS PY - 1995/04 SP - 56 p. AB - Special interest groups, formed in the late 1970s, sought ways to silence and ban train whistles from residential areas primarily during nighttime hours. In Florida, local jurisdictions, cities and counties were allowed to establish nighttime (10 pm to 6 am) train whistle bans. The result was an almost immediate and measurable accident rate increase. By 1990, FRA was asked to determine if there was any correlation between those areas that had whistle bans and the number of highway-rail crossing accidents. In the study, crossings where the horn was sounded were compared with over 2,000 crossings where the horn was not sounded. Crossings subject to whistle bans had an accident frequency that averaged 84 percent greater that those where audible warning was given. A separate analysis of 12 case studies showed that crossing accidents fell by 38 percent when whistle bans were lifted. In 1994, railroad safety legislation enacted required FRA to issue, not later than 1996, a rule mandating the use of train horns at highway-rail grade crossings. FRA will continue to work with communities and interested organizations as the agency develops its proposed rule. KW - Crashes KW - Horns KW - Noise KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Whistles UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/1331 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714517 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT SUPPLEMENT: NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION: NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA PY - 1995/02 SP - 106 p. AB - This document is a supplement to the final environmental impact report (FEIR) published in October 1994 on the proposal by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) to complete the electrification of the Northeast Corridor main line by extending electrification from New Haven, CT, to Boston, MA. The purpose of this supplement is to provide additional information relative to: the Roxbury Substation Alternative Analysis; an expanded discussion on mitigation of potential adverse impacts; draft Section 61 findings; the Memorandum of Understanding between Amtrak and the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) for Route 128 Station; Amtrak's draft outreach program; and to address other Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act concerns. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Amtrak KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Northeastern United States KW - Railroad electrification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01356819 AU - Raj, Phani K AU - Technology and Management Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Hazardous Materials Transportation in Tank Cars: Analysis of Risks. Part II PY - 1995/01 SP - v.p. AB - The work indicated in this report forms the second phase effort to evaluate the overall risks to the population from the rail transport of certain chemicals. Most of the chemicals studies exhibit one or more hazards such as inhalation toxicity (vapors), flammability (thermal radiation hazards) and explosivity (causing blast wave damage hazard). A few of the chemicals pose potential hazards from the tendency to self-heat due to initiation of polymerization reaction caused by loss of inhibitor or by exposure to an external fire. These various hazardous behaviors have been modeled and the risks (in terms of probabilities of occurrence of hazardous events and people exposure hazards) have been evaluated. It is seen that the overall probability of occurrence of a self-heating induced thermal explosion type accident is rare. The hazardous effects of an explosion of this type has limited range (<200 m) and consequently the people exposure values are relatively small (1 to 50). However, a great uncertainty exists in the value of the parameter which represents the fraction of the mass of chemical in the tank car which undergoes thermal explosion. In this report, a value of 1.5% is used. Risk analysis results for toxic, fire and explosion hazards indicates that transportation in DOT 105 tank cars is at best a factor of 10 safer that the transportation in DOT 111A type tank cars. KW - Flammability KW - Hazardous chemicals KW - Hazardous materials KW - Railroad transportation KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Tank cars KW - Toxicity UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/hazardous-materials-transportation-in-tank-cars-analysis-of-risks-part-ii/oclc/55956799 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1122601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941434 AU - Samavedam, G AU - Kanaan, A AU - Pietrak, J AU - Kish A AU - Sluz, A AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - WOOD TIE TRACK RESISTANCE CHARACTERIZATION AND CORRELATIONS STUDY PY - 1995/01 SP - 67 p. AB - The work presented here is part of a major program to evaluate lateral buckling of continuous welded rail (CWR) tracks. The program to develop the technical information to support safety guidelines and specifications for track buckling prevention is being directed by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center in support of the Federal Railroad Administration. This report presents the results of an extensive field test and evaluation study conducted to characterize the track lateral and longitudinal resistance behavior. More than 1400 tests were conducted to measure the lateral resistance for the purpose of isolating the effects of ballast type and consolidation, crib depth, shoulder width, track curvature, and loading methodology and rate. The contribution of each of these factors is quantified and discussed. The relationship between peak and limiting lateral resistance has been evaluated, and recommendations for the required test sample size are made. Data from tests performed with the Single Tie Push Test (STPT) fixture were correlated with the data from the Track Lateral Pull Tests (TLPTs). This report also presents the results of pilot field tests conducted to measure the track longitudinal resistance. The influences of rail anchoring, ballast consolidation, and crib depth were measured, and their effects are quantified. KW - Anchoring KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Buckling KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Crib depth KW - Curvature KW - Field tests KW - Lateral resistance KW - Loads KW - Longitudinal resistance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Track shoulder width KW - Wood ties UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34552/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-95-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42662/ord9407.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00866371 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - DANIEL, MANN, JOHNSON, AND MENDENHALL IN COOPERATION THE VOLPE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CENTER UNDER CONTRACT NO. TI - APPENDIX TO THE FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT SUPPLEMENT NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION - NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA.. PY - 1995 IS - PB96-176292 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Northeastern United States KW - Passenger traffic KW - Railroad electrification KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00866189 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Amtrak AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - RECORD OF DECISION NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION, NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA: FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT AND 4(F) STATEMENT.. PY - 1995 IS - PB96-176284 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Northeastern United States KW - Passenger traffic KW - Railroad electrification KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/630429 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711726 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ralls, M L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE U-BEAM BRIDGE: FROM RESEARCH TO CONSTRUCTION SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 207-212 AB - The Louetta Road Overpass on State Highway 249 in Houston, Texas, is a high-performance concrete bridge design and construction project that is sponsored by FHWA and the Texas Department of Transportation in cooperation with the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin. The overpass, being constructed in 1995, incorporates high-performance concrete in the precast pretensioned U-beams, the composite precast/cast-in-place deck, and the precast posttensioned substructure. Beam concrete design strengths reach 90 MPa (13,000 lb/sq in.), with 15.2-mm (0.6-in.) diameter, 1862-MPa (270-ksi) prestressing strands required to fully use the higher concrete capacity. The use of high-performance concrete in bridge construction is anticipated to be cost-effective at the time of construction and during the life of the structure. Implementing its use in bridge construction is a dynamic process that requires flexibility as new information and concerns arise. The ability of all parties involved to work as a team, with open lines of communication, is of extreme importance. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge substructures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - High performance concrete KW - Overpasses KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - U beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450967 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711684 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lwin, M M AU - Bruesch, A W AU - Evans, C F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE FOR A FLOATING BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 155-162 AB - A high-performance concrete mix was developed for the construction of the new I-90 Lacey V. Murrow Floating Bridge (LVM Bridge) on Lake Washington in Seattle, Washington. The LVM Bridge is 2013 m (6,600 ft) long, consisting of 20 prestressed concrete pontoons rigidly connected to form a continuous structure. A typical pontoon measures 110 m (360 ft) long, 18.3 m (60 ft) wide, and 5.4 m (17.85 ft) deep. About 38,000 cu m (49,60 cu yd) of high-performance concrete went into the construction of the pontoons. The high-performance concrete contains silica fume and fly ash, and its average 28-day compressive strength is more than 69 MPa (10,000 psi). The high-performance concrete has low permeability and low shrinkage. The contractor learns to work with the high-performance concrete by constructing test sections. The lessons from the test sections are put into practice, resulting in improved placement, finishing, and curing procedures. The construction of the LVM Bridge has shown that it is feasible and cost-effective to use high-performance concrete in highway structures for which high strength, impermeability, and durability are of prime importance. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Floating structures KW - Fly ash KW - High performance KW - High performance concrete KW - Mix design KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Pontoon bridges KW - Pontoons KW - Shrinkage KW - Silica fume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711325 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ART IN TRANSIT. BROCHURE PY - 1995 SP - 14 p. AB - The FTA endorses the goal of making public transportation in every respect a first-rate experience. Circular 9400.1A, which is part of this brochure, outlines the FTA's commitment to including art in transit projects that the agency funds. This circular revises FTA Circular 9400.1, reaffirms that costs for design and art are eligible costs for FTA-funded projects, provides guidance for the incorporation of quality design and art into transit projects funded by FTA, and, within recommended limits, leaves the allocation of funds for art to the discretion of the local transit agency. This brochure also illustrates the added value that art has brought to transit systems in metropolitan areas throughout the U.S. KW - Beautification KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Facilities KW - Federal aid KW - Fund allocations KW - Level of service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447579 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711712 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Saiidi, M AU - Maragakis, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF HINGE RESTRAINERS AS SEISMIC RETROFIT MEASURE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 71-78 AB - A summary of (a) the performance of hinge restrainers based on a field investigation of several bridges after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and (b) important aspects of restrainer design for bridges with narrow seat widths is presented. The observed characteristics of restrainer behavior are described. The field investigations showed that the entire restrainer system (which consists of the restrainers, connection hardware, diaphragms, and the superstructure) and not merely the restrainers should be considered at the time of design. The weak link in the system for bridges with narrow seats needs to be the superstructure. The sensitivity studies revealed that small changes in the assumptions made in the design can affect the required number of restrainers. It was also found that the most critical case for restrainer design corresponds to the condition when the restrainer gap is zero, whereas the critical abutment forces during the earthquake may occur when the restrainer gap is maximum. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Hinge restrainers KW - Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 KW - Loss and damage KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450953 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711714 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Schamber, R A AU - Abugattas, A A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF SOUTHERN FREEWAY VIADUCT, ROUTE 280 (SINGLE-LEVEL SEGMENT), SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 88-100 AB - The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 generated the need to strengthen the single-level Southern Freeway Viaduct. The double-deck portion just south of this project was damaged, and the whole viaduct was closed to traffic. The Southern Freeway Viaduct is a continuous reinforced concrete box girder bridge built in 1964 in accordance with the AASHO (now AASHTO) standard specifications. The viaduct is composed of three main lines, as follows: ES Line, SE/A Line, and R1 Line. The columns are rectangular with inadequate tied reinforcement. The columns at most multicolumn bents are pinned at the bottom. Several of the fixed-base columns have lap splices. The majority of footings are supported on steel HP piles; however, some are spread footings. The footings do not have top mat and shear reinforcing. Several of the A-Line bents north of 25th Street are outriggers. Soil conditions at the southern section (south of Bent 73 on the main lines) can be classified as soft bay mud sites, whereas more generally, the site has a combination of a thick soft bay mud layer and a large depth to bedrock. The northern segment is founded on bedrock or stiff soils. Most of the deficiencies found in the viaduct are related to the original design of the hinges, columns, footings, and outriggers. Solutions to retrofitting the viaduct were limited by the existing conditions and existing features (i.e., railroad lines, streets, leased airspace below the viaduct, utilities, etc.) within the project limits. The retrofit strengthening concepts used on the project included the following: hinge retrofits, separation of two level bents, steel column casings, column strengthenings (additional vertical steel encased within a steel casing), grade beam retrofit, new drop caps (bent replacements), elimination or retrofit of outriggers, and footing retrofits. This final retrofit strategy met the required seismic performance goals established by the California Department of Transportation for this project to prevent collapse and provide serviceability after a maximum credible earthquake. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Structural) KW - Bents KW - Box girder bridges KW - Casings KW - Casings (Materials) KW - Columns KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Footings KW - Hinges KW - Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 KW - Loss and damage KW - Outriggers KW - Retrofitting KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450955 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711721 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lane, S N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF PRESTRESSING STRAND IN BRIDGE MEMBERS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 161-168 AB - FHWA is undertaking a research study on the development length of prestressing strand. The objective is to investigate the validity of AASHTO Equation 9-32 for predicting both the transfer length and flexural bond length components of development length for fully bonded, straight, uncoated, and epoxy-coated prestressing strand. Toward this end, the effects of strand diameter [9.5, 12.7, and 15.2 mm (3/8, 0.5, and 0.6 in.)], concrete strength, strand coating (uncoated or epoxy coated), and strand spacing on development length will be evaluated. This phase of the research study involves full-size prestressed concrete bridge members. A total of 32 AASHTO Type II prestressed concrete bridge girders and 32 prestressed concrete deck panels were fabricated at a precast concrete plant in Winchester, Virginia. All of the members will undergo transfer and development length experimentation. The fabrication, instrumentation, and experimentation procedures, as well as partial results, are described. Experimentation is scheduled to be finished in the spring of 1995. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Conferences KW - Development length KW - Diameter KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Girders KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressed concrete girders KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Prototype tests KW - Spacing KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450962 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711723 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nowak, A S AU - El-Hor, H H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SERVICEABILITY CRITERIA FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 181-187 AB - Serviceability limit states often govern in the design of prestressed concrete bridge girders, yet the corresponding acceptability criteria are not clearly justified. The paper deals with allowable stresses and ultimate moment. The requirements of the AASHTO standard specifications are demonstrated on pretensioned bridge girders AASHTO Types III through VI. Moments are calculated for the considered limit states and for various spans. It is observed that the ratio of these moments varies with regard to span length. In most cases, the final tension stress (after the final loss of prestress) determines the minimum required number of prestressing strands. On the other hand, the important limit state is compression stress in concrete, as overloading may lead to unacceptable permanent deformations. Revision of the serviceability limit states, consistent in format with the new AASHTO load and resistance factor design specifications, is suggested. The formulation of a compression limit state in concrete that is based on the elastic limit and tension limit states in concrete and the modulus of rupture is proposed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Conferences KW - Girders KW - Limit state design KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressed concrete girders KW - Serviceability KW - Specifications KW - Stresses KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450964 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711708 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ZOBEL, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DETERMINATION OF HEAT-STRAIGHTENING PARAMETERS FOR REPAIR OF STEEL PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 26-32 AB - Repair of steel bridges damaged by oversized vehicles is one of the most common problems for maintenance personnel. The application of the thermomechanical method of repair to a pedestrian bridge in Warsaw, Poland, over one of the busiest expressways is presented. The comparison of three kinds of straightening is shown. The thermomechanical procedure was the most effective, but it needs still more theoretical and experimental research. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Footbridges KW - Loss and damage KW - Metal bridges KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Steel bridges KW - Straightening KW - Thermodynamics KW - Thermomechanics KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450949 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711710 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Csogi, R D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONTROLLING LEAD-BASED PAINT EMISSIONS DURING REHABILITATION OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE: A PARTNERING APPROACH SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 45-55 AB - The Williamsburg Bridge Main Cable and Suspension System Rehabilitation Project began in 1991 amid public outcry that the communities surrounding the bridge were being contaminated with lead from construction activities. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration was about to lower the construction lead exposure limit to match industry standards. Intense scrutiny existed at the advent of this project: work was about to begin on a structure containing layers of flaking lead-based paint; in addition, the principal protective coating for the main cables would be a 92% pure lead paste, all of which would result in a waste stream containing 100 tons of lead. This project was atypical in the sense that containment activities had to address solid wastes (paint chips) and liquid wastes (preservative oil for main cable work) and had to be implemented at the lofty main cable areas over active traffic, transit, and pedestrian ways. The approach taken to make this project an environmental and contracting success was twofold. The first was to incorporate partnering on an informal basis to attain a common environmental standard with which all of the project's parties could concur. The second was to identify each operation that generated a hazardous material and to develop a specific engineering control to address every activity within the operation, from containment to disposal. Each control was tested and evaluated with the appropriate monitoring methods. Each engineering control ultimately was incorporated into the project's Hazardous Waste and Raw Material Management Plan. This "performance-based" approach allowed the development of a readily accepted environmental plan. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Cables KW - Conferences KW - Containing equipment KW - Containment KW - Disposal KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Lead based paint KW - Lead paste KW - Partnerships KW - Preservative oil KW - Protective coatings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Removal KW - Suspension bridges KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450951 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711725 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - DODSON, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BANGKOK SECOND-STAGE EXPRESSWAY SYSTEM SEGMENTAL STRUCTURES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 199-204 AB - In December 1988, the Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand entered into an agreement with the Bangkok Expressway Consortium, Ltd., to build and operate the Bangkok Second-Stage Expressway for a period of 30 years. The project includes 66 km (41 mi) of elevated structures to be built in two phases. The precast segmental structures consist of over 2,000 spans with an average length of 42 m (138 ft). A gigantic precasting yard was designed to produce a total of 20,500 superstructure segments. New construction engineering procedures had to be developed to accommodate production of as many as 1,000 superstructure segments per month. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Concrete construction KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Highway bridges KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Precast concrete KW - Precasting yard design KW - Segmental construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450966 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711727 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Petrangeli, M P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING FOR BRIDGE REHABILITATION IN ITALY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 213-218 AB - The Italian motorway network was built about 20 to 30 years ago; it has a large number of prestressed concrete viaducts often located in mountain regions where deicing salts are used. Most of these bridges must now be rehabilitated. The main reasons for the rehabilitation, besides the use of salts, are (a) the increased live loads, (b) the insufficient knowledge of seismic problems at the time that the bridges were built, (c) underestimation at the time of building of the effects of time on the concrete, and in some cases, (d) the poor quality of the construction. External prestressing has been found to be a powerful tool for repair work; therefore, it is used extensively in Italy. Three stages in the evolution of this technique can be focused: (a) the additional cables are embedded in new concrete and are added and attached to the old concrete, (b) the cables remain external to the original section with few points of contact with the deck; the wires or the strands are encased in high-density polyethylene pipes that are grouted with cement mortar (no petroleum wax or grease has been used in Italy until now), and (c) the cables are composed of single sheeted and greased strands located inside a high-density polyethylene pipe that is not grouted; each strand acts as a unit and can be easily replaced. Three examples, one for each of the techniques, are provided. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - External prestressing KW - Italy KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressing KW - Rehabilitation KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450968 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711742 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ritter, M A AU - WOOD, D L AU - Wipf, T J AU - Wijesooriya, C AU - Duwadi, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF STRESS-LAMINATED-DECK BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 381-394 AB - The dynamic response of three stress-laminated wood bridges was determined from the field test results using a heavily loaded truck. Deflections at the bridge midspan were measured at various vehicle speeds using a high-speed data acquisition system, and a dynamic amplification factor (DAF) was computed. These tests represent only a portion of the field testing, which is part of a larger research study that also includes analytical research. Experimental data described will be used to validate analytical models. The objective of the larger study is to determine the dynamic behavior of stress-laminated wood bridges so that reliable design specifications can be developed. The three bridges represent contrasting approach conditions at the bridge entrance, asphalt and gravel roadways and bridge surfaces, and different natural frequencies. Results show that for smooth in situ conditions at the bridge entrance and an asphalt roadway surface, maximum DAF is 1.08 for a bridge with a relatively high calculated natural frequency (10.6 Hz). For rough conditions at the bridge entrance approach and an asphalt roadway surface, maximum DAF is 1.34 for a bridge with a high calculated natural frequency (10.6 Hz) and 1.20 for a bridge with a low calculated natural frequency (3.2 Hz). The DAF was found to be very high (1.50) at high vehicle speeds for the bridge with gravel surface approach conditions and a calculated frequency of 7.8 Hz. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Amplifiers KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic amplification factor KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Field tests KW - Laminated wood KW - Live loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Natural frequencies KW - Natural frequency KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450983 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711715 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fish, R C AU - Rowe, G L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EARTHQUAKE RETROFIT OF CALIFORNIA BRIDGE: ROUTE 242/680 SEPARATION SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 101-107 AB - The California Department of Transportation is currently implementing a statewide earthquake retrofit program. The goals of the program are to improve structural ductility and to provide corrective measures to the factors that contributed to the major damage and collapse of bridges during the San Fernando and Loma Prieta earthquakes. A case study of a retrofit design project of a bridge located in the San Francisco Bay area, in proximity of the Concord fault, is described. The structure type, geometry, traffic volumes, and maximum credible earthquake led to many difficulties in the analysis and resulted in solutions that were complex and unique for a bridge structure. The bridge investigated consists of two very different structure types joined by a voided pier that serves as a central abutment for both. The focus is primarily on the south structure, where base isolation was used, in contrast to the more conventional retrofit techniques used for the north structure. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450956 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711722 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Russell, H G AU - Volz, J S AU - Bruce, R N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE IN PRESTRESSED BRIDGE GIRDERS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 169-180 AB - High-strength concrete provides a higher compressive strength, a higher modulus of elasticity, a higher tensile strength, reduced creep, and greater durability than normal-strength concrete. For the same cross section and span length, a high-strength concrete girder will have less initial deflection, a higher permissible tensile stress, less prestress loss, less camber change, and longer life than a similar girder made with normal-strength concrete. Structurally, the benefits of using high-strength concrete are fewer girders for the same width bridge, longer span lengths or reduced dead load. The limitations of existing prestressed concrete girders relative to the use of high-strength concrete and several options to more effectively utilize high-strength concrete are described. Analytical results indicate that the use of existing girder cross sections with concrete compressive strengths up to 69 MPa (10,000 psi) allow longer span lengths and more economical structures. However, to effectively utilize concrete with compressive strengths greater than 69 MPa (10,000 psi), additional prestressing force must be applied to the cross section through the use of smaller strand spacings, larger strand sizes, higher-strength strands or post-tensioning. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Durability KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Limitations KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressed concrete girders KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Size KW - Spacing KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450963 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711729 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mertz, D R AU - Kulicki, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPACT OF LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ON SHORT- TO MEDIUM-SPAN STEEL BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 227-233 AB - In 1993, AASHTO adopted the "Load and Resistance Factor Design Bridge Design Specifications" (LRFD specifications) as an alternative to the "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" (standard specifications). Its adoption raises many questions regarding the specification's impact on the resultant bridge members' proportions and the design process itself. The implication of the provisions of the LRFD specifications on the design of steel highway bridges relative to those of the load factor design (LFD) provisions of the standard specifications is investigated through a dissection of the specifications into the load and resistance sides of the LRFD equation. A simple design example illustrates the impact of the LRFD specifications. Finally, the design process and effort required to apply each set of provisions, LRFD and LFD, are discussed on the basis of the example. Through the dissection of the LRFD specifications into the load and resistance sides of the LRFD equation and the discussion of the design process, the general impact of the specifications on the economy of short- to medium-span steel bridges and on the design community in general is assessed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Load factor KW - Medium span bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Resistance factors KW - Short span bridges KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Types of bridges by design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450970 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711740 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ritter, M A AU - Wacker, J P AU - Tice, E D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EVALUATION OF TIMBER BRIDGE CONSTRUCTED OF COTTONWOOD LUMBER SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 358-370 AB - The Cooper Creek bridge was constructed February 1992 in the city of Centerville, Iowa. The bridge is a two-span continuous stress-laminated deck structure with a length of 12.8 m and a width of approximately 8.1 m. The bridge is unique in that it is one of the first known stress-laminated timber bridge applications to use eastern cottonwood lumber. The performance of the bridge was monitored continuously for 28 months beginning at the time of installation. Performance monitoring involved gathering and evaluating data relative to the moisture content of the wood deck, the force level of stressing bars, the deck vertical creep, and the behavior of the bridge under static load conditions. In addition, comprehensive visual inspections were conducted to assess the overall condition of the structure. On the basis of field evaluations, the bridge is performing well with no structural or serviceability deficiencies. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Creep KW - Eastern cottonwood lumber KW - Inspection KW - Laminated wood KW - Moisture content KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Vision KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450981 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711718 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Naganuma, T AU - Seki, K AU - Iwasaki, M AU - TOKUDA, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BEHAVIOR OF BEARING PLATE TYPE BRIDGE BEARINGS UNDER TRAVELING LOAD SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 130-136 AB - Although bridge bearings are important parts in bridges, they are subject to severe conditions for long periods of time. This might lead to damage, particularly if maintenance is poor. Macroscopic analysis of the inspection data on the Hanshin Expressway is provided. The dynamic behaviors of bridge bearings under traveling loads were measured both before and after new bridge bearings were installed. Model tests with full-size bridge bearings were conducted to improve the functions of the bridge bearings. The major findings are as follows: (a) Approximately 70% of the bearings on the Hanshin Expressway are plate bearings, and the number of damaged bridge bearings increases after 20 years of service. (b) Plate bearings that had been used for about 20 years no longer functioned well under traveling loads. The sliding function could not be fully restored, even by replacing the existing bridge bearings with identical new ones. (c) Rubber bearings (particularly pot bearings) are suitable for improving bridge bearing function. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bearings KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridge bearings KW - Conferences KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Live loads KW - Model tests KW - Plate bearings KW - Replacing KW - Rubber KW - Rubber bearings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450959 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711719 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ROBERTS, W S AU - Heywood, R J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A NEW SHEAR CONNECTOR FOR STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 137-145 AB - A new cross section has been developed for steel concrete composite bridges that eliminates the top steel girder flange. This is made possible by utilizing a recently developed shear connector known as the Perfobond Strip. This shear connector provides a stiff connection between steel and concrete and reportedly has excellent resistance to fatigue. Because the success of this new cross section and numerous other applications depends on the performance characteristics of the shear connector, the present design models were investigated. Some inconsistencies were found between current design models and experimental results; the results of a series of shearbox tests that have led to the development of a new design model are included. This new design model is compared with current models. Some details of a full-scale bridge test are also included to examine the fatigue behavior and overall performance of the new bridge cross section. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Conferences KW - Cross sections KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Performance KW - Shear box tests KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Shear tests KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450960 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711733 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hoit, M I AU - McVay, M AU - Breneman, S E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE PIER ANALYSIS FOR SHIP IMPACT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 279-288 AB - A comprehensive computer program that analyzes bridge piers including the pier structure, nonlinear piles, and nonlinear soil interaction is discussed. The program, LPGSTAN (laterally loaded pile group and structural analysis), includes pile group effects, missing and battered piles, and bridge connection effects. The program is unique in that the analysis models are defined by using the designer specifications such as pile spacing, number of columns, and soil layer information. All model definition and result review are performed in a graphical environment. The program has not been tested by comparisons with data in the literature on pile group tests and an extensive series of centrifuge tests performed at the University of Florida. The program is in use at the Florida Department of Transportation and consulting firms throughout Florida. An overview of the program's assumptions, modeling, and capabilities is given. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge piers KW - Computer programs KW - Conferences KW - Impact KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Ship impact forces KW - Ship motion KW - Soil structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450974 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711736 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Idriss, R L AU - White, K R AU - Woodward, C B AU - Jauregui, D V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AFTER-FRACTURE REDUNDANCY OF TWO-GIRDER BRIDGE: TESTING I-40 BRIDGES OVER RIO GRANDE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 316-326 AB - The I-40 bridges over the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico, were due to be razed in the fall of 1993 because of geometry and traffic safety considerations, thus providing a unique opportunity for testing them. These medium-span steel bridges represent a common design in the United States and are classified by AASHTO as nonredundant "fracture critical" two-girder steel bridges ("fracture critical" classification means that failure of a primary member would probably cause collapse of the bridge). The subject bridge, built in 1963, is 1,275 ft (390 m) long and consists of three medium-span continuous units with spans of 131, 163, and 131 ft (40, 50, and 40 m) each. The bridge was field tested to determine the impact of a near full-depth girder fracture on the redistribution of loads, the load capacity, and the potential for collapse. Four levels of damage were introduced in the middle span of the north plate girder by making various cuts in the web and the flange of the girder. The final cut resulted in a crack 6 ft (1.8 m) deep in the 10-ft (3.1-m)-deep girder, extending from the bottom flange to the floor beam to girder connection. Data were taken under dead load and under a static live load consisting of an 82,000-lb (365,000-N) truck. The fractured bridge proved to be stable, with minimal deflection and no yielding. The after-fracture response and the load redistribution in the fractured bridge were evaluated. The contribution of the various members to the redundancy of the structure was assessed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Live loads KW - Load carrying capacity KW - Load limits KW - Load transfer KW - Metal bridges KW - Plate girders KW - Redundancy KW - Static loads KW - Steel bridges UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp7/cp7v2-020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450977 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711716 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Roeder, C W AU - Hildahl, M AU - Van Lund, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF LARGE MODULAR EXPANSION JOINT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 111-121 AB - Modular expansion joints are sometimes used on bridges with large movement potential. Single-support-bar modular expansion joints with 1200 mm of movement capability were used at each end of the third Lake Washington Bridge between Seattle and Mercer Island on Interstate 90. Fatigue cracks were observed in these joints within the first few years of service, and an extensive research program was undertaken. An initial study used a range of analyses, which showed that the behavior of the joint was influenced by the dynamic wheel loading and the characteristics of the joint. Field measurements were performed to verify the analytical conclusions, and the results are summarized. The field measurements included measurements of strains, bending moments, and deflections for a series of controlled truck loadings on a large modular joint. Braking and acceleration of vehicles produce the largest horizontal wheel forces and joint movement. The horizontal forces produced by overrolling (nonbraking and nonaccelerating vehicles) are small. Impact and rebound due to vertical loading are significant. Measurements are compared with fatigue design recommendations and correlated with analytical results. Recommended vertical and horizontal fatigue design loads are given for large-movement single-support-bar expansion joints. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Bending moments KW - Braking KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Design load KW - Expansion joints KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Loads KW - Recommendations KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural design KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450957 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711717 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Van Lund, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE BEARING REPLACEMENT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 122-129 AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has removed and replaced nonfunctioning bridge bearings to extend the service lives of existing bridges. Inoperable roller nests and seismically vulnerable steel rocker bearings with excessive tipping have been removed and replaced to restore expansion capability. The superstructure must be raised to replace bridge bearings. Case studies that show three recent bridge bearing replacement projects designed by WSDOT are presented. In the first case study, a 113.0-m single-span truss built in 1925 was raised from below by placing two hydraulic jacks and the upper steel distribution plates directly under the bearing pin gusset plates. The unreinforced pier cap was post-tensioned to prevent spalling. A sliding disc bearing was installed in place of the frozen roller nest. In the second case study, the bearings were removed and were replaced as part of an overall structural rehabilitation project. The existing concrete deck was removed and the ends of seven 54.9-m single-span trusses were lifted sequentially from above with a pair of jacking beams consisting of two W36 x 245 steel beams. Hanger rods were attached directly to the jacking beams and the floor beam top flange. Four 50-metric-ton jacks (two per jacking beam) simultaneously raised the ends of the trusses. Sliding fabric pad bearings were used to replace the frozen expansion roller nests. In the final case study, seismically vulnerable tipping rocker bearings were replaced with elastomeric bearings. Jacking diaphragms were located in the exterior bays at the girder centerline of bearings so that the lifting loads would not cause tipping of the pier. Additional shelf width was provided by adding a continuous corbel to the pier cap. Superstructure lifting recommendations are given. Jacks are sized for at least 1.5 times the calculated lifting loads. Bearing design loads, replacement bearing costs, and costs for lifting bridge superstructures are presented. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Lifting equipment KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450958 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711734 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Walther, R A AU - Koob, M J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION OF FATIGUE-SENSITIVE DETAILS USED IN MOLINE VIADUCT, ILLINOIS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 291-303 AB - A comprehensive study was undertaken to assess the performance of fatigue-sensitive details used in the Moline Viaduct. This 26-span, 872-m (2,860-ft) structure constructed in 1973 is located on Interstate 74 in Rock Island County, Illinois. The complex bridge superstructure includes variations in span length and width along with curved and superelevated geometries. The superstructure is fabricated from ASTM A36 steel and includes longitudinal plate girders supported by box-shaped cross-girders at the mainline piers. The cross-girder extends continuously through the web plates of the longitudinal girders. Full-penetration welds are used to complete the girder to cross-girder connection. This detail is considered potentially fracture sensitive by an FHWA notice dated April 24, 1978. This notice was issued following the brittle fracture of several steel support bents of the Chicago Transit Authority's Dan Ryan Transit Structure in January 1978. A brief discussion of these brittle fractures is presented to introduce the fatigue behavior characteristics of slotted member bridge details. Examination of the structure revealed a number of cracking problems at the girder to cross-girder connection. In addition, various fatigue-sensitive conditions were identified in the cross-girder interior. Field testing indicated that nominal stress ranges in the vicinity of fatigue-sensitive details were below the crack growth threshold and crack growth should not occur. However, preventive retrofit recommendations and a surveillance program were recommended to address cracking and nonconformance items. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Box girders KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Conferences KW - Cracking KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Plate girders KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Retrofitting KW - Stresses KW - Viaducts KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450975 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711735 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hassan, A F AU - Bowman, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVEMENT OF FATIGUE STRENGTH OF STEEL GIRDERS WITH TAPERED PARTIAL-LENGTH WELDED COVER PLATES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 304-315 AB - The fatigue strength of beams with tapered cover plate ends, which were repaired with one of three methods, was investigated experimentally. Most of the test specimens were precracked before the cover plate ends were repaired. Three repair methods were investigated: a friction-type bolted splice plate connection; air-hammer peening; and a hybrid combination of the previous two, known as partial bolted splice. Although specimens repaired with the bolted splice plate connection achieved Category B design life after repair, the splice plates did not prevent subsequent crack growth. Also, splice plate thickness was found to have a large influence on crack growth rate. Air-hammer peening was found to be effective in increasing the fatigue life of noncracked cover plate ends and details with small initial cracks. The partial bolted splice repair method was found to significantly improve the fatigue strength of precracked details, although it was not effective in preventing subsequent crack growth. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bolting KW - Conferences KW - Cover plates KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue strength KW - Girders KW - Peening KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Splice plates KW - Thickness KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450976 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711706 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fisher, J W AU - Kaufmann, E J AU - Koob, M J AU - White, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CRACKING, FRACTURE ASSESSMENT, AND REPAIRS OF GREEN RIVER BRIDGE, I-26 SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 3-14 AB - The Green River Bridge, I-26 near Asheville, North Carolina, was opened to traffic in 1969. In October 1992, during an inspection, two long transverse cracks were discovered in the bottom flange plate of a main girder; these cracks resulted in closure of the eastbound bridge. Numerous shorter cracks were observed at the web to flange plate connecting fillet welds throughout the girders. The Green River Bridge is a five-span, twin structure having a total length of 320 m (1,050 ft). Each bridge is a two-girder system, and ASTM A441 modified Corten B weathering steel was used to fabricate the bridge. The investigation into the cause of the cracking included metallographic and fractographic examination of core samples containing cracks, chemical composition and toughness testing of material, and instrumentation and field testing to determine live load stress levels. Test results of the flange plate material containing the large cracks showed it to have high carbon content, large grain structure, very low toughness, and high hardness. A field hardness survey was carried out on all bottom flange plates to determine locations of plates in the structure with similar properties. The fatigue and fracture assessment found that the cracks discovered in the Green River Bridge occurred at the time of fabrication. All cracks appeared to result from hydrogen-related cold cracking. Orientation of the large cracks was influenced by welding residual stresses that caused the crack tip to turn to a nearly horizontal orientation (parallel to the stress field). Because of this favorable crack tip orientation, the large cracks could tolerate dead and live load stresses and fatigue crack growth and brittle fracture were prevented. The main retrofit recommendation was to bolt cover plates on all bottom flange plates subjected to tensile stresses using high-strength bolts. This retrofit will provide internal redundancy in all spans and reduce live load stress range levels in the two-girder system by about 50%. Repairs were completed in October 1994. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bolts KW - Cold cracking KW - Cold weather KW - Conferences KW - Cover plates KW - Cracking KW - Flange plates KW - Flanges KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - High strength bolts KW - Live loads KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Retrofitting KW - Stresses KW - Transverse cracking KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450947 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711713 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kwong, J AU - Lindsay, R K AU - Woodworth, A J AU - Jones, D M AU - Knight, R P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF BASE ISOLATION TO SINGLE-SPAN BRIDGE IN A ZONE WITH HIGH SEISMICITY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 79-87 AB - The Carlson Boulevard Overcrossing is part of the 23rd Street Grade Separation Project, a major reconstruction of a complex intersection in the city of Richmond, California. The design of this bridge was based on a recommended, site-specific response spectrum because the project site is 3 km (1.86 mi) from the Hayward fault. The response spectrum values are very high over a broad range of periods. Also, because of the proximity of the structure to the fault, large displacements occur at the longer periods. The initial design approach was to use a two-span concrete structure with a center bent. It was then determined that the entire grade separation could be spanned with a single-span structure and the cost of the center bent could be saved. The single-span, multicell concrete box girder structure is 153 ft (46.6 m) long, varies in width from 49 to 57 ft (14.9 to 17.4 m), and is on a skew of approximately 40 deg. With the single-span structure, the lateral earthquake forces are required to be resisted by only the abutments. However, the tall seat-type abutments used for this project were not able to resist the large accelerations required by the response spectrum. Therefore, isolation bearings were selected to reduce the lateral seismic forces and to accommodate the large displacements at the abutments. The joints between the abutments and superstructure consist of 2-in. (5.08 cm) joint seals for everyday service use and short knock-off walls that give way for the large seismic movements. The analysis, design, and construction of the Carlson Boulevard Overcrossing are described in detail. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bearings KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridge abutments KW - Conferences KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Isolation bearings KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450954 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711720 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kamel, M R AU - Benak, J V AU - Tadros, M K AU - Jamshidi, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF PRECAST, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES IN INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 146-157 AB - In jointless integral abutment bridge superstructures, thermally induced movements must be absorbed by the abutments, which in most cases are supported on piles. Most states in the United States use steel piles in their integral abutment bridges. Research was undertaken to compare the flexibility of steel and concrete piles to determine whether concrete piles may be used in integral abutment bridges and, if not, to modify the pile abutment joint detail currently used with steel piles for possible use with concrete piles. Load-deflection tests on one steel and two concrete piles were conducted to evaluate and compare their stiffnesses. The computer program LPILE was used to analyze both concrete and steel piles in various types of soil. The results of the analysis and tests showed that concrete piles have limited flexibility for lateral loads with current pile abutment details; therefore, they can be used only in short span integral abutment bridges. For concrete piles, a new pile abutment joint was investigated. The joint consists of a neoprene bearing pad with a Teflon layer. It allows for controlled movement or rotation of the pile relative to the abutment, or both. Laboratory tests were conducted to study the behavior of the proposed joint under axial and lateral loads. The test results showed that the proposed joint would allow the use of concrete piles in integral abutment bridges of lengths comparable to those with steel piles. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial loads KW - Bearing pads KW - Bridge abutments KW - Computer programs KW - Conferences KW - Deflection tests KW - Jointless bridges KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral loads KW - Load deflection tests KW - Loads KW - Neoprene KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Polytetrafluoroethylene KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Stiffness KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450961 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711724 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tabsh, S W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRUCTURAL SAFETY OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE STEEL HIGHWAY BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 188-198 AB - Traditionally, the safety evaluation of existing bridges and code calibration of newly developed structural design specifications for the ultimate limit states are usually based on the maximum factored design loads. The advantage of this approach is that it does not require detailed design computations. Past experience with prestressed concrete girder bridges indicates that the design of such bridges is governed by the allowable stresses requirement at release or under service load effects. Similarly, the design of composite steel beam bridges is generally controlled by overloading for compact sections and by the maximum stress criterion for noncompact sections. The reliability of bridges designed according to AASHTO's Load Factor Design code is evaluated on the basis of actual designs. Reliability is measured in terms of the reliability index for the ultimate flexural capacity limit state. The statistical data on strength are generated starting from statistics on material properties and using simulation methods. Statistical data on load components are compiled from the available literature. The scope of the study covers a wide range of precast sections and rolled beams, span lengths, and beam spacings. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Conferences KW - Highway bridges KW - Limit state design KW - Load factor KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450965 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711731 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Richardson, J R AU - Richardson, E V AU - Edge, Billy L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE SCOUR IN THE COASTAL REGIONS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 249-260 AB - Bridge scour and waterway instability in the coastal region where waterways are subjected to tidal flow can be subjected to mass density stratification, water salinity, sedimentation (littoral drift or riverine transport), and unsteady reversible flows from astronomical tides and storm surges, as well as riverine flows. Nevertheless, bridge foundation scour depths can be determined and waterway instability can be countered by using existing scour equations and geomorphology techniques. A major difference for nontidal (riverine) streams is that the design discharge (50-, 100-, or 500-year return period flows) has a constant value, whereas with tidal waterways the design discharge for the same return periods may increase because it is dependent on the design storm surge elevation, the volume of water in the tidal prism upstream of the bridge, and the area of the waterway under the bridge at mean tide. If there is erosion of the waterway from the constant daily flow from the astronomical tides that increase the area of the waterway, the discharges can increase. An existing clear-water scour equation can be used to predict the magnitude of this scour, but not its time history. Recent experience indicates that this long-term degradation can be as large as 0.2 to 0.9 m/year. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Coastal regions KW - Coasts KW - Conferences KW - Depth KW - Equations KW - Geomorphology KW - Scour KW - Tidal currents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450972 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711738 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ghosn, M AU - Moses, F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REDUNDANCY IN HIGHWAY BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 338-348 AB - A framework for considering redundancy in the design and load capacity evaluation of highway bridge superstructures is proposed. Redundancy is defined in terms of the capacity of the bridge system to resist failure at high loads and to resist system serviceability distress compared with its capacity to resist first member failure. The consequences of damage of one member to the overall system capacity is also checked. The proposed framework consists of tables of load modifiers that can be used to assess the redundancy level of typical bridge configurations. The load modifiers are used during the design process to require that members of less redundant configurations be more conservatively designed than is allowed by current standards. On the other hand, highly redundant designs are rewarded by permitting less conservative member designs. For bridges with nontypical configurations that are not covered by the tables, a direct analysis approach is recommended. General guidelines explaining how to perform such an analysis are provided. These include the loads that should be applied, the limit states that should be checked for both intact and damaged conditions, and the target load factors that the bridge should sustain before these limit states are violated. System factors that provide a measure of the system's redundancy can be calculated from the results of the incremental analysis. The load modifiers obtained from the tables and the system factors obtained from the incremental analysis can be used for the design of new bridges or they can be used to calculate rating factors for the evaluation of existing bridges. Thus, bridges with lower levels of redundancy must have their member capacities increased or they will have lower ratings. An example illustrating the proposed procedures is provided. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Conferences KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Load modifiers KW - Loads KW - Redundancy KW - Structural analysis KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450979 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711728 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Segrestin, P AU - Brockbank, W J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRECAST ARCHES AS INNOVATIVE ALTERNATIVE TO SHORT-SPAN BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 219-226 AB - As the transportation infrastructure ages in many countries around the world, there is a growing number of bridges that are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete and require either major repair or replacement. There are estimated to be hundreds of thousands of bridges in this condition in North America alone. A cost-effective option for replacement of bridges with short spans (from 10 to 20 m) is the construction of a precast arch. The growing popularity of the precast arch can be attributed to its combination of the age-old structural efficiency of the arch shape and the modern-day cost-effectiveness of precasting. Rapid construction of approximately 15 m of arch per day keeps erection costs low. Not only is the construction cost-effective, but it also can be accomplished without disturbance to the stream, road, or rail it crosses. With no bearings or expansion joints, a precast arch will function for its entire service life virtually maintenance free. Construction is carried out in three basic operations: preparation of footing, erection of precast elements, and finally the simultaneous placement of backfill and end walls. The precasting is made economical with simple repetitive casting and stripping cycles utilizing high-production steel forms. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Precast concrete KW - Replacing KW - Short span bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450969 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711741 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Chajes, M J AU - Kaliakin, V N AU - Holsinger, S D AU - Meyer, A J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF COMPOSITE WOOD BEAMS FOR USE IN TIMBER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 371-380 AB - The use of new high-performance materials can play an important role in the search for ways to rebuild and rehabilitate the nation's deteriorating bridges. Innovations in the area of engineered wood products provide new possibilities for the design of timber bridges. Bonding high-strength fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite plates to the tension face of wood beams can improve stiffnesses and strengths. By further incorporating a concrete compression flange, an even more versatile and efficient structural member can be created. The use of concrete-wood-FRP composite beams for timber bridges in investigated. The criteria involved in designing timber beams for bridges are presented. Then, details and results of an experimental study aimed at addressing design-related issues for concrete-wood-FRP composite beams are discussed. In the study, a series of wood, wood-FRP, concrete-wood, and concrete-wood-FRP composite beams were tested. The wood used was a laminated veneer lumber; the reinforcement consisted of carbon FRP plates. Composite action between the concrete flange and the wood web, bond strength between the FRP plates and the wood, and stiffness and ultimate strength properties of the composite beams were evaluated. Results of the tests indicate that composite wood beams show promise for use in timber bridges. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Beams KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Composite action KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete compression flanges KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Laminated wood KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Plates (Structural members) KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Ultimate strength KW - Wood KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450982 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711743 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ritter, M A AU - Faller, R K AU - Duwadi, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CRASH-TESTED BRIDGE RAILINGS FOR TIMBER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 395-404 AB - Bridge railing systems in the United States historically have been designed on the basis of static load criteria given in the AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges". In the past decade, full-scale vehicle crash testing has been recognized as a more appropriate and reliable method of evaluating bridge railing acceptability. In 1989 AASHTO published "Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings", which gives the recommendations and procedures to evaluate bridge railings by full-scale vehicle crash testing. In 1993 NCHRP published Report 350: "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features", which provides criteria for evaluating longitudinal barriers. From these specifications, a cooperative research program was initiated to develop and crash test several bridge railings for longitudinal wood decks. The research resulted in the successful development and testing of five bridge railing systems for longitudinally laminated wood bridge decks in accordance with the AASHTO Performance Level 1 and Performance Level 2 requirements and the Test Level 4 requirements of NCHRP Report 350. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge railings KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Laminated wood KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Steel railings KW - Steel rails KW - Testing KW - Timber KW - Timber railings KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1995/ritte95c.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450984 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711709 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wipf, T J AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Fanous, F S AU - El-Arabaty, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRENGTHENING OF CONTINUOUS-SPAN COMPOSITE STEEL-STRINGER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 33-44 AB - On the basis of current bridge rating standards, many continuous-span composite steel-stringer concrete deck bridges in the United States are classified as deficient and in need of rehabilitation and strengthening, or replacement. Through several Iowa Department of Transportation research projects, methods of strengthening such bridges have been developed. Ways in which two of these strengthening procedures--post-tensioning and superimposed trusses--have been applied to actual bridges are described, and a design methodology is explained briefly. The strengthening systems were implemented and tested on two existing three-span bridges; both bridges were 45.72 m (150 ft) long and had roadway widths of 7.37 m (24 ft). From two analyses, it was determined that both bridges, when subjected to legal live loads were overstressed in both the positive and negative moment regions. The bridges, instrumented for strain and deflection measurements, were loaded with trucks before and after strengthening to determine the effectiveness of the strengthening systems. To alleviate the flexural overstress in Bridge 1, a post-tensioning scheme was designed in which the positive moment regions of all beams were post-tensioned. This strengthening scheme reduced the overstresses in both the positive and negative moment regions. In Bridge 2, superimposed trusses were employed over the piers on the exterior stringers in addition to the post-tensioning of the positive moment regions of all beams. In both bridges, considerable end restraint was measured; it was also determined that the guardrails were making a structural contribution. The transverse and longitudinal distribution of post-tensioning forces is summarized, behavior changes are noted, and the effectiveness of both strengthening systems is discussed. A design methodology developed for practicing engineers for use in designing a strengthening system for a given continuous-span bridge is also briefly described. Both strengthening schemes were determined to be cost-effective and practical techniques. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Conferences KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Live loads KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Posttensioning KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Stresses KW - Superimposed trusses KW - Trusses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450950 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711711 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Buckle, I G AU - Friedland, I M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVED SCREENING PROCEDURE FOR SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 59-70 AB - Recent damaging earthquakes in California and elsewhere have demonstrated once again the seismic vulnerability of highway bridges in the United States. Retrofitting programs for correcting deficiencies in existing bridges have been proposed since the 1970s, but until very recently only California has been active in the field. In 1983 FHWA published a set of retrofitting guidelines for bridges; recently they were revised to reflect advances made in the state of the art during the past decade. The improved screening procedure, which has been recommended in the revised FHWA manual, is presented. Differences between the old and new procedures include a new priority-ranking process, revised seismic performance categories, expanded definitions for bridge importance, and new flow charts to illustrate and clarify the assignment of structure vulnerabilities. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Deficiencies KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Ratings KW - Retrofitting KW - Strategic planning KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450952 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711707 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fisher, J W AU - Yen, B T AU - Kaufmann, E J AU - Ma, Z-Z AU - Fisher, T A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CRACK EVALUATION AND REPAIR OF CANTILEVER BRACKET TIE PLATES OF EDISON BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 15-25 AB - The Edison Bridge on Route 9 over the Raritan River in New Jersey is a riveted two-girder floor beam structure that was built in 1944. Cracks were discovered in several tie plates connecting the cantilever brackets to the main girder and floor beam in the continuous span, the 25.8-m (84-ft, 6-in.) spans, and the 40.4-m (132 ft, 6-in.) spans. Several cracked tie plates were removed so that the cause of cracking could be evaluated. The investigation included metallographic and fractographic examinations of crack surface areas that were not damaged extensively by corrosion. Striation spacing measurements showed that the cyclic stress driving the crack was independent of crack length, characteristic of displacement-induced fatigue. Field testing to determine the live load stress levels confirmed that in-plane bending of tie plates was the principal cause of the fatigue cracking and that the cantilever bending stresses were negligible. The measurements also suggested that a loss of frictional composite action occurred as the slab deteriorated. This led to high cyclic stresses in tie plates, with the maximum stress range varying between 69 and 138 MPa (10 and 20 ksi). Fatigue cracking initiated at flame-cut plate edges subjected to the maximum in-plane bending stress from distortion. Cracking was also aggravated by corrosion loss of section. Future inspection procedures were developed to enhance crack detection, which is highly variable because of the uncertainty of composite action. Retrofit recommendations for failed tie plate replacement were developed as well as means to eliminate the problem when the structure is rehabilitated. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Cyclic fatigue KW - Equipment replacement KW - Girder bridges KW - In-plane bending KW - Live loads KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Repeated loads KW - Replacements KW - Retrofitting KW - Stresses KW - Tie plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450948 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711730 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lagasse, P F AU - Richardson, E V AU - Weldon, K E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION BRIDGE SCOUR EVALUATION PROGRAM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 237-248 AB - Following the catastrophic failure of the Schoharie Creek bridge in April 1987 FHWA established a national bridge scour evaluation program under the National Bridge Inspection Standards to be implemented by state highway and transportation departments. Initial scour susceptibility screening was completed for the most part by October 1992, and FHWA has established January 1997 as the completion date for scour evaluations of all existing bridges identified as scour susceptible. The procedures that were developed and the results to date of scour evaluation of bridges in Florida are highlighted. The Florida Department of Transportation guidelines contain a four-phase approach to scour evaluations: Phase I is data collection and qualitative analysis, Phase II is hydrologic and hydraulic assessment for scour analysis, Phase III is geotechnical and structural scour assessment, and Phase IV is a recommended plan of action. The checklists and field procedures developed to complete Phases I and II of the evaluation are presented, and the results of the scour evaluations to date are summarized. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Florida KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Scour KW - Structural analysis KW - Susceptibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450971 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711732 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jones, J S AU - Bertoldi, D AU - Stein, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ALTERNATIVES TO RIPRAP AS A SCOUR COUNTERMEASURE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 261-278 AB - Riprap is the most common and best documented method of protection against local scour at bridge piers. Alternatives to riprap vary in size, shape, and mass as well as flexibility of design. The overall performance of alternatives such as grout mats and grout bags, extended footings, tetrapods, cable-tied blocks, anchors (used in connection with countermeasures) and high-density particles is evaluated. In general, alternatives are used when riprap is hard to obtain, the size required for high-velocity streams is unreasonable, or riprap is difficult to place, among other reasons. Various tests were performed on all previously mentioned countermeasures with and without a pier on a fixed bed. An obstructed movable-bed condition was also tested to obtain qualitative data for each countermeasure. Recommendations for implementing these alternatives are based on laboratory results and include the effects of filter fabric, lateral extent of the countermeasure, sealing between the face of the pier and the countermeasure, and anchoring. The impact of the drag coefficients on the stability of the countermeasure was also examined. The results of these experiments provide some comparative conclusions among the countermeasures as well as criteria for the design and implementation of these devices in the field. Investigations at an FHWA hydraulics laboratory over several years are summarized, including results of the investigations of riprap and of alternatives to riprap. As a local scour countermeasure, each alternative has its unique attributes that, depending on the application, may provide superior protection over riprap. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Anchors KW - Blocks KW - Cable-tied blocks KW - Cables KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drag KW - Extended footings KW - Filter fabric KW - Footings KW - Grout bags KW - Grout mats KW - High density KW - High density particles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Particles KW - Riprap KW - Scour KW - Test results KW - Tetrapods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450973 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711737 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tada, K AU - FUJII, Y AU - Ohashi, Hiroshi AU - MIKI, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FATIGUE ASSESSMENT OF CABLE SYSTEMS OF LONG-SPAN CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 327-337 AB - Cable systems of a cable-stayed bridge consist of cable and cable anchorage. Cable tension caused by prestress, dead load, and live load acts directly on the cable anchorage. In addition to direct tension, bending deformation caused by live load, temperature changes, and wind load act on the anchored stay cables. Furthermore, wind-induced oscillations may be considered. Because the cable tension and bending deformation occur repeatedly, it is necessary to verify fatigue behavior. The structural details of cable anchorages are complex, making it difficult to evaluate their fatigue resistance. Therefore, fatigue tests were conducted on full-scale specimens that include proposed anchorages and cables to examine their performance. The obtained results show that fatigue cracks initiated at the welded toe of the bearing plate to anchor web plates were caused by plate bending; therefore, some refinements of structural details are necessary. The bending fatigue strength of semi-parallel wire cables socketed by two types of anchorage were both proved to be sufficient for use as stay cables for an 870-m span cable-stayed bridge. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Anchorages KW - Bending KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cable systems KW - Cables KW - Conferences KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Long span bridges KW - Plate bending KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Prototype tests KW - Welded plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450978 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711739 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nowak, A S AU - Ritter, M A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN CODE FOR WOOD BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 351-357 AB - The development of a load and resistance factor design (LRFD) edition of AASHTO's Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges is complete. A part of this effort involved the development of LRFD provisions for wood bridges. These new specifications include numerous changes and several significant departures from current allowable stress design practices for wood bridges. The live load model is based on the statistical analysis of the actual traffic data. The design load is a superposition of the traditional HS20 truck and lane loading. Dynamic load is applied to wooden components of the superstructure. Strength of material is based on the nominal values derived from in-grade tests, specified for wet-use conditions and 2-month live load duration. The resistance factors are determined consistently for all the limit states considered. The major changes in the approach to summarize the design provisions are presented. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Conferences KW - Load factor KW - Resistance factors KW - Specifications KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1995/nowak95a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450980 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711671 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Figg, E C AU - McCallister, L F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INNOVATIVE STAND-ALONE FINANCING FOR MID-BAY BRIDGE ACROSS CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 38-43 AB - Innovative stand-alone financing in the form of an $81 million unrated, revenue bond project was a first of a kind for transportation and resulted in the successful completion of a 5876-m (19,265-ft) bridge for a Florida coastal community. The development of this project incorporates part of the suggestions of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act. The bridge is owned by a special authority and is being financed completely through the use of tolls backed by 5,000 vehicles a day. There is no full faith and credit backing of any state, federal, or local government. Partnerships were developed, with loan monies received from the Florida Toll Facilities Revolving Trust Fund, the Florida Department of Transportation, and the county. Partnering was done with property owners and the community. This major bridge was accomplished from conception through construction in 6 years. The bonds were unrated and were supported with special unique insurance. They sold in less than 10 min, and offers were made for twice the amount needed, resulting in lower interest rates. The partnership approach, design, and financing contributed to the project speed and resulted in many unique features: A world record for span-by-span construction was set. Seven spans were completed in 7 days (952 ft of completed bridge in 1 week). A simplified post-tensioning design resulted in greater speed of construction. The bridge was built in 25 months, 5 months ahead of schedule, and opened on June 26, 1993. The bridge cost $44/sq ft. The project was selected as the top bridge project for 1993 by the Florida Department of Transportation. The award was given by the Florida Transportation Builders Association. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bonds KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Financing KW - Florida KW - Partnerships KW - Tolls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450912 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711673 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mays, R R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE ARCHITECTURE: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 57-59 AB - The aesthetic element of bridge design is more complex than many bridge design engineers realize. Some view aesthetics as something that gets in the way of a true engineering solution, adds excessive costs, and slows up the project. Others consider visual quality to be as important as structural integrity. A truly beautiful structure has the balance of visual elements that will give it a pleasing appearance throughout time. To achieve visual quality it is important to include an architect who is experienced in transportation architecture on the design team at the very beginning of a project. This early involvement on the design team will give the architect a chance to ask questions and make suggestions in the early stages that will affect the visual quality of the whole project. Individual components, such as bridges, retaining walls, noise barriers, location and style of light standards, sign bridges, transfer facilities, utility conduits, or other attachments to transportation structures, all need to be visually coordinated. Study models and sketches during the design process will give the architect and design engineers the ability to coordinate the visual and structural requirements. Our transportation environment deserves our best efforts. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711696 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tabatabai, Habib AU - Ciolko, A T AU - Dickson, T J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLICATIONS OF TEST RESULTS FROM FULL-SCALE FATIGUE TESTS OF STAY CABLES COMPOSED OF SEVEN-WIRE PRESTRESSING STRAND SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 266-277 AB - Since 1990 14 full-scale axial and combined axial/flexural fatigue tests of parallel-strand cable specimens representing three recently constructed U.S. cable-stayed bridges have been conducted. Stay cable specimens ranged in size from 17 to 85 strands 15.2 mm (0.6 in.) in diameter with lengths between 4570 and 14,600 mm (15 and 48 ft) and nominal capacities between 4430 and 22,157 kN (996 and 4,981 kips). The specimens represented the variety of parallel-strand cable anchorage designs in use worldwide, namely, the wedge anchorage, combination wedge/conical socket anchorage, and conical anchorage; they also incorporated uncoated, epoxy-coated, and grit-impregnated epoxy-coated seven-wire strand. The primary goal of each test series was the validation of the as-designed cable system's fatigue performance for each bridge. However, test results indicate that these specification-required tests effectively identified endurance- and durability-impairing features of certain cable components, prompting the system's refinement and validation during test series. The intent of the review is to synthesize test results for a highly diverse sample of stay cable designs, installation procedures, and test criteria, emphasizing fatigue performance enhancements resulting from specific cable configuration refinements. Measured fatigue test data are compared with Post-Tensioning Institute cable testing criteria. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Anchorages KW - Building KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cables KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Facilities KW - Fatigue tests KW - Installation KW - Long span bridges KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450937 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711698 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hassan, M AU - Burdet, O AU - FAVRE, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF BRIDGE BEHAVIOR UNDER STATIC LOAD TESTING LEADING TO BETTER DESIGN AND JUDGMENT CRITERIA SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 296-303 AB - Load testing offers an effective means of investigating the actual behavior of a bridge and detecting a possible abnormal response. A computerized data base of the results of over 200 load tests performed in Switzerland was established to study the behavior of bridges subjected to a load test. This large number of bridges enabled the Institute of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne to carry out a comparative statistical study to better understand the behavior of different types of bridges. The main evaluation criteria are the agreement between the measured and calculated deflections and the similarity between the measured and calculated deflected shapes. Although the deflections under loading can be measured precisely, their calculations are difficult because of phenomena usually not taken into account in the design. Statistical analysis of the data base, combined with an analysis of 88 bridges, led to recognition of the contribution to the overall stiffness of nonstructural elements such as reinforced-concrete parapets, asphalt wearing surfaces, and reinforcement. The precise determination of the modulus of elasticity of concrete led to the use of ultrasonic measurements, drilled cores, and molded samples of concrete. The analysis confirmed the correlation between unsatisfactory short-term behavior during the load test and abnormal long-term behavior. Bridges with a low level of prestressing often exhibit unsatisfactory behavior, whereas a higher prestressing level seems to prevent abnormal bridge behavior. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Load tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Prestressing KW - Static loads KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450939 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711705 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gori, R AU - Siviero, E AU - Russo, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LARGE DEFORMATION CYCLIC TESTS ON STAINLESS STEEL REINFORCING BARS FOR REINFORCED-CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN SEISMIC REGIONS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 368-375 AB - Stainless steel reinforcing bars, proposed for use in reinforced-concrete (r/c) structures, are available with the same lengths and current diameters of conventional carbon steel bars. They present advantages as regards durability, antioxidability, and mechanical properties. These may make them economically competitive with conventional steel bars, and therefore suitable for use in bridge decks in severe environments. Recent earthquakes have further emphasized the need for metal reinforcements capable of resisting considerable and often repeated deformations. The problem is particularly acute in the case of continuous-beam viaducts, since severe strain comes to bear on the integral joints between the deck and the piers. A solution is the use of stainless steel bars because of their intrinsic stress-strain features. R/c seismic-resistant structures may benefit from stainless steel bars as reinforcement for their higher ductility and toughness. These mechanical properties are particularly suitable for critical regions of r/c continuous beams or frames, as the capability of energy dissipation as well as the ductile elongation are greater than for conventional carbon steel. In addition, the antioxidability property of reinforcing bars affects the durability of the structure and its serviceability. Comparative experimental static monotonic and cyclic large deformation uniaxial tests have been carried out until failure on stainless steel AISI 304L bars with different strain rates, in order to reproduce the actual behavior of steel for r/c structures. Cumulative plastic damage has also been analyzed. Initial results reveal a significant dependence of fatigue parameters on the strain rate, particularly for relatively small plastic strain ranges. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Antioxidability KW - Conferences KW - Cyclic tests KW - Dissipation KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mechanical tests KW - Plastic deformation KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Stainless steel KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Toughness KW - Uniaxial testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450946 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711675 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mattox, R K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DISCOVERY BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 68-79 AB - The Discovery Bridge in downtown Columbus, Ohio, is a one-of-a-kind structure that provides unique solutions to historic, aesthetic, and technical issues. Because the bridge was a contributing element in the Civic Center Historic District and was federally funded, FHWA entered into a memorandum of agreement (MOA) with the State Historic Preservation Office. To comply with stipulations within the MOA, FHWA assembled a community interest task force, representing regional planning, Columbus development, historic preservation, and arts organizations. This task force identified architectural design parameters/criteria for the replacement bridge. To incorporate the input from the task force, public agencies, and private individuals, a unique and innovative bridge study process was developed. The new process included separate and intense engineering workshop sessions followed by the presentations to the task force and general public. Within each session, the design team reviewed all input, developed ideas, evaluated alternatives, and prepared presentation sketches and renderings. The resulting structure is reminiscent of the previous bridge, respectful of the historic district, and a center for civic activities, and it was constructed using the latest in bridge design and construction technology. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Columbus (Ohio) KW - Conferences KW - Historic preservation KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450916 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711677 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - HARVEY, W J AU - Smith, F W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRITISH PRACTICE IN ARCH BRIDGE ASSESSMENT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 91-99 AB - The bridge at Aldochlay in the Strathclyde region is small and is constructed from random rubble masonry. It shows no sign of distress, but it became clear very early in the assessment process that different types of analysis yielded very different answers for this structure. The example describes the root causes of some of these conflicts. Bargower is a semicircular bridge constructed from dressed sandstone and has a 10-m span. Its behavior is influenced by various effects of soil pressure and soil-structure interaction that are not well represented in many analytical approaches. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Arch bridges KW - Conferences KW - Masonry construction KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450918 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711692 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kulkarni, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - A SECOND HIGH-LEVEL BLUE WATER BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 233-237 AB - Planning, design, construction, and maintenance issues are presented for the proposed second high-level Blue Water Bridge, which crosses the St. Clair River between Port Huron, Michigan, and Point Edward, Ontario, Canada. The bridge design meets the requirements of AASHTO load resistance factor design specifications as well as the "Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code". The construction plans are prepared in metric (SI) units. Main spans are a continuous tied arch bridge. The fracture-critical tie girder is fully bolted (no welding is allowed) to improve redundancy. The empirical design method is used to design the reinforced concrete deck. Approach spans are predominantly prestressed concrete I- or box beams with a reinforced concrete bridge deck. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Long span bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450933 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711694 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Enomoto, Michitaka AU - Morikawa, H AU - Takano, H AU - OGASAWARA, M AU - Hayashi, H AU - Takahashi, W AU - Watanabe, Naoto AU - INOUE, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TSURUMI TSUBASA BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 249-258 AB - The Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge is a single-plane, three-span continuous cable-stayed bridge 1020 m long, with a 510-m center span. It was constructed over the Tsurumi Fairway, which lies between the Daikoku-Futo Wharf and Ogishima Island in Yokohama. The total weight of the steel superstructure is about 38,000 tons with the foundation built on pneumatic caissons. This bridge was built for the Metropolitan Expressway. In the future, National Highway 357 will cross the Tsurumi Fairway on a separate bridge built parallel to and in the same style as the Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge. Therefore, the appearance and the earthquake and wind resistance of the Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge were studied not only with consideration being given to the first but also the second bridge standing parallel to the first. As for the construction of this new bridge, at each step of construction actual values were checked against design values to ensure safety and precision. Construction was accomplished with a high degree of precision, owing to the introduction of a precision control system. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Long span bridges KW - Precision KW - Safety KW - Structural design KW - Wind resistant design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450935 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711670 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sawicki, M AU - Bien, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONDITION RATING AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY BRIDGES IN POLAND SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 32-37 AB - Changes in the national economies in Central Europe stimulate changes in bridge maintenance systems. The SMOK railway bridge management system was designed and developed at Wroclaw Technical University for Polish State Railways. The main idea of the new system is to combine the new maintenance unit organization with a new inspection system and to implement a computer system to support the collection and processing of data for bridges. The huge amount of fresh and modern knowledge and technology will fill all elements of the management system; among these also will be expert computer systems and economical optimization for supporting the decision-making process. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Planning KW - Poland KW - Railroad bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711681 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Alampalli, S AU - Fu, Gongkang AU - Dillon, E W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ON THE USE OF MEASURED VIBRATION FOR DETECTING BRIDGE DAMAGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 125-137 AB - Bridge condition monitoring using modal properties, which has been suggested and studied recently, is perceived to supplement or even replace current inspection practice. However, its applicability is still unclear. A study conducted on a fracture-critical bridge, supplementing earlier studies on a scaled model bridge, is presented. The detectability of damage using measured vibration is addressed. Results indicate that modal frequencies can be used to detect the existence of damage or deterioration simulated here. However, the damage location cannot be identified with high confidence using the mode shapes and their derivatives because damage affects mode shapes comparably at both damaged and undamaged locations. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Condition monitoring KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Deterioration KW - Loss and damage KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Vibration KW - Vibration measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450922 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711688 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Thompson, P D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PONTIS VERSION 3: REACHING OUT TO THE BRIDGE MANAGEMENT COMMUNITY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 197-202 AB - AASHTO, through its AASHTOWare software joint development and support program, has recently adopted the Pontis bridge management system and has completed development of Release 3, to be known as AASHTOWare Pontis. With the participation of 46 state-level departments of transportation (DOTs) and FHWA, the project represents a significant effort to advance the implementation of the system and broaden its audience to include large and small transportation agencies, including local governments working in cooperation with their state DOTs. The Release 3 software will be a major advance in the product: it will be highly graphical in its user interface, work with a wide variety of commercial data base managers, employ an innovative system for coordinating the work of multiple decision makers, and include a state-of-the-art project-level analysis to complement its already-advanced network-level capabilities. Cambridge Systematics, Inc., as a contractor to AASHTO, developed the product. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Graphics KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450929 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711695 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stroh, S L AU - Lovett, T G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KAP SHUI MUN CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 259-265 AB - The Kap Shui Mun Bridge is one of the world's largest double-deck cable-stayed bridges and features the first fully enclosed lower deck. The bridge spans Kap Shui Mun Channel linking Lantau Island and Ma Wan Island, providing access to the proposed new airport in Hong Kong. The bridge carries six lanes of roadway traffic on the upper deck and two lanes of emergency roadway traffic and two tracks of light rail on the lower deck. The winning design/build tender is described; it is an innovative hybrid design with a steel composite superstructure for the central 387 m of the 430-m center span and an all concrete superstructure for the remainder of the main span and for the 160-m side spans. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Design build KW - Double deck bridges KW - Innovation KW - Long span bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450936 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711685 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Purvis, R AU - Babaei, K AU - Udani, N AU - Qanbari, A AU - Williams, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREMATURE CRACKING OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS: CAUSES AND METHODS OF PREVENTION SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 163-175 AB - Newly constructed bridge decks were examined in order to identify the factors that cause cracking and ways in which the cracking might be reduced. The research included field surveys that showed transverse cracking to be the prevalent type associated with new bridges. Factors potentially influencing transverse cracking were studied and compared with the design and construction practice of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Preliminary findings indicated that the main cause of transverse cracking is the shrinkage of hardened concrete. Further study and tests provided conclusive evidence of thermal shrinkage and drying shrinkage. Correlation of the cracking performance of several newly constructed decks with the shrinkage actually measured in the deck concrete showed that transverse cracking occurred where the shrinkage measurements were high. The findings further indicated that the type of aggregate used in the mix was a major factor associated with shrinkage cracking. Thermal shrinkage is affected by the amount of temperature change during the curing period as well as the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete, which is mainly aggregate-related. It was noted that thermal shrinkage and cracking were especially severe in concretes that were subjected to large temperature changes associated with cold-weather curing. The research recommends the maximum acceptable shrinkage, implementation of a shrinkage verification test for use in approving mix designs, and temperature control during cold-weather curing. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cold weather construction KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Conferences KW - Crash causes KW - Prevention KW - Shrinkage KW - Temperature control KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450926 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711699 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Barker, M G AU - Hartnagel, B A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF INELASTIC DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR STEEL BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 304-313 AB - The first of three composite girder tests is presented from a project with the objectives of validating current inelastic design procedures and developing new inelastic provisions for bridges comprising noncompact girders. The first girder test was a half-scale, three-span composite beam with compact sections. The future tests will be two-span composite girders comprising noncompact sections. The essential components of inelastic design provisions are moment-inelastic rotation relations at the critical sections. These relations are necessary to predict inelastic rotations, permanent residual deflections, and redistributed moments in the structure. Along with the design and modeling of the half-scale test, experimental moment-rotation behavior characteristics for moving load inelastic tests and a plastic collapse test are presented. Inelastic behavior in terms of design limits and predicting residual deformations is presented on the basis of the experimental results. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Collapse KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Girders KW - Inelastic design KW - Metal bridges KW - Model tests KW - Moving load inelastic tests KW - Plastics KW - Steel bridges KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450940 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711702 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Drimoussis, E AU - Cheng, JJR AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS USING CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC SHEETS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 337-347 AB - Many older reinforced or prestressed concrete bridges designed in accordance with now obsolete design codes and for much lighter traffic loads have been found to be shear deficient. It is of great interest to develop rehabilitation techniques that are both structurally efficient and economically competitive. The main objective of the research program was to investigate the feasibility of strengthening concrete bridge girders for shear using carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheets bonded externally to the webs of the girders. The advantages of such advanced composite materials include their high tensile strength, noncorrosive properties, light weight, and small sectional dimensions, all of which make them competitive with more traditional materials for use in rehabilitation applications. Three precast reinforced concrete bridge girders 9.1 m long, hat-shaped in section, were salvaged from a demolished bridge that had originally been constructed in the late 1950s. CFRP sheets were bonded to the vertical web faces in various arrangements, the members were tested to failure, and the results were compared with those associated with the unstrengthened condition. Shear failure was governed by the strength of the concrete rather than by the CFRP material, and the behavior indicated that anchorage of the sheets is a key consideration. The results showed an increase in shear capacity of between 21 and 55%. On the basis of the test results, mechanisms were proposed by which the bonded CFRP sheets contributed to the shear strength of the section, and a method was suggested for calculating this contribution. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Girders KW - Rehabilitation KW - Shear strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450943 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711703 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Seible, F AU - Hegemier, Gilbert A AU - Karbhari, V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ADVANCED COMPOSITES FOR BRIDGE INFRASTRUCTURE RENEWAL SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 348-357 AB - Applications of advanced composite materials such as glass fibers, aramids, or carbon fibers in polymer matrices are important in extending the life of our nation's bridge infrastructure into the 21st century. The increasing number of deficient bridge structures necessitates the rapid development of new rehabilitation technologies in the form of new materials and applications, with proven structural effectiveness, quality control, durability, and affordability. Advanced composite materials offer unique mechanical and durability characteristics that can affect bridge infrastructure renewal. Recent developments in automated manufacturing and application processes of advanced composite structural components indicate that not only structurally, but also economically, these new materials are becoming very competitive in civil engineering applications. Research at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), by the Advanced Composites Technology Transfer Consortium (ACTT), shows that, for example, seismically deficient bridge columns can be wrapped with carbon fibers in an automated fashion, reducing current time requirements for equivalent steel jacket installations, and advanced composite replacement bridge decks can be built in one-step manufacturing processes at weight savings by a factor of 10 or more over conventional concrete decks. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aramids KW - Bridges KW - Carbon fibers KW - Composite materials KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Glass fibers KW - Polymer fibers KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450944 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711666 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, AUGUST 28-30, 1995. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 2 VOLUMES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - 807 p. AB - The objective of the conference is to provide an international forum for the exchange of bridge research results and technical information on planning, design, construction, repair, rehabilitation, replacement, and maintenance of bridges. The focus is on problems and solutions of interest to bridge engineers and administrators of highway, railroad, and transit agencies. Research results emanating from the AASHTO-sponsored NCHRP bridge studies as well as those of federal, state, and international research agencies' programs are being highlighted. The proceedings include all papers presented at the conference sessions and cover the following topics: Bridge Management Systems; Bridge Aesthetics; Bridge Performance; Bridge Construction; Long-Span Bridges; Bridge Loads and Dynamics; FRP (Fiber-Reinforced Plastic) Composites and Other Materials for Bridges; Bridge Rehabilitation; Seismic Response of Bridges; Bridge Bearings, Joints, and Details; Prestressed Concrete Bridges; Bridge Structural Systems; Bridge Substructures: Scour and Ship Impact; Bridge Fatigue and Redundancy; and Wood Bridges. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridge repairs KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Composite materials KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dynamics KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Long span bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Replacing KW - Research KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Structural design KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711667 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kivisto, P M AU - Flemming, D J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGING MINNESOTA'S BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 3-15 AB - The process that is presently used, and that is anticipated to be used in the future, to manage Minnesota's limited bridge resources is explained. Present bridge management history and policies including present inspection methods, computer tools that are available, present priority-ranking methods for bridge replacements, and the relationship between the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) and local governments are discussed. Future bridge management practices including Pontis bridge management system (BMS) implementation, element-level inspections, the Minnesota case study in moving to the use of Pontis, new funding processes as a result of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), and how these factors will tie together for managing bridge resources in the 21st century are covered. In 1994 Minnesota began the process of implementing the Pontis BMS. Before that time all bridge inspections were based on National Bridge Inspection Standards and management decisions were guided by a Minnesota priority-ranking system, (FHWA) sufficiency ratings, Minnesota published improvement guidelines, and engineering judgment. Minnesota has used computer software programs extensively to record and store field inventory and inspection data, which has substantially reduced the amount of paperwork required during each inspection. With the advent of the Pontis BMS, inspection coding is changing and new data collection software has been developed. As a result of ISTEA, Minnesota has established area transportation partnerships that develop the statewide transportation improvement program. Outputs from BMS will provide information to be used in the selection of appropriate bridge projects and bridge maintenance activities. The outputs necessary to plan a bridge preservation and improvement program include overall conditions, estimates of bridge needs, future conditions assuming certain levels of expenditure, and identification of activities with high benefit-cost ratios. This information will best be illustrated through graphs or charts. Bridge management is another tool that can be used to assist in the definition of bridge programs, so even with the introduction of system analysis, engineering judgment will continue to be a part of the process. In the future integration will occur among the various management systems (pavement, safety, etc.). Limited integration exists at this time in Mn/DOT, and preliminary thoughts on extensive integration of these systems and level-of-service goals are described. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - History KW - Implementation KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Minnesota KW - Policy KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450908 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711668 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LEGOSZ, A AU - Wysokowski, A AU - HUTNIK, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: COMPUTER-AIDED PLANNING DECISION SYSTEM FOR POLISH ROAD ADMINISTRATION SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-24 AB - A computer-aided system for the management of bridge structures in the Polish Road Administration is described. The Polish Bridge Management System (BMS), which is still being developed, is grouped in modules containing optimization procedures that support maintenance and management problems. Some of the procedures are based on the method of taxonomic investigation as being optimal for determining the priority for bridges qualified for rehabilitation that forms the basis for a yearly plan at the regional level. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Poland KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711669 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kolozsi, G AU - Gaspar, L AU - Toth, E AU - Csorba, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUNGARIAN BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 25-31 AB - The funds available for bridge maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction are far below the realistic needs in Hungary. That is why the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Water Management has initiated countrywide coordinated efforts to establish the Hungarian bridge management system (BMS). The elements already existing are used, and new relevant research work is in progress. The main elements of the future Hungarian BMS, which are already more or less available, are as follows: computerized bridge data bank, uniform procedure for bridge inspection, countrywide bridge maintenance and construction programs until 2000, methods for the calculation of the gross and net values of bridges, cost-benefit calculation method for bridge rehabilitation and reconstruction, simplified BMS for the ranking of interventions, and a computer program for the selection of appropriate routes for oversized and overweight vehicles. A long-term bridge maintenance strategy has recently been developed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Data banks KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Hungary KW - Inspection KW - Intervention KW - Load limits KW - Long term KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Overweight loads KW - Planning KW - Ratings KW - Routing KW - Strategic planning KW - Time duration KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450910 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711683 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schmitz, W J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONSTRUCTABILITY REVIEWS: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PARTNERING SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 151-154 AB - The partnering concept of working together toward common goals has proven to be highly successful during construction. Constructability reviews offer the opportunity to expand this idea to include the design process. The definition, objectives, and benefits of constructability reviews are examined. The composition of the review team and procedures for conducting a constructability review are also discussed. Case histories of the author's involvement in a number of constructability reviews are related. It is concluded that constructability reviews are the direction of the future, but there is a need for an effective methodology to permit contractor participation in the process. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Benefits KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Constructability reviews KW - Construction KW - Definitions KW - Methodology KW - Partnerships KW - Reviews KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450924 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711686 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ingham, T J AU - Manzanarez, R AU - Cormier, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NORTH HALAWA VALLEY VIADUCT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 176-184 AB - The North Halawa Valley Viaduct is a 2-km-long prestressed concrete box girder bridge on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It is the first cast-in-place cantilever segmental bridge in the United States to be built from an overhead erection gantry. The design features of the project are described, and the reasons for choosing that construction method are given. The main features of the operation of an erection gantry are described, and some of the problems arising during the construction of the bridge are discussed. Finally, the instrumentation of the structure to monitor its long-term performance is detailed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Cast in place structures KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Gantry cranes KW - Instrumentation KW - Long term KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Structural design KW - Time duration KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450927 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711700 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LAMAN, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOAD SPECTRA FOR GIRDER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 314-323 AB - Measurement results of static truck loads and the corresponding response of the girders under normal traffic on six girder bridges located on Interstate highways, state highways, U.S. highways, and surface streets are presented. Truck data are available from highway weigh station logs and citation files and also through the use of weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology. Stationary scales are biased and do not accurately reflect the distribution of truck axle weights and gross vehicle weight caused by avoidance of scales by illegally loaded trucks. Citation data are helpful in understanding the nature and extent of overloaded trucks but cannot present the entire spectra of normal traffic. WIM measurements of trucks can be taken discretely during normal traffic, resulting in unbiased data for a statistically accurate sample of truck traffic traveling a particular highway. The results show that truck loads are strongly site specific. There is a negative correlation between law enforcement effort and occurrence of overloaded trucks. Overloaded trucks are observed on roads not controlled by truck weigh stations. A comparison of the weigh station data, truck citation data, and WIM measurements obtained in this study confirms this observation. Additionally, load spectra for each girder are strongly component specific as demonstrated by this study. This information is useful to focus inspection efforts. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Girder bridges KW - Inspection KW - Live loads KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Static loads KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450941 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711701 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cobo del Arco, D AU - APARICIO, A C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SIMPLIFIED NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 324-334 AB - Discretization methods are widely used in the analysis and design of suspension bridges. However, the large number of variables involved do not normally allow examination of the influence of different parameters on the behavior of suspension bridges. This paper presents a numerical method of analysis of suspended cables under vertical loads. Both explicit equilibrium and tangent stiffness matrices are derived by the finite element method. The expressions are also presented in dimensionless form, so that parametric studies can be performed. The obtained matrices can be assembled easily in a general structural analysis computer program. The proposed method is applied to the simplified analysis of suspension bridges. Some dimensionless charts are given for a single span suspension bridge. These include displacement and bending moments under the position of a concentrated load, pseudoinfluence line of displacement and bending moments at the quarter of span, and maximum displacements and bending moments for an arbitrarily located distributed load. It is believed that these charts can be useful in the first phase of design of suspension bridges and can contribute to the understanding of suspension bridge behavior. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Numerical analysis KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Suspension bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450942 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711672 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gottemoeller, F AU - Buchwalter, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INNOVATION AND AESTHETICS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 47-56 AB - Throughout engineering history, innovation and aesthetics have been intertwined. The introduction of new materials inspires the creation of forms that exploit their structural capabilities. These forms generate new aesthetic responses and create new opportunities for aesthetic pleasure. Although the acceptance of new ideas and forms is often slow, new materials and thus innovations are constantly on the horizon. Eventually the public recognizes and appreciates the beauty of them. Thomas Telford proved this with his development and use of iron. Telford's breathtaking proposal for a cast iron bridge in London was denied, but by the mid-19th century his ideas were standard for major metropolitan areas. Today we look forward to a similar but, it is hoped, faster acceptance of the innovations made possible with high-performance steel, high-strength concrete, and composites of the two. Furthermore, with the new load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications, designers will have greater flexibility in creating more efficient and aesthetic structures. With today's methodology and experience, it is possible to provide engineering solutions to issues tailored to the specifics of the bridge at hand. The challenge for designers of these structures is to develop forms that exploit and display the inherent advantages of laciness and transparency while at the same time addressing modern criteria of simplicity and the expression of structural forces. The structures that result will evoke new aesthetic reactions. We will see then how long it will be this time before general public acceptance follows. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Future concepts KW - History KW - Innovation KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450913 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711679 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sobrino, J A AU - CASAS, J R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 110-116 AB - The structure of an existing bridge cannot be assessed using the same nominal parameters and safety factors calibrated for the design of new bridges. The direct use of probabilistic methods allows a determination of the safety and serviceability of an existing structure. The uncertainties involved with load and resistance values in the assessment of concrete bridges are usually lower than in the design stage because the strength and load effects can be estimated accurately by using information from inspections, experimental tests, traffic measurements and other supplementary data. After that, a full probabilistic analysis is performed, as with design code calibration, but for each particular case of study. A practical example is presented, including the assessment of a prestressed concrete bridge, to illustrate the abilities of probabilistic methods to assess existing structures. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Safety KW - Serviceability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450920 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711690 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hawk, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE-CYCLE ACTIVITY PROFILES IN BRIDGIT BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 209-219 AB - The objectives of NCHRP Project 12-28(2)A were to develop a microcomputer-based bridge management system (BMS) that could be implemented by departments of transportation and local bridge authorities as well as satisfy the requirements for bridge management systems mandated in the interim final regulations for Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act management systems. Phase 2 of the project was completed in 1994 and resulted in the development of the BRIDGIT BMS. The various models used in BRIDGIT to produce life-cycle activity profiles (LCAPs) for each bridge in a network are discussed. In developing repair and functional improvement strategies for any selected group of bridges, it is necessary to identify and compare feasible alternatives. As part of its optimization analysis, BRIDGIT develops different LCAPs for individual bridges and determines the present value of life-cycle costs and benefits for each one. The costs considered include agency costs for the various repair or improvement actions as well as user costs associated with accidents or detours due to load capacity deficiencies, vertical clearance deficiencies, or bridge width deficiencies. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Benefits KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711697 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Heywood, R J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ARE ROAD-FRIENDLY SUSPENSIONS BRIDGE-FRIENDLY? OECD DIVINE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 281-295 AB - This paper presents the results of an investigation aimed at developing an understanding of the influence of truck suspensions on the dynamic response of short span bridges. The work forms part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Dynamic Interaction between Vehicle and Infrastructure Experiment (DIVINE). The hypothesis is based on the assumption that soft, so-called "road friendly" suspensions induce less damage in pavements than stiff suspensions. This paper concentrates on the extension of this hypothesis by discussing its application to short span bridges. Three bridges were instrumented and their dynamic response to the air- or steel-suspended test vehicles was recorded. For two of these bridges, the dynamic wheel forces and the bridge response were acquired simultaneously. The bridges chosen were to have natural frequencies in the range of axle hop frequencies in order to investigate possible resonance effects. The paper details both the vehicle and the bridge responses and the interaction between them. Dynamic increments in excess of 100% were recorded. Dynamic coupling between axle hop vibrations and the bridge resulted in up to 10 damage cycles during the passage of a vehicle. The bridge response is shown to be sensitive to the natural frequency of the bridge, the suspension of the vehicle, its speed, and the road roughness. The bridge-friendliness of road-friendly suspensions is discussed in the light of experimental evidence. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Loss and damage KW - Short span bridges KW - Suspension systems KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450938 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711704 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Garrity, S W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MODERN BRICKWORK HIGHWAY STRUCTURES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 358-367 AB - Clay brickwork is set to reemerge as a major structural material with the growing emphasis on designing aesthetically pleasing highway structures with low maintenance costs. This paper addresses the use of clay brickwork construction for new highway structures such as earth retaining walls, short-span arch bridges and bridge abutments, piers, parapets, and wingwalls. The performance of existing masonry structures is appraised, the principal design requirements for new brickwork structures are identified, and recent research and development is summarized. Two recently completed bridges with major elements of structural clay brickwork construction are described in brief. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Arch bridges KW - Brick KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge parapets KW - Bridge piers KW - Design KW - Development KW - Masonry construction KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Retaining walls KW - Short span bridges KW - Wingwalls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450945 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711674 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Van Landuyt, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HUMANE URBAN AESTHETIC: US-183 ELEVATED PROJECT IN AUSTIN, TEXAS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 60-67 AB - Designers at the Texas Department of Transportation were faced with building an elevated bridge 1.3 million sq ft through the city of Austin. Limited right-of-way and the inherent size of an overhead highway meant that there existed the possibility of building an oppressive architecture among the homes and businesses of the US-183 corridor. Instead of applying the accepted techniques of modern bridge aesthetics, engineers used new fundamentals for designing appropriate regional bridge architecture. The aesthetic design philosophy was to build this important public structure so that is expressed the spirit of Austin as defined by the city's innovative high-technology industry, traditional state architecture, and most importantly its humane, livable quality. Engineers tapped into the iconoclastic creativity common to so many Austin artists. Aesthetics was given equal importance with the other constraints of bridge design: functional requirements and economic demands. Integrity of structure can only be achieved when all three of these elements are fully examined and integrated into every level of decision making. The result is a sound, economical structure that reawakens the notion of creative detailing in large-scale bridge architecture. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Geometric design KW - Highway bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450915 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711676 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Miller, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ALSEA BAY BRIDGE REPLACEMENT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 80-87 AB - As the nation's infrastructure ages, replacement of bridges has become more commonplace. Many of the bridges to be replaced will have historic significance and may have established an identity for the local community. Replacement of these historic bridges may be the only feasible option when the structure can no longer safely serve its transportation function. This is especially true when the cost of rehabilitation becomes prohibitively high. When replacement has been determined to be the only option left, owners are often faced with the challenge of justifying replacement to the community. Opposition can be overcome or reduced by education of the community to the need for replacement. An effective means to mitigate the loss of the historic bridge is to provide a replacement structure that meets the needs and aesthetics of the community. The Alsea Bay Bridge at Waldport, Oregon, is one example of how an owner can successfully overcome local opposition and provide a replacement structure that enhances the community. This paper documents how the Oregon Department of Transportation was able to replace a high-profile, extremely popular structure that could no longer meet the transportation needs of the highway system with a new bridge that provides aesthetic features complementing the local community. The tradition established by the previous bridge was preserved by adapting parts of the old bridge into waysides and bridgeheads. The resulting structure, which incorporates the old with the new, has provided the community with a new focal point. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Conferences KW - Historic bridges KW - Replacing KW - Waldport (Oregon) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450917 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711678 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cao, L AU - Shing, P B AU - Allen, J AU - Woodham, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDY OF CONCRETE DECK BEHAVIOR WITHOUT TOP REINFORCING BARS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 100-109 AB - A major cause of the deterioration of bridge decks is the spalling and delamination caused by the corrosion of the top mat of reinforcing bars. Empirical evidence has indicated that the tensile bending stresses developed at the top of a bridge deck subjected to traffic loads are relatively low. As a result the need for top reinforcing bars for sustaining the negative bending moment induced by traffic loads is questionable. To explore the possibility of eliminating top reinforcing bars, and thereby reducing the vulnerability to corrosion, the performance of a four-span bridge deck is investigated. In the bridge studied one span has an experimental deck with no top reinforcement. whereas the remaining spans have both top and bottom reinforcements that conform to AASHTO specifications. The response of the bridge deck under a test truck was monitored with embedded strain gauges. It was found that the peak transverse tensile strains developed at the top of the deck were less than 30% of the cracking strain of the deck concrete. The behavior of the bridge deck under the test truck and other combinations of truck loads has also been investigated by means of elastic finite-element analysis. The results show that the tensile stresses developed at the top of the deck tend to be much less than the modulus of rupture of the deck concrete. The study confirms that a properly designed bridge deck does not require the top reinforcement for sustaining the negative bending moment induced by traffic loads. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Case studies KW - Concrete KW - Conferences KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Load tests KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Removal KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Top reinforcing bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711691 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hearn, G AU - Frangopol, D M AU - Chakravorty, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF DETERIORATION MODELS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 220-230 AB - A correspondence between deterioration processes and the observed performance of bridges is established by creating new quantitative condition ratings. Condition ratings defined in terms of damage indexes are used to form Markov chain models that embody the performance of bridges in service. Markov chains in turn are used to generate mean transition times that can be used to compute parameters of deterioration process models. Variations in exposure of bridge beams and in regions of bridge beams are handled by a multiplicity of Markov chains. To calibrate multiple models, condition ratings must be tied to known locations in a bridge. For this purpose the practice of segment-based reporting is introduced. Quantitative condition ratings are linked to normalized remaining flexural and shear strengths of bridge beams. Normalized remaining strength, along with segment-based reporting, supports the estimation of live load rating of bridges. Four cases of an example steel beam bridge are considered under differing rates of corrosion and patterns of corrosion in cross sections. It is seen that the controlling segment for live load rating of a bridge may evolve under some corrosion environments and that estimated live load capacities based on quantitative condition ratings are reasonable approximations of the actual load ratings. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion rate KW - Deterioration KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway bridges KW - Live loads KW - Markov chains KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Steel beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450932 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711693 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - SAUVAGEOT, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT CROSSING, CANADA SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 238-248 AB - The Northumberland Strait Crossing is a bridge in Atlantic Canada; it is a prestressed, precast concrete structure that will provide a fixed link across the strait between Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick, and Borden, Prince Edward Island. It has been financed, designed, constructed, operated, and maintained for 35 years by the developer, a joint venture. The design service life of the structure in 100 years. The 13-km crossing comprises approaches with 93-m spans in shallow water near shores and a main bridge with 250-m spans in the strait. The scheduled completion date is the end of 1996. Because of the short construction time and the often adverse conditions for work at sea, precasting is used systematically on a large scale for the entire bridge. Precast pier bases are installed and grouted to bedrock at depths to 38 m below sea level. Precast shafts are erected on the bases. Typical cantilevers for marine spans weighing 78 MN are precast on shore and set in place with a floating heavy-lift crane, which is also used to place 52-m-long precast drop-in spans between cantilevers using a procedure that eliminates excessive erection moments in the piers. Innovative design features and the most advanced construction techniques and skills have been called on to match the challenge presented by such a major undertaking. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Concrete construction KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Innovation KW - Long span bridges KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450934 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711680 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Azizinamini, Atorod AU - Kathol, S AU - Beacham, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECT OF CROSS FRAMES ON BEHAVIOR OF STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 117-124 AB - Although cross frames are required before construction, their usefulness after construction has been questioned. A combination of experimental and analytical studies was conducted to investigate the performance of steel girder bridges that use different types and spacing of cross frames. The experimental investigation included construction and testing of a full-scale steel girder bridge in the laboratory. Unique characteristics of the bridge include a concrete slab designed on the basis of AASHTO's 1994 empirical design approach, which requires a minimal amount of reinforcement. Elastic and ultimate load tests were carried out, and punching shear tests were conducted after the ultimate load tests. Results of the research indicate that for bridges with zero skew, the influence of cross frames is minimal. Ultimate tests indicate that steel girder bridges have large reserve capacities. Very large punching shear capacity of the slab was also observed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Breaking loads KW - Conferences KW - Cross frames KW - Girder bridges KW - Live loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Prototype tests KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Shear stress KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450921 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711682 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Duntemann, J F AU - Duwadi, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FHWA'S BRIDGE TEMPORARY WORKS RESEARCH PROGRAM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 141-150 AB - Approximately 35,000 state or federal-aid highway bridges were built in the United States during the past decade. Most of these bridges were built without incident, which is a credit to the construction industry. During this period, however, several major bridge failures occurred during construction and were attributed to construction practices and procedures. Statistically, bridge falsework represents more than a third of the total recorded falsework collapses, most of which occurred during construction of conventionally reinforced concrete beam or box-girder bridges. Falsework design in the United States, because of its temporary nature, has traditionally been delegated to the contractor or contractor's engineer under the premise that the contractor is responsible for the means and methods of construction. Although there are potential economies in this type of assignment, the design engineer of record for the bridge relinquishes some control of the project, which, in turn, increases the probability of construction complications or failures. The possibility of construction problems is compounded by the fact that until recently very few detailed standards existed for the construction of these temporary systems and, in many cases, the design assumptions were left to individual engineering judgment. Following the collapse of the Route 198 bridge over the Baltimore Washington Parkway in 1989, FHWA determined that there was a need to reassess, on a national level, the specifications currently used to design, construct, and inspect falsework for highway bridge structures. Toward that end, FHWA sponsored a study to identify the existing information on this subject and develop a guide specification for use by state agencies to update their existing standard specifications for falsework, formwork, and related temporary construction. The results of this study, which included a survey of U.S. and Canadian highway departments and a comprehensive literature search, is presented. The paper focuses on the current state of the practice in the United States and abroad. FHWA's "Guide Design Specification for Bridge Temporary Works" is discussed in detail. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Falsework KW - Formwork KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Scaffolds KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450923 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711687 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - SHIROLE, A M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW YORK STATE'S COMPREHENSIVE BRIDGE SAFETY ASSURANCE PROGRAM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 187-196 AB - Since 1990 the New York State Department of Transportation has been proactively involved in the planning, development, and implementation of its long-range comprehensive bridge safety assurance program. This program will be integrated into the department's bridge management system to provide important safety-based bridge information for capital and maintenance program planning. The development and implementation of procedures used to assess the vulnerability of existing bridges to six potential causes or modes of failure--hydraulic, structural steel detail deficiencies, collision, overload, structural concrete detail deficiencies, and earthquake--are discussed. Furthermore, the development and implementation of an overall bridge safety assurance policy aimed at the design and construction of new bridges, retrofitting bridges during their planned rehabilitation, and programming the remaining bridges for necessary actions to eliminate or reduce their vulnerability to catastrophic failure are also discussed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Assessments KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Failure KW - Failure mode KW - New York (State) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety programs KW - Structural design KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450928 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711689 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wells, D T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR PONTIS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 203-208 AB - In efforts to comply with the federal mandate for bridge management systems, many states are implementing Pontis. Pontis is the network-level bridge management system developed through FHWA's Demonstration Project 71. One component of the Pontis implementation process involves assigning the bridge elements to one of four environments. The environments used in Pontis--benign, low, moderate, and severe--represent relative distinctions among rates of deterioration resulting from operating practices and climatic exposure. Because of this, each agency should develop its own criteria for assigning elements to environments. A systematic strategy for developing a definition of these environments suitable to the needs of individual states is presented, and a step-by-step procedure for collecting data is explained. Regression analysis can then be used to analyze the data, thereby providing a way of defining the environments. To illustrate the method, an application is described for concrete bridge decks that uses operating practices and climatic exposures specific to Virginia. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Classification KW - Climate KW - Conferences KW - Environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682937 AU - Ullman, K B AU - Bing, A J AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - HIGH SPEED PASSENGER TRAINS IN FREIGHT RAILROAD CORRIDORS: OPERATIONS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1994/12 SP - 134 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study into some operations and technical issues likely to be encountered when planning for high-speed rail passenger service on corridors that presently carry freight or commuter traffic. The study starts with a review of corridors designated under Section 1010 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, as potential future high-speed corridors. The review summarized operations and infrastructure features of the corridors, leading to definition of a hypothetical corridor representative of the Section 1010 corridors. After a review of signal, train control and braking systems presently used in the United States and elsewhere, the study provides analyses of the safety and operations impacts of introducing high-speed rail service on the hypothetical corridor. The safety analysis established a safety performance target based on present intercity rail safety performance, and reviewed the need for and benefits from safety improvements for high speed operation. The operations analysis concentrated on the impacts on track capacity and train delays of introducing a high-speed rail service on three hypothetical existing corridors with different track layouts and signal systems. KW - Corridors KW - Freight transportation KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Passenger service KW - Railroad transportation KW - Transportation safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34550/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-94-11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713637 AU - Moyer, P D AU - JAMES, R W AU - Bechara, C H AU - Chamberlain, K L AU - Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: INTRUSION BARRIER DESIGN STUDY PY - 1994/11 SP - 350 p. AB - Intrusion hazard in shared rights-of-way is a key safety issue of High Speed Guided Ground Transportation (HSGGT) systems. Minimizing this hazard will support the feasibility of locating HSGGT systems adjacent to existing transportation facilities. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of intrusion barriers that will: 1) prevent errant railroad or highway vehicles from intruding into the operational space of an HSGGT guideway from an adjacent or overhead facility; 2) prevent a derailed HSGGT vehicle from intruding into the operational space of an adjacent railroad or highway; and 3) prevent a derailed HSGGT vehicle from falling from an elevated track or guideway. This study addresses Maglev, High Speed Rail, Conventional Railroad and Highway vehicles. Alternatives for intrusion barriers along HSGGT guideways are explored, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the various types of intrusion barriers are evaluated. An analysis method is presented and prototype designs shown which can provide a basis for future HSGGT intrusion barrier design nationwide. Eight alternative steel and concrete structural barrier designs are detailed. Barrier construction costs are estimated along with an assessment of the collision damage and repair costs likely to be incurred by vehicles and barriers. KW - Barrier design KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Intrusion KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Structural barriers KW - Structures UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/2874 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42665/ord9504.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714519 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT. VOLUME 2. TECHNICAL STUDIES. NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION: NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA PY - 1994/10/31 SP - 478 p. AB - This document is the final environmental impact statement and final environmental impact report (FEIS/R) on the proposal by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) to complete the electrification of the Northeast Corridor main line by extending electric traction from New Haven, CT, to Boston, MA. This document (Volume 2) presents additional technical studies to supplement Volume 3 of the DEIS/R issued in October 1993 (PB94-111838). KW - Amtrak KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Northeastern United States KW - Railroad electrification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714521 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT. VOLUME 4. COMMENT LETTERS AND PUBLIC HEARING TRANSCRIPTS. NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION: NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA PY - 1994/10/31 SP - 782 p. AB - This document is the final environmental impact statement and final environmental impact report (FEIS/R) on the proposal by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) to complete the electrification of the Northeast Corridor main line extending electric traction from New Haven, CT, to Boston, MA. This document (Volume 4) reprints the comments received on the DEIS/R. KW - Amtrak KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Improvements KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Northeastern United States KW - Railroad electrification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714518 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT AND 4(F) STATEMENT. VOLUME 1. NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION: NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA PY - 1994/10/31 SP - 508 p. AB - This document is the final environmental impact statement and final environmental impact report (FEIS/R) on the proposal by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) to complete the electrification of the Northeast Corridor main line by extending electric traction from New Haven, CT to Boston, MA. This document (Volume 1) is the main body of the FEIS/R and includes a 4(f) Statement on the proposed location of an electrification facility in the Great Swamp Wildlife Management Area. KW - Amtrak KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Northeastern United States KW - Railroad electrification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00714520 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT. VOLUME 3. RESPONSE TO COMMENTS ON DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT. NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION: NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA PY - 1994/10/31 SP - 356 p. AB - This document is the final environmental impact statement and final environmental impact report (FEIS/R) on the proposal by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) to complete the electrification of the Northeast Corridor main line by extending electric traction from New Haven, CT to Boston, MA. This document (Volume 3) of the FEIS/R presents summaries of comments received on the DEIS/R and responses to these comments. KW - Amtrak KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Northeastern United States KW - Railroad electrification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01207226 AU - Sheridan, T AU - Lanzilotta, E AU - Askey, S AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Research and Special Programs Administration TI - Safety of High Speed Guided Ground Transportation Systems Human Factors Phase I: Function Analyses and Theoretical Considerations PY - 1994/10//Final Report SP - 108p AB - Although the speed of guided ground transportation continues to increase, the reaction time as well as the sensory and information processing capacities of on- and off-board operators remain constant. This report, the first of two examining critical human factors issues in future high-speed rail systems, focuses on the implications of this disparity on safety. It discusses the human factors aspects of French, German, and Japanese high-speed rail systems. It reviews salient human factors literature relevant both to human-machine functional allocation and safety in rail systems, and makes comparisons to similar aspects of operating aircraft, nuclear power stations, and other complex systems. Function analyses for high-speed train cab operation and dispatching centers are presented in the form of flow diagrams. Scenarios of abnormal conditions are suggested. Finally, the report addresses human-machine allocation and automation in controlling future high-speed trains, including the safety implications of various levels of automation. KW - Decision making KW - High speed rail KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Human in the loop simulation KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad traffic control KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33500/33518/33518.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33600/33628/33628.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/968133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00961896 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FORWARD THROUGH THE 90S: SELECTED ISSUES IN THE TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PY - 1994/09 SP - 215 p. AB - Railroads play a major role in meeting the American economy's need to transport large volumes of hazardous materials economically and safely. More than 1.4 million carloads of hazardous materials traverse the railroad network each year, frequently traveling great distances between many different sets of origin and destination points. Although railroads carry these goods with an excellent safety record, even a single hazardous materials release has the potential to damage the environment, endanger thousands of people, or even shut down a city. Because of the risks involved, continuously improving the safety of hazardous materials movement is a key transportation policy objective. This report covers the following topics listed in the table of contents: Rail Safety Enforcement and Review Act; Background; Hazardous Materials Releases and Accidents; The In-Train Placement of Hazardous Materials Cars; An Assessment of the Current Track Standards Relative to Grades and Degrees of Curvature; The Effectiveness of Wayside Bearing Failure Detectors; An Assessment of Railroad Tank Car Rules; Status - Pending Rulemaking Activities; and Status - Rail Hazardous Materials Enforcement Activities. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Car service rules KW - Curvature KW - Detectors KW - Failure KW - Hazardous materials KW - Interchange rules KW - Law enforcement KW - Location KW - Operating rules KW - Rail Safety Enforcement and Review Act KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad tracks KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Standards KW - Tank cars KW - Wayside signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/660456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00715145 AU - Kokkins, S J AU - PURPLE, A AU - Samavedam, G AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: THERMAL EFFECTS AND RELATED SAFETY ISSUES OF TYPICAL MAGLEV STEEL GUIDEWAYS PY - 1994/09 SP - 89 p. AB - This report presents a theoretical analysis predicting the temperature distribution, thermal deflections, and thermal stresses that may occur in typical steel Maglev guideways under the proposed Orlando FL thermal environment. Transient, finite element heat transfer analyses are used to predict the thermal response of a typical steel guideway design similar to the Transrapid design being finalized for the Orlando, FL Maglev system. Parametric studies are conducted to examine the sensitivity of the temperature distributions and thermal deflections to time varying changes in the sun's position, seasonal changes in the guideway orientation and surface treatment. Related safety issues are also addressed. KW - Deflection KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - Heat KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Safety KW - Temperature KW - Thermal conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720232 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY-RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS: A GUIDE TO CROSSING CONSOLIDATION AND CLOSURE PY - 1994/07 SP - 31 p. AB - This guide is about highway-railroad grade crossing consolidation and closure -- an effective, but often overlooked, option for improving grade crossing safety. The advent of the systems or corridor approach to evaluating crossing safety and the need to address the persistent problem of accidents at low volume crossings have increased attention on crossing consolidation and closure. The benefits of consolidating unnecessary grade crossings include: fewer intersections at which collisions between motor vehicles and trains can occur; removal of a potential safety hazard at a cost that is often only a fraction of the cost of warning signals and gates; redirection of limited resources to the remaining crossings which have the greatest public necessity; and a reduction in the number of at-grade crossings which may need costly improvements or grade separation in the future to accommodate high speed rail operations. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) is encouraging states, political subdivisions and railroads to reduce the 280,000 public and private grade crossings by 25%. In support of this initiative, the FRA developed case studies of actual grade crossing consolidation and closure projects. This guide is derived from the case studies. The guide condenses the lessons learned from both the successful and unsuccessful projects. It was prepared to disseminate information to state transportation agencies, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and railroads on how to gain local support for grade crossing consolidation and closure projects. The case studies unequivocally demonstrate that the main obstacle to the rationalization of redundant crossings is local opposition. Even when formal approval from the local government is not required by law, local endorsement of the project (or at a minimum the absence of local opposition) is often a de facto requirement. The focus of this guide is a model approach for working with local communities to reach voluntary agreement to consolidate unnecessary crossings and a checklist of the factors commonly found in the successful projects. KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Closures KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway safety KW - Lane closure KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Railroad grade crossings UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0001 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669066 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING SAFETY. ACTION PLAN SUPPORT PROPOSALS PY - 1994/06/13 SP - 52 p. AB - This Action Plan presents a multi-faceted, multi-modal approach for improving safety at our nation's highway-rail crossings and for the prevention of trespassing on the rights-of-way of our nation's railroads. It is multi-faceted in that it presents enforcement, engineering, education, research, promotional and legislative initiatives addressing crossings of both light and conventional rail rights-of-way by public and private streets and highways. The objectives were to reduce the number of highway-rail crossing accidents and casualties while not impeding, but facilitating, the contribution potential of the highway and rail infrastructure on the nation's economy. KW - Highway safety KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Right of way KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Trespassers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/APSP.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941433 AU - Pelloux, R M AU - Grundy, D C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THERMOMECHANICAL TESTING AND MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLASS L STEEL WHEEL ALLOY PY - 1994/03 SP - 42 p. AB - Macrostructure, microstructure, and quantitative metallographic analysis is conducted on Association of American Railroads Class L wheel steel specimens tested in a Gleeble 1500 under combined mechanical compression and resistance heating to temperatures above and below the austenite transformation temperature. The mechanical loading shears the as-received ferrite-pearlite microstructure. A partially or fully recrystallized microstructure is observed in the sheared regions. The recrystallized microstructure contains fine globular carbides typical of a spheroidized steel and is produced at temperatures below the austenite transformation temperature. Trends are found toward increasing recrystallized fraction with increasing temperature and decreasing fraction with increasing compression above 4.5% strain. KW - Compression KW - Macrostructure KW - Mechanical loads KW - Metallurgy KW - Microstructure KW - Railroad cars KW - Steel KW - Temperature KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00741144 AU - Applied System Technologies, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE PY - 1994/01 SP - 93 p. AB - This report provides a systems approach to the assessment of high-speed guided ground transportation (HSGGT) safety needs and presents one potential methodology by combining a work breakdown structure (WBS) with an interface evaluation methodology. Through a total system approach, this report ties safety issues to an HSGGT structural concept and presents them from the highest level of a system hierarchy downward in a WBS. KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Safety factors KW - Structural analysis KW - Systems analysis KW - Work breakdown structure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111456 AU - National Railroad Passenger Corporation TI - Rail Passenger Service: A Critical Link in the National Transportation System PY - 1994 SP - v.p. AB - This paper describes how Amtrack® is a vital part of an interconnected national transportation network that provides important transportation, environmental and economic benefits. The paper describes in detail the significance of passenger rail service as a component of an efficient, integrated national transportation system. It is an introduction to the many reasons that Amtrack and America run on passenger demand. KW - Amtrak KW - Commuter service KW - Freight traffic KW - Passenger transportation KW - Rail transit KW - Rail transit facilities KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroad transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01070783 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Northeast corridor improvement project, electrification, New Haven to Boston [CT,MA] : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, F(4v), Fsup, Fsupapp, Record of decision B1 KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/830168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00857040 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT. RESPONSE TO COMMENTS ON DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT, NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ELECTRIFICATION, NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA. PY - 1994 IS - PB95-179982 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Northeastern United States KW - Passenger traffic KW - Railroad electrification KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/522062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00863663 AU - TANG, YIM HAR AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - STUDY OF BRAKING OPERATIONS USING A LOCOMOTIVE SIMULATOR. PY - 1994 IS - PB96-144357 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brakes KW - Locomotives KW - Railroad simulators KW - Synthetic training devices KW - Synthetics KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/629926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00859107 AU - UNITED STATES. COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE. U.S. G.P.O. AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FEDERAL RAILROAD SAFETY AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1994: REPORT (TO ACCOMPANY H.R. 4545) (INCLUDING COST ESTIMATE OF THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE).. PY - 1994 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Railroads KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/522712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00856779 AU - WHITTEN, BRIAN T AU - STOUT, D AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ICE/U.S. DEMONSTRATION VEHICLE DYNAMICS TEST REPORTS. PY - 1994 IS - PB95-193041 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Evaluation KW - High speed rail KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Testing KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/521955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00852471 AU - Schneider, Jerry B AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE DESIGN OF INTERMODAL STATIONS FOR A HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION STATION. PY - 1994 IS - PB95-144234 AB - No abstract provided. KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Railroad stations KW - Subway stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/550570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00847553 AU - STUART, CAMERON AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT OF NEW AND USED COMMUTER RAIL WHEELS. PY - 1994 IS - PB94-173689 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Measurement KW - Railroad cars KW - Residual stress KW - Residual stresses KW - Testing KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/545521 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662854 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Moody, H G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATION, AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 71-78 AB - This paper discusses the interest of railroads in advanced command, control, communication, and information (C3&I) technology. One C3&I project, the Advanced Train Control System (ATCS), is described, and research topics in support of that project are proposed. C3&I systems are being implemented to improve railroad productivity, customer service, and service reliability. Although significant progress has been made, even greater progress is in store in the future as railroads take advantage of advanced computer and digital data communication technology. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Automatic train control KW - Command and control systems KW - Communication systems KW - Conferences KW - Customer service KW - Freight transportation KW - Information systems KW - Positive train control KW - Productivity KW - Railroads KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408263 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662853 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lovette, P M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EQUIPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS FOR CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENT SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 54-58 AB - This paper discusses the future needs of equipment infrastructure in the railroad industry. It begins with some basic generalities concerning the rail environment in the next few decades. This environment will include passenger traffic. The freight equipment will be sharing track of similar design as the passenger equipment. Because passenger transportation is, by its nature, a just-in-time delivery system, the freight equipment operating in the same environment must be reliable in order to minimize delays. It must also provide reduced dynamic loads to avoid rapid or catastrophic track degradation in conjunction with passenger traffic. The goals of freight and passenger rail transportation are essentially the same--to reduce the overall transit time while retaining a cost structure that allows them to maintain a cost competitive advantage. Factors that will have a great impact on the future design of equipment include availability and reliability, as well as customer needs. Ride quality will be a major driving force for customer satisfaction. Specific areas that need improvement are the braking system and the coupling system. Scheduled maintenance should be addressed when future equipment design is considered. The vehicle and track system should be considered as a whole. In conclusion the paper provides a list of the characteristics of a "perfect rail vehicle", a list of the steps that must be taken to ensure that future rail equipment meets or exceeds the requirements of the railroad industry and its customers, and a list of the actions that must be taken now relative to equipment to ensure the survival of the railroad industry. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Availability KW - Brakes KW - Braking systems KW - Conferences KW - Couplers KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Customers KW - Equipment KW - Equipment design KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Freight transportation KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Needs assessment KW - Railroads KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Ride quality KW - Supply KW - Vehicle/track system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408262 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662855 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Martland, C D AU - Little, P AU - Sussman, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SERVICE MANAGEMENT IN THE RAILROAD INDUSTRY SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 89-103 AB - This paper on railroad freight service management is presented in six sections. The first section, Customer Requirements and Logistics Costs, indicates which aspects of freight service are important and why. The next section, Origin-Destination Analysis, presents an overview of typical service levels, which shows that there does seem to be considerable opportunity for improving service. In section three, Systems Analysis, the basics of service and capacity management are outlined. Broad options for improving service management are identified in section four, Improvement Strategies. Section five, Cross-Cutting Themes, includes a discussion of five themes: future market requirements, productivity, advanced technology, human factors, and safety. The final section presents the Summary and Conclusions. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Customer service KW - Freight transportation KW - Human factors KW - Improvements KW - Level of service KW - Logistics KW - Management KW - Market assessment KW - Productivity KW - Railroad equipment industry KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Systems analysis KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408264 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662856 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stehly, M P AU - Taylor, C E AU - PETERS, A J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT: THE RAILROAD PERSPECTIVE SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 109-130 AB - Railroad transportation, like other modes of transportation, consumes large amounts of diesel fuel and therefore generates nitrogen oxide emissions. On a ton-mile basis, however, railroads generate lower emissions of essentially all pollutants than do trucks. Railroads produce insignificant levels of pollutants, with the exception of nitrogen oxide. Proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board information is available on how best to achieve compliance with the regulations now under consideration. Numerous options are available to reduce locomotive emissions, but each varies tremendously in potential costs. Diesel engine improvements now being developed may be sufficient to meet short-term emissions goals, but it is unclear how the industry will meet the long-term standards being considered. Locomotive changes under consideration include the use of such energy sources as natural gas, methanol, electrification, and hydrogen (fuel cells). This paper explores the current condition of the railroad industry and the role of energy and motive power in determining the health of the industry. The environmental effects arising from energy usage are discussed in detail. In addition, the alternatives for reducing energy costs and the environmental impacts are analyzed. Finally, the alternatives for safety and cost attributes is reviewed briefly. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compliance KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Diesel engine exhaust gases KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy resources KW - Energy sources KW - Environmental impacts KW - Finance KW - Financial health KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Locomotives KW - Long term KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Options KW - Pollutants KW - Railroad equipment industry KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Short term KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408265 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662848 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ALLEN, R A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SUMMARY OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS FUTURE SEARCH TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-17 AB - The American Association of Railroads (AAR) Research and Test Department is developing a new 5-year plan for its research activities. To begin this process, in March 1993, 71 invited participants attended a conference, entitled "Railroads in the 21st Century: Opportunities for Technological Innovation". A relatively new technique called future search conferencing was used at the meeting. The future search technique is a carefully planned, structured workshop process. It takes advantage of highly participative group brainstorming to build cooperative, mutually supportive goals set by delegates from diverse interest groups. Each stakeholder group soon recognizes that its objectives will be best met by agreeing to a common vision of the future for the industry and working with peer groups to achieve it. Once the sense of common ground is achieved, new concepts, ideas, and the means to achieve the best of them flow. Major conclusions from the conference are summarized in this paper. The first half-day of the conference addressed lessons that could be learned from the past in order to better shape the future. A list of the major events of the railroad industry's past that were identified is attached as an appendix to this paper. Attention was then focused on lessons from the present. Nine distinct, major trends influencing the present and future of the industry were identified. These were: focus on customers, customer satisfaction, reliability, infrastructure performance, improved system engineering--trains and rolling stock, highway congestion, fuel conservation, organized (computerized) information, and technology. The major portion of this paper is a discussion of conference participants' deliberations on these trends. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Association of American Railroads KW - Computer conferencing KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - History KW - Railroad equipment industry KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408257 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662849 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hagen, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE TRENDS AND VISIONS IN TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS: RAILROAD CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER'S VIEW SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 21-25 AB - This paper presents a railroad chief executive officer's view of the railroad industry and what its freight transportation research needs are. He sees "competitive necessity" as the decisive factor, and technology, born of that necessity as what has gotten railroads where they are today and what will determine their future. He identifies two broad categories where competitive necessity is driving technology decisions today and for the years ahead. These are technology driven by the need for improvements in efficiency and productivity, and technology driven by customers' continuously changing expectations. Following a discussion of these two areas of competitive necessity, he concludes that it is up to railroad professionals to move change forward by anticipating and meeting the changing needs of customers, and that if the railroads make a commitment to quality, they opt for something new and invigorating for the industry: satisfied customers and revenue growth. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Customer service KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Freight transportation KW - Productivity KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408258 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662852 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Thompson, W C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COST OF QUALITY: A POWERFUL MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 43-53 AB - An introduction to infrastructure research is presented in this paper. The railroad infrastructure includes the track, structure, and signal systems. An approach to improve the focus of research, enhancing the development of a high-quality railroad system, is presented. To that end, it is recommended that all railroads develop and deploy a total infrastructure quality-costs system. A similar approach successfully worked for the Union Pacific Railroad Company during the past 5 years and has contributed to the railroad's ability to maintain the lowest operating ratio among North American railroads. For the railroad industry, improvements are needed in the measures of effectiveness, predictability, and maintenance requirements of track, structure, and signal systems. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Needs assessment KW - Quality-costs system KW - Railroad facilities KW - Railroad signals KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Union Pacific Railroad UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408261 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662847 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RAILROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH NEEDS. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, BETHESDA, MARYLAND, JULY 12-14, 1993 SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - 157 p. AB - The primary objective of this conference was to identify railroad freight transportation research needs, opportunities, and priorities--for both the public and private sectors--during the next 10 to 15 years. Four major recurring themes emerged during the conference: customer focus, appropriate use of information, integration among train system components and between technology and people, and the need for cooperation at many different levels--public-private, industry-suppliers, management-labor, and domestic-international. Guided by these themes, conference participants focused on research needs in four major categories: infrastructure, including track, vehicles, and track-train dynamics; command, control, communication, and information systems; service management; and energy and environment. Safety was identified as a critical topic and considered as an element of each major category. Other cross-cutting issues, such as future market requirements, productivity and cost, human factors, and advanced technologies were also discussed, as appropriate, under each research category. Research needs were considered within the broader framework of a future vision of the railroad industry. Future trends in transportation and logistics were examined from the viewpoints of the railroad industry, the research community, and shippers to help establish this future vision and provide the basis for identification of needed research. Commissioned papers in each research category and invited presentations on future trends in transportation and logistics provided points of departure for discussion at the conference. Conferees were organized into five discussion groups and instructed to identify key issues and areas for research under each category. Research priorities were identified within each subject area, but no attempt was made to determine priorities across subject areas. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Communication systems KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Freight transportation KW - Governments KW - Human factors KW - Information systems KW - Infrastructure KW - Logistics KW - Management KW - Markets KW - Private enterprise KW - Productivity KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Service management KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408256 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662850 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wise, D AU - La Londe, B J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE TRENDS AND VISIONS IN TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS: RESEARCH COMMUNITY'S VIEW SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 26-34 AB - This paper highlights several important internal and external trends that will affect the future position of railroads and identifies research issues that must be addressed to develop additional, ongoing insights on rail industry initiatives, customer requirements, and the outlook for rail industry market share and financial performance. Two perspectives are presented: Rail Vision 2000 and Seven Propositions about Transportation and Logistics Change. Rail Vision 2000, an analysis conducted by Mercer Management Consulting for the Association of American Railroads, examines how changes in railroads' cost and service position could affect shippers' total logistics costs. Seven Propositions about Transportation and Logistics Change uses findings from a recent Ohio State University survey to identify several logistics relationships with the customers of railroads. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Customer service KW - Finance KW - Financial performance KW - Freight transportation KW - Logistics KW - Market share KW - Railroad equipment industry KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408259 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662851 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Zamjahn, J E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE TRENDS AND VISIONS IN TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS: SHIPPER'S VIEW SN - 0309055032 PY - 1994 IS - 2 SP - p. 35-36 AB - This paper presents the shipper's view on the priorities for railroad freight transportation research needs for the next 10 to 15 years. To accomplish the objective of identifying priorities for railroad freight transportation research needs implies identifying things that should be changed. Here is an example from the General Motors Corporation (GM): the average distance a vehicle is shipped is 1,000 mi. The average transit time is 10 days, which equals 100 mi a day. Assuming 24-hr days are available for shipments to move, GM is delivering vehicles to dealers at 4 mi an hour--walking speed. Here is another example: in 1980, a shipment from Michigan to California averaged 10 days transit time with a 10 percent chance of transportation damage. In 1993, a similar shipment from Michigan to California averaged 9.5 days transit time, but with a less than 1 percent chance of transportation damage. What needs to be changed? Someday GM will have the manufacturing and order management capability to produce a "3-day car" and will not want to wait 10 days for delivery. U1 - Railroad Freight Transportation Research NeedsTransportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration.Bethesda, Maryland StartDate:19940712 EndDate:19940714 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of Railroads; and Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Shippers KW - Shipping transit time KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic managers KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646536 AU - Peacock, R D AU - Bukowski, R W AU - Jones, W J AU - Reneke, P A AU - Babrauskas, V AU - Brown, J E AU - National Institute of Standards and Technology AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FIRE SAFETY OF PASSENGER TRAINS: A REVIEW OF U.S. AND FOREIGN APPROACHES PY - 1993/12 SP - 192 p. AB - The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), in 1989, published fire and safety guidelines which address the flammability and smoke characteristics of materials used in intercity and commuter passenger trains. Recent advances in fire test methods and hazard analysis techniques necessitate re-examination of fire safety requirements for passenger trains. Several studies have indicated almost random ability of current tests to predict actual fire behavior. Fire safety in any application, including transportation systems, requires a multi-faceted systems approach. The effects of vehicle design, material controls, detection and suppression systems, and emergency egress/access on the overall fire safety of the particular transportation system must all be considered. This report presents a detailed comparison of fire safety approaches used for passenger trains in the United States, France, and Germany. Strengths and weaknesses of current methods for measuring the fire performance of rail transportation systems are presented. An optimum systems approach to fire safety which addresses typical passenger train fire scenarios is analyzed. A major conclusion is that fire hazard and fire risk assessment methods supported by measurement methods based on heat release rate (HRR) provide a means to better predict real world fire behavior. KW - Commuting KW - Fira safety KW - Fire detection systems KW - Fire hazards KW - Fires KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Passenger safety KW - Passengers KW - Railroad transportation KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644024 AU - Samavedam, G AU - Kish A AU - PURPLE, A AU - Schoengart, J AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS AND SAFETY CONCEPTS OF CWR BUCKLING PY - 1993/12 SP - 120 p. AB - The work reported here is part of a major investigation conducted by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (VNTSC) for the Federal Railroad Administration on the thermal buckling of continuous welded rail (CWR) track in the lateral plane with the objective of developing guidelines and recommendations for buckling prevention. This report presents results of the development and application of a personal computer (PC) software model for prediction of CWR track buckling strength. This model is based on the dynamic buckling theory previously validated by tests. The model accounts for all the important parameters influencing track buckling viz., rail size, curvature, lateral resistance, tie-ballast friction, fastener torsional resistance, track longitudinal stiffness, track vertical stiffness, misalignment amplitude and wavelength, and vehicle parameters. The sensitivity of the buckling temperatures with respect to each of the parameters is quantified, and critical parameters which strongly affect buckling strength are identified. A basis for buckling safety evaluation is presented. An approach using the computer program for the development of safety limits in the form of allowable rail temperatures as functions of track peak lateral resistance, misalignment amplitude and curvature, is presented. Conclusions of practical interest from the parametric study are presented. KW - Buckling KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Dynamic conditions KW - Dynamics KW - Lateral stability KW - Parametric analysis KW - Railroad tracks KW - Thermal stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00800475 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT FOR ELECTRIFICATION OF NORTHWEST CORRIDOR, NEW HAVEN, CT TO BOSTON, MA PY - 1993/09 SP - 295 p. AB - The impacts of extending electrification on the National Railroad Passenger Corporation's (Amtrak) Northeast Corridor (NEC) from New Haven, Connecticut to Boston, Massachusetts are of direct concern to the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). To improve rail service and increase ridership between New York and Boston, Amtrak proposes the electrification of the NEC main line between New Haven and Boston. This volume considers impacts on the human and natural environment utilizing guidance as outlined in CFR Part 1500, Council on Environmental Quality, Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Requirements of NEPA as amended and the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) regulations (301 CMR 11:30). Impacts analyzed include changes in the natural environment, social environment, impacts on historic and archaeological sites, changes in transit service and patronage, maintenance costs and financial implications. Impacts are identified both for the proposed construction period and for the long-term operation of the alternatives. KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Haven (Connecticut) KW - Northeastern United States KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail transit KW - Railroad electrification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/666515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643929 AU - Bing, A J AU - Parker, J D AU - Pristach, G S AU - Behara, C AU - Gabriel, D AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas, Incorporated TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: COMPARISON OF U.S. AND FOREIGN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION TO U.S. MAGLEV SYSTEMS PY - 1993/09 SP - 400 p. AB - This report presents the results of a systematic review of the safety requirements selected for the German Transrapid electromagnetic (EMS) type maglev system to determine their applicability and completeness with respect to the construction and operation of maglev systems in the United States. The German safety requirements for high-speed maglev systems are documented in the 'High-Speed Maglev Trains Safety Requirements' (RW MSB), 'Railroad Construction and Traffic Regulations' (EOB) and the draft 'Maglev Construction and Operation Regulation ' (draft MBO). A major focus of this report is the evaluation of German Standards Institute Standards (DINs) cited in the RW MSB. A review of the RW MSB, the EBO, and the draft MBO safety requirements, as they relate to seven major maglev system functional areas has been performed. These requirements have been compared and assessed to identify similarities to and differences from equivalent U.S. and international transportation-related regulations, standards, specifications, and/or guidelines, and certain general industrial requirements. Unique aspects of the U.S. operating environment have also been considered. Findings are presented regarding proposed safety requirements for the construction and opearation of high-speed maglev systems in the United States. These findings are intended to assist FRA in establishing safety requirements for U.S. maglev systems. KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Passenger service KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - System safety KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667359 AU - Wang, Y Y AU - Chiang, F P AU - State University of New York, Stony Brook AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN RAIL BY MOIRE INTERFEROMETRY PY - 1993/09 SP - 57 p. AB - The residual stresses in rails produced by rolling cycles are studied experimentally by moire interferometry. The dissection technique is adopted for this investigation. The basic principle of the dissection technique is that the residual stress is released elastically by creating free boundaries when the specimen is cut into small pieces. In the study, instead of cutting small pieces, the rail was first cut into thin slices, and grooves were then cut on the surface of the slice to produce many small grid elements with right angles. When the elements are small enough, it is assumed that the edges of the element are the stress free boundaries and thus relax the residual stress near the surface of the slice. The resulting deformation is measured by moire interferometry. KW - Deformation KW - Deformation analysis KW - Interferometry KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail stress KW - Residual stress KW - Residual stresses KW - Rolling resistance KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666417 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINAL REPORT ON THE NATIONAL MAGLEV INITIATIVE PY - 1993/09 SP - 120 p. AB - The report presents the findings and recommendations of the National Maglev Initiative (NMI), a unique interagency cooperative effort of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) of the DOT, the USACE, and the DOE, with support from other agencies. The purpose of the report is to recommend future government action regarding Maglev. The recommendation is based on private sector and government information generated during the past 3 years concerning the viability of Maglev as an intercity transportation alternative for the United States. The information includes the projected technical and financial performance of Maglev in intercity markets in competition with other modes of travel, the anticipated external benefits such as reduction in pollution and congestion in other modes, and other national-level impacts. The report considers the potential of a new United States Maglev (USML) system compared with that of alternatives using existing Maglev technology or high-speed rail (HSR). KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Financial analysis KW - Interagency relations KW - Intercity transportation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Market assessment KW - National maglev initiative KW - Technical analysis KW - Technology assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/TNM.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6100/6130/TNM.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644013 AU - Tang, Y H AU - Gordon, J E AU - Orringer, O AU - Perlman, A B AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - STRESS RECONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS OF WHEEL SAW CUT TESTS AND EVALUATION OF RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE PY - 1993/09 SP - 40 p. AB - The report is the fourth in a series of engineering studies on railroad vehicle wheel performance. The results of saw cut tests performed on one new and one used wheel designed for a fleet of multiple unit (MU) power cars are summarized and analyzed. Reconstructed residual stresses are computed in the usual manner, namely: by modeling the deformed cut wheel with finite elements and prescribing displacements to close the cut. Similar cases are computed, with thermal stresses calculated from a companion finite element model to play the role of residual stresses, in order to simulate the experiment reconstruction analysis. KW - Finite element method KW - Reconstruction KW - Saw cutting KW - Sawing KW - Structural analysis KW - Thermal stresses KW - Vehicle performance KW - Wheel performance KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644014 AU - Tang, Y H AU - Gordon, J E AU - Perlman, A B AU - Orringer, O AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINITE ELEMENT MODELS, VALIDATION, AND RESULTS FOR WHEEL TEMPERATURE AND ELASTIC THERMAL STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS PY - 1993/09 SP - 47 p. AB - The report is the third of a series on the results of an engineering study of the effects of service loads on railroad vehicle wheels. The study was initiated in September 1991, in response to a request for assessment of contributing factors and corrective actions taken regarding high rates of crack occurrence in certain multiple unit (MU) powered cars used in commuter service. The ultimate goal of the study is the evaluation of safe limits on performance demand (weight carried per wheel, maximum speed, vehicle braking rate) as a function of wheel design, material selection, and manufacture, as well as percentage of braking effort absorbed through the wheel tread in service. The models developed in the study are intended to provide the capability for similar design engineering analyses of other railroad vehicle wheels besides the types used on MU cars. KW - Analysis KW - Commuter cars KW - Crack stresses KW - Cracking KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Multiple unit cars KW - Stresses KW - Thermal stresses KW - Wheel thermal stresses KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00641752 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FINAL REPORT ON THE NATIONAL MAGLEV INITIATIVE (NMI) PY - 1993/09 SP - 117 p. AB - High-speed magnetically levitated ground transportation (maglev) is a new surface mode of transportation in which vehicles glide above their guideways, suspended, guided, and propelled by magnetic forces. Capable of traveling at speeds of 250 to 300 miles-per-hour or higher, maglev would offer an attractive and convenient alternative for travelers between large urban areas for trips of up to 600 miles. It would also help relieve current and projected air and highway congestion by substituting for short-haul air trips, thus releasing capacity for more efficient long-haul service at crowded airports, and by diverting a portion of highway trips. This report presents the findings and recommendations of the NMI, a unique interagency cooperative effort of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) of the DOT, the USACE, and the DOE, with support from other agencies. The purpose of the report is to recommend future Government action regarding maglev. The recommendation is based on private sector and government information generated during the past 3 years concerning the viability of maglev as an intercity transportation alternative for the United States. The information includes the projected technical and financial performance of maglev in intercity markets in competition with other modes of travel, the anticipated external benefits such as reduction in pollution and congestion in other modes, and other national-level impacts. The report considers the potential of a new United States Maglev (USML) system compared with that of alternatives using existing maglev technology or high-speed rail (HSR). KW - Germany KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Intercity transportation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Rail transit KW - Technology KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00641751 AU - Creasey, W A AU - Goldberg, R B AU - Information Ventures, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO MAGLEV AND OTHER ELECTRIC RAIL SYSTEMS PY - 1993/08/01 SP - 84 p. AB - The safety of magnetically-levitated (maglev) and high-speed rail (HSR) trains proposed for use in the United States is the responsibility of the Federal Railway Administration. There are concerns for physical safety associated with equipment operation and high-voltage currents, and for potential adverse health effects on transportation workers and the public from the elctric and magnetic fields (EMF) produced in the Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) range (3-3,000 Hz). This report outlines research on the biological and health effects of EMF most relevant to fields generated by maglev and HSR systems. Among the conclusions are: epidemiologic results suggest a low-level health risk for power-line frequency ELF EMF which is, at present, the most relevant risk to ascribe to maglev systems; bioeffects may occur at specific window frequencies and intensities; of effects ascribed to EMF, the most convincing are altered circadian rhythms of melatonin secretion, modulation of transmembrane calcium transport, slight increases in the risks for some rare cancers, and mild behavioral disturbances; occupational categories used as the basis for epidemiologic studies need better definition in terms of the characteristics of EMF exposure; and, there is need to improve bioassay systems and test maglev-type fields on them. KW - Biological effects KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Electrostatics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Epidemiology KW - Health hazards KW - High speed rail KW - Living things KW - Low frequencies KW - Low frequency KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Transmission lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400397 AU - Goldberg, R B AU - Creassy, W A AU - Foster, K R AU - United States. Federal Railroad Administration. Office of Research and Development TI - Safety of high speed guided ground transportation systems: an overview of the biological effects and mechanisms relevant to EMF exposures from mass transit and electric rail systems PY - 1993/08 IS - DOT/FRA/ORD-93/32 SP - 176p KW - Bibliographies KW - Bibliography KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Health KW - Health KW - High speed KW - High speed vehicles KW - Medical aspects KW - Physiology KW - Physiology KW - Rail transport KW - Railroad trains KW - Railroad transportation KW - Train KW - Transport safety KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00939375 AU - McDonald, C W AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE FEDERAL RAILROAD SAFETY PROGRAM: 100 YEARS OF SAFER RAILROADS PY - 1993/08 SP - 34 p. AB - This paper reviews railroad safety over the last 100 years or so. It starts out with railroad safety in the 1800s. The paper discusses legislation, starting with the first, second, and third Safety Appliance acts (1893, 1903, and 1910, respectively), touching on 11 other legislative endeavors through the late 1900s, and ending with the Rail Safety Enforcement and Review Act of 1992. It also addresses engineer certification, alcohol and drug programs, the impact of federal regulations, and program administration. KW - Alcohol use KW - Certification KW - Drug use KW - Engineers KW - Federal government KW - History KW - Legislation KW - Program management KW - Railroad safety KW - Regulations UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/federal-railroad-safety-program-100-years-of-safer-railroads/oclc/52345123 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/731033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639200 AU - Dietrich, F M AU - Feero, W E AU - Jacobs, W L AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELDS OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED ELECTRIFIED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1993/08 SP - 70 p. AB - The safety of magnetically levitated (maglev) and high speed rail (HSR) passenger trains proposed for application in the United States is the responsibility of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). Plans for near future US applications include maglev projects (e.g. in Orlando, FL and Pittsburgh, PA) and high speed rail (the French Train, a Grande Vitesse (TGV) in the Texas Triangle). This report summarizes and compares the results of a survey of EMF characteristics for representative conventional railroad and transit and advanced high-speed systems including: the German TR-07 maglev system; the Amtrak Northeast Corridor (NEC) and North Jersey Transit (NJT) trains; the Washington, DC Metrorail (WMATA) and the Boston, MA (MBTA) transit systems; and the French TGV-A high speed rail system. KW - Alternating current KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Direct current KW - Electric fields KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Guided vehicles KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Passenger trains KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit railways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644017 AU - Dietrich, F M AU - Ferro, W E AU - Jacobs, W L AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELDS OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED ELECTRIFIED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1993/08 SP - 73 p. AB - Concerns exist regarding the potential safety, environmental and health effects on the public and on transportation workers due to electrification along new or existing rail corridors, and to proposed maglev and high speed rail operations. Therefore, the characterization of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) produced by both steady (dc) and alternating currents (ac) at power frequency (50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in the United States) and above, in the Extreme Low Frequency (ELF) range (3-3000 Hz) is of interest. The report summarizes and compares the results of a survey of EMF characteristics (spatial, temporal and frequency bands) for representative conventional railroad and transit and advanced high-speed systems including: the German TR-07 maglev system; the Amtrak Northeast Corridor (NEC) and North Jersey Transit (NJT) trains; the Washington, DC Metrorail (WMATA) and the Boston, MA (MBTA) transit systems; and the French TGV-A high speed rail system. This comprehensive comparative EMF survey produced both detailed data and statistical summaries of EMF profiles, and their variability in time and space. EMF ELF levels for WMATA are also compared to those produced by common environmental sources at home, work, and under power lines, but have specific frequency signatures. KW - Advanced systems KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Health hazards KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Railroad electrification KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644016 AU - Mayville, R A AU - Stringfellow, R G AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF RAIL DEFECT FRACTURE MODELS TO ASSESS REMEDIAL ACTIONS PY - 1993/08 SP - 74 p. AB - The fracture mechanics models were refined for two types of rail defects - the bolt hole crack and the vertical split head. Beam-type finite element analysis was conducted to determine the effects of joint bar looseness, rail height mismatch and train speed on the static and dynamic components of the crack driving force for the bolt hole crack. Both two- and three-dimensional finite element analyses were conducted to determine the Modes I and II stress intensities for a kinked vertical split head crack. The results from these analyses were reviewed to determine their implication on remedial actions. KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail cracks KW - Static structural analysis KW - Structural analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34549/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-93-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00641750 AU - Goellner, D AU - Wilson, B AU - R eiter, R AU - Pilla, A AU - Hankin, N AU - Gillette, L AU - Hostage, B AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. BROADBAND MAGNETIC FIELDS: THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN EMF-ASSOCIATED BIOEFFECTS PY - 1993/08 SP - 220 p. AB - This report reviews electric and magnetic field (EMF) exposures from electrical transportation systems, including electrically powered rail and magnetic levitation (maglev). Material also covered includes research concerning biological effects of EMF exposure, with special emphasis on broad spectrum or broadband magnetic fields. A primary objective of this report was to consider, based on present knowledge, the potential for adverse health effects from maglev-associated EMF. Because maglev technology is known to generate magnetic fields at a variety of frequences, this document addresses the broadband EMF frequency characteristics (including pulses, intermittent fields, and other transient phenomena). One objective of this review was to consider whether, based on present knowledge, exposure to maglev-associated magnetic fields would warrant any special consideration related to possible adverse health effects. There may be unique combinations of ac and dc fields associated with maglev operation, but there is no evidence that such combinations have any special properties in terms of their potential EMF biological effects. From currently available occupational epidemiological data for electrical transport workers, available clinical and laboratory data on EMF biological effects, and available information on maglev-generated magnetic fields, it is concluded that maglev is not likely to represent greater risk, if any, than that from electrical transport systems already in use. KW - Biological effects KW - Broadband KW - Crash exposure KW - Electric trains KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Environmental impacts KW - Epidemiology KW - Exposure KW - Health hazards KW - High speed ground vehicles KW - High speed vehicles KW - Living things KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Occupational safety KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00640051 AU - Goellner, D AU - Inge, T AU - Gillette, L AU - Hankin, N AU - Hostage, B AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. EMF EXPOSURE ENVIRONMENTS REPORT PY - 1993/08 SP - 98 p. AB - This paper presents an overview of American exposure assessments for electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in the frequency range from 0 to 3 kHz. The exposure information available is very limited for all but a few occupations and sources of EMF. Much of the exposure assessment done to date has been conducted in conjunction with epidemiological studies. Beyond the shortcomings of using some of the published epidemiology studies, there are some serious obstacles to conducting definitive extreme low frequency (ELF)-EMF exposure assessments. The lack of a clear definition of what constitutes effective dose hampers the measurement of exposure considerably. Generally, the average power frequency magnetic flux density has been assumed to be the exposure measure of significance, however other parameters of the magnetic field are likely to be relevant as well. KW - Crash exposure KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Epidemiology KW - Exposure KW - High speed vehicles KW - Radiation hazards KW - Safety factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00640095 AU - Goldberg, R B AU - Creasey, W A AU - Foster, K R AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND MECHANISMS RELEVANT TO EMF EXPOSURES FROM MASS TRANSIT AND ELECTRIC RAIL SYSTEMS PY - 1993/08 SP - 176 p. AB - The U.S. has implemented a national initiative to develop maglev and other high-speed rail (HSR) systems. There are concerns for potential adverse health effects of the Extremely Low Frequency (3-3,000 Hz) electric and magnetic fields (EMF) produced by these systems. The Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Radiation Programs is assisting the Federal Railroad Administration address these concerns; this comprehensive review is part of that effort. It outlines magnetic field exposure measurements of the TR-07 German maglev system compared with other HSR and conventional systems. Reported biological and health effects of EMF are reviewed, and their significance assessed in relation to the characteristics of fields generated by maglev and HSR systems. Among the conclusions: maglev emissions are unique in their patterns and time-varying intensities but flux densities fall within exposure guidelines; epidemiologic results suggest a low level health risk for power-line frequency EMF, at present the most relevant risk to ascribe to maglev systems; bioeffects may occur at specific window frequencies and intensities; the most convincing effects ascribed to EMF are altered circadian rhythms of melatonin secretion, modulation of transmembrane calcium transport, slight increases in the risks for some rare cancers, and mild behavioral disturbances. KW - Biological effects KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Environmental impacts KW - Epidemiology KW - Health hazards KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Living things KW - Low frequency KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00640094 AU - Groh, K R AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MAGLEV MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURES PY - 1993/08 SP - 56 p. AB - This report describes selected biological effects on transformed human cell lines and on rats from exposure to simulated maglev magnetic fields (MFs). Rats (n = 6 per group) were exposed at various times throughout the 24-h day to MFs simulating the dc and complex ac components of the German TransRapid TR-07 maglev prototype vehicle. Expected ride times as long as 4 h and MF intensities from 50-1500 mG measured for the TR-07 were tested, up to MF levels predicted for superconducting magnet-powered maglev vehicle compartments (1 mG-1.75 G). Maglev-like MF exposures up to 7 times the intensity produced by the TR-07 had no effect on cultured growth of four human cell lines or chemically induced differentiation compared to control, unexposed cultures. Changes in the amount of rat pineal melatonin and seretonin-N-acetyltransferase (NAT), which have been shown by others to be decreased under a range of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure frequencies and intensities, were not observed for TR-07-like MFs. Intermittent exposure to de-component maglev MFs (1-2 G) significantly depressed nighttime (control) levels of NAT, with weak effects on melatonin and NAT seen with 1- to 2-G-intensity intermittent (ac component alone) and continuous maglev (ac + dc) MF exposures. These results should be further examined, since they suggest that as component TR-07-like MFs and time-varying EMFs at superconducting maglev intensities produce biological effects. KW - Biological effects KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Environmental impacts KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Impacts KW - Living things KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Neurology KW - Neurotransmitter effects KW - Railroad electrification KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00640050 AU - Goellner, D AU - Wilson, B AU - Reiter, R AU - Pilla, A AU - Hankin, L AU - Hostage, B AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. REVIEW OF EXISTING EMF GUIDELINES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS PY - 1993/08 SP - 74 p. AB - To assess the state of knowledge about anticipated electric and magnetic field (EMF) exposures from electrical transportation systems, including electrically powered rail and magnetically levitated (maglev), research concerning biological effects of EMF exposure, with special emphasis on broad spectrum or broadband magnetic fields, was reviewed. A primary objactive of this report was to consider the potential for adverse health effects from maglev associated EMF. Because maglev technology is known to generate magnetic fields at a variety of frequencies, this document addresses the broadband frequency characteristics (including pulses, intermittent fields, and other transient phenomena). One objective of this review was to consider whether, based on present knowledge, exposure to maglev associated magnetic fields would warrant any special consideration related to possible adverse health effects. There may be unique combinations of ac and dc fields associated with maglev operation, but there is no evidence that such combinations have any special properties in terms of their potential biological effects. From currently available occupational epidemiologic data for electrical transport workers, available clinical and laboratory data on EMF biological effects, and available information on maglev generated magnetic fields, the report concludes that maglev is not likely to represent greater risk, if any, than that from electrical transport systems already in use. KW - Crash exposure KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Epidemiology KW - Exposure KW - Guidelines KW - Health hazards KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Railroad electrification KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638745 AU - Klein, M AU - Grimm, S AU - Moscoso, B AU - Paolella, J AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES AND SOCIAL COSTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS -- MEASUREMENT, MITIGATION AND COSTING: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1993/08 SP - 99 p. AB - For planners, policy makers, legislators, and other interested parties to make better informed decisions about modal choices, more and better information is needed about the measurement, mitigation, and pricing of the environmental impacts and social costs of transportation systems. This annotated bibliography addresses this need. The bibliography is accompanied by two charts identifying environmental and social (including energy) effects of implementing various transportation systems, as well as potential mitigation measures, and costing/pricing strategies that could reduce these effects. These strategies, identified from the literature, have not been independently analyzed or evaluated, and some are mutually exclusive. The bibliography is organized according to the framework of the charts and summarizes a number of recent publications/papers/articles that address measuring, mitigating, and costing transportation's environmental and social impacts. The first chapter covers reports/articles that provide an overview of these impacts. Subsequent chapters address individual areas of impact, and the last chapter summarizes the scope of studies currently underway that address these topics. The areas most covered in the literature are air quality, noise, energy, safety, and congestion, and the bibliography, therefore, reflects this emphasis. KW - Air quality KW - Bibliographies KW - Decision making KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Externalities KW - Measurement KW - Mitigation KW - Mode choice KW - Noise KW - Pricing KW - Safety KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647093 AU - Keller, A S AU - Rickley, E J AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGHWAY-RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS. STUDY OF THE ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RAILROAD HORN SYSTEMS PY - 1993/07 SP - 72 p. AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, in support of the Federal Railroad Administration is conducting a research program with the goal of reducing the number of fatalities and injuries at highway-railroad grade crossings. As a part of the program, the Volpe Center's Noise Measurement and Assessment Facility is conducting a study to determine the effectiveness of railroad horn systems. The document is the first publication supporting the study. It presents the results of acoustic measurements performed in Council Bluffs, Iowa; Jacksonville, Florida; Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Omaha, Nebraska, to determine the acoustic characteristics of several types of railroad horn systems. Data obtained includes frequency spectrum, directivity, drop-off rate, maximum A-weighted sound level, and sound exposure level. KW - Acoustic variables measurement KW - Acoustics KW - At grade intersections KW - Grade crossing accidents KW - Horns KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Noise measurement KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Sound level KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34543/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-93-01.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34500/34543/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-93-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644015 AU - Orringer, O AU - Gray, D E AU - McCown, R J AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EVALUATION OF IMMEDIATE ACTION TAKEN TO DEAL WITH CRACKING PROBLEMS OBSERVED IN WHEELS OF RAIL COMMUTER CARS PY - 1993/07 SP - 105 p. AB - The report is the first in a series of engineering studies on railroad vehicle wheel performance. Preliminary studies are summarized, involving evaluation of actions taken to respond to high rates of crack occurrence observed in the wheels of certain multiple unit (MU) power cars used in commuter service. The conclusions of the studies were that the actions taken to address the observed problems were timely and appropriate. These actions were: 1) improvement of maintenance to prevent brake shoe misalignment and dispatching of cars with inoperative traction motors; 2) daily visual inspection of wheels to detect thermal cracks; and 3) immediate retrueing of thermally cracked wheels with center tread cracks longer than 1/2 inch or rim edge cracks of any size. KW - Commuter cars KW - Cracking KW - Inspection KW - Inspection effectiveness KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Multiple unit cars KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses KW - Vehicle performance KW - Wheel performance KW - Wheel thermal stresses KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643992 AU - Jacobs, W L AU - Robertson, D C AU - Steiner, G A AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD TESTING OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY (MBTA) URBAN TRANSIT SYSTEM. VOLUME 2. APPENDICES PY - 1993/06 SP - 602 p. AB - The safety of magnetically levitated (maglev) and high speed rail (HSR) trains proposed for application in the United States is the responsibility of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). Plans for near future US applications include maglev projects (e.g, in Orlando, FL and Pittsburgh, PA) and high speed rail (the French Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) in the Texas Triangle). The report provides the Analysis (Vol. 1) of results, and detailed data and statistical summaries (Vol. 2, Appendices) of representative EMF profiles on vehicles and facilities typical of electrotechnologies used in the transit system (3rd rail dc, catenary with pantograph, trolley bus). Each electrotechnology has specific EMF frequency signatures. EMF data represent a range of system operating conditions and locations (in vehicles, stations and waysides), as well as traffic control and electric supply facilities. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Public transit KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit systems KW - Safety engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643990 AU - Jacobs, W L AU - Dietrich, F M AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD TESTING OF THE WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY METRORAIL SYSTEM. VOLUME 2. APPENDICES PY - 1993/06 SP - 548 p. AB - The 51 appendices contain a detailed reporting of the magnetic field characteristics measured onboard the WMATA Metrorail and near associated facilities. The data have been consolidated and presented as efficiently as possible without resorting to summary measures which obscure the temporal or frequency characteristics of the magnetic fields. It contains detailed EMF data files arranged by location, time, and frequency range, as well as statistics. KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic measurements KW - Measurement KW - Public transit KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit systems KW - Statistics KW - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority KW - Waveform analysis KW - Waveforms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638131 AU - Dietrich, F M AU - Papas, P N AU - Ferro, W E AU - Jacobs, W L AU - Steiner, G A AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD TESTING OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY (MBTA) URBAN TRANSIT SYSTEM. VOLUME I - ANALYSIS PY - 1993/06 SP - 236 p. AB - The safety of magnetically levitated (maglev) and high speed rail (HSR) trains proposed for application in the United States is the responsibility of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). Plans for near future applications include maglev projects (e.g in Orlando, FL and Pittsburgh, PA) and high speed rail (the French Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) in the Texas Triangle). Concerns exist regarding the potential safety, environmental and health effects on the public and on transportation workers due to electrification along new or existing rail corridors, and to maglev and high speed rail operations. Therefore, the characterization of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) produced by both steady (dc) and alternating currents (AC) at power frequency (50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in the US) and above, in the Extreme Low Frequency (ELF) range 93-3000 Hz) is of interest. An EMF survey of the MBTA transit system was performed as part of a comprehensive comparative EMF assessment of the German Transrapid (TR-07) maglev system with other existing and advanced rail systems. This report provides the Analysis (Vol. I) of results, and detailed data and statistical summaries (Vol. II. Appendices) of representative EMF profiles on vehicles and facilities typical of electrotechnologies used in this transit system (3rd rail dc, catenary with pantograph, trolley bus). Each electrotechnology has specific EMF frequency signatures. EMF data represent a range of system operating conditions and locations (in vehicles, stations and waysides),as well as traffic control and electrical power supply facilities. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Environment KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guided vehicles KW - Health hazards KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634646 AU - Dietrich, F M AU - Papas, P N AU - Jacobs, W L AU - Ferro, W E AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD TESTING OF THE FRENCH TRAIN A GRANDE VITESSE (TGV). VOLUME 1 - ANALYSIS PY - 1993/05 SP - 220 p. AB - The safety of magnetically levitated (maglev) and high speed rail (HSR) trains proposed for application in the United States is the responsibility of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). A franchise has been awarded to the Texas High Speed Rail Corporatiaon to operate a 200 mph French train A Grande Vitesse (TGV) in the Texas Triangle (Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio), with construction to begin in 1995. This report provides the Analysis (Vol. 1) of the results, and detailed data and statistical summaries (Vol. 2, Appendices) of representative electric and magnetic field (EMF) profiles on TGV-A trains between Paris and Tours for two electro-technologies (1.5 KV DC near Paris, and 2x25 KV at Hz AC). EMF data represent a range of train operating conditions and locations (in vehicles, stations and wayside), as well as in traffic control and electrical facilities. A portable magnetic field monitoring system (augmented to include an electric fields probe) was used to sample, record and store 3 axis static and AC magnetic fields waveforms simultaneously, at multiple locations. A real time Digital Audio Tape (DAT) recorder able to capture EMF transients, and two personal power-frequency magnetic field monitors were used to collect complementary data. The statistical and Fourier analysis of results in Vol. 1 enable a comparative characterization of EMF intensities, and spatial and temporal variability, by frequency band. and by distance from the source. EMF Extra Low Frequency (ELF) Levels for the TGV system are comparable to those produced by common home, work, and power lines. EMF field levels for the TGV rail system components are within the ranges of other common environmental EMF sources, but have specific frequency signatures. Volume 2 catalogs and documents detailed data files by electrotechnology, source and location. KW - Alternating current KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Electric fields KW - Electric railroads KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Electrostatics KW - Fourier analysis KW - Guided vehicles KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00840422 AU - Raj, Phani K AU - Turner, Clayton K AU - Technology and Management Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION IN TANK CARS: ANALYSIS OF RISKS. PART I PY - 1993/05 SP - v.p. AB - This report covers the development of a methodology to evaluate the potential national public risk arising from the transportation of hazardous materials in tank cars on US railroads. The analysis is intended to assess the relative changes in the overall risk when (structural) safety devices are provided on tank cars and the relative risks of transporting different chemicals in a specified DOT class tank car. The risk model developed takes into account the characteristics of tank cars, the puncture probability, properties of the hazardous material released and its behavior in the environment, occurrence of the accident in different population density areas under different types of weather conditions at the time of the accident, etc. Toxicity, fire and explosion behavior of the chemicals have been considered. The focus of application of the model has been to the transportation of the poison-by-inhalation (PIH) and flammable materials. The results of the risk assessment model have been presented as a matrix of frequency and consequence classes indicated by MIL standard 882 B. It is seen that the transportation of PIH in highly protected, higher strength tank cars, such as the DOT 105 provides about an order of magnitude reduction in the overall public risk compared to the transportation of the same material DOT 111 A class tank car. KW - Hazardous materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Railroads KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Tank cars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42635/ord8814.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646988 AU - Reich, S AU - Bessoir, T AU - Dyer (Thomas K), Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - SAFETY OF VITAL CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION, ANALYSIS OF RAILROAD SIGNALING SYSTEM: MICROPROCESSOR INTERLOCKING PY - 1993/05 SP - 56 p. AB - This study has been conducted with the goal of gaining an insight into the issues of maintaining vital signal systems implemented with microprocessor chips and of making field changes to the application of such systems. To relate these abstract topics to concrete issues, two actual commercial systems were investigated, namely the General Railway Signal Company VPI Vital Processor Interlocking and the GRS GENRAKODE microprocessor-based coded track circuit system. One of the purposes of this study is to determine what actions should be taken by railroads to maintain signal-system safety when microprocessor-based signal systems receive maintenance to correct a failure and when such signal systems are modified after installation because of application changes such as a revision to the track plan or the signal aspects. A second purpose of this study is to determine whether revisions are required to the Rules, Standards and Instructions Governing the Installation, Inspection, Maintenance and Repair of Signal and Train Control Systems, Devices, and Appliances (RS&I) due to the introduction of microprocessor-based systems and to suggest such revisions if they are indicated. These revisions, if any, would be based on the recommendations for maintenance and field-change procedures identified in the first part of this study. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Central processing units KW - Central processing units (Computers) KW - Communication systems KW - Control systems KW - Ground transportation KW - Guided vehicles KW - Integrated circuits KW - Integrated systems KW - Interlocking KW - Microprocessor applications KW - Microprocessors KW - Railroad signaling KW - Railroad signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643987 AU - Lala, J H AU - Nagle, G A AU - Harper, R E AU - Draper (Charles Stark) Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - VERIFICATION METHODOLOGY FOR FAULT-TOLERANT, FAIL-SAFE COMPUTERS APPLIED TO MAGLEV CONTROL COMPUTER SYSTEMS PY - 1993/05 SP - 220 p. AB - The Maglev control computer system should be designed to verifiably possess high reliability and safety as well as high availability to make Maglev a dependable and attractive transportation alternative to the public. A Maglev computer system has been designed using a design-for-validation methodology developed earlier under NASA and SDIO sponsorship for real-time aerospace applications. The present study starts by defining the maglev mission scenario and ends with the definition of a maglev control computer architecture. Key intermediate steps included definitions of functional and dependability requirements, synthesis of two candidate architectures, development of qualitative and quantitative evaluation criteria, and analytical modeling of the dependability characteristics of the two architectures. Finally, the applicability of the design-for-validation methodology was also illustrated by applying it to the German Transrapid TR07 maglev control system. KW - Computer systems KW - Computers KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Real time control KW - Real time operations KW - Reliability KW - Systems reliability KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642604 AU - Mace, S E AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RAIL ROLLOVER DERAILMENT STUDY PY - 1993/05 SP - 54 p. AB - Research conducted by the Association of American Railroads (AAR) at the Transportation Test Center (TTC), Pueblo, Colorado, led to an understanding of the gage widening behavior exhibited by several 125-ton gondola cars and locomotives in a 6-degree curve of the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST), High Tonnage Loop (HIL). For the gondola cars, the cause of the gage widening was attributed to truck warp, a condition in which the side frames of a truck rotate relative to the bolster and both wheel sets develop large angles of attack. The truck frames were found to warp due to a combination of poor wheel/rail contact geometry, insufficient wheel tread taper, and rail lubrication applied to only the gage face of the high rail in the curve. The gage widening attributed to the locomotives was found to be a consequence of unbalanced traction forces applied to the high and low rails in the curve resulting from differential rail lubrication. A unique two-phase approach was used to study the gage widening behavior, which consisted of actual track tests conducted on the HTL coupled with NUCARS simulations of the gondola cars. The gage widening behavior was first observed in 1991 during operation of the FAST Heavy Axle Load (HAL) consist on the HTL. Concern over excessive gage widening prompted the Federal Railroad Administration to sponsor research aimed at understanding this behavior and assure the continued safe operation of the HAL train. KW - Accident research KW - Crashes KW - Locomotives KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroad transportation KW - Research KW - Rolling contact KW - Transportation safety KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634647 AU - Dietrich, F M AU - Jacobs, W E AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD TESTING OF THE FRENCH TRAIN A GRANDE VITESSE (TGV). VOLUME 2 - APPENDICES PY - 1993/05 SP - 422 p. AB - The safety of magnetically levitated (maglev) and high speed rail (HSR) trains proposed for application in the United States is the responsibility of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). A franchise has been awarded to the Texas High Speed Rail Corporation to operate a 200 mph French train A Grande Vitesse (TGV) in the Texas triangle (Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio), with construction to beginn in 1995. This report provides the Analysis (Vol. 1) of results, and detailed data and statistical summaries (Vol. 2) of representative electric and magnetic field (EMF) profiles on TGV-A trains between Paris and Tours for two electro-technologies (1.5 KV DC near Paris, and 2x25 KV at 50 Hz AC). EMF data represent a range of train operating conditions and locations (in vehicles, stations and wayside), as well as in traffic control and electrical facilities. A portable magnetic field monitoring system was used to sample, record and store 3 axis static and AC magnetic fields waveforms simultaneously, at multiple locations. A real time Digital Audio Tape recorder able to capture EMF transients, and two personal power-frequency magnetic field monitors were used to collect complementary data. This volume catalogs and documents detailed data files by electro-technology, source and location. KW - Alternating current KW - Electric fields KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Electrostatics KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01495193 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Research and Special Programs Administration TI - FRA/Volpe Center Task Force: Observation of Operations at TVE Transrapid Test Facility, October 15 to December 17, 1992 PY - 1993/04 SP - 145p AB - Maglev technology is currently being considered for several passenger ground transportation corridors in the United States. A franchise has been awarded by the Florida High Speed Rail Commission to Maglev Transit, Inc. (MTI), to build a demonstration project in Florida. A maglev system, linking a station at the Orlando International Airport with a station approximately three miles east of Disney World on International Drive, will be constructed for operation of a 22.5 km route at speeds up to 400 km/h. Currently in the planning states is maglev service between downtown Pittsburgh, PA and the Pittsburgh Airport. Other routes are also being considered. Under the provisions of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 1988, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) is responsible for ensuring the safety of any maglev systems implemented in the United States. This report describes the operations witnessed and the relevant information obtained by nine members of the FRA/Volpe Center High Speed Guided Ground Transportation Safety Task Force during 9 weeks of observation of maglev development certification testing at the TVE Transrapic Test Facility at Emsland, Germany. KW - Florida KW - High speed rail KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Passenger transportation KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 KW - Railroad safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48100/48141/DOT-VNTSC-RR393-PM-93-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1263005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643995 AU - Dietrich, F M AU - Robertson, D C AU - Steiner, G A AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD TESTING OF THE AMTRAK NORTHEAST CORRIDOR AND NEW JERSEY TRANSIT/NORTH JERSEY COAST LINE RAIL SYSTEMS. VOLUME 2. APPENDICES PY - 1993/04 SP - 622 p. AB - The safety of magnetically levitated (maglev) and high speed rail (HSR) trains proposed for application in the United States is the responsibility of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The characterization of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) produced by both steady (dc) and alternating currents (ac) at power frequency (50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in the U.S.) and above, in the Extreme Low Frequency (ELF) range (3-3000 Hz), is of interest with respect to any potential health effects these fields may have on the public and on transportation workers. An EMF survey of National Rail Passengers Corporation trains operating on the Northeast Corridor (NEC) was performed, as part of a comprehensive comparative safety assessment of the German Transrapid (TR-07) maglev system and of existing (NEC and transit trains) and advanced rail systems (the French TGV). The report is Volume 2 of two volumes. A portable magnetic field monitoring system (augmented to include an electric fields probe) was used to sample, record and store three-axis static and ac magnetic fields waveforms simultaneously, at multiple locations. A real time Digital Audio Tape (DAT) recorder able to capture EMF transients, and two personal power-frequency magnetic field monitors were used to collect complementary data. KW - Attenuation KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field strength KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642608 AU - Dietrich, F M AU - Feero, W E AU - Papas, P N AU - Steiner, G A AU - Electric Research and Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD TESTING OF THE AMTRAK NORTHEAST CORRIDOR AND NEW JERSEY TRANSIT/NORTH JERSEY COAST LINE RAIL SYSTEMS. VOLUME I: ANALYSIS PY - 1993/04 SP - 318 p. AB - The safety of magnetically levitated (maglev) and high speed rail (HSR) trains proposed for application in the United States is the responsibility of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The characterization of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) produced by both steady (dc) and alternating currents (ac) at power frequency (50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in the U.S.) and above, in the Extreme Low Frequency (ELF) range (3-3000 Hz), is of interest with respect to any potential health effects these fields may have on the public and on transportation workers. An EMF survey of National Rail Passengers Corporation trains operating on the Northeast Corridor (NEC) was performed, as part of a comprehensive comparative safety assessment of the German Transrapid (TR-07) maglev system and of existing (NEC and transit trains) and advanced rail systems (the French TGV). A portable magnetic field monitoring system (augmented to include an electric fields probe) was used to sample, record and store three-axis static and ac magnetic fields waveforms simultanously, at multiple locations. A real time Digital Audio Tape (DAT) recorder able to capture EMF transients, and two personal power-frequency magnetic field monitors were used to collect complementary data. KW - Attenuation KW - Electric substations KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field strength KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Risk assessment KW - Transportation safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42650/ord9301i.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646989 AU - Harrison, J AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GUIDED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: COLLISION AVOIDANCE AND ACCIDENT SURVIVABILITY. VOLUME 2: COLLISION AVOIDANCE PY - 1993/03 SP - 138 p. AB - This report is the second of four volumes concerned with developing safety guidelines and specifications for high-speed guided ground transportation (HSGGT) collision avoidance and accident survivability. The overall approach taken in this study is to first formulate collision scenarios to which an HSGGT system may be exposed. Then existing U.S. and foreign rules, regulations, standards and practices concerned with either preventing the occurrence of a collision, or mitigating the consequences of a collision are reviewed, together with pertinent practices from other forms of transportation, leading to the formulation of guidelines and specifications for collision avoidance and accident survivability. The volume, addressing collision avoidance, describes the features of signal and train control systems used in existing high speed rail, conventional rail and mass transit systems, and other measures to prevent collisions such as prevention of right-of-way intrusions. A description is provided of the interaction between collision avoidance system characteristics and capabilities, and HSGGT system capacity and reliability. Finally, guidelines are developed for collision avoidance systems to be applied to HSGGT systems in the United States. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Railroad signaling KW - Railroad signals KW - Survival KW - Transportation safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22300/22367/ord9302_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644007 AU - Bechtel Corporation AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - COMPENDIUM OF EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES FROM THE MAGLEV SYSTEMS CONCEPT DEFINITION. FINAL REPORTS PY - 1993/03 SP - 124 p. AB - The report contains the Executive Summaries from the four Systems Concept Definition (SCD) studies awarded under the National Maglev Initiative (NMI). These summaries present the technical feasibility, performance, capital, operating and maintenance costs for a maglev system that would be available by the year 2000. Performance on a hypothetical route, provided to test these concepts in order for the NMI to make performance and cost comparisons, is briefly discussed. This compendium constitutes the principle publication of those SCD reports on technical matters. KW - Capital costs KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Technical analysis KW - Technology assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/CES.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642601 AU - Cackovic, D L AU - Rajkumar, BDC AU - Sharma, V AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - TANK CAR FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH TEST PY - 1993/03 SP - 180 p. AB - Under the Tank Car Fatigue Crack Growth Test Program, the Association of American Railroads performed over-the-road tests, immpact tests, perturbed track tests, quasi-static and cyclic Mini-shaker Unit vertical coupler loading tests, and a 300,000-mile accelerated-rate Simuloader fatigue test on a Department of Transportation 111A100W1 tank car. In addition, fractographic analysis of cracked tank car head pad samples obtained in the field and laboratory specimen crack growth tests were conducted. KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fuel tanks KW - Safety engineering KW - Steel KW - Tank cars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42660/ord9310.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633332 AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOR RAILROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/03 SP - 50 p. AB - This report provides guidance to railroads for the development and/or review of plans for dealing with an hazardous materials emergency. The introduction provides the setting for the sections on preparedness, response and recovery. Guidance recommendations are structured to permit each railroad to design its emergency response plan for its unique circumstances. Among the topics described are: organizational and individual responsibilities; coordination and communication with Federal, state and local authorities; training and drills; problem assessment; protective actions; public information and relations; and, cleanup. The Special Notice in the front of the report regarding incidents involving pipelines in railroad rights-of-way was added by the Federal Railroad Administration. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response KW - Guidelines KW - Hazardous materials KW - Pipelines KW - Railroad rights of way KW - Railroads KW - Recommendations KW - Right of way (Land) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643989 AU - Gilcrease, E E AU - Gillam, C M AU - Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MAGLEV-RAIL INTERMODAL EQUIPMENT AND SUSPENSION STUDY PY - 1993/02 SP - 225 p. AB - The physical and operational characteristics of four existing and planned maglev systems were surveyed pertinent to the intermodal interface for each system. The maglev systems investigated were: Grumman 'New York State' (Configuration 002) Maglev; Transrapid Intercity (Transrapid 07) Maglev; HSST Passive Intermediate Speed (HSST-300) Maglev; and Japan Railways Vertical Magnet (Configuration MLU 002) Maglev. The focus of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using existing railroad right-of-way to access center-city terminals in one of three possible methods: Maglev vehicles traveling over existing railroad tracks with the use of steel guide wheels and some means of exterior propulsion; maglev vehicles transferred onto modified railroad flatcars and transported over existing railroad tracks with locomotive power; or new grade-separated maglev guideways on existing railroad rights-of-way. KW - Amtrak KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Piggyback transportation KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit systems KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642602 AU - Larson, R K AU - McCulloch, M N AU - Davis, J C AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FIELD PRODUCT REMOVAL METHODS FOR TANK CARS PY - 1993/02 SP - 175 p. AB - The Association of American Railroads (AAR) has prepared a handbook entitled 'Field Product Removal Methods for Tank Cars' containing guidelines for use by responders to derailments involving tank cars. The handbook presents several general techniques for unloading damaged tank cars. Procedures for implementing each of the techniques are given along with a list of required equipment. Typical applications are described for each of the techniques and a list of safety precautions is provided. KW - Crashes KW - Derailments KW - Emergencies KW - Evacuating transportation KW - Evacuation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous materials transportation KW - Loading and unloading KW - Releasing KW - Safety engineering KW - Tank cars KW - Transferring KW - Transfers KW - Transportation KW - Unloading KW - Venting KW - Vents UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42645/ord9227.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629491 AU - Kuehn, G I AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ENGINEMAN STRESS AND FATIGUE: PILOT STUDY PY - 1993/02 SP - 71 p. AB - In this pilot study, the effects of fatigue on the train handling performance and vigilance of four certified train service locomotive engineers was assessed while they operated the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Research and Locomotive Evaluator/Simulator (RALES). Subjects operated on an hourly cycle of 12 work-12 rest-8 work as a "normal" cycle followed by an hourly cycle of 12W-8R-8W the following week as a "fatigue cycle". Subject activity diareis, scoring of various aspects of train handling, subject exit interviews, and observer's run observation notes were collected. Core body temperature and performance on a fitness for work measure were also recorded. During the course of the experiment subjects were observed to doze or nod off. Speed limit infractions, failures to blow the horn for crossing, rapid throttle changes and excessive train forces were also observed. The sleep records of the subjects were plotted and found to be atypical in comparison with those of non-engineer persons. The controlled, low interruption rest periods of the study may have been superior to the rest normally attained by the subjects, thus accounting for the failure to show differences between the two experimental conditions. KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Locomotive engineers KW - Simulation KW - Sleep KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Training simulators UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22300/22384/ord9217.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644072 AU - HANSON, C E AU - Abbot, P AU - DYER, I AU - Harris Miller Miller and Hanson, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - NOISE FROM HIGH SPEED MAGLEV SYSTEMS: NOISE SOURCES, NOISE CRITERIA, PRELIMINARY DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR NOISE CONTROL, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACOUSTICAL TEST FACILITY FOR MAGLEV RESEARCH PY - 1993/01 SP - 171 p. AB - Noise levels from magnetically-levitated trains (maglev) at very high speed may be high enough to cause environmental noise impact in residential areas. Aeroacoustic sources dominate the sound at high speeds and guideway vibrations generate noticeable sound at low speed. In addition to high noise levels, the startle effect as a result of sudden onset of sound from a rapidly moving nearby maglev vehicle may lead to increased annoyance to neighbors of a maglev system. The report provides a base for determining the noise consequences and potential mitigation for a high speed maglev system in populated areas of the United States. Four areas are included in the study: 1) definition of noise sources; 2) development of noise criteria; 3) development of design guidelines; and 4) recommendations for a noise testing facility. KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Aeroacoustics KW - Aerodynamic noise KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Noise sources KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643981 AU - Thornton, R D AU - Perreault, D AU - CLARK, T AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LINEAR SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS FOR MAGLEV PY - 1993/01 SP - 95 p. AB - The paper is based in large part on work done in the DOT sponsored study, 'Low Cost Linear Synchronous Motor Propulsion for Maglev'. The principal objectives are to create a methodology for designing a Linear Synchronous Motor (LSM) with emphasis on new ideas not embodied in existing maglev designs and ideas that contribute to cost reduction. The primary focus is on the propulsion of a high speed vehicle suspended by Electro Dynamic Suspension (EDS), but many of the ideas are applicable to Electro Magnetic Suspension (EMS) designs. The authors have created models, analytic methods and computation algorithms for predicting performance and estimating cost. There is equal emphasis on simple approximate methods that are suitable for conceptual design studies, and more detailed methods that can be used to refine a design. Also included are descriptions of existing propulsion systems for Maglev and high speed rail because these can be used as a benchmark for comparison with new ideas. There is no attempt to create an 'optimum' design because the propulsion system is only a part of a complete maglev system, and many system attributes will affect the LSM design. KW - Algorithms KW - Analysis KW - Design KW - Energy conversion KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Suspension systems KW - Synchronous motors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643979 AU - FALKOWSKI, K M AU - KEY, F S AU - KUZNETSOV, S B AU - Babcock and Wilcox Company AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - GUIDEWAY STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND POWER/PROPULSION/BRAKING IN RELATION TO GUIDEWAYS. VOLUME 1. FINAL REPORT PY - 1993/01 SP - 269 p. AB - The report summarizes work complete in the investigation of the power, propulsion, and braking systems for 5 different electrodynamic (EDS) Maglev configurations. System requirements and recommendations, including a cost analysis, are determined for each configuration. The analysis considers variations in vehicle length, acceleration/deceleration criteria, airgap clearance, and maximum propulsion thrust. 5 different guideway configurations have been considered, each of which is based on air-core magnets made from low-temperature superconductors (LTSC) or the new high-Tc ceramic superconductors (HTSC). The material requirements and cost of the guideway electrical components were studied as a function of the energy conversion efficiency, the stator block length, armature current density, stator temperature rise, and other parameters. The propulsion design focused on a dual-parallel, linear synchronous motor (LSM) with thrust modulation achieved by applying a variable frequency and voltage along the guideway. Critical design parameters were estimated using a three-dimensional computer model for the inductances, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic forces. KW - Braking KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Railroad transportation KW - Structural design KW - Superconductors KW - Synchronous motors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643978 AU - FALKOWSKI, K M AU - KEY, F S AU - Kuznetsow, S B AU - Babcock and Wilcox Company AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - GUIDEWAY STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND POWER/PROPULSION/BRAKING IN RELATION TO GUIDEWAYS. VOLUME 3. APPENDIX B. MAGLEV GUIDEWAY STRUCTURAL DESIGN PY - 1993/01 SP - 64 p. AB - The report summarizes work completed in the investigation of the power, propulsion, and braking systems for five different electrodynamic (EDS) Maglev configurations. System requirements and recommendations, including a cost analysis, are determined for each configuration. The analysis considers variations in vehicle length, acceleration/deceleration criteria, airgap clearance, and maximum propulsion thrust. 5 different guideway configurations have been considered, each of which is based on air-core magnets made from low-temperature superconductors (LTSC) or the newer high-Tc ceramic superconductors (HTSC). The material requirements and cost of the guideway electrical components were studied as a function of the energy conversion efficiency, the stator block length, armature current density, stator temperature rise, and other parameters. The propulsion design focused on a dual-parallel, linear synchronous motor (LSM) with thrust modulation achieved by applying a variable frequency and voltage along the guideway. Critical design parameters were estimated using a three-dimensional computer model for the inductances, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic forces. KW - Braking KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Structural design KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642606 AU - Whitten, B T AU - Kesler, J K AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: X2000 U.S. DEMONSTRATION VEHICLE DYNAMICS TRIALS, PRELIMINARY TEST REPORT PY - 1993/01 SP - 100 p. AB - The report documents the procedures, events, and results of vehicle dynamic tests carried out on the ASEA-Brown Bovery (ABB) X2000 tilt body trainset in the U.S. between October 1992 and January 1993. These tests, sponsored by Amtrak and supported by the FRA, were conducted to assess the suitability of the X2000 trainset for safe operation at elevated cant deficiencies and speeds in Amtrak's Northeast Corridor under existing track conditions in a revenue service demonstration. The report describes the safety criteria against which the performance of the X2000 test train was examined, the instrumentation used, the test locations, and the track conditions. Preliminary results are presented from tests conducted on Amtrak lines between Philadelphia and Harrisburg, PA, and between Washington DC and New York NY, in which cant deficiencies of 12.5 inches and speeds of 154 mph were reached in a safe and controlled manner. The significance of the results is discussed, and preliminary conclusions and recommendations are presented. KW - Braking KW - Dynamic tests KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Passenger transportation KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad transportation KW - Rolling contact KW - Tilting trains KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01354099 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Human Error Caused Accidents: Addressing a Critical Problem. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Workshop on Human Factors in Transportation and TRB Summary Sessions 1 and 40, January 10-11, 1993, Washington, DC PY - 1993 SP - 122p AB - These proceedings document activities from both the 26th Annual Workshop on Human Factors in Transportation and the sessions numbered 1 and 40 of the 1993 annual meetings of the Transportation Research Board. Both activities were coordinated by the Human Factors Workshop Planning Committee. The Workshop took place on January 10, 1993; and TRB sessions numbers 1 and 40 occurred on January 11, 1993. The proceedings contain the following papers and keynote presentations: A Decade of Human Performance Investigation by John K. Lauber; Human Error Caused Accidents: Addressing a Critical Problem, Alexander C. Landsburg Presiding; Introduction, by Richard F. Pain; Assessment of Human Error from Transportation Accident Statistics, by Vernon Ellingstad and David L. Mayer ; Diversity of Human Error: An Aviation Case History, by James Danaher; Recent Surface Transportation Accidents and Lessons Learned, by Gerrit J. Walhout; A Theory of Accidents: Misperception of Risk, by Herschel W. Leibowitz and D. Alfred Owens; Hours of Service: Rethinking an Early 20th Century Concept for the 21st Century, by Martin Moore-Ede and Martin M. Stein; From Monotony to Crisis: Effect of Workload Transition on Transportation Operators, by Beverly M. Huey and Christopher D. Wickens; An lntermodel Review of Human-Machine Interface and Standardization, by Thomas L. Saunders and CDR Charles Klingler; Attentional Impairment in Driving, by Thomas H. Rockwell and Ronald R. Knipling; Emerging Trends in Operator Performance Measurement, by Rodger J. Koppa and R.Quinn Brackett; Can Drivers Use IVHS: A Practicum in Development and Testing Driver Interfaces, by Paul Green; Highway Work Zones: Integration of Human Factors into the MUTCD, by Jerry L. Graham; Statistical Methods in Transportation Research: Pitfalls, Misuses, and How to Avoid Them, by Olga J. Pendleton; Human Error Caused Accidents: Determining Operator Fitness for Duty, Anthony C. Stein Presiding; Introduction to Fitness for Duty, by Jerry Wachtell; Commercial Driver Fitness Qualifications: Prototype Medical Review Programs, by Elaine Petrucelli; Fitness for Duty in the Workplace: Two Methods for Detecting Impaired Operators, by R. Wade Allen and James C. Miller; and Fitness for Duty on the Highway: Detecting Fatigued Drivers, by Anthony C. Stein. KW - Attention KW - Aviation safety KW - Driver errors KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Fitness for duty KW - Fitness to drive KW - Ground transportation crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Human error KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Performance KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Work zones KW - Workload UR - http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.113.1758&rep=rep1&type=pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00896587 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SOCIAL COSTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS.. PY - 1993 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Costs KW - Social factors KW - Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/612733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00849686 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Amtrak TI - DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT/REPORT. PY - 1993 IS - PB94-110210 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Northeastern United States KW - Passenger traffic KW - Railroad electrification KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/550303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00844231 AU - WHITTEN, BRIAN T AU - SCALES, BRIAN T AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - X2000 U.S. DEMONSTRATION VEHICLE DYNAMICS TRIALS FINAL TEST REPORT. PY - 1993 IS - PB94-156916 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Dynamics KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed rail KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/545048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00839040 AU - WHITTEN, BRIAN T AU - KESLER, J KEVIN AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - X200 U.S. DEMONSTRATION VEHICLE DYNAMICS TRIALS, PRELIMINARY TEST REPORT. PY - 1993 IS - PB93-194645 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Dynamics KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed rail KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00838597 AU - FALKOWSKI, K M AU - KEY, F S AU - KUZNETSOV, S B AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - GUIDEWAY STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND POWER/PROPULSION/BRAKING IN RELATION TO GUIDEWAYS. PY - 1993 IS - PB93-169902 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00840382 AU - HICHO, GEORGE E AU - National Institute of Standards and Technology AU - NISTIR; AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FRACTURE MECHANICS EVALUATION OF RAILROAD TANK CARS CONTAINING CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACKS. PY - 1993 IS - 5179 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Tank cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00841079 AU - Cai, Y AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AND THE FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION. TI - CONTROLS OF MAGLEV SUSPENSION SYSTEMS. PY - 1993 IS - DE93 015540 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643960 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FTA LEADERSHIP 1993. ISTEA AND BEYOND PY - 1993 SP - 17 p. AB - This prochure highlights key actions and achievements affecting transit during 1992 and 1993 in implementing the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Its purpose is to encourage state and local officials in their continuing efforts to implement the Act's goals of providing transportation that is economically efficient and environmentally sound, providing the foundation for the nation to compete in the global economy, and moving people and goods in an energy efficient manner. Eight major themes of ISTEA are highlighted in this brochure: flexibility; planning; intermodalism; innovation; environment; investment strategies; new partnerships; and, transit safety and security. In each area, the brochure outlines the steps FTA has taken to implement ISTEA's goals. The brochure highlights the flexible funding transferred to transit, over $400 million in FY 1993. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Energy efficiency KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - International KW - Public participation KW - State action KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386240 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634523 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISTEA AND INTERMODAL PLANNING: CONCEPT, PRACTICE, VISION SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - 179 p. AB - The Transportation Research Board, at the request of the U.S. Department of Transportation, acting through the modal administrations, developed and conducted a conference on the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and intermodal planning issues. The conference objectives were to: (1) Review the evolution of the planning and funding of the U.S. transportation system; (2) Identify the new planning mechanisms developed in ISTEA that mandate transportation improvement programs and intermodal transportation management systems; (3) Identify issues that need to be addressed in order to achieve more economically and environmentally efficient transportation systems through the optimum combined use of various modes; and (4) Assess how these issues need to be integrated into the planning process. The conference was structured around several commissioned papers and presentations in order to frame the diverse agenda inherent in intermodal planning. This Special Report contains the conference proceedings. The contents are organized as follows: Chairman's Summary, C.M. Walton; Conference Findings, M.D. Meyer; Workshop Reports (Intermodal Partnerships; Multimodal Planning; Cross-Modal Comparisons; Intermodal Management Systems; and Vision and Potential for Intermodalism); Resource Papers (see individual entries in TRIS data base); Perspectives on the Conference; Steering Committee Biographical Information; and Participants. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Economic efficiency KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Finance KW - Intermodal management systems KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Multimodal planning KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Planning KW - Transportation KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378450 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634525 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Meyer, Michael D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISTEA AND INTERMODAL PLANNING: CONCEPT, PRACTICE, VISION. CONFERENCE FINDINGS SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 4-15 AB - On December 2-4, 1992, 150 individuals interested in intermodal transportation attended the National Conference on ISTEA and Intermodal Planning Issues in Irvine, California, to discuss the concept of intermodalism, identify examples of good practice, and provide recommendations for research and technical guidance. At this conference, workshops were organized to enable participants to engage in group discussions on key intermodal issues. The workshops focused on intermodal partnerships, multimodal planning, cross-modal comparisons, intermodal management systems, and vision and potential for intermodalism. Questions were prepared for each group to guide discussion. Following the workshops, conference participants met in plenary sessions to hear the conclusions of the workshops and discuss their importance for intermodal planning. Resource papers prepared for the conference by professionals in the field were also presented in plenary sessions, and speakers with expertise in intermodal transportation addressed the conference. Because the steering committee expected that bridging the gaps between the many players involved in intermodal planning would be a key issue discussed at the conference, a panel discussion was organized to present reactions to the conference from the perspectives of a state department of transportation, a metropolitan planning organization, and the private sector. These important remarks are found at the end of the proceedings. Several themes and concepts arose repeatedly during conference discussions; they merit special attention and are summarized here in the Conference Findings under the following headings: "Intermodal" Defined; Partnerships; Transition; Intermodal Planning as a Process; Freight Movement in Planning; Emphasis on Performance; Intermodal Management Systems; Barriers to Effective Intermodal Planning; Research and Guidance; and Conclusion. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal management systems KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Multimodal planning KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Performance KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378452 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634527 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Liburdi, Lillian AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KEYNOTE ADDRESS: THE PROMISE OF ISTEA SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 55-61 AB - This keynote address discusses what the promises of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) are for highway interests, for state and local governments, for transportation planners, for environmentalists, for metropolitan planning organizations, for truckers and other highway users, for airport and seaport operators, for transit operators, and for all Americans. The positives and negatives of ISTEA are examined, and, in conclusion, it is pointed out that "ISTEA is like a sketch for a large mural that will be painted by many different artists. If properly coordinated, with the right sense of purpose, the individual efforts will blend together to make a richly diverse and beautiful work of art. However, there is a serious risk that the individual efforts will amount to an incoherent, clashing painting that diminishes its overall impact." Conference participants are encouraged to make it work by developing a vision for the future. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634531 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Maring, Gary AU - Rodgers, John AU - Diaz, Steven A AU - Harllee, Nan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MODAL ADMINISTRATION PANEL SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 78-89 AB - In this conference resource paper, the following U.S. Department of Transportation modal agencies offer a perspective on intermodalism: the Federal Highway Administration (G. Maring); Federal Aviation Administration (J. Rodgers); Federal Transit Administration (S.A. Diaz); and the Maritime Administration (N. Harllee). The Federal Railroad Administration perspective is presented by G.E. Carmichael in a paper on pages 73-77 of this Special Report. G. Maring discusses the following five aspects of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA): (a) the first major program restructuring since the 1956 Interstate Highway Act, (b) the new funding flexibility, (c) the changes in planning and decision making, (d) the significantly higher authorization levels and the new opportunities for public-private funding, and (e) the intermodal thrust of the act. He also discusses technical assistance activities of FHWA. J. Rodgers discusses the following four aspects of ISTEA: airport development, intermodal links and airport access, environmental compatibility and airport capacity, and joint development, use, and financing of new technology. S.A. Diaz comments on the challenge, under ISTEA, of developing a true partnership to move goods and people, to contribute to the national goals of cleaner air, fuel conservation, and energy independence, to improve U.S. competitiveness in world markets, and to relieve congestion and other inefficiencies in domestic transportation. He also points out the range of intermodal projects being funded by FTA. N. Harllee discusses the impact of ISTEA on the port industry. She points out that, while ISTEA presents a great opportunity for ports and for the entire freight industry, it is not automatic--all have to work for it. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration KW - U.S. Maritime Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378458 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634534 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fuller, John W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE ROAD TO INTERMODALISM SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 113-129 AB - Since its heyday in the 1960s to the early 1970s, transportation planning in the United States has endured a long period of uncertainty, marked by professional questioning and political inattention. In this last decade of the century, however, new directives for planning and planners can be found in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Although it appears that transportation planners have major new tasks ahead along an uncertain new path, it should be remembered that not all that is being demanded of planners in the 1990s would seem particularly unusual to planners of past decades. To see what change might be required, it is useful to view the major eras and events in transportation planning during the last 30 years. This conference resource paper looks at the following eras in transportation planning: The 1962 Highway Act; Planning for Transit and the Environment in the Early 1970s; Early State Transportation Plans; Planning Shock: Energy and Financial Shortfalls; Shift of Responsibility to the States and Cities: The 1980s; and Characteristics of Today's U.S. Transportation System. The paper then discusses transportation planning in the 1990s and looks at the Wisconsin DOT approach to planning under ISTEA. Concluding remarks deal with future transportation planning directions. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - History KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378461 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634535 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dahms, Lawrence D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REGIONAL CONTEXT OF INTERMODAL DECISIONS SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 130-137 AB - A metropolitan transportation planning process created by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1965, and amended several times since by transportation and environmental laws, has created a regional framework for making transportation decisions in the context of other community values. In examining this regional context within which intermodal decisions are to be made, this conference resource paper addresses the following question: What can be learned from the metropolitan planning experience to help advance intermodal planning and systems analysis? The discussion begins with a comparison of the characteristics of metropolitan transportation systems with those of intermodal systems. It is seen that both systems provide transportation services, but they have little in common. There are, however, areas of overlap between intermodal and metropolitan transportation systems. The remainder of the paper examines these areas and their implications for fulfilling the mandates of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Characteristics KW - City planning KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning KW - Regional transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378462 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634529 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hendrix, Allan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERMODAL EXPERIENCE OF THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 67-72 AB - This conference resource paper discusses intermodalism and the prospects for successes in intermodalism in the future from the perspective of the California Department of Transportation (CalTrans). Three key dimensions to intermodalism are examined. These are the modal dimension, the market segment or trip purpose, and connectivity, which is the dimension that traditionally has been called intermodal. Intermodal planning is a process of expanding and synthesizing these three dimensions into a system that accommodates freight and passengers and, at least in the view of CalTrans officials, also deals with some nontraditional transportation options, such as information technology. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - California KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - Information technology KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Passenger transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378456 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634536 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Helton, Jack D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERMODAL PARTNERSHIPS UNDER ISTEA SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 138-148 AB - Given the increasing complexity of the intermodal transportation system and the diversity of the partners involved, there is a critical need to build effective working relationships between the providers and the users (customers) of transportation systems. A successful partnership will find ways to improve the efficiency of existing systems and provide input from a broader base for future planning. Internal partnerships (relationships between transportation-related organizations) and external partnerships (relationships between the organizations and the customer) are addressed in this conference resource paper. The following are identified: common reasons for a partnership; partnership characteristics; shared commitments; intermodal partners; and possible impediments and resolutions. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Characteristics KW - Conferences KW - Consumers KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Planning KW - Providers KW - Users UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378463 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634532 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Coogan, Matthew A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AIRPORT ACCESS: CASE STUDY IN INTERMODALISM SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 90-98 AB - This conference resource paper discusses airport access as a case study, a microcosm of intermodal planning issues. The structure of the discussion is first concept, then practice, and finally vision. The paper concludes with the story of Grace Hughes. Grace and her family are entrepreneurs who own the Marin Airporter bus service. They built, with private funds, a bus terminal to serve people going to San Francisco International airport. Representatives of two airlines approached them with a proposal to sell their tickets at the bus terminal. The response was, "No, you are not welcome in my terminal unless you check people in, take their baggage, and give them a boarding pass right there." The airlines' response was, "We do not do that stuff. Our job starts at the airport. You are in the bus business, not us." The airline representatives were afraid that the baggage would get lost in the hold of the bus. Grace thought about it for a little while, and she came up with a brilliant, "high-tech" scheme. She won. They started to check baggage at Grace's facility. Her solution for this intermodal problem was as simple as a dog leash--one per set of baggage going to each airline. When the bus arrived at the airport, the bus driver unloaded the appropriate bundle of baggage. In several years of operation, they have never lost a single bag. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Airport access KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378459 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634533 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Migliorino, Gianni AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ITALY'S INTERMODAL ALTERNATIVE: THE SEA ROAD SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 99-112 AB - This conference resource paper provides an international example of an innovative intermodal solution of a transport problem. The Viamare project is a case study in Italy's experiment to relieve acute highway truck congestion with a cost-efficient, short sea alternative. Ten years of planning and extensive cost-benefit analyses preceded the recent inauguration of the Viamare project. Through discussion of this project, an approach to cross-modal analysis, a focus area of the conference, is examined. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Analysis KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Italy KW - Modal analysis KW - Mode choice KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378460 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634528 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Starling, James Dane AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. TRANSPORTATION COMMAND AND INTERMODAL PLANNING SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 62-66 AB - The role of manager for defense transportation is filled by the U.S. Transportation Command (TRANSCOM). The command was created to be the Department of Defense's (DOD's) single manager for common user transportation and was organized to support commanders on the front lines. TRANSCOM is responsible for ensuring that the defense transportation system is prepared to meet the demands of the emerging national defense strategy. Creating TRANSCOM was the first and most crucial step in striving to achieve true intermodalism within DOD. This resource paper focuses on the implications of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) for intermodal initiatives at TRANSCOM. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - National defense KW - Planning KW - U.S. Department of Defense KW - United States Transportation Command UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634530 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Carmichael, Gilbert E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PERSPECTIVE ON ISTEA SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 73-77 AB - This conference resource paper discusses the specific rail-related elements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). These elements are concentrated on three themes: (a) commuter rail lines, (b) passenger corridor improvements, and (c) intermodal connections. Concluding comments concern the building of an "ethical transportation system", which is defined as a transportation system that is safe, nonpolluting, energy efficient, and competitive. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Connectivity KW - Energy efficiency KW - Ethics KW - Improvements KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning KW - Pollution control KW - Pollution prevention KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634537 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Helton, Jack D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPING PARTNERSHIPS SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 149-151 AB - The conference presentation by J.D. Helton on intermodal partnerships (pages 138-148 of this Special Report) prompted a number of conference participants to ask how the guidelines he presented should be followed and how the private partnerships he discussed were developed. These questions are answered in this paper, which was not presented at the conference. The examples provided are from the experience of Sea-Land Service, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, which has been successful in cultivating intermodal partnerships for several years. These partnerships have made a marked contribution to corporate market position, productivity, efficiency, and earnings. Developing these partnerships has involved the following: culture (predisposition), vision, strategy, and commitment. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Consumers KW - Development KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Planning KW - Providers KW - Sea Land Service, inc. KW - Sea-land service, incorporated KW - Users UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634524 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Walton, C Michael AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISTEA AND INTERMODAL PLANNING: CONCEPT, PRACTICE, VISION. CHAIRMAN'S SUMMARY SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 1-3 AB - In these summary remarks the conference Chairman gives a brief conference overview. He points out that this was the first Transportation Research Board conference to be cosponsored by all five modal administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation. He also states that the diversity of the conference participants and their harmonious efforts to shape an intermodal planning agenda demonstrated that pooled expertise must be the new, if not yet affirmed, approach to addressing the vision for transportation. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378451 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634526 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Martinez, Robert AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PERSPECTIVE FROM THE OFFICE OF INTERMODALISM SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 47-54 AB - This conference resource paper discusses the role of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Office of Intermodalism and the potential significant changes in policy under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) in the areas of planning and technology. Also discussed are the definition of the term "intermodalism" which was developed by the Office of Intermodalism, and the keystone of the highway transportation network--the National Highway System (NHS). Concluding comments concern U.S. productivity and transportation as a barometer of the future direction of U.S. economic policy. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Definitions KW - Economic policy KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - National Highway System KW - Office of intermodalism, usdot KW - Planning KW - Productivity KW - Technology KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378453 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00643976 AU - Barrows, T AU - McCullum, D AU - MARK, S AU - Castellino, R C AU - Draper (Charles Stark) Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON MAGLEV VEHICLES PY - 1992/12 SP - 188p AB - The results of four separate tasks are documented: 1) minimization of front-end drag; 2) effect of fineness ratio (ratio of length to diameter) on drag; 3) design of aerosurfaces for control purposes, and 4) control and dynamics of maglev vehicles with aerodynamic control surfaces. Task 1 examines the flow disturbances near the nose of a high speed channel vehicle which cause vortices to form near the tops of the guidewalls. These vortices are a major source of drag. The nose of the train can be idealized as a source flow, and the walls of the channel guideway are represented as two vertical flat plates. A numerical solution of the two-dimensional unsteady problem is presented. Using a representative design example, the nose shape which provides the minimum drag is derived from this solution. Under task 2, drag data is presented from the automotive industry, the Japanese National Railway, Krauss-Maffei, and Tracked Hovercraft Limited. An empirical formula is used to estimate the drag of vehicles designed for channel and box beam guideways. The optimum width for these cases is derived. Under Task 3, a simple numerical scheme is described for computing the lift and drag on an aerosurface with a control flap operating in close proximity to a guideway surface. It is shown that large variations in lift can be produced using very small flap angles. Task 4 examines the improvement in ride quality which is possible through the use of aerodynamic control surfaces. Comparisons are made between vehicles with active and passive secondary suspensions with aerodynamic control surfaces mounted on the vehicle body or control flaps in the vehicle bogies. U1 - Ninety-Second Round Table on Transport EconomicsEuropean Conference of Ministers of TransportParis, France StartDate:19911205 EndDate:19911206 Sponsors:European Conference of Ministers of Transport KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Drag KW - Ground effect KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Suspension systems KW - Turbulence KW - Vortices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/389124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634735 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1992/12 SP - 52 p. AB - This annotated bibliography is the result of an effort by the Environmental Task Force within the Office of Policy, Federal Railroad Adminstration, to determine the extent to which models have been developed that permit comparisons among transportation options as to environmental impacts. The bibliography covers recent publications that describe or offer insights into environmental effects of transportation systems and how public policies are addressing transportation-related environmental issues. KW - Bibliographies KW - Environmental impacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Public policy KW - Public transit UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/tea.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634149 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LONG ISLAND RAIL ROAD SUMMARY REPORT. SAFETY INVESTIGATION OF THE NEW YORK METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY PY - 1992/10 SP - 163 p. AB - This safety investigation was conducted as part of a larger Federal Transit Administration safety investigation of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority and its operations. The Federal Railroad Administration investigated those elements of Metro-North Commuter Railroad and Long Island Rail Road which come under FRA regulation/jurisdiction. The inspection included interviews with railroad officers and employees, on-based observations of trains, observation of operational tests and radar speed checks, blue signal inspection, examination of emergency response plans, employee records and operating rules, evaluation of program to control use of alcohol and drugs, analysis of transportation of hazardous materials, inspection of signals, main line track, bridges and tunnels, inspection of locomotive and passenger fleet. In general, a high degree of safety was found. Areas of concern were identified and issues have been discussed with the railroad. FRA will be working with the railroad to require and encourage satisfactory resolution of remaining concerns. KW - Automatic train control KW - Horsepower KW - Inspection KW - Long Island Rail Road KW - Motive power KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroad tracks KW - Safety KW - Signal devices KW - System safety KW - Track inspection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643980 AU - Phelan, R S AU - Thornton, R D AU - Connor, J J AU - Triantafillou, T AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LOW COST GUIDEWAYS FOR MAGLEV PY - 1992/10 SP - 160 p. AB - The report presents results of research aimed at developing structural requirements for a guideway to be used for maglev systems. The work progresses from initial conceptual design to refined structural and cost analyses. The design begins by identifying structural requirements including criteria for geometry, loads deflections, durability, toughness, fatigue, and magnetic inertness. Proposed construction methods are analyzed to determine the impact that the choice of method has on both the cost and structural design of the guideway. A conceptual design follows in which the candidate cross sectional shapes and materials are compared. Results of these comparisons are then used for the optimal preliminary analysis and design. The analysis and design process, based on American Concrete Institute design procedures, is incorporated into a spreadsheet analysis program. The spreadsheet program is then used to determine preliminary design specifications and cost estimates. Sensitivity analyses are also carried out to determine optimal design specifications. A refined analysis is conducted focusing on how the dynamic behavior of the beam effects the preliminary design choices. A cost comparison is made based on the results of the refined analysis. Additional work includes discussions of automated control and magnetic forces on metallic components of guideways. Also, hybrid reinforced concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced plastic rods were cast and tested to address the possibilities of using FRP rods in maglev guideways. Results of these tests are presented. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Loads KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643984 AU - CARLTON, S AU - Andriola, T AU - Martin Marietta Corporation AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MAGLEV GUIDEWAY ROUTE ALIGNMENT AND RIGHT-OF-WAY REQUIREMENTS PY - 1992/10 SP - 147 p. AB - The use of existing rights-of-way (ROW) is assessed for maglev systems by estimating trip times and land acquisition requirements for potential maglev corridors while meeting passenger comfort limits. ROW excursions improve trip time but incur a cost for purchasing land. The final report documents findings of the 8 tasks in establishing ROW feasibility by examining three city-pair corridors in detail and developing an approximation method for estimating route length and travel times in 20 additional city-pair corridor portions and 21 new corridors. The use of routes independent of existing railroad or highway ROW have trip time advantages and significantly reduce the need for aggressive guideway geometrics on intercity corridors. Selection of the appropriate alignment is determined by many corridor specific issues. Use of existing intercity ROW may be appropriate for parts of routes on a corridor-specific basis and for urban penetration where vehicle speeds are likely to be reduced by policy due to noise and safety considerations, and where land acquisition costs are high. Detailed aspects of available ROW, land acquisition costs, geotechnical issues, land use, and population centers must be examined in more detail on a specific corridor basis before the proper or best maglev alignment can be chosen. KW - Alignment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Intercity transportation KW - Location KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628041 AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - THIS IS FTA PY - 1992/10 SP - 24 p. AB - The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) is an agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation. Headed by an Administrator appointed by the President, FTA administers a program of financial assistance for the providers of urban and rural public mass transportation. The Federal Transit Act, as amended, is the statutory authority for FTA's programs. This brochure provides a history of the development of public transportation in the United States and introduces the FTA and its major programs. KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Public transit KW - Rural transit KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration KW - Urban transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628127 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LONG ISLAND RAILROAD SUMMARY REPORT. SAFETY INVESTIGATION OF THE NEW YORK METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY. SUMMARRY REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 163 p. AB - This safety investigation was conducted as part of a larger Federal Transit Administration safety investigation of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority and its operation. The Federal Railroad Administration investigated those elements of Metro-North Commuter Railroad and Long Island Rail Road which come under FRA jurisdiction/regulation. The inspection included interviews with railroad officers and employees, on-based observation of trains, observation of operational tests and radar speed checks, blue signal inspection, examination of emergency response plans, employee records and operating rules, evaluation of program to control use of alcohol and drugs, analysis of transportation of hazardous materials, inspection of signals, main line track, bridges and tunnels, inspection of locomotive and passenger fleet. In general, a high degree of safety was found. Areas of concern were identified and issues have been discussed with the railroad. FRA will be working with the railroad to require and encourage satisfactory resolution of remaining concerns. KW - Automatic train control KW - Commuting KW - Highway operations KW - Horsepower KW - Motive power KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad tracks KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Signals KW - Standards KW - System safety KW - Track safety standards KW - Tunnel traffic operations KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644006 AU - Brown, W S AU - Dauwelter, C R AU - Heger, F AU - Weinberg, M S AU - Draper (Charles Stark) Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - COMPARISON OF MAJOR PARAMETERS IN ELECTRODYNAMIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORT SYSTEMS PY - 1992/09 SP - 223 p. AB - The study compiles quantitative design information that can be used in selecting a high-speed magnetic levitation system. Analytic models were developed for three configurations of electromagnetic (EMS) and three electrodynamic (EDS) systems, and for linear induction and synchronous motors. The models permit comparisons based on consistent assumptions. The following results indicate that the hoped-for advantages of EDS are difficult to realize: 1) all of the systems studied require smooth guideways to achieve acceptable ride quality unless active control techniques are developed; 2) the estimated weight of the superconducting magnets for the EDS systems is surprisingly large and comparable to the weight of the EMS onboard electromagnets; and 3) real pooer consumption in sheet guideway null flux EDS is similar to EMS when practical configurations and end effects are considered. KW - Analytic plotters KW - Configuration management KW - Data plotters KW - Electromagnetic induction KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Linear motors KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Motors KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Synchronous motors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00843000 AU - Larson, Robert K AU - Rajkumar, Britto R AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CONTROLLED TANK CAR IMPACT TESTS PY - 1992/08 SP - 79p AB - A series of controlled tank car impact tests were performed by the Association of American Railroads as part of a Federal Railroad Administration Task Order entitled "Hazardous materials Transportation Safety Research Test Program." The objective of these tests, in which a weighted locomotive was coupled to a stationary DOT 111A100W2 tank car at difference speed, was to determine the magnitude of surge pressures the safety vent is exposed to and to test devices that are designed to reduce these surge pressures and prevent the premature rupture of frangible discs. Test results support the following conclusions: When loaded to a shell full condition, a tank car of the design tested will develop safety vent nozzle surge pressures sufficient to rupture 60 and 100 psi frangible discs during impacts that produce coupler forces of 800 kips and 1100 kips, respectively; A large decrease in safety vent nozzle surge pressures results when lading outage is changed from 0 percent to 1 percent; For impact speeds between 5 and 7 mph, substantially higher coupler forces were developed for a test car which was loaded to a shell full condition as compared to a 1 percent outage condition; and When installed, two baffle-type safety vent nozzle surge pressure reduces (SPR's) effectively reduced surge pressures acting on frangible discs installed in 2 1/2 inch and 6 1/2 inch diameter nozzle safety vents. The SPR's prevented the discs from rupturing during coupling impacts involving forces up to 1200 kips. KW - Hazardous materials KW - Impact tests KW - Surge pressure protection devices KW - Tank cars KW - Testing UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/controlled-tank-car-impact-tests/oclc/028362071 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/544417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664274 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HIGHWAY-RAIL CROSSING ACCIDENT/INCIDENT AND INVENTORY BULLETIN, NO. 15, CALENDAR YEAR 1992 PY - 1992/08 SP - 127 p. AB - The fifteenth annual report, issued by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Safety, combines highway-rail crossing accident/incident statistics with the National highway-rail crossing inventory. Accident/incident data are compiled from monthly reports filed by railroads. The National highway-rail crossing inventory contains sight-survey data about individual crossings and is provided voluntarily by states and railroads. Information on accidents/incidents and crossings is presented in the following sequence: Historical data on highway-rail crossing accidents/incidents at public crossings; Summary of 1992 accidents/incidents that occurred at public crossing sites; Physical and operational statistics for all public at-grade highway-rail crossings as described in the inventory on July 21, 1993; and Summary of 1992 accidents/incidents occurring at private highway-rail crossings and tabulations of private crossings in the inventory. KW - Crashes KW - History KW - Incidents KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics KW - Time series KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405156 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00644064 AU - Nerem, A AU - Bowles, E E AU - Chapelle, S AU - Callanan, R J AU - General Atomic Company AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ADVANCED POWER CONDITIONING FOR MAGLEV SYSTEMS PY - 1992/08 SP - 361p AB - The final report contains parametric scaling data and computer models of power conditioning equipment applicable to the design of an advanced maglev system. The power conditioning topologies were selected based on data from a literature search, on characteristics of present power semiconductor technology devises, and on actual performance characterization of designs using a circuit analysis program. The analyses show that GTOs are the best switches for traction drives, input power conditioning equipment, and the braking chopper. At lower power levels, as required for auxiliary power and superconducting coil power conditioning, the IGBT appeared to be the best switch. U1 - Ninety-Second Round Table on Transport EconomicsEuropean Conference of Ministers of TransportParis, France StartDate:19911205 EndDate:19911206 Sponsors:European Conference of Ministers of Transport KW - Coils (Electromagnetism) KW - Electric power generation KW - Electric power supply KW - Inverters KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Mathematical models KW - Railroad transportation KW - Superconductivity KW - Switching KW - Traction KW - Waveform analysis KW - Waveforms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/389137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642603 AU - Larson, W G AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ALUMINUM/COLD TEMPERATURE TANK CAR PUNCTURE TESTS: DATA REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 126 p. AB - Puncture resistance testing of DOT Type 111 aluminum tank car heads was conducted at the Transportation Test Center (TTC), Pueblo, Colorado. Testing was conducted to determine the puncture resistance of a standard Type 111 aluminum tank car relative to that of DOT Type 112/114 and 105 steel tank car designs. Physical parameters, such as head thickness, jacket or head shield thickness, insulation, and head temperature were evaluated for influence on puncture resistance. Both full scale and one-fifth scale aluminum tank heads were tested. KW - Aluminum KW - Hazardous materials KW - Impact tests KW - Low temperature tests KW - Model tests KW - Puncture resistance KW - Safety engineering KW - Steel KW - Tank cars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42647/ord9229.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941432 AU - Coltman, M AU - Hazel, M E AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CHLORINE TANK CAR PUNCTURE RESISTANCE EVALUATION PY - 1992/07 SP - 92 p. AB - Experimental studies have been conducted to evaluate the relative puncture resistance of DOT 105A500W (chlorine) tank cars and DOT 112J340W (propane) tank cars equipped with 1/2-inch steel head shields. These studies included a series of full- and 1/5-scale tests conducted by the Association of American Railroads at the Transportation Test Center in Pueblo, Colorado. The final phase of testing included the use of actual tank cars. During the tests a number of parameters, such as head and jacket thickness, impact location, and internal pressure were varied to determine their effect on the puncture resistance of the chlorine car. Federal regulations require a demonstrated puncture resistance or head shield protection for high volume tank cars carrying flammable liquids and gases. The test to demonstrate puncture resistance is specified in Title 49, Part 179, section 179.105-5 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The tests conducted in this study were intended to demonstrate the puncture resistance of both chlorine and liquefied propane tank cars relative to this specification requirement. The tests showed that the DOT 105A500W (chlorine) car tested had a puncture resistance near the 18 mph threshold required by 49 CFR 179.105-5 for tank cars in LPG (propane) and other specifically identified flammable gas lading. The DOT 112J340W tank car tested with the 1/2-inch head shield had a puncture threshold well above the 18 mph limit. The tests also showed that the puncture resistance is most strongly influenced by impact location and by jacket thickness. KW - Chlorine KW - Head shields KW - Impact location KW - Internal pressure KW - Jacketing (Strengthening) KW - Liquefied gases KW - Propane KW - Puncture resistance KW - Specifications KW - Tank cars KW - Testing KW - United States Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644012 AU - United States Trade and Development Program AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ADANA METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AND MASS TRANSPORT STUDIES AND LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING DESIGNS. VOLUME 3. LIGHT RAIL SYSTEMS FEASIBILITY STUDY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 156 p. AB - The report establishes the feasibility of a light rail system in Adana and develops a conceptual design appropriate to the transportation demand characteristics projected for the year 2010 in the previous volume of the study. Several component issues are addressed: physical and technical feasibility in the development of conceptual design; the ability of such a system to address the transportation needs of the city; the cost effectiveness of establishing light rail transit (LRT) in Adana; other factors affecting supply and demand; the potential for enhancing cost-effectiveness with incidental revenue-generators; and the critical decisions of the municipality regarding coordination and regulation of the transportation modes and of land-use policies. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demand KW - Demand responsive transportation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Land use planning KW - Light rail transit KW - Revenues KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644008 AU - HE, J L AU - Rote, D M AU - COFFEY, H T AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SURVEY OF FOREIGN MAGLEV SYSTEMS PY - 1992/07 SP - 86 p. AB - Magnetic levitation (maglev) transportation systems represent an innovative technology that promises to provide pollution-free, contact-free, high-speed ground transportation for the twenty-first century. Great interest in maglev systems has been developing in the United States over the past two years under the auspices of the National Maglev Initiative (NMI). The objective of this survey is to provide the US maglev community with information on various maglev concepts that were developed in foreign countries over the past two decades. The main maglev systems included in the survey are the German TransRapid series and the M-Bahn, the Japanese HSST and MLU series, and the British Birmingham. Each maglev system is introduced and discussed according to its type, historical development, unique features, current status, and future prospects. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are briefly noted. KW - Germany KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Japan KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Surveys KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Technology assessment KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644011 AU - United States Trade and Development Program AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ADANA METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AND MASS TRANSPORT STUDIES AND LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING DESIGNS. VOLUME 2. TRANSPORTATION STUDY APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 231 p. AB - The report displays information on household interview surveys: the methodology employed and the definition of the scope of work carried out to obtain data on urban trips; trends and patterns in trip making; the purpose, duration, walk and wait times of trips; car ownership rates; and other socioeconomic characteristics of trip makers. The report also contains traffic counts, transportation model applications, and Adana urban development strategy for the target year 2010. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Car ownership (Railroads) KW - Households KW - Patterns KW - Reports KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Survey reports KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip duration KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644009 AU - United States Trade and Development Program AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ADANA METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AND MASS TRANSPORT STUDIES AND LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING DESIGNS. SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 30 p. AB - The purpose of the summary is to document the studies carried out and the major findings obtained for the Adana Inner City and Near Surroundings Transportation and Mass Transit Feasibility Studies and Light Rail System Conceptual Design. The report focuses on the scope of studies conducted, covering a wide range of activities: data collection and evaluation through forecasts of spatial, demographic and socioeconomic structures; trip demand estimates performed; and transportation system alternatives proposed and tested, and compared in terms of system wide performance as well as economic and financial aspects under different scenarios of investment financing. Text is supported by summary tables displaying various data, as well as supplemental tables and graphics which display the results of economic and financial analyses under different financial scenarios. KW - Analysis KW - City planning KW - Concepts KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Economics KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Innovation KW - Light rail transit KW - Public transit KW - System design KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644010 AU - United States Trade and Development Program AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ADANA METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AND MASS TRANSPORT STUDIES AND LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING DESIGNS. VOLUME 1. TRANSPORTATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 194 p. AB - This final report presents the work carried out in terms of urban transportation planning and mass transit feasibility studies that cover a wide range of tasks. The tasks vary from data gathering through forecasting, modeling the existing transportation structure, determining transportation system deficiencies, defining and testing alternatives to overcome these deficiencies, evaluating them in terms of general operating characteristics, system-wide performance and economic and financial as well as environmental aspects. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - City planning KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Light rail transit KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643988 AU - Wormley, D N AU - Thornton, R D AU - Yu, S H AU - CHENG, S AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MAGNETICALLY LEVITATED VEHICLES AND ELEVATED GUIDEWAY STRUCTURES PY - 1992/07 SP - 160 p. AB - The dynamic performance characteristic of magnetically levitated vehicles and vehicle trains relating to ride quality and magnetic gap variations have been determined using computer simulation models for one-dimensional, two-dimensional and finite length vehicles. These performance characteristics are based on vertical plane motions of vehicles with linear suspension systems which represent a number of the characteristics of both electrodynamic system (EDS) and electromagnetic system (EMS) configurations. Vehicles traversing guideways which are characterized by random roughness, by discrete guideway disturbances which occur due to the construction of elevated structures and by flexible guideway motions are considered. The studies of vehicle performance have identified the levels of guideway disturbances and/or flexibility which can be accommodated by various suspension configurations while meeting ride quality and magnetic gap variations. KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness KW - Suspension systems KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643993 AU - deBenedet, D AU - Gilchrist, A J AU - Karanjian, L A AU - Martin Marietta Corporation AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MAGLEV PROGRAM TEST PLAN PY - 1992/07 SP - 123 p. AB - Maglev systems represent a promising evolution in the high-speed ground transportation, offering speeds in excess of 300 mph along with the potential for low operating costs and minimal environmental impact. The goal of this effort is to investigate the feasibility and viability of maglev systems in the United States. The emergence of a sophisticated technology such as maglev requires a need for a coordinated research test program and the determination of test requirements to identify and mitigate development risk and to maximize the use of domestic resources. The study is directed toward the identification and characterization of maglev systems development risks tied to a preliminary system architecture. Research objectives are accomplished by surveying experiences from previous maglev development programs, both foreign and domestic, and interviews with individuals involved with maglev research and testing. Findings include ninety-four distinct development risks and twenty risk types. Planning and implementation requirements are identified for a maglev test program, including the development of a facilities strategy developpment effort. Also specified is the logical development flow and associated long-lead support needs for sub-scale and full-scale testing. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Program evaluation KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643977 AU - Berthold, J W AU - Bower, J R AU - Buttram, J D AU - Okes, L R AU - Robertson, M O AU - Babcock and Wilcox Company AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING MAGLEV GUIDEWAY STRUCTURES PY - 1992/07 SP - 85 p. AB - The report is an assessment of the technologies available for continuous monitoring of the physical conditions and structural integrity of maglev guideways. The detection of obstructions on the guideway is not included. No particular guideway design is assumed, other than that the largest part of the system will consist of repetitive reinforced concrete structures, probably elevated, that are aligned with close tolerances. It is assumed that the guideway is to be monitored for the correct alignment of the sections, any unusual vibrations or motions, detection of catastrophic failure, and possibly accumulation of ice and snow. The technologies covered are acoustic emission monitoring (a passive acoustic method of listening for crack growth or other unusual structure borne sound), infrared and visible light monitoring (ranging from cameras to displacement sensors), ultrasonics (for vibration, displacement, snow and ice), microwave monitors (for vibration and displacement sensors), and fiber optics (for networks of strain gauges). It is the conclusion of the report that the technologies described are sufficiently mature to meet the requirements. Any particular application will certainly need development, and some may need extensive development, but the basic capabilities are there. KW - Acoustic measurements KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Alignment KW - Fiber optics KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Infrared detectors KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Sensors KW - Snow KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural vibration KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643982 AU - Daniels, L E AU - Ahlbeck, D R AU - Stekly, Z J AU - Gregorek, G M AU - Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF GUIDEWAY FLEXIBILITY ON MAGLEV VEHICLE/GUIDEWAY DYNAMIC FORCES PY - 1992/07 SP - 226 p. AB - The report presents the results of a study investigating the dynamic interaction between aerial structures and maglev vehicles. The study includes three dimensional responses for attractive (EMS) maglev vehicles and repulsive (EDS) maglev vehicles and six different guideway structures. The analysis is conducted using original time domain computer models with incorporate up to 52 degrees of freedom for EMS systems and 44 degrees of freedom for the EDS systems, including multiple span guideways, multiple-vehicle trains, aerodynamic inputs with the special relations and structural properties associated with each major system component, and with appropriate maglev suspension characteristics interconnecting vehicle to guideway. The various guideway structure and vehicle combinations are analyzed separately for two representative guideway lengths of 21m and 39m. Results are presented for vehicle accelerations and bending moments. Comparisons from the analysis include EMS vs. EDS system responses, effects of span length, effects of position in car, effects of multiple-vehicle trains, effects of multiple simple span guideways vs. continuous span guideways, effects of wind gusts, and effects of beam bearing pad stiffness. Cost of each guideway is estimated in 1992 dollars. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Force KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Loads KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386256 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00643974 AU - Vermilyea, M E AU - General Electric AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - NOVEL CRYOGEN-FREE ACTIVELY SHIELDED SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS FOR MAGLEV VEHICLES PY - 1992/07 SP - 224p AB - The report presents the results of a research effort into the design of a shielded superconducting magnet system for a maglev vehicle. The magnet design is based on a novel cryogen-free technology which allows operation without the use of any cryogenic fluids. This is accomplished by the use of a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cryogenic refrigerator to provide cooling of a coil and a single cryostat thermal radiation shield by conduction. The design operating temperature of the magnet is 7.5 K, and that of the shield is 43 K. The magnet is wound with a tape form of niobium tin superconductor which allows operation at a module current density of 8100 A/sq cm at a flux density of 3.4 T at the 7.5 K temperature with a margin of 4.5 K to critical temperature. The magnet design is coupled with a linear synchronous motor and null-flux sidewall levitation system to provide a workable maglev system design. Costs for several components of the design, including coils and cryostat, shielding, and power conditioning apparatus are estimated. U1 - Ninety-Second Round Table on Transport EconomicsEuropean Conference of Ministers of TransportParis, France StartDate:19911205 EndDate:19911206 Sponsors:European Conference of Ministers of Transport KW - Cryogenic materials KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Refrigeration KW - Superconducting magnets KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/389123 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00643973 AU - Cope, D AU - CHAMBERS, P AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - POWER TRANSFER TO HIGH SPEED VEHICLES PY - 1992/07 SP - 77p AB - The final report summarizes work performed in the assessment and analysis of power transfer techniques to high speed vehicles. The objectives of the research were to determine the optimum power transfer technique for two power levels at high speed and to prepare a preliminary design of the optimum power transfer technique. The power levels are 'hotel' power and drive power. The investigation was restricted to power transfer techniques of contact and non-contact types. It is recommended that power be transferred by air-core transformer action between the stationary guideway and the moving vehicle across the full air gap. The direct current power is inverted locally by semiconductor switches operating at 1 kHz. Power factor correction is performed by a capacitor on-board the vehicle. According to a design example, approximately 1 MW can be transferred per coil across the full air gap (100 mm)) per meter of vehicle sidewall. Therefore, 40 MW can be transferred by coils on both sides of a 20 m vehicle. The major advantage of the technique is non-contact high power transfer independent of vehicle speed. The overall economics of the technique are competitive with other systems. Moreover, the concept provides performance no other concept can provide at any price. U1 - Ninety-Second Round Table on Transport EconomicsEuropean Conference of Ministers of TransportParis, France StartDate:19911205 EndDate:19911206 Sponsors:European Conference of Ministers of Transport KW - Analysis KW - Coils (Electromagnetism) KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Electric drives KW - Electric power supply KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Transformers KW - Voltage regulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/389122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628063 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - IMPROVING TRANSPORTATION THROUGH RAILROAD RESEARCH: 1988-1991 PY - 1992/07 SP - 88 p. AB - The Office of Research and Development (R&D) of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) conducts research, development, test, and evaluation projects to directly support the FRA's safety responsibility and to enhance the railroad system as a significant national transportation resource. This report summarizes the FRA's R&D activities conducted from 1988 through 1991. A report published in January 1988 covered the preceding 7 years. This report consists of an introduction, four major sections, and three appendices. Each section describes the R&D activities of one of the FRA's four functional research programs: (1) the Track, Structures, and Train Control Program, including related areas of bridges, switches, signals, and controls; (2) the Equipment Operations and Hazardous Materials Research Program; (3) the High Speed Guided Ground Transportation Safety Program; and (4) the National Maglev Initiative Program. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Buckling KW - Development KW - Equipment KW - Guided vehicles KW - Hazardous materials KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed rail KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Operating strategies KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroad transportation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633868 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ACCIDENT/INCIDENT BULLETIN. NO. 160 CALENDAR YEAR 1991 PY - 1992/07 SP - 130 p. AB - This bulletin summarizes reportable accidents/incidents that occurred in the United States during 1991. The reporting threshold that determines which accidents must be reported is adjusted to reflect the effect of inflation on damage costs. Between 1957 and 1974, any train accident exceeding $750 in damages to railroad on-track equipment, signals, track or track structures, and roadbed had to be reported. Since the reporting threshold remained the same during this period, the rise in damage costs due to inflation contributed to an increasing number of railroad accidents. In 1975, the FRA implemented new rules for reporting railroad accidents. The reporting threshold was raised to $1,750; and the threshold was adjusted every 2 years to reflect inflationary changes. The reporting threshold in 1990 was $5,700. KW - Costs KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Damage costs KW - Loss and damage KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358899 AU - Thompson, R E AU - Zamejc, E R AU - Ahlbeck, D R AU - Battelle Columbus Division AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Hazardous Materials Car Placement In A Train Consist, Volume I: Review and Analysis PY - 1992/06//Final Report SP - 158p AB - In response to major derailments involving hazardous materials cars, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) initiated this review of the consequences of hazardous materials car placement in a train consist. The review and analysis consisted of six task items: (1) review of accident trends and regulations, (2) an analysis of hazardous materials compatibility, (3) railroad operational constraints, (4) a cost/benefit analysis, (5) recommendations, and (6) preparation of a final report. A review of the 1982-1985 Railroad Accident/ Incident Reporting System (RAIRS) data showed the rear quarter to be statistically the "safest" location in a mainline freight train. Analysis confirmed that the longer the train, or the higher the speed, the more cars derailed on the average. Also, the top 101 hazardous commodities (by volume movement) plus fuming nitric acid were analyzed for chemical incompatibility, a total of 5,151 binary combinations. Of these, 1,210 combinations were judged incompatible. Combinations involving nonoxidizing mineral acids (ASTM Chemical Reactivity Group I ), oxidizing mineral acids (Group 2) and caustics (Group 10) dominate the list of incompatible chemicals. Consequence-based and risk-based rankings were established. Calculations established a post-derailment separation distance of 40 meters minimum to prevent mixing of incompatible chemicals. This can be accomplished by a conservative (worst-case) in-train separation by 30 cars for incompatible hazmat cargos, although a 15-car separation may accomplish this for most accident scenarios. It was noted that mixing of hazmat materials was not cited in any NTSB accident report as a specific problem. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Derailments KW - Hazardous materials KW - Length KW - Location KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad safety KW - Railroad vehicle operations KW - Regulations KW - Speed KW - Train consist KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42644/ord9218a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642607 AU - Thompson, R E AU - Zamjecc, E R AU - Ahlbeck, D R AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HAZARDOUS MATYERIALS CAR PLACEMENT IN A TRAIN CONSIST. VOLUME I: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS PY - 1992/06 SP - 157 p. AB - In response to major derailments involving hazardous materials cars, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) initiated the review of the consequences of hazardous materials car placement in a train consist. The review and analysis consisted of six task items: 1) review of accident trends and regulations; 2) an analysis of hazardous materials compatibility; 3) railroad operational constraints; 4) a cost/benefit analysis; 5) recommendations; and, 6) preparation of a final report. A review of the 1982-1985 Railroad Accident/Incident Reporting System (RAIRS) data showed the rear quarter to be statistically the 'safest' location in a mainline freight train. Also, the top 101 hazardous commodities (by volume movement) plus fuming nitric acid were analyzed for chemical incompatibility, a total of 5,151 binary combinations. Consequence-based and risk-based rankings were established. Calculations established a post-derailment separation distance of 40 meters minimum to prevent mixing of incompatible chemicals. It was noted that mixing of hazmat materials was not cited in any NTSB accident report as a specific problem. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Chemical spills KW - Environmental protection KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous materials transportation KW - Operations KW - Pollution abatement KW - Pollution control KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad transportation KW - Regulations KW - Reviews KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Transportation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642605 AU - Florom, R L AU - Rajkumar, B R AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ROLLER BEARING FAILURE MECHANISMS TEST AND WHEEL ANOMALY TEST REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 207 p. AB - A series of roller bearing performance tests were performed by the Association of American Railroads (AAR) as part of a Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Task Order entitled 'Freight Car Equipment Research". The objectives of these tests were to investigate the performance of degraded roller bearings, and to quantify the effects of four common wheel tread anomalies on the dynamic load environment of the roller bearing. Test results support the following conclusions: The grooved axle journal defects tested developed temperature gradients on the bearing cup which may be useful in identifying the defect type: a grooved axle condition developed on one of the test bearings and six other bearings showed evidence of cone slippage on the axle journal: wayside detector alignment and scan location are critical factors in successful detection of an overheated bearing; the peak loads produced by the wheel defects at the speed ranges tested were significantly lower at the bearing adapter than at the rail. The peak loads were also significantly higher than the static loads at the wheel. KW - Defects KW - Freight cars KW - Loads KW - Railroads KW - Roller bearings KW - Rolling stock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627884 AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN THE UNITED STATES: PERFORMANCE AND CONDITION. THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION'S REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS, PURSUANT TO 49 USC 308 PY - 1992/06 SP - 112 p. AB - This report has been prepared to fulfill the statutory requirement as stated in 49 USC 308. It consists of three chapters. Chapter one provides a general overview largely from the perspective of the transit rider, or customer. Chapter two provides data and information to document how the cost of mass transportation has changed since the last Section 308 report was issued. The third chapter addresses an issue that is called out in the legislative mandate: future capital investment needs for mass transportation seen in terms of different projected levels of mass transportation service. KW - Capital investments KW - Level of service KW - Public transit KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Requirements KW - Ridership KW - Specifications KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00644005 AU - Kokkins, S J AU - Samavedam, G AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ADVANCED LOW-COST, HIGH-PERFORMANCE GUIDEWAY CONCEPTS PY - 1992/05/29 SP - 137 p. AB - The report presents the results of a program to develop a high-performance, low-cost guideway configuration to meet the requirements of a United States Maglev system. From the results of previous research in this area, a U-section guideway was chosen for the general configuration. The design options and enhancements developed by Foster-Miller, which include open floor, nonmetallic post-tensioning, and high strength, polypropylene reinforced concrete, further supported this selection. Extensive dynamic analyses were conducted to design and size each of the four candidate configurations. Further analyses evaluated the effects of span length and supporting pylon attachment with respect to both static and dynamic loading. Design and analyses of pylon and footing structures were also conducted. Fabrication and erection procedures were identified. A cost analysis was developed which included all aspects of the guideway structure. The cost analysis and all other design aspects were included in a tradeoff analysis which identified a dual cell, integral sidewall U-section with a partially open floor and alternating continuous span construction as the most favorable concept. KW - Configurations KW - Construction management KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Guideway design KW - Guideways KW - High performance KW - Low cost KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Performance KW - Shape KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00585375 AU - Boon, C J AU - Whitten, B T AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - TILT TRAIN TECHNOLOGY: A STATE OF THE ART SURVEY PY - 1992/05 SP - 50 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Dynamics KW - High speed rail KW - Sweden KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622805 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - TILT TRAIN TECHNOLOGY: A STATE OF THE ART SURVEY. MOVING AMERICA - NEW DIRECTIONS, NEW OPPORTUNITIES PY - 1992/05 SP - 50 p. AB - This report presents an overview of the state-of-the-art in tilt-train technology. It is intended to give the reader a better understanding of the unique features of this approach to train design and the variations that exist. Briefly described is the function of the tilting mechanism and its performance with respect to passenger ride quality, safety and trip times, which are all influential in passenger acceptance and modal choice. KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed rail KW - Railroad transportation KW - Ride quality KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies KW - Technological innovations KW - Tilt trains KW - Tilting KW - Tilting trains KW - Trip tracing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358915 AU - Larson, R K AU - Florom, R L AU - Rajkumar, B R AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Residual Stress Measurements of Retrofitted Tank Car Weldments PY - 1992/04//Final Report SP - 92p AB - A series of residual stress measurements were made on two tank cars that were retrofitted with stiffener beams. The measurements were made on the tank shell exterior in the vicinity of fillet skip welds, which were used to attach the stiffener beams to the tank structure. One of the cars had been newly retrofitted; the second car was operated for five years in revenue service after the retrofit application. The measured stresses on the newly retrofitted car were substantially higher than on the car which had seen service, indicating that some shakedown of the weld stresses may occur during the service life of the car. However, significant tensile stresses (on the order of 30 ksi) were measured in the vicinity of the fillet welds having a throat size greater than .25 inch. It is recommended that the stress measurements be performed on several other tank cars in order to confirm that the stresses that were observed in the two test cars are representative for the fleet of cars that is under study. KW - Fillet welds KW - Measurement KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Residual stress KW - Retrofitting KW - Tank cars KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643985 AU - Luedeke, J F AU - Thompson, R E AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONCEPTS FOR SAFE SPEED ENFORCEMENT PY - 1992/04 SP - 246 p. AB - The final report evaluates the suitability of existing and developmental safe speed enforcement concepts/systems for application to a high-speed maglev control system in the U.S. Requirements, functions and needs are identified and discussed for two major aspects of safe speed enforcement: 1) generation of safe speed commands, and 2) enforcement of safe speed limits as defined by those commands or otherwise imposed upon vehicles. The features, functions and general implementations of selected safe speed concepts utilized in maglev, high-speed rail and conventional rail transit systems, rubber-tired transit systems, and railroad systems are described. Emphasis in the description is given to the general concept used to ensure safe speed and more specific aspects such as vehicle location detection, actual speed detection, safety related communications and implementation/configuration. An assessment is then made as to the suitability of the concepts in meeting the requirements and functions of safe speed enforcement in both long and short stator maglev applications. It is shown that while many of the non-maglev existing safe speed enforcement concepts are not directly applicable as is or with minimal modifications, they do incorporate various aspects and equipment which could fulfill the basic needs of a maglev system relative to safe speed enforcement. KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Passenger transportation KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643986 AU - CARLTON, S AU - WHINNERY, R AU - Martin Marietta Corporation AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MAGLEV GUIDEWAY AND ROUTE INTEGRITY REQUIREMENTS. COMPREHENSIVE REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 67 p. AB - New modes of travel imply new hazards and increased risk from old hazards. Lightweight magnetic levitation (maglev) vehicles, operated at high speed, may be subject to increased collision consequences, compared to conventional rail. This suggests examination of sensor systems and automation. The final report summarizes potential safety risks in proposed high-speed maglev transportation systems, examines the prospect for sensor-based mitigation of these risks, and describes a communications architecture to integrate sensor data for control actions. The identified hazards, and their associated risk assessments, are useful for risk mitigation strategy definition and will support analyses during the early phases of system development. The information provided will also support the development of system safety requirements and performance and design specifications. The report is a summary of three interim reports. KW - Guideway systems KW - Guideways KW - Hazard analysis KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Sensors KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620568 AU - Dorer, R M AU - Markos, S H AU - Wlodyka, R A AU - Lee, H S AU - Coltman, M AU - Hathaway, W T AU - Barrington, A E AU - Brecher, A AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - GERMAN HIGH-SPEED MAGLEV TRAIN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS - POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION IN THE UNITED STATES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/02 SP - 256 p. AB - The safety of various magnetically levitated (maglev) trains under development for possible implementation in the United States is of direct concern to the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). This report is the second in a series of reports addressing the safety of high-speed maglev trains and presents the results of the review to determine the suitability of German safety requirements for application to maglev systems as proposed for U.S. operations. The intent of the review was to compare the German and U.S. safety requirements in order to assist the FRA in determining what regulations and guidelines may be necessary to ensure a high level of safety for U.S. passenger service. The review focuses on the "High-Speed Maglev Trains Safety Requirements; Regelwerk Magnetschnellbahnen -- Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen" (RW MSB), which was developed by a German working group of representatives of the German Federal Railways (DB), the Testing and Planning Company for Maglev Systems (MVP), the Institute for Railway Technology (IFB), and safety experts of TUV Rheinland and TUV Hannover, headed by TUV Rheinland, and sponsored by the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology. The German safety requirements were reviewed in terms of safety related functional areas of the following seven maglev system elements: vehicles; guideway; passenger stations; signal, control, and communications (SCC); plans and procedures; personnel; and operating environment. Potential safety concerns for each of the maglev system functional areas were identified. The German safety requirements and the applicable U.S. safety requirements are described and then compared to determine their applicability to proposed U.S. maglev system operations. Recommendations are also included for FRA consideration. In general, the German effort appears to ensure the same high level of safety for maglev trains that is expected in the United States for similar ground transportation technologies. The challenge lies in transferring the experience of Germany to the U.S. regulatory environment. KW - Communications KW - Control systems KW - Germany KW - Guideways KW - High speed rail KW - Maglev trains KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Operating environment KW - Personnel KW - Planning KW - Rail transit stations KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Signals KW - Technology KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/german-high-speed-maglev-train-safety-requirements-potential-for-application-in-the-united-states-interim-report/oclc/61421860 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620567 AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HIGH-SPEED MAGLEV TRAINS; GERMAN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS. TRANSLATION T2 - REGELWERK MAGNETSCHNELLBAHNEN SICHERHEITSTECHNISCHE ANFORDERUNGEN PY - 1992/01 SP - 282 p. AB - This document is a translation of technology-specific safety requirements developed for the German Transrapid Maglev technology. These requirements were developed by a working group composed of representatives of German Federal Railways (DB), Testing and Planning Company for Maglev Systems (MVP), industry, Institute Railway Technology (IFB), and safety experts of TUV Rheinland and TUV Hannover headed by TUV Rheinland and sponsored by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology. Topic areas covered include: levitation, propulsion, energy and control systems, load assumptions and vehicle and guideway stability, design, production and quality assurance of mechanical structures, switches, lightning protection, electromagnetic compatibility, electrostatic discharge, fire protection and rescue plan. The original document is in German. This unofficial translation has been completed by a contractor for the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Railroad Administration. The edition of this translation is March 1991. The translation has been formatted such that changes to this body of regulations can be changed on a page-for-page basis in either language. KW - Control systems KW - Design KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Electromagnetism KW - Electrostatic discharge KW - Electrostatics KW - Energy KW - Energy technology KW - Fires KW - Germany KW - Guideways KW - High speed rail KW - Lightning KW - Maglev trains KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Protection KW - Quality assurance KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Switches KW - Technology KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00847540 AU - Larson, Robert K AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS, TRANSPORTATION TEST CENTER AND CHICAGO TECHNICAL CENTER UNDER CONTRACT NO. TI - EFFECT OF WORN BRAKE COMPONENTS ON BRAKE FORCES IN A FREIGHT CAR BRAKE RIGGING. PY - 1992 IS - PB94-162849 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/545518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00847554 AU - Larson, Robert K AU - FLOROM, ROBERT L AU - Rajkumar, Britto R AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS, TRANSPORTATION TEST CENTER UNDER CONTRACT NO. TI - FIELD TESTING OF A WAYSIDE WHEEL CRACK DETECTION SYSTEM. PY - 1992 IS - PB94-162823 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Defects KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads KW - Testing KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/545522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00843136 AU - Samavedam, G AU - PURPLE, A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THERMAL EFFECTS AND MITIGATION METHODS FOR CONTINUOUS SHEET GUIDEWAYS. PY - 1992 IS - PB93-141729 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Metals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/544496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00843303 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE SAFETY ENFORCEMENT INITIATIVE.. PY - 1992 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/544591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00838596 AU - CARLTON, S AU - WHINNERY, R AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MAGLEV GUIDEWAY AND ROUTE INTEGRITY REQUIREMENTS. PY - 1992 IS - PB93-154870 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/531757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00840241 AU - THOME, R J AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Department of Transportation TI - APPLICATION OF CABLE-IN-CONDUIT CONDUCTOR (CICC) TO MAGLEV MAGNET SYSTEMS. PY - 1992 IS - PB93-154805 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Electromagnetic devices KW - Energy storage devices KW - Energy storage systems KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Superconducting magnets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00840345 AU - GangaRao, Hota V S AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSMENT OF GUIDEWAY SYSTEMS FOR MAGLEV APPLICATIONS. PY - 1992 IS - PB93-154862 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Composite materials KW - Design KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Materials KW - Nondestructive tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/532410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825572 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HIGHWAY-RAIL CROSSING AND TRESPASSER INITIATIVES: FRA IS WORKING TO IMPROVE CROSSING SAFETY AND PREVENT TRESPASSING.. PY - 1992 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Railroads KW - Safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825573 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION: HOW IT SERVES THE NATION.. PY - 1992 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Railroads KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620635 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Department of Energy TI - NATIONAL MAGLEV INITIATIVE ANNUAL REPORT - NOVEMBER 1991 PY - 1991/11 SP - 52 p. AB - This National Maglev Initiative (NMI) Annual Report summarizes activities carried out since the NMI's inception in the spring of 1990 through October 1991. The NMI is a cooperative effort of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the Department of Energy (DOE), with support from other Federal agencies. This interagency partnership is conducting studies to evaluate the potential for magnetically levitated high-speed ground transportation (maglev) systems in the United States to complement existing transportation systems and help meet transportation demand with an environmentally sound alternative, independent of petroleum-based fuels. A major purpose of these studies is to address the opportunities for the United States to be a supplier of maglev rather than simply a customer of internationally developed maglev systems. Accomplishments to date include an FRA preliminary feasibility assessment report, a USACE implementation report, market and economic studies, the establishment of a Transportation Research Board (TRB) Committee to critique and oversee the NMI research program, the award of 27 contracts for technology assessments, and the negotiation of multiple contract awards for system concept definition analyses, among other things. This Annual Report also describes NMI goals, premises, management, studies and other activities that were underway in FY 1991 and those projected for FY 1992. KW - Economic analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Future KW - Future research KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Implementation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Management KW - Market research KW - National maglev initiative KW - Oversight KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - System definition KW - Technology assessment KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00617963 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY RELEVANT OBSERVATIONS ON THE ICE HIGH SPEED TRAIN PY - 1991/07 SP - 37 p. AB - This report describes the background leading to the development of the Intercity Express (ICE) system, the German high-speed train technology; the potential U.S. applications; and the technology in some detail. This report also reviews Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) regulations that may be applicable to the design of this train relative to any potential U.S. application. KW - Germany KW - High speed rail KW - Intercity transportation KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad transportation KW - Railroads KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00576646 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY RELEVANT OBSERVATIONS OF THE TGV HIGH SPEED TRAIN PY - 1991/07 SP - 38 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - France KW - High speed rail KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/337026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616405 AU - Bang, A J AU - Gray, D AU - Lindsey, M S AU - O'Sullivan, B AU - Walsh, J W AU - Coltman, M R AU - Dorer, R M AU - Hathaway, W T AU - Wlodyka, R A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY RELEVANT OBSERVATIONS ON THE TGV HIGH SPEED TRAIN PY - 1991/07 SP - 46 p. AB - This report describes the background leading up to the development of the train grande vitesse (TGV) system, the French high-speed technology; the technology itself in some detail; and the potential U.S. applications. This document also reviews Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) regulations that may be applicable to the design of this train relative to any potential U.S. application. KW - Brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Control systems KW - France KW - High speed rail KW - Passenger cars KW - Power car, rail KW - Regulations KW - Rolling contact KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle track interaction KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618044 AU - Hazel, M E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - TANK CAR ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/06 SP - 154 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study of accidents involving railroad tank cars. The study is part of an overall effort to provide improved safety of rail transportation at reduced life-cycle costs. A major goal of the study is to provide a technical basis for development of improved safety standards based upon performance of vehicles, components, track construction and maintenance, and vehicle/track interaction. The characteristics of individual tank cars involved and the recorded causes of accidents were examined for the years 1981 through 1985. The severity and frequency of accident involvement were determined and the data were reduced to sets of vehicle, track, and operational factors. Because the annual accident counts were generally too small in any one grouping to draw statistically significant conclusions, the 5-year data were aggregated into one 5-year sample for most of the analyses. Statistically significant correlations in the vehicle/track characteristics affecting large numbers of accidents can be used to establish priorities for future tank car safety research and testing. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Hazardous materials KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - Rolling contact KW - Statistics KW - Tank cars KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle track interaction KW - Vehicles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35000/35036/DOT-VNTSC-FRA-91-03.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42639/ord9105.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619520 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. PRELIMINARY SAFETY REVIEW OF THE TRANSRAPID MAGLEV SYSTEM. MOVING AMERICA: NEW DIRECTIONS, NEW OPPORTUNITIES (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) PY - 1991/04 SP - 39 p. AB - The use of magnetically levitated (maglev) vehicles for high speed guided ground transportation could easily become a reality in this decade. The first such system will likely be the Florida Maglev Demonstration Project in Orlando. A result of this encouraging development is that there exists a need for the assessment of the safety aspects of this new form of guided ground transportation. This requirement is the responsibility of the Federal Railroad Administration which is charged with the safety of maglev systems in the United States in the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 1988. The first in a series of reports that will address high speed maglev transportation safety, the Executive Summary and its companion report illustrate the system safety approach that will be taken as the maglev safety evaluation project develops. This and future studies will focus initially on the German Transrapid electromagnetic (or attractive) technology. Further studies will review maglev safety standards, operations and maintenance guidelines and the certification testing used in Europe. Safety verification test requirements will also be established for new U.S. installations. Before FRA's multiyear safety assurance program is completed, both the electromagnetic (attractive) and electrodynamic (repulsive) maglev technologies will have been covered. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Electromagnetic waves KW - Europe KW - Guided vehicles KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed rail KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Railroads KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633871 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1991/04 SP - 36 p. AB - This Executive Summary of the first interim report, Safety of High Speed Magnetic Levitation Transportation Systems, presents a preliminary safety review of the Transrapid Maglev System intended for use in Orlando, Florida and between Anaheim, California and Las Vegas, Nevada. The study was conducted as a peer review of the work of others to identify safety issues presumed to exist at the time of this review and the hazards which can lead to them. In includes reviews of relevant Federal regulations and industry practices in the U.S. and compares them to proposed foreign standards to be met by the Transrapid system in its application in the Federal Republic of Germany. Current U.S. and proposed foreign standards are compared for similarities, differences, appropriateness, applicability and omissions with respect to the maglev transportation system technologies involved. KW - Advanced concept train KW - Advanced passenger trains KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Florida KW - Germany KW - High speed rail KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Peer groups KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33420/33420.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579395 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL VS. TRUCK FUEL EFFICIENCY: THE RELATIVE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF TRUCK COMPETITIVE RAIL FREIGHT AND TRUCK OPERATIONS COMPARED IN A RA PY - 1991/04 SP - 152 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Energy consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Railroads KW - Shipments KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618794 AU - Abacus Technology Corporation AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL VS. TRUCK FUEL EFFICIENCY: THE RELATIVE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF TRUCK COMPETITIVE RAIL FREIGHT AND TRUCK OPERATIONS COMPARED IN A RANGE OF CORRIDORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 152 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings of a study to evaluate the fuel efficiency of rail freight operations relative to competing truckload service. The objective of the study was to identify the circumstances in which rail freight service offers a fuel efficiency advantage over alternative truckload options, and to estimate the fuel savings associated with using rail service. The findings are based on computer simulations of rail and truck freight movements between the same origins and destinations. The simulation input assumptions and data are based on actual rail and truck operations. Input data were provided by U.S. regional and Class I railroads and by large truck fleet operators. KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Railroads KW - Simulation KW - Ton miles KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00575991 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: PRELIMINARY SAFETY REVIEW OF THE TRANSRAPID MAGLEV SYSTEM PY - 1991/04 SP - 36 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Magnetic levitation vehicles KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00575981 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY RELEVANT OBSERVATIONS ON THE X2000 TILTING TRAIN PY - 1991/03 SP - 21 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - High speed rail KW - Safety KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605495 AU - Kish A AU - Samavedam, G AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DYNAMIC BUCKLING TEST ANALYSES OF A HIGH DEGREE CWR TRACK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 42 p. AB - Thermal buckling of railroad tracks in the lateral plane is an important problem in the design and maintenance of continuous welded rail (CWR) tracks. The work reported here is part of a major investigation carried out by the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center for the Federal Railroad Administration on the thermal buckling of CWR tracks with the objective of developing guidelines and recommendations for buckling prevention. This report presents the results of two major buckling tests conducted on 7.5 degree curved CWR track at the Transportation Test Center, Pueblo, CO. In the first test, thermal buckling was induced in the absence of vehicles to evaluate the static buckling strength of the 7.5 degree curve with 1.5 in. line defect. In the second test, the dynamic buckling behavior of the curve (with typical line defects as in the revenue tracks) under vehicular traffic was studied. The buckling strength of the track under vehicle loads was determined in this test. KW - Buckling KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Curved track KW - High degree curve KW - Lateral stability KW - Railroad tracks KW - Stresses KW - Track stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00826234 AU - BIER, ERIC AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PEACEKEEPER RAIL GARRISON TRIPLET CARS TRACK WORTHINESS TESTS. PY - 1991 IS - PB92-224427 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Guided missiles KW - Military organizations KW - Military transportation KW - Mobile basing KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads KW - Testing KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/516201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358914 AU - Rasmussen, T J AU - Boghani, A B AU - Venart, JES AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Hazardous Material Releases due to Unsecured Openings and Lining Failures, Volume I PY - 1990/12//Final Report SP - 80p AB - In response to the large number of unintentional releases of hazardous materials from railroad tank cars for which accidents were not the cause, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) initiated this study to (1) recommend procedures to ensure that tank car appurtenances are properly maintained and secured, (2) develop and recommend cost effective procedures for monitoring and controlling tank car corrosion, and (3) investigate the issue of excess flow valves on propane cars not operating properly when the valve above it is sheared off. Leaks due to frangible disk failure were not included in the scope of this study. The study included review of all relevant literature, analysis of FRA Hazardous Material Inspector's reports, analysis of the Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) database maintained by the Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), and visits to tank car loading/unloading facilities and repair facilities. In addition, the University of New Brunswick conducted tests of Emergency Shut-off Valve (ESV) equipped propane cars. KW - Corrosion protection KW - Excess flow valves KW - Failure KW - Hazardous materials KW - Linings KW - Maintenance KW - Propane KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Tank cars UR - http://phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/dotpen98.pdf UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/14008 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646987 AU - Dorer, R M AU - Hathaway, W T AU - Weinstock, H AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OBSERVATIONS ON THE X2000 TRAIN AS DEVELOPED FOR THE SWEDISH NATIONAL RAILWAYS PY - 1990/12 SP - 25 p. AB - The safety of high speed rail technology proposed for possible application in the United States is of concern to the Federal Railroad Administration. This report, one in a series of reports planned for high speed rail technologies presents an initial review of one such technology, the Swedish tilting train known as the X2000. This report utilizes material provided by the train developer, Asea Brown Boveri Traction AB (ABB), material gathered from independent sources, a site visit to the X2000 design and production facilities in June 1990, and a ride on the equipment for over 400 km (250 miles) at speeds up to 200 km/hr, also during June of 1990. This report describes the background leading up to the development of the X2000, the potential U.S. applications, and the technology in some detail and finally reviews FRA regulations that may be applicable to the design of this train relative to any potential U.S. application. KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Statens Jarnvagar KW - Tilting trains KW - Transportation safety KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941431 AU - Pollard, J K AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ISSUES IN LOCOMOTIVE CREW MANAGEMENT AND SCHEDULING PY - 1990/11 SP - v.p. AB - This study explores matters related to the scheduling and management of locomotive crews, particularly as they might contribute to fatigue and stress. It describes how crews are scheduled currently, why there is so much unpredictability in schedules, how various aspects of current practices contribute to fatigue and stress, and what options exist to improve matters. It is based mostly on interviews with operating managers, dispatchers and crew callers on various railroads, discussions with union officials and focus-group sessions with working engineers. The mechanics of scheduling trains and crews on each of seven roads are discussed along with the timing of scheduling decisions, current problems and planned improvements in communications and control. Among the causes of fatigue identified by engineers who participated in the focus groups are: uncertainty as to the time one's next job will be called, excessive working hours, long commutes and waiting times, the poor condition of some locomotives and other equipment, unsatisfactory conditions for sleeping at some terminals, poor distribution of workload among the crew, interpersonal conflicts with dispatchers and crew callers, and deliberate choices by crewmen to do something other than resting during the day even when they knew they might be called for work that night. Possible corrective measures suggested are: a minimum of eight hours notice before reporting for work, greater predictability in scheduling, and division of the pools according to the period of the day when they were susceptible to calls. Plans for implementing some of these measures are discussed. KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Focus groups KW - Hours of labor KW - Interviewing KW - Locomotive engineers KW - Management KW - Scheduling KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Train crews KW - Working conditions KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33417/33417.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33417/33417.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/644096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603206 AU - Dorer, R M AU - Hathaway, W T AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: PRELIMINARY SAFETY REVIEW OF THE TRANSRAPID MAGLEV SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 200 p. AB - The safety of various magnetically levitated trains under development for possible implementation in the United States is of direct concern to the Federal Railroad Administration. This report, one in a series of planned reports on maglev safety, addresses safety issues related to a specific maglev technology, Transrapid. The Transrapid maglev system has been under development by the German Government over the last 10 to 15 years and has evolved into the current system with the TR-07 vehicle. A technically based safety review has been under way over the last year by the U.S. Department of Transportation. This interim report presents the initial results of this review to identify and assess potential maglev safety issues. Section 1 provides a history of the project and explains the need for Federal involvement. Section 2 describes the safety evaluation approach applied to the review of the Transrapid system. Section 3 describes the current Transrapid technology in some detail. Section 4 lists the potential maglev safety issues identified to date. Section 5 reviews the risk assessment of the identified safety issues. Section 6 proposes resolution options for the identified hazards, including a list of areas where modified or new Federal regulations need to be developed. Section 7 presents the conclusions of this review and provides recommendations on potential rule-making actions. KW - Hazards KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Technology KW - Transrapid maglev system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610600 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAILROAD PASSENGER CAR WASTE RETENTION SYSTEMS: A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1990/08 SP - 51 p. AB - Amtrak presently is permitted to dump untreated waste from passenger train toilets and washing facilities directly onto the track. Older cars (predating Amtarak's formation in 1970) have no capability to retain waste. Recently constructed cars are fitted with either full-retention, or short-term retention systems which dump waste on the track at speeds over 25 mph. This practice is being questioned by several state and local governments, and legislation is being introduced in Congress that would require Amtrak to fit full-waste-retention systems to all cars. As part of this process, Congress has requested that a study be made to identify and evaluate dispoosl technologies suitable for application in future Amtrak passenger cars. The report summarizes the results of the study. KW - Railroad transportation KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601319 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FLORIDA'S TRAIN WHISTLE BAN PY - 1990/07 SP - 28 p. AB - Train whistles make a difference in highway-rail crossing safety. This report reviews and analyzes the Florida East Coast Railway Company's (FEC) experience in the 65 months since the first nighttime whistle ban ordinance went into effect along its operating corridor in 1984. The whistle bans, imposed by individual counties and cities, impact only those crossings equipped with gates, flashing lights, bells and special advance warning signs and are effective only between the hours of 10 P.M. and 6 A.M. The advance warning signs read: "NO, TRAIN HORN, 10PM 6AM". Since the whistle bans have been imposed, the FEC's nighttime accident experience at 511 impacted crossings has tripled. At 89 similar crossings where the bans have not been imposed, nighttime accident experience in the last five years has increased 23%. The combined daytime and nighttime accident experience at FEC's impacted crossings has increased 75%, while going down 17% at the non-impacted crossings. CSX Transportation is not required to comply with the whistle ban ordinances. At similarly equipped CSX crossings in the six counties in which both CSX and FEC operate, the number of accidents has declined 36%. Neither of these "control groups" shared, or offered any explanation for, the compounding of FEC's nighttime accidents at whistle ban impacted crossings. KW - Crash rates KW - Days KW - Florida KW - Horns KW - Impacts KW - Local government KW - Night KW - Ordinances KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605417 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MOVING AMERICA; NEW DIRECTIONS, NEW OPPORTUNITIES: ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES. REPORT SUPPLEMENT PY - 1990/06 SP - 143 p. AB - The Supplement of the report to Congress includes a more detailed discussion of technological, economic and legal issues involved in advancing a U.S. maglev system. A glossary of terms and a bibliography are included at the end of this Supplement. KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Leadership KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Preliminary investigations KW - Technical analysis KW - Technology assessment KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605413 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MOVING AMERICA; NEW DIRECTIONS, NEW OPPORTUNITIES: ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1990/06 SP - 34 p. AB - This report is divided into the following sections: Introduction and background; Current state of maglev technology; Preliminary analysis of the technical feasibility of maglev systems; Preliminary analysis of the economic feasibility of maglev systems; Measures to promote U.S. leadership in maglev development. The Report Supplement presents a more detailed exposition of these issues. KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Leadership KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Preliminary investigations KW - Technical analysis KW - Technology assessment KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600959 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE ON MAGLEV PY - 1990/06 SP - 27 p. AB - Most of the recent discussion and proposed legislation concerning Maglev assumes that U.S. industry has a strong interest in Maglev and will be willling to take a proactive, costsharing role in the development of Maglev systems. As part of the preliminary feasibility studies on Maglev, the Federal Railroad Administration obtained the perceptions of several major U.S. corporations and identified their interest in a Maglev program, their willingness to participate, and any potential barriers to their participation. The industry perspectives were obtained through an independent and unbiased external study that included in-depth interviews with senior executives from 22 major U.S. corporations. The study, conducted during April and May 1990, was primarily directed at the development and implementation of a next-generation 'leapfrog' Maglev system in the U.S. It was not aimed at assessing the interests of individual entrepreneurs in implementing existing German (or Japanese) systems. KW - Development KW - Electromagnetism KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Magnetic guidance KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Position fixing KW - Private enterprise KW - Railroad transportation KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497184 AU - Jeong, D Y AU - SIH, G C AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ELBER'S CRACK CLOSURE MODEL AS AN EXPLANATION OF TRAIN LOAD SEQUENCE EFFECTS ON CRACK GROWTH RATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 27 p. AB - Elber's crack closure model is studied in relation to the results of laboratory spectrum crack growth tests on compact tension specimens (CTS) fabricated from rail effected by mean of an analysis of a center cracked panel (CCP) subjected to an equivalent stress spectrum. (The model cannot be directly applied to the CTS because it is numerically unstable when supplied with finite element approximations for the elastic displacement field at the plastic zone boundary.) The trends of the model predictions and test results agree as to the effect of changing cycle order in the spectrum, but the actual effect on crack growth life in the laboratory tests is found to be much stronger than the effect predicted by Elber's model. KW - Crack closure KW - Crack growth KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rates KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497137 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1990/06 SP - v.p. AB - The Fiscal Year 1989 Appropriations Committee Conference Report (100-957) directed the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to undertake an analysis of the feasibility of magnetic levitation, or maglev, transportation systems in the United States. This report addresses in detail the questions posed by the Congress and is divided into the following sections: Introduction and Background; Current state of maglev technology; Preliminary analysis of the technical feasibility of maglev systems; Preliminary analysis of the economic feasibility of maglev systems; and Measures to promote U.S. leadership in maglev development. KW - Assessments KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Technology KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497185 AU - Orringer, O AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CONTROL OF RAIL INTEGRITY BY SELF-ADAPTIVE SCHEDULING OF RAIL TESTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 96 p. AB - A guide for the scheduling of in-service tests of rail to detect defects is presented. The guide is designed for self-adaptation to changing track conditions, as reflected by the total rate of defect occurrence per test, the rate of "service" defect occurrences (i.e., defects found by means other than scheduled tests), and the tonnage of traffic carried between tests. The relation of numbers in the guide to the results of earlier studies is summarized. Conventions for using the guide are explained. Example applications based on both simulated and actual track conditions are presented. Several suggestions are offered for development of a performance specification based on the guide. KW - Crack growth KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail integrity KW - Scheduling KW - Testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35200/35241/DOT-VNTSCFRA-90-02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497138 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1990/06 SP - v.p. AB - The Supplement of this report to Congress includes a more detailed discussion of technological, economic and legal issues involved in advancing a U.S. maglev system. Chapter I describes generic maglev concepts, the history of U.S., German, Japanese, and other maglev development as well as future plans and potential applications. Chapter II describes the current state of maglev technological development, based on available information on the German attractive electro-magnetic system (EMS) suspension, the Japan Railways repulsive superconducting electro-dynamic system (EDS) suspension, the Japanese High Speed Surface Transportation (HSST) EMS maglev system, the U.S.-designed Magneplane system (EDS), and other design concepts. Chapter III assesses the technical feasibility of maglev in the United States and discusses the potential for a U.S. role in advancing development of maglev technology, particularly in the areas of guideway technology and vehicle and levitation/propulsion system design. Chapter IV forecasts net revenues and capital cost coverage based on ridership and revenue forecasts from projections of fares, travelers and trip times for maglev and competing modes, and estimates of fixed facility and vehicle costs. Chapter V reviews ways to assist U.S. industry efforts to assume a leadership role in maglev, including funding for research and development, incentives and disincentives to private investors, new financing options that may be attractive to pursue, and legal and institutional issues involved in construction and operation of maglev systems. This chapter incorporates input from FRA's extensive discussions with senior executives of firms that can be expected to participate in a maglev development program. A glossary of terms and a bibliography are included. KW - Assessments KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Development KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Electromagnetism KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Financing KW - High speed ground transportation KW - Legal factors KW - Magnetic levitation KW - Private enterprise KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Superconductivity KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496696 AU - SMITH, D S AU - Manalytics, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Maritime Administration TI - DOUBLE STACK CONTAINER SYSTEMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. RAILROADS AND PORTS. BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1990/06 SP - 46 p. AB - This study assesses the potential for domestic double-stack container transportation and the implications of expanded double-stack systems for railroads, ports, and ocean carriers. The study suggests that double-stack service can be fully competitive with trucks in dense traffic corridors of 725 miles or more. There are opportunities to substantially increase double-stack service in existing corridors and to introduce double-stack service in secondary corridors, in outlying areas near major hubs, and for refrigerated commodities. To meet the challenge of providing and marketing a reliable, high quality, door-to-door service, railroads may have to take unaccustomed steps into marketing and customer service, or become strictly line-haul carriers. Ports must accommodate international double-stack growth, but they will be only indirectly affected by domestic containerization. Intermodal affiliates of ocean carriers will retain their leadership role in domestic containerization, while the ocean carriers themselves concentrate on international movements and markets. KW - Bibliographies KW - Containers KW - Customer service KW - Double stack container cars KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International transportation KW - Marketing KW - Ocean carriers KW - Ocean shipping KW - Ports KW - Railroads KW - Ship lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496694 AU - SMITH, D S AU - Manalytics, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Maritime Administration TI - DOUBLE STACK CONTAINER SYSTEMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. RAILROADS AND PORTS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/06 SP - 48 p. AB - This study assesses the potential for domestic double-stack container transportation and the implications of expanded double-stack systems for railroads, ports, and ocean carriers. The study suggests that double-stack service can be fully competitive with trucks in dense traffic corridors of 725 miles or more. There are opportunities to substantially increase double-stack service in existing corridors and to introduce double-stack service in secondary corridors, in outlying areas near major hubs, and for refrigerated commodities. To meet the challenge of providing and marketing a reliable, high quality, door-to-door service, railroads may have to take unaccustomed steps into marketing and customer service, or become strictly line-haul carriers. Ports must accommodate international double-stack growth, but they will be only indirectly affected by domestic containerization. Intermodal affiliates of ocean carriers will retain their leadership role in domestic containerization, while the ocean carriers themselves concentrate on international movements and markets. KW - Containers KW - Customer service KW - Double stack container cars KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International transportation KW - Marketing KW - Ocean carriers KW - Ocean shipping KW - Ports KW - Railroads KW - Ship lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496695 AU - SMITH, D S AU - Manalytics, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Maritime Administration TI - DOUBLE STACK CONTAINER SYSTEMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. RAILROADS AND PORTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 357 p. AB - This study assesses the potential for domestic double-stack container transportation and the implications of expanded double-stack systems for railroads, ports, and ocean carriers. The study suggests that double-stack service can be fully competitive with trucks in dense traffic corridors of 725 miles or more. There are opportunities to substantially increase double-stack service in existing corridors and to introduce double-stack service in secondary corridors, in outlying areas near major hubs, and for refrigerated commodities. To meet the challenge of providing and marketing a reliable, high quality, door-to-door service, railroads may have to take unaccustomed steps into marketing and customer service, or become strictly line-haul carriers. Ports must accommodate international double-stack growth, but they will be only indirectly affected by domestic containerization. Intermodal affiliates of ocean carriers will retain their leadership role in domestic containerization, while the ocean carriers themselves concentrate on international movements and markets. KW - Containers KW - Customer service KW - Double stack container cars KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International transportation KW - Marketing KW - Ocean carriers KW - Ocean shipping KW - Ports KW - Railroads KW - Ship lines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600455 AU - Longenbaugh, R S AU - Sanchez, L C AU - Mahoney, A R AU - Sandia National Laboratories AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THERMAL RESPONSE OF A SMALL SCALE CASK-LIKE TEST ARTICLE TO THREE DIFFERENT HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 139 p. AB - The report describes the test series conducted to assess the thermal response of a small scale, cask-like test article to three different thermal environments: an 800 deg C, 30-min radiant heat environment; an 870 deg C, 100-min radiant heat environment; and an enclosed engulfing fire environment of approximately 100-min duration. Results indicated that the average total heat input to a cask-like test article was 140 MJ/sq m for an 870 deg C, 100-min radiant heat environment; 88 MJ/sq m for an 800 deg C, 30-min radiant heat environment; and 125 MJ/sq m for enclosed engulfing fire for an approximate 100-min duration. Results are specific to the test article geometry that was tested and are not applicable to real shipping cask geometries. KW - Containers KW - Fires KW - Flammability KW - High temperature KW - Radioactive wastes KW - Railroad transportation KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600457 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CARLOAD WAYBILL STATISTICS, 1988: TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION, TRAFFIC AND REVENUE BY COMMODITY CLASSES PY - 1990/02 SP - 297 p. AB - The publication is a compilation of statistics for 1988 on rail carload traffic derived from the 1988 Carload Waybill Sample. All commodities hauled by rail are included with a special section on hazardous materials. Geographic coverage is limited to five broad areas or territories in the U.S. and one territory comprising all of the Dominion of Canada. Statistics are presented on carloads, tons, revenues, ton-miles, car-miles and various ratios. KW - Commodities KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Railroad transportation KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Tonnage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497075 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CARLOAD WAYBILL STATISTICS, 1988: TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION, TRAFFIC AND REVENUE BY COMMODITY CLASSES PY - 1990/02 SP - 297 p. AB - The publication is a compilation of statistics for 1988 on rail carload traffic derived from the 1988 Carload Waybill Sample. All commodities hauled by rail are included with a special section on hazardous materials. Geographic coverage is limited to five broad areas or territories in the US and one territory comprising all of the Dominion of Canada. Statistics are presented on carloads, tons, revenues, ton-miles, car-miles and various ratios. KW - Air transportation KW - Canada KW - Commodities KW - Commodity statistics KW - Hazardous materials KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad transportation KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00559149 AU - Kish A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF PHASE III DYNAMIC BUCKLING TESTS PY - 1990/02 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alignment KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493605 AU - Kish A AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ANALYSES OF PHASE III DYNAMIC BUCKLING TESTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 90 p. AB - Thermal buckling of railroad tracks in the lateral plane is an important problem in the design and maintenance of continuous welded rail (CWR) tracks. The problem is manifested through derailments which are attributable to track buckling, indicating a need for developing better control on the allowable safe temperature increase for CWR tracks. The work reported here is a part of a major investigation conducted by the Transportation Systems Center for the Federal Railroad Administration on the thermal buckling of CWR tracks in the lateral plane with the objective of developing guidelines and recommendations for buckling prevention. This report presents the results of Phase III dynamic buckling tests on tangent and curved tracks conducted in 1986 with the main objective of validating the safety limits under current development. The tracks were subjected to vehicular traffic at maximum permissible speeds with the rails artificially heated to the theoretical maximum allowable temperature. Test data on rail forces, lateral and longitudinal displacements, and L/V ratios were collected. The test results are compared with the theoretical predictions and conclusions of practical interest are presented. KW - Buckling KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Derailments KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic tests KW - Horizontal displacement KW - Lateral stability KW - Prevention KW - Railroad tracks KW - Safety KW - Temperature KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304702 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762169 AU - Brave, G H AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL PILOT RAIL GRINDING TEST PY - 1990 SP - 9p AB - Tests on North American railroad systems have shown that benefits can be gained by scheduling periodic rail grinding programs. These benefits include a reduction in the occurrence of internal rail defects and rail surface contact fatigue defects, such as gage corner spalling and head checking. A pilot grinding test was performed to serve as a guide to prepare future grinding experiments. Four different rail profiles were tested in a 6-degree curve and were exposed to 145 MGT of lubricated heavy axle load traffic. The conditioned rail, with 15 MGT of dry operation, did not form shells or detail fracture defects whereas the rails with asymmetrical and ground worn profiles did. There is, however, a possibility that rail cleanliness may have been a variable that confounded the experimental results. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Defects KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance management KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail grinding KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499938 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762180 AU - Hargrove, M AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ECONOMICS OF HEAVY AXLE LOADS PY - 1990 SP - 7p AB - This paper takes the findings to date on the relative deterioration rates of major track components and car wheels during the FAST/HAL tests along with data from a variety of sources and attempts to place these findings into an economic framework. These results must be recognized as preliminary and incomplete, but several critical issues are illustrated in these analyses. It appears that under favorable conditions there is sufficient net benefits to warrant detailed evaluations of heavier axle loads for specific services. The choice of equipment will be dependent on factors such as the car designs, and commercial factors. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Economic analysis KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Railroad tracks KW - Track components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499949 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762172 AU - READ, D M AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL CONCRETE TIE AND FASTENER EXPERIMENT PY - 1990 SP - 10p AB - Six different designs of concrete ties were installed and subjected to 39 kip wheel loads. Dynamic strain measurements on one tie design showed tensile strains between the two rail seats to be nearly identical for 33- and 39 kip axle load cars. The only significant increase (13%) in strains occurred at the tie center for the highest 10% of strains in the distribution. Localized cracking was observed on 2.6% of the ties in the test zone. No tie failures were experienced, and fastener maintenance was minimal. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete ties KW - Cracking KW - Dynamic tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance management KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Strain measurement KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499941 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762173 AU - Trevizo, M C AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL BALLAST EXPERIMENT PY - 1990 SP - 10p AB - To determine if particular ballast materials are capable of supporting traffic in a heavy axle load environment, a ballast experiment was conducted under heavy axle load traffic. Four ballast materials were tested, the quality ranging from good to marginal. The ballast materials tested were granite, traprock, limestone, and dolomite. Measurements were taken to monitor track geometry retention and ballast degradation at selected MGT cycles for each test ballast. During the first 160 MGT of traffic, all four ballast materials were able to withstand the heavy axle load traffic but two ballast materials required an out-of-face surfacing due to loss of cross level. The dolomite ballast was surfaced after 40 MGT of traffic. Even though all four ballasts completed the test, the marginal materials have required more spot tamping where rail anomalies were present. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Degradation (Hydrology) KW - Dolomite KW - Granite KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Limestone KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Tamping KW - Trap rock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499942 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762176 AU - Hannafious, J AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL FROG PERFORMANCE TEST PY - 1990 SP - 9p AB - Five different frogs were installed in tangent track of the HTL and were subjected to 53 MGT of heavy axle load traffic. Preliminary results suggest that slight differences in geometric design can affect the early performance of frogs. The control for this test, a standard AREA frog, has been unable to withstand the 39-ton axle loads, while premium frogs have developed only minor problems. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Frogs (Railroads) KW - Geometric design KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Turnouts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499945 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762165 AU - READ, D M AU - Otter, D E AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL TRACK LOADS EVALUATION PY - 1990 SP - 6p AB - The Track Loads Evaluation was conducted to quantify vertical and lateral forces at FAST under 33- and 39-ton axle load cars. A train of 14 each of 33- and 39-ton axle load cars was operated at 42 mph and vertical and lateral rail forces were measured at two separate locations in 5-degree curves using instrumented rails. Vertical rail forces beneath the 39-ton axle load cars were found to be 25% to 35% higher than those beneath the 33-ton axle load cars. Lead-axle lateral rail forces were from 13% to 28% higher under the 39-ton axle load cars. However, there were no significant differences in L/V ratios. (33-ton=66,000 lb; 39 ton=69,000 lb; 42 mph=67 kmh) U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Dynamic loads KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Railroad tracks KW - Static loads KW - Steering KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499934 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762167 AU - Hannafious, J AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL RAIL PERFORMANCE TEST PY - 1990 SP - 14p AB - As part of the Heavy Axle Load Program, the rail performance experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing axle loads on rail wear and fatigue development. Data accumulated under 33- and 39-ton axle load vehicles was compared for various types of rail metallurgies. Results indicated increased wear rates and fatigue initiation under 39-ton axle loads. (33 ton=66,000 lb, 39 ton=69,000 lb) U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Fatigue tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Metallurgy KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499936 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762168 AU - Brave, G H AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL RAIL WELD PERFORMANCE PY - 1990 SP - 11p AB - Flash butt welds and alumothermic thermite welds were exposed to 150 MGT of 39-ton (69,000 lb) axle load service during testing at the Facility for Accelerated Testing Transportation Test Center, Pueblo, Colorado. Flash butt welds developed horizontal split web whereas thermite welds experienced a multitude of defects ranging from shrinkage porosity, which led to horizontal split webs failures and subsurface shelling of the head leading to rapid deterioration of the gage side of the rail head. The development of post weld heat treatment methods for thermite welds and an improved weld mold design has been initiated as a result of these tests. Furthermore, flash butt weld plants are contemplating different methods of producing a higher quality finish on webs to prevent cracks from initiating. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Butt welds KW - Defects KW - Deterioration KW - Electric arc welding KW - Failure analysis KW - Fatigue tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Porosity KW - Rail (Railroads) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499937 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762170 AU - Steele, R K AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - OVERVIEW OF THE FAST/HAL RAIL PERFORMANCE TESTS PY - 1990 SP - 28p AB - Evaluation of wear data suggests that position-in-curve effects have occurred. The most reliable data shows no increase in gage face wear rate occurs in head hardened rail when the wheel load is increased from 33 kips to 39 kips under dry conditions. But under contaminated conditions, the gage wear rate increases by up to 40% for the same premium metallurgies. The effect of wheel load on defect occurrence rate is not clear cut on a rail-to-rail basis. But for specific rails subjected to both wheel loads, the increase in the defect rate is dependent on hardness being least for the premium metallurgies. The asymmetric ground profile has again yielded bi-planar shells which were quick to turn to detail fractures. That profile was also associated with lubricated gage face wear rates many times greater than those associated with more conformal profiles although they were still about 1/3 of the rates occurring under dry conditions. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Defects KW - Fracture tests KW - Hardness tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Metallurgy KW - Performance tests KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Track components KW - Wear KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499939 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762177 AU - UTRATA, D AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FLAW DEPTH DETERMINATION IN RAILWAY FROGS VIA STEREO-RADIOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1990 SP - 4p AB - This paper will document the use of stereoradiography in an initial feasibility study for frog examination. Given that increasing demands would be placed on all track components with the use of higher axle loads, it follows that inspection techniques would need to be more reliable, as well as provide additional information about the component being inspected. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flaw detection KW - Frogs (Railroads) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Railroad tracks KW - Stereographic projection KW - Track components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499946 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762179 AU - Van Der Meulen, R D AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRAIN DESIGN, TRAIN HANDLING, AND LONGITUDINAL TRACK LOADING PY - 1990 SP - 10p AB - This paper discusses the advanced train handling techniques developed for the 200 car, 20800 ton (41.6 mil lb) trains in the South African Railways. Originally intended to save energy and reduce train action forces, significant implications for track design and maintenance cost structures were discovered. Rolling resistance and net elevation change define the minimum energy required to move a train. Any superfluous energy is dissipated in accelerated wheel and rail wear plus track damage due to longitudinal track movement. Longitudinally applied locomotive/track forces are related to permissible coupler forces. Locomotive consist size is therefore a significant determinant of such forces. Advanced driving techniques contribute further to realization of coupler strength potential, because dynamic train action is reduced and permissable quasi-static coupler forces are higher. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Cost control KW - Couplers KW - Design KW - Dynamic loads KW - Energy conservation KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Locomotives by motive power KW - Longitudinal waves KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rolling resistance KW - Train track dynamics KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499948 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762166 AU - Florom, R L AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL MECHANICAL COMPONENT PERFORMANCE TEST PY - 1990 SP - 10p AB - As part of the Heavy Axle Load program, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of heavier axle loads on wheel performance. Comparative wear performance data for 33- and 39-ton axle load vehicles were generated by the experiment. Results obtained in the experiment indicate that on a car mileage basis there is no statistically significant difference in wheel flange and rim wear for the 33- and 39-ton axle load cars. (33 ton=66,000 lb; 39 ton=69,000 lb) U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanical tests KW - Performance tests KW - Wear KW - Wheel loads KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499935 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762181 AU - Mitchell, R AU - Dudek, J AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH HEAVY AXLE LOADS ON THE MT. NEWMAN MINING RAILROAD PY - 1990 SP - 31p AB - Increased axle loads can result in significant improvements in efficiency in almost all parameters. The Mt. Newman Mining Co Pty Limited (MNM) railroad operation commenced with a flourish and the costs associated with high axle loads were realized as the system began to "self-destruct" on a scale that had not been seen before. Over the past decade the position has reversed as many of the initial problems were overcome, and the ability to manage these high axle loads was gained. The railroad is now believed to be one of the most efficient in the world. This paper seeks to outline the thrust and environment prevailing that were crucial to the success, and moreover, have led to the decision to pursue further increase in efficiency including axle load increase. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Cost control KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Operations KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499950 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762174 AU - Trevizo, M C AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL SUBGRADE EXPERIMENT PY - 1990 SP - 6p AB - The subgrade experiment was conducted to determine if the increase in axle load from 33-ton to 39-ton produced a significant increase in subgrade stresses. Also if a significant increase was apparent, was the increase proportional to the increase in applied load? A consist was operated at three different MGT cycles. Pressure cells, extensometers, and instrumented tie plates were used to collect the data on a tangent section of the HTL track. The results showed a significant increase in subgrade stresses with the 39-ton cars. The increase varied with the track vertical support conditions. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Pressure KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Stress ratio KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499943 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762175 AU - READ, D M AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL PERFORMANCE EXPERIMENT PY - 1990 SP - 11p AB - Turnouts on the HTL were monitored for component failures and maintenance demand during 160 MGT of heavy axle load operation. At 100 MGT a no. 20 turnout of premium components was installed replacing the existing standard component turnout. Seventy seven percent less maintenance was recorded at the premium turnout after 60 MGT of traffic than was recorded on the standard turnout. Component failures further point out the importance of using premium materials to extend turnout component life. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Components KW - Frogs (Railroads) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - Performance tests KW - Turnouts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499944 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762171 AU - READ, D M AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FAST/HAL WOOD TIE AND FASTENER EXPERIMENT PY - 1990 SP - 16p AB - Wood ties and fastening systems were installed in two 5-degree curves and in a 6-degree curve and were subjected to 160 MGT of heavy axle load traffic. Comparison of static force and displacement data collected under similar conditions indicates that rail base displacement and rotation values measured during the program are greater than values measured during the 33 kip program. Other results show rail fastened with cut spikes will displace laterally twice as much as rail fastened with elastic fasteners at L/V ratios around 0.5. Fastener failures and maintenance demand were minimal and limited to one fastener type. Tie plate cutting is limited to the field side of the low rail on the 6-degree curve. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Deterioration KW - Dynamic loads KW - Fasteners KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Lateral placement KW - Maintenance KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rotation KW - Static loads KW - Wood ties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499940 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762178 AU - Reiff, R P AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SUMMARY OF FIRST 160 MGT OF THE FAST/HAL PROGRAM PY - 1990 SP - 6p AB - The papers presented in the conference proceedings address the FAST/HAL program's objective of determining the engineering impact on track and mechanical components when subjected to a controlled increase in applied axle loading. The major thrust of the program has been to document the effect of track component wear and track maintenance requirements with increased axle load. As was expected, overall maintenance demand increased. Additionally, the review of the results indicates that some areas in the mechanical equipment side need additional investigation, along with long term research and development. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance KW - Performance tests KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad tracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499947 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762160 AU - Fendrich, L AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - UIC/ORE EXPERIENCE IN MEASURING AND ASSESSING TRACK FATIGUE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF INCREASING AXLE LOADS PY - 1990 SP - 25p AB - This paper summarizes the experience of several European railroads concerning the interaction of vehicle and track parameters and component wear and ride quality. The importance of proper wheel and rail profiles, modern running gear, good track geometry, and direct measurement of the wheel/rail interaction are stressed as prerequisites for implementation of increase in axle load and speed. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Fatigue tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad tracks KW - Ride quality KW - Speed KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499929 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762164 AU - Kalay, S AU - Singh, S AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PERTURBED TRACK TESTING OF 125-TON CARS PY - 1990 SP - 13p AB - This paper presents the results of a series of dynamic performance tests conducted at the Transportation Test Center in Pueblo, Colorado, to quantify the loading environment and response of typical track under heavy axle loads. On non-perturbed track and outside critical speed ranges for perturbed track, dynamic load increases were generally proportional to static load increases. The measured maximum rail loads ranged from 55 kips to 190 kips, when running over specially perturbed track sections. The results suggest that vehicle suspension characteristics of heavier cars will have a major effect on the performance and life of the track structure. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Dynamic tests KW - Load limits KW - Performance tests KW - Perturbation theory KW - Railroad tracks KW - Static and dynamic tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499933 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762161 AU - Reinschmidt, A J AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - AAR PERSPECTIVE ON HEAVY AXLE LOAD TESTING PY - 1990 SP - 2p AB - In the highly competitive transportation market in North America, economic viability and survival is directly linked to productivity improvements. Increasing axle loads was the approach utilized to increase productivity by the North American railroad industry in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1985, AAR was asked to conduct a study of the industry's experience using the 39-ton (66,000 lb) axle load cars. This paper discusses the results of that test program. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Capacity restraint KW - Cost control KW - Freight cars KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499930 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762163 AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - 1990 HEAVY HAUL WORKSHOP AND FAST/HAL PROGRAM DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS PY - 1990 SP - 10p AB - This paper describes the experiments that have been implemented to meet the objective of the HAL (heavy axle load) program. The following experiments are briefly described in this paper; later papers provide more detailed information of each experiment: rail performance; tie and fastener performance; turnouts and frogs; track irregularity; ballast resistance; comprehensive ballast test; subgrade test; mechanical components performance; and, train operation. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue tests KW - Frogs (Railroads) KW - Mechanical tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Railroad ties KW - Railroad tracks KW - Train operation KW - Turnouts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499932 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762158 AU - SHENTON, M J AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - TRACK MAINTENANCE PLANNING AND THE ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECT OF INCREASED AXLE LOADS PY - 1990 SP - 5p AB - In order to run a competitive economic railway there is the need to develop the facilities to plan maintenance and renewal efficiently. There is also the need to be able to evaluate the consequences of new traffic policies in advance so that the right decisions can be made. This paper describes the work of the ORE D161 committee which followed earlier work done by Committees D117 and D141. The work was aimed at the general case of determining the factors influencing damage to the track and hence the total life cost of the track, and in particular, determining what effects an increase in the axle load from 20 ton (40,044 lb) to 22.5 tons (44,990 lb) would have upon the European railway networks. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Deterioration KW - Europe KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499927 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762159 AU - Vial, A AU - Cervil, G AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RECOMMENDED TRACK STANDARD AT EUROPEAN LEVEL FOR TRAFFIC WITH 22.5 T PER AXLE AND WITH A SPEED OF 100 AND 120 KM/H PY - 1990 SP - 7p AB - The raising of the weight per axle to 22.5 tons (44,990 lb) on the European railway networks, combined with the increase in speed of freight trains, is one of the essential targets in the International Union of Railways Action Program. In order to enable the railways to adhere to this policy of improvement in railway competitiveness, recommendations have been formulated with a view to defining track standards suitable for the running of freight trains with 22.5 tons per axle at 100 and 120 km/h (62 and 75 mi/h), and compatible with high speed passenger traffic. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Europe KW - Freight trains KW - Heavy vehicles KW - High speed vehicles KW - Passenger trains KW - Railroad tracks KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499928 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00762162 AU - Reiff, R P AU - Association of American Railroads AU - International Heavy Haul Association AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - INTRODUCTION TO THE FAST/HAL PROGRAM PY - 1990 SP - 14p AB - The intent of this conference is to provide participants with an overall background to the FAST Facility for Accelerated Service Testing) program and, specifically, a detailed review of results from the last four years of testing. During this period, a controlled set of experiments has been conducted to determine the engineering impact to track and mechanical components when subjected to a controlled increase in applied axle loading. Data from these trials is being made available to the industry to provide component performance information as an aid in determining the most safe, reliable, and efficient method of operating a railroad system. U1 - Workshop on Heavy Axle Loads. ProceedingsAssociation of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test CenterPueblo, Colorado StartDate:19901014 EndDate:19901017 Sponsors:Association of American Railroads, International Heavy Haul Association, Federal Railroad Administration, Transportation Test Center KW - Axle loads KW - Fatigue tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - High speed rail KW - Load tests KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Testing KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/499931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00826209 AU - Kesler, Kevin AU - TINTO, CHRIS AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - TINTO, CHRIS. TI - PERFORMANCE OF DEGRADED ROLLER BEARINGS PY - 1990 IS - PB92-129428 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Lubrication KW - Railroad cars KW - Testing KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/516183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00568572 AU - Jeong, D Y AU - SIH, G C AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ELBER'S CRACK CLOSURE MODEL AS AN EXPLANATION OF TRAIN LOAD SEQUENCE EFFECTS ON CRACK GROWTH RATES PY - 1990 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Defects KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/331112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554182 AU - Cackovic, D L AU - IRANI, F AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTS OF A PROTOTYPE ARTICULATED COVERED HOPPER CAR PY - 1989/12 SP - 113 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Dynamics KW - Freight cars KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/316943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494579 AU - Casavant, K L AU - Lenzi, J C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PROCEDURE FOR PREDICTING AND ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF RAIL LINE ABANDONMENTS ON WASHINGTON ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 49 p. AB - This summary report describes four case studies of rail line abandonment in Washington. These case studies were used to test a conceptual approach to predicting the location and magnitude of road damage caused by rail line abandonment. The procedure developed in the study worked well, especially as modified in the report to include District personnel in the analysis of potential road impacts. Proactive use of this procedure is dependent on continual monitoring of potential rail line abandonment candidates. Similar procedures should be developed to predict impacts on energy, environment, safety, and economic development. KW - Abandonment KW - Case studies KW - Defects KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Railroads UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/206.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493630 AU - Tolliver, D D AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL RAILROADS ON RAIL LABOR IN NORTH DAKOTA PY - 1989/11 SP - 38 p. AB - This report is a part of the North Dakota Rail Services Planning (RSP) Study, an integrated series of research projects designed to evaluate the impacts of local and regional carriers on rail transportation in North Dakota. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of line sales on rail labor in North Dakota. The primary research objectives are: (1) to formulate an approach for estimating the net long-run effects of line sales; (2) to project changes in rail jobs and workers' income streams in North Dakota, over time; and (3) to interpret the findings in light of the overall benefits and costs of short-line railroads. A set of models is formulated in the study which project: (1) the miles of Class I line in North Dakota that will be abandoned if not sold; (2) the number of Class I carrier employees affected by the abandonments; (3) the number of Class I carrier employees impacted by the sale of 2,000 miles of branch line; (4) the number of new regional or local railroad jobs created by the sales; and (5) the net change in rail income over time. All income streams, regardless of their timing, are translated into present dollars by discounting each flow. The major findings of the study are: (1) railroad employment in North Dakota is likely to stay the same or even increase marginally if light-density lines are sold prior to abandonment, and (2) total rail income is likely to decline by $13 million during the period 1987-1996. The reason for the net loss of income is that higher-paying BN and Soo Line jobs will be replaced with new rail jobs based on comparable local or regional wage scales. KW - Abandonment KW - Benefits KW - Class I railroads KW - Costs KW - Employee compensation KW - Employment KW - Impacts KW - Income KW - Jobs KW - Light density lines KW - Mathematical models KW - Projection KW - Railroad traffic KW - Railroads KW - Sales KW - Short line railroads KW - Traffic density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493631 AU - Tolliver, D D AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CLASS I CARRIER LIGHT DENSITY COSTING METHODOLOGY PY - 1989/11 SP - 55 p. AB - Changes in branch-line ownership, coupled with an on-going need for policy analysis and planning, make rail costing methods important to research and analysis in North Dakota. The purpose of this report is to document a methodology for light-density cost analysis which is used in Phases I and II of the North Dakota Rail Services Planning (RSP) Study, as well as in line rehabilitation projects. The report describes a set of procedures for calculating Class I Carrier line-segment unit costs, and for applying them to light-density lines or networks. Section I of the report provides as introduction. In section II, a theoretical model of line-segment costs is formulated. In section III, a method is devised for computing on-branch unit costs from a carrier's R-1 annual report, and applying the costs to a line or set of lines. In section IV, a procedure for calculating the expense of moving traffic to and from the junction points or interchange points of a line is described. KW - Analysis KW - Class I railroads KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Light density lines KW - Operating costs KW - Railroad traffic KW - Railroads KW - Traffic density KW - Unit costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493632 AU - Tolliver, D D AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL RAILROADS ON INTERMODAL AND INTRAMODAL COMPETITION PY - 1989/11 SP - 21 p. AB - This report is part of an integrated series of studies on the effects of local and regional railroads on rail transportation in North Dakota. The purpose of this component of the Rail Services Planning (RSP) Study is to analyze the potential impacts of local and regional railroads on intramodal and intermodal competition in North Dakota. A set of models is formulated in the study to project the cost of grain shipments for five combinations of railroads and modes: (1) Burlington Northern (BN) origination and termination, (2) local railroad origination with BN interchange, (3) Soo Line origination and termination, (4) Soo Line/local railroad combination, (5) motor carrier. It is assumed in the study that the grain traffic originates on a branch line with a density of 21 cars per mile, and that each shipment travels approximately 43 miles on the branch. The principal findings of the study are: (1) on the average, motor carriers cannot be cost-competitive with a BN/local railroad network at distances greater than 250 miles; (2) the sale of lines by the BN will significantly enhance their existing cost advantage over the Soo Line; and (3) reducing the Soo Line's crew consist from 4 to 2 1/2 persons on branch-line trains will lower their on-branch costs by only 5%. Therefore, if the BN sells a substantial amount of branch-line track in North Dakota, the Soo Line will probably have to sell their lighter-density lines to local operators in order to remain competitive. KW - Class I railroads KW - Competition KW - Costs KW - Distance KW - Grain KW - Impacts KW - Light density lines KW - Motor carriers KW - North Dakota KW - Railroad traffic KW - Railroads KW - Sales KW - Shipments KW - Traffic density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491313 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - NORTHEAST CORRIDOR SAFETY REPORT. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1989/11 SP - 19 p. AB - This report responds to Section 11 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-342), which requires that the Secretary of Transportation report to Congress on the status of efforts to improve safety on the Northeast Corridor (NEC) main line. Safety improvements reported include actions initiated by railroads operating on the NEC, as well as their efforts in response to requirements of the Federal Railroad Administration's safety regulations and recommendations by the National Transportation Safety Board. The report also lists suggestions for further actions to improve NEC main line safety from the Northeast Corridor Safety Committee, which was established under the same legislation to advise the Secretary on safety improvements for the NEC main line. The report focuses on safety improvements to the main line of the NEC and only briefly discusses the status of industry-wide safety efforts. KW - Improvements KW - Northeast Corridor KW - Northeastern United States KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493659 AU - Tolliver, D D AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE ECONOMICS OF SHORT-LINE RAILROADS IN NORTH DAKOTA PY - 1989/08 SP - 18 p. AB - Three sets of light density lines in North Dakota were analyzed with respect to the potential economies to be gained from short line operation. The three networks consisted of: (1) a single, 81-mile branch line with a density of nine cars per mile; (2) a 667-mile regional network with 20 cars per mile; and (3) a 211-mile network with 35 cars per mile. Each network was analyzed first as a light density subsystem of the Burlington Northern Railroad, and then as an independent short line operation. The results of the study in general suggest that some economies of size and/or density are necessary in order to operate short line networks profitably. The single, light density branch line failed to show any improvement in profitability under short line operation. However, the regional network showed a simulated cost savings of 26% in on-line operating, maintenance, and capital cost. The 211-mile network with a relatively high traffic density also fared well under simulated short line operations, showing a potential gain of 31% in on-line costs. The conclusions of the comparative analysis are that short line operations are not likely to make a substantial difference in profitability on single branch lines of very light density. But on larger, regional networks or medium-sized networks with sufficient economies of density, short line operations can offer significant gains in railroad efficiency. The principal gains in efficiency under short line operations came from a reduction in train crew size and crew wage rates. Other simulated efficiencies were derived from maintenance of way costs, a lower cost of capital, and other transportation costs. Some increases in operating costs were noted. These included primarily administrative costs, but were overshadowed by efficiencies in other areas. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capital costs KW - Class I railroads KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economics KW - Efficiency KW - Employee compensation KW - Labor KW - Labor requirements KW - Light density lines KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - North Dakota KW - Operating costs KW - Profitability KW - Railroad traffic KW - Railroads KW - Short line railroads KW - Traffic density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493629 AU - Dooley, F J AU - Tolliver, D D AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF SHORT LINE AND CLASS I LABOR COSTS IN NORTH DAKOTA PY - 1989/08 SP - 19 p. AB - The objective of this report is to provide information highlighting the differences between Class I and short line rail labor. Primary data was collected from 48 short line railroads. In addition to various railroad characteristics, information was obtained about employment levels, job classifications, wage rates, and benefit packages. Similar information for Class I railroads operating over light-density lines was obtained from R-1 annual reports. High rail labor costs are a major reason underlying the recent growth of short line and regional railroads in the United States. Short lines have lower labor costs as a result of lower wage rates, fewer fringe benefits, and less restrictive work rules. A short line's operating labor cost is between one-fourth and one-third of a Class I railroad. The results suggest that labor cost savings may allow short lines to continue operating light-density rail lines that are unprofitable for a Class I railroad. From a policy perspective, short lines may provide an alternative to rail line abandonment for light-density branch lines. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Class I railroads KW - Employee benefits KW - Employee compensation KW - Employment KW - Jobs KW - Labor costs KW - Light density lines KW - Railroad traffic KW - Railroads KW - Short line railroads KW - Traffic density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00487986 AU - Reiff, R P AU - Transportation Test Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Railway Progress Institute TI - TRACKSIDE LUBRICATOR BLADE TEST. FAST TECHNICAL NOTE PY - 1989/07 SP - 24 p. AB - A number of programs have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different wayside configurations. This evaluation assesses the effectiveness of lubrication applied with three different applicator blade sizes: 1) a single 6-foot blade with multiple ports, 2) twin blades of about two feet each, and 3) four short, single port blades. The blades were positioned at several locations near to and away from the beginning of the curve being lubricated, along with varying the track gage at the site of lubricant application. Results show that the closer a lubricator is placed to a curve, the higher the quantity of lubrication applied to the rail in the curve while at the same time the closer the application point, the higher difference between beginning and end curve effectiveness. KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Effectiveness KW - Lubrication KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Proximity KW - Railroad tracks KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00487985 AU - Reiff, R P AU - Transportation Test Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Railway Progress Institute TI - DEFECT AND WEAR STUDIES ON PREMIUM AND STANDARD RAILS. RAIL WEAR EXPERIMENT RME IV, 0-110 MGT. FAST/HTL TECHNICAL NOTE PY - 1989/07 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the second set of results of the Rail Metallurgy Experiment RME IV entitled "Defect and Wear Studies at the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST)." The installation and test layouts are described along with data results from the initial 110 million gross tons (MGT) of traffic over this test section. The primary objectives of this 1984 test were to evaluate wear and fatigue differences between premium and standard rail types when used under dry rail conditions. KW - Defects KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601323 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT/INCIDENT AND INVENTORY BULLETIN NO. 11, CALENDAR YEAR 1988 PY - 1989/06 SP - 116 p. AB - This eleventh annual report combines rail-highway crossing accident/incident statistics with the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory. Accident/Incident data are compiled from monthly reports filed by railroads. The National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory contains sight-survey data about individual crossings and is provided by states and railroads. Section 1 presents historical data on rail-highway crossing accidents/incidents at public crossings for 1983 through 1988. Section 2 contains 1988 accident/incident statistics on rail-highway crossing accidents/incidents that occurred at public crossing sites. Section 3 combines information from the rail-highway crossing accident/incident file with data in the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory. This section displays the relationship between certain grade-crossing characteristics and accident frequencies. The final section, Section 4, gives the physical and operation statistics for all public at-grade rail-highway crossings as described in the inventory on May 23, 1989. The majority of the accident tables and charts in this bulletin provide information on motor vehicle accidents on public rail-highway crossings. Information on private crossings and trespassers is found in appendices and some tables and figures. KW - Crashes KW - Incidents KW - Inventory KW - Operations KW - Physical properties KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488101 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - KIGER, S M AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - R and R Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SURVEY OF RAILROAD INDUSTRY PERCEPTIONS REGARDING NEEDED LOCOMOTIVE CAB DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04/10 SP - 95 p. AB - The survey was initiated by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) as part of the objective to improve locomotive cab safety. The interviews, which averaged about 60 minutes, sought both interest in areas of future locomotive cab designs, and specific ideas for improvement. In addition to open-ended questions on the need for design improvements, participants were asked to rate the priority for design improvements embracing four general areas: (a) crashworthiness, (b) crew comfort, (c) train handling aids, and (d) cab layout and crew workstation design. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Comfort KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Improvements KW - Interviewing KW - Locomotive cab design KW - Locomotives KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys KW - Train crew requirements KW - Train crews KW - Train operation KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494498 AU - Walsh, W J AU - Rice, R C AU - Ahlbeck, D R AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - STUB SILLS ON TANK CARS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 71 p. AB - The results of the study indicate that the head brace repair procedure provides an effective means for redirecting stub sill loads into the tank body, thus reducing stresses at the critical sill-to-reinforcing pad weld sites. The author's analysis indicates that the stub sill to tank interface stresses from longitudinal coupler loads are reduced significantly (by about 15 to 20%) and the stresses due to vertical coupler loads are reduced dramatically (by over 75%). The longitudinal coupler loads are most influential in terms of crack initiation, while the vertical coupler loads were found to influence crack growth to a greater extent. Therefore, it has been concluded that the stub sill designs, with the head brace properly installed, will exhibit significantly longer service lives before fatigue cracks form (if they form at all). Perhaps even more importantly, the introduction of the head brace should offer an important margin of safety in terms of crack growth life. In summary, the introduction of a properly sized and installed head brace should offer an effective means of reducing the likelihood of both fatigue crack initiation and tank rupture. KW - Couplers KW - Crack growth KW - Crack initiation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Loads KW - Prevention KW - Rock fracture KW - Service life KW - Stresses KW - Stub sills KW - Tank cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00555266 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - 1987 CARLOAD WAYBILL STATISTICS: TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION, TRAFFIC AND REVENUE BY COMMODITY CLASSES PY - 1989/02 SP - 292 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Commodities KW - Freight traffic KW - Hazardous materials KW - Railroads KW - Statistics KW - Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489602 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CARLOAD WAYBILL STATISTICS, 1987: TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION, TRAFFIC AND REVENUE BY COMMODITY CLASSES PY - 1989/02 SP - 292 p. AB - This publication is a compilation of statistics for 1987 on rail carload traffic derived from the 1987 Carload Waybill Sample. All commodities hauled by rail are included with a special section on hazardous materials. Geographic coverage is limited to five broad areas or territories in the U.S. and one territory comprising all of the Dominion of Canada. Statistics are presented on carloads, tons, revenues, ton-miles, car-miles and various ratios. KW - Commodities KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Railroad transportation KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Tonnage KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicles miles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00550003 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DEFERRED MAINTENANCE AND DELAYED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS ON CLASS II AND CLASS III RAILROADS PY - 1989/02 SP - 120 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Light rail transit KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/311655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941430 AU - Jeong, D Y AU - Lehigh University AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - GROWTH LIFE OF SURFACE CRACKS IN THE RAIL WEB PY - 1989/01 SP - 54 p. AB - The results of a theoretical study of the propagation behavior of surface cracks in the web of railroad rails are presented. Two fracture mechanics models are presented: (1) a conventional LEFM model of an elliptical surface crack of constant aspect ratio growing through the web thickness; and (2) a generalized surface crack model based on Sih's strain energy diversity approach. The conventional model predicts that the crack will propagate only at extremely slow rates, even under conditions of tensile vertical residual stress created by roller straightening. The strain energy diversity model predicts a slow propagation principally along the web (i.e., the crack aspect ratio increases) without residual stress. KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail web KW - Surface cracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488099 AU - Cackovic, D L AU - IRANI, F AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTS OF A PROTOTYPE ARTICULATED COVERED HOPPER CAR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 123 p. AB - Laboratory tests were recently conducted to quantify the improvement in the safety related performance of a prototype covered hopper car. The testing was part of the High Performance High Cube Covered Hopper Car Program, which was implemented to encourage improved designs of covered hopper cars. The report contains recently obtained laboratory test results for one prototype (the Budd High Cube 2000 Covered Hopper Car) with comparisons to data obtained from laboratory tests conducted earlier on a conventional hopper car. The report also presents previously acquired on-track test results for the base and prototype hopper cars. KW - Articulation KW - Covering KW - Hopper cars KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482382 AU - Raj, P K AU - Technology and Management Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RISK ASSESSMENT STUDY ON THE TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS OVER THE U.S. RAILROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 164 p. AB - A comprehensive and generic risk assessment model has been developed for evaluating the risk to the public from the transportation of hazardous materials (Hazmat) on rail over specified routes. The model considers the various operational and Hazmat property parameters. The model developed was utilized to evaluate the risks posed in transporting LPG, chlorine and sulfuric acid on two (alternative) routes between the same origin-destination pair. Historical main line and yard accident data together with the current volumes of transportation of the specified Hazmats were considered. The results are presented in the form of risk profiles. Safety measures, such as head shields and shelf couplers, seem to reduce, substantially, the annual frequency of high casualties but seem to have less impact on the low casualty end of the risk profile. A similar positive effect in risk reduction is seen from emergency response action following an accident. Sensitivity of the risk profiles to various other parameters were also investigated. KW - Chlorine KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response KW - Hazardous materials KW - Liquefied petroleum gas KW - Liquid petroleum gas KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Railroad transportation KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Sulfuric acid UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42635/ord8814.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478219 AU - Eichler, S AU - Goldberg, C M AU - Kier, L E AU - ALLEN, J P AU - Institute for Human Resources, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - OPERATION:REDBLOCK. CASE STUDY OF A PEER PREVENTION SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAM FOR RAILROAD INDUSTRY PERSONNEL PY - 1988/10 SP - 99 p. AB - This monograph presents a case study of Operation:RedBlock, a peer prevention substance abuse program in the railroad industry that is worker-driven and worker-run, having earned the support of both management and labor. Research for the study, primarily in the form of interviews with operating employees, carrier executives and union officers, took place between June 1987 and June 1988. The research methodology for the study is outlined in an appendix. This study focuses on the development and current practices of Operation:RedBlock. It centers on those railroads and unions that first participated in such programs, including the Union Pacific Railroad, CSX Rail Transportation, the United Transportation Union, and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. KW - Drug abuse KW - Drugs KW - Labor unions KW - Peer groups KW - Prevention KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478175 AU - Orringer, O AU - Tang, Y H AU - Gordon, J E AU - Jeong, D Y AU - MORRIS, J M AU - Perlman, A B AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CRACK PROPAGATION LIFE OF DETAIL FRACTURES IN RAILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 198 p. AB - The results of a comprehensive study of the crack propagation behavior of detail fractures in railroad rails are presented. The study includes full-scale crack growth experiments in a test track under simulated heavy freight train service, similar field tests and observations on revenue tracks, and static tests to determine the breaking strengths of rails containing detail fractures. A fracture mechanics model of the detail fracture is presented, and the results of laboratory tests to determine the basic crack growth rate properties of rail steel are reviewed. Correlation of most of the experimental results by the model is demonstrated. The model is used to illustrate the sensitivity of safe crack growth life to nine railroad environmental factors. The most influential factors are found to be thermal stress in continuous welded rail, the curve high rail position (relative to tangent track), and residual stress in the rail head. The experimental and analytical results indicate that further investigation is required into the influence on residual stress of: track curvature, rail steel tensile strength, roller-straightening of rails, and increases in axle loads above the maximum currently permitted by U.S. freight railroad interchange rules. KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Curvature KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Model tests KW - Railroad tracks KW - Residual stress KW - Testing KW - Thermal stresses UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34200/34244/DOT-TSC-FRA-88-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00550466 AU - ALERS, G A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAILROAD RAIL FLAW DETECTION SYSTEM BASED ON ELECTROMAGNETIC ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS PY - 1988/09 SP - 54 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Defects KW - Electroacoustic transducers KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/311802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428170 AU - REIF, R P AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - OVERVIEW THE FAST LUBRICATION STUDY PY - 1988/09 SP - 15 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Lubrication KW - Maintenance KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762419 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT/INCIDENT AND INVENTORY BULLETIN NUMBER 10, CALENDAR YEAR 1987 PY - 1988/08 IS - 10 SP - 116 p. AB - This tenth annual report, issued by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Safety, combines rail-highway crossing accident/incident statistics with the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory. Accident/incident data is compiled from monthly reports filed by railroads. The National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory contains sight-survey data about individual crossings and is provided by states and railroads. This year a new appendix has been added that contains information concerning trespassers who were killed or injured as a result of railroad operations. Section 1 of the report presents historical data on rail-highway crossing accidents/incidents at public crossings for 1982 through 1987. Section 2 contains 1987 accident/incident statistics on rail-highway crossing accidents/incidents that occurred at public crossing sites. Section 3 combines information from the rail-highway crossing accident/incident file with data in the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory. This section displays the relationship between certain grade-crossing characteristics and accident frequencies. Section 4 gives the physical and operational statistics for all public at-grade rail-highway crossings as described in the inventory on July 18, 1988. The report contains data on public and private rail-highway crossings. KW - At grade intersections KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Incidents KW - Injuries KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics KW - Trespassers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428436 AU - Coltman, M AU - Weinstock, H AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - VEHICLE TRACK INTERACTION TEST AT BENNINGTON, NH: REVISION 1.0 PY - 1988/04 SP - 100 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alignment KW - Dynamics KW - Freight cars KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428169 AU - Walker, G W AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EFFECTS OF RAIL PROFILE VARIATION PY - 1988/03 SP - 2 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Maintenance KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477705 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CARLOAD WAYBILL STATISTICS, 1986: TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION, TRAFFIC AND REVENUE BY COMMODITY CLASSES. PY - 1988/02 SP - 291 p. AB - The publication is a compilation of statistics for 1986 on rail carload traffic derived from the 1986 Carload Waybill Sample. All commodities hauled by rail are included with a special section on hazardous materials. Geographic coverage is limited to five broad areas or territories in the US and one territory comprising all of the Dominion of Canada. Statistics are presented on carloads, tons, revenues, ton-miles, car-miles and various ratios. KW - Commodities KW - Freight transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Tonnage KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428421 AU - Wilson, N AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF LOCOMOTIVE TRACTIVE EFFORT FROM THE ELECTRICAL POWER TO THE TRACTION MOTORS PY - 1988/02 SP - 126 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Dynamics KW - Energy consumption KW - Locomotives UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428422 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RAILROAD SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1988/01 SP - 38 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - Safety KW - Testing KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/241132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00443641 AU - Orringer, O AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CRACK PROPAGATION LIFE OF DETAIL FRACTURES IN RAILS PY - 1988 SP - 184 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Defects KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/259953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00427485 AU - FREELAND, R L AU - Wheeler, P K AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - JOINT RATE CANCELLATIONS STUDY PY - 1988 SP - 81 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Commodities KW - Freight traffic KW - Railroads KW - Rates KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426538 AU - Coltman, M AU - Weinstock, H AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - VEHICLE TRACK INTERACTION TEST AT BENNINGTON, NH PY - 1987/12 SP - 100 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alignment KW - Dynamics KW - Freight cars KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468418 AU - Kanninen, M F AU - Dexter, R J AU - Cardinal, J W AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES OF RAIL STEELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 64 p. AB - Motivated by the occurrence of a long-running rail web fracture in service, dynamic fracture mechanics research was undertaken to (1) quantify the crack driving force due to the residual stresses induced by roller straightening operations, (2) determine dynamic fracture toughness values for rail steel, and (3) assess current analysis procedures for calculating dynamic fracture propagation in rail. As a first step, elastodynamic finite element analyses were made of full-section rail impact experiments conducted in Japan. These analyses revealed that the fracture propagation use of the raw crack jump length to measure the ability of the combination of a given rail steel and straightening operation to resist catastrophic fracture. Further analyses using a beam-on-elastic foundation model of a split rail provided a relation between the rail web residual stresses and the crack driving force. This relation indicates that, if the residual stresses in the failed rail were comparable to those reported in the literature, a long-running fracture could be driven by residual stresses alone. It was concluded from this preliminary work that a near balance can exist between the crack driving forces arising from the residual stresses induced by conventional straightening procedures and the dynamic fracture toughness values of some rail steels. Consequently, a major safety issue possibly exists that may require the development of screening procedures to assure the selection of fracture-safe rail for service. Recommendations are presented for continuing the research to verify the conclusions of this report and, if warranted, to develop the technical basis for a simple but reliable screening test. KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail stress KW - Residual stress KW - Steel rails KW - Stresses KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00425447 AU - Kanninen, M F AU - Dexter, R J AU - Cardinal, J W AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES OF RAIL STEELS PY - 1987/11 SP - 52 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Defects KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00440576 AU - Farr, E H AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCEDURE: USER'S GUIDE (3RD ED. ) PY - 1987/08 SP - 164 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Federal aid KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Roads KW - Safety equipment KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/254401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426098 AU - BOYD, P AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A STUCK BRAKE DETECTOR FOR WAYSIDE INSPECTION OF RAILROAD CARS PY - 1987/08 SP - 10 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brakes KW - Detectors KW - Inspection KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426100 AU - Larson, W G AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FIRE TESTS ON INSULATION FOR ALUMINUM TANK CARS: AN EVALUATION OF GLASS FIBER, CERAMIC FIBER, AND MINERAL FIBER MATERIALS IN TORCH-FIRE AND POOL-FIRE PY - 1987/08 SP - 28 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fires KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads KW - Tank cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00440544 AU - Farr, E H AU - HITZ, J S AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SUMMARY OF THE DOT RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCEDURE-REVISED PY - 1987/07 SP - 98 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Evaluation KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/254398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426003 AU - Wright, W P AU - Slack, W A AU - Jackson, W F AU - Department of the Army AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL EFFECTIVENESS OF URETHANE FOAM AND FIBERGLASS AS INSULATION SYSTEMS FOR TANK CARS PY - 1987/07 SP - 22 p AB - A total of 39 thermal fire tests were conducted using the torch fire facility for the Federal Railroad Administration. These tests were performed in accordance with the procedures presented in Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 179, 105-4. The insulation tested were urethane foam and fiberglass. Urethane foam is installed on a number of railroad tank cars which are used to transport chlorine. Fiberglass constitutes the insulation system on a number of tank cars which are used to transport other materials. In this test series, it was found that urethane foam can hold the tank car shell below 493 degrees F in the environments which may exist in railroad accidents. This test criteria is a more stringent requirement than previously imposed for the insulation system of the chlorine tank car. The fiberglass performed much better than anticipated when a means was provided to hold it in place in the test fixture during the tests. It was recommended that the test specimen holder be redesigned and tests performed on fiberglass to determine if the modification is satisfactory and to verify that fiberglass has the ability to hold the back plate temperature below 800 degrees F. KW - Fiberglass KW - Fires KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads KW - Tank cars KW - Urethane UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42633/ord8711.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484778 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Association of American Railroads Research Center TI - HIGH PERFORMANCE, HIGH CUBE COVERED HOPPER CAR PROGRAM, TRANSIT AMERICA'S HI CUBE 2000 CAR DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE TESTS; SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1987 SP - 83 p. AB - The HI CUBE 2000 prototype car was tested to evaluate its dynamic performance, wheel load and suspension. KW - Freight cars KW - Hopper cars KW - Performance KW - Prototypes KW - Suspensions KW - Testing KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484791 AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Association of American Railroads Research Center TI - LABORATORY FATIGUE TESTING OF SELECTED WELDED STEEL CONNECTIONS FOR FREIGHT CAR DESIGN PY - 1987 SP - 101 p. AB - Final report of a series of fatigue tests on welded connections. Test specimens included welded tees, box beams, and continuous and intermittent welds. Fatigue cracks are described. KW - Beams KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Fatigue tests KW - Freight cars KW - Welded steel beams KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00427419 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - NORTHEAST CORRIDOR: ACHIEVEMENT AND POTENTIAL PY - 1986/11 SP - 244 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Capital investments KW - Northeast Corridor Improvement Project KW - Northeastern United States KW - Passenger traffic KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00420388 AU - Samavedam, G AU - Kish A AU - Jeong, D AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF DYNAMIC BUCKLING OF CWR TRACKS PY - 1986/11 SP - 132 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alignment KW - Buckling KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/235483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00943913 AU - Gozzo, S AU - Madigan, R AU - Rutyna, F AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF TRANSIT TEST NEEDS AND UMTA OPTION TEST CENTER: PUEBLO, COLORADO PY - 1986/10 SP - v.p. AB - The Transportation Test Center (TTC) was developed in response to the High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 for the advancement of ground transportation technology and the development of cost and performance data for the evaluation of intercity as well as intracity systems. This report presents the transit industry requirements for vehicle and subsystem testing. Also examined is what should Urban Mass Transportation Administration's (UMTA's) role be in providing the TTC both technical and facilities support. KW - Cost accounting KW - Ground transportation KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 KW - Infrastructure KW - Intercity transportation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Technology assessment KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/644220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460242 AU - Hitz, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCEDURE--USER'S GUIDE, SECOND EDITION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 164 p. AB - The Highway Safety Acts of 1973 and 1976 and the Surface Transportation Acts of 1978 and 1982 provide funding authorizations for individual states to improve safety at public rail-highway crossings. Safety improvements frequently consist of the installation of active motorist warning devices such as flashing lights or flashing lights with gates. To assist states and railroads in determining effective allocations of Federal funds for rail-highway crossing improvements, the U.S. Department of Transportation has developed the DOT Rail-Highway Crossing Resource Allocation Procedure. The procedure consists of the DOT accident and casualty prediction formula, which predicts the number of casualties and accidents at crossings, and the resource allocation model, which nominates crossings for improvement on a cost-effective basis and recommends the type of warning device to be installed. This guide provides interested users with complete information for application of the DOT Rail-Highway Crossing Allocation Procedure. This second edition of the guide incorporates results of recent research including a casualty prediction formula, extended data on warning device effectiveness, and consideration of standard highway stop signs as a warning device option under certain conditions. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Guidelines KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Resource allocation KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426639 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FRA GUIDE FOR PREPARING ACCIDENT INCIDENT REPORTS PY - 1986/07 SP - 140 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Office of safety KW - Railroads KW - Records KW - Records management KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00416840 AU - Ahlbeck, D R AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING CONCRETE TIE TRACK IN THE NORTHEAST CORRIDOR: VOLUME I., REMEDIAL PROJECTS ASSESSMENT PY - 1986/06 SP - 109 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Concrete ties KW - Dynamics KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/232746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00416983 AU - Ahlbeck, D R AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING CONCRETE TIE TRACK IN THE NORTHEAST CORRIDOR: VOLUME II., TRACK SAFETY EVALUATION PY - 1986/06 SP - 78 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Concrete ties KW - Dynamics KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/232818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00419309 AU - GRAHAM, L J AU - MARTIN, J F AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ULTRASONIC INSPECTION OF RAILROAD RAILS BY ELECTROMAGNETIC ACOUSTIC TRANDUCERS (EMATS) PY - 1986/05 SP - 239 PP I AB - No abstract provided. KW - Inspection KW - Office of research and development KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroads KW - Testing KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/235423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00416842 AU - Jeong, D AU - Samavedam, G AU - Kish A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF TRACK LATERAL RESISTANCE FROM LATERAL PULL TESTS PY - 1986/04 SP - 40 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Dynamics KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/232747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00411716 AU - Ahlbeck, D R AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - A REVIEW OF RAIL BEHAVIOR UNDER WHEEL RAIL IMPACT LOADING PY - 1986/04 SP - 92 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads KW - Testing KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/226353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941429 AU - Tyrell, D AU - Weinstock, H AU - Greif, R AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - WHEEL UNLOADING OF RAIL VEHICLES DUE TO TRACK TWIST PY - 1986/02 SP - 58 p. AB - An analysis is presented describing the effect that track twist has on the loads carried by the wheels of a rail car. Wheel unloading is determined as a function of the difference in crosslevel between the truck centers of the car. The different vehicle characteristics that affect a car's reaction to track twist are determined. It is found that light, torsionally stiff cars are the most susceptible to wheel unloading due to track twist. Using the results of a previous study where lateral wheel/rail force was determined as a function of curvature, the difference in crosslevel between truck centers that will cause Nadal's Limit for wheel climb to be exceeded is determined as a function of curvature. This difference in crosslevel between truck centers is normalized to 31 ft so that maximum track twist, as it is commonly defined, is determined as a function of curvature. It has been found that for less that 6 deg of curvature and at low speeds, most rail cars can withstand up to 1.5 in. of track twist in 31 ft. The amount of track twist that a car can withstand decreases with increasing curvature, and at 15 deg of curvature the amount of track twist that most railcars can withstand has dropped to 1.0 in. KW - Cross leveling KW - Curvature KW - Curved track KW - Deformation KW - Derailments KW - Low speed KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroad tracks KW - Track twist KW - Wheel unloading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428689 AU - Owings, R P AU - BOYD, P L AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAILROAD PASSENGER RIDE SAFETY PY - 1986/02 SP - 54 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Passenger cars KW - Passenger traffic KW - Railroads KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/241232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00416465 AU - Hobbs, J R AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MONITORING DEVICES FOR RAILROAD EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAMS PY - 1986/02 SP - 128 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Equipment KW - Hazardous materials KW - Railroads KW - Safety KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/228170 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00480684 JO - Ultrasonics PB - Butterworth Scientific Limited AU - Clark, A V AU - Fukuoka, H AU - Mitrakovic, D V AU - Moulder, J C AU - Butterworth Scientific Limited AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS AND TEXTURE IN CAST STEEL RAILROAD WHEELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - p. 281-286 AB - Residual stress and texture were characterized in the rim of a cast steel railroad wheel, using both an electromagnetic-acoustic transducer (EMAT) and a piezoelectric transducer. Orthogonally polarized shear-horizontal waves were propagated through the thickness of the rim, and arrival times measured (in pulse-echo) with a precision of about 0.00001. The difference in arrival times (birefringence) is related to the difference of principal stresses and also to texture. The wheel had been sawcut in a previous experiment; the residual stress had been relieved at the sawcut. The birefringence was measured at the sawcut and subtracted from the birefringence measured at stressed regions. This allowed the authors to map out variations in stress around the circumference of the wheel. the circumference of the wheel. Stresses measured with the agreed to within 10 MPa. KW - Birefringence KW - Cast steel KW - Electromagnetism KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Railroad cars KW - Refraction KW - Residual stress KW - Saw cutting KW - Sawing KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/294179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00416351 AU - Schroeder, L C AU - Poirier, D R AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THERMITE WELDS IN PREMIUM RAILS PY - 1986 SP - 110 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroads KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/227566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458661 AU - Schroeder, L C AU - Poirier, D R AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THERMITE WELDS IN PREMIUM RAILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 122 p. AB - Thermite welds were used to join combinations of premium rails and AREA Controlled Cooled Carbon rails (i.e., standard rails). The premium rails comprised head-hardened rails and CrMo, CrV and Cr alloy rails. A major objective was to determine the feasibility of joining premium rails to each other and to standard rails with the thermite welding process. The objective was met in that metallurgically sound welds were produced using either "standard" or "alloy" thermite charges. Other objectives were to determine mechanical properties and metallurgical structures of the weld-metal and of the heat-affected zones. The "alloy" weld-metal was stronger than "standard" weld metal but had less tensile ductility. Both types exhibit ductilities of only 2-6 percent reduction in area and impact energies of only 1.5-2.8 Joules at 20 deg C. Tensile and impact specimens, which straddled the region of minimum hardness at the outer edge of the heat affected zone, show tensile ductilities of 19-60 percent reduction in area and only 2.6-6.9 Joules for impact energy. In addition, temperature in the rail near the weld metal was measured as four of the welds were produced; in a fifth, temperatures in the weld metal, itself, were measured. Finally, residual stresses were determined, and their effect on fatigue strength of welded rail is discussed. KW - Alloy steel KW - Ductility KW - Metallurgy KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail steel KW - Rail steel metallurgy KW - Rail welding KW - Residual stress KW - Thermit welding KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00418861 AU - Kachadourian, G AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTS OF TWO 100-TON COVERED HOPPER CARS PY - 1985/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Evaluation KW - Freight cars KW - Hopper cars KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/235392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941428 AU - Kish A AU - Samavedam, G AU - Jeong, D AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE INDUCED LOADS ON THE LATERAL STABILITY OF CWR TRACK PY - 1985/11 SP - 94 p. AB - Thermal buckling of railroad tracks in the lateral plane is an important problem in the design and maintenance of continuous welded rail (CWR) track. The severity of the problem is manifested through the increasing number of derailments which are attributable to track buckling, indicating a need for developing better control on the allowable safe temperature increase for CWR track. The work reported here is a part of a major investigation conducted by the Transportation Systems Center for the Federal Railroad Administration on the thermal buckling of CWR tracks in the lateral plane. In this report, the influence of vehicles on the stability of CWR track subjected to temperature rise is examined. The changes in lateral resistance distribution due to vehicle loads are theoretically computed and the buckling response of tracks due to temperature increase is determined for various length cars. It is found that the dynamic buckling temperature for tangent tracks under long cars can be significantly lower than the static buckling temperature, whereas the safe temperature increase values do not appreciably differ. Curved tracks with low lateral resistance can buckle progressively in the presence of long cars, whereas statically (without-vehicle), they may exhibit safe temperature and buckling temperature values. KW - Buckling KW - Car length (Railroads) KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Curved track KW - Derailments KW - Lateral stability KW - Loads KW - Railroad tracks KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00455100 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - 1985 SAFETY ASSESSMENT SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY (SEPTA) PY - 1985/10 SP - 242 p. AB - After the occurrence of passenger and employee casualties and train accidents increased between 1983 and 1984, the Federal Railroad Administration undertook an investigation of safety on the railroad commuter lines of Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority serving the Philadelphia region. SEPTA rail services had the highest passenger and employee casualty rates when compared with other Northeastern commuter operations of Boston and Maine, Long Island, Metro North, and New Jersey Transit. FRA identified inadequacies in training and testing; questionable and potentially dangerous operating practices; continued use of worn, antiquated and deteriorated equipment; and record and data deficiencies. Concerns with recommendations covered the following areas: (1) Employee safety program lacks necessary controls; (2) SEPTA does not have an adequate emergency response program; (3) SEPTA depends on Conrail for hazardous materials emergency response for lines jointly used; (4) Records required by Federal regulation often lacked information; (5) Productivity and performance data, while collected, are not organized to provide direction for testing and training programs; (6) Antiquated and deteriorated facilities adversely affect employee morale and personal safety; (7) Inadequate guidance and lack of access to best available information often mark passenger service disruptions; (8) New signal installations are placed in service with inadequate inspections; (9) Tests required by FRA signal rules are not properly performed within prescribed time intervals; (1) Correct and legible signal circuit diagrams are not always available. KW - Casualties KW - Crash rates KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operating practices KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Safety KW - Signaling KW - Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00456246 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FIELD MANUAL FOR CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE IN RAILROAD OPERATIONS PY - 1985/08 SP - 270 p. AB - The Field Manual is intended to provide all the essential tools that a railroad will need to implement the Federal Railroad Administration's regulations on Control of Alcohol and Drug Use in Railroad Operations. It provides a copy of the regulations, procedures for conducting post-accident testing, a course syllabus on alcohol/drug awareness, a chapter on drug testing, a model training program for breath test operators, a summary of reporting requirements, a controlled substance list, a list of approved breath testing devices and points of contact for further information. KW - Alcohols KW - Crash investigation KW - Drugs KW - Government regulations KW - Manuals KW - Railroads KW - Regulations KW - Reports KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451488 AU - Blader, F B AU - Mealy, G L AU - Analytic Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ANALYTIC STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF TRACK GEOMETRY VARIATION PY - 1985/07 SP - 76 p. AB - In this report, analyses are described which were used to aid in the planning of tests carried out on track in Bennington, New Hampshire in August 1982. These tests were designed to provide insight into practical aspects of track safety standards. General results for a fully loaded 100-ton hopper car are used to support the validation of the computer simulation program SIMCAR. In addition, particular results are given for the partially loaded 100-ton car. Extensions beyond existing data are given for response to combined crosslevel and gage cusps and long wavelength alignment sinusoids in tight curves. Conclusions are reached on the limit to geometries beyond which derailment is predicted. KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Curved track KW - Derailments KW - New Hampshire KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rolling contact KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Simulation KW - Standards KW - Structural design KW - Track geometry KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399517 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT/INCIDENT AND INVENTORY BULLETIN N7. CALENDAR YEAR 1984 PY - 1985/06 SP - v.p. AB - The seventh annual report, issued by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Safety, combines rail-highway crossing accident/incident statistics with the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory. Accident/Incident data comprising accident/incident reports filed by all railroads were gathered from the FRA's Railroad Accident/Incident Reporting System (RAIRS). The National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory contains sight-survey data about all U.S. rail-highway crossings. The Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 (P. L. 91-458) and the Accident Reports Act (45 U.S.C. 38-34) require railroads to file accident/incident reports with the FRA. The National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory was developed in response to the Federal Railroad Safety ACt of 1970 and the Federal Highway Safety Acts of 1970 and 1973, requiring the Secretary of Transportation to work towards improving safety at rail-highway crossings. Because of major revisions in reporting requirements, it is not possible to compare data collected after January 1, 1975, with information from prior years. These changes have resulted in an increase in the number of reported rail-highway accidents/incidents; casualty reports have also been increased but to a lesser extent. Appendix A discusses current reporting requirements. Section 1 presents historical data on rail-highway crossing accidents/incidents for 1979 through 1984. Section 2 contains 1984 accident/incident file and the railroad casualty file. Section 3 combines information from the rail-highway crossing accident/incident file with data in the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory and highlights relationships between certain grade-crossing characteristics and accident frequencies. Not all data are reflected in the total of tables 40 and 42, as a consequence of either missing or invalid statistics from the original inventory. These inconsistencies are currently being resolved. Section 4 gives the physical and operational statistics for all public, at-grade rail-highway crossings, described the National Inventory May 23, 1985. National Inventory May 23, 1985. KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00416383 AU - Wright, W P AU - Slack, W A AU - Jackson, W F AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THERMAL INSULATION SYSTEMS STUDY FOR THE CHLORINE TANK CAR PY - 1985/04 SP - 18 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Chlorine KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Insulating materials KW - Railroad cars KW - Railroads KW - Tank cars KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/227582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00407428 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FRA OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL REPORTS, 1980-1984 PY - 1985/04 SP - 178 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bibliographies KW - Office of research and development KW - Railroads KW - Research KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/222062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639774 AU - Parsons, Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PENNSYLVANIA HIGH SPEED RAIL FEASIBILITY STUDY. PRELIMINARY REPORT, PHASE I. PREPARED FOR THE PENNSYLVANIA HIGH SPEED INTERCITY RAIL PASSENGER COMMISSION PY - 1985/02 SP - v.p. AB - Pennsylvania has always been in the forefront of transportation development, including canals, railroads and the world's first limited-access superhighway, the Pennsylvania Turnpike, which is a financial success as well as an efficient transportation facility. With this history, Pennsylvania leaders in the mid-1960s began considering high-speed rail passenger service. In 1980, a daily state-subsidized Philadelphia-Pittsburgh Amtrak train began running, and while it has become successful from ridership and revenue standpoints, it still takes about seven hours to make the cross-state run. It was in this context that the possibility of constructing a new Pennsylvania high-speed rail system emerged. In January 1981 bipartisan legislation established the Pennsylvania Intercity High Speed Rail Passenger Commission. A request for proposals was issued on April 23, 1983, for a General Engineering Consultant initially to perform a feasibility study of alternative high-speed rail systems within the Pennsylvania Corridor. This volume describes in detail the activities, results, and findings of Phase 1 of the feasibility study, together with an overview of the scope of the remaining phases. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High speed rail KW - Intercity transportation KW - Passenger trains KW - Passenger transportation KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rapid transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402916 AU - Thompson, W C AU - TUVE, R F AU - BRENT, J W AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - TRACK DEGRADATION AT FAST PY - 1985/02 SP - 81 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad ties KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402911 AU - HEISS, J AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - BALLAST TESTING AT FAST, 1976-82 PY - 1985/02 SP - 86 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358905 AU - Rod, S R AU - Guhler, M AU - Sallet, D W AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - An Experimental Investigation of the Discharge of a Flashing Liquid from a Finite Reservoir PY - 1985/01//Final Report SP - 144p AB - The design of pressure relief valves for railroad tank cars containing pressurized liquid commodities is dependent on knowledge of venting rates during accidents. In turn, development of an appropriate theoretical model requires knowledge of many properties which affect the venting rates of vapor, liquid and two-phase mixtures. Previous reports and technical papers on this phenomenon published by members of the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Maryland as part of the D.O.T. sponsored project have described experimental investigations of the blowdown of flashing liquids from finite vessels. In these studies the system mass, pressure, vertical temperature profile and mass flow rate were measured. This report describes experiments which expand upon previous studies to include measurements of horizontal temperature variations, quality of the two-phase mixture, bubble rise velocities and growth rates, fluid flow patterns and boiling phenomena during the blowdown. Venting tests were conducted with three different orifice sizes, four liquid fill fractions and two wall materials of different thermal conductivity. From this new data a detailed description of the two-phase blowdown is presented, including boiling and heat transfer effects. The essential visual features of the two phase flow and boiling were recorded with a high speed 16 mm movie camera. An edited film was produced and is available for future review of the phenomena described in this report. KW - Blowdowns KW - Boiling KW - Liquefied gases KW - Pressure relief valves KW - Pressure vessels KW - Tank cars KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Two phase flow UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42631/ord8505.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392835 AU - Kish A AU - Jeong, D AU - Dzwonczyk, D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GAUGE WIDENING AND RAIL RESTRAINT CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1984/11 SP - 68 p. AB - Gauge widening resulting from a loss of adequate rail restraint is one of the major track failure modes and the cause of a large number of derailments. A recent field and laboratory test program conducted by the Transportation Systems Center aimed at the determination of minimum rail strength capacity as influenced by tie and fastener condition resulted in the development of criteria and rail strength capacity limits for the prevention of excessive gauge widening. One of the major safety issues currently under investigation under this program of gauge widening. The work reported here is part of this investigation dealing with the experimental testing of lateral rail strength for low speed (5-25 mph) track. Tests were conducted using a specially designed track loading fixture for the purpose of simulating actual wheel/rail loads. In addition to these rail restraint tests, experiments were performed to determine spike pull out strength and tie plate vertical and lateral stiffness behavior. This report gives a detailed description of these tests and presents obtained results on gauge widening and rail restraint characteristics. KW - Derailments KW - Gage (Rails) KW - Gauge widening KW - Lateral loads KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail fasteners KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rolling contact KW - Spikes KW - Track structures KW - Wheels KW - Wood ties KW - Wooden cross ties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00404503 AU - Kachadourian, G AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SAFETY MARGIN TESTING OF A 70-TON BOXCAR WITH SHIFTED PLYWOOD LADING PY - 1984/09 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Derailments KW - Freight cars KW - Railroads KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391619 AU - Harrison, H D AU - DEAN, F E AU - Selig, E T AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CORRELATION OF CONCRETE TIE TRACK PERFORMANCE IN REVENUE SERVICE AND AT THE FACILITY FOR ACCELERATED SERVICE TESTING--VOLUME I: DETAILED STUDY PY - 1984/08 SP - 148 p. AB - This report is the first of three volumes which describe a comparative study of concrete tie track in U.S. revenue service and at the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST). The work was undertaken to develop an understanding of the degree to which FAST represents the "real world" of revenue service. The loading environment, structural characteristics and long-term performance of concrete tie track at FAST were compared with corresponding data from four concrete tie track segments in revenue service. The major conclusions of the study include: (a) Impact loads of high magnitude relative to nominal wheel loads occur because of small percentages of freight and passenger traffic in revenue service. These impact loads are caused by wheel tread irregularities and produce bending cracks at the rail seats of concrete ties. Without detection and removal of the worst wheel tread conditions or attenuation of the impact loads, the service lives of the concrete ties may be significantly shortened. (b) While FAST has the higest mean loads of any site examined, crackproducing impact loads do not occur at FAST because of the extremely good (untypical) FAST consist wheel maintenance program. (c) Track surfacing maintenance (raising and tamping) loosens the ballast structure, reduces the uniformity of support and contributes to larg variations in relative track settlement. Uniformity of initial track support conditions is a key to good track performance. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete ties KW - Construction scheduling KW - Fast track KW - Impact loading KW - Impact loads KW - Railroad ties KW - Service life KW - Test tracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391620 AU - STEWART, H E AU - Selif, E T AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CORRELATION OF CONCRETE TIE TRACK PERFORMANCE IN REVENUE SERVICE AND AT THE FACILITY FOR ACCELERATED SERVICE TESTING--VOLUME II: PREDICTIONS AND EVALUATIONS OF TRACK SETTLEMENT PY - 1984/08 SP - 131 p. AB - Predictions and evaluations of settlement were made for revenue and the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST) track, both containing concrete and wood tie sections. The ballast physical state were investigated by field tests done before and after track maintenance. Borings were also taken to identify the subgrade conditions. The stress-dependent elastic and inelastic ballast behaviors were derived from repeated load triaxial tests and a ballast box device. Triaxial tests were also performed on the subgrade soils. A computer model, GEITRACK, was used to estimate the stresses and deformations in the track foundations. In addition, revenue site track modulus values predicted with GEOTRACK were compared to measured values. Predictions of track settlement were then made based upon the laboratory test results and stresses estimated using the computer model. The predicted values were compared to field measurements obtained using ballast instrumentation and surveying from benchmarks. The predicted settlements were of the same order as the measured values, however, some differences in trends were observed. A discussion of the factors that were not included in the methodology is presented, along with the implications of these factors on track performance. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete ties KW - Deformation KW - Maintenance of way KW - Railroad ties KW - Railroad tracks KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Track deformation KW - Track stiffness KW - Track structures KW - Validation KW - Wood ties KW - Wooden cross ties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472186 AU - Farr, E H AU - HITZ, J S AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ACCIDENT SEVERITY PREDICTION FORMULA FOR RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 52 p. AB - This report describes the development of formulas which predict the severity of accidents at public rail-highway crossings. They employ the previously developed DOT accident prediction formula, U.S. DOT-AAR National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory, and the FRA accident files. With these new formulas used in the DOT Resource Allocation Procedure, information will be available to assist in making better decisions about where to install motorist warning devices to further increase crossing safety for a given level of funding. Established statistical techniques are used to develop two formulas: one that estimates the number of fatal accidents per year at a crossing and one that estimates the number of injury accidents per year at a crossing. It was found that the factors in the inventory that significantly influence fatal accident severity, given that an accident occurred, were maximum timetable train speed, the number of through trains per day, the number of switch trains per day, and the urban-rural location. For injury accident severity, given that an accident occurred, the significant factors were maximum timetable train speed, the number of tracks, and the urban-rural location. The performance of these severity formulas is discussed and calculated results are presented. KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Operating speed KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad trains KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Train operations KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00401542 AU - MACK, G A AU - Hopper, A T AU - MEACHAM, H C AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF RAIL DEFECT DATA FROM THE BURLINGTON NORTHERN RAILROAD AND THE ATCHISON, TOPEKA AND SANTA FE RAILROAD PY - 1984/07 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Defects KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358903 AU - Johnson, Milton R AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - Temperatures, Pressures and Liquid Levels of Tank Cars Engulfed in Fires, Volume I, Results of Parametric Analyses PY - 1984/06//Final Report SP - 177p AB - An analytical procedure has been developed for calculating the effects of fire on a railroad tank car containing a hazardous material. The procedure was developed so that the consequences of using different conductances for the thermal insulation on the tank and different flow capacities of the safety relief valve could be determined. The analysis is used to predict various parameters which characterize the situation such as the time to failure, the amount of product remaining in the tank at the time of failure, the maximum pressure in the tank, the time to reach certain pressure levels, etc. The procedure has been used to analyze Specification 105 railroad tank cars in the pool fire environment. (This assumes complete engulfment of the car in the fire). Both the upright and overturned car cases have been considered. In the overturned car case the safety relief valve vents liquid instead of vapor and the fact that the liquid volumetric flow rate is less than that for vapor must be considered. Tank cars containing the following products have been analyzed as part of this study: ethylene oxide, propane, propylene, 1,3-butadiene, vinyl chloride, monomethylamine, and propylene oxide. The results from the analyses can be used to assess the degree to which different combinations of thermal insulation systems and safety relief valves will be successful in preventing or minimizing the consequences of tank car failures. The final report has been prepared in two volumes. This volume, Volume I, presents the results from parametric analyses. Volume II describes the analytical procedure and the computer program which was used to perform the calculations. KW - Fires KW - Hazardous materials KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Parametric analysis KW - Pressure KW - Pressure relief valves KW - Railroad safety KW - Tank cars KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392926 AU - Rajkumar, B R AU - Irani, F D AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - VALIDATION OF TRACK GEOMETRY INPUT TO THE VIBRATION TEST UNIT (VTU) AND ENDURANCE CAPABILITY OF THE VTU PY - 1984/06 SP - 59 p. AB - This report describes a series of tests conducted at the Transportation test Center, Pueblo, Colorado, to validate two forms of track geometry inputs to the Vibration Test Unit (VTU) in the Rail Dynamics Laboratory, capable of reproducing actual revenue track conditions. The first form consisted of reformatted Plasser geometry input produced by converting the Plasser mid-chord offset data into a Space Curve format with a special software. The second track geometry input was developed based on the Locomotive Track Hazrd Detector (LTHD) concept, and was produced by processing the time histories of special axle-mounted accelerometers into a space curve format. After the identification of a suitable form of input to the VTU which closely duplicated actual track conditions, a series of endurance cycle test runs was performed to demonstrate the capability of the VTU to operate for sustained periods of time using the track geometry as the input excitation. KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Dynamics KW - Rail dynamics laboratory KW - Railroad tracks KW - Structural design KW - Track geometry KW - Track irregularities KW - Transportation Technology Center KW - Validation KW - Vertical dynamics KW - Vibration tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387975 AU - Sweet, L M AU - Karmel, A AU - Princeton University AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - WHEELCLIMB DERAILMENT PROCESS AND DERAILMENT CRITERIA PY - 1984/06 SP - 198 p. AB - The most widely accepted criterion for wheelclimb derailment defines an upper limit for safe operation on wheel/rail contact forces on the climbing wheel, with the limit varying with time duration of the forces. For dynamic wheelclimb processes with significant lateral velocities, lateral forces may be measured for short time durations that are larger than those that may be sustained without derailment in steady state. To study wheelclimb derailment processes and evaluate derailment criteria, a series of derailment experiments was conducted using a one-fifth scale model of a single wheelset on tangent track subjected to static and dynamic loading conditions. The results of these experiments were compared to simulations based on a nonlinear theory developed to represent the important phenomena associated with dynamic wheelclimb. The study shows that the Japanese National Railways (JNR) and other time-duration dependent criteria based on wheel load measurements alone are unsuccessful in predicting derailment safety for dymanic wheelclimb. For wheelclimb processes involving negligible lateral velocities, the derailment limit can be estimated from quasi-steady analysis of wheel/rail forces. Evidence has been found that derailment criteria employing variables measured in addition to wheel loads may be successful in predicting derailment safety, and that diagnostic criteria may be developed for warning of impending derailment. KW - Car wheels (Railroads) KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Derailments KW - Force KW - L/V ratio KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Risk assessment KW - Rolling contact KW - Safety KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00405222 AU - Hopkins, R AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CHOPPER LOCOMOTIVE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PHASE II FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 49 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Choppers KW - Choppers (Electricity) KW - E44 electric locomotive KW - Electric locomotives KW - Electric power KW - Electric power supply KW - Electric railroads KW - Electrical systems KW - Propulsion KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387669 AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - VEHICLE/TRACK INTERACTION ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES VOLUME I, PART I PY - 1984/03 SP - 116 p. AB - This report describes Vehicle/Track Interaction Assessment Techniques (IAT) which are developed to provide standardized procedures and tools in order to: Investigate the dynamic performance of railroad vehicles, and systematically identify and cure dynamic track interaction problems associated with a vehicle. The IAT addresses ten performance issues: hunting, twist and roll, pitch and bounce, yaw and sway, steady-state curving, spiral negotiation, dynamic curving, steady buff and draft, longitudinal train action, and longitudinal impact. The report discusses the test and data analysis procedures required for each performance issue in terms of the control variables from track inputs tht are required to create the test environment, the response variables to be measured, the extent of data analysis required, the data handling requirements, the performance indices to be used in interpreting the test results, and the potential test sites. This report is in two parts. Part I is contained in Volume I and covers the overall process of determining vehicle performance issues. Part II, comprised of Volumes II and III, discusses the detailed procedures to be used in the Vehicle/Track Interaction Assessment Techniques. KW - Data collection KW - Hunting (Dynamics) KW - Information processing KW - Longitudinal control KW - Longitudinal dynamics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Ride quality KW - Rolling contact KW - Slack action KW - Steering KW - Tests KW - Train track dynamics KW - Trucks KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387671 AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - VEHICLE/TRACK INTERACTION ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES VOLUME III, PART II PY - 1984/03 SP - 528 p. AB - This report describes Vehicle/Track Interaction Assessment Techniques (IAT) which are developed to provide standardized procedures and tools in order to: Investigate the dynamic performance of railroad vehicles, and systematically identify and cure dynamic track interaction problems associated with a vehicle. The IAT addresses ten performance issues: hunting, twist and roll, pitch and bounce, yaw and sway, steady-state curving, spiral negotiation, dynamic curving, steady buff and draft, longitudinal train action, and longitudinal impact. The report discusses the test and data analysis procedures required for each performance issue in terms of the control variables from track inputs that are required to create the test environment, the response variables to be measured, the extent of data analysis required, the data handling requirements, the performance indices to be used in interpreting the test results, and the potential test sites. This report is in two parts. Part I is contained in Volume I and covers the overall process of determining vehicle performance issues. Part II, comprised of Volumes II and III, discusses the detailed procedures to be used in the Vehicle/Track Interaction Assessment Techniques. KW - Data collection KW - Hunting (Dynamics) KW - Information processing KW - Longitudinal control KW - Longitudinal dynamics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Ride quality KW - Rolling contact KW - Slack action KW - Steering KW - Tests KW - Train track dynamics KW - Trucks KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387670 AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - VEHICLE/TRACK INTERACTION ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES VOLUME II, PART II PY - 1984/03 SP - 510 p. AB - This report describes Vehicle/Track Interaction Assessment Techniques (IAT) which are developed to provide standardized procedures and tools in order to: Investigate the dynamic performance of railroad vehicles, and systematically identify and cure dynamic track interaction problems associated with a vehicle. The IAT addresses ten performance issues: hunting, twist and roll, pitch and bounce, yaw and sway, steady-state curving, spiral negotiation, dynamic curving, steady buff and draft, longitudinal train action, and longitudinal impact. The report discusses the test and data analysis procedures required for each performance issue in terms of the control variables from track inputs that are required to create the test environment, the response variable to be measured, the extent of data analysis required, the data handling requirements, the performance indices to be used in interpreting the test results, and the potential test sits. This report is in two parts. Part I is contained in Volume I and covers the overall process of determining vehicle performance issues. Part II, comprised of Volumes II and III, discusses the detailed procedures to be used in the Vehicle/Track Interaction Assessment Techniques. KW - Data collection KW - Hunting (Dynamics) KW - Information processing KW - Longitudinal control KW - Longitudinal dynamics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Ride quality KW - Rolling contact KW - Slack action KW - Steering KW - Tests KW - Train track dynamics KW - Trucks KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387968 AU - MOYAR, G J AU - Cruse, W J AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE WEAR AND MAINTENANCE BEHAVIOR OF TURNOUTS AND FROGS/GUARD RAILS DURING THE FIRST FAST EXPERIMENT PY - 1984/01 SP - 117 p. AB - This report describes the service evaluation of frogs, switches and guard rails on the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing track near Pueblo, Colorado. The selected components were measured and insptected at scheduled intervals determined by service loading. Wear and maintenance data per MGT are given for each metallurgy and location, and the conditions influencing performance are here thoroughly discussed. The authors note that engineering personnel from participating (donor) railroads and suppliers were frequently on hand to observe the frog and turnout performance tests and that changes in design and maintenance practices have resulted. KW - Construction scheduling KW - Fast track KW - Frogs (Railroads) KW - Guardrails KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance of way KW - Restraining rails KW - Service life KW - Switches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387682 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAILROAD PASSENGER EQUIPMENT SAFETY. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Report presents the results of the Federal Railroad Administration's comprehensive examination of railroad passenger safety in response to section 702 of the Rail Safety and Service Improvement Act of 1982. Rail passenger service in the United States has compiled a superior safety record that can be attributed to the rail industry's operational and safety practices as well as the effect of FRA's extensive safety regulations. To enhance that record, FRA is undertaking several rail passenger safety initiatives: (1) Consistent with a Congressional mandate, FRA is issuing a final rule extending its Track Safety Standards to include all track used exclusively for rail commuter service; (2) To ensure continued inspection and testing of passenger car brakes, FRA is amending its Power Brake Standards, which refer to industry rules that have been cancelled; (3) FRA is issuing guidelines consistent with those developed by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration on the flammability and smoke emission characteristics of materials used in the construction of rail passenger equipment; (4) FRA will convene a Special Safety Inquiry to assess the potential impact of technological changes in passenger equipment components, such as wheels, axles, bearings, and brakes. (5) FRA will sponsor an industry-wide review of emergency procedures by passenger service providers to ensure that adequate measures for emergency preparedness are in use throughout the systems within its jurisdiction. FRA is confident that its comprehensive review of rail passenger safety and the resulting initiatives described in this Report will contribute to maintaining the rail industry's excellent passenger safety record. KW - Brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Flammability KW - Passenger cars KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroad tracks KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Track standards KW - Track structures KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403074 AU - MARTINS, RWC AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF THE TRACTIVE CAPABILITY OF LOCOMOTIVES PY - 1984 SP - 37 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Locomotives KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00402948 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - XVI PAN AMERICAN RAILWAY CONGRESS = XVI CONGRESO PANAMERICANO DE FERROCARRILES = XVI CONGRESSO PANAMERICANO DE ESTRADAS DE FERRO, OCTOBE PY - 1984 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Conferences KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216266 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403019 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - GROBEN, J J AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE ECONOMIC BALANCE OR COSTS BENEFIT OF THE RAILWAY FOR THE PUBLIC-ACCOUNTS AND ACCOUNTABILITY SEPARATED PY - 1984 SP - p. 87-116 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deutsche Bahn KW - Deutsche Bundesbahn KW - Germany KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219106 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403014 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - BARWELL, F T AU - LEECH, D J AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERMEDIATE TRANSIT TECHNOLOGY TO THE QUALITY OF URBAN LIFE PY - 1984 SP - p. 148-173 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Public transit KW - Quality of life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403022 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - DIAGNE, A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CONTRIBUTION OF THE AFRICAN RAILWAYS TO THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE AFRICAN COUNTRIES : THE EXAMPLE OF THE TRANSGABON PY - 1984 SP - p. 36-55 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Gabon KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403051 AU - EPHRAIM, M AU - KOCI, H H AU - MARTA, H A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - IMPROVED ENERGY TECHNOLOGY FOR DIESEL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES : AN UPDATE REPORT PY - 1984 SP - 2 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Diesel locomotives KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403094 AU - Thompson, L S AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE NORTHEAST CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT PROJECT PY - 1984 SP - 23 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Construction KW - Northeast Corridor Improvement Project KW - Northeastern United States KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215724 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403048 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - FABA, A J AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE COMBINED OR INTERMODAL AND MIXED TRANSPORTS : OTHER REASONS TO CHOOSE THE LIGHT ARTICULATED TRAINS PY - 1984 SP - p. 116-155 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Argentina KW - Piggyback transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403071 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - LOPEZ PITA, A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - POSSIBILITIES IN THE REDUCTION OF MAINTENANCE COSTS OF THE GEOMETRIC QUALITY OF TRACK, BY MEANS OF ADOPTING NEW CRITERIONS IN ITS DESIGN PY - 1984 SP - p. 116-133 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403095 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - NOSAREV, A V AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE PATTERN OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR WORKERS, TECHNICIANS AND ENGINEERS FOR SOVIET RAILWAYS PY - 1984 SP - p. 208-222 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Education and training KW - Employees KW - Former Soviet Union KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219117 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403020 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Takahashi, K AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE RAILWAYS AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS PY - 1984 SP - p. 186-197 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Japan KW - Railroads KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219107 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403021 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - DMITRIEV, V A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - BASIC CRITERIA APPLIED IN THE USSR IN ALLOCATING BUDGETARY RESOURCES AMONG THE VARIOUS TRANSPORT MODES PARTICULARLY FOR RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT PY - 1984 SP - p. 213-228 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Finance KW - Former Soviet Union KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403026 AU - HOLT, JEM AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - HIGH SPEED RAIL : WHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE IT WORK PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - High speed ground transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403073 AU - Martland, C D AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - SERVICE AND OPERATIONS PLANNING PY - 1984 SP - 23 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215714 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403024 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - ETCHICHURY, A H AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - URBAN TRANSPORT IN SOUTH AMERICAN CITIES PY - 1984 SP - p. 61-73 AB - No abstract provided. KW - South America KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403427 AU - Galli, A AU - BERGMAN, F AU - CABRERA, J L AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE-PHASE CATENARY RAILWAY ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE PY - 1984 SP - p. 179-200 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Electric power supply KW - Electric railroads KW - Environmental impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403093 AU - BAKER, E O AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - LABOR COST ANALYSIS IN THE RAILROAD INDUSTRY PY - 1984 SP - 77 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Labor costs KW - Labor productivity KW - Operating costs KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215723 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403052 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - RODRIGUES, C A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF TRACK MAINTENANCE COST PY - 1984 SP - p. 66-104 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Costs KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403072 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - MARC, C M AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - THE USE OF CONCRETE TIES AS A MEANS OF PROTECTING FORESTS PY - 1984 SP - p. 135-167 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Concrete ties KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403013 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - CHERNOUSSOV, L A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EXPERIENCE OF THE USSR IN RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION : ITS FUEL AND POWER EFFICIENCY, THE ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION PY - 1984 SP - p. 247-267 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Former Soviet Union KW - Railroad electrification KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403015 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - MUCKHAMEDOV, G A AU - TSELISHCHEVA, O L AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAILWAYS AS A MEANS OF PROMOTING ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL LINKS BETWEEN THE REPUBLICS, ECONOMIC REGIONS, URBAN AND RURAL AREAS AND THEIR POPULATION IN THE USSR PY - 1984 SP - p. 260-290 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Former Soviet Union KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403023 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - GUZMAN D, M AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAILROAD TRANSPORT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CONGESTION IN THE PORTS PY - 1984 SP - p. 173-191 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Marine terminals KW - Mexico KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219110 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00403046 JO - Publication of: FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - GOMES, A B AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - REDUCTION IN CONSUMPTION AND RESEARCH AIMED AT SUBSTITUTING DIESEL OIL BY ALTERNATIVE FUELS ON DIESEL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES OF E.F.V.M PY - 1984 SP - p. 154-202 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel locomotives KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403426 AU - ZENERE, R P AU - PORTA, E A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - WHAT IS ITALY'S BENEFIT FROM THE FERROVIA DELLO STATO? PY - 1984 SP - p. 1-18 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Italy KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941427 AU - Nayak, P R AU - Rosenfield, D B AU - Hagopian, J H AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - EVENT PROBABILITIES AND IMPACT ZONES FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ACCIDENTS ON RAILROADS PY - 1983/11 SP - 296 p. AB - Procedures are presented for evaluating the probability and impacts of hazardous material accidents in rail transportation. The significance of track class for accident frequencies and of train speed for accident severity is quantified. Special attention is given to the analysis of track-caused accidents. Quantitative estimates are provided of the amount of hazardous material released per accident, as well as of the area affected by these releases. An error analysis is made of the various probabilities. KW - Classification KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Hazardous materials KW - Impacts KW - Probability KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad tracks KW - Risk analysis KW - Speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33356/33356.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33356/33356.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941426 AU - Blader, F B AU - Analytic Sciences Corporation AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ANALYTIC STUDIES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRACK GEOMETRY VARIATIONS AND DERAILMENT POTENTIAL AT LOW SPEEDS PY - 1983/09 SP - 134 p. AB - This report describes analytical studies carried out to define the relationship between track parameters and safety from derailment. Problematic track scenarios are identified reflecting known accident data. Vehicle response is investigated in the 10-25 mph speed range, using an analytic model of a freight vehicle to identify critical values of body roll, and incipient wheel drop and rail climb, on track with weak lateral restraint. The track model includes gauge variation as well as alignment and cross-level in curves and the vehicle represents a 100-ton hopper car. Model results compare well with experimental results. Safe values for gauge and cross-level are identified for curved track containing lateral cusps at outer rail joints with and without cross-level cusps at staggered joints. Safe values of alignment are identified for sinusoidal alignment variation with constant gauge on tangent track and in curves up to 10 degrees. Recommendations are made on improvements to the computational efficiency and accuracy of the simulation and on further efforts required to identify completely safe values for track over the range of speeds, vehicle types and track conditions encountered in service. KW - Alignment KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cross leveling KW - Curved track KW - Derailments KW - Field data KW - Gage (Rails) KW - Geometry KW - Improvements KW - Low speed KW - Mathematical models KW - Rail joints KW - Railroad tracks KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382602 AU - Jeong, D AU - Coltman, M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF LATERAL RAIL RESTRAINT PY - 1983/09 SP - 88 p. AB - This report deals with the analysis of lateral rail strength using the results of experimental investigations and a nonlinear rail response model. Part of the analysis involves the parametric study of the influence of track parameters on lateral rail restraint. These parameters include rail size, rail support characteristics, and wheel versus truck loading. Based on these results, safety limits on allowable rail restraint degradation for low speed track are presented. KW - Derailments KW - Finite element method KW - Lateral loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail fasteners KW - Railroad tracks KW - Rolling contact KW - Speed limits KW - Track structures KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198591 ER - TY - SER AN - 00407493 JO - BBN REPORT PB - Federal Railroad Administration AU - BENDER, E K AU - WITTIG, L E AU - STAHR, J D AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FREIGHT TRAIN BRAKE SYSTEM SAFETY STUDY PY - 1983/08 IS - N511 SP - 152 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brake shoes KW - Brakes KW - Dynamics KW - Icing KW - Railroad trains KW - Railroads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762418 AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT/INCIDENT AND INVENTORY BULLETIN NUMBER 5, CALENDAR YEAR 1982 PY - 1983/06 IS - 5 SP - 108 p. AB - The fifth annual report, issued by the Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA) Office of Safety, combines rail-highway crossing accident/incident statistics with the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory. Accident/Incident data have been obtained from the FRA's Railroad Accident/Incident Reporting Systems (RAIRS). The RAIRS consists of the accident/incident reports filed by all railroads with the Office of Safety. The National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory contains information about all rail-highway crossings in the United States. Section 1 of the report presents historical data on rail-highway crossing accidents/incidents for 1977 through 1982. Section 2 contains accident/incident statistics for 1982. These data were obtained from the rail-highway crossing accident/incident file and the railroad casualty file. Section 3 combines information from the rail-highway crossing accident/incident file with data in the National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory and shows relationships between certain crossing characteristics and accident frequencies. Section 4 presents physical and operational statistics for all U.S. public, at-grade rail-highway crossings, as described by the National Inventory of June 10, 1982. The report contains data from public and private crossings. KW - At grade intersections KW - Crash rates KW - Highways KW - Incidents KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad Grade Crossing Characteristics KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00404811 AU - SIMON, R M AU - Edgers, L AU - ERRICO, J V AU - DIPILATO, M A AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - BALLAST AND SUBGRADE REQUIREMENTS STUDY : FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Railroad tracks KW - Railroads KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381549 AU - SIMON, R M AU - Edgers, L AU - ERRICO, J V AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - BALLAST AND SUBGRADE REQUIREMENTS STUDY: RAILROAD TRACK SUBSTRUCTURE--MATERIALS EVALUATION AND STABILIZATION PRACTICES PY - 1983/06 SP - 386 p. AB - Earth materials--i.e., soil and rock--form the substructure of all railroad track. In this report, the functions and performance characteristics of each of the substructure elements (i.e., ballast, subballast, and subgrade), and the material properties that influence the substructure performance are described. In addition, guidelines are provided for their use in railroad track. KW - Ballast KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Properties of materials KW - Railroad tracks KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Subballast KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Track structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381550 AU - DIPILATO, M A AU - Steinberg, E I AU - SIMON, R M AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Dyer (Thomas K), Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - BALLAST AND SUBGRADE REQUIREMENTS STUDY: RAILROAD TRACK SUBSTRUCTURE--DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE PRACTICES PY - 1983/06 SP - 178 p. AB - Earth materials--i.e., soil and rock--form the substructure (ballast, subballast, and subgrade) of all railroad track. In this report, the most suitable technology and design criteria as related to design of the substructure are identified based on a review of current track substructure design procedures employed in the United States and foreign countries. A primary emphasis has been placed on identifying an approach for rational design of track to support vertical, lateral, and longitudinal loads. Principal design parameters and available analytic and empirical design procedures are discussed. KW - Ballast KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drainage KW - Force KW - Lateral loads KW - Longitudinal forces KW - Railroad tracks KW - Subballast KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Track structures KW - Vertical forces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381551 AU - SIMON, R M AU - DIPILATO, M A AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - BALLAST AND SUBGRADE REQUIREMENTS STUDY: SUMMARY AND ASSESSMENT REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 85 p. AB - Earth materials--i.e. soil and rock--form the substructure of all railroad track. In this report a summary and assessment is presented with respect to current and available practices for substructure (ballast, subballast, and subgrade) materials evaluation and selection, stabilization, design and analysis, and performance evaluation. KW - Ballast KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Materials tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Railroad tracks KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subballast KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Track structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941425 AU - Samavedam, G AU - Kish A AU - Jeong, D AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PARAMETRIC STUDIES ON LATERAL STABILITY OF WELDED RAIL TRACK PY - 1983/05 SP - 60 p. AB - Thermal buckling of railroad tracks in the lateral plane is an important problem in the design and maintenance of continuous welded rails (CWR). The severity of the problem is manifested through the increasing number of derailments which are attributable to track buckling, indicating a need for developing better control on the allowable safe temperature increase for CWR track. The work reported here is part of a major investigation conducted by the Transportation Systems Center for the Federal Railroad Administration, on the analytical predictions of critical buckling loads and temperatures, and deals with a parametric investigation of the buckling response of CWR track. Buckling temperature and safe allowable temperature increase values are predicted for both tangent and curved tracks, as influenced by several key parameters, including track lateral and longitudinal resistances, lateral misalignments and rail size. Results of sensitivity analyses over a practical range of the parameters are presented and a suitable design criterion to ensure stability of CWR is outlined. KW - Buckling KW - Continuous welded rail KW - Derailments KW - Lateral stability KW - Loads KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Railroad tracks KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941424 AU - Groom, J J AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN RAILS PY - 1983/05 SP - 72 p. AB - A destructive sectioning technique for measuring the complete three-dimensional residual stresses in a rail cross section was developed. The technique was applied to four tangent rail specimens: two 136-pound specimens were taken from FAST (Facility for Accelerated Service Testing), Pueblo, Colorado [83 and 270 MGT (million gross tons)] and two 132-pound specimens were obtained from revenue service (100 and 300 MGT). The results show that: 1) high compressive stresses exist in and near the tread surface of the rail, particularly near the edges of the wear pattern where the plastic flow of metal is extreme; 2) high tensile stresses are found just below the tread surface with peak stresses near the edges of the tread wear pattern; and 3) for the traffic ranges examined (83 to 300 MGT), the tensile stresses internal to the rail head increased with increasing MGT. KW - Compressive stress KW - Million gross tons KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail cross section KW - Residual stress KW - Specimens KW - Tensile stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380475 AU - Russell, E AU - Narum, B AU - Amos, C L AU - Schercinger, J M AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Kansas State University, Manhattan AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - COMPILATION OF STATES' LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON MATTERS AFFECTING RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS PY - 1983/04 SP - 425 p. AB - This is a compilation of State laws, ordinances and regulations pertaining to rail-highway crossings organized by State, key word, and subject. This document is intended as a reference tool for those working in the Rail-Highway Crossing Safety Field. This is NOT a legal document. It is written in everyday language for use by laymen. (Author) KW - Laws KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reviews KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378924 AU - Dean, W C AU - Herring, J M AU - Budd Company AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION OF THE BUDD COMPANY AMCOACH TILT BODY SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/04 SP - 96 p. AB - The objective of this program was to demonstrate the Tilt System developed by The Budd Company. This system is applicable to any corridor and it will provide the most cost effective method of reducing trip times on the Northeast Corridor by allowing higher travel speeds on existing curves while maintaining the same level of passenger comfort. The Tilt System can be retrofit on the existing Amfleet cars with minimum modifications. The system is powered pneumatically. The controller is an on-off type. It is fail safe-in the event of a power failure, the system will return to the neutral position. This system allows increase in curving speeds of between 20% and 35% depending on superelevation as compared to conventional cars. KW - Active suspension systems KW - Amtrak KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Passenger car design KW - Passenger cars KW - Pneumatic control KW - Pneumatics KW - Ride quality KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941422 AU - Raposa, F L AU - Glover, J D AU - Alexander Kusko, Incorporated AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS -- ALTERNATIVE TRACTION POWER FOR LOCOMOTIVES AND SELF-POWERED RAILCARS PY - 1983/03 SP - 108 p. AB - A preliminary study on the application of batteries and fuel cells as alternative motive power to diesel engines has been conducted. Three motive power consists are analyzed using the Boston to New York portion of the Northeast Corridor as a typical scenario for establishing the requirements. Various types of batteries and fuel-cell configurations have been analyzed to meet the established requirements. The preliminary study has shown that both batteries and fuel cells can be used today for certain motive-power applications, but a more detailed study should be conducted to establish more firmly their technical and economic feasibility. A comprehensive evaluation of the future development of batteries and fuel cells for railroad traction application is necessary. An R&D plan should be developed and designed to achieve equivalent performance to the diesel engine from these alternative powerplants. KW - Electric batteries KW - Fuel cells KW - Locomotives KW - Self-powered railcars KW - Traction power UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00403016 AU - MOYAR, G J AU - PANWANI, S K AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - FATIGUE TESTS ON TRAILER HITCH AT FAST FAT-II PY - 1983/02 SP - 17 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Freight cars KW - Railroads KW - Steel plates KW - Steel structures KW - Testing KW - Trailer on flat car KW - Trailers KW - Welded steel structures KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387978 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - TASK FORCE REPORT ON THE M-2 AXLE/BEARING FAILURE INVESTIGATION PY - 1983/01 SP - 63 p. AB - This investigation of the tubular-axle/roller-bearing failures experienced with M-2 multiple-unit cars of New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority was aimed at establishing failure mechanisms, assessing the effectiveness of interim and long-term countermeasures, and determining if the risk of such failures exists on other fleets of similar design. Two major causes identified were improper axle/bearing/wheel assembly and design problems with the inboard bearing and tubular axle configuration. Short term recommendations included more frequent inspections, retrofitting with solid axles, and strict observance of rebuilding intervals for bearings. For the long term it was urged that there be more uniform bearing assembly, maintenance and inspection procedures, achieved through auspices of AAR and APTA. There should be an industry attempt to develop automated wayside or onboard hot box detectors for inboard bearings. The procedures used by other commuter railroad operators and by rapid transit agencies for inboard-bearing cars were studied. it was observed that none of the other properties have experienced journal wear or bearing failures at rates comparable to the M-2, in part due to lower vehicle weights and conservatism in axle/bearing design. KW - Axles KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Electric multiple unit cars KW - Failure analysis KW - Hot boxes KW - Inboard bearings KW - Journal boxes KW - Maintenance KW - Rapid transit cars KW - Roller bearings KW - Tubular axles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45100/45116/TaskForceM_2Axle.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373859 AU - Shaver, D K AU - Berkowitz, R L AU - Systems Technology Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory TI - GUIDELINES MANUAL--POST ACCIDENT PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICALS AND PROPELLANTS PY - 1983/01 SP - 246 p. AB - This report presents guidelines for responding to hazardous materials transportation accidents. In particular, guidelines for reporting an accident; initiating the response communications network; first on-scene responders; assessing the accident scene; determinign the magnitude of the accident and estimating the danger areas from vapor dispersion; containment; vapor suppression; handling leaks; selection of personnel, equipment and materials; firefighting; evacuation; cargo transfer, wreckage removal and cleanup/disposal activities are presented. (Author) KW - Chemicals KW - Communications KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Disposal KW - Guidelines KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Propellants KW - Traffic crashes KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381787 AU - Hitz, J AU - Cross, M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCEDURE, USER'S GUIDE PY - 1982/12 SP - 83 p. AB - The Highway Safety Acts of 1973 and 1976 and the Surface Transportation Act of 1978 provide funding authorizations for individual states to improve safety at public rail-highway crossings. Safety improvements frequently consist of the installation of active motorist warning devices such as flashing lights or flashing lights with gates. To assist states and railroads in determining effective allocations of Federal funds for rail-highway crossing improvements, the U.S. Department of Transportation has developed the DOT Rail-Highway Crossing Resource Allocation Procedure. The procedure consists of the DOT accident prediction formula, which predicts the number of accidents at crossings, and the resource allocation model, which nominates crossings for improvement on a cost-effective basis and recommends the type of warning device to be installed. This guide provides interested users with complete information for application of the DOT Rail-Highway Crossing Resource Allocation Procedure. (FHWA) KW - Crash rates KW - Federal aid KW - Guidelines KW - Improvements KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Resource allocation KW - Safety KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378916 AU - Kish A AU - Samavedam, G AU - Jeong, D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated TI - ANALYSIS OF THERMAL BUCKLING TESTS ON U.S. RAILROADS PY - 1982/11 SP - 102 p. AB - Thermal buckling of railroad tracks in the lateral plane is an important problem in the design and maintenance of continuous welded rails (CWR). The severity of the problem is manifested through the increasing number of derailments which are attributable to track buckling, indicating a need for developing better control on the allowable, safe temperature increase for CWR track. The experimental work consisted of two major tests at The Plains, VA, conducted as part of a cooperative research program with the Southern Railway System. One test was on tangent track and the other on curved. Both test zones were fully instrumented for compressive forces, temperatures, lateral and longitudinal displacements. Analyses of the two test results, theoretical predictions and conclusions of practical significance are presented. KW - Buckling KW - Continuous welded rail KW - High temperature KW - Maintenance of way KW - Railroad tracks KW - Southern Railway KW - Testing KW - Thermal stresses KW - Track structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365739 AU - Coulombre, R AU - Poage, J AU - Farr, E AU - Hitz, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT PREDICTION FORMULAS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL PY - 1982/09 SP - 29 p. AB - The Highway Safety Acts of 1973 and 1976, and the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978, provide funding authorizations to individual states to improve safety at public rail-highway crossings. The installation of active motorist warning devices, such as flashing lights or flashing lights with gates, is an important part of crossing safety improvements. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) assists states and railroads in determining effective allocations of Federal funds for rail-highway crossing safety improvements. This report describes the resource allocation procedure developed to assist in the allocation of funds among crossings to achieve maximum crossing safety benefits for a given level of funding. The procedure consists of two parts. The first is an accident prediction formula which computes the expected number of accidents at each crossing. The second part is a resource allocation model designed to nominate crossings for improvement consideration on a cost-effective basis and to suggest the type of warning device to be installed. KW - Allocations KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Resource allocation KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety equipment KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365637 AU - Saunders, B B AU - Koger, T L AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MONITORING DEVICES FOR RAILROAD SAFETY, SUPPLEMENT PY - 1982/08 SP - 241 p. AB - Supplement to final report: Monitoring Devices for Railroad Safety of October 1980. This report is a compilation of sales brochures for the monitoring devices contained in the above mentioned report. KW - Chemical agents KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Detectors KW - Gas detectors KW - Hazards KW - Heat KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Railroads KW - Safety equipment KW - Vapors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365625 AU - Dynatrend, Incorporated AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF 105A TANK CARS AND THEIR USAGE PATTERNS IN TRANSPORTING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PY - 1982/08 SP - 85 p. AB - This study is an extensive investigation of the characteristics, use, and safety experience of Department of Transportation Specification 105 rail tank cars. KW - Cargo transportation KW - Crash investigation KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Insulating materials KW - Inventory KW - Railroad cars KW - Tank cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365636 AU - Saunders, B B AU - Koger, T L AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - MONITORING DEVICES FOR RAILROAD SAFETY PY - 1982/08 SP - 58 p. AB - Chemical vapor detectors and heat detectors - telemetry systems were investigated for their suitability for railroad use. Safety in transporting hazardous chemicals can be increased by using systems designed to detect leaks of toxic and combustible vapor independent of any railroad incident and by using systems for the detection, identification, and quantification of spills resulting from railroad accidents or incidents. Three incidents under which chemical vapor monitoring would improve railroad safety associated with transporting hazardous chemicals are as follows: On-board monitoring (independent of a derailment or other railroad incident), incident monitoring (leak checks after small scale incidents), or response team monitoring (damage and hazard assessment of large railroad incidents). The principles of operation and the various unique features of detection instruments commercially available are discussed. The properties of explosives and heat detectors needed to monitor these explosives transported in railroad cars are discussed. KW - Chemical agents KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Detectors KW - Gas detectors KW - Hazards KW - Heat KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Railroads KW - Safety equipment KW - Telemetry KW - Vapors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365643 AU - MOYAR, G J AU - Cruse, W J AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - WEAR BEHAVIOR OF INSULATED JOINTS, FIRST FAST EXPERIMENT PY - 1982/08 SP - 81 p. AB - The performance of seven designs of bonded and nonbonded insulated joints was tested at the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST), Pueblo, Colorado. Measurements were obtained for change in rail profile at the joint, dynamic deflection under freight car impact, and electrical resistance of insulated joints with traffic. Maintenance manhours related to joint performance were tabulated, and relative performance indices provide an overview. KW - Bonded joints KW - Dynamic loads KW - Insulated joints KW - Insulation systems KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Joints junctions KW - Maintainability KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rail joints KW - Railroad tracks KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Service life KW - Track structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365653 AU - Cheung, THW AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - STABILITY ASSESSMENT FACILITY FOR EQUIPMENT (SAFE) DEVELOPMENT TEST ON FASTENERS AND TRACKAGE PY - 1982/07 SP - 89 p. AB - A pilot test for SAFE was conducted on the Train Dynamics Track of the Transportation Test Center (TTC), Pueblo, Colorado, from April 1980 to August 1980. The purpose was to determine how well track perturbations constructed in different ways (namely, pre-bent rails or pre-bent joint bars in conjunction with cut spikes or adjustable fasteners) retain their properties and position during operational use, and to develop a reliable wayside instrumentation package. Both dynamic and static wayside data were collected for characterizing the load environment on the track and the track properties. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Fasteners KW - Field tests KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Performance evaluations KW - Railroad tracks KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177618 ER -