TY - ABST AN - 01625945 TI - Report on Motor Carrier Financial Responsibility (FAST Act - Section 5517) AB - Section 5517 of the FAST Act requires the Secretary of Transportation to publish on a publicly accessible Internet Web site of the Department a report on the minimum levels of financial responsibility required under Section 31139 of Title 49, United States Code. KW - Financial responsibility KW - Motor carriers KW - United States Code UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/report-motor-carrier-financial-responsibility-fast-act-section-5517 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618828 AU - Khan, Mokbul AU - Bannister, William AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Overview of Drug and Alcohol Use Among Large Truck and Bus Drivers, 2011–13 PY - 2016/12//Final Report SP - 25p AB - This report provides a broad overview of drug and alcohol usage among large truck and bus drivers for 2011–13. Data sources for the overview are: testing results from motor carrier drug testing programs, roadside inspections on large trucks and buses, and fatal crash reports collected by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). In addition to a 2011–13 overview of drug and alcohol usage estimates derived from a review of those sources, driver drug and alcohol usage highlights for 2013 are presented. KW - Alcohol use KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drug use KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60547/RRA-15-025-Drug_-Alcohol-Broad-View-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440289 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625793 TI - Case Study/Beta Test of Updated Model Motorcoach Curriculum AB - The goal of this project is to beta test the updated model motorcoach driver curriculum recently developed by the Agency. Facilitation services to manage this beta test will be acquired from an expert bus industry consultancy. Recommendations for candidate participants will be sought through bus industry associations and other channels. This will include consideration of a number of carriers and schools. There is also the possibility of a volunteer manufacturer converting the Microsoft (MS) Word and PowerPoint materials into online or blended materials. Ways to ensure that the final curriculum will become an ongoing industry product (with updates as necessary) will be explored. KW - Bus transportation KW - Case studies KW - Driver training KW - Education and training methods KW - Motor Coach KW - Telecommunications UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/case-studybeta-test-updated-model-motorcoach-curriculum UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01623572 AU - Hammond, Rebecca L AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Miller, Andrew M AU - Soccolich, Susan A AU - Farrell, Laura J AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Distraction and Drowsiness in Motorcoach Drivers PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 147p AB - Despite the large number of motorcoaches in the United States, there has been limited research on motorcoach operations. With more than 15 billion miles traveled per year and the transport of millions of people, crashes, when they occur, can involve multiple injuries and deaths. Driver error is often cited as a factor in these crashes, with distraction and drowsiness being primary concerns. The current study analyzed naturalistic driving data from two motorcoach fleets, 43 instrumented motorcoaches, and 65 drivers. Data analyzed for this study were collected from May 2013 to July 2014. The data set produced 1,086 valid safety critical events (SCEs) events, including 17 crashes. To support the analyses, 4,600 baseline epochs (normative driving) were identified and coded. Four sets of analyses focused on the following: Secondary and driving-related task engagement; Environmental conditions; Eye glance analyses; and Drowsiness. Task types with the highest risk (odds ratios) were: reaching for an object; external distractions; and a novel distraction for motorcoach drivers, intercom use. Very few SCEs were coded with high drowsiness. This study provides needed insight into motorcoach operations, but additional studies are needed to further investigate domain-specific issues. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Data analysis KW - Distraction KW - Drowsiness KW - Safety-critical events UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60400/60466/15-017-Distraction_and_Drowsiness_in_Motorcoach_Drivers-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60400/60467/15-017_b_-BRIEF-Distraction_and_Drowsiness_in_Motorcoach_Drivers-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01623571 AU - Miller, Andrew M AU - Krum, Andrew AU - Golusky, Mark AU - Joslin, Spencer AU - Deal, Victoria AU - Soccolich, Susan AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s Advanced System Testing Utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH), Safety Technology Evaluation Project #3: Novel Convex Mirrors PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 120p AB - An independent evaluation of a set of novel prototype mirrors was conducted to determine whether the mirrors perform as well as traditional production mirrors across the basic functions of field of view (FOV), image distortion, and distance estimation. Driver acceptance of prototype mirrors was evaluated, as well. The study involved a controlled test with research staff and a static evaluation with recruited participants on the Virginia Smart Road’s static test area (STA). Controlled testing determined capabilities by assessing the maximum FOV presented to specific individuals. The static evaluation allowed participants to provide feedback regarding the prototype mirrors. Driver ratings indicated a preference for the way production mirrors handled image distortion and an overall preference for production mirrors on trucks. Analyses show a larger FOV with increased distortion in prototype over production mirrors, with no difference in accurately measuring distances. Recommendations are presented for next steps of mirror development, a follow-up controlled test on the Virginia Smart Road, and field operational testing with fleets using these prototype mirrors. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Convex mirrors KW - Distance perception KW - Distortion (Optics) KW - Exterior mirrors (Vehicles) KW - Field of view KW - Motor carriers KW - Prototypes KW - Recommendations KW - Virginia Smart Road UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60400/60468/15-021-FAST_DASH_3-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01623570 AU - Krum, Andrew AU - Bowman, Darrell S AU - Soccolich, Susan AU - Deal, Victoria AU - Golusky, Mark AU - Joslin, Spencer AU - Miller, Andrew AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s Advanced System Testing Utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH), Safety Technology Evaluation Project #2: Driver Monitoring PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 100p AB - An independent evaluation of a non-video-based onboard monitoring system (OBMS) was conducted. The objective was to determine if the OBMS system performed reliably, improved driving safety and performance, and improved fuel efficiency in a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operation. The study involved a controlled test on the Virginia Smart Road and a naturalistic field test with a CMV fleet. Controlled testing demonstrated capabilities for the field test. The field test demonstrated OBMS reliability with positive effects for safety but inconclusive effects for fuel efficiency. A reliability analysis indicated the OBMS provided speeding and seatbelt violations accurately 86 and 100 percent of the time, respectively. An analysis using the rate of safety-critical events (SCEs) per 10,000 miles found no reduction in SCEs from intervention to baseline. However, a trend analysis of violation frequency per 1,000 miles over vehicle operation weeks showed a significant drop in speeding violations (37 percent) and seatbelt violations (56 percent) from the baseline phase to the first 2-week intervention period. A subset of participating drivers in the field study were surveyed and indicated the OBMS was easy to use and felt it had a positive impact on their performance. Recommendations are presented for both system providers and fleets. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver monitoring KW - Field tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - Onboard monitoring KW - Reliability KW - Safety-critical events KW - Truck drivers KW - Virginia Smart Road UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60400/60403/16-002-FAST_DASH_Final_Report-Evaluation_2-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60400/60426/16-002-FAST_DASH_Final_Report-Evaluation_2-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01623568 AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Knipling, Ronald R AU - Olson, Rebecca L AU - Fumero, Maria C AU - Blanco, Myra AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Light Vehicle-Heavy Vehicle Interaction Data Collection and Countermeasure Research Project PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 196p AB - The Light Vehicle-Heavy Vehicle Interaction (LV-HV) Data Collection and Countermeasure Research Project leveraged data from the Drowsy Driver Warning System Field Operational Test (DDWS FOT) to investigate a set of research issues relating to driver performance and crash causation, and not directly related to the safety benefits of the DDWS. The four priority issues and study topics selected for exploratory investigation and analysis included: Analysis of HV safety events, including LV-HV vehicle interactions; Assessment of crashes and near-crashes, and identification of countermeasures; Identification of driving patterns and work/rest schedules; and Calculation of driver risk. The data collected in the DDWS FOT between May 2004 and May 2005 encompassed approximately 50,000 hours of naturalistic driving (ND) completed by 95 volunteer commercial driver participants. The collection of additional data from other commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers in different operational settings (employing a more extensive set of event analysis variables) is planned for the future. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Car-truck interaction KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Rest periods KW - Safety-critical events KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60300/60395/11-029_LV-HV_Interaction__v11__FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01623567 AU - Blanco, Myra AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Olson, Rebecca L AU - Bocanegra, Joseph L AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Nakata, Akiko AU - Greening, Mike AU - Madison, Phillip AU - Holbrook, G Thomas AU - Bowman, Darrell AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Investigating Critical Incidents, Driver Restart Period, Sleep Quantity, and Crash Countermeasures in Commercial Vehicle Operations Using Naturalistic Data Collection PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 225p AB - This report presents the final results of an on-road naturalistic driving data collection effort to investigate light-vehicle/heavy-vehicle (LV-HV) interactions and other safety issues related to commercial motor vehicle (CMV) crash risk. The three primary focus areas in this on-road study were work/rest parameters relating to driver fatigue and incident involvement, event causation, and LV-HV interaction and applicable functional countermeasures. The primary goal of this on-road study was to investigate crashes, near-crashes, and crash-relevant conflicts from the HV driver’s perspective in order to help determine functional countermeasures. Identifying these functional countermeasures is expected to assist in the development of effective technologies, enforcement strategies, training and education programs, and other specific countermeasures to reduce CMV crashes and their associated injuries and fatalities. More than 14,500 driving hours of valid data were collected during 2,200 driving shifts with almost 26,000 on-duty hours of activity recorded by drivers in daily activity registers. The instrumented trucks covered nearly 735,000 miles during recorded driving hours. Several research questions were addressed by using these data in addition to the LV-HV interactions and countermeasures. They evaluate aspects related to the restart period and sleep patterns with respect to safety-critical events (SCEs) that happened during the data collection. A total of 2,899 SCEs were identified by data analysts and analyzed in detail. These events comprise 13 crashes (8 of which are tire strikes), 61 near-crashes, 1,594 crash-relevant conflicts, 1,215 unintentional lane deviations, and 16 illegal maneuvers. In addition, the 65,000-plus hours of collected actigraphy data were analyzed to help address some of the research questions. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Car-truck interaction KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash risk KW - Critical incidents KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety-critical events KW - Sleep KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60300/60397/13-017-Naturalistic-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01623566 AU - Bergoffen, Gene AU - Vlahos, Nick AU - Robin, Jerry AU - Leaman, Howard AU - MaineWay Services, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Feasibility Study for Electronic Fitness for Duty Medical Examination Reporting and Oversight PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 108p AB - This report examines the institutional and high-level technology aspects associated with potential mandated electronic reporting of every commercial driver license (CDL) driver fitness-for-duty medical examination performed by a medical examiner on the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners (NRCME). To gauge views and concerns of effected stakeholders, the research team developed a “Base Scenario” outlining the elements of the potential system. A review via interviews was conducted, a similar concept administered by the Federal Aviation Administration was examined, ongoing electronic medical records initiatives in the Department of Health and Human Services were examined, and related third-party system approaches were studied. A historical review was conducted of related recommendations from Congress and other institutions, including the Commercial Driver’s License Advisory Committee. Implementation of the NRCME will improve the quality of medical examinations. However, it will not close the number of significant gaps that allow fraud. Based on the findings of these reviews and stakeholder input, three alternative approaches to a mandated electronic records system were examined, including a nationally-based system, a distributed State-based system, and a distributed medical examiner-based system. Architectural approaches were defined and analyzed relating to each approach. The researchers concluded that the most effective approach for Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration consideration would be a nationally-managed system that would address the gaps. Appendix C outlines a proof of concept to test and evaluate the recommendations for implementing electronic transmission and housing of medical status and examination reports in an accessible database. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial drivers licenses KW - Electronic reporting KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fitness to drive KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60300/60396/RRR-12-001-Fit-for-Duty-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441080 ER - TY - SER AN - 01623565 JO - Technology Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA’s Advanced System Testing Utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH) Safety Technology Evaluation Project #2: Driver Monitoring PY - 2016/11 SP - 2p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) established the FAST DASH program to perform efficient independent evaluations of promising safety technologies aimed at commercial vehicle operations. In this second FAST DASH safety technology evaluation project, researchers evaluated an onboard monitoring system (OBMS). The tested OBMS—the waySmart® 820—is a fleet risk management system that requires fleet management interaction. The tested monitoring technology varies significantly from other OBMSs, in that it applies kinematic measures (such as accelerometers) to track aggressive driving, but it does not capture video for manager review, which may make the driver less conscious of the monitoring system. The tested OBMS includes seatbelt usage monitoring and proprietary “Speed-by-Street™” monitoring, which compares real-time vehicle speed to preexisting speed maps. A feature of the tested OBMS is its driver-vehicle interface display, which sounds an audible verbal alert when speeding, seatbelt, or aggressive driving criteria have been exceeded. Evaluation of the effectiveness and accuracy of this OBMS can serve to provide operating fleets with a better understanding of how to apply this technology, and technology vendors with a better understanding of how to improve their systems to meet the needs of fleets and their drivers. Results of the field study, which indicated that the OBMS performed reliably and had positive effects on driver performance, are summarized in this Technology Brief. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver monitoring KW - Field studies KW - Fleet management KW - Onboard monitoring KW - Risk management KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60400/60425/RRT-16-002b-FAST_DASH_2_Technical_Brief-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441078 ER - TY - SER AN - 01623564 JO - Technology Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA’s Advanced System Testing Utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH) Safety Technology Evaluation Project #3: Novel Convex Mirrors PY - 2016/11 SP - 2p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) established the FAST DASH program to perform efficient independent evaluations of promising safety technologies aimed at commercial vehicle operations. In this third FAST DASH safety technology evaluation project, researchers evaluated a set of novel prototype mirrors to determine whether the mirrors perform as well as traditional production mirrors across the basic functions of field of view (FOV), image distortion, and distance estimation. Photographs of both types of mirrors and a summary of key findings are presented in this Technology Brief. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Convex mirrors KW - Distance perception KW - Distortion (Optics) KW - Exterior mirrors (Vehicles) KW - Field of view KW - Motor carriers KW - Prototypes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60400/60469/RRT-15-021b-FAST_DASH_3-Technology_Brief-FINAL-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01623562 AU - Murray, Dan AU - Pickett, Racquel AU - Flanigan, Chris AU - American Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Onboard Safety Systems/Trucking Industry Demographics PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 112p AB - Research sponsored by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) in 2008 documented discrete safety technology investment differences that exist across motor carrier fleet sizes. In response, this research analyzed the use of onboard safety systems (OSSs) by small carriers (fewer than 50 power units), drivers/owner-operators, and the requisite OSS investment motivators and barriers. This research identified and measured OSS investment and deployment patterns within the trucking industry by mapping carrier-level OSS use with financial and operational differences by fleet size. The research findings provide guidance on the challenges and unique perspectives that various industry sectors have toward adopting OSS technologies. These technologies were limited to Stability Control Systems (SCSs), Lane Departure Warning Systems (LDWSs), and Collision Warning Systems (CWSs). This information can provide industry stakeholders and Government representatives with investment thresholds and requirements, potential adoption strategies, and public-private collaboration opportunities. KW - Collision warning systems KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Deployment KW - Electronic stability control KW - Fleet size KW - Investments KW - Lane departure warning systems KW - Onboard systems KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60300/60399/13-034-OSS-ID-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441086 ER - TY - SER AN - 01622425 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Analysis of FMCSA Civil Penalty Enforcement Cases, 2010–14 PY - 2016/11 SP - 5p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is responsible for ensuring that all truck and bus companies, drivers and other entities regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) comply with all Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). These entities can be subject to FMCSA enforcement action taken in conjunction with compliance reviews, complaint investigations, terminal audits, roadside inspections, or other actions. These enforcement cases may result in the issuance of civil penalties (fines). This analysis brief provides an overview of the civil penalty process and an analysis of FMCSA’s civil penalty data from January 2010 through December 2014, in terms of claimed, settled, and suspended dollar amounts; violations associated with these penalties; and the time required for the Agency to process such cases. A figure is presented which provides an overview of the civil penalty process followed by FMCSA. KW - Civil penalties KW - Compliance KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - Prosecution KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60400/60463/RRA-15-016_b__Civil_Penalties_Analysis_Brief-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618935 AU - Segev, Eran AU - Meltzer, Neil AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Carrier Intervention Effectiveness Model (CIEM), Version 1.1 Report for Fiscal Year 2012 Interventions PY - 2016/11//Summary Report SP - 35p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), in cooperation with the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe), has developed a quantitative model to measure the effectiveness of motor carrier interventions in terms of estimated crashes prevented, injuries prevented, and lives saved. The model, documented in this report, is known as the Carrier Intervention Effectiveness Model (CIEM). This model provides FMCSA management with information needed to address the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA), which requires Federal agencies to measure the effectiveness of their programs as part of the budget cycle process. It also provides FMCSA and State safety program managers with a quantitative basis for improving enforcement processes and optimizing the allocation of safety resources in the field. This report presents CIEM results for fiscal year (FY) 2012. KW - Carrier Intervention Effectiveness Model (CIEM) KW - Compliance KW - Government Performance and Results Act KW - Interventions KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety programs KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60503/16-017-CIEM_Report-FY12-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618934 AU - Boyle, Linda Ng AU - Guo, Edith Huizhong AU - Hammond, Rebecca L AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Soccolich, Susan A AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Virginia Tech Transportation Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Performance Assessment of an Onboard Monitoring System for Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers: A Field Operational Test PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 134p AB - The onboard monitoring system (OBMS) field operational test (FOT) was conducted to determine whether onboard monitoring systems that provide real-time performance feedback to commercial truck and motorcoach drivers could reduce the number of safety-critical events (SCEs) experienced over time and improve drivers’ overall safety performance. This report documents the field test experience with four operational fleets (two trucking fleets and two motorcoach fleets), including 156 OBMS-instrumented vehicles and 317 commercial drivers. Fleet-level and driver-level analyses were adopted to examine the research questions on driver performance and safety. In the driver-level approach, binary logit regression and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the effects of phase, carrier type, and study group on the SCE rate. The fleet-level approach examined the reduction in event rates from baseline to intervention/withdrawal phase using a cumulative binomial distribution. Under most scenarios, findings from both approaches were similar, suggesting that onboard monitoring helped to reduce critical event rates. The effectiveness of onboard monitoring was dependent on the carrier and the coaching received. Drivers’ responses to questionnaires were also analyzed to examine changes over time in their attitudes toward onboard monitoring. In general, feedback group drivers were mostly ambivalent (i.e., “neutral”) with regard to the usefulness of OBMSs. Control group drivers and safety managers tended to have higher opinions of the systems. An additional analysis, focusing on intervention and pre-intervention phases, was conducted to assess the effect of OBMSs on fleet safety, using crash and mileage data collected from the fleets and negative binomial regression methods. The findings showed that there were significant differences in crash rate estimates for Fleet H across the study phases. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crash rates KW - Field tests KW - Fleet safety KW - Onboard monitoring KW - Real time information KW - Safety performance KW - Safety-critical events KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60504/15-019-OBMS_FOT_FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618933 AU - Meltzer, Neil AU - Beavan, Lauren AU - Canas, Nelson AU - Istfan, Nadeem AU - Phillips, Britt AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Motorcoach and School Bus Fire Safety Analysis PY - 2016/11//Final Report SP - 171p AB - This report documents a motorcoach and school bus fire safety analysis performed by the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe) for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. This report aims to: 1) identify the causes, frequency, and severity of motorcoach and school bus fires in the United States, and 2) recommend ways to prevent or reduce the severity of these incidents, especially through improving the effectiveness of vehicle inspection practices. This report succeeds Volpe’s 2009 Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis (henceforth referred to as the 2009 study), and has been expanded to include school bus fires. The 2009 study established a database of spontaneous motorcoach fires collecting information from U.S. Government, industry, and media sources and analyzed the safety risk of motorcoach fires. The study also sought to identify potential measures for risk reduction. The current report updates and expands on the 2009 study to include all motorcoach and school bus fires. KW - Buses KW - Fire causes KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Inspection KW - Risk analysis KW - School buses KW - United States KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60502/16-016_School_Bus_Fire_Safety_Analysis-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1440298 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01626326 TI - Truck and Bus Maintenance Requirements and Their Impact on Safety AB - This study will analyze the impact of vehicle maintenance issues (for large trucks and motorcoaches) on safety, to include not only violations that are serious enough to be listed as out-of-service (OOS) criteria, but also other vehicle maintenance issues which have been found to cause or contribute to crashes. This study will consider whether new or revised OOS criteria are needed. New or revised OOS criteria may include combinations of vehicle maintenance issues. KW - Braking performance KW - Crashes KW - Defects KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/truck-and-bus-maintenance-requirements-and-their-impact-safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1456962 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01626191 TI - Research and Recommendations for Improving FMCSA’s HM Cargo Tank Monitoring and Enforcement Program AB - The goal of this research is to develop recommendations for how the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) can better meet hazardous material (HM) cargo tank regulatory oversight and enforcement requirements. Research questions include, but are not limited to: (1) What operational capabilities need to be developed to enable a more efficient application of available FMCSA personnel, including the very scarce HM personnel? These include data reporting requirements, database structures, and analysis algorithms. (2) What qualifications or standards are needed for enforcement personnel involved? (3) What data and algorithms are needed to be able to best determine poorly performing entities within the industry? (4) What changes in regulations and policies are needed? (5) Recommend which of these initiatives FMCSA appears to have the authority to issue and why, and which ones require a Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) rulemaking to authorize FMCSA. KW - Algorithms KW - Cargo handling KW - Databases KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Hazardous materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Truck traffic UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/research-and-recommendations-improving-fmcsa%E2%80%99s-hm-cargo-tank-monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455561 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625940 TI - Report on CDL Skills Test Delays (FAST Act - Section 5506) AB - Section 5506 of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act, 2015 (FAST Act) requires the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to submit a report that: Describes, for each State, the status of skills testing for applicants for a commercial driver’s license, including: The average wait time from the date an applicant requests to take a skills test to the date the applicant has the opportunity to complete such test. The average wait time from the date an applicant, upon failure of a skills test, requests a retest to the date the applicant has the opportunity to complete such retest. The actual number of qualified commercial driver’s license examiners available to test applicants. The number of testing sites available through the State department of motor vehicles and whether this number has increased or decreased from the previous year. Describes specific steps that the Administrator is taking to address skills testing delays in States that have average skills test or retest wait times of more than 7 days from the date an applicant requests to test or retest to the date the applicant has the opportunity to complete such test or retest. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Delays UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/report-cdl-skills-test-delays-fast-act-section-5506 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455375 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625878 TI - Examining FMCSA Vision Standard for CMV Drivers and Waiver Program AB - The aim of this research is to review the current visual requirements, concentrating on the requirements for visual acuity and visual fields, for CMV drivers and consider the limitations. The current standard requires drivers to have: • A distant visual acuity of at least 20/40 (Snellen) in each eye without corrective lenses or visual acuity separately corrected to 20/40 (Snellen) or better with corrective lenses; • A distant binocular acuity of at least 20/40 (Snellen) in both eyes with or without corrective lenses; • A field of vision of at least 70 degrees in the horizontal Meridian in each eye; • The ability to recognize the colors of traffic signals and devices showing standard red, green, and amber. In this age of evidence-based standards, it is pertinent to justify the current visual acuity standards. Driving research is fraught with limitations associated with the multi-factorial nature of the task and the difficulties in accessing accurate crash data. Studies have only shown a weak link between visual acuity and crash rates. Additionally, this study will assess the proportion of people, particularly the aging CMV drivers, who fail to meet the current visual requirements. KW - Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety act of 1986 KW - Driving KW - Safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/examining-fmcsa-vision-standard-cmv-drivers-and-waiver-program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455336 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625854 TI - Data Repository (Naturalistic Driving and Other Datasets) AB - The goal of this project is to develop a secure Data Repository that can host data sets used in various FMCSA research and technology initiatives and to develop standards and supporting documents for a third party to be able to leverage collected data in past, ongoing, and future studies conducted by FMCSA. KW - Drivers KW - Future KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Studies KW - Technology UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/data-repository-naturalistic-driving-and-other-datasets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455315 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625799 TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) Fracking-Related Crashes AB - The goal of this study is to identify and analyze CMV crash trends in the energy-producing regions of the country (e.g., the Dakotas, Texas and Louisiana, New York south into Alabama, Michigan, and Indiana) that are using hydraulic fracking mining methods. Some of the challenges related to commercial motor vehicle (CMV) travel to and from fracking regions and the transportation of fracking materials are: the increase in truck traffic surrounding areas that are not typically exposed to the conditions, and the availability of hours-of-service (HOS) exceptions for oilfield operations. There have also been concerns raised about the consistency of enforcement of HOS rules among the States. For example, there is a 24-hour restart exemption for operators (with “highly specialized training”) of equipment constructed for oilfield operations. These operators are not required to count detention time at well sites as on-duty time. This exemption is sometimes applied to drivers of CMVs who are transporting fracking materials; however, CMV drivers who are simply transporting fracking materials do not have the “highly specialized training” that oilfield equipment operators have, thus they fall outside of the applicable status for use of the exception. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Energy resources KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Hydraulic fracturing KW - Mining and extractive industries KW - Oil exploration KW - Rest periods KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck traffic UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/commercial-motor-vehicle-cmv-fracking-related-crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455234 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625798 TI - Compliance and Safety Impact of Household Goods (HHG) Motor Carriers AB - This study will examine the compliance and safety rates of the HHG motor carrier population, consisting of both carriers and brokers, with the goal of improving enforcement targeting. Information can be gathered using roadside inspection and crash data, data from Moving Fraud Task Force operations, hostage shipment compliant data from the National Consumer Compliant Database (NCCDB), data from the Top 100 HHG Carriers List, and data from other applicable sources. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Compliance KW - Hydraulic fracturing KW - Interagency relations KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Truck crashes UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/enforcement/compliance-and-safety-impact-household-goods-hhg-motor-carriers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455226 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01613026 TI - Managing the Human and Vehicle Factors of Fatigue AB - The need for sleep is an inescapable biological phenomenon that when not met leads to widespread and deleterious effects on the mind and body. Sleepiness, without fail, results in cognitive and behavioral decrements that can contribute to diverse negative outcomes including poor school performance, accidents at work, long-term physical and mental health consequences, and, most pertinent to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), motor vehicle crashes resulting in injuries and death. As such, NHTSA is interested in drowsy driving's impact on our Nation's roads. While NHTSA has made research contributions throughout the years, including our frequently cited report from the 1998 Expert Panel on Driver Fatigue and Sleepiness and our ongoing work on in-vehicle drowsy driving detection, many research gaps still exist that, if closed, would provide substantial progress toward understanding the impact of drowsy driving as well as offering potential solutions to problems it causes. This project will focus on gathering experts across the vehicle industry, government, and academia to share and produce new research and programs related to the human factors of fatigue management in vehicles by organizing a meeting and evaluating and reporting on the overall impact of the meeting in regards to in-vehicle technologies, safety and regulations. KW - Cognition KW - Crash injuries KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Impaired drivers KW - Sleep disorders KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425963 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01626288 TI - Study on Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Commuting (FAST Act - Section 5515) AB - Sec. 5515 of the FAST Act directs the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to “conduct a study on the safety effects of motor carrier operator commutes exceeding 150 minutes.” The Act further specifies that a report containing the findings of this study should be submitted to Congress no later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Act. In order to meet the statutory timeline requirements, the study will identify, and request data from, nine large motor carriers (five trucking and four motorcoach carriers) to better understand commuting patterns of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. The carriers will be asked to provide information on their drivers’ home locations and work terminal locations, as appropriate, to estimate commuter distances traveled, time zones crossed, estimated time spent commuting, methods of transportation used, and the impacts of excessive commuting times on CMV crashes. The study agent will conduct a literature review to determine what research has been conducted on the impacts of excessive commuting on truck safety and CMV driver fatigue, as well as research conducted in similar safety critical occupations. The study will survey CMV drivers’ to better understand their commuting practices and any related motor carrier policies. Additionally, the study report will highlight FMCSA regulations, policies, and guidance regarding driver commuting. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Commuting KW - Crashes KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/study-commercial-motor-vehicle-driver-commuting-fast-act-section-5515 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1456908 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625938 TI - Motor Carrier Safety Research Analysis Committee AB - FMCSA has established an external standing research review committee (the Motor Carrier Safety Research Analysis Committee, or MCSRAC) to provide a consistent process for recognized experts to review the Agency’s research portfolio and provide knowledgeable suggestions for addressing pressing motor carrier safety challenges and opportunities. FMCSA’s research program can benefit from the suggestions and ideas on prioritizing scarce research dollars, and increasing the quality, relevance, and dissemination of motor carrier-related research projects. These funds will be used to support the services of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) in strengthening FMCSA’s Research and Technology Program to better meet the needs of the Agency’s safety mission as well as to inform commercial motor vehicle carrier enforcement, the research community, safety advocates, and industry of active and planned projects. The MCSRAC is a panel of nationally recognized experts in transportation-related research and technology who can provide professional analysis to FMCSA on its research work. KW - Analysis KW - Motor carriers KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Transportation Research Board UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/motor-carrier-safety-research-analysis-committee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455344 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625937 TI - Feasibility Study for Developing a Longitudinal Study of CMV Driver Health AB - FMCSA is currently engaged in an inter-agency agreement (IAA) with NIOSH to conduct a feasibility study for the development of a longitudinal study on CMV driver health and wellness. In conjunction with FMCSA, NIOSH will determine appropriate data sources from which a cohort could be assembled. FMCSA, in partnership with NIOSH, will develop a list of health and safety issues/topics to be considered in such a study. NIOSH will make a determination of feasibility and potential longitudinal study design. NIOSH will provide a final report detailing all work and recommendations in determining feasibility. KW - Health KW - Longitudinal studies KW - Prevention KW - Research UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/feasibility-study-developing-longitudinal-study-cmv-driver-health UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455343 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625876 TI - Evaluation of Research on CMV Drivers with Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea AB - The goal of this study is to research the prevalence of sleep apnea, associated risk factors, and the impact of sleep apnea on performance measures relevant to the driving task. The first phase is to conduct a thorough literature review to respond to select questions in the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)/ Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) regarding transportation operators with OSA. These responses will provide support to the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) rulemaking team. The rulemaking team will determine if a second phase of this research is warranted based on the perceived gaps in the research literature, available data, and responses received from the general public. KW - Apnea KW - Evaluation KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Sleep UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/evaluation-research-cmv-drivers-moderate-severe-obstructive-sleep-apnea UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613822 AU - Pape, Doug AU - Thornton, Ben AU - Yugulis, Kevin AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Slosh Characteristics of Aggregated Intermediate Bulk Containers on Single-Unit Trucks PY - 2016/08//Final Report SP - 116p AB - Drivers of cargo tank trucks need special knowledge of vehicle and load dynamics, including slosh, to handle their vehicles safely. This knowledge is reflected by a tank vehicle (N) endorsement to the commercial driver’s license (CDL). Drivers of vehicles that carry intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) aggregating to 1,000 gallons capacity or more must hold an N endorsement, according to current regulations. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) requires technical information to help determine whether to modify this requirement. This research used simulations and experiments to identify the conditions and extent to which a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) with IBCs behaves differently from a conventional cargo tank truck of similar capacity and load. The simulations modeled the slosh of liquid loads in a single cargo tank and several combinations of IBCs. The slosh was simulated both by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and by a simplified pendulum model that could be integrated with a commercially available model of a single-unit truck. Quantitative performance metrics showed that the effect of slosh in the IBCs was less than the effect of slosh in the 1,100-gallon tank in nearly all cases. Only in extreme cases were the slosh forces in the IBCs more than a few percent greater than the forces produced by an equivalent rigid, solid load. In the experimental portion of the research, professional tank drivers drove trucks carrying IBCs similar to those simulated. The drivers reported that, in the extreme maneuvers, they sensed the slosh slightly more than they would in a similar truck with dry freight. KW - Bulk cargo KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licenses KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Simulation KW - Sloshing KW - Tank trucks KW - Truck driving KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59600/59617/16-006-Slosh-Characteristics-of-Aggregated-IBCs-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1427003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613817 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks Program, 2015 PY - 2016/08 SP - 10p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) was created as an operating administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) by the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999. The primary mission of FMCSA is to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses. The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) program supports that safety mission by providing grant funds to States for: (1) Improving safety and productivity of motor carriers, commercial motor vehicles (CMVs), and their drivers; (2) Improving efficiency and effectiveness of CMV safety programs through targeted enforcement; (3) Improving CMV data sharing among States and between States and FMCSA; and (4) Reducing Federal, State, and industry regulatory and administrative costs. This document looks at CVISN capabilities, funding, program activities, and grant funding. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data sharing KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Information systems KW - Motor carriers KW - States KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59700/59740/2015_CVISN_Annual_Report-Final-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425504 ER - TY - SER AN - 01613807 JO - Technology Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Slosh Characteristics of Aggregated Intermediate Bulk Containers on Single-Unit Trucks PY - 2016/08 SP - 2p AB - The motion of the liquid in a container, known as slosh, can cause the vehicle carrying the liquid to move appreciably beyond its normal stopping point or normal turning path. Sloshing is most pronounced when a cargo tank is partly full. The dynamics of the interaction of the liquid load and the vehicle must be appreciated by drivers if they are to handle a liquid load safely. This research project was conducted to ascertain whether the slosh characteristics of intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) aggregated to 1,000 gallons or more are similar to a single cargo tank of the same capacity. Key findings are outlined in this brief. KW - Liquid bulk cargo KW - Sloshing KW - Tank trucks KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59600/59633/16-006b-Slosh_Characteristics-Brief-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425499 ER - TY - SER AN - 01608637 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Fatal Crashes Involving Drivers Recorded as Asleep or Fatigued, 2013 PY - 2016/05 SP - 3p AB - In 2013, 30,057 fatal crashes took place on US roadways, with 11.8 percent (3,541) involving at least 1 large truck. This analysis reviews fatal crashes in which the large truck driver was recorded as being fatigued at the time of the crash. Based on data contained in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), in 2013, there were 59 fatal crashes involving a large truck where the large truck driver was coded as being “asleep or fatigued”. These crashes accounted for 1.7 percent of all large truck fatal crashes. As driver fatigue is recorded as a driver-related factor on police accident reports (PARs), it is often under-reported. NHTSA has acknowledged that there are inherent limitations to FARS data with respect to determining the presence of fatigued drivers. In 2013, roughly 75 percent of large truck crashes with fatigue recorded as a driver-related factor were single-vehicle crashes, while 20 percent involved two vehicles and 5 percent involved three or more vehicles. KW - Crash characteristics KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59253/RRA-15-026b-Fatigued_Drivers-Analysis_Brief-_Final-508C_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1418796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01608563 AU - Gruberg, Richard AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - An Assessment of the Safety Performance of Farm Vehicles Subject to Exemptions Under MAP-21 PY - 2016/05//Final Report SP - 56p AB - This report presents the methodology and findings from an analysis conducted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) Office of Analysis, Research, and Technology, with support from the Office of Field Operations, in response to the requirement in the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) that a safety study of covered farm vehicles be performed. The analysis includes: (1) A determination of the best way to identify covered farm carriers and their vehicles in the databases maintained by FMCSA; (2) Estimates for the number of covered farm carriers, covered farm vehicles, and drivers of covered farm vehicles; (3) Estimates of driver and vehicle out-of-service (OOS) rates, based on inspections of covered farm vehicles and their drivers; (4) Estimates of crash rates for covered farm carriers; and (5) An assessment of regulations in each State which are identical to the Federal regulations subject to exemption under MAP-21 for covered farm vehicles. KW - Crash rates KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Farm vehicles KW - Methodology KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Regulations KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59251/RRA-14-003-MAP21_Farm_Study_Full_Report-_Final-508C_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1418783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01605614 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 2016 Pocket Guide to Large Truck and Bus Statistics PY - 2016/05 SP - 60p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) 2016 Pocket Guide to Large Truck and Bus Statistics highlights the Agency’s role in enforcement and in collecting and analyzing crash data and statistics to support its mission to prevent commercial motor vehicle-related fatalities and injuries. Sections include: The Motor Carrier Management Information System; Large trucks and buses overview; Roadside inspections and violations; Investigations; Crashes; Data quality; Grant programs; and Agency resources. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Compliance KW - Crash characteristics KW - Data quality KW - Fatalities KW - Inspection KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59100/59189/2016_Pocket_Guide_to_Large_Truck_and_Bus_Statistics.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1415694 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592559 TI - FAST DASH Safety Technology Evaluation Project #2: Driver Monitoring AB - The objective of this project was to conduct an independent evaluation of a non-video-based onboard monitoring system (OBMS) and to determine if the OBMS system performed reliably, improved safe-driving performance, and improved fuel efficiency in a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operation. Encouraging drivers to make safe choices when driving can save on equipment costs, save on operating costs, and most importantly save lives. Numerous studies have shown the safety benefits of onboard monitoring system (OBMS) use combined with driver coaching and feedback. The second FMCSA's Advanced System Testing utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH) program evaluation involved a controlled test on the Virginia Smart Road and a naturalistic field test with a CMV fleet. The evaluated monitoring technology varies significantly from other OBMS strategies. Using vehicle kinematic and network data, accelerometers, and a global positioning system (GPS), but no video, the OBMS identifies unacceptable behavior and provides feedback to the driver aiming to correct the offending behavior within a given period of time. Examples of such behaviors include speeding (based on the posted speed limit or other preset criteria), driving aggressively (based on kinematic sensors), and lack of seatbelt use (also based on sensors). If the speed or seatbelt violation is corrected within the allowable period (speed reduced or seatbelt fastened), no violation (i.e., infraction identified by the system) is recorded. The system also monitors idling and approximates fuel usage. Project outcomes are documented in a final report. KW - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Data collection KW - Global Positioning System KW - Monitoring KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety equipment KW - Technological innovations KW - Truck drivers UR - www.fmcsa.dot.gov UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400162 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01626328 TI - Working Group to Consider New Post-Accident Crash Data Elements for Tow-Away Crashes (FAST Act - Section 5306) AB - Section 5306 of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act, 2015 (FAST Act) required the Secretary of Transportation to convene a working group to review the data elements of post-accident reports for reportable tow-away crashes involving CMVs. Data elements for consideration included: (1) the primary cause of the accident, if the primary cause can be determined; and (2) the physical characteristics of the commercial motor vehicle (CMV) and any other vehicle involved in the accident, including (A) the vehicle configuration; (B) the gross vehicle weight, if the weight can be readily determined; (C) the number of axles; and (D) the distance between axles, if the distance can be readily determined. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Recommendations KW - Transportation KW - Truck crashes UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/working-group-consider-new-post-accident-crash-data-elements-tow-away UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1456999 ER - TY - SER AN - 01598926 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Effectiveness of Onsite Focused Investigations PY - 2016/03 SP - 3p AB - This analysis assesses the effectiveness of onsite focused investigations of motor carriers, relative to onsite comprehensive investigations, conducted during calendar years 2011 and 2012. Effectiveness was measured by examining trends in motor carrier Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Category (BASIC) scores subsequent to each type of investigation. A table presents a summary of focused and onsite comprehensive investigations conducted during calendar years 2011–12. KW - Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Category (BASIC) KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Motor carriers KW - Onsite comprehensive investigations KW - Onsite focused investigations KW - Safety KW - Safety violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/57000/57000/57033/RRA-15-012_Effectiveness_of_Onsite_Focused_Investigations__Final-508C_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1405368 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01626207 TI - FAST Act: Compliance, Safety, Accountability and Safety Measurement System Study AB - Section 5221 of the FAST Act requires the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Administrator to commission the National Research Council of the National Academies to conduct a study of the Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) program and the Safety Management System (SMS) utilized by the CSA program. A final report containing the findings of the study must be submitted by the FMCSA Administrator to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and the Inspector General of the Department; and published on a publicly accessible Internet site within 18 months of the date of enactment of the Act (effective December 4, 2015). KW - Accounting KW - Compliance KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Measurement KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/fastact/csa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455575 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01626331 TI - SmartPark: Real-Time Parking Availability, 6-Month Field Operational Test AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) completed Phase I of the SmartPark project by field testing combined Doppler radar and laser scanning/light curtain. The test results from the contractor (independently verified and validated by Volpe) showed that the technology met three necessary performance requirements. Therefore, a decision was made to proceed to Phase II. Phase II covered information dissemination, reservations, maximization of space, gathering of historical data to make forecasts of availability, and self-sustainability. Phase II of the SmartPark field operations test was to take place at mile markers (MM) 23 and 45 northbound on I-75 in Tennessee. MM 23 is approximately 20 miles north of Chattanooga and MM 45 is halfway between Chattanooga and Knoxville. At both MM 23 and MM 45, there is truck parking. For each of the two truck parking areas, there were two variable message signs providing notice of truck parking availability for a total of four signs. For each truck parking area, one sign was at 1 mile upstream of the truck parking area, and another sign was about 400 feet upstream of the truck parking area. At each of the truck parking areas, there were five spaces that could be reserved on a first-come, first-served basis. In the 6 months of field testing, the research team demonstrated and gathered data on the feasibility of the truck parking reservation system, historical utilization of truck parking spaces, and the viability of linking the two truck parking areas together (i.e., are truckers diverted by the variable message signs if one area is filled and the other is not?). KW - Chattanooga (Tennessee) KW - Field tests KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Knoxville (Tennessee) KW - Motor carriers KW - Parking KW - SmartPark KW - Technology KW - Testing KW - Truck traffic UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/smartpark-real-time-parking-availability-6-month-field-operational-test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1450342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603599 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Safety Measurement System (SMS) Methodology: Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Category (BASIC) Prioritization Status PY - 2016/02//Version 3.0.5 SP - 162p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) core mission is to prevent crashes, injuries, and fatalities related to large trucks and buses on our Nation’s roads. An important step in achieving the mission is to identify unsafe motor carriers and prioritize FMCSA enforcement resources on those that pose the greatest safety risk. The Safety Measurement System (SMS) is FMCSA’s workload prioritization tool. FMCSA uses the SMS to identify carriers with potential safety problems for interventions as part of the Agency’s safety compliance and enforcement program called Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA). The SMS is designed to incorporate the safety-based regulations related to motor carrier operations. The SMS assesses compliance and prioritizes carriers for interventions based on their on-road performance and investigation results. On-road performance includes data collected from roadside inspections and crash reports; investigation results include violations discovered within the previous 12 months. The SMS assesses motor carrier on-road performance and compliance by organizing data into seven Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Categories (BASICs): Unsafe Driving, Crash Indicator, Hours-of-Service Compliance, Vehicle Maintenance, Controlled Substances/Alcohol, Hazardous Materials Compliance (HM), and Driver Fitness. In each BASIC, the SMS calculates a quantifiable measure of a motor carrier’s performance. The SMS groups carriers by BASIC with other carriers that have a similar number of safety events (e.g., crashes, inspections, or violations). The SMS then ranks these carriers based on their BASIC measure, assigning them a percentile from 0‒100 (the higher the percentile, the worse the safety performance). The SMS also prioritizes carriers for interventions using a set of violations known as Acute and Critical Violations. This set of violations is defined in the current Safety Fitness Procedures (49 CFR 385 Appendix B). If a carrier has been found with one or more Acute and/or Critical Violations within the past 12 months during an investigation, the carrier will receive an “Alert” in the corresponding BASICs. The SMS uses both the BASIC percentiles and Acute and Critical Violations to highlight safety performance issues within each BASIC and prioritize carriers for interventions. Various studies have shown that the SMS is effective in helping the Agency identify high crash-risk carriers for interventions. KW - Behavior KW - Crash reports KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Data analysis KW - Decision support systems KW - Driver performance KW - Inspection KW - Methodology KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic violations KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - https://csa.fmcsa.dot.gov/Documents/SMSMethodology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1413000 ER - TY - SER AN - 01594295 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Horton, Suzanne AU - Segev, Eran AU - Meltzer, Neil AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model, Fiscal Year 2012 PY - 2016/02//Draft Report SP - 38p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), in cooperation with the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, has developed an analytic model to measure the effectiveness of roadside inspections and traffic enforcement in terms of crashes prevented, injuries prevented, and lives saved. Traffic enforcement and roadside inspections are considered interventions and this analytic model is known as the Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model. This model provides FMCSA management with information to address the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, which requires Federal agencies to measure the effectiveness of their programs as part of the budget cycle process. It also provides FMCSA and State safety program managers with a quantitative basis for optimizing the allocation of safety resources in the field. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56900/56979/15-013-RIEM_FY2012_508C_-_V1_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400132 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01626219 TI - Selective Testing of Registered Electronic Logging Devices (ELDs) for Compliance AB - The goal of this project is to selectively test to registered and certified ELDs to confirm their compliance with the technical requirements of the ELD final rule. This effort will support Enforcement and Field Offices that request the verification of in-use ELDs. The project may also include random testing of ELDs by the Agency. KW - Compliance KW - Data logging KW - Electronic data interchange KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Hours of labor KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Testing UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/selective-testing-registered-electronic-logging-devices-elds-compliance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01593933 AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health, and Highway Safety: Research Needs SN - 9780309392495 PY - 2016 SP - 219p AB - There are approximately 4,000 fatalities in crashes involving trucks and buses in the United States each year. Though estimates are wide-ranging, possibly 10 to 20 percent of these crashes might have involved fatigued drivers. The stresses associated with their particular jobs (irregular schedules, etc.) and the lifestyle that many truck and bus drivers lead, puts them at substantial risk for insufficient sleep and for developing short- and long-term health problems. To help answer questions about the linkages among hours of service, fatigue, highway safety, and the long-term health of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) requested that the operating arm of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the National Research Council, through its Committee on National Statistics, convene the Panel on Research Methodologies and Statistical Approaches to Understanding Driver Fatigue Factors in Motor Carrier Safety and Driver Health. The panel was charged with providing advice on additional data collection and analytic techniques with the potential to support a more comprehensive understanding of the links between operator fatigue and highway safety and between fatigue and long-term health such as cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, the charge to the panel was to “assess the state of knowledge about the relationship of such factors as hours of driving, hours on duty, and periods of rest to the fatigue experienced by truck and bus drivers while driving and the implications for the safe operation of their vehicles. The panel will also assess the relationship of these factors to drivers’ health over the longer term. It will identify improvements in data and research methods that can lead to better understanding in both areas.” KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Data collection KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck drivers KW - United States UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/21921 UR - http://www.nap.edu/catalog/21921/commercial-motor-vehicle-driver-fatigue-long-term-health-and-highway-safety?utm_source=NAP+Newsletter&utm_campaign=1d2eef126c-NAP_mail_new_2016_03_15&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_96101de015-1d2eef126c-103347461&goal=0_96101de015-1d2eef126c-103347461&mc_cid=1d2eef126c&mc_eid=f2d058bb88 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401278 ER - TY - SER AN - 01593924 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Results from the 2013 Drug and Alcohol Testing Survey PY - 2015/12 SP - 2p AB - This report summarizes the results of the 2013 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Drug and Alcohol Testing Survey. This annual survey measures the percentage of drivers with commercial driver’s licenses (CDLs) that test positive for controlled substances (referred to as drugs in this report) and/or alcohol, as a result of random and non-random (pre-employment, postcrash, and reasonable suspicion/follow-up) testing. For the 2013 survey, survey forms were sent out to 3,251 randomly selected motor carriers. Of these forms, 2,236 were completed and returned to FMCSA, resulting in usable data from 1,654 carriers (comprising 497,270 CDL drivers) for random controlled substance testing, as well as usable data from 1,524 carriers (comprising 205,669 CDL drivers) for random alcohol testing. The estimated positive usage rate for drugs in 2013 is 0.7 percent. The estimated violation rate for alcohol usage (the percentage of drivers with a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.04 or higher) in 2013 is 0.09 percent. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Commercial drivers KW - Drug tests KW - Motor carriers KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56784/Drug_and_Alcohol_Survey_Results_2013_Analysis_Brief-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400751 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592561 TI - Flexible Sleeper Berth Pilot Program AB - The objective of this program is to conduct a pilot study to demonstrate how split-sleep in conjunction with the North American Fatigue Management Program could be used to improve driver rest and alertness. Scientific literature suggests that statutory or regulatory limitations on work hours may not be sufficient to prevent worker fatigue. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) conducted an in-residence laboratory study from January 2010 to May 2011 where three sleep conditions were examined. Results indicate that daytime consolidated sleep leads to less total sleep time, increased driver sleepiness, and increased blood glucose and testosterone levels by work week’s end. Results for split-sleep conditions indicate that when consolidated nighttime sleep is not possible, split-sleep is preferable to consolidated daytime sleep. Additionally, during listening sessions for the hours-of-service (HOS) rulemaking, many drivers indicated that they would like some regulatory flexibility to be able to sleep when they become tired or when traffic is congested (i.e., exemption from the requirement for consolidated sleeper berth time). This combination of research and industry feedback informs the current sleeper berth and split-sleep pilot study. The Flexible Sleeper Berth Pilot Program is a field operational test allowing regulatory flexibility in the HOS provisions. Carriers that would like flexibility with the sleeper berth provision will be identified. There will be constraints on the use of split-sleep for team driving. Driver alertness and changes in health metrics will be measured. The sample size goal is 200 drivers—stratified by size of carrier—to include drivers from large, medium, and small carriers who regularly use their sleeper berth and have completed the North American Fatigue Management Program. The proposed research design is an “in-subject and between-subject design,” where alertness both within subjects and across subjects will be compared for drivers who operate under different alternatives within the HOS provisions. Drivers will be remunerated for the time spent performing tasks required for the study. The study team will collect data on a minimum of 50 drivers per 90-day participation cycle. To achieve the goal of 200 participants, the study team will collect data on five 90-day cycles. An extra cycle may be needed for driver attrition. Data collection can come from a multitude of sources, including analysis of variance-based strategies that are applied to analyze mixed effects within and between subjects. Addressing carriers that have expressed a desire for flexibility in sleeper berth provisions; field data on the efficacy of allowing split-sleep in conjunction with a fatigue management program; and measures of driver alertness, sleep quantity, and changes in health metrics. KW - Cognition KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Motor carriers KW - Pilot studies KW - Sleep KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400173 ER - TY - SER AN - 01583652 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck Safety in the Bakken Oil-Producing Region PY - 2015/11 SP - 6p AB - The Bakken shale oil-producing region encompasses parts of North Dakota and Montana in the United States and Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada, with North Dakota accounting for 93 percent of the U.S. production. The expansion of Bakken oil production has increased large truck traffic—specifically large trucks carrying oil, water, sand, and other materials to support drilling operations and to transport the crude oil from the wells to the rail heads and pipelines. North Dakota is routinely experiencing 75 truck trips per day on county roads in the oil patch and on some days more than 1,000 truck trips. The increased traffic brings increased safety risk, as much of the heavy truck traffic occurs on two-lane rural roads. Since the start of the Bakken oil boom in 2007, the number of crashes involving large trucks in the counties encompassing the Bakken region has increased. This brief looks at truck trips per well, fatal large truck crashes 2007-2013, and inspection rates. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Inspection KW - North Dakota KW - Rural areas KW - Shale oil KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck traffic UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56263/15-005_-_Bakken_Oil_Region_Brief__FINAL_508C_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583605 AU - Lowell, Dana AU - M.J. Bradley & Associates, LLC AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Electric Drive Vehicle Systems: Suggested Changes to Large Truck and Motorcoach Regulations and Inspection Procedures PY - 2015/11//Final Report SP - 77p AB - This report provides recommendations for changes to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs), North American Standard (NAS) inspection procedures, and Out-of-Service (OOS) criteria that are needed to accommodate and facilitate the use of commercial vehicles with high-voltage electric drive systems. Such vehicles include battery-electric vehicles, vehicles with hybrid-electric drive systems (including plug-in hybrids), and vehicles with hydrogen fuel cell engines. In addition to providing specific recommendations for changes, this report summarizes the process used to arrive at the recommendations, which included a literature review and gap analysis, industry site visits and consultations, and a formal peer review process. Because most of the commercial vehicles now in service have only low-voltage electrical systems (12/24 volts direct current [VDC]), the current FMCSRs, NAS inspection procedures, and OOS criteria do not address the unique safety aspects of high-voltage systems (less than 60 VDC or greater than 30 volts alternating current [VAC]) when present on a vehicle. The purpose of this project was to identify necessary changes to the current FMCSRs and inspection procedures, if any, to address the unique safety requirements associated with high-voltage vehicle systems, and to improve the overall safety of commercial vehicle operations by ensuring that commercial vehicles with high-voltage drive systems meet appropriate safety criteria while operating on public roads. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Electric drives KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Inspection KW - Literature reviews KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle electrical systems KW - Vehicle safety KW - Voltage UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56288/14-007-Electric_Drive_Systems-FINAL-NOV_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583587 AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Soccolich, Susan AU - Fitch, Greg AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Driver Distraction: Eye Glance Analysis and Conversation Workload PY - 2015/11//Final Report SP - 112p AB - The objective of this project was to assess the risk of performing a secondary task while driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV). The risk of conversation workload while driving a CMV was also assessed. Conversation workload is a proxy for cognitive distraction or the amount of mental workload associated with thinking about something other than the driving task. The data were collected from an existing naturalistic driving dataset. Naturalistic driving data records a driver performing his or her normal duties. The data were from 6,379 commercial trucks and buses during a 4-month period. The study found that talking to passenger(s) significantly increased the risk of a safety critical event (SCE). However, talking or listening on an electronic device while driving did not pose a significant risk. Drivers who looked away from the forward roadway close to the trigger point were more likely to be involved in an SCE. Talking time analyses showed that the longer a driver talked while driving, the less likely that driver was to be involved in an SCE. Results from the conversation workload analyses were inconclusive because there were not enough data for an assessment. Finally, the current study compared spurious and random baselines. Spurious baselines are recordings that are triggered by events not related to safety such as a vehicle traveling across railroad tracks. The study found that talking time and visual distraction plots for random and spurious baselines were similar. As a result, spurious baselines are acceptable for use in place of random baselines. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Distraction KW - Driver performance KW - Eye movements UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56289/14-001-Cognitive_Distraction-FINAL-NOV_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377224 ER - TY - SER AN - 01583577 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Pedestrian and Bicyclist Fatalities in Large Truck Crashes, 2013 PY - 2015/11 SP - 3p AB - From 2006 to 2013, pedestrian fatalities as a percentage of total fatalities in all motor vehicle crashes rose from 11.2 percent to 14.5 percent, and bicyclist fatalities as a percentage of total fatalities rose from 1.8 percent to 2.3 percent. Over this period, pedestrians’ share of large truck crash fatalities grew from 6.3 percent to 8.5 percent, and bicyclists’ share of large truck fatalities grew from 1.6 percent to 2.0 percent. This brief presents information on pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities in large truck crashes, using data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). In 2013, 338 pedestrians and 78 bicyclists were killed in crashes involving large trucks, accounting for 8.5 percent and 2.0 percent of the 3,964 total large truck crash fatalities, respectively. Of those fatalities, 312 pedestrians (92 percent) and 76 bicyclists (97 percent) were struck and killed by large trucks, with the remainder struck and killed by other vehicle types involved in the crashes. Large trucks represented 6.6 percent of the vehicles that struck and killed pedestrians and 10.3 percent of the vehicles that struck and killed bicyclists. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56300/56303/Pedestrians_and_Bicyclists_in_LT_Crashes_2013-FINAL-NOV_2015.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/59000/59200/59252/RRA-14-008-Pedestrians_in_Large_Truck_Crashes_2013-_Final-508C_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377227 ER - TY - SER AN - 01583565 JO - Technology Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Electric Drive Vehicle Systems: Suggested Changes to Large Truck and Motorcoach Regulations and Inspection Procedures PY - 2015/11 SP - 2p AB - Most commercial vehicles on the road today use low-voltage electrical systems (12/24 volts direct current). The current Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs), North American Standard (NAS) inspection procedures, and out-of-service (OOS) criteria do not address the unique safety aspects of high voltages (greater than 60 volts direct current or greater than 30 volts alternating current) when present on a commercial vehicle. The purpose of this project was to identify suggested changes to the current FMCSRs and inspection procedures to address the unique safety requirements associated with high-voltage vehicle systems and to improve the overall safety of commercial vehicle operations. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Electric drives KW - Electric vehicles KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Inspection KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle electrical systems KW - Voltage UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56300/56302/14-007-Electric_Drive_Systems-Technology_Brief-FINAL-NOV2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377229 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592626 TI - Performance-Based Testing of Driving Skills/Capabilities AB - The objective of this project is to determine the risks associated with older commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers, and to evaluate if there is a need for performance-based testing of older drivers. Further, to provide recommendations for moving forward; if the recommendation is to implement a performance-based test, recommendations on how to test and how to implement will be included. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) published the study entitled “Performance-Based Testing of Driving Skills/Capability” in August, 2012. The study examined the need for performance–based testing of CMV drivers over a certain age. The idea behind the study came from industry representatives raising the issue that The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) precludes them from removing older drivers on the basis of safety concerns. If carried out, the performance-based test would be developed and administered at State Divisions of Motor Vehicles as part of the CMV license renewal process. The 2011 commercial driver crash statistics were analyzed and results revealed that commercial drivers aged 66 or older had elevated risks (6.64 times more likely to be involved in a fatal crash, and 4.25 times more likely to be involved in an injurious crash) than commercial drivers aged 46 to 55 years (the safest age group). A literature review was conducted and reduced to those peer-reviewed studies in which a performance-based measure was used to predict prospective crash risk. Very few relevant publications were identified, indicating a need for additional data collection. Meta-analyses of the existing studies were conducted and several performance-based measures were found to be associated with increased crash risk in older drivers. This study will involve four parts: (1) a literature review on the current research of the risks of older drivers and associated data; (2) an analysis of Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) data to retrieve crashes and Commercial Driver's License Information System (CDLIS) data to retrieve driver age;(3) a data collection and analysis of carrier crash records, driver age, critical reason assigned to the crash, and vehicle miles traveled; (4) an assessment of the need for a performance-based test. These four parts together will result in a robust study for evaluating if there is a need for performance-based testing of older drivers. A report, including an analysis and recommendations will be provided. KW - Aged drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Performance tests KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400220 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592610 TI - Instructional Design Guides for Inspecting Electric and Hybrid-Electric Commercial Motor Vehicles AB - The objective of this project is to provide safety guidelines to commercial vehicle enforcement officers and inspectors when examining electric and hybrid-electric commercial vehicles for compliance. Electric and hybrid-electric commercial vehicles have been in use for over a decade. However, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs), the North American Standard (NAS) inspection procedures, and the out-of-service (OOS) criteria have not kept up with this new technology. The most important aspect of this project is to provide safety guidelines to commercial vehicle enforcement officers and inspectors when examining such vehicles for compliance. Some of the hazards that such vehicles pose that are not present include serious injury (e.g., electrocution) from high voltage systems, quietness of approach, and “stranded energy.” This project is predicated on the findings and recommendations of another project, “Electric Drive Vehicle Systems: Suggested Changes to Large Truck and Motorcoach Regulations and Inspection Procedures.” The outcomes of the project will include a one-hour, online training course. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Guidelines KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400191 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592628 TI - Survey of Motorcoach Company Practices: Driver Recruitment, Training, and Compensation; Vehicle Selection and Maintenance; and Operational Considerations AB - The goal of this project is to collect information on the methods of compensation for motorcoach drivers and drivers’ associated safety performance. The primary goal of the study is to determine if there is a relationship between payment methods and safe driving performance. In addition, the study may be able to identify the method of compensation that has the lowest crash rate and fewer unsafe driver behaviors, leading to fewer fatalities and injuries. In collaboration with other interested organizations, FMCSA will work to assess the safety implications of different methods and amounts of compensation for motorcoach drivers. The study will collect feedback from stakeholders to seek information on the possible safety advantages and disadvantages of different compensation packages. The survey instrument will be designed using statistically-sound scientific techniques. This survey is intended to be a large-scale data collection effort and will require approval from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The data will be used to characterize industry practices with respect to driver compensation and to determine the effect on safety. Motorcoach drivers working for charter, tour, regular route, or commuter express operations will be the focus of the study. These data will be used to demonstrate possible relationships of variables and to determine if the variables may contribute to unintended safety consequences, such as driver and vehicle out-of-service rates and crash rates. KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Impact studies KW - Motor carriers KW - Pay KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Safety factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400185 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01626327 TI - Utility for Risk-Based Screening and Assessment (URSA) AB - The goal of this project is to develop a risk-based algorithm for screening all applications for a U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) number. In support of FMCSA’s URS-1 development, this project includes production of the URSA tool. The tool will include an algorithm and corresponding software for an automatic risk-based assessment that calculates a risk potential based on the likelihood that an applicant for operating authority is a chameleon carrier, is attempting to reincarnate, or is attempting otherwise to receive authority illicitly. This project includes the development, testing and validation of the algorithm and software that will supply FMCSA’s URS-1 with an assessment of risk potential. KW - Applications KW - Compliance KW - Implementation KW - Motor carriers KW - Risk KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Screenings KW - Trucking safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/utility-risk-based-screening-and-assessment-ursa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1456970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603607 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Driver Safety Measurement System (DSMS) Methodology PY - 2015/09//Version 3.0.5 SP - 20p AB - The Driver Safety Measurement System (DSMS) is a tool that is built from many of the design components of the carrier-based Safety Measurement System (SMS). The DSMS does not generate or issue driver safety ratings or “scores.” It does not affect a driver’s commercial driver’s license (CDL), or a carrier’s safety rating, which is subject to 49 CFR Part 385 of the Safety Fitness Procedures. DSMS results are not available to motor carriers, drivers, third-party providers, or the public. DSMS results are only available to enforcement officials for examining commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver performance as part of Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) investigations. Enforcement users should not draw conclusions about a driver’s overall safety condition solely based on DSMS results. However, the raw safety information from roadside inspections and crashes that feeds the DSMS is compiled by the same system that provides CMV driver-based data to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) Pre-Employment Screening Program (PSP). This program allows motor carriers to access driver inspection and crash records electronically as a part of the hiring process. KW - Crash records KW - Data analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Inspection KW - Methodology KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance measurement KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - https://csa.fmcsa.dot.gov/Documents/Driver_SMSMethodology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1413001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01583540 AU - Schaefer, Ron AU - Newton, Diane AU - Cassady, Jim AU - Black, Chuckerin AU - Roth, Robert AU - Stock, Dan AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Smart Roadside Initiative – Final Report PY - 2015/09//Final Report SP - 88p AB - This is the Final Report for the Smart Roadside Initiative (SRI) prototype system deployment project. The SRI prototype was implemented at weigh stations in Grass Lake, Michigan and West Friendship, Maryland. The prototype was developed to integrate with existing technologies already available at the weigh stations to provide one common system user interface for law enforcement officers to use. The Final Report summarizes what was deployed at each weigh station, in the commercial vehicle via a smartphone, and the ability to view the SRI user interface at any location using a smartphone. The report provides the results of the unit and acceptance testing and the lessons learned for future deployments. KW - Automated highways KW - Commercial drivers KW - Data sharing KW - Grass Lake (Michigan) KW - Implementation KW - Law enforcement KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Prototypes KW - Stakeholders KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Weigh stations KW - West Friendship (Maryland) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56201/FHWA-JPO-16-258.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580968 AU - Stock, Dan AU - Schaefer, Ron AU - Leidos AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - User Manual Document for Smart Roadside Initiative PY - 2015/09 SP - 26p AB - This document provides the user instructions for the Smart Roadside Initiative (SRI) applications including mobile and web-based SRI applications. These applications include smartphone-enabled information exchange and notification, and software components that present aggregated information via a system dashboard. SRI supports jurisdiction-specific decision-making about enforcement actions, inspections and reporting. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Smart Roadside Initiative comprises several different programs that are in various stages of operation and deployment, including: (1) Electronic Screening, (2) Virtual Weigh Stations/Electronic Permitting, (3) Wireless Roadside Inspection Program, and (4) Truck Parking. The SRI Prototype is the focus of this test and user documentation. At the heart of the SRI prototype is the SRI Information Aggregation System (SIAS). This component contains the web services and other communications interfaces which connect to external sensors and systems to collect, verify, and present the gathered information, such as license plate, truck weight, USDOT number, and driver information to the relevant information users, including law enforcement officers and truck drivers. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Computer program documentation KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Information dissemination KW - Inspection KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Parking KW - Permits KW - Smartphones KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Weigh stations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56200/56239/FHWA-JPO-16-262.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373245 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01625939 TI - National Data Fusion Project AB - The goal of this project is to create a single interface where enforcement personnel can combine data from roadside inspection stations across the country. A successful National Data Fusion Center will provide opportunities in commercial vehicle enforcement to conduct HOS verification across jurisdictional boundaries, through the use of vehicle and driver identification and other e-screening systems. Use of the National Data Fusion Center might involve identifying cases—through time of flight and miles traveled estimates calculated using license plate reader (LPR) data—where a driver’s record of duty status was falsified, indicating HOS fraud. Phase 1 of the National Data Fusion Center is complete. In Phase 2, a regional system will be developed and tested in the Commerical Motor Vehicle Roadside Technology Consortium (CMVRTC). The system will be designed to be scalable for national implementation. For the National Data Fusion Center to be successful, LPRs and U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) number readers must be accurate, data retention/specifications must be appropriate, and States must be able to adopt current systems to allow for the storage and transfer of this new data set. KW - Data fusion KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Roadside UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/national-data-fusion-project UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1455367 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592638 TI - Study of Alternatives to Reduce Driver Exposure to Diesel Exhaust AB - The purpose of this study was to study the efficiencies of different idle reduction technologies and to compare their short- and long-term economic costs. The ultimate goal is to reduce the amount of diesel emissions that enter a truck cab and to improve air quality in the cab while a driver is resting in a sleeper berth at a truck rest stop. Previous Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) research measured air pollution inside truck cabs and sleeping berths while vehicles were idling at a truck stop. The study found that pollution inside truck cabs exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The pollution was worse when trucks were idling. Of all the pollutants from diesel exhaust, particle matter of 2.5 microns (PM 2.5) or less poses the greatest health risks for truck drivers. Potential adverse health effects include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. Therefore, reducing the idling of diesel engines is a critical factor to driver health. Following FMCSA’s initial study, the Agency was determined to conduct a new study to analyze the efficiencies of idle reduction technologies for trucks and to compare their economic costs in order to reduce driver exposure to diesel exhaust and maintain driver wellness and health. This research project focused on diesel particulate matter, which is the pollutant of concern. The following idle reduction technologies were considered: automatic shut-down/start-up systems; auxiliary power units; battery air conditioning systems; electrified parking spaces; filtering devices; fuel-operated heaters; shore connection systems; and thermal storage systems. The effort also took into account the different categories of model year engines (i.e., 1990 and earlier, 1991‒1993, 1993‒2007, and 2008 and later). The outcome of this effort included a literature review and analysis, development of a methodology for the study, implementation of the study, and a final report compiling the results of the study. KW - Air quality KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Diesel engine exhaust gases KW - Drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Engine idling KW - Health hazards KW - Particulates KW - Pollutants UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/study-alternatives-reduce-driver-exposure-diesel-exhaust UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01575237 AU - Goettee, David AU - Spiegel, Walter AU - Tarr, Ronald AU - Campanian, Carmella AU - Grill, Lew AU - SAGE Corporation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Overview of Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Safety Training Research for New Entrant Motor Carriers PY - 2015/07//Final Report SP - 232p AB - New entrant motor carriers generally are very small and have poorer safety performance than more established carriers. This may be because very small carriers do not have the resources for a safety department or a safety official on staff. To help address this, the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) amended the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act (MCSIA) of 1999 new entrant requirements to mandate a proficiency examination and other requirements as necessary to ensure new entrant applicants understand the safety regulations before issuing the applicant an interstate U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) number. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) initiated two new entrant training and testing research demonstration projects. This report contains details of the analysis of safety performance results from both the first training curriculum, conducted in 2005–06, and the second conducted in 2010–12. It also contains a discussion of diffusion theory that explains why the results are what they are, and a description of what the blended third-generation curriculum will be. The third-generation blended curriculum will be more cost-effective, less instructor-intensive, and per the theory and in coordination with the required mandate, dramatically foster adoption of a safety culture among a larger percentage of new entrants. This analysis explains why a blended curriculum that incorporates e-learning and testing is predicted to be superior, and how it could be used to meet the requirements specified by MAP-21. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curricula KW - E-learning KW - Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 KW - Motor carriers KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - New entrants KW - Safety culture KW - Safety performance KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Web-based training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55300/55335/RRA-13-015_-_Overview_of_FMCSA_Safety_Training_Research_for_New_Entrant_Motor_Carriers__508C_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01574026 AU - Lascurain, Mary Beth AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Effects of Tire Rolling Resistance on Class 8 Tractor-trailer Stopping Distance PY - 2015/06 SP - 51p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducted a joint test program through Oak Ridge National Laboratory to explore the effects of tire rolling resistance levels on Class 8 tractor-trailer stopping distance performance over a range of loading and surface conditions. The objective was to determine whether there is a relationship between tire rolling resistance and stopping distance for vehicles of this type. The results of this research suggest that tire rolling resistance is not a reliable indicator of Class 8 tractor-trailer stopping distance. The correlation coefficients (R2 values) for linear regressions of wet and dry stopping distance versus overall vehicle rolling resistance values did not meet the minimum threshold for statistical significance for any of the test conditions. Correlation between the tire coefficient of rolling resistance (CRR) and stopping distance was found to be negligible for the dry tests for both loading conditions. While correlation was higher for the wet testing (showing a slight trend in which lower CRRs correspond to longer stopping distances), it still did not meet the minimum threshold for statistical significance. In terms of compliance with Federal safety standards, it was found that the stopping distance performance of the vehicle with the four tire sets studied in this research (with estimated tractor CRRs which varied by 33%), were well under the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards No. 121 stopping distance requirements. KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Rolling resistance KW - Stopping distances KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/NVS/Crash Avoidance/Technical Publications/2015/812176-TireRollResistClass8TractrTrailrStopDistPerfm.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1363780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01570515 AU - Horton, Suzanne AU - Segev, Eran AU - Meltzer, Neil AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model, Fiscal Year 2011 PY - 2015/06//Final Report SP - 36p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), in cooperation with the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, has developed an analytic model to measure the effectiveness of roadside inspections and traffic enforcements in terms of the number of crashes avoided, injuries prevented, and lives saved. Traffic enforcements and roadside inspections are considered interventions; this analytic model is known as the Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model (RIEM). This model provides FMCSA management with the information needed to address the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, which requires Federal agencies to measure the effectiveness of their programs as part of the budget cycle process. It also provides FMCSA and State safety program managers with a quantitative basis for optimizing the allocation of safety resources in the field. This report discusses the results of the RIEM for fiscal year (FY) 2011. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Government Performance and Results Act KW - Inspection KW - Roadside KW - Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model (RIEM) KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55100/55113/RIEM_FY2011_FINAL_June_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1361254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01570511 AU - Tarr, Ronald W AU - Gammoh, Diala T AU - Totten, Eric P AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Using Driver Simulators to Measure the Impact of Distracted Driving on Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators PY - 2015/06//Final Report SP - 74p AB - Driver distraction is at the forefront of public discussion concerning safety on America’s roads and highways. Understanding the risks of distracted driving and finding ways to prevent it has been the goal of Federal, State, and private organizations for decades. The objective of this study was to address the identified gaps in the literature by conducting applied research to better quantify the dangers of distracted driving. Using state-of-the-art driving simulators in realistic traffic, this project focused on the performance of commercial driver’s license (CDL) operators while experiencing distractions in several driving scenarios, combined with various attention-stealing distractions. A research design was created to account for real-world phenomena, using touchscreen devices, cell phones, and external distractions while commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers drove a motion-based truck-driving simulator. These actions and the level of distraction inflicted were quantified by simulator, observation, and electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) data. Overall, both performance and physiological measures showed evidence of driver distraction. Performance measures suggested that the largest performance deficiencies came from actively using a touchscreen Mp3 player. Physiological measures (e.g., EEG) showed that both Mp3 players and cell phones increased workload and decreased attention. After the experiment, drivers provided testimonials that were recorded on video for use in outreach activities to communicate the extreme risks of distracted driving. KW - Cellular telephones KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Distraction KW - Driving simulators KW - Electrocardiography KW - Electroencephalography KW - Highway safety KW - Touchscreens KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55100/55167/13-048_Distracted_Driving_-_FINAL_-_June_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1361257 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592640 TI - Vehicle-Based Low Clearance Detector AB - The objective of this project was to demonstrate commercially available vehicle-based technologies for 1) detecting a low-clearance overpass in the path of a commercial vehicle, and 2) warning the commercial driver about the low clearance prior to striking the low-clearance overpass. Fatalities have occurred with motorcoaches striking bridges. Bridge strikes by trucks ranged from 5,971–6,171 across the Nation between 2005 and 2008. In a press conference on September 24, 2012, New York Senator Schumer raised the issue, and in a public letter asked former Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood to address the problem. The technology considered in this study is vehicle-based as opposed to infrastructure-based. For example, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is looking at reducing bridge strikes using technologies that are installed on the infrastructure. Infrastructure-based technologies are not a complete solution to the problem of avoiding bridge strikes because they are expensive and there is no requirement for the local or State governments that own the bridges to install the technologies. Global positioning systems for trucks are also not a complete solution because there are many low-clearance overpasses that are not documented, and thus not in a navigation database for trucks. There is also no requirement for a local or State government to document all low-clearance overpasses. The final outcome was a final report. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Clearances (Navigation) KW - Highways KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Technology KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle accessories UR - www.fmcsa.dot.gov UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400250 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592558 TI - Evaluation of the Impact of Changes to the Hours-of-Service Rules Governing Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers AB - The objective of this project is to determine whether changes to the hours-of-service (HOS) rules have had any impact on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) safety, carrier productivity and cost, and the U.S. highway system. The Agency is primarily interested in examining data before and after the HOS rules changes and the impact of the rule changes on safety, driver schedules and productivity, cost of trucking, and measures of highway system performance. This is a two-phased effort. The first phase will be to investigate data sources, secure data agreements, and specify the methods of evaluation that can answer the study questions. Safety. An evaluation of the full 12 months of crash and injury data before and after the rule change (with an attempt to control for upward trends based on increased freight activity). The full 12 months of safety data became available mid-December 2014. Driver Schedules and Productivity. Study team will collect electronic logs where available from the year before the final HOS rule went into effect and the year after. This data will allow the Agency to compare how drivers were operating before and after the HOS rule change. Are drivers now using the new break requirement, and are they using the 34-hour restart any differently than before the rule change? Cost of Trucking. American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) recently published a study that showed that the marginal cost of trucking between 2012 and 2013 increased only a modest 3 percent from $1.63 to $1.68 per mile. Most of this increase was attributed to driver wages and benefits; however, it is important to note that the marginal costs of driver wages and benefits were still lower in 2014 than they were in 2008. Measures of Highway System Performance. FMCSA is asking the contractor to work with the FHWA Office of Freight Policy to determine how changes to the HOS rule have affected vital highway metrics. A report that identifies the impacts of changes in the HOS provisions on the trucking industry and the U.S. economy. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Data analysis KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Highways KW - Hours of labor KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Impact studies KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Productivity KW - Safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01568649 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks Program, 2014 PY - 2015/05//Final Report SP - 11p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) was created as an operating administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) by the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999. The primary mission of the FMCSA is to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses. The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) program supports that safety mission by providing grant funds to States for: (1) Improving safety and productivity of motor carriers, commercial motor vehicles (CMVs), and their drivers. (2) Improving efficiency and effectiveness of CMV safety programs through targeted enforcement. (3) Improving CMV data sharing within States and between States and FMCSA; and • Reducing Federal, State, and industry regulatory and administrative costs. This document looks at CVISN capabilities, funding, program activities, and grant funding. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data sharing KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Information systems KW - Motor carriers KW - States KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55000/55044/2014_CVISN_Annual_Report_Final_May_18_2015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1358914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01565351 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks Program, 2013 PY - 2015/04 SP - 13p AB - The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) grant program supports the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) safety mission by providing grant funds to States to: (1) Improve safety and productivity of motor carriers, commercial motor vehicles (CMVs), and their drivers. (2) Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of CMV safety programs through targeted enforcement. (3) Improve CMV data sharing within States and between States and FMCSA. (4) Reduce Federal, State, and industry regulatory and administrative costs. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data sharing KW - Government funding KW - Information systems KW - States KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54900/54925/2013_CVISN_Annual_Report-508c.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1355722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01565350 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts 2013 PY - 2015/04 SP - 120p AB - This annual edition of Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks and buses in 2013. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. The report is organized into four chapters: Trends, Crashes, Vehicles, and People. The Trends chapter shows data for 2013 in the context of available historical data for past years. In the other chapters, the 2013 data are shown in different ways, according to what is being counted. Three-year trends in fatal crashes are presented for historical perspective when appropriate. The Crashes chapter counts numbers of crashes; the Vehicles chapter counts vehicles in crashes; and the People chapter counts persons of all types involved in crashes. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Loss and damage KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54800/54849/Large-Truck-and-Bus-Crash-Facts-2013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1355721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01561000 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 2015 Pocket Guide to Large Truck and Bus Statistics PY - 2015/04 SP - 56p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) 2015 Pocket Guide to Large Truck and Bus Statistics highlights the Agency’s role in enforcement and in collecting and analyzing crash data and statistics to support its mission to prevent commercial motor vehicle-related fatalities and injuries. Sections include: The Motor Carrier Management Information System; Large trucks and buses overview; Roadside inspections and violations; Reviews; Crashes; Data quality; Grant programs; and Agency resources. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Crash characteristics KW - Data quality KW - Fatalities KW - Inspection KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54800/54841/2015_Pocket_Guide_-_March_30_2015__For_Web_Publishing_-508c.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351073 ER - TY - SER AN - 01560863 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Occupant Fatalities in Crashes Involving Large Trucks, 2013 PY - 2015/04 SP - 3p AB - In 2013, 30,057 fatal crashes took place on the Nation’s roadways, with 11.8 percent (3,541) involving at least one large truck. The majority of large truck fatal crashes (63 percent) involved two vehicles, while 22 percent were single-vehicle crashes, and 15.1 percent were multi-vehicle crashes. In 2013, there were 3,536 total vehicle occupant fatalities in crashes involving large trucks. Additional data including vehicle type, time of day, seat belt usage, and truck weight are also included in this report. KW - Fatalities KW - Periods of the day KW - Seat belt use KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - United States KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54900/54924/14-010-Occupant_Fatalities_v15-5082_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351356 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592632 TI - SmartPark: Real-time Parking Availability, Phase II AB - The objective of this project was to demonstrate a technology for providing real-time information on truck parking availability to truckers on the road. The SmartPark program was prompted by a 2000 National Transportation Safety Board recommendation that the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) create a guide to inform truck drivers about locations and availability of parking. A 2002 study on the adequacy of truck parking by the Federal Highway Administration recommended using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to provide truckers with real-time information on the location and availability of parking spaces. In 2005, the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center completed a study entitled "ITS and Truck Parking" for FMCSA. FMCSA completed Phase I by field testing a technology, namely, combined Doppler radar and laser scanning/light curtain. The test results from the contractor (independently verified and validated by Volpe) showed that the technology meets three necessary performance requirements. Therefore, a decision was made to proceed to Phase II. Phase II covered information dissemination, reservations, maximization of space, gathering of historical data to make forecasts of availability, and self-sustainability. Phase II of the SmartPark field operations test (FOT) took place at mile markers (MM) 23 and 45 northbound on I-75 in Tennessee. MM 23 is approximately 20 miles north of Chattanooga and MM 45 is halfway between Chattanooga and Knoxville. At both MM 23 and MM 45, there is truck parking. For each of the two truck parking areas, there were two variable message signs providing notice of truck parking availability (available, limited, or full) for a total of four signs. For each truck parking area, one sign was at 1 mile upstream of the truck parking area, and another sign was about 400 feet upstream of the truck parking area. At each of the truck parking areas, there were five spaces that could be reserved on a first-come, first-served basis. In the 6 months of field testing, FMCSA demonstrated and gathered data on the feasibility of the truck parking reservation system, historical utilization of truck parking spaces, and the viability of linking the two truck parking areas together (i.e., were truckers diverted by the variable message signs if one area was filled and the other was not?). A final report for Phase I showing the feasibility of a commercially-available technology (Doppler radar and laser scanning/light curtain) for accurately and reliably determining truck parking space occupancy was accepted in June 2013. The 6-month FOT final report (pending publication) will show whether two truck parking areas can be networked in such a way that trucks can be diverted from a filled area to an unfilled area and show the viability of information dissemination systems for truck parking availability. Other tasks included development of an operations and maintenance manual and training to manage the SmartPark system. KW - Assessments KW - Field tests KW - Monitoring KW - Motor carriers KW - Parking KW - Parking guidance systems KW - Parking lots KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety glass KW - SmartPark KW - Technology KW - Traffic KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400241 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592557 TI - Electronic Logging Device (ELD) Compliance Test Procedures AB - The objective of this project is to develop compliance test procedures for electronic logging device (ELD) testing with respect to the functional specifications included in the Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (SNPRM), Docket No. FMCSA–2010–0167, RIN 2126–AB20. This effort will also require the development of a training manual to ensure that all ELDs are tested using the same procedures, as well as a verification process to ensure that the test procedures are sufficient to evaluate ELDs properly. In an effort to improve commercial motor vehicle (CMV) safety and reduce the overall paperwork burden for both motor carriers and drivers, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) published a SNPRM on March 28, 2014, to require motor carriers currently subject to records of duty status (RODS) preparation requirements to use ELDs. To ensure consistency among manufacturers and devices, functional specifications were published within the SNPRM. Providers’ certification of compliance with these functional specifications is required; however, they are not required to use the test procedures developed within this contract. FMCSA intends to use these procedures to confirm compliance of an ELD if independent testing and validation are needed or desired. This program is established with a 1-year cooperative agreement to create a compliance test procedure and a 3-year cooperative agreement to provide technical support. In the first year, the contractor will develop test procedures, a template for consistent reporting of test results, and training materials; validate the developed test procedure on a sample subset of ELD-like systems available on the market; and make FMCSA-recommended changes to the test plans, procedures, and tools. After final approval of the test procedure, there will be a 3-year period of technical support to provide guidance to ELD providers that are performing their own certification test(s) using the compliance test procedure. Compliance test procedure, training manual, technical support. KW - Compliance KW - Data recorders KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Tools KW - Training KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/electronic-logging-device-eld-compliance-test-procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400160 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592552 TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Restart Study AB - The Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) Driver Restart Study was designed to measure and compare the fatigue and safety performance levels of truck drivers in a naturalistic environment while using two different versions of the hours-of-service (HOS) restart provisions. In the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2015, Congress directed the Federal Motor Carries Safety Administration (FMCSA) to conduct a CMV driver restart study comparing 5-month driver work schedules and assessing operator fatigue and safety critical events (SCEs) among participating CMV drivers who operate under:The restart provisions in effect between July 1, 2013, and December 15, 2014 (i.e., 2-night rest period); and the restart provisions in effect on June 30, 2013 (i.e., 1-night rest period). The study compared 5-month work schedules and assesses SCEs (e.g., crashes, near-crashes, and crash-relevant conflicts), operator fatigue/alertness, and short-term health outcomes among CMV drivers operating under a 1-night rest period versus drivers operating under a rest period with 2 or more nights. The study also analyzed the safety and fatigue effects on CMV drivers who have less than 168 hours between their restart periods and those drivers who have at least 168 hours between their restart periods. Drivers were recruited from small, medium, and large fleets across a variety of operations (long-haul, short-haul, and regional) and different sectors of the industry (flat-bed, refrigerated, tank, and dry-van). FMCSA would like to thank the many CMV drivers and companies who volunteered to participate in this study. The study used data collected from: (1) electronic logging devices (ELDs) (which track drivers’ time on duty); (2) psychomotor vigilance tests (PVTs) (which measure alertness); (3) actigraph watches (which assess sleep); (4) camera-based onboard monitoring systems (which record or measure SCEs and driver alertness); and (5) smartphone-based self-report questionnaires that measure sleepiness, stress, hours slept, and caffeine intake. An initial study plan, which was peer-reviewed by a panel of independent experts with relevant medical and scientific qualifications, was published in March of 2015. The final report and findings have undergone a similar independent peer review. The Secretary submitted an outline of the study’s scope and methodology to the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Inspector General. The Secretary also submitted the final report to the Inspector General. A final report containing study findings is pending publication. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Distraction KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highways KW - Hours of labor KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Safety KW - Sleep KW - Sleep deprivation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400154 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01549624 TI - Individual Differences and the High-Risk Commercial Driver AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 4: Individual Differences and the "High-Risk" Commercial Driver explores individual differences among commercial drivers, particularly as these differences relate to the "high-risk" commercial driver. The synthesis identifies factors relating to commercial vehicle crash risk and assesses ways that the high-risk driver can be targeted by various safety programs and practices, at both fleet- and industry-wide levels. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2443 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554446 AU - Segev, Eran AU - Meltzer, Neil AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Carrier Intervention Effectiveness Model, Version 1.0: Summary Report for Fiscal Years 2009, 2010, 2011 PY - 2015/01//Final Report SP - 32p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), in cooperation with the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe), has developed a quantitative model to measure the effectiveness of motor carrier interventions in terms of estimated crashes avoided, injuries prevented, and lives saved. The model, documented in this report, is known as the Carrier Intervention Effectiveness Model (CIEM). This model provides FMCSA management with information to address the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA), which requires Federal agencies to measure the effectiveness of their programs as part of the budget cycle process. It also provides FMCSA and State safety program managers with a quantitative basis for improving enforcement processes and optimizing the allocation of safety resources in the field. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety programs KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54400/54484/RRA-14-011-CIEM_Summary_Report-FINAL-508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342390 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01548247 TI - Safety Management in Small Companies AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 22: Safety Management in Small Motor Carriers explores small motor carriers' strengths and weaknesses in safety management, and identifies potentially effective safety practices. KW - Best practices KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety management UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3304 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335998 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01548246 TI - Distracted Driving--Successful Practices for Commercial Vehicles AB - The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 24: Distracted Driving Countermeasures for Commercial Vehicles examines driving distractions, as well as any protective (safety-enhancing) effects of particular devices. Distracted driving for commercial drivers is defined as attending to tasks not directly related to operating the vehicle. KW - Best practices KW - Commercial drivers KW - Distraction KW - Traffic safety UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3303 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335997 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546016 TI - Effective Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Management Techniques AB - This synthesis the first in the Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) series summarizes commercial truck and bus safety management techniques. The problems fleet managers confront and methods to address these problems are the focus. The problems include driver safety knowledge, skills, and behaviors and vehicle-related problems. Major safety management approaches addressed include driver recruiting and selection, carrier-based training, management-driver communications, safety incentives, and others. The synthesis is based on a literature review and a survey of 139 commercial motor vehicle safety managers and 57 experts in motor vehicle safety. KW - Buses KW - Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program KW - Fleet management KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2440 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332968 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592622 TI - Motorcoach and School Bus Fire Safety Analysis AB - The purpose of this effort is to gather and analyze data regarding the severity and frequency of motorcoach and school bus fires from 2009–13 and to update the previous analysis of fires, which focused only on motorcoaches. The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe) analyzed motorcoach fire incidents that took place between 1995 and 2008 and submitted two reports to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). In 2009, Volpe published the very first report in this area—the “Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis Report.” This report was updated in 2012 with a report entitled “Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis: The Causes, Frequency, and Severity of Motorcoach Fires in the United States.” FMCSA’s Vehicle and Roadside Operations Division and Commercial Passenger Carrier Division both requested that the most recent “Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis Report” be updated for fire incidents that occurred between 2009 and 2012, and the latter Division requested that school buses be included in the updated analysis. Volpe will update its latest analysis to include data on motorcoach fires that occurred from 2009–13. In addition, Volpe will include an evaluation of school bus fires, expand on the evaluation of the effectiveness of automatic fire detection and suppression systems, and identify fires caused by replacement of a diesel engine or automatic purging of diesel particulate filters, all contingent on the availability of applicable data. The outcome of the analysis will be a report that identifies potential ways to prevent, reduce, or mitigate the causes, frequencies, and severity of motorcoach and school bus fires with a focus on improving the effectiveness of State and Federal motorcoach and school bus inspection practices. KW - Analysis KW - Fire KW - Highways KW - Motor Coach KW - Safety KW - School buses UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/motorcoach-and-school-bus-fire-safety-analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554329 AU - Dunn, Naomi J AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Soccolich, Susan AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Driver Detention Times in Commercial Motor Vehicle Operations PY - 2014/12//Final Report SP - 65p AB - The purpose of this project was to quantitatively identify detention times in the commercial motor vehicle (CMV) industry. Although there is currently no standard definition, the industry commonly defines detention time as “any time drivers have to wait beyond 2 hours, which is the average time it takes to load or unload their cargo.” Results indicated that drivers experienced detention time on approximately 1 in every 10 stops for an average duration of 1.4 hours. This represents the length of time the driver was detained beyond 2 hours; thus, he/she was loading/unloading at that delivery location for 3.4 hours in total. Medium-sized carriers (51–500 power units) had similar average detention times as large carriers (more than 500 power units); however, they experienced driver detention about twice as often as large carriers. For example, 19 percent of stops made by medium-sized carriers were accompanied by detention time compared to 9 percent of stops made by large carriers. The calculation of odds ratios (ORs) provided similar results for medium-sized carriers when compared to large carriers. The odds of a driver being detained were 2.17 times greater for medium-sized carriers than for large carriers. Operation type did not have much impact on the average length of detention time; however, operation type influenced how frequently drivers experienced detention time, with for-hire truck load (TL) carriers experiencing detention time more than twice as frequently as for-hire less-than-truckload (LTL) carriers and four times more often than private carriers. The OR analysis also indicated that for-hire TL carriers were worse off than for-hire LTL or private carriers. The odds of a driver being detained were nearly 5 times greater for for-hire TL carriers than for private carriers and 2.6 times greater than for for-hire LTL carriers. The odds of a driver being detained were 6.3 and 1.9 times greater for temperature controlled freight carriers than for dry bulk carriers, and liquid bulk/tank freight carriers, respectively. KW - Carriers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Detention KW - Loading and unloading KW - Time duration KW - Truck drivers KW - Waiting time UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54378/13-060-Detention-508C-Dec14.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54300/54379/13-060-Detention_Research_Brief-508C-Dec14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1342147 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01627507 TI - Attitudes of Truck Drivers and Carriers on the Use of Electronic Logging Devices and Driver Harassment AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) conducted a survey to broadly examine the issue of driver harassment and to determine the extent to which Hours of Service (HOS) MDs are used to either harass drivers and/or monitor driver productivity. The research explored the relevant issues from the perspective of both drivers and carriers. KW - Attitudes KW - Carriers KW - Drivers KW - Hours of labor KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Logging (Recording) KW - Motor carriers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/attitudes-truck-drivers-and-carriers-use-electronic-logging-devices-and UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1458015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551419 AU - Lynch, Frank AU - Kolenikov, Stanislaus AU - Bergoffen, Gene AU - Burks, Stephen V AU - Kearns, Kristin AU - Luetmer, Michael AU - Austin, Ann AU - Bishop, Richard AU - MaineWay Services, Incorporated AU - Abt SRBI, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Attitudes of Truck Drivers and Carriers on the Use of Electronic Logging Devices and Driver Harassment PY - 2014/11//Final Report SP - 232p AB - The research contained herein is an examination of managerial harassment experienced by drivers, and whether harassment is associated with the method used to log hours of service (HOS). Similar information was gathered from a sample of carriers. Truck drivers were interviewed in person at truck stops in the United States; carriers were interviewed online via a Web survey. The evidence in this survey research does not support concluding that harassment occurs due to being in a situation where HOS are logged using electronic logging devices (ELDs). KW - Attitudes KW - Carriers KW - Detection and identification systems KW - Hours of labor KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - United States KW - Vehicle electronics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54100/54178/RRR-14-009-Attitudes_of_Truck_Drivers_and_Carriers_on_the_Use_of_ELDs_and_Harassment-V11-FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1339960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551376 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Work Zone Fatal Crashes Involving Large Trucks, 2012 PY - 2014/11//Analysis Brief SP - 4p AB - In 2012, 30,800 fatal crashes took place on our Nation’s roadways, with 11.2 percent (3,464) involving at least 1 large truck. While the majority of all fatal crashes (98.2 percent) took place outside of a work zone in 2012, 547 fatal crashes (1.8 percent) occurred in a construction, maintenance, utility or other work zone. In contrast, 3.7 percent of fatal crashes involving large trucks took place in a work zone in 2012— double the percentage for all fatal crashes. This analysis brief examines factors that contribute to work zone fatal crashes involving large trucks. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash characteristics KW - Fatalities KW - Truck crashes KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zones UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54100/54128/14-006_-_Work_Zone_Fatal_Crashes_-_Final_-_508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1340054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551317 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Attitudes of Truck Drivers and Carriers on the Use of Electronic Logging Devices (ELDs) and Harassment PY - 2014/11//Research Brief SP - 2p AB - Truck drivers and carrier personnel were interviewed on the use of electronic logging devices (ELDs) for keeping track of driving hours and whether these devices were used to harass drivers. This research examined the following issues: (1) Whether drivers considered their ELD-related experiences and interactions with their carriers as harassment; (2) How frequently drivers reported the occurrence of ELD-related harassment; (3) Whether these interactions were enabled by the carrier using hours-of-service (HOS) data collected via an ELD and whether it was a standalone ELD or a comprehensive system which included ELD capability; and (4) Whether drivers who use ELDs for tracking HOS differ from those who use paper logs. KW - Attitudes KW - Carriers KW - Detection and identification systems KW - Hours of labor KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle electronics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54100/54177/14-009_-_Research_Brief_-_Attitudes_of_Truck_Drivers_and_Carriers_on_Use_of_ELDs_and_Harassment_-_Final_-_508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1340052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01551301 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model FY 2010 PY - 2014/11//Analysis Brief SP - 2p AB - Two of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) key safety programs are the Roadside Inspection and Traffic Enforcement programs. The Roadside Inspection program consists of roadside inspections performed by qualified safety inspectors. These inspections follow the guidelines of the North American Standard, which were developed by FMCSA and the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance. Most roadside inspections are conducted by the States under the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program. There are six levels of inspections that include a vehicle component, a driver component, or both. Separately, the Traffic Enforcement program is composed of two distinct activities: a traffic stop as a result of a moving violation and a subsequent roadside inspection. FMCSA developed an analytic model to measure the effectiveness of roadside inspections and traffic enforcements in terms of crashes avoided, injuries prevented, and lives saved. This model, previously known as the Intervention Model, is currently known as the Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model (RIEM). In this model, traffic enforcements and roadside inspections are considered interventions. KW - Crash rates KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance measurement KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54100/54127/13-062_b__-_Analysis_Brief_-_RIEM_FY_2010_-_FINAL_-_508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1340053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548537 AU - Horton, Suzanne AU - Segev, Eran AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model, Fiscal Year 2010 PY - 2014/11//Final Report SP - 36p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), in cooperation with the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, has developed an analytic model to measure the effectiveness of roadside inspections and traffic enforcements in terms of the number of crashes avoided, injuries prevented, and lives saved. Traffic enforcements and roadside inspections are considered interventions; this analytic model is known as the Roadside Intervention Effectiveness Model (RIEM). This model provides FMCSA management with the information needed to address the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, which requires Federal agencies to measure the effectiveness of their programs as part of the budget cycle process. It also provides FMCSA and State safety program managers with a quantitative basis for optimizing the allocation of safety resources in the field. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Government Performance and Results Act KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54100/54126/13-062_-_RIEM_FY2010_-_FINAL_-_508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334682 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592631 TI - Slosh Characteristics of Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) AB - The objective of this project was to determine the slosh characteristics of intermediate bulk carriers (IBCs) with a combined capacity of up to 1,000 gallons through engineering modeling and road testing. An IBC can hold 119–884 gallons of liquid. The results from the engineering modeling and road testing were used to determine if the slosh characteristics of IBCs aggregated to 1,000 gallons are similar to a single or compartmented cargo tank of the same capacity. In the final rule on commercial driver’s license (CDL) testing and commercial learner’s permit standards published on May 9, 2011, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) revised the definition of “tank vehicle” to include any commercial vehicle transporting tanks (to include IBCs) of liquids or gases with an aggregate of 1,000 gallons or more. The revision of the definition of “tank vehicle” implies that a person driving a commercial vehicle carrying an aggregate of 1,000 gallons or more of liquids or gases in IBCs must hold a CDL with a tank vehicle (N) endorsement. Previously, drivers of such vehicles were not subject to this requirement. Engineering modeling and road testing were undertaken to ascertain whether the slosh characteristics of IBCs aggregated to 1,000 gallons or more are similar to a single or compartmented cargo tank of the same capacity. The results of this testing were considered in determining whether there was a need to revise the existing rule on tank vehicle endorsements. KW - Bulk cargo KW - Bulk carriers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Containers KW - Licenses KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Sloshing KW - Tanks (Containers) UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/slosh-characteristics-intermediate-bulk-containers-ibcs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400233 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592630 TI - Restorative Rest for Motorcoach Drivers AB - The objective of this project was to determine how much restorative rest is needed for motorcoach drivers. The study analyzed the relationships between time off duty and sleep. This was a re-analysis of the motorcoach driver sleep and performance data that were collected for the study entitled “Motorcoach Driver Fatigue Study, 2011” (Belenky et al., 2012). The original motorcoach driver fatigue study analyzed data from 84 commercial motorcoach drivers and collected continuous sleep, work, performance, and fatigue data for each driver for approximately 1 month. Drivers were recruited from across the United States and from a range of motorcoach operations (i.e., regular route, tour, charter, and commuter express). The purpose of the motorcoach driver fatigue study was to assess the degree to which active motorcoach drivers push the limits of motorcoach hours-of-service (HOS) regulations and, as a result, expose themselves to less-than-24-hour duty/rest cycles-cycles that would entail getting up earlier and earlier each day, likely restricting their sleep and impairing their performance. The study found no evidence that the participating motorcoach drivers exposed themselves to non-24-hour duty/rest cycles. Duty start times were clustered in the morning, indicating that duty days were synchronized to the circadian rhythm. The aim of the present study was to characterize the relationship between off-duty time and sleep using the data collected in the original study. The study attempted to answer the following research questions: (1) How much sleep do motorcoach drivers obtain given the amount of time they have off between shifts? (2) How much time off between shifts do motorcoach drivers need to ensure that they are able to get 7-8 hours of sleep in each 24-hour period? The re-analysis expanded upon the original motorcoach driver fatigue study by examining sleep in any given 24-hour period as a function of off-duty time during the same 24-hour period. A final report describing study findings is pending publication. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Motor Coach KW - Rest periods KW - Safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/restorative-rest-motorcoach-drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400232 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592553 TI - Crash Reporting Research AB - The objective of this project was to assess the completeness of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) crash database and associated collection issues. The project estimated the rate of crash reporting completeness in MCMIS and developed recommendations for improving the reporting of FMCSA-reportable crashes. The study reviewed the State Data Quality Reports and collected and analyzed a sample of carriers’ crash records, comparing them to the MCMIS crash records. A final report detailing study findings is pending publication. KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Data quality KW - Information systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Systems analysis UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/crash-reporting-research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400156 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592550 TI - Case Study of Mexico's Third-Party Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) Program for Commercial Vehicle Operators AB - The objective of this project was to document lessons learned for assisting the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) in the development of an entry-level driver training (ELDT) program in the United States using a third-party system. Effective October 1, 2012, the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), in Section 32304, Commercial Motor Vehicle Operator Training, mandated that FMCSA issue a final rule on ELDT programs and that it cover all commercial driver’s license (CDL) drivers. FMCSA is separately gathering research information on the effectiveness of different types and amounts of ELDT. The proposed process in the 2007 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) for delivering ELDT is via third-party schools. There is information available from Mexico’s implementation of a third-party process for training commercial drivers. The United States’ acceptance of a Mexican Licencia Federal (LF) dates back to November 21, 1991, when the Office of Motor Carrier Safety in the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Dirección General de Autotransporte Federal (DGAF) in the Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT) determined mutually that Mexican CDLs are comparable to U.S. CDLs and entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) establishing the comparability. FMCSA is in the process of updating this MOU by revisiting the numerous revisions that have occurred in the CDL programs of both countries. Since the execution of that MOU, the Mexican program has changed the licensing program from a federally staffed operation to a private third-party school operation. This project involved conducting a literature review of ELDT methods and analyzing Mexico’s experience using a third-party approach for ELDT programs to document lessons learned. A final report containing documentation of the Mexican experience and results from development and implementation of an ELDT program using a third-party approach is pending publication. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver training KW - Mexico KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Training programs KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400148 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592554 TI - Crash Risks by Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) Driver Schedules, Phase I AB - The objective of this project was to collect hours-of-service (HOS) and crash data to analyze how HOS provisions are being used and the impact of driver schedules on crash risk. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) conducted a study that evaluated the impact of driving hours, working hours, and breaks on safety critical events (SCEs) (Blanco, M., et. al., 2011). The study included 99 drivers who drove a total of 700,000 miles, during which naturalistic driving video and data were collected. That study found that (1) as the number of driving hours increased, so did the number of SCEs, (2) when evaluating the interaction between driving and non-driving work, a much greater time-on-task effect emerges for drivers driving late in their work shift, and (3) driving breaks decrease risk in the hour after a break. The present study collected additional data to answer important questions related to driver schedules and how these factors impact overall driver performance and fatigue. This study is being completed in phases. In Phase I, the research team collected HOS and crash data. In Phase II, the research team will use the data collected in Phase I to analyze crash risk as it relates to various aspects of the HOS provisions. This study will analyze: (1) relative crash risk by hour of driving; (2) relative crash risk by hour of driving per week; (3) relative crash risk of driving breaks; (4) relative crash risk as a function of recovery periods; and (5) how each of the HOS provisions is being used. In addition, the study will design, develop, and deliver a database so that the data collected in this study can be used for future research efforts. A database of the HOS and crash data for use in future research efforts. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Data analysis KW - Highways KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Motor carriers KW - Risk analysis KW - Schedules UR - www.fmcsa.dot.gov UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01560962 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Speed Management Program Plan PY - 2014/05 SP - 40p AB - This document is an update of the Speed Management Strategic Initiative (retitled Speed Management Program Plan), originally published in 2005 and was developed jointly by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration to address speeding as a contributor to highway crashes and fatalities. The strategies contained in this initiative incorporate recommendations of the Transportation Research Board contained in Special Report 254, Managing Speed: Review of Current Practice for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits and parallel elements from Volume 23, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 500: A Guide for Reducing Speeding-Related Crashes. The goal of this Speed Management Program Plan is to improve public health and safety by reducing speeding-related fatalities and injuries. The plan identifies six primary focus areas: Data and Data-Driven Approaches, Research and Evaluation, Technology, Enforcement and Adjudication, Engineering, and Education and Communications. Specific goals, objectives, and action items are identified for each focus area. KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Highway design KW - Safety programs KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/docs/speedmgtprogplan812028.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1351072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529425 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 2014 Pocket Guide to Large Truck and Bus Statistics PY - 2014/05 SP - 48p AB - This document highlights the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's role in collecting and analyzing crash data and statistics to support the prevention of commercial vehicle-related fatalities and injuries. Sections include: The Motor Carrier Management Information System; Large trucks and buses overview; Roadside inspections and violations; Reviews; Crashes; and Data quality. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Crash characteristics KW - Data quality KW - Fatalities KW - Inspection KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/FMCSA%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20Large%20Truck%20and%20Bus%20Statistics%20-%20October%202014%20Update%20%282%29.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51827/FMCSA_Pocket_Guide_to_Large_Truck_and_Bus_Statistics_-_2014_-_508C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529480 AU - Schaudt, William A AU - Bowman, Darrell S AU - Stone, Scott R AU - Perez, Matthew C AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Expanded Research and Development of an Enhanced Rear Signaling System for Commercial Motor Vehicles PY - 2014/04//Final Report SP - 92p AB - The purpose of the current study was to further develop and refine the prototype Enhanced Rear Signaling (ERS) system that was developed during the previous Phase III effort. Expanded development efforts for the ERS system included modification of the system into a unit designed for simple commercial motor vehicle (CMV) installation, collision-warning activation refinements, and rear lighting brightness adjustments for nighttime conditions. During the ERS system development process, the team successfully completed necessary modifications for improved CMV installation. Formal closed test-track and real-world testing were then performed to determine the ERS system collision-warning activation performance. Ultimately, the ERS system performed with a 100 percent correct detection rate and an 85.43 percent correct rejection rate during real-world testing. During all ERS system activations, no unsafe following vehicle driver reactions/behaviors were observed, indicating a promising system for follow-on research. A nighttime brightness level was selected at the conclusion of a ratings study and carried on into nighttime real-world testing. During ERS system nighttime activations, there were also no unsafe following-vehicle driver reactions/behaviors observed. Overall, the research team found that the ERS system is ready for further evaluation in a field operational test (FOT). KW - Brightness KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Field tests KW - Night KW - Prototype tests KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rear lighting KW - Trucks KW - Warning devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51833/13-009-Expanded_Enhanced_Rear_Signaling_System_for_CMVs--Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529478 AU - Boodlal, Leverson AU - Chiang, Kun-Hung AU - KLS Engineering AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Study of the Impact of a Telematics System on Safe and Fuel-efficient Driving in Trucks PY - 2014/04//Final Report SP - 54p AB - A telematics system has been successfully demonstrated to be useful for improving motor carrier efficiency. In this particular field study, the research team demonstrated that telematics can be used to monitor and improve safe driving behavior as well as to monitor and improve fuel economy in trucks. Telematics were used to monitor various driver performance parameters: unsafe events (sudden accelerations and hard braking expressed as “yellow” and “red” events, depending on severity), speeding, engine revolutions per minute (RPM), and fuel economy. As the result of monitoring unsafe events and of driver intervention (i.e., providing of information, feedback, training, and/or an incentive to modify driver behavior), drivers of sleeper cabs showed a 55-percent reduction in less severe (yellow) unsafe events and a 60-percent reduction in more severe (red) unsafe events. The following appear to be the indirect effects of the intervention process that focused on reducing yellow and red events: drivers of sleeper cabs (long-haul drivers) showed a 42-percent decrease in percent of miles driving at > 65 miles per hour (mi/h), and drivers of day cabs showed a 33-percent decrease in percent of miles driving at > 65 mi/h (i.e., speeding). Drivers of sleeper cabs showed a 48-percent decline in percent of miles driven at > 1,500 RPM, and drivers of day cabs showed a 27-percent increase in percent of miles driven at > 1,500 RPM. As all of the above trends were taking place, fuel economy improved by 5.4 percent for drivers of sleeper cabs and by 9.3 percent for drivers of day cabs. The data appear to suggest that fuel economy correlates to safe driving. Because safe driving can be said to conserve fuel, and conserving fuel reduces emissions, safe driving can also be said to reduce emissions. KW - Behavior KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Field studies KW - Fuel conservation KW - Speeding KW - Telematics KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51836/13-020-Study_of_the_Impact_of-a_Telematics_System_Full_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529354 AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Camden, Matthew C AU - Guo, Feng AU - Dunn, Naomi J AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluating the Potential Safety Benefits of Electronic Hours-of-Service Recorders Final Report PY - 2014/04//Final Report SP - 82p AB - The purpose of the current study was to assess the benefits of installed electronic hours-of-service recorders (EHSRs) on safety and hours-of-service (HOS) violations related to Class 7 and 8 trucks as they operated during normal revenue service. Data were obtained through a third-party vendor that compiled previously-generated compliance data regarding participating motor carriers. Although the final data sets included data from 11 carriers representing small, medium, and large carriers (including a total of 82,943 crashes, 970 HOS violations, and 224,034 truck-years that drove a total of 15.6 billion miles), the data set in the current study was skewed toward larger, for-hire carriers and may not represent the overall U.S. trucking population. After controlling for calendar year, carriers in the data set, onboard safety system (OBSS) status, and long-haul/regional indicator, EHSR-equipped trucks had a significantly lower total crash rate (11.7 percent reduction) and a significantly lower preventable crash rate (5.1 percent reduction) than trucks not equipped with an EHSR. Small sample sizes limited the power to detect a significant difference between the EHSR cohort and the non-EHSR cohort for U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)-recordable and fatigue-related crashes. This result is primarily attributed to the lack of sufficient data (in terms of the number of these types of crashes) to be able to detect safety benefits with statistical significance at the observed level. After controlling for year, carrier index, OBSS status, and long-haul/regional indicator, EHSR-equipped trucks had a 53 percent lower driving-related HOS violation rate and a 49 percent lower non-driving-related HOS violation rate than trucks not equipped with EHSRs. The results show a clear safety benefit, in terms of crash and HOS violation reductions, for trucks equipped with EHSRs. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Crash rates KW - Driver monitoring KW - Hours of labor KW - Motor carriers KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51846/13-059-Evaluating_the_Potential_Safety_Benefits_of_Electronic_HOS--Full_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529315 AU - Siekmann, Adam AU - Capps, Gary AU - Franzese, Oscar AU - Lascurain, Mary Beth AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Smart Infrared Inspection System Field Operational Test PY - 2014/04//Final Report SP - 46p AB - The Smart InfraRed Inspection System (SIRIS) is a tool designed to assist inspectors in determining which vehicles passing through the system are in need of further inspection by measuring the thermal data from the wheel components. As a vehicle enters the system, infrared cameras installed on the road measure temperatures of the brakes, tires, and wheel bearings on both wheel ends of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) in motion. This thermal data is then presented on a user-friendly interface to enforcement personnel in the inspection station. Vehicles that are suspected to have a violation are automatically alerted to the enforcement staff. The main goal of the SIRIS field operational test (FOT) was to collect data to evaluate the performance of the prototype system and to determine the viability of such a system being used for CMV enforcement. Overall, the enforcement personnel who have used SIRIS for screening purposes have indicated that SIRIS has the potential to be an effective tool. With improvements in detection algorithms and stability, the system will be beneficial to the CMV enforcement community and will increase overall trooper productivity by accurately identifying a higher percentage of potentially dangerous CMVs for inspection. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Flaw detection KW - Infrared imagery KW - Inspection stations KW - Prototype tests KW - Smart Infrared Inspection System KW - Thermal imagery KW - Trucking KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51831/11-021-Smart_Infrared_Inspection_System_Field_Operations_Test-Full_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529299 AU - Ohman, Jon M AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Compliance Review Effectiveness Model Results for Carriers With Compliance Reviews in Fiscal Year 2009 PY - 2014/04//Final Report SP - 30p AB - In FY 2009, Federal and State enforcement personnel conducted more than 15,000 compliance reviews (CRs) on individual motor carriers. It is intended that through education, heightened safety regulation awareness, and the enforcement effects of the CR, carriers will improve the safety of their commercial vehicle operations and, ultimately, reduce the number and severity of crashes in which they are involved. The CR Effectiveness Model measures the direct impact of CRs on carriers that received CRs. The model is based on the individual and cumulative “before and after” changes in the safety performance of carriers that received CRs in a given year. The model compares a motor carrier’s crash rate in the 12 months following an onsite CR to its crash rate in the 12 months prior to that review. The model uses crash data reported by the States and power unit data reported by carriers or obtained during CRs to calculate both the before-CR and after-CR crash rates. This report documents the benefits derived from performing CRs on motor carriers in terms of crashes avoided, as well as lives saved and injuries prevented. KW - Before and after studies KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety programs KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51844/13-047-Compliance_Review_Effectiveness_Model_Results_for_Carriers_w_CRS_in_FY09-Full_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526437 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Examining the Appropriateness of the Current Financial Responsibility and Security Requirements for Motor Carriers, Brokers, and Freight Forwarders – Report to Congress PY - 2014/04 SP - 16p AB - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act Section 32104 directed the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to issue a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives on the appropriateness of the current minimum financial responsibility requirements for motor carriers of property and passengers, and the current bond and insurance requirements for freight forwarders and brokers. The Secretary delegated the responsibility for this report to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Interstate motor carriers and transportation intermediaries, as well as certain intrastate hazardous materials carriers, are required by law to maintain minimum levels of financial responsibility. This report explains the history of these requirements, examines the current minimum insurance levels for the different sectors, provides background on the motor carrier industry, and summarizes the findings of a recent Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)-sponsored study on the adequacy of the Agency’s current required minimum levels of financial responsibility, as well as findings from other reports on minimums. A variety of recent studies indicate that inflation has greatly increased medical claims costs and related expenses. In conclusion, FMCSA has determined that the current financial responsibility minimums are due for re-evaluation. KW - Financial responsibility KW - Freight brokers KW - Freight forwarders KW - Insurance KW - Legislation KW - Motor carriers KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/Financial-Responsibility-Requirements-Report-Enclosure-FINAL-April%202014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1307320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529485 AU - Stephens, Denny AU - Petrolino, Joseph AU - National Transportation Research Center, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Development and Evaluation of Alternative Concepts for Wireless Roadside Truck and Bus Safety Inspections PY - 2014/03//Final Report SP - 52p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Wireless Roadside Inspection (WRI) Program is demonstrating the feasibility and value of electronically assessing truck and motorcoach driver and vehicle safety at least 25 times more often than is possible using only roadside physical inspections. The WRI program is evaluating the potential benefits to both the motor carrier industry and to the government. Potential benefits include reduction in crashes, injuries, and fatalities on highways and keeping safe and legal drivers and vehicles moving. WRI Pilot Tests were conducted to prototype, test, and demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of electronically collecting safety data messages (SDMs) from in-service commercial vehicles and performing WRIs using three different communication systems. This report provides a summary of the results of the WRI Program Phase II Pilot Testing. The results of this phase of the effort demonstrate the capability to increase commercial vehicle inspections and to potentially realize significant improvement in commercial vehicle safety without increasing the burden on enforcement or compliant operators. This report summarizes the conduct of the Pilot Test project, and its findings and assessments. References are provided for detailed technical reports on the Phase II testing and independent evaluation. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Inspection KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51839/13-042_Wireless_Roadside_Inspection_Phase_II-Full_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529378 AU - Dsa, Pamela AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Skills Test Information Management System (CSTIMS) Final Report and Self-Sustainability Plan PY - 2014/03//Final Report SP - 48p AB - The Commercial Skills Test Information Management System (CSTIMS) was developed as a Web-based, software-as-a-service system to prevent and deter fraud perpetrated by third-party commercial driver’s license (CDL) examiners in the portion of the CDL licensing process involving the skills test. This Final Report and Self-Sustainability Plan were developed to fulfill the Cooperative Agreement DTMC75-08-H-00003, specifically, to “assess the self-sustainability of CSTIMS and create a transition plan to determine what fees should be charged to the States to make CSTIMS self-sustaining.” It was also developed to clearly document and depict the overall objectives and scope of the project. Summarized are all enhancements and improvements made between pilot testing in 2008 and 2012, including those relating to the CDL Testing and Commercial Driver’s Permit Test Standards of May 2011. The main focus of this Self-Sustainability Plan is to provide a recommendation for maintaining the system once the development stage of the project is completed. Three fee allocation approaches were considered based on the number of 1) CSTIMS users in a State, 2) CDL applicants in a State, and 3) commercial drivers in a State. The most practical fee allocation approach to implement is one based on the number of commercial drivers in a State because it is the number that: 1) is most easily obtainable, 2) is known to all States before deciding to participate in CSTIMS, 3) does not require a separate audit, and 4) introduces the least error in a calculation of fee allocation. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial Skills Testing Information Management System (CSTIMS) KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Information management KW - Recommendations KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51842/13-046-Commercial_Skills_Test_Information_Management_System_and_Self-Sustainability_Plan-Full_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529277 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks Program, 2012 PY - 2014/03 SP - 14p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) was created as an operating administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) by the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999. The primary mission of the FMCSA is to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses. The Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) program supports that safety mission by providing grant funds to States for: (1) Improving safety and productivity of motor carriers, commercial motor vehicles (CMVs), and their drivers. (2) Improving efficiency and effectiveness of CMV safety programs through targeted enforcement. (3) Improving CMV data sharing within States and between States and FMCSA; and (4) Reducing Federal, State, and industry regulatory and administrative costs. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data sharing KW - Government funding KW - Information systems KW - States KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51834/13-010-CVISN_Annual_Report_2012-_Full_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312402 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592612 TI - International Border Crossing Electronic Screening Field Operational Test AB - The objective of this project was to improve motor carrier safety and efficiency at United States (US) international borders by designing, developing performance specifications, testing, and evaluating the International Border Crossing (IBC) Electronic Screening (e-Screening) system. The IBC e-Screening concept leverages the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA's) investment in the FMCSA Query Central (QC) and Customs Border Patrol's (CBP's) Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) to provide an automated, data-driven approach to selection of vehicles for inspection at the northern and southern borders, enabling uniform and consistent application of policies and procedures related to safety and compliance assurance of cross-border commercial traffic. IBC e-Screening will enable northern and southern border States and FMCSA to utilize the QC-ACE data in an automated system-to-system environment, enabling identification and full safety and compliance verification of carriers, trucks, trailers, and drivers electronically, within 3 seconds or less of a truck's presentation at a State IBC processing point rather than the current 15-minute manual process. In this study, contracted researchers worked to design and develop performance specifications and test and evaluate an IBC e-Screening system that: (1) Electronically identifies the carrier, truck, trailer, and driver associated with commercial trucks entering the United States at land ports using radio frequency identification transponders (already installed on 90 percent of the trucks entering the United States from Mexico and Canada). (2) Electronically screens each trip component for factors of interest to State and FMCSA inspectors, providing for full safety and compliance verification of carriers, trucks, trailers, and drivers, each time they enter the United States. (3) Displays the screening results to State and FMCSA enforcement officers and inspectors to assist them in making more informed inspection selection decisions in fixed and mobile operations, as well as mainline and ramp settings (thus significantly increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations). (4) Enables data monitoring/reporting by States and FMCSA to better position each organization to fulfill its mission. Outcomes include a Border Safety Application that provides information from the QC-ACE system to inspectors on a tablet device or laptop and a report that provides performance specifications of the screening system and evaluates the feasibility of deploying this system at U.S. border crossing sites. KW - Border regions KW - Customs administration KW - Design KW - Development KW - Electronic equipment KW - International KW - International transportation KW - Performance KW - Specifications KW - Testing UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/technology/international-border-crossing-electronic-screening-field UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529281 AU - Brady, Stephen AU - Van Order, Deborah AU - Sharp, Asa AU - Booz Allen Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Advanced Sensors and Applications: Commercial Motor Vehicle Tire Pressure Monitoring and Maintenance PY - 2014/02//Final Report SP - 94p AB - This study evaluated the costs and benefits of tire pressure monitoring and maintenance systems for commercial fleets by conducting a yearlong field test. Specifically, the study’s goal was to determine whether these systems could influence maintenance intervals and practices and improve performance and safety. The team evaluated tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMSs) and automatic tire inflation systems (ATISs) on two private fleets. The first fleet, CLI Transport, monitored 24 married tractor-tanker pairs at their maintenance terminal in Altoona, Pennsylvania. The team installed Wabco’s Integrated Vehicle Tire Monitoring (IVTM) System on 12 tractors and Meritor’s Tire Inflation System by Pressure Systems, Inc. (PSI) on 12 tankers. The second fleet, Gordon Food Service (GFS), monitored 24 tractors, 30 standard 50-foot trailers, and 20 refrigerated pup trailers (reefer pups). The team installed HCI Corporation’s (HCI’s) Tire-SafeGuard on 12 tractors and 15 standard 50-foot trailers. GFS ensured the equipment would operate together during the entire field test. In addition, the team installed Meritor’s Tire Inflation System by PSI on 20 reefer pups. The team used fuel logs, maintenance records, and technician failure/inspection reports to analyze the impact of the equipment on maintenance practices, performance, and safety. The field test results showed the use of TPMS/ATIS equipment reduced the operational costs of the fleet and improved the driver’s awareness of the tractor-trailer tires. The test fleets experienced a 1.4-percent improvement in fuel economy over the control fleet. The test fleet equipped with TPMS/ATIS equipment exhibited an increase in the life of the drive tires by 19 percent compared to the control fleet. Using the analysis results, the team estimated the equipment costs would be recovered in less than 18 months. The return on investment (ROI) dropped to less than 6 months as the cost of fuel and tires increased. The findings from the field test and the ROI calculations confirm that the use of TPMS/ATIS equipment will reduce fleet operating costs. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Field tests KW - Fuel conservation KW - Return on investment KW - Tire pressure monitoring systems KW - Tires KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51800/51837/13-021-Adv_Sensors__Applications_CMV_Tire_Pressure_Monitoring___Maintenance-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312404 ER - TY - SER AN - 01516307 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Results from the 2011 Drug and Alcohol Testing Survey PY - 2014/02 SP - 2p AB - This report summarizes the results of the 2011 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Drug and Alcohol Testing Survey. This annual survey measures the percentage of drivers with commercial driver’s licenses (CDLs) who test positive for controlled substances (referred to as drugs in this report) and/or alcohol, as a result of random and non-random (pre-employment, post-accident, reasonable suspicion, return to duty, and follow-up) testing. KW - Alcohol use KW - Commercial drivers KW - Drug use KW - Motor carriers KW - Surveys KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51414/DA-Survey-Results-2011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529305 AU - Stephens, Denny AU - Pape, Doug AU - LeBlanc, Dave AU - Bogard, Scott AU - Peredo, Gordon AU - Berg, Roger AU - Wells, Bryan AU - Battelle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Connected Commercial Vehicles—Integrated Truck Project Driver Clinics, Performance Tests, and Lessons Learned PY - 2014/01/31/Final Report SP - 49p AB - Connected vehicle wireless data communications can enable safety applications that may reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities suffered on our roads and highways, as well as enabling reductions in traffic congestion and effects on the environment. As a critical part of achieving these goals, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) contracted with a Team led by Battelle to integrate and validate connected vehicle on-board equipment (OBE) and safety applications on selected Class 8 commercial vehicles and to support those vehicles in research and testing activities that provide information and data needed to assess their safety benefits and support regulatory decision processes. This final report summarizes all of the activities and accomplishments of this project. Hardware and software were developed to adapt safety applications to commercial vehicles. Stages of testing included benchtop, test track, driver acceptance clinics, and support for the Safety Pilot Model Deployment. Outreach consisted of a demonstration at a trade show, presentations at meetings, and other activities. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Outreach KW - Performance tests KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle electrical systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51700/51726/13-112.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1312409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516594 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Carrier Safety Measurement System (CSMS) Effectiveness Test by Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Categories (BASICs) PY - 2014/01/24 SP - 84p AB - The Carrier Safety Measurement System (CSMS) is the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA's) workload prioritization tool. This tool is used to identify carriers with potential safety issues so that they are subject to interventions (i.e., actions used by FMCSA to encourage or enforce safe motor carrier practices) as part of FMCSA’s enforcement program titled Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA). CSMS is designed to cover the full range of safety-based regulations with which motor carriers must comply. CSMS uses safety performance data to rank each carrier’s relative performance in six separate Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Categories (BASICs): Unsafe Driving, Hours-of-Service (HOS) Compliance, Driver Fitness, Controlled Substances/Alcohol, Vehicle Maintenance, and Hazardous Material (HM) Compliance, as well as crash involvement (Crash Indicator). Analysis was conducted to measure how effective the CSMS is at identifying the highest safety risk motor carriers by using the CSMS Effectiveness Test (ET). The ET model simulates CSMS results based on historical data. The basic structure of the ET is running CSMS results for carriers for a date in the past and then observing the subsequent crash involvement of the carriers. Analysis is then conducted to quantify the extent to which there are associations between particular CSMS results and future crash rates. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver performance KW - Methodology KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance measurement KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://www.trucking.org/ATA%20Docs/About/Organization/SMC/Documents/FMCSA_CSMS_Effectiveness_Test_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522202 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Field Study on the Efficacy of the New Restart Provision for Hours of Service Report to Congress PY - 2014/01 SP - 11p AB - Section 32301 of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) requires the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation to complete a field study on the efficacy of the restart provisions of the Hours of Service of Drivers final rule published on December 27, 2011, applicable to operators of commercial motor vehicles (CMV) of property subject to maximum driving time requirements of the Secretary. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sponsored a naturalistic field study that was conducted to assess fatigue in drivers working their normal schedules and performing their normal duties. During this study, researchers compared driver fatigue between weekly duty cycles preceded by a restart break with one nighttime period to weekly duty cycles preceded by a restart break with two or more nighttime periods. This report describes the design, methods, research findings, and conclusions of this naturalistic study. The study measured sleep, reaction time performance, sleepiness, and driving performance across two duty cycles and the intervening restart breaks for participating CMV drivers. The study’s methods and findings are summarized in this report to Congress. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Field studies KW - Hours of labor KW - Night shifts KW - Reaction time KW - Sleep UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51418/Efficacy-of-HOS-Restart-Rule-Enclosure-FINAL-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516440 AU - Schaudt, William A AU - Bowman, Darrell S AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Olson, Rebecca L AU - Marinik, Andrew AU - Soccolich, Susan AU - Joslin, Spencer AU - Toole, Laura AU - Rice, J C AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s Advanced System Testing Utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH): Safety Technology Evaluation Project #1 Blindspot Warning PY - 2014/01//Final Report SP - 102p AB - The purpose of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) Advanced System Testing utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH) program is to conduct an efficient and independent evaluation of promising safety technologies aimed at improving commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operations. The CMV safety technology evaluated in this study was a blindspot object detection and warning system (BSW), which uses an array of infrared laser beams to create three-dimensional (3D) detection zones on either side of a CMV. The system alerts the driver of objects in the blindspots via activation of amber light-emitting diodes (LEDs) mounted on the side-view mirrors. This particular technology type was selected because it can address the leading heavy truck pre-crash scenario that an independent analysis by Volpe National Transportation Systems Center identified (“Changing lanes/Same direction”), and there is limited documentation of BSW system effectiveness for CMVs in industry literature. Results from the controlled tests and the field study indicate that the subject BSW system provides good coverage and helps to identify objects in the blindspot zones of CMVs. These blindspot zones pose a particular challenge to CMV drivers, especially on the passenger-side of the vehicle. System testing in controlled experiments on a test track showed that the system performed well at correctly detecting vehicles inside the detection zones and correctly ignoring vehicles outside the detection zones. During the field study, participating drivers indicated an overall user acceptance for the system. A safety benefit analysis was performed, using safety critical events (SCEs) as a measure of risk, and results indicate practically significant improvements with a strong positive statistical trend for safety benefits. KW - Blind spots KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Technology assessment KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Warning devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51416/FAST-DASH-Concurrence-Package.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01515218 AU - Weber, Amanda J AU - American Transportation Research Institute TI - White Paper: Compliance, Safety, Accountability: Assessing the New Safety Measurement System and Its Implications – 2013 Update PY - 2014/01 SP - 43p AB - This report documents the findings of the third year of data collection from commercial drivers on their perceptions and knowledge of a safety measurement system introduced by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration in 2010, known as Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA). It furthermore establishes a baseline level of CSA knowledge among enforcement personnel. In particular, attention has more recently focused on the disparate enforcement of the number and type of violations issued across states, as well as the potential impact this has on carrier scores under the safety measurement system. Based on the mixed findings from drivers, The American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) is now investigating the correlation between CSA training (content and quantity) and test scores, based on mixed findings from drivers, as well as the relationship between CSA perceptions, knowledge and carrier “safety culture.” The findings from the enforcement personnel knowledge test additionally provide a foundation for future evaluation of these individuals’ knowledge of CSA as well as how that knowledge impacts enforcement activities. KW - Compliance, Safety and Accountability program KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Motor carriers KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - United States UR - http://atri-online.org/2014/01/28/csa-implications-2013-update-request/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290398 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01594537 TI - Assessment of Commercial Driver's License (CDL) Holders' Traffic Violations, Convictions, and Suspensions AB - The goal of this project was to collect information to assess why commercial driver's license (CDL) holders’ major traffic offenses are underreported and to make recommendations for improving State and court processes for collecting and processing reports accurately and efficiently. This project was designed to assess the reporting issues described below and to recommended research-based methods for improving the processes within States and in courts. The study tracked the final disposition of a citation from issuance. It will sought to identify the process gaps when a conviction occurred that fails to result in the appropriate disqualification or suspension of a driver’s CDL. Process gaps may include a court’s failure to transmit a disqualified or suspended CDL to the State Licensing Agency (SLA) or a SLA’s failure to disqualify or suspend the CDL when required. The study also investigated why courts are not promptly and accurately reporting convictions (related to major and serious traffic offenses) of CDL holders. The outcomes of this study include an assessment of the disposition of major traffic citations of CDL holders; a discussion on why many courts are not promptly or accurately reporting CDL holders convicted of major traffic offenses; an assessment of the percentage of suspended CDL holders who are not detected at roadside inspections; and an assessment of the percentage of CDL holders suspended for safety reasons versus the percentage suspended for non-safety reasons. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial Driver'S License Program KW - Commercial drivers KW - Methodology KW - Offenders KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/assessment-commercial-driver%E2%80%99s-license-cdl-holders%E2%80%99-traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401965 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592642 TI - Wireless Roadside Inspection (WRI) Research Project AB - The objective of this project is to improve safety and the efficient operations of trucks and buses operating on our Nation’s roads and highways by developing, testing, and evaluating a wireless inspection system that is designed to conduct electronic inspections at roadway speeds. Further, the research will support the development of a Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA)-led, nationally recognized electronic wireless inspection program. The WRI research project is implemented in three phases: Phase I–Proof of Concept Test: Testing of commercially-available off-the-shelf (COTS) or near-COTS technology to validate the wireless inspection concept. Phase II–Pilot Test: Safety and inspection technology maturation demonstration, system capabilities, and back office system integration. Phase III–Field Operational Test (FOT): Full end-to-end system testing on multiple vehicles from multiple fleets within a multi-State corridor. The project is currently in Phase III, the FOT, which builds on the recently completed pilot tests. These pilot tests showed that a national system may be feasible but required further refinement of interfaces between government and carrier information systems. The system is being tested as a potential tool to more efficiently identify drivers, vehicles, and carriers by evaluating uniformity, accuracy, capacity, and regulatory sufficiency. KW - Innovation KW - Inspection equipment KW - Reports KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Wireless communication systems UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/technology/wireless-roadside-inspection-wri-research-project UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400251 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592560 TI - FAST DASH Safety Technology Evaluation Project #3: Novel Convex Mirrors AB - The objective of this project was to conduct an independent evaluation of a novel set of multi-radii convex mirrors designed to increase field of view (FOV) for drivers and provide reflection similar to that found on flat mirrors. Large trucks, because of their size and design, have extensive areas around their bodies that are obscured from the driver’s direct and indirect vision. These blind spot areas have the potential to hide other road users from the drivers (due to restricted FOV), contributing to safety conflicts and crashes during maneuvers such as lane changes and merges. In fact, lane changes and merges are considered some of the riskiest maneuvers that a driver can perform on the highway, due to the high demand on the driver’s attention and vision. Conventional convex mirrors on commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) provide indirect visibility in areas surrounding the truck and function as a means for drivers to detect and identify objects within those areas. Conventional convex mirrors are shown to substantially reduce blind spots when compared with conventional planar mirrors, but with distortion to objects via indirect visibility. This distortion narrows the horizontal dimensions of the corresponding image, and is a potential problem for drivers. The novel prototype mirror examined in this study was expected to reduce distortion when compared to a conventional convex mirror, while also increasing drivers’ FOV. The third FMCSA’s Advanced System Testing utilizing a Data Acquisition System on the Highways (FAST DASH) program evaluation explored the feasibility and user acceptance of a novel mirror prototype to replace existing convex mirrors on a heavy vehicle. This was accomplished by examining the interaction between driver and object placement for FOV and distance estimations as described in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) static testing method. KW - Data analysis KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Field of vision KW - Mirrors KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/technology/fast-dash-safety-technology-evaluation-project-3-novel-convex UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506770 AU - Russell, Alan AU - Chumbley, Scott AU - Becker, Andrew AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Testing and Recommended Practices to Improve Nurse Tank Safety: Phase II PY - 2013/12//Final Report SP - 115p AB - This is the final report for Phase II in a multi-year research project examining options for, and practicality of, non-destructive examination (NDE) of nurse tanks, which are used to transport anhydrous ammonia (NH3) locally from retailers over public roadways and farm fields. Historically the tanks were approximately 1,000 or 1,500 gallons; however, some individuals (more recently) are using dual and tri-mounted tank running gear. On the road, nurse tanks can be pulled by pickup trucks or tractors. They are sometimes involved in incidents such as overturning, which can damage their valves and cause them to vent ammonia. Nurse tanks hold NH3 at multiple times the atmospheric pressure. NH3 is a hazardous material that can cause chemical burns, frostbite, and suffocation. Tank failures can release this pressure with catastrophic force, posing the risk of impact injury to workers and bystanders. This report presents findings from the following: 1. Examination of causes for pinhole leaks and risk of failure. 2. Extended testing of stress corrosion crack (SCC) growth measurement. 3. Comparison of residual stress in annealed versus unannealed nurse tanks. 4. Statistical findings of indications in a sample of 532 in-service nurse tanks both with and without annealing. This project addressed four topics: (1) Pinhole leaks in nurse tanks were studied by radiography, serial milling, and side-angle ultrasound. These measurements indicated that welding surfaces contaminated by water, mill scale, rust, or other contaminants caused weld porosity that caused greatly accelerated metal fatigue of remaining non-porous wall thicknesses, which rapidly led to complete tank wall penetration, causing slow leakage of NH3. (2) Stress corrosion crack (SCC) growth rates were measured in three different ammonia solutions. These tests showed that neither nitrogen purging of a tank’s vapor space during filling nor adding N-Serve to ammonia changed crack growth rates. (3) Neutron diffraction analysis on a nurse tank given an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) protocol post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) lowered residual hoop stress near welds by two-thirds and lowered residual axial stress near welds by one-third. Since residual stress drives initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracking, these findings suggest that SCC should be greatly reduced by PWHT in tank manufacture. (4) Side-angle ultrasound measurements of welds in 532 in-service nurse tanks showed that 40 percent of the tanks had no observable cracks, and the remaining 60 percent of tanks contained a total of 3,326 indications. Cracks are most common in tank heads near the circumferential welds in the vapor space near the tanks’ tops. Newer tanks manufactured using thinner steel have substantially more indications, and tanks with greater porosity in their welds appear to have more indications. KW - Anhydrous ammonia KW - Annealing KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Leakage KW - Nurse tanks KW - Residual stress KW - Stress corrosion KW - Tank trucks KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Testing KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/report/Nurse-Tanks-Phase-II-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290232 ER - TY - SER AN - 01505709 JO - Technology Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - SmartPark Technology Demonstration Project PY - 2013/11 SP - 2p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has a Smart Roadside Initiative project called SmartPark to demonstrate a technology to provide parking availability information to truckers in real time on the road. Phase I of SmartPark was to demonstrate a technology capable of counting truck parking space occupancy and determining space availability in a truck stop rest area. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Parking facilities KW - Real time information KW - Smart parking KW - SmartPark KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck stops KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51424/SmartPark-Demonstration-Project-Tech-Brief_508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1285677 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522271 JO - Technology Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Onboard Safety System Effectiveness Evaluation PY - 2013/10 SP - 2p AB - This research study evaluated three vehicle-based driver assistance technologies that aim to improve the safety of in-service commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operations. These commonly deployed onboard safety systems (OBSS)—lane departure warning (LDW), roll stability control (RSC), and forward collision warning (FCW)—were examined using existing crash data acquired directly from participating motor carriers. The OBSSs were installed on Class 7 and 8 trucks and the data were collected while drivers operated their normal revenue-producing routes. KW - Audible warning devices in vehicles KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Driver support systems KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Motor carriers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51259/13-012_OBSS_Technology_Brief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522237 AU - López-Jacobs, Von AU - Ellerbee, Jason AU - Hoover, Michael AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Gannett Fleming, Incorporated TI - SmartPark Technology Demonstration Project PY - 2013/10 SP - 88p AB - The purpose of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA’s) SmartPark initiative is to determine the feasibility of a technology for providing truck parking space availability in real time to truckers on the road. SmartPark consists of two phases. Phase I was a field operational test (FOT) to determine the accuracy and reliability of a technology for counting truck parking space availability. Phase II focuses on disseminating truck parking availability information and determining whether the technology can be deployed to divert trucks from a filled to an unfilled parking area. This document is the final report for Phase I. In Phase I, three combinations of different technologies were subjected to field testing to ascertain their feasibility for determining truck parking space availability in real time: side (SID) scanners, overhead (OH) scanners, and light curtains (CURs), each combined with Doppler radar. The most optimal configuration of technologies is a SID scanner combined with Doppler radar at both the ingress and egress points of the selected truck parking area. Other findings and recommendations pertain to the trade-off between accuracy and the frequency of ground-truth correction, qualitative reporting of truck parking availability to address uncertainty when the parking area is nearly full, required time for stabilizing the system, use of a vehicle classification scheme that reduces the number of vehicle classes, increased bandwidth in data transmission, and enhanced surveillance and monitoring with closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Parking facilities KW - Real time information KW - Smart parking KW - SmartPark KW - Truck stops KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51425/13-054-SmartPark-Demonstration-Project-508slim.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01502075 AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Guo, Feng AU - Camden, Matthew C AU - Medina, Alejandra AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Mabry, Erin AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Onboard Safety Systems Effectiveness Evaluation Final Report PY - 2013/10//Final Report SP - 267p AB - The purpose of this project was to conduct a retrospective effectiveness evaluation study on three commonly deployed onboard safety system (OBSS) types using previous data acquired directly from participating motor carriers. These OBSS technologies included lane departure warning (LDW), roll stability control (RSC), and forward collision warning (FCW) systems. The current study assessed the effectiveness of these three different OBSS types installed on Class 7 and 8 trucks as they operated in their normal revenue-producing routes. Although the crash data were acquired from 14 carriers representing small, medium, and large carriers hauling a variety of commodities (including a total of 88,112 carrier crash records—United States Department of Transportation-reportable accidents as well as minor incidents—and 151,624 truck-years of operation that represented 13 billion miles traveled), the dataset in the current study was skewed toward larger, for-hire carriers and may not fully represent the overall U.S. trucking population. The benefit-cost analyses clearly showed the estimated benefits of LDW and RSC systems deployed at participating fleets outweighed the estimated costs. The analysis of the fleet crash data using the same methodology did not show a statistically significant difference in FCW-related crash occurrence rates between vehicles with or without an FCW system installed. Retrospectively, this result is primarily attributed to the lack of sufficient data (in terms of number of trucks with a deployed FCW system in the dataset) to be able to detect safety benefits with statistical significance at the observed level. Focus groups were also conducted with drivers and safety managers who had experience with LDW, RSC, or FCW systems. Drivers’ and safety managers’ opinions and perceptions of each OBSS type were generally very positive. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Driver support systems KW - Evaluation KW - Focus groups KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor carriers KW - Truck crashes KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51256/12-012_OBSS_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1278992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01502040 AU - Russell, Alan M AU - Chumbley, L Scott AU - Becker, Andrew AU - Vennerberg, Daniel AU - White, Emma AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Testing and Recommended Practices to Improve Nurse Tank Safety, Phase I PY - 2013/10//Final Report SP - 128p AB - This research project studied causes and possible remediation inspection strategies to prevent failures for anhydrous ammonia (NH3) nurse tanks. Nurse tanks are steel tanks used to transport NH3 locally over public roadways and farm fields. Many of the reportedly 200,000 nurse tanks in use in the United States are 3 to 5 decades old. Several tank failures have occurred in recent years. Nurse tank failures can injure workers and bystanders by way of chemical burns, frostbite, suffocation, and physical injuries caused by the catastrophic force of rupture. This research study addressed this problem by: surveying the technical literature on nurse tank properties and case studies of tank failures; examination of 20 used nurse tanks by metallography, glow discharge spectroscopy, neutron diffraction analysis of residual stresses, ultrasound, and fluorescent dye penetrant examination for cracks. It exposed 56 specimens of the commonly used tank steel, stressed in tension, while either immersed in liquid NH3 or exposed to pure NH3 vapor, for 7 months to study the initiation and growth of stress corrosion cracks. This research further confirms that stress corrosion cracking is the greatest threat to nurse tank integrity. Recommendations for best inspection practices are presented on how to reduce the risks associated with nurse tank failures. KW - Anhydrous ammonia KW - Case studies KW - Hazardous materials KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Metallography KW - Nurse tanks KW - Recommendations KW - Residual stress KW - Spectroscopy KW - Stress cracking KW - Tank trucks KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - United States UR - http://fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/report/13-032_Nurse_Tank_Safety_Phase_1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51404/13-032_Nurse_Tank_Safety_Phase_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1279599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01500124 AU - Kissick, Jerry AU - Hunsucker, David Q AU - Martin, Andrew AU - Walton, Jennifer AU - Bell, Mark AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Kentucky's PRISM-Based Automated Ramp Screening System Evaluation PY - 2013/10 SP - 75p AB - In 2010, Kentucky implemented a Performance Registration Information Systems and Management (PRISM) based automated ramp screening system (PARSS) at the Boone County inspection station on southbound Interstate-71. The purpose of the PARSS is to identify and screen every vehicle that enters the Boone County inspection station. The system provides automated screening of trucks based on the license plate number and the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) number displayed on the vehicle. If it is determined that the vehicle should be stopped for inspection, that decision is communicated to the truck driver via the existing directional arrows that direct drivers to the static scale for inspection. A thorough evaluation was conducted to assess the performance of the system (i.e., does it do what it was intended to do?), the value of the system in identifying vehicles for inspection with PRISM or Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN)-related issues, and the potential for more widespread deployment of this type of screening system. In addition, the evaluation also included a side-by-side comparison of the two automated license plate reader (ALPR) systems. KW - Automatic license plate readers KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Inspection stations KW - Kentucky KW - Trucks UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2013/11/KTC_13_21_RSF_27_12_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1278372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01499594 AU - Johnsen, Michael AU - Rears, Johnothan AU - Gruberg, Richard AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Safety Analysis and Industry Impacts of the Pre-Employment Screening Program PY - 2013/10//Final Report SP - 35p AB - In this report, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) analyzes the safety impacts of the Pre-Employment Screening Program (PSP) and presents metrics and anecdotal information on attitudes of carriers using PSP. The safety impacts are examined by comparing the crash rates and driver out-of-service (OOS) rates during the 12-month time periods prior to and after the start of PSP use. These data are then compared to the general carrier population. This analysis finds that the carriers using PSP reduced their crash and driver OOS rates over the general carrier population. FMCSA also provides metrics indicating that motor carriers are the most active users of the PSP, and use of the PSP has been steadily increasing since the PSP began distributing information in May 2010. An informal query of some carriers using PSP reveals that carriers like the system, use it for determining the accuracy of potential drivers’ resumes, and use it for every newly hired driver. KW - Crash rates KW - Driver performance KW - Motor carriers KW - Selection and appointment KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51258/13-003-PSP-Safety-Impact.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1267334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01497273 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck Crash Overview 2011 PY - 2013/10 SP - 6p AB - In 2011, there were: 3,341 large truck fatal crashes; 3,608 large trucks in fatal crashes; and 3,757 people killed in large truck fatal crashes. Another 88,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Seventeen percent of those killed, and 26% of those injured, were occupants of large trucks. From 2001 through 2011, the number of large trucks involved in fatal crashes dropped from 4,823 to 3,608—down by 25%. From 2007 through 2011, the number of large trucks in fatal crashes per 100 million vehicle miles traveled by large trucks declined from 1.52 to 1.35—down 11%. The corresponding rate for passenger vehicles fell from 1.66 to 1.29—a decline of 22%. Additional data including blood alcohol content, seat belt usage, vehicle characteristics, and crash characteristics is also included in this report. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Seat belt use KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51397/LargeTruckCrashOverview2011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1266303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01497266 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts 2011 PY - 2013/10 SP - 84p AB - This annual edition of Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks and buses in 2011. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. This year’s report is organized into four chapters: Trends, Crashes, Vehicles, and People. The Trends chapter shows data for 2011 in the context of available historical data for past years. In the other chapters, the 2011 data are shown in different ways, according to what is being counted. The Crashes chapter counts numbers of crashes; the Vehicles chapter counts vehicles in crashes; and the People chapter counts persons of all types involved in crashes. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Loss and damage KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51395/LargeTruckandBusCrashFacts2011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1266304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01516335 AU - Van Dongen, Hans P A AU - Mollicone, Daniel J AU - Washington State University, Spokane AU - Pulsar Informatics AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Field Study on the Efficacy of the New Restart Provision for Hours of Service PY - 2013/09//Final Report SP - 52p AB - The objective of this research project was to examine the efficacy of the new restart rule promulgated as part of the Hours of Service of Drivers Final Rule, published on December 27, 2011, with a compliance date of July 1, 2013. Under the new restart rule, if commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers choose to use a provision allowing “restart” of the 60- or 70-hour duty-cycle limit, they are required to include at least two nighttime periods (from 1 a.m. until 5 a.m.) in their restart breaks in order to have sufficient time for sleep recuperation before beginning another duty cycle. To investigate the efficacy of the new rule, a naturalistic field study was conducted (prior to the compliance date) to assess fatigue in drivers working their normal schedules and performing their normal duties. During this study, researchers performed a comparison of driver fatigue during duty cycles preceded by a restart break with only one nighttime period versus duty cycles preceded by a restart break with two or more nighttime periods. Findings included the following results, which constitute evidence in support of the efficacy of the new restart rule: (1) Drivers affected by the new rule were primarily nighttime drivers. The new rule thus targets those drivers who are at the greatest risk of fatigue. (2) Drivers affected by the new rule reverted to a predominantly nighttime sleep schedule during the restart break. Extending the restart break for drivers affected by the new rule to include an additional nighttime period thus provides them with greater opportunity for sleep recuperation. (3) Drivers who would have already been compliant with the new rule showed less fatigue than those affected by the new rule. This implies that having at least two nighttime periods (from 1 a.m. until 5 a.m.) in the restart break helps to mitigate fatigue. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Field studies KW - Hours of labor KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Night shifts KW - Sleep UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51417/Efficacy-of-HOS-Restart-Rule-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01506240 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Carrier Safety Measurement System (CSMS) Methodology PY - 2013/08//Version 3.0.1 SP - 130p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has developed its Operational Model through its Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) program. The goal of CSA is to implement more effective and efficient ways for FMCSA, its State Partners, and the trucking industry to prevent commercial motor vehicle (CMV) crashes, fatalities, and injuries. Within the CSA Operational Model, the Safety Measurement System (SMS) quantifies the on-road safety performance of individual entities to: 1) Identify entities for interventions. The SMS is a key component in determining the inclusion of entities with significant safety problems into the Intervention Process. 2) Determine the specific safety problems an entity exhibits. The SMS allows enforcement officers to identify the specific safety problems that the system highlights and to surgically address them through a tailored set of interventions. 3) Monitor safety problems throughout the Intervention Process. The SMS will continuously monitor on-road performance to assess whether an entity’s safety performance has improved enough for it to exit the Intervention Process, or if further intervention is warranted. 4) Support FMCSA’s proposed Safety Fitness Determination (SFD) process. The SMS results can be an important factor in determining the safety fitness of carriers. The SMS identifies the carriers demonstrating the worst safety performance so that they can be considered for an “Unfit” safety determination. Details on the proposed process will be available for public comment as part of the upcoming Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver performance KW - Methodology KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance measurement KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/49000/49300/49316/smsmethodology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1290267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482214 AU - Gillham, Olivia AU - Horton, Suzanne AU - Schwenk, Judith AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Intervention Model Fiscal Year 2009 PY - 2013/04//Executive Summary SP - 48p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), in cooperation with the researcher, has developed an analytic model to measure the effectiveness of roadside inspections and traffic enforcements in terms of crashes avoided, injuries avoided, and lives saved. Traffic enforcements and roadside inspections are considered interventions and this analytic model is known as the Intervention Model. This model provides FMCSA management with information to address the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GRPA), which obligates federal agencies to measure the effectiveness of their programs as part of the budget cycle process. It also provides FMCSA and State safety program managers with a quantitative basis for optimizing the allocation of safety resources in the field. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash avoidance KW - Government Performance and Results Act KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor carriers KW - Roadside KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48100/48198/FMCSA-Intervention-FY-2009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1250628 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522241 JO - Technology Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Wireless Roadside Inspection Program PY - 2013/03 SP - 1p AB - The Wireless Roadside Inspection (WRI) Program employs technology to transmit real-time information on commercial motor vehicles (CMV), drivers, and motor carriers to a government system when a CMV approaches a fixed inspection station or enters a pre-defined geofence. While the CMV continues down the highway, this information is assessed for compliance and a wireless inspection report is sent to the participating carrier, local roadside enforcement, and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA's) Safety Measurement System (SMS), as part of Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA). In September 2012, FMCSA began a Field Operational Test (FOT) of the WRI program. The goal of the FOT is to determine the viability and effectiveness of wireless CMV inspections using existing telematics technologies. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Real time information KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51386/Wireless-Roadside-Inspection-Tech-Brief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306444 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522217 JO - Technology Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Natural Gas Systems Safety Study, 2012 PY - 2013/03 SP - 2p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sponsored a study to examine potential changes to the current regulations and inspection procedures as they apply to the use of natural gas as an alternative fuel among commercial vehicles. The study provided recommendations on updates in the following: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs), North American Standard (NAS) inspection procedures, and Out-Of-Service (OOS) criteria. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Natural gas KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51334/Natural-Gas-Systems-Tech-Brief-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493362 AU - Lowell, Dana AU - M.J. Bradley & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Natural Gas Systems: Suggested Changes to Truck and Motorcoach Regulations and Inspection Procedures PY - 2013/03//Final Report SP - 86p AB - This report provides recommendations for suggested changes to Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs), North American Standard (NAS) inspection procedures, and out-of-service (OOS) criteria to accommodate and facilitate the use of natural gas (compressed or liquefied) as an alternative to traditional fuels such as diesel and gasoline in commercial vehicles. In addition to providing specific recommendations for changes, this report summarizes the process used to arrive at these recommendations, which included a literature review and gap analysis, industry site visits/consultations, and a formal peer review process. Current FMCSRs, NAS inspection procedures, and OOS criteria are targeted primarily toward liquid-fueled vehicles. They address the unique characteristics of gaseous-fueled vehicles in a very limited way and fail to address cryogenic fuels. The purpose of this project was to identify changes to the current FMCSRs and inspection procedures, if any, that would specifically and fully address the unique characteristics of natural gas used as a fuel and serve to improve the overall safety of commercial vehicle operations by ensuring that commercial vehicles powered by natural gas meet appropriate safety criteria at all times while operating on public roads. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Methodology KW - Natural gas KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51333/Natural-Gas-Systems-Report-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493357 AU - Hagemann, Garrett AU - Hymel, Kent AU - Klauber, Adam AU - Lee, Douglass B AU - Noel, George AU - Pace, David AU - Taylor, Catherine AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Delay and Environmental Costs of Truck Crashes PY - 2013/03//Final Report SP - 132p AB - This report presents estimates of certain categories of costs of truck- and bus-involved crashes. Crash related costs estimated as part of this study include vehicle delay costs, emission costs, and fuel consumption costs. In addition, this report also develops improved methods for estimating property damage costs and presents the results of that improved methodology used on updated data. Finally, the report presents costs specific to crashes involving hazardous material (HM) releases. The development of each of these costs, including underlying assumptions, model framework and methodology, and data analysis, is discussed in detail. KW - Bus crashes KW - Costs KW - Data analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hazardous materials KW - Methodology KW - Pollutants KW - Property damage KW - Traffic delays KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/48000/48200/48200/Crash-Costs-Final-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261153 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592580 TI - Hazardous Material Safety Permit (HMSP) Program Improvements AB - The objective of this project was to provide research material so that the Agency could: (1) prepare a report to Congress (as required by the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act [MAP-21]) describing how the Hazardous Material Safety Permit (HMSP) program may be improved; and (2) provide background recommendations for how the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) can initiate the recommendations contained in the Report to Congress, both short term and longer term. FMCSA received a petition in 2010 to modify the renewal process for the HMSP. In 2012, MAP-21 mandated that FMCSA report on how it will improve the HMSP and undertake a rulemaking to do so within the next year. The project team performed a program evaluation of all aspects of the HMSP program. It produced a detailed draft final report on all aspects of the evaluation that enabled FMCSA to meet the above goals. A Federal Register Notice was published in August 2015 implementing policy changes that revised the HMSP renewal process and a portion of how the safety performance is tracked. The detailed final report will be published on the FMCSA Web site. KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous Materials Transportation Act KW - Improvements KW - Motor carriers KW - Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) KW - Permits KW - Safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/hazardous-material-safety-permit-hmsp-program-improvements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01529437 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2010 New Jersey Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2013/02 SP - 49p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of New Jersey. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the New Jersey crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it is estimated that for 2010, 75.3% of reportable crash involvements were reported. Almost 90% fatal crash involvements were correctly reported. Reporting rates were lower for less severe collisions: 84.0% of injured/transported crashes and 72.3% of towed/disabled crashes were reported. Low reporting rates of crashes covered by local enforcement agencies were a primary factor in the overall reporting rate. The New Jersey Highway Patrol had the highest reporting rate. Rates were substantially lower for crashes covered by police departments. State police and municipal police departments covered virtually all reportable crashes. Missing data rates on records reported to the MCMIS crash file are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and New Jersey crash files were reasonably consistent, except for vehicle configuration and cargo body, though even there only roughly 3% to 4% of records differed. Improvements in training may address this issue. About 75 percent of records were submitted to the MCMIS file within 90 day post-crash period requirement. KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Evaluation KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - New Jersey UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/106390/102991.pdf?sequence=1 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1311229 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592627 TI - Refine Non-Destructive Testing to Improve Nurse Tank Safety, Phase III AB - The objective of this project was to refine the non-destructive metallurgical testing method and protocol for detecting cracks in nurse tanks used to support guidelines (via a rulemaking) for when to require repair or order a nurse tank out-of-service, and to examine possible relationship of crack initiation and propagation to thickness of the steel used to fabricate the tank. Results are to support a National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommended rulemaking by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) to address non-destructive testing of nurse tanks. Pressurized nurse tanks are used as the containers to provide the anhydrous ammonia for injection as a nitrogen fertilizer into the soil of fields for crops needing such a fertilizer. Tank failure reports indicate the greatest challenges to maintaining tank integrity are stress corrosion cracking (SCC) that tend to initiate around unannealed welds, and locally created high stress areas caused by tank damage incurred during service. An unknown number of tanks manufactured in the 1950s through the 1970s that are still in use today were manufactured with higher strength steel, which is more prone to SCC. Then, beginning in 1999 with the new American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards, nurse tanks started being manufactured with thinner steel (in which the welds are not annealed to relieve the very high residual stresses in the welded joints where SCCs could initiate and then propagate), and more recently manufacturers have begun using the thinnest possible steel stock (meeting the ASME thickness requirement), which when fabricated has locations that do not meet the minimum thickness requirement. KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Fertilizers KW - Improvements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Safety KW - Safety factors KW - Tanks (Containers) UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/refine-non-destructive-testing-improve-nurse-tank-safety-phase-iii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493364 AU - Belenky, Gregory AU - Wu, Lora J AU - Zaslona, Jennifer L AU - Hodges, Jack AU - Washington State University, Spokane AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Motorcoach Driver Fatigue Study, 2011 PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 54p AB - Eighty-four commercial motorcoach drivers participated in a month-long study of duty start time, total duty time, total sleep time per 24 hours, with sleepiness, fatigue, and performance measured as they were going on and off duty. Drivers worked their normal schedules of duty and rest for the average 31 days of participation. Drivers wore a wrist-watch actigraph to measure continuous sleep/wake history and kept a duty/sleep diary. They took a 5-minute psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) and rated their fatigue and sleepiness going on and off duty. The aim of the study was to determine motorcoach driver duty hours, sleep time, fatigue, and performance while operating within the limits of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration motorcoach hours-of-service regulations. Motorcoach drivers actively working as drivers, fit to drive by their company’s standards, and who volunteered to participate were enrolled. Drivers self-identified as driving for Charter, Tour, Regular Route, or Commuter Express operations. This was a sample of convenience. The sample was, on average, middle-aged, overweight, and predominantly male. From the data: 1) duty start times clustered in the morning; 2) average total duty time for duty days was slightly more than 9 hours; 3) average total sleep time per 24 hours was in the range of 7 to 9 hours, with less sleep during on-duty days and more sleep during off-duty days. During on-duty days, longer total duty times were associated with shorter sleep. Drivers performed worse on the PVT and reported increased sleepiness and fatigue at the end of a duty period relative to the beginning. These findings were in the context of an estimated average of 43 hours on duty per week. Thus, drivers in the sample on average started work in the morning, worked approximately 9-hour days, and slightly more than a 40-hour week, and obtained satisfactory amounts of sleep. On average, drivers did not push the limits of the hours-of-service regulations. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Passenger transportation KW - Schedules KW - Sleep UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51332/Motorcoach-Driver-Fatigue-Study-2011-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493363 AU - Belenky, Gregory AU - Jackson, Melinda L AU - Tompkins, Lindsey AU - Satterfield, Brieann AU - Bender, Amy AU - Washington State University, Spokane AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Investigation of the Effects of Split Sleep Schedules on Commercial Vehicle Driver Safety and Health PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 156p AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences for safety and health of split sleep versus consolidated sleep by comparing the effects of consolidated nighttime sleep, split sleep, and consolidated daytime sleep on total sleep time, performance, subjective state, and biomedical measures that correlate with health outcomes over the long term. An in-residence laboratory study was conducted on 53 healthy participants making a between-group comparison of nighttime, split, or daytime sleep across a 5-day simulated workweek. The effect of the three sleep conditions was measured on sleep by polysomnography (PSG), performance by the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), high fidelity driving simulator, digit-symbol substitution task (DSST), and subjective state, as well as the long-term health-related biomedical measurements of blood glucose, interleukin 6 (IL-6), leptin, testosterone, and blood pressure (BP). In comparison to consolidated nighttime sleep or split sleep, participants in the daytime sleep condition slept less and were subjectively sleepier. While performance, mood, and BP were unaffected by sleep condition, there were elevations in glucose and testosterone in the daytime sleep condition at the end of the workweek. With respect to total sleep time and sleepiness, the findings of the present study suggest that split sleep is preferable to consolidated daytime sleep. This finding has implications for any revision of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) rules governing sleeper berth use in commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Laboratory studies KW - Schedules KW - Sleep UR - http://www.overdriveonline.com/files/2013/02/splitsleep.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493340 AU - Corsi, Thomas M AU - Grimm, Curtis M AU - Cantor, David E AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Safety Performance of the Passenger Carrier Drivers PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 28p AB - This paper examines the safety performance of passenger carrier drivers. Special emphasis is given to the motorcoach segment. A model that investigates the contribution of driver factors on the number of State-reportable crashes in which the driver was involved is presented for passenger carrier drivers. The findings suggest that the following factors are significantly related to the likelihood of a crash occurrence: driver weight, height, gender, and employment stability as well as previous driver and vehicle violations and past crashes. The results could have significance regarding the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) imperative to improve safety of the passenger carrier segment of the industry. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Demographics KW - Driver performance KW - Highway safety KW - Passenger transportation KW - Regression analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51253/12-002-Bus-Driver-Safety_The-Safety-Performance-of-Passenger-Carrier-Drivers-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01493321 AU - Bowman, Darrell AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Alden, Andrew AU - Gupta, Santosh AU - Wiegand, Doug AU - Baker, Stephanie AU - Stanley, Laura M AU - Wierwille, Walter AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Development and Assessment of a Driver Drowsiness Monitoring System PY - 2012/12//Final Report SP - 206p AB - Commercial motor vehicle driver impairment due to drowsiness is known to be a major contributing factor in many crashes. This report details the steps taken to develop a prototype driver drowsiness monitoring system (DDMS). The first area of consideration was the basic design requirements that would pertain to all driver drowsiness monitors, such as the ideal functional specifications that designers and engineers would account for in the development of drowsy monitor designs. Next, the project reviewed salient driver-based and vehicle-based predictors of driver drowsiness based on a literature review and an analysis of data from two recent naturalistic commercial driving studies. The development of a prototype DDMS included the integration of a machine vision (MV) eye closure sensor and a MV lane position sensor. The operational performance of the prototype DDMS was assessed during a dynamic on-road evaluation under varying conditions of ambient illumination, eyewear, and skin complexion. This evaluation assessed the performance of the MV eye closure sensor, the MV lane position sensor, and the integrated prototype DDMS algorithms. The key finding of the on-road evaluation is that the multiple sensors integrated approach is necessary. The project provided seven recommendations to improve the operational performance of these sensors and topics for future DDMS development. As with any technology assessment, this evaluation was based on current state-of-the-art technology. As technology development efforts continue, performance of the sensors would be expected to improve. Therefore, the results presented here represent a single snapshot in time. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver monitoring KW - Drowsiness KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Machine vision KW - Road tests KW - Sensors UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/report/Development-and-Assessment-of-a-Driver-Drowsiness-Monitoring-System-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01542999 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2010 (Version October 22, 2012) PY - 2012/11 SP - 151p AB - This report provides documentation for the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's (UMTRI’s) file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2010, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2010 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - United States UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/107389 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1329071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01535750 AU - Hymel, Kent AU - Lee, Douglass B AU - Pearlman, Jonathan AU - Pritchard, Robert AU - Rainville, Lydia AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Financial Responsibility Requirements for Commercial Motor Vehicles PY - 2012/11//Final Report SP - 120p AB - Minimum liability insurance levels and related requirements for motor carriers to demonstrate financial responsibility in case of damages from crashes were established in the 1980s by Congressional legislation. These levels have not been changed since then. The question is whether these levels should be raised, weighing the benefits of improved compensation of injured third parties, internalization of freight and passenger transportation costs, reduction of truck- and bus-involved crashes, costs imposed on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operators, and other relevant considerations. Affected motor carriers are for-hire general freight and passenger carriers in interstate commerce and hazardous materials carriers. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Financial responsibility KW - For hire carriers KW - Insurance rates KW - Liability insurance KW - Motor vehicles KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51700/51745/12-045-Financial_Responsibility_Requirements_for_CMVs.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1317668 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01494433 TI - Field Study on the Efficacy of the New Restart Provision for Hours of Service (Hours of Service Field Study) AB - This study was a field operational test of the 34-hour restart provision requiring 2 nights of sleep between work weeks. The study team designed a field evaluation that had a protocol that is similar to the laboratory-based study entitled, "Investigation into Motor Carrier Practices to Achieve Optimal CMV Driver Performance: Phase I and II," which was conducted at Washington State University. Researchers evaluated three volunteer carrier(s) and volunteer commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers who were using the 34-hour restart period. The study agent recruited CMV drivers who routinely drive and work approximately 70 hours per week. The minimum 34-hour restart, 2-night provision only really pertains to CMV drivers who drive predominately during the nighttime hours. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Field studies KW - Hours of labor KW - Regulations KW - Sleep UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/field-study-efficacy-new-restart-provision-hours-service-december-2011 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1263507 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01492610 TI - Development and Delivery of a Commercial Driver Hydrogen Awareness Course AB - The objective of this project was to develop instructional materials for and to conduct one pilot training class on hydrogen hazard awareness for drivers of commercial vehicles using hydrogen fuel. Instructional materials were developed from the instructional design guide for use in classroom training. These materials included an instructor's handbook, a student's handbook, PowerPoint presentation slides, charts, film or video clips, hands-on exercises, and a combustible gas detector. The materials were used to conduct a pilot training class at a Port of Los Angeles drayage truck fleet operator. The Port of Los Angeles plans to deploy tractors using hydrogen fuel cell range extenders to recharge electric batteries in order to reduce emissions and maximize deployment of the tractors without having to cease operations for charging of batteries. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver training KW - Hydrogen fuels KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety education KW - Training programs UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/technology/development-course-hydrogen-hazard-awareness-training-commercial UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261853 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01492998 TI - Effects of Detention Times on CMV Driver Fatigue AB - The purpose of this research was to better understand the nature of the problem of detention or waiting times in the commercial motor vehicle industry and the potential safety impacts that can occur as a result of long detention times. A final report detailing the study findings was published. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Detention KW - Highway safety KW - Waiting time UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/effects-detention-times-commercial-motor-vehicle-driver-fatigue UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1262500 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592623 TI - Motorcoach Model Curriculum AB - The objective of this project was to update the 1994 model motorcoach curriculum to provide finishing training for drivers who have obtained a commercial driver’s license (CDL) for the purpose of becoming a motorcoach driver. This project built on prior Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) work which produced the 1994 model curriculum. As with the 1994 curriculum, the updated curriculum was jointly developed with a sizable group of interested industry personnel. The motorcoach industry—specifically the International Motorcoach Group (IMG)—requested this effort in order to update standardized motorcoach driver finishing training guidance. This effort was organized into four structured process sequences, including: analysis; training design; training development; and possible future pilot testing. The first three sequences were funded as Phase I of the project. The effort began with a job task analysis to identify new items that are not covered in the existing 1994 curriculum. The development included periodic meetings with the industry technical group to explain progress and to solicit suggestions and direction. Phase II of the project (pilot testing of the updated curriculum) is underway. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licenses KW - Education and training methods KW - Motor Coach KW - Safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/motorcoach-model-curriculum UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522359 AU - Ohman, Jon M AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Compliance Review Effectiveness Model Results for Carriers with Compliance Reviews in FY 2008 PY - 2012/09//Final Report SP - 36p AB - In fiscal year (FY) 2008, Federal and State enforcement personnel conducted 14,906 compliance reviews (CRs) on individual motor carriers. It is intended that through education, heightened safety regulation awareness, and the enforcement effects of the CR, carriers will improve the safety of their commercial vehicle operations and, ultimately, reduce the number and severity of crashes in which they are involved. The CR Effectiveness Model measures the direct impact of compliance reviews on carriers that received CRs but not the “deterrent” effects (i.e., the “threat” of having a CR) on carriers that did not actually receive CRs. The model is based on the individual and cumulative “before and after” changes in the safety performance of carriers that received CRs in a given year. The model compares a motor carrier’s crash rate in the 12 months following an onsite compliance review to its crash rate in the 12 months prior to that review. The model uses crash data reported by the States and power unit data reported by carriers or obtained during CRs to calculate both the before-CR and after-CR crash rates. This report documents the benefits derived from performing CRs on motor carriers in terms of crashes avoided, as well as lives saved and injuries prevented. KW - Before and after studies KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Compliance KW - Crash rates KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51282/CREM_FY_2008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306385 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01477317 TI - Quantifying Pavement Albedo AB - This research effort will evaluate and characterize the "heat island" phenomenon connected with pavement albedo and associated heat sorption and release dynamics, as are experienced with real-world, urban paving materials. Specifically, the proposed study will involve field pavement albedo and thermal measurements, and subsequent development of a related albedo, thermal, and conductivity models, for different asphalt and concrete pavement sections relative to the following variations: (1) pavement type; (2) pavement structure; (3) pavement age; (4) pavement mix components (e.g., aggregate color, etc.); (5) geomorphic solar radiance intensity; and (6) local climate exposure. This project has been designed to gather real-world pavement albedo and thermal data at seven different U.S. urban locations and two prominent national pavement research facilities. This project will also develop an analysis model, using this data, that quantitatively predicts pavement albedo, thermal and conductivity character and change in relation to pavement composition, aging, service, etc. In addition, these analysis models will also be examined for their relationship to pavement design programs and sustainability rating factors. The objectives of this project include the following: 1. Quantify the rate and magnitude of albedo and thermal change (e.g., on a yearly basis) by pavement type, makeup, time, and location. 2. Develop a utility model to determine the relative impact of albedo; a model on heat collection, storage, and transmission potential; and a model on pavement material heat conductivity by pavement type and material constituents. 3. Determine the level of significance with these utility models pavement thermal relationships on the outcome of at least two (2) pavement sustainability rating tools and one (1) pavement design procedure. 4. Provide recommendations for use of the albedo, thermal, and conductivity models on choosing appropriate pavement inputs for pavement sustainability rating tools and pavement design tools. KW - Albedo KW - Climate KW - Heat radiation KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Sustainable development KW - Urban heat islands UR - http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/research/projects/detail/?projectID=-963681740 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1246916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01554151 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts 2010 PY - 2012/08 SP - 84p AB - This annual edition of Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks and buses in 2010. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. This year’s report is organized into four chapters: Trends, Crashes, Vehicles, and People. The Trends chapter shows data for 2010 in the context of available historical data for past years. In the other chapters, the 2010 data are shown in different ways, according to what is being counted. The Crashes chapter counts numbers of crashes; the Vehicles chapter counts vehicles in crashes; and the People chapter counts persons of all types involved in crashes. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Loss and damage KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/LargeTruckandBusCrashFacts2010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1343901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01603519 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Crash Weighting Research Plan: Will crash weighting improve the capability of FMCSA to identify high crash-risk motor carriers? PY - 2012/07/23 SP - 5p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is conducting a research study to better understand the safety benefits of adjusting crash weights in the Safety Measurement System (SMS) based on the carrier’s role in the crash (i.e., preventability). The Crash Indicator in SMS currently utilizes all crashes. This safety measurement area has proven to be one of the better predictors of future crash risk. FMCSA is considering modifying the Crash Indicator to weight crashes not only based on severity and timeliness but also on the role of the motor carrier in the crash. The planned research study will provide necessary insight to ensure Agency decisions related to the development of a crash weighting process are based on sound analysis and science. The research will focus on answering the following key questions: (1) Do police accident reports (PARs) across the nation provide sufficient, consistent, and reliable information to support crash weighting determinations? (2) Will a crash weighting determination process offer an even stronger predictor of crash risk than crash involvement and how will crash weighting be implemented into SMS? (3) How would the Agency manage the process for making crash weight determinations including public input to the process? The Agency’s approach toward answering these questions in the planned research study is described in this document. KW - Crash reports KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Implementation KW - Motor carriers KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Weighting UR - https://csa.fmcsa.dot.gov/Documents/CrashWeightingResearchPlan_7-2012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1413002 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01627510 TI - Evaluating the Potential Safety Benefits of Electronic Logging Devices AB - This study used carrier-collected crash data to obtain a more representative picture of how ELDs perform under real-word driving conditions. The analysis was at the truck level; thus, trucks with ELDs were compared to trucks without ELDs. A measure of exposure was calculated (miles traveled) at the truck level. Although the sample of participating carriers in the study was a convenience sample, every attempt was made to obtain a sample that was representative of the general CMV population. A final report detailing study findings was published. KW - Compliance KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Logging KW - Safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/evaluating-potential-safety-benefits-electronic-logging-devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1458019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379793 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Governors Highway Safety Association TI - Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) Guideline. Fourth Edition PY - 2012/06//Fourth Edition SP - 148p AB - The purpose of the Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) is to provide a dataset for describing crashes of motor vehicles in transport that will generate the information necessary to improve highway safety within each State and nationally. Efforts to standardize crash data have increased since the MMUCC was originally recommended as a voluntary guideline in 1998. The MMUCC data elements represent a core set of data elements, most of which were being collected by the States before the first edition of the MMUCC Guideline was published. The 107 data elements contained in the MMUCC Guideline, 3rd Edition (2008) were revised in response to emerging issues and other highway safety needs. The fourth edition of the MMUCC Guideline contains 110 data elements. The MMUCC Guideline, 4th Edition (2012) recommends that States implement all 110 data elements included in this document. To reduce the data collection burden, MMUCC recommends that law enforcement at the scene should collect 77 of the 110 data elements. From crash scene information, 10 data elements can be derived, while the remaining 23 data elements should be obtained after linkage to other State data files. States that are unable to link to other State data to obtain the MMUCC linked data elements should collect, at a minimum, those linked data elements that are feasible to collect on the crash report. At the same time, States should work to develop data linkage capabilities so they eventually are able to obtain, via linkage, all of the information to be generated by the MMUCC linked data elements. Because State datasets and systems are difficult to implement or change, no changes will be made to the MMUCC Guideline, 4th Edition (2012) for five years. During this period, each of the data elements and their attributes will be monitored to determine their usefulness and reliability. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Standardization KW - States UR - http://mmucc.us/sites/default/files/MMUCC_4th_Ed.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01379187 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 2012-2016 Strategic Plan PY - 2012/05 SP - 28p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA or Agency) was established within the Department of Transportation (DOT) on January 1, 2000, pursuant to the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act (MCSIA) of 1999 (Public Law 106–159). Prior to this legislation, motor carrier safety responsibilities were under the jurisdiction of the Federal Highway Administration. FMCSA resources and activities contribute to and support its mission of promoting safe commercial motor vehicles (CMV) operations and reducing large truck and bus crashes, injuries, and fatalities. The Agency will accomplish its mission through education, regulation, enforcement, research, and innovative technology, thereby achieving a safer transportation environment. Additionally, FMCSA is responsible for ensuring that commercial vehicles comply with all Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) and Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMRs). Further, to accomplish these activities effectively, FMCSA is expected to work closely with Federal, State, and local enforcement agencies, the motor carrier industry, highway safety organizations, and the public. This report presents a strategic plan for FMCSA, for the next 4 years. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Motor carrier safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulation KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety education KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/FMCSA_StrategicPlan_2012-2016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1146710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376428 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Timely and Targeted FMCSA Action Is Needed To Fully Address National Transportation Safety Board Recommendations for Improving Passenger Carrier Oversight PY - 2012/04/17 SP - 28p AB - In recent years, several fatal motorcoach accidents focused national attention on passenger carrier safety and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA) oversight of more than 3,000 passenger carrier companies that operate millions of trips per year. Following a January 2008, motorcoach accident near Victoria, Texas, in which 1 passenger was killed and 47 others were injured, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) identified weaknesses in Federal oversight of passenger carriers. NTSB cited concerns with FMCSA’s process for vetting passenger carriers and detecting reincarnating carriers—carriers that attempt to operate as a different entity in an effort to evade enforcement action, out-of-service orders, or both. NTSB also highlighted issues with how the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and FMCSA oversee passenger carrier compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS). In its final report on the Victoria crash, NTSB made a series of recommendations to improve Federal oversight of passenger carriers. In particular, NTSB recommended that FMCSA review multiple years of applications for Federal operating authority to identify reincarnated carriers, issue new rules to strengthen its capabilities to oversee the passenger carrier industry, and enhance its oversight efforts related to enforcing FMVSS. Based on congressional concerns about the actions FMCSA has taken to address NTSB’s recommendations, the U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Inspector General (OIG) initiated this audit to assess FMCSA’s efforts to (1) detect and deter reincarnated motor carriers; (2) revise regulations, implement new rulemakings, or obtain increased statutory authority to strengthen passenger carrier safety; and (3) better identify and track passenger carriers whose vehicles do not comply with FMVSS. Even before NTSB made its recommendations related to the Victoria crash, FMCSA had a vetting process in place to detect reincarnating passenger carriers by reviewing applicants for operating authority. FMCSA responded to NTSB’s recommendations by applying this vetting process to all passenger carriers that obtained operating authority since 2003. However, FMCSA still does not have an efficient screening tool as part of the vetting process to help it focus limited investigative resources on the highest risk applicants—instead of reviewing all applications as it does now. FMCSA has begun work on two new rules to address the oversight concerns on passenger carrier leases and revocation of reincarnated carrier operating authority. In November 2011, FMCSA published a schedule for developing a leasing rule for passenger carriers, but does not expect to release it as a proposed rule as NTSB recommended, until June 2012. Until this rule is finalized, passenger carriers, such as the one involved in the Victoria crash, may be able to circumvent FMCSA oversight by establishing a lease agreement with another carrier and conducting business using the other carrier’s operating authority. FMCSA and NHTSA have not implemented NTSB’s recommendations on developing the capability to better identify and track passenger carriers whose vehicles do not comply with FMVSS. KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus lines KW - Buses KW - Compliance KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - High risk motor carriers KW - Motor carrier safety KW - Oversight KW - Regulations KW - Reincarnating carriers KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - U.S. National Transportation Safety Board UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/FMCSA%20Response%20to%20NTSB%20Recommendations%20on%20Passenger%20Carrier%20Oversight%5E04-17-12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1144121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01372408 AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Bergoffen, Gene AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Guo, Feng AU - Murray, Dan AU - Bishop, Richard AU - Johnson, Steve AU - Camden, Matthew AU - MaineWay Services AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Research on the Safety Impacts of Speed Limiter Device Installations on Commercial Motor Vehicles: Phase II Draft Final Report PY - 2012/03//Draft Final Report SP - 94p AB - The purpose of this project was to identify the impacts of implementing speed limiters (SLs) in commercial vehicle fleet operations. These impacts may be related to safety through a reduction in the number and/or severity of crashes, and/or address operational issues. This report is the second report of a two-phase approach. Phase I centered on a detailed literature review that updated and expanded on the Transportation Research Board report, "Safety Impacts of Speed Limiter Device Installations on Commercial Trucks and Buses" (CTBSSP Synthesis of Safety Practice Report No. 16). The current study involved a series of additional tasks focused on a detailed research design and analysis, a peer review process, evaluation of speed limiter implementation, best practices applications, and identification of carrier, insurer, and enforcement official perspectives related to SL implementation. The primary safety analysis was a focus on the reduction in truck crashes that could have been avoided and/or mitigated with an active SL installed. This was the first study to use actual truck crash data collected directly from truck fleets, representing a wide array of crashes. More specifically, the study included data from 20 truck fleets, approximately 138,000 trucks, and analyzed more than 15,000 crashes. The findings showed strong positive benefits for SLs. First, in terms of safety benefits, results indicated that trucks equipped with SLs had a significantly lower SL-relevant crash rate (approximately 50 percent) compared to trucks without SLs. Second, the cost of the technology is negligible and would not be expected to be cost-prohibitive for fleets/owners. The current study went further than any other research previously conducted in this domain and provides important data on the efficacy of SLs in reducing SL-relevant crashes. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Implementation KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed control KW - Speed limiters KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51361/Speed-Limiters.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01373114 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2010 Delaware Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2012/01//Special Report SP - 46p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Delaware. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Delaware crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it is estimated that, for 2010, 71.6% of reportable crash involvements were reported. All fatal crash involvements were correctly reported. Reporting rates were lower for less severe collisions: 66.6% of injured/transported crashes and 76.6% of towed/disabled crashes were reported. Recognition by the reporting officer that a vehicle was a Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) was important, though no single factor was identified that explained the overall reporting rate. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Delaware crash files were reasonably consistent, though specific problems were noted with respect to the MCMIS truck configuration variable. Over one-quarter of the records were inconsistent on this variable. Improvements in training may address this issue. Only about 53% of records were submitted to the MCMIS file within the 90 day post-crash period requirement. KW - Bus crashes KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Delaware KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90844/1/102853.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1141185 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01627866 TI - Recommended Non-Destructive Testing to Improve Nurse Tank Safety, Phases I and II AB - The goal of this project was to develop recommendations for non-destructive testing of nurse tanks, supported by sufficient justification and cost-benefit information, to enable the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) to undertake a related rulemaking recommended by National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Hazardous materials KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Procedures KW - Testing UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/recommended-non-destructive-testing-improve-nurse-tank-safety-phases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1458093 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01627512 TI - Expert Panel Report: Review of Hours-of-Service for Passenger Carrier Operations AB - This was a joint project with the Medical Programs Office. It began with a literature review and evidence report. Then, an expert panel reviewed the evidence report and reported their findings. The Medical Review Board reviewed these findings and made recommendations to the Agency regarding HOS for passenger-carrying operations. KW - Carriers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of Service Act KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor Coach KW - Operations UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/expert-panel-report-review-hours-service-passenger-carrier-operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1458021 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592621 TI - Investigation of Driver Training Curricula Effectiveness AB - The objective of this project was to assess the effectiveness of different types and amounts of commercial driver’s license (CDL) entry-level driver training (ELDT) in improving driver safety performance. Earlier research indicated that existing CDL ELDT was not adequate. About 75 percent of the fleets surveyed in the 2001 I-95 Corridor Coalition Coordinated Safety Management study required new drivers to complete finishing training with an experienced driver before driving solo. This widespread application of “driver finishing” programs provides an indication of the need for improved CDL ELDT. Finishing programs provide newly-licensed CDL drivers with additional training and/or supervised driving time beyond that needed to obtain the CDL to ensure a minimum operational skill level is met, after the drivers obtain their valid CDLs. In recent years, synthesis studies under the Transportation Research Board’s Commercial Truck and Bus Synthesis Program examined the effectiveness of commercial vehicle driver training. The variance in safety performance in those reports was not sufficient to provide a meaningful relationship between the value of formal ELDT and the safety performance of those drivers. This study was designed to augment a review of the driver training effectiveness literature. It collected data from carrier fleets and commercial driver training programs to identify and evaluate the safety outcomes of various ELDT regimens. The project also sought qualitative information on how several fleets have experienced potentially different driver safety results from different applied curricula. The project examined the differences in safety performance of drivers in States with more CDL training requirements versus States with no training requirements. A final report is under Agency review. KW - Commercial Driver'S License Program KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver education KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - States KW - Training KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400201 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01454128 AU - Meltzer, Neil R AU - Ayres, Gregory AU - Truong, Minh AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis: The Causes, Frequency, and Severity of Motorcoach Fires in the United States PY - 2012 SP - 12p AB - This study collects and analyzes information from government, industry, and media sources on the causes, frequency, and severity of motorcoach fires in the United States, and identifies potential risk reduction measures. Volpe Center analysts only considered fires that were mechanical or electrical in origin, and that were neither the result of a collision nor arson. This study establishes an integrated incident database, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of risk trends and patterns, and provides recommendations that could result in fewer motorcoach fires and, in turn, safer roads and lives saved. Some of the key findings from the study include: motorcoach fires have occurred with an approximate frequency of 160 per year; although a single catastrophic motorcoach fire resulted in 23 fatalities and 15 injuries, approximately 95 percent of the reported fires over the study period resulted in no direct injuries and fatalities; the most frequently identified location of fire origin was the engine compartment, followed closely by wheel wells; the most frequently specified points of ignition were the brakes, turbocharger, tires, electrical system, and wheel/hub bearings; and the frequency of fires on motorcoaches of model years 1998–2002 relative to older models was disproportionately greater than their relative populations. U1 - FIVE (Fires in Vehicles) 2012Chicago,IL,United States StartDate:20120927 EndDate:20120928 KW - Buses KW - Fire causes KW - Motor carriers KW - Passenger transportation KW - Risk analysis KW - United States KW - Vehicle fires KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46068/FIVE_Conference_Motorcoach_Fires_Safety_Analysis.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218606 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01454110 AU - Pearlman, Jonathan AU - Meltzer, Neil AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Risk of Commercial Truck Fires in the United States: An Exploratory Data Analysis PY - 2012 SP - 11p AB - Large trucks are involved in only 8% of fatal crashes per year, but 17% of fatal fires. The scope of the current body of research is limited. Studies have treated truck fires generally as a subset of vehicle fires or in their own right on a smaller scale, confined to a limited pool of data. This study expands the current body of research to collect and analyze information from government, industry, and media sources on the magnitude, trends, and causes of truck fires in the United States and to identify potential risk-reduction measures. This study found that commercial motor vehicle fires are most common among Gross Vehicle Weight Rating Class 8 trucks with the frequency of truck fire fatalities six times greater than that of other motor vehicles. This figure is high, but when examined in conjunction with crash, inspection, and vehicle data, it offers insight into new areas of research. For example, analysis indicates that truck fires occur more often in the days following a crash. Trucks with compliance issues are also much more susceptible to fires. The truck is the striking vehicle in the majority of fatal fires. This portrait of truck fires may have significant implications for the future direction of truck fire safety. U1 - FIVE (Fires in Vehicles) 2012Chicago,IL,United States StartDate:20120927 EndDate:20120928 KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Fire causes KW - Risk analysis KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Vehicle fires KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46000/46069/Pearlman__Commercial_Truck_Fire_Risk.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218607 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01368586 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings on the Web PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Krueger, Gerald P TI - Research on the Health and Wellness of Commercial Truck and Bus Drivers: Summary of an International Conference PY - 2012 IS - 5 SP - 144p AB - In November 2010 some 200 attendees gathered in Baltimore, Maryland, for a conference focused on commercial truck and bus driver health and wellness (H&W) issues. The conference brought together individuals from public-sector agencies (federal and state), the private sector (industry and labor unions), academia, and research institutions, both domestic and international, from transportation and health arenas. The conference goals were to (a) review research that identifies H&W issues for commercial drivers; (b) examine the magnitude of these issues; (c) identify countermeasures and current practices addressing these issues; (d) explore and, to the degree possible, document the effectiveness of such countermeasures and current practices; and (e) identify research gaps in this field. These proceedings contain abstracts of the papers presented as well as a summary of the various topics presented and discussed. The proceedings were prepared by the conference rapporteur as a factual summary of what occurred at the conference. Topics portrayed during the conference included the following: Research on the effects of H&W on commercial driver safety and performance; Identification of the most serious health risks to commercial motor vehicle drivers; Cost–benefit and return-on-investment analyses of effective H&W programs that might apply to both small and large commercial truck and bus carriers; Impacts of targeted, focused employee H&W initiatives, such as those involving physical activity, exercise, and fitness, diet and nutrition, weight management and control, smoking cessation, screening for and treating sleep disorders, disease management, and healthy behavioral changes; Case studies and lessons learned, both positive and negative, for implementing H&W programs, particularly in truck and bus motor carrier companies; Best practices, positive elements of effective employee H&W programs, and pointers on effective implementation in large and small companies; and Instillation of an H&W philosophy into the culture of the commercial driving community. U1 - Research on the Health and Wellness of Commercial Truck and Bus DriversTransportation Research BoardFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20101108 EndDate:20101110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Best practices KW - Bus drivers KW - Case studies KW - Commercial drivers KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Employee wellness programs KW - Health KW - Research needs KW - Return on investment KW - Truck drivers UR - http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/166972.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1137034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01368223 AU - Williams, Jessica R AU - Amana, Arit AU - Tregear, Stephen J AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety, Updated Review PY - 2011/11/30/Updated Review SP - 103p AB - Driving is a complicated psychomotor performance that depends on fine coordination between the sensory and motor systems. Many health conditions exist which have the potential to impair perception, cognition (including alertness, attitude to risk, and recall) and/or motor function and, as a result, can make driving less safe. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a relatively common disorder affecting approximately 12 million individuals in the United States, with approximately 4% of men and 2% of women in the U.S. suffering from symptomatic sleep apnea. OSA is a disorder characterized by a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep coupled with symptoms such as daytime sleepiness (i.e., OSA syndrome). Given this, OSA may culminate in unpredictable and sudden incapacitation (e.g., falling asleep at the wheel), thus contributing to the potential for crash, injury, and death. In 2007, MANILA Consulting Group conducted a systematic review of the literature under the direction of the Department of Transportation’s Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration in order to synthesize the evidence related to OSA and crash risk, as well as the effectiveness of diagnostic tests and treatment options for OSA. Since completion of this evidence report, a considerable amount of research has been conducted related to methods for the diagnosis of OSA. Much of this research has been conducted in response to a push by some to identify options for the diagnosis of OSA which could be used as an alternative to polysomnography (PSG). The purpose of this evidence report is to synthesize the research that has been conducted since the last review related to diagnostic alternatives to PSG for the identification of OSA. KW - Apnea KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Sleep disorders KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44452/OSA_Update_11302011.docx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1136910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383550 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2009 (Preliminary Version October 18, 2011) PY - 2011/11//Special Report SP - 162p AB - This report provides documentation for the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2009, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2009 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Coding systems KW - Crash data KW - Data files KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Truck crashes KW - United States UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89937/1/48532_A55.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383565 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2009 Oregon Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2011/10//Special Report SP - 37p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies have shown that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was generally incomplete. This report examines reporting by the State of Oregon. Because key variables used in the evaluation process are not recorded in the computerized state data files, it was not possible to calculate an overall reporting rate for Oregon. It appears that Oregon reported 28 of 30 qualifying vehicles in fatal crashes, and the 1,120 total vehicles actually reported is reasonably close to the number predicted by a model that estimates the number of vehicles reportable to the MCMIS Crash file. However, it was not possible to evaluate the extent of underreporting or overreporting. An evaluation of timeliness in reporting shows that Oregon tended to upload records to the MCMIS Crash file well after the 90-day grace period ended. Only about 5 percent of records submitted were uploaded within the grace period. Missing data rates are low for most variables, though specific problems were noted with the hazmat variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Oregon crash files were reasonably consistent except as noted with the straight truck and truck tractor configurations. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Oregon KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89597/1/102789.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01367554 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 2009 Large Truck Crash Overview PY - 2011/10 SP - 6p AB - The mission of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to promote the safe operation of commercial vehicles on our Nation’s highways. Of the 33,808 people killed in motor vehicle crashes in 2009, 10% (3,380) died in crashes that involved a large truck. Another 74,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Only 15% of those killed and 22% of those injured were occupants of large trucks. KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Large trucks KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks by number of axles KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/2009LargeTruckCrashOverview.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1136253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01361162 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts, 2009 PY - 2011/10 SP - 80p AB - This annual edition of Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks and buses in 2009. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. KW - Annual reports KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Loss and damage KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51322/LargeTruckandBusCrashFacts2009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1127143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01358982 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck Crash Overview, 2009 PY - 2011/10 SP - 6p AB - The mission of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to promote the safe operation of commercial vehicles on our Nation’s highways. This report presents an overview of statistics and trends concerning large truck crashes in 2009. From 2007 to 2009, the number of large trucks involved in fatal crashes dropped from 4,633 to 3,215—down by 31%. The number of large trucks in fatal crashes per 100 million vehicle miles traveled by large trucks declined in these years from 1.52 to 1.12—down 26%. The corresponding rate for passenger vehicles fell from 1.66 to 1.38— down 17%. From 2007 to 2009, the number of large trucks involved in injury crashes per 100 million vehicle miles traveled by large trucks declined by 26%, while the rate for passenger vehicles dropped by 8%. Of the 33,808 people killed in motor vehicle crashes in 2009, 10% (3,380) died in crashes that involved a large truck. Another 74,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Only 15% of those killed and 22% of those injured were occupants of large trucks. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Traffic crash victims KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/LTCO2009/2009LargeTruckCrashOverview.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1124333 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01465252 TI - Eye Glance Analysis and Cognitive Distraction AB - The objective of this project was to better understand cognitive distraction through analysis of mobile phone conversations in real driving conditions. In addition, an analysis of eye glances was performed as it relates to crash risk. The data were from an existing naturalistic database from a vendor of onboard monitoring systems. KW - Cellular telephones KW - Cognition KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Driver monitoring KW - Eye movements KW - On-board monitoring UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/driver-distraction-eye-glance-analysis-and-conversation-workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1233485 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01492609 TI - Natural Gas Systems AB - This project assessed whether any changes were needed to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs), North American Standard Inspection procedures, and out-of-service criteria to accommodate and facilitate the use of natural gas (compressed or liquefied) as an alternative fuel to diesel fuel. KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Natural gas vehicles KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/technology/natural-gas-systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383591 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2009 New York Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2011/09//Special Report SP - 42p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of New York. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the New York crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Because all levels of the MCMIS crash file reporting criteria could not be applied, the evaluation of reporting completeness was restricted to crashes that involved either a fatality or an injury transported for immediate medical attention. Of these crashes, an estimated 36.7 percent were properly reported. Reporting rates were found to be related to crash severity and the configuration of the vehicle. Over 82 percent of fatal crash involvements were reported, but only 34.6 percent of injury/transported involvements. Crashes in which a vehicle was towed due to disabling damage could not be identified in the New York crash data supplied, so reporting rates for that subset cannot be estimated. Trucks were reported at a slightly higher rate than buses. Large trucks, especially truck tractors, were reported at a higher rate than smaller trucks. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and New York crash files were quite consistent, though specific problems were noted with respect to one truck configuration. The timeliness of reporting was good, with about 91 percent of records submitted to the MCMIS file within 90 days of the crash. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - New York (State) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89602/1/102794.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522316 AU - Ohman, Jon M AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Compliance Review Effectiveness Model Results for Carriers with Compliance Reviews in Fiscal Year 2007 PY - 2011/08//Final Report SP - 34p AB - In fiscal year (FY) 2007, Federal and State enforcement personnel conducted more than 15,000 compliance reviews (CRs) on individual motor carriers. It is intended that through education, heightened safety regulation awareness, and the enforcement effects of the CR, carriers will improve the safety of their commercial vehicle operations and, ultimately, reduce the number and severity of crashes in which they are involved. The CR Effectiveness Model measures the direct impact of compliance reviews on carriers that received CRs. The model is based on the individual and cumulative “before and after” changes in the safety performance of carriers that received CRs in a given year. The model compares a motor carrier’s crash rate in the 12 months following an onsite compliance review to its crash rate in the 12 months prior to that review. The model uses crash data reported by the States and power unit data reported by carriers or obtained during CRs to calculate both the before-CR and after-CR crash rates. This report documents the benefits derived from performing CRs on motor carriers in terms of crashes avoided, as well as lives saved and injuries prevented. KW - Before and after studies KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Compliance KW - Crash rates KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51281/CREM_FY_2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01355142 AU - Green, Paul Eric AU - Blower, Daniel AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of the CSA 2010 Operational Model Test PY - 2011/08//Final Report SP - 168p AB - In accordance with its primary mission to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) initiated the Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010 (CSA 2010) Operational Model Test. The program focused on initiating contact with more carriers and drivers, development of a new measurement system to replace Motor Carrier Safety Status Measurement System (SafeStat), application of a wider range of progressive interventions to correct high-risk behavior, and more efficient use of Agency resources. The test ran for 29 months from February 2008 through June 2010. This report is an evaluation of the CSA 2010 Operational Model Test. The evaluation focuses on key components of the model. In particular, measurement system thresholds exceeded in type and frequency, interventions received in type and frequency, and the number and percentage of carriers touched under the new model are calculated and reported. Intervention cycles and patterns are explored and effectiveness of interventions is determined by comparing test carriers that received CSA 2010 interventions to control carriers that did not. Costs to the agency of performing interventions are investigated and compared to the current process of conducting compliance reviews (CRs). The new Safety Measurement System (SMS) that is used to rank a carrier’s safety performance in the seven Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Categories (BASICs) is evaluated by assessing associations between percentile scores and crash rates. Comparisons with the current model under SafeStat are reported and quality of the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) data files is discussed. Finally, results from a survey completed by field staff participating in the Operational Model Test is presented to determine which aspects of CSA 2010 worked well and which did not. KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010 KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/86185 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51297/Evaluation-of-the-CSA-Op-Model-Test.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51389/Evaluation-of-the-CSA-Op-Model-Test.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118976 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01465250 TI - Development of a Low Cost Device to Increase Safety Belt Use AB - This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) phase II project pursued the development and full testing of the shift-interlock device; a prototype accelerator pedal resistance device along with a learning curve software to increase safety belt use by commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Equipment KW - Low cost KW - Seat belt use KW - Seat belts UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/technology/development-low-cost-device-increase-safety-belt-use UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1233483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383585 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 Rhode Island Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2011/07//Special Report SP - 43p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Rhode Island. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Rhode Island crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. It is estimated that Rhode Island reported 75.0% of reportable crash involvements in 2008. The most decisive factor identified in predicting reporting was whether the Truck/Bus Crash Report Supplemental form was completed. Over 95% of reportable cases with this form completed were reported, compared with no records where the officer did not fill out the form. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Rhode Island crash files were reasonably consistent, though specific problems were noted with hazmat variables and the truck and trailer configuration. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Rhode Island KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89601/1/102793.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383570 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2009 Virginia Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2011/06//Special Report SP - 47p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies have shown that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was generally incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Virginia. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Virginia Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Virginia is reporting 75.2 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. Because police officers are instructed to code tractors with trailers as single unit trucks with three axles, reporting rates by truck configuration were not calculated, but the reporting rate for all trucks is 76.1 percent, and the reporting rate for buses is 67.4 percent. The reporting rate for fatal crashes is 84.1 percent, 77.3 percent for injured/transported crashes, and 73.0 percent for towed/disabled crashes. The Virginia Police Crash Report form has a Commercial Motor Vehicle Section and it appears that the data recorded in this section plays a major role in determining what information gets uploaded to the MCMIS Crash file. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Virginia Crash files were reasonably consistent for several variables examined. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting KW - Virginia UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89600/1/102792.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01351873 AU - Lowell, Dana AU - Kilburn, Ben AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Comparison of Available Portable Combustible Gas and Hydrogen Sensors PY - 2011/06//Final Report SP - 30p AB - This report documents a comparison of currently commercially available portable equipment that can be used to sense/detect the presence of hydrogen and/or combustible gases in the air. Available devices, identified via a literature search, were compared and ranked based on a common set of ranking criteria and an objective rating system for each criterion. The devices were rated against each criterion based on data contained in manufacturer literature. This document is intended as a reference for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration in evaluating available equipment that might be used by agency inspectors to search for fuel leaks from commercial vehicles powered by hydrogen, in the context of safety inspections carried out in accordance with the North American Standard Inspection Procedures. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Detectors KW - Hydrogen KW - Hydrogen fuels KW - Inspection equipment KW - Leakage KW - Portable equipment KW - Sensors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51318/Hydrogen-Sensors.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1114247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01351691 AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: 2010 Update: Diabetes and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety PY - 2011/05/27/Evidence Report SP - 182p AB - This report is an update to a systematic evidence review titled ―Diabetes and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Expedited Review)‖ dated September 8, 2006. This update evaluated the same questions and used the same eligibility criteria, with the exception of slightly revised criteria for Key Question 2 (details of the modified criteria are outlined below). The updated literature search was conducted through November 4, 2010. The primary focus of the updated report (like that of the original report) is on the risks to driver safety from the acute risks associated with diabetes mellitus (e.g., hypoglycemia). This report does not address driver safety issues related to chronic complications of diabetes (e.g., diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and/or cardiovascular conditions resulting from the long-term complications of diabetes). KW - Crash causes KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Diabetes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/39000/39400/39416/2010_Diabetes_Update_Final_May_27_2011.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44400/44451/2010_Diabetes_Update_Final_May_27_2011.docx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1114750 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01468035 TI - Further Analysis of NOx and O3 data, and the Acquisition, Installation and Laboratory Testing of the PM Equipment AB - Objective: * To add a PM monitor to the mobile NOx and ozone analyzers, and the weather monitoring unit built during the project performed in the last two years. * To analyze the data obtained in the previous research to elucidate the adequacy of CALINE4 in predicting the local NO2 concentrations near roadways and perform a sensitivity analysis on the model input variables, to investigate the reasons for the lack of fit observed under some conditions. Project Summary: A TEOM 1405-DF dichotomous ambient particulate monitor with a filter dynamics measurement system (FDMS) (Thermo Scientific, Franklin, MA) was purchased, received, set up in the laboratory and tested. To be taken to the measurement locations, this equipment needed to be put on a cart and it needed to be placed in a custom-made outside shelter with an air conditioning and heating unit. Considering the power requirements of the shelter, the PM equipment, O3 and NOx analyzers, the computer, and the weather monitoring instruments, a new generator with a higher power rating was, also, needed. The outside shelter was received in April 2012 and the cart in June 2012. The PM equipment was installed in the outside shelter and placed on the cart. It is ready to be started up and used in the on-site measurements. We also continued to work on improving the analysis of the NOx and O3 data for model validation. The results obtained on NO2 concentrations could be predicted reasonably well with CALINE4 for upwind receptors, but the difference between predicted and measured concentrations at downwind locations were substantial. Several factors were identified as possible reasons for these discrepancies and these were further investigated. For this purpose, a new set of data was acquired to evaluate the effect of averaging time on the validity of the model predictions. It was observed that the averaging time did not affect the results significantly. Subsequently, the model variables that are expected to affect the predicted concentrations were investigated by sensitivity analysis. It was concluded that the only plausible explanations for the observed results seem to be the effect of vegetation between the roadway and the receptors, and the limitation of the CALINE4 reaction scheme. KW - Air pollution sources KW - Air quality management KW - Environmental impacts KW - Infrastructure KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Pollutants KW - Real time information KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1236271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383573 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 Alaska Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2011/05//Special Report SP - 41p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Alaska. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Alaska crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. It is estimated that Alaska reported 62.4 percent of this subset of reportable crash involvements in 2008. Reporting rates were found primarily to be related to crash severity and the configuration of the vehicle. Eighty percent of fatal crash involvements were reported, 73.9% of injured/transported, and 58.7 percent of towed/disabled involvements. Trucks were reported at about the same rate as buses as a whole, 61.4% to 66.0%. Large trucks such as tractor-semitrailers were reported at a higher rate than smaller single unit trucks. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Alaska crash files were reasonably consistent, though specific problems were noted with hazmat variables and certain truck configurations. KW - Alaska KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89599/1/102791.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01349375 AU - Blanco, Myra AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Olson, Rebecca L AU - Morgan, Justin F AU - Soccolich, Susan A AU - Wu, Shih-Ching AU - Guo, Feng AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Impact of Driving, Non-Driving Work, and Rest Breaks on Driving Performance in Commercial Motor Vehicle Operations PY - 2011/05//Final Report SP - 124p AB - Current hours-of-service (HOS) regulations prescribe limits to commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers’ operating hours. Besides assessing activities performed in the 14-hour workday, the relationship between safety-critical events (SCEs) and driving hours, work hours, and breaks was investigated. The data used in the analyses were collected in the Naturalistic Truck Driving Study and included 97 drivers and about 735,000 miles of continuous driving data. The assessment of the drivers’ workday determined that, on average, drivers spent 66 percent of their shift driving, 23 percent in non-driving work, and 11 percent resting. Analyses on driving hours (i.e., driving only) and SCE risk found a time-on-task effect across hours. Analyses on work hours (i.e., driving in addition to non-driving work) found that risk of being involved in an SCE increased as work hours increased. This suggests that time-on-task effects may not be related to driving hours alone, but implies an interaction between driving hours and work hours: if a driver begins the day with several hours of non-driving work, followed by driving that goes deep into the 14-hour workday, SCE risk was found to increase. The finding from the workday characterization that drivers spent approximately 23 percent of their workday performing non-driving work provides a possible explanation for this time-on-task effect across work hours. Breaks from driving were found to be beneficial in reducing SCEs (during 1-hour window after a break) and were effective to counteract the negative effects of time-on-task. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driving breaks (Countermeasures) KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Naturalistic driving research KW - Rest periods KW - Risk analysis KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51387/Work-Hours-HOS.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01349370 AU - Jovanis, Paul P AU - Wu, Kun-Feng AU - Chen, Chen AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Hours of Service and Driver Fatigue: Driver Characteristics Research PY - 2011/05//Final Report SP - 88p AB - There is a need to quantitatively and qualitatively associate crash occurrence with a range of commercial truck driver characteristics, including hours of driving and hours worked over multiple days. The need arises because of the desire to continue to refine Federal hours-of-service (HOS) regulations for truck drivers. An additional factor is the inconsistent and sometimes contradictory findings of truck driver safety research. This research used the probability of a crash after a certain amount of time driving given no crashes until that time. Carrier-supplied driver logs for periods of 1–2 weeks prior to each crash were used and compared to a random sample (two drivers) of non-crash-involved drivers selected from the same company, terminal, and month using a case-control logistic regression formulation. Data were separated into truckload (TL) and less-than-truckload (LTL) analyses because previous research indicated differences in crash contributing factors for these two segments of the trucking industry. Considering all the data, there is a consistent increase in crash odds as driving time increases. LTL drivers experienced increased crash odds after the 6th hour of driving. Breaks from driving reduced crash odds. In particular, a second break reduced crash odds by 32 percent for TL drivers and 51 percent for LTL drivers. There was, however, an increase in crash odds associated with the return to work after a recovery period of 34 hours or more. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driving breaks (Countermeasures) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Less than truckload traffic KW - Rest periods KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truckload trucking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51317/HOS-Driver-Fatigue.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01349369 AU - Brock, John F AU - Short, Jeffrey AU - Camden, Matthew C AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Vlahos, Nicholas J AU - Bergoffen, Gene AU - MaineWay Services AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Efficacy of Web-Based Instruction to Provide Training on Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations PY - 2011/05//Final Report SP - 109p AB - This report presents an evaluation of the current state-of-the-art Web-based instruction (WBI), reviews the current computer platforms of potential users of WBI, reviews the current status of WBI applications for Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) stakeholders, and sets out specific instances of WBI successes in other Government regulatory agencies. The report also presents a set of measures that the FMCSA can use to measure the efficacy of any future WBI system that may be used to inform motor carriers and drivers, as well as Federal and State enforcement personnel, about regulations. Also included in this report is a literature review of general WBI literature, FMCSA and U.S. Department of Transportation uses of WBI, and other Federal and State Government WBI applications. KW - Computer based training KW - Distance learning KW - Education and training KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Law enforcement personnel KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor carriers KW - State of the art KW - Truck drivers KW - Web based training KW - Webinars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51310/FMCSA-RRR-11-012-Web-Based_Instruction.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108831 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522248 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Entry-Level Training of Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers PY - 2011/04 SP - 4p AB - In order to better explore the potential advantages of simulation training, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has established and sponsored a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) Driving Simulator Validation (SimVal) research program. This study represents the second phase of this research program, tasked with exploring the use of simulators in entry-level CMV driver training and testing. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Truck drivers KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51355/SimVal-Entry-Level.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306427 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522243 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Showcase of Advanced Simulator Capabilities for Training and Testing Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers PY - 2011/04 SP - 4p AB - It is widely recognized that the operation of a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) requires a variety of specialized skills and knowledge. However, CMV drivers may not practice or experience situations requiring these skills on a regular basis. Due to this, refresher and defensive driving training and testing of CMV drivers may be valuable. The Advanced Capabilities Showcase (ACS) was a demonstration of how state-of-the-art driving simulators can be used in CMV defensive driving training and testing. These advanced capabilities include the ability to simulate emergency maneuvers and extreme driving conditions along with different vehicle configurations (e.g., vans, tankers, and doubles). This showcase had two primary goals: explore the realism and effectiveness of each simulated emergency maneuver and extreme driving condition; and demonstrate the ability to assess driver performance during simulated emergency maneuvers and extreme driving conditions while examining driver performance based on experience level. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver experience KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51354/SimVal-ACS.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01354085 AU - Morgan, Justin F AU - Trimble, Tammy E AU - Bowman, Darrell S AU - Baker, Stephanie AU - Pickett, Racquel AU - Murray, Dan AU - Bergoffen, Gene AU - MaineWay Services AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Synthesis of Literature Relating to Cellular Telephone/Personal Digital Assistant Use in Commercial Truck and Bus Operations PY - 2011/04//Final Report SP - 32p AB - There is an increasing awareness of the role of driver distraction in commercial motor vehicle crashes. This study presents the results of efforts to expand current knowledge of truck and motorcoach industry practices regarding commercial driver distraction. The project involved a thorough literature review on driver distraction. Little research specifically addressed commercial driver distraction; those studies that did examine commercial driving typically found significant degradations in driver performance due to visually demanding device use. However, the findings of automotive driver distraction research vary based on the type of examination (i.e., simulator, test-track, or naturalistic data collection methods) and the aspect of phone use. These findings, in light of the importance and potential safety risks posed by driver distraction, may help guide further research into the nature and magnitude of distraction faced by CMV drivers as part of their normal job functions. KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus drivers KW - Cellular telephones KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Distraction KW - Performance KW - Personal digital assistants KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51275/Cell-PDA-Use-in-Commercial-Truck-and-Bus-Operations.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1116695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01345036 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2008 PY - 2011/04//Special Report SP - 70p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2008. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Data aggregation KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/84149/1/96746_A10.pdf UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/84149 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1106020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01344980 AU - Rossetti, Michael A AU - Johnsen, Michael AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Weather and Climate Impacts on Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety PY - 2011/04//Final Report SP - 88p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has an interest in how adverse weather may influence trucking industry practices, and what climate change might mean for future FMCSA efforts to reduce weather-related crashes. Weather conditions influence commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operations and driver safety through wet pavement, impaired visibility, heavy precipitation, frozen precipitation, flooding, high winds, extremes of temperature, and other factors. Climate variability and climate change may also increase these exposures by affecting the distribution, frequency, or intensity of those weather events. Regional, State, and/or local impacts projected by climate change studies may have future implications for CMV safety. Should climate change result in more frequent or intense storms affecting CMVs, the historic decline in weather-related crashes may level off. This could pose challenges to FMCSA’s primary mission, and the agency may need to explore different strategies for reducing weather-related crashes, such as education and training programs or technologies that could alert drivers of adverse weather conditions. KW - Climate KW - Climate change KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Weather conditions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/50000/50100/50134/Weather-Impacts-on-CMV-Safety-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01340790 AU - Morgan, Justin F AU - Tidwell, Scott A AU - Medina, Alejandra AU - Blanco, Myra AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle Driving Simulator Validation Study: Phase II PY - 2011/04//Final Report SP - 272p AB - This study examined the effectiveness of a driving simulator for entry-level commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver training and testing. Four training groups of 107 individuals (conventional 8-week certified course, conventional 8-week certified course with 60 percent of driving in a simulator, informal training with friends/relatives, and commercial’s driver license [CDL] test-focused short courses) were followed from training into employment. There were no group differences in Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) road tests. There were group differences in DMV range tests and validated real truck and simulator re-creations of DMV road and range tests. Conventional and simulator groups generally scored higher than informal and CDL test-focused participants. A 4-month follow-up after being hired as a CDL driver indicated no differences in performance, safety, self- or supervisory-ratings. Findings support the use of CMV driving simulator-based training, but simulator-based testing does not appear to be feasible at this point. Cost analysis indicated simulator training using the study simulator was $35/participant less expensive than conventional training. The simulator was examined in a demonstration of extreme conditions and emergency maneuvers under different vehicle configurations with 48 other drivers. Also provided is a case study of existing implementations of CMV simulator training, indicating benefits, drawbacks, and drivers’ overall opinions. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51353/Simulator-Validation-Study-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1102701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01340382 AU - Gay, Kevin AU - Horton, Suzanne AU - On, Sung Teak AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Intervention Model in Fiscal Year 2007 PY - 2011/04//Final Report SP - 33p AB - This report presents results from FMCSA’s Roadside Intervention Model for fiscal year 2007. The model estimates the number of crashes avoided, as well as injuries avoided and lives saved, as a result of the Agency’s roadside inspection program. The Roadside Intervention Model uses a risk-based approach to estimate the benefits of the roadside inspection program. With this approach, each violation detected at the roadside is assigned a crash risk. When these violations are corrected as a result of an inspection, the associated crash risks are removed and the number of crashes, fatalities, and injuries prevented can be estimated. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Effectiveness KW - Inspection KW - Roadside KW - Safety programs KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37900/37946/Intervention-2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1102483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383552 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2007 Montana Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2011/03//Special Report SP - 35p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Montana. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Montana crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. It is estimated that Montana reported 81.0 percent of reportable crash involvements in 2007. Reporting rates were found to be related to crash severity, the configuration of the vehicle, and the type of enforcement agency that covered the crash. Over 97 percent of fatal crash involvements were reported, 80.2 percent of injury/transported involvements, and 80.2 percent of towed/disabled involvements. Trucks were reported at a significantly higher rate than buses. Large trucks, especially truck tractors, were reported at a higher rate than smaller trucks. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Montana crash files were reasonably consistent, though specific problems were noted with respect to some variables. The timeliness of report was outstanding, with almost 99 percent of records submitted to the MCMIS file within 90 days of the crash. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Missing data KW - Montana KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89596/1/102788.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01343278 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2008 (Version February 1, 2011) PY - 2011/03//Special Report SP - 140p AB - This report provides documentation for the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's (UMTRI’s) file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2008, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2008 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Transit buses KW - United States UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/83431 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01343276 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2008 PY - 2011/03//Special Report SP - 100p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks involved in traffic accidents in 2008. The statistics are derived from the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash records KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck configurations KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/84148 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01342825 AU - Barr, Lawrence C AU - Yang, C Y David AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Olson, Rebecca AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Assessment of Driver Drowsiness, Distraction, and Performance in a Naturalistic Setting PY - 2011/02//Tech Brief SP - 4p AB - The study summarized herein characterizes episodes of driver drowsiness and assesses the impact of driver drowsiness on driving performance using the naturalistic data of local/short haul (L/SH) truck drivers. The results of the study help to provide a better understanding of the relationship between drowsiness and the safety of driver behavior and performance. It is hoped that this information will be useful in identifying effective countermeasures for drowsy driving. KW - Attention lapses KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Distraction KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Long haul carriers KW - Short haul KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1103201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01339091 AU - Barr, Lawrence C AU - Yang, C Y David AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Olson, Rebecca AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - An Assessment of Driver Drowsiness, Distraction, and Performance in a Naturalistic Setting PY - 2011/02//Final Report SP - 92p AB - This report documents the results of a study to characterize episodes of driver drowsiness and to assess the impact of drowsiness on driving performance. This data mining effort performed additional analyses on the data collected in an earlier Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) study of the effects of fatigue on drivers in local/short haul operations. The primary objectives of the study were to investigate drowsiness as a naturally occurring phenomenon by identifying and characterizing episodes of drowsiness that occurred during every period of driving and to determine the operational or driving-environment factors associated with drowsy driving. A total of 2,745 drowsy events were identified in approximately 900 total hours of naturalistic driving video data. Higher levels of drowsiness were found to be associated with younger and less experienced drivers. In addition, a strong and consistent relationship was found between drowsiness and time of day. Drowsy driving events were twice as likely to occur between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m., as compared to baseline, or non-drowsy driving, and approximately 30 percent of all observed instances of drowsiness occurred within the first hour of the work shift. Some interesting insights about the relationship between driver fatigue or drowsiness and driver distraction and inattention are provided. This study presents an analytical framework for quantitatively assessing driver fatigue and drowsiness as a function of driver characteristics and the driving environment. KW - Attention lapses KW - Distraction KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Driving environments KW - Driving performance KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Naturalistic driving research KW - Periods of the day KW - Video data UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51252/11-010-RP-Distraction-and-Performance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1101697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01340409 AU - Gertler, Judith AU - Murray, James AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - SmartPark Truck Parking Availability System: Video Technology Field Operational Test Results PY - 2011/01//Final Report SP - 91p AB - This report presents the results of a field operational test (FOT) of an innovative system to monitor parking availability in a public truck parking area. The system used an off-the-shelf video-based traffic monitoring system. The self-contained monitoring equipment was solar-powered and used Ethernet radios to transmit vehicle entrance and exit events to an onsite, networked computer. Four Web cameras mounted on the service center building provided real-time views of the entire parking area to enable collection of ground truth data on facility occupancy. The FOT consisted of functional and performance tests. Initial tests found the vehicle detection accuracy met the desired 96 percent accuracy, but accuracy of vehicle length detection was below the required accuracy. Night detection was less accurate, primarily due to multiple detections of individual vehicles. Final tests occurred following improvements to the image processing software. The authors’ vehicle presence detector configuration and vehicle length detection algorithm was more accurate than the detector configuration that used the system’s capabilities alone. Hardware problems with the outbound camera and the less than required accuracy of the vehicle classification prevented evaluation of facility occupancy estimates. Because the video-based technology did not meet the performance requirement for vehicle classification accuracy, the FMCSA will be repeating the field operations test with another technology to be announced. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Field studies KW - Image analysis KW - Parking KW - Remote monitoring system KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Video cameras UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51360/SmartPark-Video.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1102453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01340385 AU - Fallon, John AU - Howard, Kareem AU - VehicleSense, Inc. AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - SmartPark Truck Parking Availability System: Magnetometer Technology Field Operational Test Results PY - 2011/01//Final Report SP - 53p AB - The purpose of this project was to conduct field operations tests to determine the feasibility of using magnetometry to determine truck parking availability. The field operations tests were conducted at two locations: a private truck stop, Interstate Travel Plaza, on U.S. 1 in Wrentham, MA and at a public rest stop, Mile Marker 9 on I-95 northbound in Mansfield, MA. The magnetometry technology detects the presence of a truck by a disturbance in the earth’s magnetic field. The technology deploys an inexpensive wireless, battery-powered vehicle sensor unit (size of a soda can) embedded in the pavement to measure the disturbance and trigger the event. A base station unit wirelessly collects the event data from a group of four to six vehicle sensor units. A parking area relay wirelessly collects the event data from all the base station units and transmits the aggregated data to a centralized database server where a detection/classification processor uses rules-based algorithms to determine truck parking availability for an entire truck parking area. A ground truth camera was installed to allow for manual verification of (1) the detection of a vehicle (presence or absence) and (2) the classification of a vehicle (car, truck, or other). The magnetometry performed vehicle detection at an accuracy rate of 96.2% at Mile Marker 9 (n=2056 vehicles) and 96.5% at Interstate Travel Plaza (n=1241 vehicles). There were no overcounts, but there were undercounts (false negative detections). Furthermore, the magnetometry achieved only a vehicle classification accuracy of 92.2% at Mile Marker 9 (same sample size as given above) and 78.6% at Interstate Travel Plaza (same sample size as given above). Because the magnetometry technology did not meet performance requirements for vehicle classification accuracy, FMCSA will be repeating the field operations test with another technology to be announced. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Demonstration projects KW - Field studies KW - Magnetometer detectors KW - Parking KW - Parking availability KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle detectors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51359/SmartPark-Magnetometer.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1102452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01337860 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Pettis, Leslie AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2008 (Version January 21, 2011) PY - 2011/01//Special Report SP - 167p AB - This report provides documentation for the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2008, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2008 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Coding systems KW - Crash data KW - Data files KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Truck crashes KW - United States UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/83151/1/48532_A53.pdf UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/83151 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1100577 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592629 TI - Research Methodologies and Statistical Approaches to Understanding Driver Fatigue Factors in Motor Carrier Safety and Driver Health AB - The objective of this project was to better understand driver fatigue issues and provide expert direction and support for future Agency research and methodologies. The Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT), a component of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)/National Research Council (NRC), conducted a panel study to identify optimal research and statistical methodologies to better understand driver fatigue. This study assessed the large amounts of data already generated by onboard electronic monitoring systems and naturalistic driving studies. NAS informed the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) of the panel’s findings, conclusions, and recommendations. A final report is available to the public. KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Health KW - Methodology KW - Monitoring KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/research-methodologies-and-statistical-approaches-understanding-driver UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400231 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349868 AU - Muttart, Jeffrey AU - Fisher, Donald AU - Kauderer, Chris AU - Bartlett, Wade AU - Peck, Louis AU - Guderian, Steven AU - Ton, Lisa AU - Muttart, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Influence of Riding Experience on Glance Behavior, Brake Response Time and Deceleration Rates by Drivers and Motorcyclists PY - 2011 SP - pp 461-468 AB - The focus of the research was to address the crash avoidance behaviors of drivers versus motorcyclists. Avoidance tasks include attention maintenance and hazard anticipation measured with glance behaviors, and hazard mitigation measured with response times and deceleration. Specifically, where might the driver behavior be similar or different than that of a motorcyclist? The performances of 23 participants were analyzed while they drove a car and rode a motorcycle over the same low-volume, open roads. Participants wore eye-tracking equipment used to record eye-glance information while the motorcycle and car were instrumented with an on-board accelerometer and GPS apparatus. Operators also responded by braking quickly to a stop when an LED, mounted in front of them, was illuminated. Motorcyclists spent less time glancing toward the road ahead and made fewer last-glances toward the direction of most threatening traffic before turning when riding the motorcycle, as opposed to when driving a car. Additionally, motorcyclists’ response times were similar to those when driving, yet motorcyclists decelerated less sharply compared to drivers. These results suggest that riders may be exposing themselves to unnecessary risk. Specifically, motorcyclists frequently failed to make proper glances and practice optimal riding techniques. The implication of these results relative to a training curriculum is discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Accident avoidance KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - Deceleration KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcyclists KW - Reaction time KW - Risk analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112791 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349867 AU - Pinto, Maria AU - Cavallo, Viola AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Influence of Headlight Design on Sensory Conspicuity of Powered Two Wheelers PY - 2011 SP - pp 373-379 AB - Conspicuity of Powered Two Wheelers (PTW) according to their frontal headlight design was evaluated in a car Daytime Running Light (DRL) environment. Three innovative headlight arrangements were studied: a triangle configuration, a lighted helmet and a colored frontal headlight. It was found that the helmet and the colored configuration led to better PTW detection performances than the standard configuration (a unique white headlight), especially when the PTW was far away. The triangle configuration did not prove to be effective. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Design KW - Headlamps KW - Highway safety KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108735 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349866 AU - Roelofs, Erik AU - van Onna, Marieke AU - Brookhuis, Karel AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Developing Driving Task Scenarios for Developmentally Tailored Driving Assessments: Using An Evidence-Centered Design Model PY - 2011 SP - pp 387-393 AB - A systematic procedure was described by which task scenarios can be derived as a basis for educationally informative and developmentally tailored driving assessments. To this end, Mislevy´s evidence centered design model for assessment was applied to the driving context. Borrowing from recent theories on driving and driving errors, task environment attributes were derived which may complicate the sub processes of driving and thus may result in varying task difficulty. A universe of assessment tasks was defined by combining basic driving tasks and critical task environment attributes. A collection of 55 critical driving task scenarios was selected from 39 video recorded driving lessons, throughout different stages of driving education. Results of a difficulty rating study pertaining to these scenarios including experienced driving instructors show that the scenarios discriminate well between beginning and advanced learner drivers. Successful scenario solution can be predicted by using an IRT function, where solution probability is a function of driver ability and task difficulty. Implications for assessment design activities are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driver errors KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving assessments KW - Driving tasks KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108738 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349865 AU - Samuel, Siby AU - Pollatsek, Alexander AU - Fisher, Donald AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Texting While Driving: Evaluation of Glance Distributions for Frequent/Infrequent Texters and Keypad/Touchpad Texters PY - 2011 SP - pp 424-432 AB - The threat that cell-phones pose to driving has been a well researched topic. There are fewer studies of the threat that texting creates for drivers, but the risks are obvious and the few existing studies confirm this. What is not obvious is whether frequent texters will expose themselves to the same risks as infrequent texters. This is important to know because many texters, especially teens who text frequently, may consider themselves immune to the dangers of texting while driving. As such, a comparison of frequent and infrequent texters was undertaken on a driving simulator. It is also not immediately clear what effects the different types of interfaces have on driving performance while text messaging. The interfaces under evaluation included keypad or “qwerty” phones (e.g., Blackberries) and touchpad phones (iPhone). It was found that the frequent and infrequent texters were equally likely to glance at least once for more than 2s inside the vehicle while sending a text message. It was also found that touchpad texters had a larger number of glances above the 2s threshold than keypad users, though this difference was not significant. The implications of this for future public policy are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye movements KW - Highway safety KW - Text messaging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112705 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349864 AU - Rosen, Peter AU - Akinwuntan, Abiodun AU - Wachtel, Jerry AU - Boer, Erwin AU - Weinreb, Robert AU - Medeiros, Felipe AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Fitness in Patients with Cognitive Impairment and Glaucoma PY - 2011 SP - pp 233-240 AB - Recent evidence suggests a relationship between cognitive impairment and glaucoma. Whether impaired visual perception in glaucoma contributes to reduced cognitive function in patients with dementia, or cognitive impairment further limits visual perception due to optic nerve damage in glaucoma is unclear. One objective of this study was to see if there were significant differences on measures of perceptual, cognitive and driving performance between older drivers with cognitive impairment and/or glaucoma who still had good visual acuity. A second goal was to measure the strength of association between measures of visual, cognitive, and driving performance. 302 older drivers were classified as having glaucoma alone (n=69), cognitive impairment alone (n=41), both (n=21) or neither (n=171). All participants had good visual acuity, a valid drivers license and were still driving. Demographic, health status, driving accidents and clinical tests of vision and driving performance variables were analyzed using one-way ANOVAS and Pearson correlations. Across demographic, clinical and driving measures there were significant differences between those with cognitive impairment, with or without glaucoma, and controls. Subjects with glaucoma showed significant differences with controls on accidents, driving simulation tests of divided attention and car following delay. Driving simulator and UFOV measures were significantly correlated with self reported accidents. Driving simulation is a valid way to evaluate task performance and may be a more sensitive and salient method of detecting the additive and/or interactive effects of glaucoma and cognitive impairment in older drivers than vision and neuropsychological tests alone. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Driving simulators KW - Glaucoma KW - Highway safety KW - Physical fitness KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107745 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349863 AU - Jenness, James AU - Huey, Richard AU - McCloskey, Shawn AU - Singer, Jeremiah AU - Walrath, Jeremy AU - Lubar, Elisha AU - Lerner, Neil AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Perception of Approaching Motorcycles by Distracted Drivers May Depend on Auxiliary Lighting Treatments: A Field Experiment PY - 2011 SP - pp 525-531 AB - A field experiment was conducted in daylight with 32 participants to determine whether left turning drivers’ gap acceptance in front of approaching motorcycles depends on the motorcycle’s forward lighting treatment. Five experimental lighting treatments including a modulated high beam headlamp, or the low beam headlamp plus pairs of low-mounted auxiliary lamps, high-mounted auxiliary lamps, both high- and low-mounted auxiliary lamps, or low-mounted LED lamps were compared to a baseline treatment with only the low beam headlamp illuminated. Participants viewed the approaching traffic stream (including the motorcycle) on an active roadway and indicated when it would be safe (and not safe) to initiate a left turn across the opposing lanes. Participants also shared their attention with a secondary visual distraction task that took their eyes off the forward roadway. Participants did not know that the purpose of the study was to measure their responses to approaching motorcycles. Based on participants’ indications of the last safe moment to turn, the mean temporal safety margin provided to the approaching motorcycle did not differ significantly between any of the experimental lighting treatments and the baseline treatment. However, having either low-mounted auxiliary lamps or modulated high beam lamps on the motorcycle significantly reduced the probability of obtaining a potentially unsafe short safety margin as compared to the baseline lighting treatment. Overall, the results suggest that enhancing the frontal conspicuity of motorcycles with lighting treatments beyond an illuminated low beam headlamp may be an effective countermeasure for daytime crashes involving right-of-way violations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Auxiliary headlamps KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Highway safety KW - Left turns KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycles KW - Oncoming traffic KW - Perception KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112811 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349862 AU - Langevin, Sabine AU - Dommes, Aurelie AU - Cavallo, Viola AU - Oxley, Jennifer AU - Vienne, Fabrice AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Cognitive, Perceptual and Motor Decline as Predictors of Risky Street-Crossing Decisions in Older Pedestrians PY - 2011 SP - pp 409-416 AB - Older pedestrians are well known to be over-involved in road crashes compared to younger pedestrians. This study investigates the extent to which risky street-crossing decisions in older pedestrians can be explained by age-related declines of cognitive, perceptual and physical abilities. Three age groups of participants (young, young-old, old-old) were evaluated in a street-crossing task and performed a series of functional tests. The results showed that age-related slowing in walking speed as well as a decline in cognitive flexibility and in visual acuity play a substantial role in risky decisions by the elderly. The implications of these findings, particularly in the development of a mixed physical-cognitive training to enhance the older pedestrians’ road crossing decisions in complex environments, are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged KW - Cognition KW - Decision making KW - Motor skills KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Perception KW - Risk analysis KW - Walking speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108742 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349861 AU - Golz, Martin AU - Sommer, David AU - Krajewski, Jarek AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - Edwards, Dave AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Microsleep Episodes and Related Crashes During Overnight Driving Simulations PY - 2011 SP - pp 39-45 AB - Microsleep (MS) episodes and related crashes were studied in an overnight driving simulation study. A new definition of MS proposed recently was applied and the mean number as well as the mean length of MS was calculated. MS occurred much more frequently than crashes. Within all pre-crash intervals (length 1 minute) the percentage of MS was calculated. Results showed that there are numerous MS episodes before every crash. The mean length of MS was between 5 and 9 seconds and did not change significantly during the night. The mean MS percentage was high within pre-crash intervals (60-80%) and is a predictor for crashes. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Crash causes KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Microsleep episodes KW - Night KW - Nighttime crashes KW - Sleep KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107554 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349860 AU - Mehler, Bruce AU - Reimer, Bryan AU - Wang, Ying AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Comparison of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Indices in Distinguishing Single-Task Driving and Driving Under Secondary Cognitive Workload PY - 2011 SP - pp 590-597 AB - Heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) measures collected under actual highway driving from 25 young adults were compared to assess the relative sensitivity of each for distinguishing between a period of single task driving and periods of low and high additional cognitive workload. Basic heart rate, skin conductance and most, but not all, of the HRV indices were significantly different between single task driving and the high secondary demand period. Heart rate and skin conductance were also robust at distinguishing between single task driving and the low added demand period; however, several HRV measures did not show statistically significant differences between these two periods and the remaining HRV measures that did were less robust than basic heart rate as assessed by effect size and observed power. Rather than attempting to argue for the inherent superiority of any one physiological measure, these findings are presented with the intent of encouraging a broader discussion around the conditions under which particular physiological measures may be most useful and/or complementary for detecting different aspects of workload and operator state. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Cognitive work analysis KW - Driver workload KW - Driving KW - Heart KW - Heart rate KW - Physiological aspects KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112888 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349859 AU - Jongen, Ellen AU - Komlos, Marcell AU - Brijs, Tom AU - Wets, Geert AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Inhibitory Control and Reward Predict Risky Driving in Young Novice Drivers: A Simulator Study PY - 2011 SP - pp 539-546 AB - The purpose of this study is to unravel the cognitive mechanisms that underlie risky driving in young novice drivers. Based on the two pillars of the Dual Systems Model of adolescent risk taking, the authors hypothesized that (1) lower capacity for cognitive control (inhibitory control), (2) a rewarding context, and (3) the interaction of these predict risky driving and constitute part of the cognitive basis for the large number of crashes in the young novice driver population. Two groups different in age (n=31, 17-18 year-olds; n=22, 22-24 year-olds), but equal in driving experience participated in the experiment. Each participant completed two 28km test-drives in a STISIM M400 driving simulator. In the first drive, participants were asked to drive as they normally do. For the second drive, participants were told they could obtain a monetary reward for completing the drive as fast as possible, although for each collision or traffic violation (except speeding), penalty time would be imposed. Inhibitory control was measured by means of a stop signal reaction time task (SSRT). Measures of risky driving included: standard deviation of lateral lane position (SDLP), responses to critical events, speeding, and red light running. The authors found that: (1) inhibitory control still improves within the young driver population; (2) lowered inhibitory control had a driving specific effect: drivers with lower inhibitory control (SSRT) had a higher SDLP; (3) a rewarding context predicts risky driving as speeding and red light running occurred more often in the trip with than without reward. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Cognition KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driving simulators KW - High risk drivers KW - Incentives KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Risk taking KW - Teenage drivers KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112849 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349858 AU - Palinko, Oskar AU - Kun, Andrew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Exploring the Influence of Light and Cognitive Load on Pupil Diameter Driving Simulator Studies PY - 2011 SP - pp 329-336 AB - Pupil diameter can be used as a physiological measure of cognitive load in driving simulator studies. However, pupil size depends on both cognitive load and lighting conditions. In order to accurately estimate cognitive load these two effects must be separated. In this study the authors introduce illumination only, cognitive only and combined tasks. Based on these they decouple the two effects on pupil diameter and they design a predictor of the pupil’s reaction to light which can be used to estimate changes in pupil diameter that are due to cognitive load. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Cognition KW - Cognitive load KW - Diameter KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Light KW - Pupils (Eyes) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108728 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349857 AU - Cavallo, Viola AU - Pinto, Maria AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evaluation of Motorcycle Conspicuity in a Car DRL Environment PY - 2011 SP - pp 291-297 AB - Daytime Running Lights (DRL) on motorcycles have been shown to counteract the inherently lower sensory conspicuity of these vehicles and to significantly improve their safety. The advantage of the use of DRL exclusively by motorcycles is presently becoming lost by the increasing use of DRLs on cars. The present experiment aimed at evaluating the effects of car DRLs on motorcycle perception in a situation that specifically brought attentional conspicuity to bear. Photographs representing complex urban traffic scenes were displayed to 24 participants who were asked to detect vulnerable road users (motorcyclists, bicyclists, pedestrians) appearing at different locations and distances. Car DRLs noticeably hampered motorcycle perception compared to conditions where car lights were not on, especially when the motorcycle was at a greater distance from the observer and when it was located in the central part of the visual scene. Car DRLs were also detrimental to the perception of bicyclists and pedestrians. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to motorcyclists and other vulnerable road users when introducing car DRLs. Several means of improving motorcycle conspicuity in car DRL environments are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Automobiles KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107801 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349856 AU - Perez, Miguel AU - Viita, Derek AU - Hankey, Jonathan AU - Voran-Nowak, Sherri AU - Tengler, Steven AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - On-Road Evaluation of Destination Entry and Wayfinding Tasks: Comparisons Against Normal Driving PY - 2011 SP - pp 401-408 AB - While relative comparisons between “distracting” tasks (e.g. dialing a cell phone vs. talking on the cell phone) are useful, “normal driving” remains the benchmark for any task performed by the driver while a vehicle is in motion. Arguably, tasks that are less risky will result in observed patterns of driver behavior that are closer to those observed during normal driving. This paper describes the outcome of a study to compare destination entry and wayfinding across different navigation devices (with different input modalities) against epochs where the driver was not tasked with any other secondary or tertiary tasks (beyond occasional conversation with the experimenter). Results indicate some significant differences between destination entry tasks and normal driving, the magnitudes of which are mainly modulated by the input modality. Differences were less obvious during the navigation tasks, likely due to the intermittent nature of interactions with the navigation device in that context. Total eyes off-road time was also subjected to comparisons against previously published crash and near-crash risk estimate models. The results suggest that, assuming confidence in the models, there may be differences in the levels of crash and near-crash risk associated with different navigation devices. The approach is presented as a potential additional metric to consider in assessing devices that are used by drivers in moving vehicles. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Destination entry KW - Driving KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Risk analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wayfinding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108741 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349855 AU - Dommes, Aurelie AU - Langevin, Sabine AU - Cavallo, Viola AU - Oxley, Jennifer AU - Vienne, Fabrice AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effect of Traffic Complexity and Speed on Young and Elderly Pedestrians' Street-Crossing Decisions PY - 2011 SP - pp 635-642 AB - This experiment aimed at studying the effects of age, traffic complexity and speed of the approaching cars on the probability of a pedestrian to be involved in a crash. Fifty nine participants aged between 20-84 years took part in a street-crossing estimation task in a simulated road environment. The results showed an overall higher number of ‘collisions’ with increasing age. While the number of collisions did not vary according to traffic complexity and speed of the approaching cars in the young group, the older participants were more likely to make decisions that led to collisions when the traffic was approaching from two rather than one direction, and at a high speed. The findings were discussed in relation to the effects of age-related cognitive and perceptual limitation on difficulties in selecting safe gaps. The present results have implications for improving older pedestrians’ safety in terms of road design, speed reduction measures, and training opportunities. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Decision making KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Traffic complexity KW - Traffic speed KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112901 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349854 AU - Musicant, Oren AU - Toledo, Tomer AU - Lotan, Tsippy AU - Grimberg, Einat AU - Ganor, Dov AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Integrating Kinematic- and Vision-Based Information to Better Understand Driving Behaviour PY - 2011 SP - pp 518-524 AB - This study explored the use of two types of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) as tools for observing driving behavior. The first was a kinematic-based ADAS that uses speed and acceleration data to detect driving events such as hard braking, speeding and sharp turning. The second was a vision-based ADAS that uses video data to provide lane departure warnings (LDW), headway warnings (HW) and forward collision warnings (FCW). Data was collected for more than 4,500 trips and 2,200 driving hours during a period of 70 days. The sample consisted of 10 drivers that used both types of ADAS simultaneously. The information collected also included more than 17,000 records of various types of driving events. First, the events rates were estimated by the Poisson and the Poisson-lognormal models. Then, Pearson correlation and factor analysis were implemented to study the relationships among the events and to evaluate whether different types of events converged to describe the same behaviors. Significant correlations were observed between the braking and turning kinematic-based events and the FCW vision-based event, which converged under the same factor. High rates of these events may indicate that the person is driving in an urban style. The LDW, HW and speeding events converged to the second factor, which is more relevant in inter-urban areas. These findings, although based on a small-scale study, point to a potential for the use of commercial ADAS for driving behavior analysis. The integration of kinematic-based and vision-based information can provide deeper understanding of the measured behavior. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Driver support systems KW - Driving KW - Kinematics KW - Speed KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112809 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349853 AU - Balk, Stacy AU - Inman, Vaughan AU - Perez, William AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Developing a Driver-Centric Roadway Classification System with Multidimensional Scaling PY - 2011 SP - pp 158-164 AB - Various systems exist to classify roadway environments; however most do not consider driver-relevant perceptual components. A perceptually based roadway classification system has the potential to support the placement of signage (or removal of extraneous clutter) in the right-of-way as a means to enhance driver performance. The present study sought to determine which environmental factors are attended to by roadway users. Thirteen participants first rated the similarity of 14 roadway environments and then rated each environment on 5 different descriptors (built-up, clutter, openness, aesthetically pleasing, organized/predictable). The resultant data were analyzed using a methodology rarely taken advantage of in the field of transportation: Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). MDS revealed the participants relied on two primary dimensions when rating the similarity of the roadway environments. These two dimensions related closely with: 1) organization/predictability and 2) clutter and aesthetics. This methodology provides a simple way to gain access to drivers’ perceptions of the roadway environment and appears to be a promising first step toward developing a user-focused roadway classification system. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Drivers KW - Highway classification KW - Perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107669 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349852 AU - Coutermarsh, Barry AU - MacDonald, Kelley AU - Shoop, Sally AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessing the Transfer of Simulator Trained Skills to Real Vehicle Control PY - 2011 SP - pp 562-568 AB - The Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory is conducting a project to investigate the value of a motion based simulator in teaching vehicle control for off-road driving conditions. A primary goal is to reduce accidents caused by the loss of control of high center-of-gravity military vehicles in situations normally not found in the civilian driving experience. This study presents data from a two year portion of the authors' work to develop metrics to assess the effectiveness of simulator training for developing vehicle control skills. For the first year, 10 drivers were trained using a simulator in an accident avoidance (AA) maneuver. Their performance was compared against 10 untrained drivers in a real vehicle. The second year 5 trained drivers from the first study were given sparse sustainment training in the simulator and again compared against 5 untrained drivers in a real vehicle. The authors considered metrics specifically related to the vehicle control aspects of the training to determine if the trainee acquired the necessary muscle memory to correctly implement the various vehicle control steps involved in the maneuver. They also briefly describe the participant’s views on their training experience. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Abilities KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver training KW - Driver vehicle control KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Loss of control KW - Transferability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112882 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349851 AU - Weinberg, Garrett AU - Harsham, Bret AU - Medenica, Zeljko AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Investigating HUDS for the Presentation of Choice Lists in Car Navigation Systems PY - 2011 SP - pp 195-202 AB - It has been established that head-down displays (HDDs), such as those commonly placed in the dashboard of commercial automobiles, can draw drivers’ attention away from the primary driving task (Bach et al., 2008). This problem can be exacerbated when screens are “busy” with graphics or rich information. In this paper, the authors present the results of a driving simulator-based user study where they examined two potential alternatives to HDDs for presenting textual lists. Subjects conducted a series of street name finding tasks using each of three system variants: one with a HDD, one with a head-up display (HUD), and one with only an auditory display. They found that the auditory display had the least impact on mental load, but at the expense of task completion efficiency. The HUD variant also had a low impact on mental load and scored highest in user satisfaction, and therefore appears to be the most viable target for future study. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Choices KW - Driver satisfaction KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Head up displays KW - Information display systems KW - Textual information display UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107689 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349850 AU - Backs, Richard AU - Tuttle, Stephanie AU - Conley, Davis AU - Cassavaugh, Nicholas AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Attention Factors Compared to Other Predictors of Simulated Driving Performance Across Age Groups PY - 2011 SP - pp 218-225 AB - Groups of young, middle-aged, and older adults performed a battery of computer-based attention tasks, the UFOV® and neuropsychological tests, and simulated low-speed driving in a suburban scenario. Results from the attention tasks were submitted to Maximum Likelihood factor analysis and 6 factors were extracted that explained more than 57% of the task variance. The factors were labeled speed, switching, visual search, executive, sustained, and divided attention in descending order of amount of task variance explained. The factor scores were used to predict simulated driving performance. Step-wise regressions were computed with driving performance as the criterion, and age, sex and the factor scores, the UFOV® scores, or the neuropsychological test scores as predictors. Results showed that the perceptual-motor speed and divided attention measures from the UFOV® and attention battery were more likely to explain driving performance variance than the neuropsychological tests. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Age groups KW - Attention KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Performance KW - Psychological tests KW - Useful field of view UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107743 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349849 AU - Katzourakis, Diomidis AU - Velenis, Efstathios AU - Happee, Riender AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Control Actions in High-Speed Circular Driving PY - 2011 SP - pp 598-605 AB - In this pilot study the authors investigate driver control actions during high speed cornering with a rear wheel drive vehicle. Six drivers were instructed to perform the fastest maneuvers possible around a marked circle, while trying to retain control of the vehicle and constant turning radius. The data reveal that stabilization of the vehicle is achieved with a combination of steering and throttle regulation. The results show that the drivers used steering control to compensate for disturbances in yaw rate and sideslip angle. Vehicle accustomed drivers had the most consistent performance resulting in reduced variance of task metrics and control inputs. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Circular test tracks KW - Driver vehicle control KW - Driving KW - High speed automobile travel KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112889 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349848 AU - Tregear, Stephen AU - Williams, Jessica AU - Funmilayo, Damilola AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Traumatic Brain Injury and Driver Safety: A Systematic Review PY - 2011 SP - pp 547-554 AB - Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) can lead to impairments in cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functions, which may ultimately affect an individual’s ability to drive. A systematic review was conducted to: 1) assess the impact of TBI on crash risk/driving performance; 2) determine what factors associated with TBI are predictive of increased crash risk/poor driving performance; and 3) determine if there is a likelihood of future seizure among individuals with a TBI who did not experience a seizure at the time of the injury. Results indicated that: 1) The available evidence is insufficient to determine whether crash risk is elevated for drivers with TBI compared to uninjured controls (Summary RR=1.32; 95% CI=0.77-2.25). However, driving performance was significantly impaired among individuals with TBI compared to uninjured controls (Strength of Evidence: Moderate); 2) Cognitive function measured by certain neuropsychological tests may predict the outcome of driving performance measured by a road test for patients with TBI. (Strength of Evidence: Moderate); and 3) Individuals with TBI who have not experienced a seizure within the first week post-injury still have a significant likelihood of experiencing late seizure(s). Frequencies of late seizures ranged from 1% to 25% during follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 11 years (Strength of Evidence: Moderate). The highest rate of late seizures (25%) was associated primarily with penetrating missile TBIs (Strength of Evidence: Minimally Acceptable [32% vs. 5%]). These findings have potential implications for regulatory agencies with responsibility for road safety. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Cognition KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Risk assessment KW - Seizures KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traumatic brain injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112850 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349847 AU - Lochner, Martin AU - Trick, Lana AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Attentional Tracking of Multiple Vehicles in a Highway Driving Scenario PY - 2011 SP - pp 144-150 AB - In this paper the authors introduce a 'vehicle tracking' task, which tests the ability of a driver to track the location of multiple vehicles on the roadway. Based on the 'multiple object tracking' task (Pylyshyn & Storm, 1988), the vehicle tracking task presents the driver with an array of identical vehicles immediately in front of the subject vehicle. The task consists of three distinct stages: encoding, during which the target vehicles are indicated to the driver; tracking, during which all vehicles change lanes in a random order; and report, during which the participant indicates the final location of the target vehicles. Using this methodology, the authors test the accuracy with which university-aged drivers can track multiple vehicles in a 3-lane highway driving scenario. Their particular interest in this paper is how the ability to attend to multiple vehicles changes as task load increases. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Attention KW - Driver workload KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Driving tasks KW - Highway safety KW - Taskload KW - Vehicle tracking KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107596 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349846 AU - Boer, Erwin AU - Cleij, Diane AU - Dawson, Jeffrey AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Serialization of Vehicle Control at Intersections in Older Drivers PY - 2011 SP - pp 17-23 AB - Negotiating intersections is a complex driving task that is particularly difficult for older drivers. This task requires accurate coordination of multiple driving subtasks, placing high demands on perception, attention and motor control that are known to decline with age. The authors analyzed intersection negotiation behavior in an instrumented vehicle and found striking differences in how drivers of different ages synchronize speed and heading control when turning right. The older drivers performed most of their steering while standing still instead of while accelerating as younger drivers do. This shift from parallel to serial control is a compensatory solution that drivers employ in response to age related decline in perception, cognition, and motor control abilities. Serialization of turning at an intersection reduces attentional demands largely by eliminating the need to switch attention between different driving sub-tasks. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Compensatory behaviors KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Intersections KW - Right turns KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107548 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349845 AU - Lyon, John AU - Borkenhagen, David AU - Scialfa, Charles AU - Deschenes, Micheline AU - Horswill, Mark AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Developing A North American Static Hazard Perception Test PY - 2011 SP - pp 629-634 AB - The authors examined the ability of young novice (M = .19 yrs experience) and experienced drivers (M = 5.1 yrs experience) to identify and localize frequently encountered roadway hazards using static images taken in western Canada. Dependent measures also included subjective ratings of hazard risk and scene clutter. Novice drivers reacted to roadway hazards more slowly while rating them as being less hazardous than young, experienced drivers. Using a small subset of scenes, it was determined that a brief hazard perception test employing static images could classify individuals with high accuracy (78%) and good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .91). U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driver experience KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - North America KW - Perception KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Risk analysis KW - Teenage drivers KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349844 AU - Son, Joonwoo AU - Mehler, Bruce AU - Lee, Taeyoung AU - Park, Yunsuk AU - Coughlin, Joseph AU - Reimer, Bryan AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Impact of Cognitive Workload on Physiological Arousal and Performance in Younger and Older Drivers PY - 2011 SP - pp 87-94 AB - Two groups, aged 25-35 and 60-69, engaged in 3 levels of a delayed auditory recall task while driving a simulated highway. Heart rate and skin conductance increased with each level of demand, demonstrating that these indices can correctly rank order cognitive workload. Effects were also observed on speed and SD of lane position, but they were subtle, nonlinear, and did not effectively differentiate. Patterns were quite consistent across age groups. These findings on the sensitivity of physiological measures replicate those from an on-road study using a similar protocol. Together, the results support the validity of using these physiological measures of workload in a simulated environment to model differences likely to be present under actual driving conditions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognition KW - Driver workload KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Physiology KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107562 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349843 AU - Young, Richard AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving Consistency Errors Overestimate Crash Risk from Cellular Conversation in Two Case-Crossover Studies PY - 2011 SP - pp 298-305 AB - The goal of this study is to help resolve the discrepancy in relative risk estimates between recent and early epidemiological studies of call-crash association. Recent epidemiological studies estimate a crash risk for cellular conversation near that of baseline driving – a relative risk of about one. In contrast, two early case-crossover studies estimated a relative crash risk of about four for cellular conversation while driving. One hypothesis to explain this fourfold discrepancy is that the early studies had less driving time in the control window on a day before the crash, than in the crash window just before the crash. This bias in driving exposure translated into relatively lower exposure to cellular conversation during control windows than during crash windows, thereby introducing an overestimate of the relative risk for cellular conversation while driving. To test this hypothesis, the present study developed a new driving consistency index (DCI), which measures the percentage overlap in driving times from one day to the next. The mean DCI for 240 vehicles in a Chicago GPS study with known driving times for two successive days was a surprisingly low 14.8%, substantially below the driving consistency estimates in the early case-crossover studies. After adjustment by the mean DCI, the relative risk estimates for cellular conversation while driving in the early case-crossover studies are about one, resolving the discrepancy with the more recent epidemiological studies. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Attention KW - Cellular telephones KW - Conversation while driving KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Distraction KW - Driver errors KW - Epidemiology KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107802 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349842 AU - Antin, Jon AU - Wotring, Brian AU - Foley, James AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Exploring Older Driver Lateral Head Rotations at Intersections Using Naturalistic Driving Data PY - 2011 SP - pp 380-386 AB - This study represented a meta-analysis across two naturalistic driving databases which were collected in the same geographic area but focused on distinct age groups. Differences in range of lateral head rotation between older and middle-aged drivers traversing the same pathway through unprotected left turn intersections were examined. These driving scenarios are known to be among the riskiest and most difficult for older drivers, who demonstrated an increased range of head rotation compared to their middle-aged counterparts. These results are interpreted in the context of possible compensation for reduced fields of view. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Driving KW - Field of view KW - Head motion range KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Naturalistic driving research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108736 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349841 AU - Manser, Michael AU - Creaser, Janet AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessing Driver Behavioral Adaptation to a Rural Intersection Driver Support System PY - 2011 SP - pp 10-16 AB - Driver support systems have the potential to improve driving safety. However, most research only evaluates initial performance with the system and does not evaluate continued adaptation to the system to determine if the benefit continues or is negated by unintended use of the system. The efficacy of a previously evaluated rural intersection driver support system was examined in a simulated driving environment relative to system introduction, continued use, and potential positive transfer/carry over effects. Participants drove through a simulated rural intersection twelve times each day for a week with an intersection decision support system turned off during days one and five and turned on days two, three, and four. This experimental design allowed for an examination of the efficacy of the driver support system upon initial introduction, after continued use, and whether there were any carry-over effects. Results indicated drivers benefited from the rural intersection driver support system and that the benefit continued as exposure to the system continued. In addition, drivers continued to benefit from system use even after the system was no longer available. Results are discussed in terms of driver performance while using the system. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Driver support systems KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107547 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349840 AU - Sumer, Nebi AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Cognitive and Psychomotor Correlates of Hazard Perception Ability and Risky Driving PY - 2011 SP - pp 211-217 AB - Deficits in specific cognitive and psychomotor capacities, such as attention, reaction time, memory, and hand-eye coordination ability are associated with increased crash risk, especially among older drivers (e.g., Anstey et al., 2005). Higher-order cognitive processes are also closely linked with hazard perception skills (e.g., Groeger, 2000). Employing a large professional driver sample, this study examines cognitive and psychomotor correlates of driver hazard perception detection accuracy (HPDA) and risky driving. Professional drivers (N = 2541) who applied to psycho-technical driver assessment centers were administered a number of computer-based measures of hazard perception, monotonous and selective attention, reasoning, visual pursuit, visual perception, hand-eye coordination, and reaction time. They also completed a self-reported measure of aberrant driver behaviors and reported the accidents involved and violation tickets taken in last three years. Results showed that attention capacity and psychomotor abilities were consistently associated with HPDA. Regression analyses revealed that selective attention, reasoning ability, and visual pursuit were moderately strong predictors of HPDA. These variables, however, weakly but significantly predicted the indicators of risky driving including aberrant driving behaviors, road traffic accidents, and violation tickets. These results suggest that hazard perception skills mediate the link between specific cognitive/perceptual skills and risky driving. The findings underscore the role of higher-order perceptual and cognitive processes, especially selective attention and reasoning, underlying hazard perception ability and have implications for driver assessment, training, and cognitive demands for driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Hand-eye coordination KW - Hazards KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Perception KW - Psychomotor ability KW - Reaction time KW - Reasoning KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107729 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349839 AU - Marshall, Dawn AU - Wallace, Robert AU - Torner, James AU - Birt-Leeds, Michelle AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effectiveness of an Intersection Violation Warning System PY - 2011 SP - pp 555-561 AB - People age 65 years and older are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population and the fastest growing sector of the driving population. When compared to other age groups, older drivers are overrepresented in intersection crashes (Subramanian & Lombardo, 2007; Braitman et al., 2006), and approximately half of the charges in fatal intersection crashes are for failure to obey the traffic control device. This project explored an in-vehicle warning system for failure-to-obey (running a stop sign or stop light) violations. Participants who were not using the system made nearly three times as many did-not- stop errors (27%) than participants who were using the system (10%). This effect was most pronounced in older drivers with more risk factors associated with crashes; however, the effect of age group was not statistically significant. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver support systems KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Traffic violations KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112852 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349838 AU - Pierce, Russell AU - Bian, Zheng AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Age-Related Limits of 3D Spatial Attention in Dual-Task Driving PY - 2011 SP - pp 314-320 AB - A previous experiment by Andersen, Ni, Bian and Kang (2010) examined the limits of 3D spatial attention in younger drivers. In the current experiment, the authors examined age-related differences in the extent of 3D spatial attention by assessing participants' ability to detect a light-change target in an array of lights over a simulated roadway while performing a car following task. The authors found that reaction time to light-change targets presented during a car following task varied as a function of distance and horizontal position in younger adults, but only a function of distance in older adults. That is, the breadth of spatial attention for older drivers is constant across various depths. However, the depth of spatial attention may be somewhat less for older drivers as they respond to targets far away at approximately the same speed as younger drivers do for the lights at the same distance in the most extreme horizontal position. The results of the present study suggest that tests to assess crash risk, such as the UFOV, are limited in scope because such tests fail to consider the variation in attention as a function of distance. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Car following KW - Distance KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Reaction time KW - Spatial attention tasks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108726 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349837 AU - Berthon-Donk, Vera AU - Grosjean, Marc AU - Rinkenauer, Gerhard AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effect of Feedback on Performance in the Lane-Change Test PY - 2011 SP - pp 277-283 AB - The Lane-Change Test (LCT) is an easy-to-use methodological tool that has proven useful for researching dual-task driving situations. This paper examines the effect of feedback on LCT performance. Feedback is important for maintaining the focus of attention on the primary (driving) task and providing motivation for learning. An experiment was conducted in which two driver groups performed the LCT with or without end-of-block summary feedback. Results showed that the presence of feedback significantly improved performance, as revealed by lower overall means and lower standard deviations (with practice) of lateral deviation values. The authors conclude that feedback can have a positive effect on performance in the LCT and, therefore, it may be critical to include such feedback when using this, as well as similar tasks, to investigate dual-task driving situations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Dual tasks KW - Feedback KW - Lane changing KW - Performance KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107799 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349836 AU - Akinwuntan, Abiodun Emmanuel AU - Gantt, Diana AU - Gibson, Gina AU - Kimmons, Kurt AU - Ross, Valerie AU - Rosen, Peter AU - Wachtel, Jerry AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The United States Version of the Stroke Drivers' Screening Assessment Battery: A Report of Preliminary Findings PY - 2011 SP - pp 241-247 AB - The authors investigated the potential for predicting driving performance of a United States (US)-based population of participants using an adapted version of the Stroke Drivers’ Screening Assessment (SDSA) battery. Participants included seven first-ever stroke survivors (age 51±8 years) and 11 individuals with Hoehn & Yahr Stage 2 or 3 Parkinson’s disease (PD) (age 65±8 years). The authors adapted the original United Kingdom (UK) version of the SDSA to make it suitable for use in the US by replacing all UK-specific traffic situations and road signs with their US equivalents. Following administration of the adapted (US) version of the SDSA, stroke participants’ driving performance was evaluated in a driving simulator. PD participants’ driving performance was evaluated in the driving simulator as well as on-road. The pass/fail SDSA equations of the original UK version of the SDSA were applied to predict the pass/fail outcome of participants’ driving evaluation. The SDSA predicted stroke participants’ simulator-based driving performance with 100% accuracy. The SDSA predicted PD participants’ simulator-based performance with 73% accuracy and the on-road performance with 82% accuracy. The accuracy with which driving performance of stroke and PD participants in this preliminary study was predicted by the US version of the SDSA is promising and informs the need for a larger study to better investigate and validate its predictive accuracy. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Screening instruments KW - Stroke (Medical condition) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107769 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349835 AU - Taylor, Thalia AU - Masserang, Kathleen AU - Pradhan, Anuj AU - Divekar, Gautam AU - Samuel, Siby AU - Muttart, Jeffrey AU - Pollatsek, Alexander AU - Fisher, Donald AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Long-Term Effects of Hazard Anticipation Training on Novice Drivers Measured on the Open Road PY - 2011 SP - pp 187-194 AB - (a) The purpose of this study was to determine whether novice drivers that were trained to anticipate hazards did so better than novice drivers who were not so trained immediately after training and up to one year after training occurred. (b) Novice drivers who had held their restricted license for about one month were randomly assigned to a PC-based hazard anticipation training program (RAPT) or a placebo (control) training program. The programs took about one hour to complete. The effects of training were assessed in a field drive by using patterns of eye movements to assess whether drivers anticipated a potential unseen hazard. (c) The effects of training persisted over time. In the field test immediately after training, the RAPT group anticipated the hazards 65.8% of the time whereas; the control group anticipated them only 47.3% of the time. Six or more months later, the groups were brought back for a second field test and the effects of training did not diminish; the RAPT group anticipated the hazards 61.9% of the time compared to 37.7% for the control group. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Anticipation KW - Driver experience KW - Driver training KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Recently qualified drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107685 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349834 AU - Nabaee, Sahar AU - Moore, Derek AU - Hurwitz, David AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Revisiting Driver Behavior at Unsignalized Intersections: Time of Day Implications for Two-Way Left Turn Lanes (TWLTL) PY - 2011 SP - pp 440-446 AB - A novel procedure was developed and validated for the accurate observation of naturalistic driver gap acceptance behavior at unsignalized intersections. Specifically, two-way stop-controlled intersections with a two way left turn lane (TWLTL) on the major road were examined. Three intersections were included as experimental locations. A sample size was collected of approximately 875 minor street vehicles which were exposed to over 2400 individual gaps. Characteristics such as gender, approximate age, vehicle type, presence of a queue behind the lead vehicle, and presence of passengers in the vehicle were collected as a function of the time of day (TOD). This work provides updated measures for the accepted gap as TOD varies, as well as exploring how accepted gaps are related to the wait time of a vehicle at the stop line. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Highway safety KW - Periods of the day KW - Stopped time delays KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112708 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349833 AU - Bian, Zheng AU - Pierce, Russell AU - Andersen, George AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Eye Movement Patterns and Driving Performance PY - 2011 SP - pp 503-509 AB - In the current study the authors examined the relationship between drivers’ eye movement patterns and driving performance in a dual-task driving paradigm. Drivers performed two tasks in a driving simulator. In a car following task, drivers were asked to maintain a constant headway from a leading vehicle as it varied its speed. In the second task (light detection task), drivers tried to detect changes in peripheral traffic lights. The performance in the car following task was measured with headway distance and RMS, and the performance in the light detection task was measured with response time and accuracy. The authors found that the frequency of fixations, fixation duration and spatial distribution of fixations were significantly correlated with drivers’ performance in the driving tasks. Specifically, driving performance improved with fewer eye movements, longer fixation durations and smaller spatial distribution of fixations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Car following KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye fixations KW - Eye movements KW - Performance KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112802 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349832 AU - Martens, Marieke AU - Simons, Ries AU - Ramaekers, Jan AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Dexamphetamine and Alcohol Effects in Simulated Driving and Cognitive Task Performance PY - 2011 SP - pp 52-58 AB - This study assessed the effects of dexamphetamine with and without alcohol on simulated driving and cognitive tasks. 18 subjects participated in all 4 conditions: 10 mg dexamphetamine and 0.8g/kg alcohol, 10 mg dexamphetamine only, 0.8g/kg alcohol only, and a placebo control condition. A driving simulator was used to assess driving skills and risk taking on different road types. Cognitive performance was assessed using vigilance and divided attention tasks and subjects completed different rating scales. The main effects found were those of alcohol. This related to a larger standard deviation of lateral position, shorter accepted gap time and distance, higher average and maximum driving speeds and more violations of speed limits. A higher percentage of subjects in the dexamphetamine + alcohol condition did not stop for the red traffic lights, or collided with a vehicle. Performance of vigilance and divided attention tasks was impaired in the alcohol condition and impaired to a lesser degree in the dexamphetamine + alcohol condition. The conclusions of this study are that the main effect of impaired driving was found in the effect of 0.8 g/kg alcohol dose at the control level and the maneuvering level. The amphetamine dose did not potentiate risk taking behaviour, but also did not overcome the negative effects of alcohol. The findings of the present study justify the conclusion that drivers using 0.8 g/kg alcohol, or the combination of dexamphetamine with alcohol, pose a considerable traffic safety risk. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Alcohol use KW - Amphetamines KW - Cognition KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107557 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349831 AU - Heinze, Christian AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - Edwards, Dave AU - Sirois, Bill AU - Golz, Martin AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Asymmetric Properties of Heart Rate Variability to Assess Operator Fatigue PY - 2011 SP - pp 475-481 AB - The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of heart rate recordings for establishing a reliable connection to well-defined fatigue and performance measures in order to estimate fatigue in industrial and transportation applications. An overnight driving simulation scenario with partial sleep deprivation was utilized to induce strong fatigue. An experiment trial was divided into repeated sessions, each of which consisted of a driving performance and two vigilance tasks. Heart rate (HR) was recorded over the entire experiment; HR-measures were derived and correlated against measures that were established from driving and vigilance task performance and that represent various aspects of operator fatigue. In a previous report (Hefner et al. 2009) the authors presented on the basis of the data of one volunteer that multiple fatigue measures correlate well with different expressions of heart rate variability (HRV), especially with long-term HRV derived from Poincaré plots. In this work, the authors intensify the Poincaré analysis by dividing the distribution of HR data in different accelerating and decelerating segments and by establishing properties of asymmetry between these segments. They also show that most of the properties of long-term HRV correlate well with specific fatigue measures for a group of 5 volunteers despite their large inter-individual differences in HR-to-fatigue correlations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heart rate KW - Highway safety KW - Performance measurement KW - Sleep deprivation KW - Vigilance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112794 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349830 AU - Wang, Jyh-Hone AU - Song, Miao AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessing Drivers' Tailgating Behavior and the Effect of Advisory Signs in Mitigating Tailgating PY - 2011 SP - pp 583-589 AB - A human factors study was carried out to assess drivers' tailgating behavior and the effect of advisory signs in mitigating tailgating. Tailgating is a dangerous driving behavior and a leading cause of most rear-end crashes. Through a prior study, serious tailgating was identified on urban Rhode Island highways. It is critical to many urban traffic management authorities to understand tailgating and to explore means to mitigate drivers’ tailgating behavior, especially on urban highways with high-speed and high-volume traffic. Properly designed advisory signs could reduce tailgating and related motor crashes. To assess drivers' behavior with regards to tailgating, a questionnaire survey was developed and given to a number of subjects with daily highway driving experience. The survey is designed to identify causes of tailgating and drivers’ perceptions and engagements on tailgating behavior. Drivers' driving behaviors were further assessed through driving simulation under different traffic conditions. To help mitigate tailgating behavior, advisory signs and an educational video were developed. The effectiveness of these proposed counter-tailgating measures was assessed in the driving simulation. Subjects’ real driving behaviors were further studied in a follow-up field study. Study results found that the majority had an incorrect sense regarding safe following distance and were tailgating while driving on highways. Heavy traffic was identified as the top tailgating cause. The simulation results confirmed the tailgating phenomenon observed on urban Rhode Island highways. The proposed advisory signs were found effective in mitigating tailgating behavior. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Following distance KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Rhode Island KW - Tailgating KW - Traffic signs KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112886 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349829 AU - Ross, Lesley AU - Vance, David AU - Ball, Karlene AU - Cak, Leslie AU - Ackerman, Michelle AU - Benz, David AU - Ball, David AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Translating Laboratory Measures to Real-World Outcomes: Application of the UFOV Test in an Insurance Company Setting PY - 2011 SP - pp 270-276 AB - Poor performance on the Useful Field of View (UFOV® test) has been linked to negative driving outcomes, such as crashes. The UFOV® test was given to a sample of drivers 75+ years across the state of Alabama (N=2235) as a means of attaining a reduction in insurance rates if successful on the test. Results revealed that retrospectively, participants who failed the assessment were 1.65 times more likely to have an at-fault crash and 1.66 times more likely to have an at-fault insurance claim in the previous five years as compared to participants who passed the assessment. Prospectively, these same participants were 1.85 times more likely to have an at-fault crash and 2.73 times more likely to have an at-fault claim in the subsequent 1.29 years after assessment as compared to participants who passed the assessment. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first translational study to investigate the impact of offering an insurance discount for passing such an assessment on prospective at-fault crashes and at-fault insurance claims. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - At-fault accidents KW - Automobile insurance KW - Highway safety KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance rates KW - Traffic crashes KW - Useful field of view UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107784 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349828 AU - Chan, Mark AU - Atchley, Paul AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Potential Benefits of a Concurrent Verbal Task When Feeling Fatigued Due to Monotonous Driving Conditions PY - 2011 SP - pp 151-157 AB - Work by Atchley and Chan (2011) reported that engaging in a concurrent verbal task might serve to alleviate performance decrements in drivers when vigilance was low. Building on previous findings, the current study investigated the potential benefits of a concurrent verbal task when drivers were likely to be fatigued due to the extended duration and monotony of a driving task. Driver performance was studied under distracted and non-distracted conditions. Results indicated that strategically engaging in a concurrent verbal task led to improved driving performance when fatigue was at its highest. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Benefits KW - Concurrent KW - Countermeasures KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Monotony KW - Verbal tasks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107599 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349827 AU - Goodenough, Richard AU - Brooks, Johnell AU - Evans, Douglas AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Subjective Data Regarding Changes in Geometric Field of View During a Speed-Matching Task PY - 2011 SP - pp 122-128 AB - One method to adjust speed perception in a driving simulator is to adjust the rendered, geometric field of view (GFOV); however, little is known regarding users’ sensitivity to changing the GFOV. The current research examined 24 licensed drivers’ subjective experience with changes in GFOV during a speed matching task when examining the relationship between speed estimate and GFOV in a small-footprint driving simulator. Following the completion of the speed-matching task, participants were asked three questions regarding (1) strategy used to match speed: “What strategies did you use to complete the speed matching task?”; (2) awareness of GFOV setting: “Did you notice any changes in the simulation at any time during the experiment?”; and (3) subjective accuracy: “How accurate do you think you were in performing the task on a one to ten scale, one being ‘extremely inaccurate’ and ten being ‘extremely accurate’?” Results indicated participants were not (directly) aware of changes in the GFOV; some misattributed the change in GFOV to a change in the vehicle’s acceleration rate. Furthermore, many participants’ cited strategies that were later categorized as ‘using optic flow’ and, in general, were unsure about their accuracy in the task. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of view KW - Highway safety KW - Perception KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107590 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349826 AU - Read, Katherine AU - Yu, Lixi AU - Emerson, Jamie AU - Dawson, Jeffrey AU - Aksan, Nazan AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Familiarity and Age on Driver Safety Errors During Wayfinding PY - 2011 SP - pp 569-575 AB - Wayfinding is a critical skill that enables drivers to navigate from one location to another. Wayfinding abilities decline as individuals age, which may increase older driver reliance on directional cues (e.g. signs) and divert cognitive resources at the expense of vehicle control and safety. Familiarity with an environment can facilitate wayfinding due to previous knowledge of the route. This study examines the role of familiarity in driving safety errors committed during a wayfinding task. Results suggest that age-related driving difficulties can be lessened by familiarity with the environment. The results underscore the need to consider geographical license restrictions in administrative policies aimed at improving older driver safety. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver errors KW - Highway safety KW - Knowledge KW - Routes KW - Wayfinding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112883 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349825 AU - Symmons, Mark AU - Mulvihill, Christine AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Simulator Comparison of Riding Performance Between New, Returned and Continuing Motorcycle Riders PY - 2011 SP - pp 532-538 AB - Motorcycle riders constitute an increasing proportion of deaths and injuries due to road crashes. Further, older riders represent an increasing proportion of motorcycle riders, with particular concern for those who have returned to riding after a substantial break (returned riders). These riders seem reluctant to undertake any sort of refresher training. In a motorcycle simulator task continuing riders performed best, followed by newly licensed riders, and then returned riders, though that result did not extend to crashes that occurred in the simulator. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driver experience KW - Driving simulators KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance KW - Recently qualified drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112847 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349824 AU - Deits, Chris AU - Boyle, Linda AU - Morrison, John AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving Performance of Drug-Impaired Bus Drivers in Work Zone Areas PY - 2011 SP - pp 454-460 AB - There are several safety issues in work zone areas due to decreased lane width, and presence of large equipment and on-site workers. The safety issues are compounded for drivers that are also drug impaired. In this study, the authors examine the driver performance of 18 commercial bus operators in a simulated environment while they are under the influence of a benzodiazepine drug (Triazolam). The findings show that those drivers under the influence of the drug had higher steering entropy and greater difficulty staying close to the intended travel lane when compared to those who were not under the influence of the drug. These wider travelling distances around work barrels, by those under the influence of Triazolam, could have a potential impact on the safety of nearby construction workers and heavy machine operators. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Bus drivers KW - Driving KW - Drugged drivers KW - Lane occupancy KW - Performance KW - Steering KW - Work zone safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112789 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349823 AU - Redelmeier, Donald AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Road Deaths and the Next U.S. Presidential Election PY - 2011 SP - p1 AB - The US presidential electoral process is remarkable for widespread spending, attention, conflict, and rhetoric. Whether the process has an immediate effect on public health has never been tested. Moreover, such a possibility rarely receives consideration when evaluating voter turnout statistics ranging around 50-60% of eligible Americans. The author studied all US presidential elections for the last 32 years, beginning with Carter in 1976 and ending with Obama in 2008. For each election, he analyzed the national registry of fatal crashes in the US, along with the Tuesday immediately before and after to calculate expected numbers of individuals in fatal crashes for the nation at the time. His main finding was that the average election leads to a 19% increase in the risk of a fatal crash during the hours of polling. This equaled about 24 people per election; was remarkably consistent across different ages and locations; and greatly exceeded the risk on New Year’s Eve, Super Bowl Sunday, or the chance of casting a pivotal vote. He concludes that efforts to mobilize the population, along with America's reliance on motor vehicles, results in increased fatal crashes during US presidential elections. He suggests more safety advocacy by electioneers who encourage people to vote. Perhaps the US president, when elected in the aftermath of fatal crashes, might also give more thought to the 100 lives lost each day from crashes in the United States. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Elections KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Special events KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. President KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107452 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349822 AU - Wu, Lora AU - Belenky, Gregory AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Scheduling on Sleep and Performance in Commercial Motorcoach Operations PY - 2011 SP - pp 59-65 AB - Maintaining cognitive alertness during commercial motorcoach operations is important for drivers as they are responsible for preventing, detecting, and managing errors. Schedules that do not follow circadian and homeostatic sleep principles may contribute to fatigue related events and accidents. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has hours-of- service (HOS) regulations in place that allow motorcoach operators to work backwardly rotating 18-23 hour duty cycles (a duty cycle being the sum of HOS mandated on and off duty periods), requiring progressively earlier start times. Such schedules do not allow for sufficient and appropriately placed rest periods, resulting in fatigue and decreased performance. This study will investigate the effect of scheduling on sleep and performance in motorcoach operators. The authors are collecting objective and subjective data on sleep and performance of motorcoach drivers working under the current HOS regulations to observe the prevalence of circadian friendly and mismatched schedules, and the impact work schedules have on sleep and performance. This article describes the study design and methodology. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Alertness KW - Bus drivers KW - Circadian rhythms KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Failure KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Performance KW - Schedules and scheduling KW - Sleep UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107558 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349821 AU - Garrison, Teena AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Allocating Visual Attention: How Relevance to Driving Impacts Attention When Drivers Are Distracted PY - 2011 SP - pp 73-79 AB - Use of cell phones while driving, and safety implications thereof, has captured public and scientific interest. Previous research has shown that driver reactions and visual attention are impacted by cell phone use, even when a hands-free device is used. In addition to these effects, Strayer and colleagues also found lower recognition for items present in the driving environment when drivers were using a cellular phone than when not using the phone. Strayer and colleagues used recognition as their primary measure of attention. Relevance to driving may have an impact on how attention is allocated to the environment via eye movements, separate from the impact on recognition memory. The current project used a medium-fidelity driving simulator to extend previous research by investigating how attention is allocated across driving-relevant and -irrelevant objects in the environment. Driving-relevant objects consisted of signs and potential hazards. Driving-irrelevant objects were billboards. Eye movement patterns (primarily measured by number of gazes) were impacted by distraction, and the pattern of gazes also differed across relevance levels, with hazards receiving the most gazes, and signs receiving the fewest. When only considering driving-relevant objects (i.e., signs vs. hazards), the eye movement measures showed an interaction between distraction and relevance. Signs received fewer gazes when drivers were distracted, whereas there was no comparable decrease in gazes to hazards. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Attention KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Eye movements KW - Highway safety KW - Relevance KW - Visual attention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107560 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349820 AU - Tsai, Yi-Fang AU - Peterson, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effects of Route Guidance on Spatial Learning PY - 2011 SP - pp 469-474 AB - Participants engaged in five driving routes while performing a secondary PDT task. For each route, participants drove to four distinct destinations. Route guidance was given to all subjects to help guide them to their destinations. Most of the participants were able to complete each driving route within the allotted time of 10 minutes. The drivers had repeated exposures to the locations and routes between the destinations and were told they would be asked the whereabouts of the destinations at the end of the driving routes. Overall, the participants had difficulty explicitly marking the locations of the destinations on a map, and indicating directional relationship between buildings. PDT performance and lane deviation stayed consistent across driving route tasks. The participants performed best at naming the street locations where the buildings were located. The use of route guidance on the ability to process navigation information may suppress cognitive map formation. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Drivers KW - Learning KW - Navigation KW - Route guidance KW - Routes KW - Spatial knowledge UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112792 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349819 AU - Hoggarth, Petra AU - Innes, Carrie AU - Dalrymple-Alford, John AU - Jones, Richard AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Self-Rated Distress Related to Medical Conditions is Associated with Future Crashes or Traffic Offences in Older Drivers PY - 2011 SP - pp 80-86 AB - Ageing is associated with the development of medical conditions, both acute and chronic. The aim of this study was to determine whether medical factors were associated with subsequent self- and officially-reported crashes and traffic offences in a group of cognitively healthy older drivers. The authors surveyed medical conditions, medications taken for these conditions, and the amount of subjective distress associated with medical conditions in a group of 56 drivers aged 72-85 years for a period of 24 months. They also compared exposure to driving at baseline to the number of crashes or offences at 24 months. They found no relationship between the number of medical conditions or medications taken and whether a participant had a crash or offence. However, those who reported more subjective distress associated with their condition/s were more likely to have a crash or offence during the study period. Drivers who had a crash or offence also had a higher mean driving exposure. However, there was no relationship between reported distress and driving exposure which indicates that these may be independent risk factors for experiencing a crash or traffic offence. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Distress KW - Driving exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Medication KW - Risk analysis KW - Self assessments KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107561 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349818 AU - Ranchet, Maud AU - Paire-Ficout, Laurence AU - Broussolle, Emmanuel AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Longitudinal Two-Year Follow-Up of Updating and Flexibility Functions in Drivers with Parkinson's Disease: Preliminary Results PY - 2011 SP - pp 255-262 AB - This paper outlines the preliminary results of a longitudinal follow up at two years interval (t0 versus t2) in 10 drivers with mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 10 matched controls. Changes of (1) driving habits assessed by a questionnaire, (2) neuropsychological performances measured by a set of cognitive tests and (3) cognitive abilities while driving using a simulator, were analyzed. Two types of changes were observed: the decline over time in PD group at two years interval and the appearance of some deficits in PD patients (compared to controls) at the second assessment (t2). These deficits were not observed at the first one (t0). The results showed that PD patients had changed their driving habits over time (reduction of mileage, more avoidance, underestimation of their own driving competency). The cognitive status of PD patients remained relatively stable over time, except for the Trail Making Test performances (part A and part B) which declined. A deficit for the TMT-part A in PD patients, compared to controls, appeared at t2. The data from driving simulator showed no significant decline in PD patients for both updating and flexibility performances. However, a deficit in flexibility appeared at t2 in PD patients, as demonstrated by their poorer performances on the flexibility cost. The authors' data suggest that flexibility may be significantly affected in PD patients with more advanced disease. The small size on their sample does not allow them any conclusion on updating function in both PD patients and controls. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Cognition KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Fitness to drive KW - Habits KW - Longitudinal studies KW - Neuropsychological assessment KW - Parkinson's disease UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107773 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349817 AU - Petzoldt, Tibor AU - Weiss, Thomas AU - Krems, Josef AU - Bannert, Maria AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Development of Cognitive Skills Training to Support Driver Education: Experimental Validation of Theoretical Underpinnings PY - 2011 SP - pp 109-115 AB - Crash numbers of novice drivers are, despite best efforts of all involved institutions, alarmingly high. One central explanation refers to deficits in cognitive skills such as hazard perception, which have a tremendous influence on accident involvement of younger drivers. Conventional forms of driver training have largely failed to build up skills that go beyond a rather descriptive knowledge of how to drive. Computer based trainings (CBTs) are assumed to provide new ways of tackling this problem. There are already CBTs available that address relevant issues and are presumed to be effective. However, their evaluations lack evidence for the superiority of the specific features of multimedia based interventions over other forms of training. This shortcoming, in addition to the fact that all available relevant CBTs have been developed within contexts that differs significantly from European conditions in terms of the “average” driving environment as well as the respective educational schemes, has prompted the authors to develop a new CBT that is intended to complement the existing driver training program by addressing critical cognitive skills. In a first step, the authors tested the CBTs theoretical validity by comparing the performance in the training itself between learner drivers and experienced drivers. The results show that experienced drivers achieve higher scores in the CBT. The authors conclude that their application does indeed address relevant cognitive skills that are associated with driving experience. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Abilities KW - Cognition KW - Computer aided instruction KW - Driver education KW - Driver experience KW - Driver training KW - Highway safety KW - Recently qualified drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107587 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349816 AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Proceedings of the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, Resort at Squaw Creek, Olympic Valley - Lake Tahoe, California, USA, June 27-30, 2011 PY - 2011 SP - 653p AB - These are the proceedings of Driving Assessment 2011: the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, held in Olympic Valley - Lake Tahoe, CA, July 27-30, 2011. The symposium brought together experts in human factors, medicine, engineering design, operations and policy who have been working together on driving safety. This symposium has established a tradition of interdisciplinary driver performance assessment research by uniting driving safety researchers from over a dozen nations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Human factors KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107448 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349815 AU - Alioua, Nawal AU - Amine, Aouatif AU - Rziza, Mohammed AU - Aboutajdine, Driss AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Fast Microsleep and Yawning Detections to Assess Driver's Vigilance Level PY - 2011 SP - pp 365-372 AB - Driver hypovigilance, often caused by fatigue and/or drowsiness, receives increasing attention in the last years; especially after it became evident that hypovigilance is a one of the major factors causing traffic accidents. Monitoring and detecting driver hypovigilance could contribute significantly to improve road traffic safety. This paper proposes fast methods to identify drowsiness and fatigue using respectively microsleep and yawning detections. In this study, the proposed scheme begins by a face detection using local Successive Mean Quantization Transform (SMQT) features and split up Sparse Network of Winnows (SNoW) classifier. After performing face detection, the novel approach for eye/mouth detection, based on Circular Hough Transform (CHT), is applied on eyes and mouth extracted regions. The authors' proposed methods works in real-time and yield a high detection rates whether for drowsiness or fatigue detections. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Hypovigilance KW - Microsleep episodes KW - Vigilance KW - Yawning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108734 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349814 AU - Morgan, Justin AU - Tidwell, Scott AU - Blanco, Myra AU - Medina, Alejandra AU - Hanowski, Richard AU - Ajayi, Olu AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Opinions of Simulator-Based Commercial Driver Training PY - 2011 SP - pp 129-135 AB - Simulator-based training provides the opportunity to train drivers in a potentially lower cost and safer environment than traditional, behind-the-wheel, training methods. Thus, many motor carriers have begun adopting simulators for use during in-house driver training. This report presents the result of focus groups with drivers who experienced truck simulator-based training at two large motor carriers. In general, drivers at both carriers had positive opinions of simulator-based training. Most suggestions to improve the program were directed towards modification of how the program was implemented and/or creating a more realistic simulation of the driving environment. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Attitudes KW - Motor carriers KW - Training simulators KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving simulators KW - Trucking safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107592 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349813 AU - Williams, Jessica AU - Tregear, Stephen AU - Amana, Arit AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Psychiatric Disorders and Driver Safety: A Systematic Review PY - 2011 SP - pp 284-290 AB - Driving is a complicated psychomotor performance that depends on the driver’s ability to maintain effective and reliable control of his or her vehicle; respond to the road, traffic, and other external clues; and follow the “rules of the road”. Psychiatric disorders may interfere with any of the aforementioned driving skills to a significant degree, resulting in impaired driving ability. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between psychiatric disorders and driver safety. The relationship between driver safety and four subgroups of psychiatric disorders was examined, as well as the relationship between crash risk and personality disorder traits. The authors' results indicate that, while the possibility of an increased crash risk among drivers with psychiatric disorders cannot be ruled out, the evidence concerning crash risk for drivers with psychiatric disorders is inconclusive. Current evidence concerning crash risk among drivers with psychotic, mood, anxiety or personality disorders is inconclusive, although some evidence suggests that individuals with mood disorders are at increased risk for crash. The evidence also suggests an association between certain traits of patients with personality disorders (including aggression, hostility, impulsivity, disregard for law, and various psychological symptoms) and increased crash risk. These results underscore the necessity of more research in the area of psychiatric disorders and driver safety. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Personality disorders KW - Psychiatric disorders KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107800 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349812 AU - Balk, Stacy AU - Tyrrell, Richard AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Accuracy of Drivers' Judgments of the Effects of Headlight Glare: Are We Really Blinded by the Light? PY - 2011 SP - pp 510-517 AB - Headlights must balance two conflicting goals: maximizing visibility for the driver and minimizing glare to other drivers. Yet consumer complaints about headlights tend to focus on glare and not on poor visibility – a known casual factor of nighttime roadway crashes. These reactions may help to explain why drivers tend to underuse high beam headlights. This study explored the relationships among objective (impaired visual performance) and subjective (reports of discomfort and participants’ judgments of glare-induced visual impairments) consequences of headlight glare. Sixteen participants sat in a vehicle that moved slowly on a closed road and estimated the distance at which they could determine the orientation of a retroreflective Landolt C. Actual recognition distances and reports of glare-induced discomfort were also assessed. Observers’ overestimated the extent to which glare degraded their ability to see the target. Participants’ estimates of their own acuity decreased significantly when the opposing vehicle used high beams despite the fact that their actual acuity was unaffected. Overall, estimates of the disabling effects of glare were more tightly correlated with subjective reports of glare-induced discomfort than with actual visual performance. These results, which are consistent with psychophysical data obtained in a laboratory setting, may help explain drivers’ reluctance to use their high beams. The results also underscore the need to collect data on disability glare, not only discomfort glare, when evaluating new lighting technologies. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Drivers KW - Estimating KW - Glare KW - High beamed headlamps KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112807 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349811 AU - Crizzle, Alex AU - Myers, Anita AU - Vrkljan, Brenda AU - Almeida, Quincy AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Using In-Vehicle Devices to Examine Exposure and Patterns in Drivers with Parkinson's Disease Compared to an Age-Matched Control Group PY - 2011 SP - pp 263-269 AB - Symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as medications, can influence safe driving. Some studies have shown that drivers with PD make more errors and may have more crashes. Although a few studies have suggested drivers with PD may self-regulate by reducing amount of driving and avoiding challenging situations, findings are based on self-report data. The purpose of this study was to objectively examine naturalistic driving exposure and patterns in drivers with PD compared to an age-matched group of healthy drivers using electronic, in-vehicle devices over a two week monitoring period. Compared to the controls, the PD group drove significantly less overall (number of trips, kilometres, duration), on weekends and at night. When adjusted for number of days of driving, the PD group still made fewer trips and drove proportionately less at night. This was the first study to examine the actual driving practices of a PD population using objective measures. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driving KW - Driving patterns KW - Exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - In-vehicle devices KW - Night KW - Parkinson's disease KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107775 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349810 AU - Thompson, Kelsey AU - Read, Katherine AU - Anderson, Steven AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Systematic Analysis of Real-World Driving Behavior Following Focal Brain Lesions PY - 2011 SP - pp 576-582 AB - Many patients with circumscribed brain injuries, such as those caused by stroke or focal trauma, return to driving after a period of acute recovery. These persons often have chronic residual cognitive deficits that may impact on driving safety, but little is known about their driving behavior in the real world. Extant studies tend to rely on driving simulators or controlled on-road drives. These methods of observation are not able to capture the complexities of the typical driving environment, and may not accurately represent a driver’s usual behavior on the road. The current study used a video event-activated data recorder (VEADR) system to observe drivers with focal brain lesions in their normal daily driving environment over a three-month period. In the context of primarily safe driving behavior, the authors were able to document a number of relatively infrequent and hitherto unobserved high risk behaviors and traffic violations. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and value of sampling real-world driving in neurologic patient populations such as those with focal brain lesions, and highlight the critical importance of evaluating unsafe driving behaviors which may occur with insufficient frequency to be captured by relatively brief simulator or controlled on-road evaluations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Behavior KW - Brain KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Event data recorders KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Real time information UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112885 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349809 AU - Wu, Kun-Feng AU - Jovanis, Paul AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effect of Driving Breaks and 34-Hour Recovery Period on Motor Carrier Crash Odds PY - 2011 SP - pp 606-613 AB - This research seeks to contribute to knowledge of the relationship between truck driver hours of service and motor carrier crash odds. Data were collected from less-than-truckload carriers in 2004-05 and 2010 including the precise hours of service for crash-involved drivers and a random sample of non-crash involved drivers. Time-dependent logistic regression models were formulated to study the probability of a crash after a certain number of hours driving, given survival until that time. In addition to driving time during a trip, the models included presence of 34 hours consecutively off-duty immediately prior to the trip of interest and the use of breaks from driving by the driver. Multi-day driving patterns, developed using cluster analysis, cover the 7 days prior to the day of interest in an attempt to capture the effect of the pattern of driving over many days. Among the findings of this research are: (1) Driving hours 6 through 11 show continuous increases in the crash risk, (2) substantial and consistent benefits for drivers who take breaks compared to drivers who drive without breaks; benefits ranged from 34 to 47 percent reduction in crash odds, depending on the number of breaks taken, (3) drivers who had 34 hours or more off-duty immediately prior to the measurement period had a nearly 43 percent increase in crash odds, and (4) additional investigation shows that drivers have the greatest difficulty immediately after returning from the extended time off; the effect then diminishes with time. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driving breaks (Countermeasures) KW - Hours of labor KW - Motor carriers KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349808 AU - Zhan, Jenny AU - Vrkljan, Brenda AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Exploring Factors that Influence Vehicle Purchase Decisions of Older Drivers: Where Does Safety Fit? PY - 2011 SP - pp 102-108 AB - Vehicle design features that enhance safety can mitigate older driver frailty and declines in ability. The authors have investigated the older driver’s perception of vehicle safety and how this influences their vehicle purchase. Focus groups (n = 27) were conducted among drivers aged 70-90 in South-Western Ontario. Questions focused on participants’ perceptions of vehicle safety and design, the vehicle purchasing process, and resources used therein. Participants emphasized the importance of a few standard safety features (e.g., seatbelt, reliable brakes) but de-emphasized the role of safety on their purchase decisions. Safety was superseded by other purchasing considerations, most notably price. Stressful dealer-buyer interactions and poor congruency of information created barriers. Purchasing aids for older drivers should be developed that speak to the spectrum of safety technologies and emphasize the relationship between safety and other design features on driving ability. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Purchasing KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107585 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349807 AU - Khairul, Mohd AU - Ibrahim, Alhapiz AU - Faudzi, Mohd AU - Yusoff, Mohd AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Use of Instrumented Motorcycle to Measure the Effectiveness of Malaysian Rider Training: A Pilot Study PY - 2011 SP - pp 489-495 AB - A pilot study used an instrumented motorcycle to evaluate riding performances of Malaysian learner riders graduating from rider training and licensing program. 105 participants were asked to ride the instrumented motorcycle along a predefined route (mean 8 KM) in a mixed traffic environment. Period of turn signal activation and deactivation, maneuvering speed and deceleration of participants at unsignalized T junctions were measured as riding performances. Significant differences between male and female riders in responding to oncoming vehicles at the junctions were observed. Significant effects of age were also found in period of turn signal activation and maneuvering speed. Implications for current rider training are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Age KW - Driver training KW - Gender KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Malaysia KW - Motorcycle driving KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112796 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349806 AU - Fagerlonn, Johan AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Making Auditory Warning Signals Informative: Examining the Acceptance of Auditory Icons as Warning Signals in Trucks PY - 2011 SP - pp 95-101 AB - Auditory icons have the potential to enhance a driver’s situation awareness, to reduce his or her visual load, and to improve his or her response time in an emergency situation. However, the level of acceptance of this type of auditory signal as a warning signal is not well understood. The present study was carried out to investigate truck drivers’ initial acceptances of auditory icons as warnings. The drivers selected warning signals for a number of dangerous driving situations. A method that was based on subjective ratings was also used to assess the drivers’ acceptances of the sounds and to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence the drivers’ selections. The results showed that the level of acceptance can be very high, but it varied significantly among the auditory icons that were encountered in five driving situations. Perceived “usefulness” and “satisfaction” may be used to determine whether the drivers prefer an auditory icon in specific situations. However, the subjective ratings related to the satisfaction should be complemented with a deeper qualitative investigation when examining the acceptance of auditory icons as warnings. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Acceptance KW - Alertness KW - Audible warning devices KW - Driver satisfaction KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107563 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349805 AU - van Leeuwen, Peter AU - de Groot, Stefan AU - Happee, Riender AU - de Winter, Joost AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Concurrent Continuous Visual Feedback on Learning the Lane Keeping Task PY - 2011 SP - pp 482-488 AB - This study investigated the training effectiveness of continuous visual feedback in a simulator-based lane keeping task. Two groups of student drivers (total of 30 participants) were instructed to drive as accurately as possible in the center of the right lane in a self-paced driving task during five 8-min sessions. One group received visual feedback using a horizontal compensatory display positioned on the dashboard, which provided an indication of the momentary distance to the lane center during the three training sessions. During two retention sessions (immediate and one day delayed) both groups drove without the augmented feedback. The augmented feedback resulted in improved performance on a measure lane keeping accuracy, but this effect disappeared during retention. Furthermore, the augmented feedback resulted in increased steering wheel activity during all sessions, and increased driver workload in the delayed retention session. These results provide support for the guidance hypothesis and have possible implications for the use of continuous concurrent feedback in simulator-based driver training. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Lateral placement KW - Learning KW - Visual feedback UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112795 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349804 AU - Durkee, Shaun AU - Ward, Nicholas AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effect of Driving Simulation Parameters Related to Ego-Motion on Speed Perception PY - 2011 SP - pp 358-364 AB - The overall effectiveness of driving simulation as a research tool is linked to how accurately modern technology can model reality. The objective of this project was to conduct a driving simulator experiment to examine the perceptual and behavioral effects of various parameters of the simulation deemed relevant from theories of ego motion. Twenty drivers completed speed production tasks (absolute production, fixed-increase production, and ratio production) while driving through a rural road scenario that was experienced under varied conditions of motion, field of view, and optic flow. The study concluded that field of view (FOV) and optic flow simulation parameters were significant to the perception of absolute speed, with high levels of each resulting in more accurate perception of speed and speed change (acceleration/deceleration). The results of this study will allow researchers to consider the relative importance of simulation parameters in designing future behavioral research pertaining to speed perception using driving simulators. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Deceleration KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of view KW - Highway safety KW - Speed KW - Velocity perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108733 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349803 AU - Kidd, David AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - How Do Task Structure and Uncertainty Influence Task-Interleaving Strategies During Distracted Driving? PY - 2011 SP - pp 321-328 AB - During distracted driving, people commonly alternate or interleave attention between driving and another task. One factor that influences task interleaving is task structure. Specifically, people tend to switch between tasks at sub-tasks boundaries. Uncertainty about the roadway environment during glances away from the road, however, may play a larger role in shaping task interleaving strategies during distracted driving. The purpose of this study was to examine task interleaving strategies when drivers completed a distracting task of various subtask sizes. Participants entered phone numbers, modified zip codes, or digit strings while performing a lane-keeping task. In general, the time between button presses in the secondary task was significantly greater between sub-tasks than within sub-tasks. However, as sub-tasks became larger drivers switched more frequently within sub-tasks than between sub-tasks. Additionally, participants’ did not change their visual sampling strategies as the size of sub-tasks increased. Thus, uncertainty influenced decisions to switch between two interleaved tasks in the driving environment more than sub-task boundaries. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Decision making KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Multitasking KW - Task allocation KW - Task prioritization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108727 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349802 AU - Rucoba, Robert AU - Carr, Lee AU - Liebbe, Robert AU - Duran, Amanda AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - An Analysis of Driver Reactions to Tire Failures Simulated with the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) PY - 2011 SP - pp 136-143 AB - Analyses of real-world tire tread belt detachment and/or sudden air loss events as well as vehicle testing of those events have been presented in scientific literature since the 1990’s. These confirm that such tire failures are complex and semi-random events that produce numerous sensory feedback cues to real-world drivers. These analyses further demonstrate that vehicles representing a full spectrum of steering characteristics are typically controllable and are controlled by drivers both during and after the tire disablement event. In 2003, the National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA) sponsored a study using the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) to evaluate the technical hypothesis that there is a correlation between vehicle linear range understeer gradient and the likelihood of control loss when subject drivers experience a simulated tread belt detachment. The NADS subjects “drove” three simulated “vehicles” with different understeer gradients in a simulated tread separation event. The study’s authors reached conclusions regarding the drivers’ ability to control the “vehicles” which were inconsistent with real-world research. This paper presents an analysis of the NADS study performed to identify possible causes of the conflicting results and provides commentary upon several deficiencies noted in the NADS vehicle/tire modeling and validation. A more comprehensive understanding of the reported driver reactions when viewed in light of real vehicle experiments, real-world data, and an understanding of the limitations of the simulations is provided. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Behavior KW - Driver vehicle control KW - Driving simulators KW - Failure KW - Loss of control KW - Real time information KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107594 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349801 AU - Nguyen, Bobby AU - Zhuo, Yan AU - Ni, Rui AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Aging and Steering Control Under Reduced Visibility Conditions PY - 2011 SP - pp 447-453 AB - The current study investigated age-related differences in a steering control task under low visibility conditions. Younger and older drivers were presented with displays simulating forward vehicle motion through a 3D scene of random dots on a ground plane. The lateral position of the vehicle was perturbed by a simulated side wind gust according to a sum of sinusoidal functions. The drivers’ task was to steer the vehicle to maintain a straight path. The visibility of the driving scene was reduced by reducing the quantity and the quality of the optical flow field. The authors found that performance decreased when visibility was reduced for both older and younger drivers, with better performance for younger drivers as compared with older drivers. An age-related interaction was also found with deteriorated optical flow information. These results suggest that under reduced visibility conditions, older drivers may have increased accident risk due to decreased ability to successfully steer the vehicle. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Highway safety KW - Risk analysis KW - Steering KW - Traffic crashes KW - Visibility KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112709 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349800 AU - Allen, Wade AU - Park, George AU - Terrace, Scott AU - Grant, John AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Detecting Transfer of Training Through Simulator Scenario Design: A Novice Driver Training Study PY - 2011 SP - pp 203-210 AB - Novice drivers in comparison to experienced drivers perform poorly due to incomplete mental models of roadway hazards. This paper describes the driving simulator scenario design methods used in a novice driver training study to detect a possible transfer of training for hazard perception. Applied in a high school driver education classroom, the data of trained versus un-trained drivers is presented for pre/post-test driving scenarios, N = 67. Results showed that while general simulator control performance between the trained and un-trained groups was similar, the trained group performed better at hazard events and exhibited fewer speeding behaviors at the post-test. Specific hazard encounters indicated that simulator training may have had an effect on performance even when the training group was not trained on the specific situation. Arguments for training transfer in hazard perception are presented. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driver experience KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Perception KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Transferability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107728 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349799 AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - Sirois, Bill AU - Sommer, David AU - Golz, Martin AU - Edwards, Dave AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - PERCLOS: An Alertness Measure of the Past PY - 2011 SP - pp 172-179 AB - The growing number of fatigue related accidents in recent years has become a serious concern. Accidents caused by fatigue, or more precisely impaired alertness, in transportation and in mining operations involving heavy equipment can lead to substantial damage and loss of life. Preventing such fatigue related accidents is universally desirable, but requires techniques for continuously estimating and predicting the operator’s alertness state. PERCLOS (percentage of eye closure) was introduced as an alertness measure. Some years later, it was claimed to be superior in fatigue detection to any other measure, including the general Eye-Tracking Signal (ETS) and even EEG recordings. This study will show that this is not the case. To put things into the prospective a fair and objective comparison between PERCLOS, the general ETS and EEG/EOG has to be established. To achieve this purpose, a protocol was established to investigate the fatigue detection capabilities of PERCLOS, ETS, and EEG/EOG in a simple two class discrimination analysis using an ensemble of Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) networks as a classification tool. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and Variation of Lane Deviation (VLD) were used in order to obtain independent class labels, whereas KSS provided subjective alertness labels while VLD provided objective alertness labels. The general ETS and the fused EEG/EOG measures contain substantially greater amounts of fatigue information than the PERCLOS measures alone. These conclusions were found to be valid for all three commercially available infrared video camera systems that were utilized in the study. The data utilized in the discrimination analysis were obtained from 16 young volunteers who participated in overnight experiments in the real car driving simulation lab at the University of Schmalkalden. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Alertness KW - Crash causes KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Measurement KW - Percent Eyelid Closure (PERCLOS) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107678 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349798 AU - Toxopeus, Ryan AU - Ramkhalawansingh, Robert AU - Trick, Lana AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Influence of Passenger-Driver Interaction on Young Drivers PY - 2011 SP - pp 66-72 AB - The mechanisms for young drivers being at increased risk of collision with peer aged passengers in the car are not well understood. Most studies infer a link between passenger distraction and the number of passengers, but a causal link has not been previously shown. A group of young drivers with their full Ontario, Canada G license were tested in a simulated driving environment in three conditions. The first condition involved a peer aged female passenger who asked the driver questions as they navigated a course. The second condition involved the same passenger sitting silently in the passenger seat while the driver navigated a course. The third condition involved the passenger being absent, and the driver was alone in the car while they navigated a course. Speed and way finding behaviours were found to deteriorate in the first condition compared to the other two, and standard deviation of lane position and reaction times were found to improve in the first condition compared to the other two, indicating that the drivers were moving their eyes around the environment less with conversation. This highlights the importance of reducing passenger distractions for younger drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Attention KW - Distraction KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Interactions KW - Passengers KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Speed KW - Teenage drivers KW - Wayfinding KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107559 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349797 AU - Perez, William AU - Bertola, Mary Anne AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effect of Visual Clutter on Driver Eye Glance Behavior PY - 2011 SP - pp 180-186 AB - Drivers’ eye glance behavior was examined as they drove on a variety of roadways that varied in visual clutter and the presence or absence of advertising billboards. Eye glance behavior appeared to be more heavily influenced by the nature of the driving task than by the stimulus attributes along the roadside. The mean proportion of glances to the road ahead ranged between 0.80 and 0.87 across conditions. The lowest mean proportion of glances to the road ahead was seen in conditions of high visual clutter, which contained off-premise billboards. Under high levels of clutter, drivers directed more glances to the left and right side of the road than under conditions of low clutter. The longest mean glance durations away from the forward roadway were to the right side of the road (0.105 s) and not to billboards. Mean glances to billboards were 0.078 s and 0.087 s under low and high clutter environments, respectively. The results showed that level of visual clutter present in the highway environment affects how drivers glance at scenes. However, this did not appear to be at the expense of focusing on the forward roadway. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Eye movements KW - Glance behavior KW - Roadside advertising KW - Visual clutter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107682 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349796 AU - Becic, Ensar AU - Drucker, Christopher AU - Manser, Michael AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Impact of Distraction on an Intersection Crossing Assist System PY - 2011 SP - pp 433-439 AB - The current study examines the impact of drivers’ use of an in-vehicle intersection crossing assist system under demanding cognitive load conditions. The use and adherence to the assist system is examined through intersection crossing driving performance measures. Furthermore, the impact of distraction is examined for younger and older drivers. The results suggest a more conservative approach to the crossing of rural intersections when using the assist system, a finding which was not altered by cognitive load. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Age KW - Distraction KW - Driver support systems KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Performance measurement KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112706 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349795 AU - Lerner, Neil AU - Robinson, Emanuel AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Look in the (Driver's) Mirror: Use of Portable Electronic Devices While Driving by the Driver Safety Research Community PY - 2011 SP - pp 24-30 AB - As the frequency and diversity of use of portable electronic devices by drivers has increased, so have the roadway safety concerns associated with such multitasking. It has been argued that the driving public needs to be better informed about the risks of multitasking, and if they were so informed, people would restrict such practices. Yet various surveys show that in general the public seems to recognize that the use of portable electronic devices while driving does impose significant risk. This study reports the results of a survey of highway and vehicle safety professionals, a group highly informed about the problem and often engaged in efforts on this very issue. It would be instructive to see how this group behaves in terms of its own portable electronic device use while driving. An internet survey was distributed to members of two prominent professional society technical groups in driver safety. The survey revealed substantial cell phone use while driving, moderate text messaging, and little engagement in such activities as social networking, internet browsing, or e-book reading. Members of this expert community actively provided guidance about portable electronic device use while driving to others, including children and teens, family, and friends. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Attention KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Driving while telephoning KW - Experts KW - Handheld devices KW - Highway safety KW - Personal communication devices KW - Text messaging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107551 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349794 AU - Romoser, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - An Autonomous Intelligent Driving Simulation Tutor for Driver Training and Remediation: A Concept Paper PY - 2011 SP - pp 496-502 AB - An intelligent tutoring model for use in a driving simulation training platform is proposed. Driving simulators by themselves cannot teach and staffing driving simulators with live trainers limits their ability to reach a wide audience. Research has shown that customized feedback, coupled with active practice in a simulator is very effective in changing a driver’s behavior for the better. A driving simulation training program which utilizes an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) can diagnose driver errors, tailor feedback to the student’s specific needs, determine when a student has mastered a specific skill set and can provide remediation as necessary. A brief discussion of basic ITS architecture is provided. An ITS model that has been successful in teaching individual skills in other domains (such as mental rotation) is applied to driving simulator instruction. The various critical components of the ITS, including the domain model, student model and tutoring model, are discussed in detail and a working example provided. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Intelligent driver vehicle interfaces KW - Tutorial instruction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112800 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349793 AU - Lavalliere, Martin AU - Reimer, Bryan AU - Mehler, Bruce AU - D'Ambrosio, Lisa AU - Wang, Ying AU - Teasdale, Normand AU - Coughlin, Joseph AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effect of Age and Gender on Visual Search During Lane Changing PY - 2011 SP - pp 621-628 AB - This study examined visual search behavior relative to three regions of interest (ROI) (side mirror, rear view mirror, and blind spot) for self-initiated lane changes in a sample of 108 drivers under actual highway conditions. As has been observed previously, few drivers scan all three of the ROI prior to executing a lane change, with turning around to inspect the blind spot being the lowest frequency behavior. Age, gender and direction (left or right lane change) were found to influence visual search behaviors. For lane changes to the right, blind spot checking occurred less than 32% of the time in females and less than 15% of the time in males. This low level of blind spot checking to the right was consistent across younger and older age groupings. Interestingly, the most notable age discrepancy was in checking the left blind spot. Younger drivers checked their left blind spot 53.3% of the time compared to a rate of 23.9% for drivers in their 60s. Implications of these findings for both driver remediation programs and the increasing availability of blind spot identification systems are considered. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Age KW - Blind spots KW - Gender KW - Highway safety KW - Lane changing KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Side mirrors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349792 AU - Schrauf, Michael AU - Simon, Michael AU - Schmidt, Eike AU - Kincses, Wilhelm AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessing Drivers' Fatigue State Under Real Traffic Conditions Using EEG Alpha Spindles PY - 2011 SP - pp 31-38 AB - The effectiveness of EEG alpha spindles, defined by short narrowband bursts in the alpha band, as an objective measure for assessing driver fatigue under real driving conditions was examined using an algorithm for the identification of alpha spindles. The method is applied to data recorded under real traffic conditions and compared with the performance of the traditional EEG fatigue measure alpha band power. Statistical analysis revealed significant increases from the first to the last driving section of alpha band power; with larger effect sizes for the alpha spindle based measures. An increased level of fatigue for drop-outs, as compared to participants who did not abort the drive, was observed only by means of alpha spindle parameters. EEG alpha spindle parameters increase both fatigue detection sensitivity and specificity as compared to EEG alpha band power. It is demonstrated that alpha spindles are superior to EEG band power measures for assessing driver fatigue under real traffic conditions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Electroencephalography KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway traffic KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107553 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349791 AU - Pradhan, Anuj AU - Simons-Morton, Bruce AU - Lee, Suzanne AU - Klauer, Sheila AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Hazard Perception and Distraction in Novice Drivers: Effects of 12 Months Driving Experience PY - 2011 SP - pp 614-620 AB - The high crash risk of novice drivers has been partly attributed to their underdeveloped hazard perception abilities. Novice drivers also have an increased risk of crashes due to distractions. Studies show that novice drivers do not detect risk relevant cues and are more susceptible to distractions when compared to adult drivers. This test track study was conducted to study the effects of 12 months of driving experience on teenagers. Forty-two teenagers and their parents drove through hazard perception scenarios while engaged in secondary tasks. These participants had participated in a similar session 12 months earlier. For the odometer and texting task conditions the novice drivers showed an improvement in hazard perception and a small but insignificant decrease in task suspension after 12 months. For the scenario with the cell phone task none of the novice drivers suspended the task, nor exhibited any sort of hazard perception behavior at 12 months. The results indicate that although hazard perception generally improves with experience under some distracting task conditions this is not the case for cell phone distractions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Driver experience KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Perception KW - Teenage drivers KW - Text messaging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1112898 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349790 AU - Bowers, Alex AU - Anastasio, Julius AU - Howe, Piers AU - O'Connor, Margaret AU - Hollis, Ann AU - Kapust, Lissa AU - Bronstad, Matt AU - Horowitz, Todd AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Dynamic Attention as a Predictor of Driving Performance in Clinical Populations: Preliminary Results PY - 2011 SP - pp 307-313 AB - Existing tests (e.g., useful field of view; UFOV) that are commonly used to evaluate visual attention when predicting at-risk drivers do not have a dynamic component. In this project, the authors developed a brief computerized test of dynamic visual attention (multiple object tracking; MOT). Estimates of threshold tracking speed from the brief MOT test showed good agreement with those determined by a full psychometric function (n = 41, r = 0.876, p < 0.001). The brief MOT test was then implemented in a clinical driving assessment program; participants with poorer MOT scores had higher error scores on the road test (n = 15, r = -0.670, p = 0.006). U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Attention KW - Driving KW - Dynamic response KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Useful field of view KW - Visual attention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107803 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349789 AU - Lee, Yi-Ching AU - LaVoie, Noelle AU - Lauper, Ursula AU - Cianciolo, Anna AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Use of a Simulator to Objectively Distinguish Behaviors Between Low-Risk and High-Risk Drivers PY - 2011 SP - pp 417-423 AB - The objective of this study was to validate behavioral differences between two groups of drivers through the use of a driving simulator. Controlled experiments in a driving simulator were used to gather objective and subjective evidence on how drivers reacted to roadway objects and handled various hazardous situations. Low-risk, more experienced drivers were more aware of the mental demands of having to remember and later recall a list of items when compared to high-risk, less experienced drivers. Outcomes of the study may potentially serve as the foundation for a training program that will aim to transfer risk assessment strategies from low-risk drivers to high-risk drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Behavior KW - Driver experience KW - Driving simulators KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Low risk drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108744 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349788 AU - Merat, Natasha AU - Jamson, Hamish AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Driving Simulator Study to Examine the Role of Vehicle Acoustics on Drivers' Speed Perception PY - 2011 SP - pp 226-232 AB - In recent years, there has been a desire by vehicle manufacturers to reduce the in-cab noise of vehicles, in order to improve driver comfort and enhance the enjoyment of in-vehicle entertainment systems. This reduction of in-cab noise is accompanied by policy initiatives to reduce transport related noise by implementing low noise road surfaces. However, it is not known how such reductions in the availability of auditory cues affect drivers’ ability to judge speed, and there is a danger that drivers will increase their speed, to compensate for the absence of auditory cues. In this study, drivers were required to maintain speed at 30 and 70 mph, in the absence of a speedometer, with and without accompanying vehicle noise. Results showed that drivers’ ability to maintain the correct speed profile was much more variable in the absence of accompanying vehicle noise and this variation was found to be higher when drivers were asked to travel at higher speeds of 70 mph. Drivers were also found to travel faster than the required speed in the absence of vehicle noise, although their ability to maintain speed was generally worse at 70 mph, even in the presence of auditory cues. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Acoustics KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Noise KW - Perception KW - Speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107744 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349787 AU - Uc, Ergun AU - Anderson, Steven AU - Lawrence, Jessica AU - Dawson, Jeffrey AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Rehabilitation in Parkinson's Disease Using a Driving Simulator: A Pilot Study PY - 2011 SP - pp 248-254 AB - Parkinson’s disease (PD) impairs driving performance. In this pilot study, four drivers with PD (selected based on poor road driving performance in the past) participated in a rehabilitation program using a driving simulator. Two different training drives (#1- multiple intersections of varying visibility and traffic load, where an incurring vehicle posed a crash risk, #2- various scenarios on decision making, hazard perception and response) were administered in each session (total 3 sessions once every 1-2 weeks) with immediate feedback after the drives. The authors observed reduction in crashes in drive #1 and improved scores on drive #2 in the simulator. In addition, 3 subjects showed marked improvements in their total error counts on a standard road test between baseline and post-training sessions, one subject stayed stable. These findings suggest that their simulator training program is feasible and potentially useful in impaired drivers with PD. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Driving simulators KW - Impaired drivers KW - Parkinson's disease UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107771 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349786 AU - Jamson, Hamish AU - Merat, Natasha AU - Carsten, Oliver AU - Lai, Frank AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Fully-Automated Driving: The Road to Future Vehicles PY - 2011 SP - pp 2-9 AB - The study investigated the impact of fully-automated vehicle control on driver behaviour, physiology and the uptake of secondary tasks in varying traffic conditions. Previous studies have indicated the potential ironies of such automation on fatigue, stress and situational awareness, but have also suggested potential benefits through enhanced safety, more efficient traffic flows and reduced driver workload. The research was undertaken in a high-fidelity driving simulator that allowed drivers to see, feel and hear the impact of the automated control. Independent factors of Drive Type (manual control, fully-automated) and Traffic Density (light, heavy) were manipulated in a repeated-measures experimental design. 49 drivers participated. Drivers experiencing full vehicle automation tended to refrain from behaviours, such as overtaking, that required them to temporarily retake manual control, accepting the resulting increase in journey time. Automation improved safety margins in car following, but this benefit was restricted only to conditions of light surrounding traffic. Automation also reduced heart rate and increased driver fatigue, the latter being mitigated somewhat by high traffic density. Furthermore, drivers became more heavily involved with in-vehicle entertainment than they were in manual driving, affording less visual attention to the road ahead. Drivers do appear happy to forgo their supervisory responsibilities in preference of a more entertaining automated drive. However, these responsibilities are taken more seriously as supervisory demand increases. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Behavior KW - Driver support systems KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Entertainment KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Physiology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349785 AU - Hoggarth, Petra AU - Innes, Carrie AU - Dalrymple-Alford, John AU - Jones, Richard AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - On-Road Driving Assessment Errors Associated with Pass and Fail Outcomes for Older Drivers with Cognitive Impairment PY - 2011 SP - pp 351-357 AB - Most on-road assessments do not make use of standardized scoring to determine driver safety. The current study sought to find a subset of driving errors that were related to on-road Pass and Fail outcomes in a group of 60 older drivers with cognitive impairment, and that were also considered important contributors to a Fail outcome by the driving specialist occupational therapist who administered the assessment. A number of useful errors were found that suggest that even a non-standardized driving assessment could incorporate a short list of driving errors that may assist in the determination of driving ability. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Driver errors KW - Driving assessments KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108731 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349784 AU - Albert, Gila AU - Musicant, Oren AU - Lotan, Tsippy AU - Toledo, Tomer AU - Grimberg, Einat AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evaluating Changes in the Driving Behavior of Young Drivers a Few Years After Licensure Using In-Vehicle Data Recorders PY - 2011 SP - pp 337-343 AB - This paper aims to evaluate how young drivers drive a few years after licensure. Driving behavior in the fourth year of driving is compared to that of the first year, based on data from In-Vehicle Data Recorders (IVDR). Young drivers' cars were equipped with the same IVDR systems in both study periods. The comparison revealed that, in general, driving patterns did not change significantly. The difference in risky behaviour between weekdays and weekends was more prominent in the fourth year than in the first year. In addition, an interesting improvement occurred at the end of the fourth-year study period. The analysis results obtained should also be considered an example of the potential of what may be done with this kind of data. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Behavior KW - Data recorders KW - Driver experience KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Risk taking KW - Teenage drivers KW - Weekdays KW - Weekends KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108730 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349783 AU - Johnson, Amy AU - Dawson, Jeffrey AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Lateral Control in a Driving Simulator: Correlations with Neuropsychological Tests and On-Road Safety Errors PY - 2011 SP - pp 46-51 AB - Driving simulators provide precise information on vehicular position at high capture rates. To analyze such data, we have previously proposed a time series model that reduces lateral position data into several parameters for measuring lateral control, and have shown that these parameters can detect differences between neurologically impaired and healthy drivers (Dawson et al, 2010a). In this paper, we focus on the “re-centering” parameter of this model, and test whether the parameter estimates are associated with off-road neuropsychological tests and/or with on-road safety errors. We assessed such correlations in 127 neurologically healthy drivers, ages 40 to 89. We found that our re-centering parameter had significant correlations with five neuropsychological tests: Judgment of Line Orientation (r = 0.38), Block Design (r = 0.27), Contrast Sensitivity (r = 0.31), Near Visual Acuity (r = -0.26), and Grooved Pegboard (r = -0.25). We also found that our re-centering parameter was associated with on-road safety errors at stop signs (r = -0.34) and on-road safety errors during turns (r = -0.22). These results suggest that our re-centering parameter may be a useful tool for measuring and monitoring ability to maintain vehicular lateral control. As GPS-based technology continues to improve in precision and reliability to measure vehicular positioning, our time-series model may potentially be applied as an automated index of driver performance in real world settings that is sensitive to cognitive decline. This work was supported by NIH/NIA awards AG17177, AG15071, and NS044930, and by a scholarship from Nissan Motor Company. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Driver errors KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Lateral control (Driving) KW - Lateral placement KW - Neuropsychological tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107555 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349782 AU - Bronstad, Matt AU - Bowers, Alex AU - Albu, Amanda AU - Goldstein, Robert AU - Peli, Eli AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving with Para-Central Visual Field Loss: Pilot Study PY - 2011 SP - pp 165-171 AB - The authors studied how para-central visual field loss affects pedestrian detection in a driving simulator. Participants with para-central field loss had relatively good visual acuity (20/15 – 20/60) and 3 of 5 met local vision requirements for an unrestricted drivers license; however, they had lower detection rates and longer reaction times to pedestrians likely to appear within the blind area than in their seeing areas. They were at collision risk for 7% to 30% of pedestrians, whereas controls were at a collision risk for 0 to 4% of pedestrians. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Highway safety KW - Risk analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vision KW - Vision disorders KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual field UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107672 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349781 AU - Mahr, Angela AU - Mueller, Christian AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Schema of Possible Negative Effects of Advanced Driver Assistant Systems PY - 2011 SP - pp 116-121 AB - The purpose of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) is to enhance traffic safety and efficiency. ADAS can be considered as a (still incomplete) collection of systems and subsystems towards a fully automated highway system, such as autonomous cars. However, as many researchers argue, in assessing the benefits of ADAS it has to be taken into account that any gains in terms of security may be again reduced by the fact they affect the drivers' behavior. In this paper, the authors introduce a schema of possible negative effects of advanced driver assistant systems according to which consequences of a system failure largely depend on the magnitude of over-reliance. Based on that schema, they itemize hypotheses on possible behavioral effects of a specific ADAS type, namely local danger alerts. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Behavior KW - Disadvantages KW - Driver support systems KW - Drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107588 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01349780 AU - Fricke, Nicola AU - Schiessl, Caroline AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Encouraging Environmentally Friendly Driving Through Driver Assistance: The Ecomove Project PY - 2011 SP - pp 394-400 AB - A questionnaire study was conducted in order to identify relevant driver motives and assistance options for environmentally-friendly driving. Eighteen participants rated items belonging to the three factors time, environment, and consumption, and subsequently evaluated three types of driver assistance systems. Results concerning the motives showed that older drivers (above the age of 65) focused significantly less on the time motive, whereas high annual mileage drivers tended to focus more on the time motive compared to low annual mileage drivers. Small vehicle drivers emphasized more on the environment motive compared to middle-class/van drivers. In terms of the driver assistance options for eco-friendly driving, a display of the current consumption rate through color-coding received the highest number of first place rankings in the category intelligent vehicle information systems. A function that automatically shuts off the engine after a certain stopping time, as well as optimal gear choice and time to shift, were ranked high in the category intelligent advanced driver assistance systems. In the category intelligent navigation systems, a traffic- and situational adaptive navigation system was ranked the highest most often. Assessment of drivers’ preferences additionally showed that most participants preferred the assistance functions to provide visual information as opposed to direct intervention. The results concerning the driver groups and their underlying driving motives as well as the preference statements will be used to inform the design and development of assistance functions for promoting eco-driving within the European eCo Move project. U1 - Driving Assessment 2011: 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedNissan Technical Center, North AmericaToyota Collaborative Safety Research CenterFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityOlympic Valley - Lake Tahoe,CA StartDate:20110627 EndDate:20110630 Sponsors:Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City KW - Age KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driver support systems KW - Ecodriving KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Stopped time delays KW - Visual information UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1108740 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522350 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Duration Restart Period Needed to Recycle with Optimal Performance: Phase II PY - 2010/12 SP - 3p AB - The objective of this Phase II project was to determine whether a restart period involving two biological nights of sleep would be more effective in restoring performance in individuals working night shifts under the hours of service (HOS) regulations governing property-carrying commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers than the current 34-hour restart provision. Building on the Phase I project, which evaluated the 34-hour restart using two groups of drivers, one operating in daylight and one at night, this new study with nocturnal duty periods and a restart period that includes two biological nights was undertaken using a within-subjects in-laboratory experimental study design with testing of cognitive performance task and high-fidelity driving simulator performance. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Night shifts KW - Regulations KW - Sleep UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51340/Restart-Period-Phase-II.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522299 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - DART Summary Report for Fiscal Year 2010 PY - 2010/12 SP - 7p AB - In fiscal year (FY) 2010, the Data Analysis Reporting Team (DART) received and processed 675, and closed 696 data requests. On average, DART received and processed approximately 56 requests and closed 58 requests per month. The monthly number of requests closed exceeds or equals the number of requests processed. This occurs because some completed requests were subsequently reopened pursuant to a request for additional, revised, or follow-up information. This leads to multiple deliveries associated with the same request. DART services are limited to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), its State partners, and governmental agencies. KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51283/DART-Summary-Report-2010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01333209 AU - Fu, Joshua S AU - Calcagno, J A AU - Davis, Wayne T AU - Boulet, J A AU - Wasserman, J F AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Improving Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Ergonomics to Reduce Fatigue and Improve Driver Health and Performance PY - 2010/12 SP - 105p AB - Factors are suspected to influence health and performance of drivers--noise level, seat vibration, and cabin air quality of heavy-duty diesel trucks--were measured while vehicles were parked with engine idling and driven. Resulting data will serve as baseline data from which future similar studies may determine if new truck designs have changed the existing state of these conditions for long-haul freight truck drivers. Twenty-seven trucks (model years 2006-2008) from four manufacturers were tested. Overall in-cab noise levels were found to be below 8-hour standard limit values. Results indicated slightly higher noise levels occurred while driving on interstates compared to driving on the State highways. Average vibrations from the seats were generally found to be below standard exposures for an 8-hour driving day. Air quality was determined by measuring in-cab concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). Results indicated trucks have a tendency to self-pollute the cabs during periods of extended parked engine idling; the on-road concentrations were several magnitudes lower. CO and NOX concentrations were well below standard permissible exposure levels. KW - Diesel engine exhaust gases KW - Diesel trucks KW - Engine idling KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Motor carriers KW - Pollutants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51295/Ergonomics-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1094749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01330436 AU - Van Dongen, Hans P A AU - Belenky, Gregory AU - Washington State University AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Investigation into Motor Carrier Practices to Achieve Optimal Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Performance: Phase I PY - 2010/12//Final Report SP - 75p AB - The objective of this research project was to determine the effectiveness of the 34-hour restart provision in the Hours-of-Service regulations governing property-carrying commercial motor vehicle drivers. A sample of 27 healthy subjects was studied in an in-residence laboratory study with frequent testing of cognitive performance and driving performance on a high-fidelity driving simulator. A “worst-case”–”best-case” between-groups comparison was made of two 5-day (14-hour/day) work periods separated by a 34-hour restart period. Half the sample was randomized to the “best-case” condition, which entailed daytime wakefulness and work (and nighttime sleep) throughout the study. The other half was randomized to the “worst-case” condition, which entailed nighttime wakefulness and work (and daytime sleep) during the two 5-day work periods, while transitioning back to a daytime schedule during the 34-hour restart period. In the “best-case” condition, performance was the same before and after the 34-hour restart. In the “worst-case” condition, however, performance after the 34-hour restart was impaired relative to performance before the restart, indicating that the restart period was not effective at maintaining performance in this condition. Driver fatigue could be reduced by establishing work schedules and adapting HOS regulations that allow greater flexibility (e.g., taking into account strategic napping and circadian timing). KW - 34-Hour restart provision KW - Circadian rhythms KW - Cognition KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Performance KW - Sleep KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51341/Restart-Phase-I.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1093707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383553 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 Colorado Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2010/11//Special Report SP - 45p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Colorado. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Colorado crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. It was necessary to focus just on crashes involving a fatality, A-injury or B-injury, or in which a vehicle was towed due to disabling damage, because of problems identifying MCMIS reportable crashes in the Colorado crash file. It is estimated that Colorado reported 65.5 percent of this subset of reportable crash involvements in 2008. Reporting rates were found primarily to be related to crash severity and the configuration of the vehicle. Almost 90 percent of fatal crash involvements were reported, 60.3 percent of A- or B-injury involvements, and only 67.8 percent of towed/disabled involvements. Trucks were reported at a somewhat higher rate than buses as a whole, 63.5 percent to 47.8 percent. Large trucks such as tractor-semitrailers were reported at a higher rate than smaller single unit trucks. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Colorado crash files were reasonably consistent, though specific problems were noted with hazmat variables and the truck and trailer configuration. KW - Bus crashes KW - Colorado KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89598/1/102790.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147893 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01627867 TI - Study of the Impact of a Telematics System on Safe and Fuel-efficient Driving in Trucks AB - A Baltimore-based motor carrier fleet volunteered 46 new Volvo trucks, each equipped with Volvo Link and Green Roads Technology, for the field operational test (FOT). Volvo Link Technology gathers "fuel economy" data. Green Roads Technology gathers "safety" data (data on when and where hard braking, sudden acceleration, etc., occurs). The trucks were comprised of 24 day cabs and 22 sleeper cabs. Each group was further split evenly into the control and pilot groups; thus, there were 12 control day cabs, 12 pilot day cabs, 11 control sleeper cabs, and 11 pilot sleeper cabs. The FOT consisted of five stages. Stage 1 was the baseline data collection period during which all drivers were unaware that their driving was monitored. In Stage 2, drivers in the pilot groups were made aware of being monitored and provided with feedback. In Stage 3, drivers in the pilot groups were provided with feedback through the in-cab display. In Stage 4, drivers in the pilot groups were scored and coached if their scores were unsatisfactory. In Stage 5, drivers in the pilot group were provided incentives. KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Telematics KW - Trucks UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/technology/study-impact-telematics-system-safe-and-fuel-efficient-driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1458100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613037 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010 Phase Results Phase I Results Report to Congress PY - 2010/09 SP - 21p AB - The Comprehensive Safety Analysis (CSA) 2010 is a major initiative of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to improve the effectiveness of the Agency's compliance and enforcement programs. The ultimate goal is to achieve a greater reduction in large truck and bus crashes, injuries, and fatalities by more efficiently using the resources of FMCSA and its State partners. In February 2008, FMCSA launched a two-phase, 30-month field test to assess the validity, efficiency, and effectiveness of the CSA 2010 operational model. Senate Report 111-69 accompanying the Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2010 (P.L. 111-117, division A), requests FMCSA to "... submit a report to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations by March 15, 2010, regarding the results of phase I of the pilot and any preliminary results of phase II. The report should also include an update to the spend plan required in fiscal year 2009." This document reports results for Phase I and preliminary results for Phase II of the test in terms of both improved efficiency and effectiveness, and updates the Agency's CSA 2010 Spend Plan. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Compliance KW - Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010 KW - Field tests KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/CSA-2010-Phase-Results-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425895 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592551 TI - Commercial Driver Individual Differences Study (CDIDS) AB - The objective of this project was to identify the most critical driver characteristics, such as medical or work histories that increase crash risk. In the initial phase of the project, the feasibility of collecting exposure-based risk data for selected characteristics, as well as the feasibility of identifying commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver factors that contribute to increased risk of large truck crashes, was explored. A follow-on pilot study was performed to determine the relative crash risk associated with driver characteristics, general health and wellness issues, medical conditions, drugs, and other driving performance characteristics. The next phase was a full-scale study that incorporated lessons learned from the pilot study. The objective of the case-control Commercial Driver Individual Differences Study (CDIDS) was to examine a wide array of driver and situational factors to determine their prevalence in and relationship to being involved in a crash. The CDIDS identified and prioritized commercial driver individual risk factors that primarily consist of personal factors such as demographic characteristics, medical conditions, personal attitudes, and behavioral history. These factors also include work environmental conditions, such as carrier operation type and compensation method. Risk factors were identified by linking the characteristics of individual drivers with their driving records through the duration of the study. Of particular importance was the occurrence or absence of critical incidents, including preventable crashes, crashes regardless of preventability, moving violations, and vehicle inspection violations. A final report that identifies individual factors that increase crash risk is under Agency review. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Demographics KW - Health hazards KW - Highway Safety Act 1966 KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety education KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/research-and-analysis/commercial-driver-individual-differences-study UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01383567 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Blower, Daniel AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - A New Model of Crash Severities Reportable to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2010/09//Special Report SP - 26p AB - The Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file has been developed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to serve as a census file of trucks and buses involved in traffic crashes meeting a specific crash severity threshold. Each state is responsible for identifying cases that meet the MCMIS Crash file criteria and reporting the required data through the SafetyNet system. The present report is an addition to three previous reports describing models to predict the number of crash involvements a state should be reporting. The model has been updated and changed over time as more data becomes available from additional states. In each state, the number of fatal involvements is well-known, so all states will start with a known quantity, the number of fatal truck and bus crash involvements. The new model also incorporates a rural/urban (RU) factor that accounts for the relative proportion of rural to urban truck travel in a state. In the new model, data from 16 states that provide all the information necessary to identify MCMIS-reportable cases were used. A log-linear model is fit to MCMIS data for the states that have information recorded for both fatal and nonfatal crashes. The model is then used to predict the number of nonfatal crashes for a new state in which the number of fatal crashes and the RU factor are known. Ninety percent prediction intervals provide a range of nonfatal crash values to be used for guidance. The new model provides more accurate prediction than previous models and is expected to be updated as data from additional states become available. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash prediction models KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89595/1/102787.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01329284 AU - Green, P E AU - Matteson, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 Florida Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2010/09//Special Report SP - 46p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies have shown that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Florida. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Florida Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Florida is reporting 28.0 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. There is some disagreement in vehicle type as determined by VIN decoding and the entry recorded on the police accident report. The reporting rate for truck tractors is 46.7 percent, while the reporting rates for single unit trucks are 6.0, 16.2, and 24.2 percent for trucks with gross vehicle weight ratings in pounds of 10,000-19,5000; 19,501-26,000; and greater than 26,000, respectively. The reporting rate for buses is 5.3 percent. Fatal crashes are reported at about 86.0 percent, but injured/transported and towed/disabled crashes are reported at about 30.9 and 22.7 percent, respectively. The Highway Patrol has a reporting rate of 85.2 percent, while the reporting rate for police departments is 57.6 percent and for sheriff's offices is 60.6 percent. Missing data rates are low for most variables. There are some inconsistencies between vehicle configuration as coded in the Florida Crash file and the MCMIS file. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/mcmisFL08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1090674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01325108 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 Florida Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2010/09//Special Report SP - 46p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies have shown that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Florida. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Florida Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Florida is reporting 28.0 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. There is some disagreement in vehicle type as determined by VIN decoding and the entry recorded on the police accident report. The reporting rate for truck tractors is 46.7 percent, while the reporting rates for single unit trucks are 6.0, 16.2, and 24.2 percent for trucks with gross vehicle weight ratings in pounds of 10,000-19,5000; 19,501-26,000; and greater than 26,000, respectively. The reporting rate for buses is 5.3 percent. Fatal crashes are reported at about 86.0 percent, but injured/transported and towed/disabled crashes are reported at about 30.9 and 22.7 percent, respectively. The Highway Patrol has a reporting rate of 85.2 percent, while the reporting rate for police departments is 57.6 percent and for sheriff‘s offices is 60.6 percent. Missing data rates are low for most variables. There are some inconsistencies between vehicle configuration as coded in the Florida Crash file and the MCMIS file. KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Florida KW - Impact tests KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck tractors KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35000/35092/102677.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1085886 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463743 TI - ECO-Friendly Navigation System Research for Heavy-Duty Trucks Project AB - Heavy-duty trucks are a critical component of the U.S. goods movement system; however, these trucks consume a large amount of fuel and emit significant pollutants and greenhouse gases. The trucking industry is always looking for any measure to improve operations and reduce fuel consumption, including efficient routing and scheduling. Most existing routing systems are based on minimizing total miles traveled. However, fuel consumption and emissions aren't necessarily minimized by distance, particularly in congestion and areas that have significant changes in road grade. In this project, it is proposed to develop a new set of routing algorithms that are specifically designed to minimize fuel consumption and emissions for heavy-duty trucks. These ECO-Friendly Navigation algorithms will build upon our previous research in eco-routing algorithms developed for light-duty vehicles. The key innovation in this proposed research is the integration of our navigation technology with a rich set of truck energy and emissions data collected by CE-CERT's state-of-the-art heavy-duty Mobile Emissions Laboratory (MEL) as well as sophisticated truck energy and emissions models that CE-CERT has developed over the years. New algorithms will be researched and developed, followed by an actual prototype implementation in our heavy-duty truck (MEL). Using this prototype system, the effectiveness of the routing algorithms will be carefully evaluated. It is expected that significant fuel and emissions savings will occur, particularly when road congestion is high and in areas that have significant elevation changes. KW - Behavior KW - Driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Greenhouse gases KW - Pollutants KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231970 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01467634 TI - North American Fatigue Management Program, Phase IV AB - The North American Fatigue Management Program Steering Committee has developed a comprehensive approach to managing fatigue in a motor carrier operating environment. The research addressed corporate culture, education and training, sleep disorders screening and treatment, scheduling and tools, and fatigue monitoring and management technologies. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver monitoring KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Motor carriers KW - Sleep disorders KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/north-american-fatigue-management-program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1235870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01226730 AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluating the Safety Benefits of a Low-Cost Driving Behavior Management System in Commercial Vehicle Operations PY - 2010/06 SP - 68p AB - Motor vehicle crashes are often predictable and preventable. Yet, many drivers choose to behave in ways that put themselves and others at risk for a vehicle crash and/or serious injuries. Behavioral safety programs are advantageous because they are easy to implement, easy to teach, and may be implemented successfully in the setting where the problem occurs to increase safety-related work behaviors. Almost all prior behavioral safety research has been applied in work settings where employees can systematically observe the safe versus at-risk behaviors of their coworkers. In contrast, commercial truck and bus drivers typically work alone and in relative isolation and thus require alternative strategies. Until recently, the primary problem with implementing behavior-based programs has been getting quality behavioral data on driving behaviors. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration funded this project to provide an independent evaluation of a commercially available low-cost driving behavior management systems (DBMS). Participating drivers drove an instrumented vehicle for 17 consecutive weeks while they made their normal, revenue-producing deliveries. During the 4-week baseline phase, the DBMS recorded safety-related events; however, the feedback light on the event recorder was disabled and safety managers did not have access to the recorded safety-related events to provide feedback to drivers. During the 13-week intervention phase, the feedback light on the event recorder was activated and safety managers had access to the recorded safety-related events (following a recommended coaching protocol with drivers when necessary). The primary analyses in the current report determined the safety benefits of a commercially available low cost DBMS. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Crash data KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel behavior KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51308/FMCSA-RRR-10-032.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/987541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359709 AU - Lacombe, Annalynn AU - Piccolo, Dennis AU - Khan, Mokbul AU - Bannister, William AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Agricultural Commodity and Utility Carriers Hours of Service Exemption Analysis PY - 2010/05//Final Report SP - 46p AB - The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 compares the safety performance of agricultural and non-agricultural carriers for the period 2005 through 2008, and also examines two additional industries: livestock and utility carriers, whose operations were not exempt from Hours Of Service (HOS) regulations prior to the 2005 passage of SAFETEA-LU. The Phase 1 analysis used carrier registration, inspection, and crash data from the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS). Key findings were that, nationally, agricultural carriers operating within a 100-air-mile radius had lower crash rates per 100 power units than those operating beyond this radius, except for 2008, when there was no difference in the crash rates. Also, agricultural carriers exempt from HOS had higher out of service (OOS) and/or violation rates than non-exempt carriers for regulations pertaining to driver qualifications, vehicle maintenance, and improper loading and securement. For the Phase 2 analysis, inspection data of agricultural commodity and utility carriers was collected during a Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) special study of a sample of States. These data included only those inspections occurring during the States’ planting and harvesting seasons. Key finding were that agricultural carriers in the survey operating beyond a 100-air-mile radius had a statistically higher driver OOS rate than those driving within a 100-air-mile radius, but those operating within a 100-air-mile radius had a statistically higher vehicle OOS rate. Also, agricultural carriers in the survey that were subject to the HOS requirements had higher crash rates per 100 power units than agricultural carriers that were exempt from the HOS requirements. Both Phase 1 and Phase 2 analyses have data limitations. KW - Crash rates KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Inspection KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Safety performance KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125681 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546048 TI - Risk Avoidance Strategies AB - There are two broad ways that motor carriers can improve the safety of their operations. One is to improve the safety performance of their individual "assets" - that is, drivers and vehicles. Improving the safety performance of individual drivers and vehicles almost inevitably involves resource expenditures, such as spending more time and money on driver selection, training, management oversight, or vehicle safety equipment. These are proven ways to enhance safety. Another method is to deploy the same assets in ways that minimize risk and increase opportunities for successful performance. This might be considered analogous to the decisions a football coach makes on game day. The potential performance capabilities of individual "assets" (players) are largely established before the game, but the coach's lineup decisions and plays called during the game greatly affect team success. These methods do not primarily involve increased resource expenditures, but rather resource deployment decisions. KW - Drivers KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Truck drivers UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2770 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333000 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546047 TI - Driver Selection Tests and Measurement AB - Research reveals large and enduring individual differences in crash risk among commercial drivers, and indeed among drivers in general. Most notably, naturalistic driving studies are able to count driver involvements in at-fault traffic events, including crashes, near-crashes, and other incidents. In one group of 95 commercial drivers, the worst 21 drivers drove 19% of the study sample driving hours but had 53% of at-fault events. This study will identify specific tests, and types of tests, as well as their level of use within the motor carrier industry. Also reviewed with be U.S. Department of Labor standards for test validity and fairness. This information will help carriers to make greater use of selection devices and well as better choices among available instruments. The study will include a review of the academic, commercial, and industry literature on tests, measurements, and other procedures used by motor carriers to select safe commercial drivers. Motor carrier safety managers and others will be surveyed in regard to the selection tests and procedures they use and consider most effective and useful. Selection procedures will be described that address the various personal trait dimensions underlying differential driver risk. Finally, research and development needs relating to commercial driver selection will be identified. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver selection KW - Drivers KW - High risk drivers KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Motor carriers KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic incidents KW - Truck drivers UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2771 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1332999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01208073 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck Crash Overview, 2008 PY - 2010/03 SP - 6p AB - The mission of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to promote the safe operation of commercial vehicles on our Nations highways. Of the 37,261 people killed in motor vehicle crashes in 2008, 11% (4,229) died in crashes that involved a large truck. Another 90,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Only 16% of those killed and 26% of those injured were occupants of large trucks. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/968934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01159590 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2007 PY - 2010/03//Special Report SP - 71p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2007. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/71382 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01156925 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010: Safety Measurement System (SMS) Methodology PY - 2010/03//Version 1.2 SP - 95p AB - This report documents the Safety Measurement System (SMS) methodology developed to support the Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010 (CSA 2010) Initiative for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). The SMS is one of the major tools for measuring the safety of individual motor carriers and Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) drivers. Such measures help identify and monitor safety problems as part of the CSA 2010 safety improvement process. The SMS design builds on the lessons learned from developing and implementing SafeStat for Compliance Reviews (CR) prioritization. However, the SMS also incorporates new CSA 2010 requirements for identifying specific types of unsafe behaviors that the entities exhibit. A more specialized set of interventions will now address these unsafe behaviors and the system will also expand the use of on-road safety violation data. In January 2008, FMCSA started an Operational Model (OM) Test of the CSA 2010 Initiative, which includes using the SMS to identify and monitor unsafe carrier and CMV driver behavior. Version 1.2 of the Methodology incorporates feedback from the OM Test and was implemented in the OM Test in April 2009. This revision further clarifies some of the SMS features originally documented in April 2009, but does not represent any changes to the methodology. Future SMS development will be part of a continuous improvement process based on results and feedback from this OM Test. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Compliance KW - Comprehensive Safety Analysis 2010 KW - Highway safety KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Motor carriers KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://csa2010.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/smsmethodology.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/917684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01155110 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts, 2008 PY - 2010/03 SP - 74p AB - This annual edition contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks and buses in 2008. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Large trucks KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ai.volpe.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/LargeTruckandBusCrashFacts2008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/916076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01153475 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 Kansas Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2010/02 SP - 39p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the State of Kansas. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Kansas crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. It was necessary to focus just on crashes involving a fatality, A-injury or B-injury, or in which a vehicle was towed due to disabling damage, because of problems identifying MCMIS reportable crashes in the Kansas crash file. It is estimated that Kansas reported 65.9 percent to 75.3 of reportable crash involvements in 2008. Reporting rates were found to be related to crash severity, the configuration of the vehicle, and the type of enforcement agency that covered the crash. Over 82.5 percent of fatal crash involvements were reported, 70.9 percent of A- or B-injury involvements, and 63.1 percent of towed/disabled involvements. Trucks and buses as a whole were reported at about the same rates, but transit buses were largely overlooked. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Kansas crash files were reasonably consistent, though specific problems were noted with hazmat variables and the truck and trailer configuration. KW - Buses KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Highway safety KW - Kansas KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/65062 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/914441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01351713 AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Cochlear Implants and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety PY - 2010/01/29/Targeted Evidence Report SP - 77p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is interested in examining issues pertaining to the potential impact of cochlear implantation (for profound hearing loss) on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver safety. A preliminary review of the literature in developing the scope of this report revealed that no scientific literature exists that explicitly evaluates driver safety in individuals who have undergone cochlear implantation. Cochlear implantation improves hearing performance and speech perception, although not to the degree of people with normal hearing; the degree of improvement varies for each recipient, depending on factors such as the duration of deafness, whether or not the individual was pre- or post-lingually deaf, and age at implantation. Bilateral cochlear implantation is an advantage to unilateral cochlear implantation for the purpose of speech perception in noise, and sound localization tasks. Although most individuals have a unilateral cochlear implant, there is a trend to outfit more patients with two cochlear implants or with one cochlear implant and a hearing aid in the contralateral ear. Although a number of hearing-impaired individuals suffer from vestibular symptoms prior to implantation, between 20% and 76% of cochlear implant recipients will suffer from vestibular impairment following cochlear implantation. These individuals however, are usually assisted with vestibular rehabilitation. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Deafness KW - Freight traffic KW - Hearing aids KW - Hearing loss KW - Highway safety KW - Noise KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/39000/39400/39417/Cochlear_Implant_Revison_1_14_2011-Library_Copy.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1114755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01149521 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Pettis, Leslie AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2007 (Version January 14, 2010) PY - 2010/01/14/January 14, 2010 SP - 165p AB - This report provides documentation for UMTRI’s file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2007, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2007 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Coding systems KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Truck crashes UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64489/3/48532_A51.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/910507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01153494 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 Mississippi Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2010/01 SP - 38p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Mississippi. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Mississippi crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that for 2008 Mississippi reported 38.0 percent of crash involvements that qualified for reporting to the MCMIS Crash file. About 3.0 percent of the reported cases did not meet the reporting criteria. Reporting rates were found to be related primarily to crash severity, the type of enforcement agency that covered the crash, and whether the reporting officer completed the Commercial Vehicle section of the Uniform Crash Report. Over 84 percent of fatal crashes were reported, compared with 36.4 percent of injury/transported crashes, and 35.8 percent of tow/disabled involvements. Reporting did not seem to vary significantly by truck size, but only 25 percent of “commercial” buses were reported, and less than 3 percent of school buses. Crashes covered by the State High Patrol were reported at the highest rate, though that was only 49.6 percent. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Overall, the crash report is designed to support full reporting. Most of the information necessary to identify reportable cases is available in the crash file, so a substantial improvement in the reporting rate can be achieved. KW - Buses KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Highway safety KW - Mississippi KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64995 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/914447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01153490 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2007 PY - 2010/01 SP - 102p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks involved in traffic accidents in 2007. The statistics are derived from the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/65063 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/914440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162626 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Strategic Plan, 2006-2011 PY - 2010 SP - 40p AB - The mission is to promote safe commercial motor vehicle operation through education, regulation, enforcement, and innovative research and technology to reduce truck and bus crashes resulting in fewer fatalities and injuries. Achieve a safer and more secure transportation environment through shared responsibilities with our partners and stakeholders. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash prevention KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Motor carriers KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/fmcsa-strategic-plan-102907.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162552 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Implementation Guidelines for Alcohol and Drug Regulations in Highway Transportation, 2004. PY - 2010 SP - 312p AB - These guidelines are the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSAs) small entity compliance guide for purposes of the Contract With America Advancement Act of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121, Title II, Subtitle A, March 29, 1996). Under this act, the content of this small entity compliance guide is not subject to judicial review but may be considered as evidence of the reasonableness or appropriateness of any proposed fines, penalties, or damages in an FMCSA civil or administrative action. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drug use KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Substance abuse KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01356711 AU - Westat AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Seat Belt Usage by Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers (SBUCMVD) 2009 Survey PY - 2009/12/18/Final Report SP - 57p AB - The Seat Belt Usage by Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers (SBUCMVD) Survey is a nationally representative field data collection program that provides estimates of safety belt restraint use by drivers and other occupants of medium and heavy duty commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). The 2009 overall seat belt usage rate for drivers of all medium and heavy duty trucks and buses combined was 74%. The usage rate for CMV other occupants was 61%. A total of 20,818 CMVs, 20,818 drivers, and 1,628 other occupants were observed at 827 sites. Seat belt use was observed to be higher in states governed by primary belt use laws (78%) than secondary belt use laws (67%). Seat belt usage among drivers and other occupants in units identified as part of a regional or national fleet (78%) was also observed to be higher than non-regional/non-national (independent) operators (64%). These estimates show an increase from 2008. Observations on the use of seat belts were conducted on a sample of arterial roads (ART) and limited access highways (LAH) by trained Data Collectors and the data collection protocol remained the same as last year. All data were collected on Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with a newly developed data collection program. Independent traffic counts were also recorded to help calibrate the estimates. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Data collection KW - Expressways KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Independent operators KW - Medium trucks KW - Motor carriers KW - Personal digital assistants KW - Seat belt use KW - Seat belts KW - Surveys KW - Traffic counts KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle fleets KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1122105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01535719 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - A Motor Carrier's Guide to Improving Highway Safety PY - 2009/12 SP - 162p AB - This guide is intended to provide educational and technical assistance to the motor carrier industry and provide basic guidance on the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). It is not intended to be a substitute for the regulations. This guide is comprised of eleven parts, each containing a specific safety regulation topic that is covered in the FMCSRs. Included are: Longer Combination Vehicle (LCV) Driver-Training and Driver-Instructor Requirements, Controlled Substances and Alcohol Use and Testing, Commercial Drivers License (CDL) Standards: Requirements and Penalties, Safety Fitness Procedures, Minimum Levels of Financial Responsibility for Motor Carriers, Qualification of Drivers, Driving of Motor Vehicles, Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation, Hours of Service of Drivers, and Inspection, Repair, and Maintenance. Each part contains information sheets that cover the highlights of that section. In addition, transportation of hazardous materials, motor carriers of passengers, accident countermeasures, and motor carrier financial and operation statistics are covered. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Motor carriers KW - Qualifications KW - Regulations KW - Truck crashes UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/ETA-Final-508c-s.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1319994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162483 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Motor Carrier's Guide to Improving Highway Safety PY - 2009/12 SP - 162p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) was established as a separate administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation on January 1, 2000, as a result of the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999. FMCSAs primary mission is to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses on our Nations highways. This is accomplish through a coordinated effort of Federal, State, and industry organizations to reduce fatalities, injuries, property damage and hazardous materials incidents. The safety and compliance program is implemented through a national network of fifty-two field offices, including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. FMCSA has produced A Motor Carriers Guide to Improving Highway Safety. This guide is intended to provide educational and technical assistance to the motor carrier industry and provide basic guidance on the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Motor carriers KW - Qualifications KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01153467 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2007 (Version December 14, 2009) PY - 2009/12//Version December 14, 2009 SP - 136p AB - This report provides documentation for UMTRI’s file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2007, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2007 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Coding systems KW - Computer program documentation KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - United States UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/65002 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/914443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01153471 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2007 Texas Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2009/11 SP - 35p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Texas. Evaluating Texas data in the MCMIS Crash file presented unique problems. Gaps in the PAR data made difficult to identify vehicles that meet the MCMIS vehicle type criteria with confidence or to cleanly identify crashes meeting the severity threshold. Alternative methods were developed to evaluate reporting indirectly. The result of each method was consistent with the conclusion that Texas reporting is substantially complete. No evidence was found that would tend to show underreporting or overreporting. Missing data rates are low for most variables, and that data reported are consistent. However, it is emphasized that gaps in the Texas data make it impossible to directly measure crash reporting rates. KW - Buses KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Highway safety KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64994 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/914449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01150750 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Bus Crash Causation Study Report to Congress PY - 2009/11 SP - 8p AB - The Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 (MCSIA) mandated a study to determine the causes of, and factors contributing to, crashes involving commercial motor vehicles (CMV). The MCSIA directed the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to transmit the results of the study to Congress. In response, the DOT’s Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a three-year study of large truck crashes. The FMCSA transmitted a report to Congress on the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) in March 2006. This report to Congress provides the results of the Bus Crash Causation Study (BCCS). Faced with the challenges of acquiring a representative, national sample of bus crashes, FMCSA decided to collect crash data in northeastern New Jersey, which is part of the New York City metropolitan area and home to large fleets of various types of buses. The goal was to study 50 to 100 crashes in a year. However, the paucity of bus crashes resulting in fatalities or injuries revealed only 39 crashes involving fatalities or incapacitating injuries (category A) or non-incapacitating injuries (category B) in 2 years. Despite the small sample, .BCCS is the largest in-depth comprehensive examination of bus crashes ever conducted. Generally, the study did not include crashes involving New Jersey transit buses or school buses transporting children from home to school because most of FMCSA’s safety regulations do not apply to these vehicle types. The only exception was to include transit and school buses if the crash involved at least one fatality. The most frequent bus accidents involved motorcoaches (inter-city buses). Charter and regular route (inter-city) buses were also highly represented. The study analyzed the accidents for crash characteristics, frequency. and causes. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash rates KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Intercity transportation UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/Bus-Crash-Causation-Study-Report-to-Congress.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51273/Bus-Crash-Causation-Study-Report-to-Congress.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/912683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01575244 AU - Bieber-Tregear, Michelle AU - Williams, Jessica Roberts AU - Tregear, Stephen AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Narcolepsy (with and without Cataplexy) and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety PY - 2009/10/06 SP - 177p AB - This evidence report contains four major sections: 1) Background, 2) Crash Statistics, Sleep-related Crash Data, and Relevant Regulations, 3) Methods, and 4) Evidence Synthesis. These major sections are supplemented by extensive use of appendices. The Background section summarizes basic information on the condition of narcolepsy, with and without cataplexy. In the section titled Crash Statistics, Sleep-related Crash Data, and Relevant Regulations, the authors provide information pertaining to current regulatory standards and guidelines from the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and three other government transportation safety agencies; the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Federal Railroads Administration (FRA), and the Maritime Administration (MARAD). In addition, the authors summarize equivalent information from other countries that are generally considered to have well-developed medical fitness programs. In the Methods section, the authors detail how they identified and analyzed information for this report. The section covers the key questions addressed, details of literature searching, criteria for including studies in the analyses, evaluation of study quality, assessment of the strength of the evidence base for each question, and methods for abstracting and synthesis of clinical study results. The Evidence Synthesis section of this report is organized by key question. For each question, the authors report on the quality and quantity of the studies that provided relevant evidence. The authors then summarize available data extracted from included studies either qualitatively or, when the data permit, qualitatively and quantitatively (using meta-analysis). Each section in the Evidence Synthesis section closes with conclusions that are based on the authors' assessment of the available evidence. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Crash data KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Meta-analysis KW - Narcolepsy KW - Regulations KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55225/Narcolepsy_and_CMV_drivers_-_FINAL_10302009..pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366770 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01592625 TI - Onboard Monitoring System Field Operational Test AB - The objective of this project was to determine whether an onboard monitoring suite (OBMS) reduces at-risk behavior among commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers and improves driver safety performance. In addition, to collect more than 30 million miles of naturalistic large truck driving data to support future CMV safety research efforts. An effective strategy in reducing the influence of crash risk factors is to obtain better, more targeted driver feedback. The OBMS used in this study provided drivers and their safety managers with cumulative feedback on risky behavior during real-time driving. It recorded (through snippets of video and other performance/kinematic measures) unsafe driving behaviors and provided real-time feedback to drivers. This was the final phase of a three-phase study to identify the importance of feedback on driver performance. OBMS devices (provided by SmartDrive), were installed on approximately 200 vehicles across two commercial trucking fleets and two bus companies. Using quantitative and qualitative data collected over an 18-24 month period via OBMS devices, researchers worked to answer the following research questions: (1) Does individual driving performance improve over time with OBMS feedback? (2) How does the OBMS feedback program improve safety? (3) How do the drivers’ opinions and attitudes toward the OBMS feedback program change over time? (4) Can the OBMS accurately distinguish “good” drivers from “at-risk” drivers? (5) If driving performance improves, does it remain improved over time? (6) What are the fleet safety managers’ opinions and attitudes about the OBMS? (7) What is the business case for implementing an OBMS feedback program? (8) What are the user differences between the electronic logging device that is integrated into the OBMS and the previous methods for recording hours-of-service data? A final report detailing study findings is published and available. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Improvements KW - Monitoring KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Performance evaluations KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/onboard-monitoring-system-field-operational-test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01150621 AU - Gorder, V AU - Knoebel, Geri AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Santa Teresa RFID E-Screening Demonstration Project Evaluation PY - 2009/10//Final Report SP - 67p AB - This report provides an overview and results of a Phase 1 demonstration project using radio frequency identification device (RFID) transponders to electronically screen commercial motor vehicles passing through a state border-crossing facility at Santa Teresa, NM. This report also describes potential enhancements to the e-screening system that could increase its utility in future applications, both for near-term enhancements to the limited operational concept, and for longer-term development of a full-service e-screening application for secondary border facilities at both Southern and Northern borders. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Commercial vehicles KW - International borders KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radio frequency identification KW - Santa Teresa (New Mexico) KW - Screenings KW - United States-Mexico Border UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/913071 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01492450 TI - Engineering and Root Cause Analysis of Motorcoach Fires AB - The goal of this project was to conduct an engineering analysis of 10 motorcoach fires to see what insights it gave regarding root causes of motorcoach fires. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Special Crash Investigations unit evaluated incidents and conducted detailed engineering root cause analysis. Root cause analysis is a proven method for investigating, categorizing, and ultimately eliminating, root causes of incidents with safety, health, environmental, quality, reliability, and production-process impacts. The Root Cause Analysis System enables the generation of specific, concrete recommendations for preventing incident recurrences. KW - Buses KW - Engineering KW - Fire causes KW - Fires KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261670 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01467635 TI - Testing and Evaluation of Truck-Based Fuel Monitoring and Operations Management Systems AB - This project used a combination of Volvo link and Green Roads technologies to explore whether fuel-efficient driving is correlated with safe driving. Volvo link tracked fuel consumption as a function of time and distance traveled. Green Roads technology tracked sudden accelerations, decelerations, and other jerky movements as a proxy for unsafe driving. KW - Driver monitoring KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel efficiency KW - High risk drivers KW - Monitoring KW - Safe driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1235871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01147322 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 Vermont Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2009/09//Special Report SP - 40p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Vermont. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Vermont crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. It was necessary to focus just on crashes involving a fatality, A-injury or B-injury, because of problems identifying MCMIS reportable crashes in the Vermont crash file. It appears that Vermont reported 64.9% of these crash involvements in 2008. Reporting rates were found to be related to crash severity, the configuration of the vehicle, and the type of enforcement agency that covered the crash. Over 71% of fatal crash involvements were reported, 54.5% of A-injury involvements, and 67.1% of B-injury involvements. More than 66% of reportable involvements of truck involvements were reported, but the reporting rate was 50.0% for buses. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Corresponding data elements in the MCMIS and Vermont crash files were reasonably consistent, though all cases reported as truck with trailer in the MCMIS file were recorded as tractor-semitrailers in the Vermont crash file. KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data reporting KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Statistics KW - Underreporting KW - Vermont UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64345 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/907568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01146830 AU - Olson, Rebecca L AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Bocanegra, Joseph L AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations PY - 2009/09//Final Report SP - 285p AB - This study investigated the impact of driver distraction in commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operations. Data from two earlier naturalistic studies were combined to create a data set of 203 CMV drivers and 55 trucks from seven trucking fleets operating at 16 locations. A total of 4,452 safety-critical events (i.e., crashes, near-crashes, crash-relevant conflicts, and unintentional lane deviations) were identified in the data set, along with 19,888 baseline (uneventful, routine driving) epochs. Data analyses included odds ratio calculations and population attributable risk estimates. Key findings were that drivers were engaged in non-driving related tasks in 71 percent of crashes, 46 percent of near-crashes, and 60 percent of all safety-critical events. Also, performing highly complex tasks while driving led to a significant increase in risk. Eye glance analyses examined driver eye location while performing tasks while operating a CMV. Tasks associated with high odds ratios (increased risk) were also associated with high eyes off forward road times. This suggests that tasks that draw the driver’s visual attention away from the forward roadway should be minimized or avoided. Based on the results of the analyses, a number of recommendations are presented that may help address the issue of driver distraction in CMV operations. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Distraction KW - Glance behavior KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Lane deviation KW - Near miss collisions (Ground transportation) KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Visual attention UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/report/FMCSA-RRR-09-042.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/907078 ER - TY - SER AN - 01146330 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Gupta, Santosh AU - Olson, Rebecca AU - Hanowski, Richard AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Defensive Driving Tips for CMV Drivers: An Internet-Based Approach PY - 2009/09//Final Report SP - 102p AB - The main objective of this study was to develop a web-based driving tips website to be used by commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers and fleet safety managers to show common large-truck driving errors and to provide tips on how to avoid such errors. The website, hosted on the FMCSA website, is accessible to the public. The website is intended to be used as a supplemental CMV driver training tool and is not intended to replace any of the current classroom or on-road training methods that are currently being used. The website contains real-world video clips of CMV drivers who were recorded making various driving errors. It is hoped that the CMV web-based driving tips website, with support from the naturalistic driving video clips, will provide drivers with compelling information to support safe driving. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver errors KW - Driver training KW - Internet KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking safety KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51284/Defensive-Driving-Tips-for-CMV-Drivers.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/905489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01142353 AU - Capps, Gary AU - Franzese, Oscar AU - Knee, Bill AU - Plate, Randall AU - Lascurain, Mary Beth AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Wireless Roadside Inspection Proof-of-Concept Test PY - 2009/09//Final Report SP - 95p AB - This project was undertaken to determine the feasibility of gathering vehicle, driver, and carrier data to be used to format and wirelessly transmit from a commercial motor vehicle a Safety Data Message Set (SDMS). The Wireless Roadside Inspection (WRI) Program is defined in three phases: Phase 1: Proof-of-Concept Test (POC)—Testing of commercial off-the-shelf technology to validate WRI concept; Phase 2: Pilot Test—Safety technology maturation and back-office system integration; Phase 3: Field Operational Test—Multi-vehicle testing over a multi-state region. This report focuses on Phase 1 efforts. Technical efforts dealt with the ability of a wireless inspection system to collect driver, vehicle, and carrier information; format a SDMS from this information; and wirelessly transmit a SDMS to a roadside receiver unit or mobile enforcement vehicle. As a result of the WRI POC testing, it is concluded that WRI holds considerable promise in increasing highways safety by: (1) Improving the quality of the inspections performed; (2) Allowing more inspections to be conducted; and (3) Providing industry benefits for these technologies that encourage early adoption. Because of these positive results, it is recommended that Phase 2 (Pilot Testing) be engaged. KW - Automated inspection technology KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Inspection equipment KW - Proof of concept KW - Trucking safety KW - Wireless communication systems KW - Wireless roadside inspections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51304/FMCSA-RRA-09-007_WRI-POC.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51304/FMCSA-RRA-09-007_WRI-POC.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/902470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01157050 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - Follow-Up Audit On the Implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement's Cross-Border Trucking Provisions PY - 2009/08 SP - 40p AB - This report presents the results of our audit of the North American Free Trade Agreements (NAFTA) cross-border trucking provisions. Transportation appropriations legislation since fiscal year (FY) 2002 requires the Office of Inspector General (OIG) to annually review the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA) compliance with eight safety criteria set forth in section 350(c) of the FY 2002 Act. The eight safety criteria relate to potential Mexico-domiciled motor carrier operations beyond the commercial zones. KW - Border regions KW - Free trade KW - Freight traffic KW - International trade KW - Mexico KW - Motor carriers KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/916563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359715 AU - Meltzer, Neil AU - Ayres, Greg AU - Truong, Minh AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis PY - 2009/07//Final Report SP - 95p AB - The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze information from Government, industry, and media sources on the causes, frequency, and severity of motorcoach fires in the U.S., and to identify potential risk reduction measures. The Volpe Center created a database on reported motorcoach fire incidents between 1995 and 2008. Independent reference sources were used to verify that incidents were applicable, to address missing or unknown field values, and to derive non-reported elements. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that: (a) approximately 160 motorcoach fires are reported annually, with average damages of $65,000; (b) with the exception of a single catastrophic fire, which resulted in 23 fatalities and 15 injuries, approximately 95 percent of the reported fires resulted in no direct injuries or fatalities; (c) about 70 percent of fires originate in the engine compartment and wheel wells; (d) frequency of motorcoach fires for model years 1998–2002 compared to older models was disproportionately greater than their relative populations; (e) vehicle out-of-service (OOS) rates for fire-involved motorcoaches have exceeded rates for all buses, and the gap has widened in recent years; and (f) North American Standard (NAS) Motor Carrier Inspection and OOS criteria may not sufficiently identify all precursors of motorcoach fires. KW - Fire detection systems KW - Fire safety KW - Fire suppression systems KW - Motor vehicle inspection KW - Motorcoaches KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Risk analysis KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42700/42778/Motorcoach-Fire-Study.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01147319 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2008 North Dakota Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2009/07//Special Report SP - 34p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of North Dakota. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the North Dakota crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that North Dakota is reporting 64.2% of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. There is also evidence that about 17% of the records reported do not meet the reporting standard. Reporting rates were found to be related to crash severity, the configuration of the vehicle, and the type of enforcement agency that covered the crash. Over 93.3% of fatal crashes were reported, 81.8% of injury/transported crashes, and 57.5% of tow/disabled involvements. More than 72% of reportable involvements of truck-tractors were reported, but the reporting rate was 47.4% for 2-axle, 6-tire single-unit trucks. Only 30.8% of bus involvements were reported. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Overall, the crash report is well-designed to support full reporting. The information necessary to identify reportable cases is available in the crash file, so a substantial improvement in the reporting rate can be achieved. KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data reporting KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - North Dakota KW - Statistics KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64136 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/907559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01140722 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Audit of the Data Integrity of the Commercial Driver's License Information System (CDLIS) PY - 2009/07 SP - 16p AB - The Office of Inspector General (OIG) issued reports on the Commercial Drivers License (CDL) Program in 2000, 2002, and 2006.2 The first report focused on the disqualification of commercial drivers, noting that out-of-state convictions were not transmitted to licensing states in a timely manner. This report also concluded that states did not disqualify commercial drivers, as required by law, and granted licenses to commercial drivers who posed a safety risk. The 2002 and 2006 reports focused predominantly on fraudulent licensing. Last year, as mentioned, we reported on the use of income derived from CDLIS for system modernization, as required by SAFETEA-LU. These reports contain recommendations to improve CDL program oversight. Congress found that one of the leading factors operating against commercial motor vehicle safety was the possession of multiple licenses by commercial drivers. Drivers with multiple licenses spread their traffic violations over a number of state licenses to maintain a good-driver rating, regardless of the number of violations they acquire in one or more states. In response to states concerns, the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 (CMVSA) directed DOT to establish minimum standards for licensing, testing, qualification, and classification of commercial drivers. CMVSA also prohibited commercial drivers from possessing more than one commercial license. The goal of CMVSA was to improve highway safety by removing unsafe and unqualified drivers from the highways, including ensuring that drivers of large trucks and buses were qualified to operate those vehicles. KW - Commercial drivers licenses KW - Data quality KW - Freight traffic KW - Information systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users KW - Safety audits KW - Security KW - Trucking UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/pdfdocs/00CDLIS_Final_7-30-2009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/901029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01139590 AU - Van Order, Deborah AU - Skorupski, Douglas AU - Stinebiser, Ryan AU - Kreeb, Robert AU - Booz Allen Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Fleet Study of Brake Performance and Tire Pressure Sensors PY - 2009/07//Final Project Report SP - 114p AB - The purpose of this project was to conduct a field study of brake performance and tire pressure monitoring systems on commercial heavy-duty vehicles operating under real world conditions. The study evaluated six systems in total—three brake performance and three tire pressure monitoring systems from various suppliers participating in the project. Transit bus platforms were selected for this field test because of the severe urban, stop/start duty cycle under which transit buses operate—an environment that accelerates both brake and tire wear thus allowing the sensor systems to be heavily “exercised” over the study period. The test fleet included 12 test buses and 12 control buses. The buses were operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority in Washington, DC. The test site was the Four Mile Run maintenance garage located in Arlington, VA. During the course of the 1-year field test, the buses averaged 129 miles per day, and the test fleet traveled a total of approximately 762,580 miles. Four sources of data were used to evaluate the brake and tire monitoring systems: visual inspections, on-board self-diagnostic data, maintenance records, and technician interviews. Both the tire and brake monitoring systems were found to hold up to the rigors of an urban city environment, and to provide fleet managers with data that can be used to improve vehicle safety and maintenance practices. The information provided by such systems allowed managers to better plan and anticipate maintenance actions, and to initiate preventative maintenance in order to prevent potentially severe failures. Key challenges associated with introduction of the sensor systems included: implementation of proper training for maintenance staff; consistent and correct use of data obtained from the systems; and, disciplined inspections and tracking of the sensor systems themselves to ensure they did not add to the overall vehicle maintenance requirements. KW - Braking performance KW - Bus garages KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Field studies KW - Motor vehicle inspection KW - On-board monitoring KW - Tire pressure monitoring systems KW - Transit buses KW - Vehicle fleets KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51301/FMCSA-PSV-09-001__BrakeTireSensors.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/900372 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546051 TI - Chemical Substance Effects on Driving on Performance: Stimulants, Hypnotics, and Nutritional Aids AB - Policy makers for commercial transportation equipment operators (particularly for truck and bus/motor coach operators) and health and safety advocates throughout the industry are not well informed about the accumulating body of research results on the human performance effects of the numerous chemical substances to which drivers have access. Little is known about the effects ingested chemical substances have on drivers' level of alertness, onset of fatigue, tendency toward errors and mistakes, accidents, etc. as well as what repeated self-administration of chemicals and drugs does to short and long term health. Less is known about the synergistic effects of ingesting multiple chemical compounds such as the effects of taking self-administered antihistamines interacting with dietary measures, etc. Commercial drivers can and do purchase and use numerous chemical substances to manage levels of alertness and driving performance. These substances may include but not be limited to stimulant compounds such as caffeine in various forms, diet pills, and health foods/nutritional aids; athletic boosters such as ephedrine; legal and illegal stimulant drugs; a variety of prescription drugs; as well as hypnotic compounds such as sleeping pills; sedating/non-sedating antihistamines; and other sleep-inducing compounds. This synthesis would provide a state of the practice literature review, documenting what the health and performance issues are concerning truck and bus operators. It would review and report on available scientific research about the effects that ingestion chemical compounds have on truck and bus operators' levels of alertness and performance. The synthesis could/would also address both the safety and ethical issues of permitting or "prescribing" commercial drivers' use of a variety of chemical substances. Should the use of so-called non-sedating antihistamines, sleeping pills, the hormone melatonin, various energy drinks containing stimulant substances, etc. be permitted? What are the roles of the safety officer, medical personnel, and/or highway safety enforcement personnel in this issue? The synthesis audience would include : the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), TRB Truck and Bus Safety Committee (ANB 70), the commercial truck and bus/motor coach community, corporate officials, safety and health advocates, risk managers, etc.; commercial driver training enthusiasts, the Commercial Vehicle Safety Administration (CVSA and allied truck and bus inspection teams, police enforcement community, etc; trucking trade industry and advocacy groups, i.e. ATA, NPTC, OOIDA, etc.; and commercial transportation research community, safety and health research specialties. The primary sources of information will be a comprehensive literature and surveys of selected entities. Agencies to be surveyed would be those in transportation arenas who are responsible for or are involved in setting standards, regulations research agendas, etc. These include but are not limited to: state DOTs; health, safety, and transportation operator groups for all modes of commercial transportation in the US;FMCA; NIOSH and including both the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta and NIOSH research centers in West Virginia and Cincinnati; US military sources involved the use of drugs and in accomplishing performance research, and/or establishing drug use policy during military operations such as USAAR, USARIEM, WRAIR, NHRS, NAMRL, USAF-HED, etc.. To the extent possible, relevant information from agencies in other countries such as Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Germany should also be summarized. KW - Chemical substances KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver errors KW - Drivers KW - Research projects KW - Stimulants KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2767 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333003 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546050 TI - Operator Drug and Alcohol Testing Across Modes AB - Various regulated modes have established minimum drug and alcohol testing regulations. Some in the regulated community have established practices and procedures that exceed the minimum regulatory requirements for their industry. There is a need to identify the current best practices utilized to deter drug and alcohol use among operators within the regulated community based on synthesis responses. This synthesis will identify the current regulatory requirements of each mode and practices implemented by the regulated community that exceed the regulatory requirements to include: substances tested for, thresholds, collection methods, percent of operators tested for various test types, reporting requirements, methods of storing results, requirements and methods for disclosure of results, positive rates for each mode and a comparison of positive rates for different specimens types tested, when data is available. The synthesis should also document the pros and cons of various specimen types and their appropriateness for various testing requirements such as: pre-employment, random, post accident, reasonable suspicion. Some specimen types are more prone to adulteration and substitution and an industry that supports circumventing drug and alcohol testing has emerged. The synthesis should identify the varied methods/products available that are utilized to defeat drug and/or alcohol testing programs and the prevalence of their use. The Synthesis audience would include: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), Federal Railroad Administration(FRA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), Federal Transit Authority (FTA), United States Coast Guard (USCG); Regulated community (trucking, rail, aviation, maritime, pipeline and hazardous material and the U.S. Coast Guard); Drug and Alcohol testing organizations (collectors, labs, medical review officers and third party administrators) and insurance companies. Agencies to be surveyed would include: FMCSA, FRA, FAA, FTA, PHMSA, USCG, members of the regulated community that have implemented drug and/or alcohol testing that exceed the minimum federal regulations, collectors and labs with experience with various specimen types and/or testing methods. Information Sources: Current regulations for the various modes, summary reports submitted to regulator agencies by the regulated community, information from the regulated community associations representing the regulated communities, information from participants in drug and alcohol testing such as: collectors, labs, medical review officers and third party administrators and their associations. KW - Airline pilots KW - Alcohol blood tests KW - Alcohols KW - Best practices KW - Drug tests KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Policy KW - Research projects KW - Transit operators KW - Truck drivers UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2768 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333002 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546049 TI - Special Safety Concerns of School Bus Drivers AB - School bus drivers face somewhat unique safety concerns as professional drivers. They carry what is perhaps our most precious cargo, face a wide range of distractions, and are subject to upholding laws other professional drivers are not held accountable for. The proposed synthesis will identify theses safety concerns, review the relevant literature and report on research surrounding these areas, and discuss methods for addressing these concerns based on synthesis responses KW - Distraction KW - Public transit KW - Research projects KW - School bus drivers KW - School bus passengers KW - School children KW - Traffic safety UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2769 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333001 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546052 TI - Older Drivers: Do They Pose a Safety Risk AB - TRB's Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 18: Older Commercial Drivers: Do They Pose a Safety Risk? explores age-related changes in the basic functional abilities needed to drive safely. The report is designed to help assist industry and labor practitioners in promoting safer commercial operations. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Aged drivers KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Labor force KW - State departments of transportation KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2765 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01140984 AU - Reston, James T AU - Reed, Monica AU - Swanson, Susan AU - Tregear, Stephen AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - ECRI Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review) PY - 2009/06/03 SP - 165p AB - The purpose of this evidence report is to address several key questions posed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Each of these key questions was developed by the FMCSA such that the answers to these questions provided information that would be useful in updating its current medical examination guidelines. The five key questions addressed in this evidence report are as follows: Key Question 1: What are the criteria that define when an individual with Parkinson’s disease (PD) should stop driving a CMV? Key Question 2: What is the impact of pharmacotherapy for PD on driver safety? Key Question 3: Are individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) at an increased risk for a motor vehicle crash? If so, what factors associated with MS are predictive of an increased crash risk? Key Question 4: How frequently should individuals with MS be assessed in order to monitor whether they remain safe to drive? Key Question 5: What is the impact of pharmacotherapy for MS on driver safety? KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Medication KW - Multiple sclerosis KW - Parkinson's disease KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31002/PD_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/901232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01147316 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2007 Oklahoma Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2009/06//Special Report SP - 44p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Oklahoma. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Oklahoma Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Oklahoma is reporting 54.7% of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. Reporting rates were found to be related to crash severity, the configuration and licensing of the vehicle, and the type of enforcement agency that covered the crash. Over 74% of fatal crashes were reported, but only 57.4% of injury/transported crashes and 52.0% of tow/disabled involvements. More than 72% of reportable involvements of tractor-semitrailers were reported, but the reporting rate was 57.0% for 3-axle single-unit trucks, and 25.6% for 2-axle single-unit trucks. Only 13.4% of bus involvements were reported. Missing data rates are low for most variables. Overall, the crash report is well-designed to support full reporting. The information necessary to identify reportable cases is available in the crash file, so a substantial improvement in the reporting rate can be achieved. KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data reporting KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Oklahoma KW - Statistics KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/63511 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/907560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01135601 AU - Barr, Lawrence AU - Popkin, Stephen AU - Howarth, Heidi AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - An Evaluation of Emerging Driver Fatigue Detection Measures and Technologies PY - 2009/06//Final Report SP - 55p AB - Operator fatigue and sleep deprivation have been widely recognized as critical safety issues that cut across all modes in the transportation industry. FMCSA, the trucking industry, highway safety advocates, and transportation researchers have all identified driver fatigue as a high priority commercial vehicle safety issue. Fatigue affects mental alertness, decreasing an individual’s ability to operate a vehicle safely and increasing the risk of human error that could lead to fatalities and injuries. Sleepiness slows reaction time, decreases awareness, and impairs judgment. Fatigue and sleep deprivation impact all transportation operators (airline pilots, truck drivers, and railroad engineers, for example). Adding to the difficulty of understanding the fatigue problem and developing effective countermeasures to address operator fatigue is the fact that the incidence of fatigue is underestimated because it is so hard to quantify and measure. Obtaining reliable data on fatigue-related crashes is challenging because it is difficult to determine the degree to which fatigue plays a role in crashes. Fatigue, however, can be managed, and effectively managing fatigue will result in a significant reduction in related risk and improved safety. This study focuses on recent developments in mathematical models and vehicle-based operator alertness monitoring technologies. The major objective of this paper is to review and discuss many of the activities currently underway to develop unobtrusive, in-vehicle, real-time drowsy driver detection and fatigue-monitoring/alerting systems. KW - Alertness KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Sleep deprivation KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34700/34775/FMCSA-RRR-09-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/892800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01140974 AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - ECRI Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: Musculoskeletal Disorders II, Spinal Cord Injury and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety PY - 2009/05/29 SP - 96p AB - The purpose of this evidence report is to address several key questions posed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Each of these key questions was developed by the FMCSA so that the answers to these questions provide information that would be useful in updating its current medical examination guidelines. The three key questions addressed in this evidence report are as follows: Key Question 1: Do musculoskeletal disorders of the hand, wrist, elbow, or shoulder (specifically carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuropathies, radial neuropathies, tendonitis/tenosynovitis, and bursitis) increase crash risk and/or affect driving ability? Key Question 2: Do musculoskeletal disorders of the foot, ankle, or knee (specifically plantar fasciitis, tarsal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis/tenosynovitis, and bursitis) increase crash risk and/or affect driving ability? Key Question 3: Does reduced limb mobility and/or control resulting from spinal cord injury increase crash risk and/or affect driving ability? KW - Crash causes KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Musculoskeletal system KW - Spinal cord KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31067/Musculoskeletal_Disorders_II_Evidence_Report_-__Final__2_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/901229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01351734 AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety PY - 2009/05/09 SP - 159p AB - According to the U.S. Department of Transportation1 (Federal Motor Carrier Administration [FMCSA], 2009), there were 144,171 large trucks and 13,195 buses involved in fatal and non-fatal crashes in 2007. Of these, there were 83,908 and 15,888 injuries resulting from large truck and bus crashes, respectively. Similarly, 4,584 and 278 crashes for large trucks and buses, respectively, resulted in 4,808 (from trucks) and 322 (from buses) fatalities. Numerous studies have highlighted the significant role that excessive daytime sleepiness plays in a large number of reported crashes. Estimates of its contribution to accidents range from as low as 1 percent to 3 percent (Knipling and Wang, 1995; U.S. Department of Transportation, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 1998) to as high as 35 percent to 42 percent (Dingus et al., 1987; Leger, 1994), and it has been suggested that sleepiness is second only to alcohol as the most frequent cause of both single and multiple motor-vehicle accidents (Dingus et al. 1987). This report aims to assess the role that sleep-related disorders play in crash risk for commercial motor-vehicle (CMV) drivers, particularly those that result in excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue. Although this report was meant to exclude obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and narcolepsy, because of previous research (FMCSA Evidence Report – Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety, 2007), these disorders are highlighted among the other sleep disorders, because their primary symptoms are excessive daytime sleepiness, the focal point of this report. Also, the disorders each have their own classification in the 2005 International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd Edition (ICSD-2) developed by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). The primary objectives of this report are to Identify and describe: (1) the various sleep disorders relevant to CMV drivers, their prevalence and incidence, diagnosis and treatment, and their implications for the FMCSA. Of particular interest are sleep conditions (e.g., organically-based and/or environmentally-induced) that result in excessive daytime sleepiness and/or fatigue; (2) literature that is available on the topic of sleep disorders and crash risk, and the implications for commercial drivers and for FMCSA, charged with developing regulations, policies and practices, which will to serve to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses; (3) awareness of driver fatigue within the trucking industry; current hours-of-service regulations; practices and management policies of trucking companies; campaigns, inititatives and programs aimed at reducing driver fatigue; evaluations of driver fatigue countermeasures; and recommended countermeasures for regulators and the trucking industry. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Freight traffic KW - Motor carriers KW - Sleepiness KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/39000/39500/39516/5-09-2009_ESD_and_CMV_Driver_Safety-Library_Copy.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1114751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01156926 AU - Applied Physics Laboratory AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Architecture PY - 2009/04 SP - 91p AB - This document establishes a new baseline for the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Architecture. The CVISN Architecture baseline was aligned with the National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and International Border Clearance (IBC) Architectures in 2001–2002. The CVISN Architecture was subsequently revised to align with Version 5.0 and with Versions 5.1 and 5.1.1 of the National ITS Architecture. Version 3.0 of the CVISN Architecture (the previous version of this document) provided additional support for Expanded CVISN concepts; the National ITS Architecture caught up with those changes in their Version 6.0. This current version of the CVISN Architecture reflects alignment with Versions 6.0 and 6.1 of the National ITS Architecture – this includes updates for Expanded CVISN, the Border Information Flow Architecture (BIFA), and the Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII). The CVISN Architecture uses terminology and components that the National ITS Architecture uses. CVISN represents a subset of the National ITS Architecture. CVISN comprises the information systems and networks that support commercial vehicle operations (CVO). KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - System architecture UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/cvisn/architecture/CVISN-Arch-V4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/917320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01140993 AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - ECRI Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Draft Evidence Report: Traumatic Brain Injury and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review) PY - 2009/03/30 SP - 118p AB - The purpose of this evidence report is to address several key questions posed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). The FMCSA developed ach of these key questions so that the answers would provide information useful in updating its current medical examination guidelines. The four key questions addressed in this evidence report are: Key Question 1: What is the impact of traumatic brain injury on crash risk/driving performance? Key Question 2: What factors associated with traumatic brain injury are predictive of increased crash risk or poor driving performance? Key Question 3: What is the impact of rehabilitation programs on crash risk/driving performance among individuals with a traumatic brain injury? Key Question 4: What is the likelihood of a future seizure among individuals with a traumatic brain injury who did not experience a seizure at the time of the injury? KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Injuries KW - Seizures KW - Traumatic brain injuries KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31062/TBI_and_CMV_Driver_Safety_Report_-_Final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/901231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01139971 AU - Brown, V J AU - Anderson, M S AU - Balducci, P J AU - Orban, J E AU - Kiefer, M A AU - Desautels, A AU - Battelle AU - CRA International, Incorporated AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - Evaluation of the National CVISN Deployment Program: Volume 1 Final Report PY - 2009/03/02/Final Report SP - 196p AB - Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) is a collection of information systems, communications networks, and Intelligent Transportation Systems that support commercial vehicle (large truck) operations. The three main functions of CVISN are electronic credentials administration, safety information exchange, and electronic screening or transponder-based preclearance/bypass programs for roadside weigh/inspection stations. This report presents the results of an independent evaluation of the deployment and operation of CVISN technologies across the U.S. With the main goal of measuring the effects of CVISN on the safety, efficiency, and economics of commercial vehicle operations, four main analyses were performed: motor carrier survey, cost analysis, safety analysis, and benefit-cost analysis. In addition, the current status of CVISN deployment was assessed, and qualitative benefits as reported by transportation and law enforcement officials in states deploying CVISN technologies were summarized. A total of 848 commercial motor carrier companies participated in a national survey. It was found that carriers are generally aware of CVISN technologies, but that, in terms of power units represented in the survey, a much larger proportion take part in electronic credentialing than in electronic screening. Average per-state costs to deploy CVISN for e-credentialing were about $1.35 million; for safety information exchange about $680,000, and for e-screening about $1 million to $2.8 million. If CVISN safety and screening technologies were to be deployed and operated at all weigh stations nationwide, depending on the deployment scenario, approximately 4,000 to 17,000 additional commercial vehicle-involved crashes could be avoided per year, compared to those avoided through current inspection selection practices. This equates to the saving of between 56 and 215 additional lives that otherwise would have been lost in those crashes per year. Economically, a series of nationwide roadside enforcement scenarios provided positive societal benefit-cost ratios ranging from 1.9 to 7.5, and electronic credentialing showed a life-cycle benefit-cost ratio of 2.6. All scenarios were modeled over a 25-year life cycle. Taken together, these results indicate that all aspects of the National CVISN Deployment Program examined in this BCA, when they are deployed, are expected to produce significant net benefits to society and are economically justified. KW - Automated clearance KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Deployment KW - Economic factors KW - Electronic screening KW - Inspection KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31010/14459.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/899365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01376077 AU - Belzowski, Bruce M AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - Green, Paul E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Tracking the Use of Onboard Safety Technologies Across the Truck Fleet PY - 2009/03 SP - 57p AB - The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) initiated the Onboard Safety Technologies project in 2007, supported by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), to collect detailed information about the penetration of onboard safety technologies in the trucking fleet and future use of these technologies. This study focused on six technologies: lane departure warning systems (LDWS), electronic stability control (ESC), forward collision warning systems (FCWS), side collision warning systems (SCWS), automatic cruise control (ACC) and vehicle tracking systems (TRACKING). Using a stratified random sample survey of the entire truck fleet, the study provides estimates of current and future usage of each technology. The source for the sample was the 2007 Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) file. Interviews were also conducted with companies with high penetration of the technologies as well as system suppliers of the technologies, in order to gather more detailed information about usage and future technology direction. The results of the survey show the expected low levels of usage of LDWS, FCWS, and SCWS, slightly higher levels of usage of ESC, and much higher usage of TRACKING. Analysis shows higher usage related to larger company size. Company usage of these technologies is expected to double over the next five years. The main factors noted by participants for using the technologies that vary little among the technologies include: proven safety benefits of the technologies, positive feedback by drivers, driver improvement, improved safety culture, reduced cost of accidents, and insurance benefits. The interviews yielded important views about the cost advantages of usage, the difficulty of justifying the purchase of the technologies, alternatives to safety technologies, and the future of technology integration. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Electronic stability control KW - Highway safety KW - Lane departures KW - Onboard warning systems KW - Surveys KW - Tracking systems KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle fleets KW - Warning systems UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91262/1/102868.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01226725 AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Focused Report: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), Implications for Driving a Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV). PY - 2009/03 SP - 35p AB - The purpose of this focused report is to address several key questions posed by theFederal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) on the use of dual-functioning implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and pacemaker devices. Specifically, this document summarizes: Current indications for the use of ICDs, specifically, dual-functioning ICD-pacemaker devices. National standards and guidelines for the use of these devices, as well as existing recommendations on driving. Medicare coverage policies (i.e., for whom and under what circumstances). FDA-approved devices and current indications. Implications for commercial drivers given current physical requirements defined and codified in regulation Section 391.41 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). KW - Cardiac disorder KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Drivers KW - Guidelines KW - Health care KW - Medical treatment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/39000/39400/39415/Library-Focused_report_ICD_03222009_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/987538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01153452 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Green, Paul E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Truck Mechanical Condition and Crashes in the Large Truck Crash Causation Study PY - 2009/03 SP - 77p AB - This study examines the relationship of heavy truck mechanical condition and crash risk. The LTCCS presents an opportunity to examine in more detail than previously possible the relationship of vehicle condition to crash risk. The report includes a review of existing literature, a full analysis of the results of the post-crash truck inspections, and a series of logistic regression models to test the association of vehicle condition and crash role. Two specific hypotheses are tested: The first hypothesis is that trucks with defects and out of service conditions are statistically more likely to be in the role of precipitating a crash than trucks with no defects or out of service conditions. The second hypothesis is that defects in specific systems, such as the brake system, are associated with crash roles in which those systems are primary in crash avoidance, and that there is a physical mechanism that links the vehicle defect with the crash role. Post crash inspections showed that the condition of the trucks in the LTCCS is poor. Almost 55 percent of vehicles had one or more mechanical violations. Almost 30 percent had at least one out of service condition. Among mechanical systems, violations in the brake (36 percent of all) and lighting system (19 percent) were the most frequent. A brake out of service (OOS) condition increased the odds of the truck assigned the critical reason (identifying the precipitating vehicle) by 1.8 times. Both hours of service (HOS) violations and log OOS increased by a larger amount—2.0 and 2.2 times respectively. In rear-end and crossing paths crashes, brake violations, especially related to adjustment, increased the odds of the truck being the striking vehicle by 1.8 times. KW - Crash causes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Defects KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Hours of labor KW - Inspection KW - Large Truck Crash Causation Study KW - Out of service KW - Traffic violations KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle fitness UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64999 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/914456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01147311 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2007 Minnesota Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2009/03//Special Report SP - 37p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Minnesota. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Minnesota crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Minnesota is reporting 79.9 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash File. Reportable cases could be identified in the Minnesota data reasonably well using the coded data, with some qualification for the towed/disabled crash severity. Reporting rates were related to crash severity, with fatal or injury/transported involvements most likely to be reported, and tow/disabled crashes less likely. Reporting rates also varied by the type of vehicle, with small buses (8-15 passenger) less likely to be reported than trucks or large buses; by state of registration, with in-state vehicles less likely to be reported than out-of-state; and by the type of investigation agency (state police, county, or city police). Missing data rates are low for most variables reported to the crash file. Some inconsistencies between data reported to the MCMIS file and recorded in the Minnesota data were also noted. KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Minnesota KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Reporting levels KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/63453 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/907527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01131251 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The Motor Carrier Efficiency Study 2007 Annual Report to Congress PY - 2009/03 SP - 24p AB - Section 5503 of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) set aside funding to examine the application of wireless technology to improve the safety and efficiency of trucking operations in the United States. The intent is to enter into a partnership with the motor carrier and wireless technology industries to cooperatively identify and test promising applications and devices in a “real-world” environment, and to promote the adoption and use of successful solutions by a broad array of motor carriers. The specific objectives of the Motor Carrier Efficiency Study (MCES) include the following: 1. Identify inefficiencies in freight transportation. 2. Evaluate safety and productivity improvements made possible through wireless technologies. 3. Demonstrate wireless technologies in field tests. In addition to the objectives above, the scope of the MCES also consists of the following five program elements: 1. Fuel monitoring and operations management systems. 2. Radio frequency identification technology. 3. Electronic manifest systems. 4. Cargo theft prevention and security. 5. Roadside safety inspection systems. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) was assigned responsibility for administering this program and has completed specific actions pursuant to its provisions. The FMCSA developed and issued a full and open solicitation for contractor teams to conduct Phase I of the program. This phase consists of the completion of activities related to objectives 1 and 2 above, and the recommendation of field tests according to objective 3. KW - Efficiency KW - Freight transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Productivity KW - Trucking safety KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/MC-Efficiency-2007-Annual-Report-FINAL-March-2009-test.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/890903 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01492706 TI - Effectiveness of Fostering Safety Culture in Motor Carriers AB - This project demonstrated the impact of early, proactive training of new-entrant motor carriers on their safety performance, including crash rate. Products included: analysis of safety performance data from 2005-06 first generation training curriculum; development and application of second-generation training curriculum; recommendations for improved intervention techniques (e.g., web-based, group intervention); and analysis of the safety performance impact of the second-generation curriculum. A pilot test of the curriculum is currently under development. A final report detailing findings from this project is published and available. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crash rates KW - Driver training KW - Highway safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Trucking safety UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/effectiveness-fostering-safety-culture-motor-carriers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01139239 AU - Belella, Paul AU - Maggiore, Michelle AU - Rychlik, Nathan AU - Beshers, Eric AU - Manzo, Tracy AU - Keppler, Stephen AU - Fayez, Sam AU - Ang-Olson, Jeff AU - Delcan Corporation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Motor Carrier Efficiency Study Phase I PY - 2009/02//Final Report SP - 175p AB - The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU, Public Law 109-59), Section 5503, set aside funding to examine the application of wireless technology to improve the safety and efficiency of trucking operations in the United States. The intent of this Section is to enable the U.S. Department of Transportation to partner with the motor carrier and wireless technology industries to cooperatively identify and test promising applications and devices in a real-world environment and to promote the adoption and use of successful solutions by an array of motor carriers. The specific objectives of the program are to: Identify inefficiencies in freight transportation; evaluate safety and productivity improvements made possible through wireless technologies; and demonstrate wireless technologies in field tests. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) was assigned responsibility for administering this program via the Motor Carrier Efficiency Study (MCES). The program will be completed in two Phases. Phase I consists of the completion of activities pursuant to the objectives stated above. The actual field tests will be conducted under Phase II of the program. KW - Efficiency KW - Freight transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Productivity KW - Trucking safety KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51345/RRT_09_015_MCES.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01124489 AU - Murray, Dan AU - Shackelford, Sandra AU - Houser, Amy AU - American Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Analysis of Benefits and Costs of Roll Stability Control Systems for the Trucking Industry PY - 2009/02//Final Report SP - 69p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) safety goal is to reduce the number and severity of commercial motor vehicle fatalities and crashes. During the last several years, FMCSA has collaborated with the trucking industry to test, evaluate, and facilitate the deployment of several onboard safety systems for commercial motor vehicles to increase the safety of all roadway users. The purpose of this report is to evaluate costs and benefits for industry associated with Roll Stability Control (RSC) systems that can reduce large-truck rollovers. The analysis described herein indicates that RSC systems on combination vehicles will help to prevent rollovers caused by excessive speed in a curve. Motor carriers purchasing this technology will likely see net positive returns on investments within a 5-year product lifecycle for the crash types and operating scenarios described in this report. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Electronic stability control KW - Roll stability KW - Rollover crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51248/09-020-RP-Roll-Stability.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/884825 ER - TY - SER AN - 01124488 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Benefit-Cost Analyses of Onboard Safety Systems PY - 2009/02 SP - 4p AB - The primary safety goal of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to reduce the number and severity of large truck crashes. Over the last several years, FMCSA has collaborated with the trucking industry to test, evaluate, and encourage the deployment of several promising onboard safety systems for commercial motor vehicles (CMV) in an effort to enhance the safety of all roadway users. As part of an ongoing FMCSA effort to accelerate voluntary adoption of onboard safety systems, this document summarizes the findings in three reports that analyzed the economic costs and benefits for three commercial motor vehicle onboard safety systems: (1) Forward Collision Warning Systems (FCWS), (2) Lane Departure Warning Systems (LDWS), (3) Roll Stability Control Systems (RSC). To be widely deployed, these systems must be beneficial, cost-effective investments that meet user needs. The purpose of the benefit-cost analysis (BCA) reports was to provide return on investment information for the motor carrier industry in support of future purchasing decisions of the onboard safety system. Using efficacy rates of 21 percent and 44 percent, it was estimated that between 8,597 and 18,013 rear-end crashes could be prevented through use of FCWS. When the anticipated present value costs and benefits of the FCWS were compared, the benefits of using the system over a period of five years outweighed the costs associated with purchasing the systems at each efficacy rate and for each VMT category. Using low and high estimates of efficacy rates ranging from 23 percent to 53 percent, it was estimated that LDWS has the potential to reduce approximately 1,069–2,463 Single-vehicle roadway departures (SVRD) collisions, 627–1,307 SVRD rollovers, 1,111–2,223 Same-direction lane departures (SDLD) sideswipes, 997–1,992 Opposite-direction lane departures (ODLD) sideswipes, and 59–118 ODLD head-ons. When the anticipated present value costs and benefits of the LDWS were compared, the benefits of using the system over a period of five years outweighed the costs associated with purchasing the systems at each efficacy rate and for each VMT category. Using efficacy rates of 37 percent and 53 percent, it was estimated that between 1,422 and 2,037 combination vehicle rollover crashes in curves could be prevented through use of the RSC. When the anticipated present value costs and benefits of the RSC systems were compared, the benefits of using the system over a period of five years outweighed the costs associated with purchasing the systems at each efficacy rate and for each VMT category. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Lane departures KW - Return on investment KW - Roll stability KW - Rollover crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51251/09-023-TB-Onboard-Safety-Systems-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/885642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01124484 AU - Houser, Amy AU - Murray, Dan AU - Shackelford, Sandra AU - Kreeb, Robert AU - Dunn, Travis AU - American Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Analysis of Benefits and Costs of Lane Departure Warning Systems for the Trucking Industry PY - 2009/02//Final Report SP - 75p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) safety goal is to reduce the number and severity of commercial motor vehicle fatalities and crashes. During the last several years, FMCSA has collaborated with the trucking industry to test, evaluate, and facilitate the deployment of several onboard safety systems for commercial motor vehicles to increase the safety of all roadway users. The purpose of this report is to evaluate costs and benefits for industry associated with lane departure warning systems that can reduce large-truck lane departure crashes. The analysis described herein indicates that combination and single-unit vehicles with lane departure warning systems will help to prevent lane-departure crashes. Motor carriers purchasing this technology will likely see net positive returns on investments within a five-year product lifecycle for the crash types and operating scenarios described in this report. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Lane departures KW - Motor carriers KW - Return on investment KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51250/09-022-RP-Lane-Departure.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/885644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01124483 AU - Murray, Dan AU - Shackelford, Sandra AU - Houser, Amy AU - American Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Analysis of Benefits and Costs of Forward Collision Warning Systems for the Trucking Industry PY - 2009/02//Final Report SP - 67p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) safety goal is to reduce the number and severity of commercial motor vehicle fatalities and crashes. During the last several years, FMCSA has collaborated with the trucking industry to test, evaluate, and facilitate the deployment of several onboard safety systems for commercial motor vehicles to increase the safety of all roadway users. The purpose of this report is to evaluate costs and benefits for industry associated with Forward Collision Warning Systems that can reduce large truck rear-end crashes. The analysis described herein indicates that Forward Collision Warning Systems on combination and single-unit vehicles will help to prevent rear-end crashes. Motor carriers purchasing this technology will likely see net positive returns on investments within a five-year product lifecycle for the crash types and operating scenarios described in this report. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Rear end crashes KW - Return on investment KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking safety KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51249/09-021-RP-Forward-Collision.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/885643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138315 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Deployment Workshop: Collaborating to Advance CVISN, 2 PY - 2009/01 SP - 39p AB - This paper’s contents include an Executive Summary; Introduction (Purpose of the Workshop, Purpose of this Document, Organization of this Document, Tutorial: Introduction to CVISN); Achieving CVISN Core Compliance: Lessons Learned Discussions; Advancing Your CVISN Program; Data Quality and Performance Monitoring; Emerging Technologies and CVISN; Developing an Integrated Commercial Vehicle Safety Program; Focus Group Meetings; Acronyms; APPENDIX A. CVISN Deployment workshop participants; APPENDIX B. Workshop agenda. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data quality KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Lessons learned KW - Performance monitoring KW - Trucking KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138271 AU - Murray, D AU - Shackelford, S AU - Houser, Amy AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts, 2007 PY - 2009/01//Final Report SP - 76p AB - This annual edition of Large Truck Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks and buses in 2007. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. In addition, the report includes 10 tables that show bus crash statistics KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Property damage KW - Public transit KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ai.volpe.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/LargeTruckCrashFacts2007.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51261/2007-LT-BCFs.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01333173 AU - Olson, R L AU - Hanowski, R J AU - Hickman, J S AU - Bocanegra, J AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Distraction in Commercial Trucks and Buses: Assessing Prevalence and Risk in Conjunction with Crashes and Near-Crashes PY - 2009///Technical Brief SP - 4p AB - The aim of this project was to use an existing naturalistic data set to document the prevalence and risk of commercial truck and bus drivers activities or actions that distract their attention away from the driving task. This naturalistic data set involved thousands of commercial motor vehicles(including trucks and buses) and provided a wealth of data, including driver behavior during safety-critical events. The data set was provided by DriveCam a vendor of onboard safety monitoring systems (OBMS) aimed at reducing risky driving behaviors. The OBMS contains video recordings and data from kinematic sensors (e.g., vehicle speed) in order to study driver behavior in driving conditions in the presence of real world daily pressures. These video recordings and kinematic data are used by fleet safety managers to provide feedback on safe and at-risk driving behaviors. Note that the authors of this study did not receive any video recordings, but rather kinematic data and driver behavior data that did not identify the driver. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - High risk drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51288/Distraction-in-Commercial-Trucks-and-Buses.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1094725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162598 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Increasing Safety Belt Use in Your Company. Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Belt Partnership PY - 2009 SP - 41p AB - A company must consider the legal consequences of not insisting drivers wear a safety belt. Federal regulations and most state laws require drivers to wear safety belts. They also require trucks and truck tractors manufactured on or after January 1, 1965, to be equipped with a safety belt assembly, meeting requirements specified in Federal regulations. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/safety-belt/increasing-safety-belt-use-your-company-manual UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/increasing-safetybelt-usage-manual.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920665 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157987 AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Ajayi, Olu AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evaluation of an Onboard Safety Monitoring Device in Commercial Vehicle Operations SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 38-45 AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) funded this project to provide an independent evaluation of DriveCam’s low-cost Driving Behavior Management System (DBMS). Participating drivers drove an instrumented vehicle for 17 consecutive weeks while they made their normal, revenue-producing deliveries. During the 4-week Baseline phase, the event recorder recorded safety-related events. However, the feedback light on the event recorder was disabled and safety managers did not have access to the recorded critical incidents to provide feedback to drivers. During the 13-week Intervention phase, the feedback light on the event recorder was activated and safety managers had access to the recorded safety-related events (following the coaching protocol with drivers). Carrier A significantly reduced the mean frequency of recorded events/miles traveled from Baseline to Intervention by 37 percent (p = 0.049), while Carrier B significantly reduced the mean frequency of recorded events/miles traveled from Baseline to Intervention by 52.2 percent (p = 0.03). The results suggest the combination of onboard safety monitoring and behavioral coaching were responsible for the reduction in mean frequency of events/miles traveled at Carriers A and B. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver information systems KW - Feedback control KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Monitoring KW - Motor Carrier Safety administration KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918371 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157986 AU - de Craen, Saskia AU - Twisk, Divera AM AU - Hagenzieker, Marjan P AU - Hagenzieker, Marjan P AU - Brookhuis, Karel A AU - Elffers, Henk AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Adaptation Test: The Development of a Method to Measure Speed Adaptation to Traffic Complexity SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 299-305 AB - To monitor novice driver performance in the first years of solo driving, a test aimed at assessing speed adaptation to the traffic situation was developed and evaluated. The Adaptation Test consisted of 18 traffic scenes presented in two (almost) identical photographs, which differed in one single detail, increasing the situation’s complexity. The difference in reported speed between the two pictures was used as an indication of drivers’ adaptation of speed to the complexity of the traffic situation. A previous study showed that novice, unsafe and overconfident drivers, as identified in an on-road driving assessment, performed worse on the Adaptation Test (i.e. less often reported a lower speed in the more complex situation). The analysis of new data in this paper shows no correlation between performance on the Adaptation Test and self-reported crashes, and that after two years, experienced drivers had improved their performance on the Adaptation Test just as much as novice drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Driver performance KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Intelligent speed adaptation KW - Novices KW - Speed adaptation KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918444 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157985 AU - Lenneman, John K AU - Lenneman, Joseph AU - Cassavaugh, Nicholas D AU - Backs, Richard W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Differential Effects of Focal and Ambient Visual Processing Demands on Driving Performance SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 306-312 AB - In this study, the differential effects of focal and ambient visual demand on driving were investigated. Subjects participated in a dual-task experiment in which they performed a driving simulation task and a focal or ambient side-task. It was predicted that the focal side-task would cause a significant deterioration in the maintenance of longitudinal control but not lateral control, while there should be no effects of the ambient side-task on driving performance. In general, the results suggest a differentiation in the processing demands of focal and ambient vision. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Automatic steering control KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Dual tasks KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Visualization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918446 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157984 AU - Krajewski, Jarek AU - Sommer, David AU - Golz, Martin AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - Edwards, David J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Steering Wheel Behavior Based Estimation of Fatigue SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 118-124 AB - This paper examined a steering behavior based fatigue monitoring system. The advantages of using steering behavior for detecting fatigue are that these systems measure continuously, cheaply, non-intrusively, and robustly even under extremely demanding environmental conditions. The expected fatigue induced changes in steering behavior are a pattern of slow drifting and fast corrective counter steering. Using advanced signal processing procedures for feature extraction, we computed 3 feature set in the time, frequency and state space domain (a total number of 1251 features) to capture fatigue impaired steering patterns. Each feature set was separately fed into 5 machine learning ethods (e.g. Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor). The outputs of each single classifier were combined to an ensemble classification value. Finally the authors combined the ensemble values of 3 feature subsets to a of meta-ensemble classification value. To validate the steering behavior analysis, driving samples are taken from a driving simulator during a sleep deprivation study (N=12). The authors yielded a recognition rate of 86.1% in classifying slight from strong fatigue. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Behavior KW - Driver monitoring KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Steering KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918391 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157983 AU - Lavalliere, Martin AU - Tremblay, Mathieu AU - Simoneau, Martin AU - Teasdale, Normand AU - Laurendeau, Denis AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Multiple-Session Simulator Training for Older Drivers and On-Road Transfer of Learning SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 221-227 AB - Driving retraining classes may offer an opportunity to attenuate some of the aging manifestation that may alter driving skills. Unfortunately, there are suggestions that classroom programs do not allow to improve the driving performance of elderly drivers. The aim of this study was to evaluate if specific simulator training sessions with video-based feedback can modify on-road behaviors of elderly drivers. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the training, 10 elderly drivers who received feedback were tested before and after the training program with an on-road standardized evaluation. A control group (12 older drivers) also participated. Participants in this group received a classroom training program and similar exposure to driving in a simulator but without driving specific feedback. After attending the training program, the control group showed no modification of their driving performance (on-road score, frequency of successful turning maneuvers and frequency blind spot verification before lane change maneuvers). On the other hand, participants in the feedback group improved their driving skills for all maneuvers that were evaluated. These results suggest that simulator training transferred effectively to on-road performance. In order to be effective, driving programs should include active practice sessions with driving specific feedback. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Feedback control KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Learning KW - Retraining KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918428 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157982 AU - Symmons, Mark A AU - Rose, Geoff AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Ecodrive Training Delivers Substantial Fuel Savings for Heavy Vehicle Drivers SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 46-53 AB - A small group of heavy vehicle drivers underwent an ecodrive training course. Their driving was assessed for various ecodrive variables as they completed an 18 mile circuit in normal traffic immediately after the course and again 6 and 12 weeks later. Compared to pre-course measures, these drivers reduced their fuel consumption by an average of 27%, the number of gear changes by 29%, and the number of brake applications by 41%, though not all differences were statistically significant due to the size of this pilot and large driver variability. Importantly, the improvements were not offset by increases in the time taken to complete the circuit. At the 6 week point a control group was also assessed, and they used more fuel and more gear changes, and applied their brakes more often than the control group. Safety variables were inconclusive. A larger, in-service trial is warranted. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Delivery service KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918373 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157981 AU - Fitch, Gregory M AU - Hankey, Jonathan M AU - Kleiner, Brian M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Comprehension of Integrated Collision Avoidance System Alerts Presented through a Haptic Driver Seat SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 291-298 AB - The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of increasing the number of collision avoidance system alerts presented through a haptic driver seat on drivers’ response performance. Twenty-four participants performed specific driving maneuvers in response to one, three, or seven haptic seat alerts while they drove an instrumented vehicle. Participants verbally identified the alerts after executing a maneuver. Results show that drivers made the correct driving maneuver in response to the alerts. This was likely because of the strong stimulus response compatibility designed into the haptic seat. As predicted by Information Theory, drivers’ mean manual response time to the alerts significantly increased, and their verbal response accuracy significantly degraded, as the number of alerts increased. A three-alert haptic seat approach is recommended providing specific design requirements are met. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Comprehension KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Reaction time KW - Tactile perception KW - Traffic alert and collision avoidance system KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918442 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157980 AU - Simons-Morton, Bruce G AU - Ouimet, Marie Claude AU - Wang, Jing AU - Klauer, Sheila G AU - Lee, Suzanne E AU - Dingus, Thomas A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Hard Braking Events among Novice Teenage Drivers by Passenger Characteristics SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 236-242 AB - In a naturalistic study of teenage drivers (N = 42) hard braking events of <-0.45 g were assessed over the first 6 months of licensure. A total of 1,721 hard braking events were recorded. The video footage of a sample (816) of these events was examined to evaluate validity and reasons for hard braking. Of these, 788 (96.6%) were estimated valid, of which 79.1% were due to driver misjudgment, 10.8% to risky driving behavior, 5.3% to legitimate evasive maneuvers, and 4.8% to distraction. Hard braking events per 10 trips and per 100 miles were compared across passenger characteristics. Hard braking rates per 10 trips among newly licensed teenagers during the first 6 months of licensure were significantly higher when driving with teen passengers and lower with adult passengers than driving alone; rates per 100 miles were lower with adult passengers than with no passengers. Further examination of the results indicates that rates of hard braking with teenage passengers were significantly higher compared with no passengers: 1) for male drivers; 2) during the first month of licensure. The data suggest that that novice teenage driving performance may not be as good or safe when driving alone or with teenage passengers than with adult passengers and provide support for the hypothesis that teenage passengers increase driving risks, particularly during the first month of licensure. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Braking KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver licensing KW - Hard braking KW - High risk drivers KW - Novices KW - Passengers KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918430 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157979 AU - Williams, Jessica R AU - Tregear, Stephen J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving with Cardiovascular Disease: The Impact of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators on Driver Safety SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 147-153 AB - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. With America’s workforce rapidly aging, more attention is being placed on CVD and its treatment among employees in safety sensitive occupations, such as the transportation industry. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are increasingly being used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions, but despite the fact that they are effective in preventing sudden death from cardiac arrhythmia, there is concern about allowing individuals with an ICD to drive. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the health and safety impacts ICDs on driving. The authors considered data pertaining to four outcomes among individuals with an ICD: crash rate, the occurrence of sudden death while driving, the occurrence of syncope while driving, and the occurrence of at least one shock from their ICD while driving. Currently, the impact of an ICD on driver safety cannot be determined. The assessments of the evidence pertaining to crash rates and sudden incapacitation while driving were inconclusive. Our results do indicate, however, that some individuals with an ICD will experience an inappropriate ICD discharge while driving (Strength of Evidence Rating: Strong). Experiencing such a discharge while driving is a potential hazard to driver safety. Quantitative assessment of the available data suggests that approximately 6.3% (95% CI: 4.7%-8.4%) of all individuals with an ICD who drive will experience a discharge while driving. These findings have potential implications for regulatory agencies with responsibility for road safety; particularly those agencies that regulate safety sensitive industries. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Automated external defibrillation KW - Automobile drivers KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918405 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157978 AU - Smith, Kip AU - Thome, Aurelie AU - Blaberg, Christian AU - Bargman, Jonas AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - An Invariant May Drive the Decision to Encroach at Unsignalized Intersections SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 313-319 AB - This paper introduces a novel approach to understanding when and where drivers make the Go/ No Go decision (not) to turn left and encroach upon an approaching car that has the right-of-way in an unsignalized intersection. The source of data is approximately 2,400 hours of video recordings at two intersections near Goteborg, Sweden. Automated image processing software extracted the trajectories of the pairs of cars involved in more than 14,000 left turns across traffic at the first intersection and 2,400 at the second. The authors subdivided the data into four different left-turn scenarios - where the approaching car arrives from the opposite direction, from the lateral direction, from the intended direction (merging), and while making its own left turn. For each scenario, the authors found the distances between the turning car and the approaching car at the time when we can assume the decision (not) to turn is made and conducted logistic regressions to identify the distances associated with the 50/50 acceptance probabilities for the decision (not) to turn. The authors also calculated the resulting encroachment distances (‘trailing buffers’) for every decision to turn. The authors expected to find wide variability in these buffers. Instead, we observed separations that were virtually the same across scenarios at each intersection but differed across intersections. Tacit, intersection-dependent knowledge of this invariant may drive the decision of whether or not to turn and encroach. The authors discuss the implications this finding has for the design of in-vehicle active safety systems. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Decision making KW - Goteborg (Sweden) KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Left turns KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic safety KW - Turning traffic KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Videotape recorders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918450 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157977 AU - Wishart, Darren AU - Davey, Jeremy AU - Freeman, James E AU - Rowland, Bevan AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Identifying Influences of Driving Behaviour: Could The Australian Work Driving Setting Be Unique? SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 125-131 AB - Work-related driving safety is an emerging concern for Australian and overseas organizations. An in depth investigation was undertaken into a group of fleet drivers’ attitudes regarding what personal and environment factors have the greatest impact upon driving behaviors. A number of new and unique factors not previously identified were found including: vehicle features, vehicle ownership, road conditions, weather, etc. The major findings of the study are discussed in regards to practical solutions to improve fleet safety. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Behavior KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel behavior KW - Weather conditions KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918393 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157976 AU - Kidd, David G AU - Monk, Christopher A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effects of Dual-Task Interference and Response Strategy on Stop or Go Decisions to Yellow Light Changes SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 260-267 AB - Distractions can interfere with driving by causing central processing bottlenecks. In addition to performance decrements, central processing delays may also impair decision-making during critical driving maneuvers such as stop or go decisions at intersections. It was hypothesized that distractions would delay the stop or go decision leading to more go responses. Participants drove 4 simulated drives and made stop or go decisions at intersections with and without a distracting task. Distractions did not result in more go responses at intersections. Additionally, dual-task interference in braking responses was found to be dependent upon participants’ response strategies. Theoretical implications of response strategy on processing bottlenecks were discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Bottlenecks KW - Decision making KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Dual tasks KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Intersections KW - Traffic safety KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918434 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157975 AU - Romoser, Matthew AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Cognitive and Physical Decline on Older Drivers’ Side-To-Side Scanning for Hazards While Executing Turns SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 61-68 AB - Age related declines in cognitive and physical ability significantly impair an older adult’s ability to safely drive. As we age it gradually becomes more difficult to scan for, detect, process, and ultimately react to critical elements in our driving environment. Older drivers are over represented in angled impacts in intersections. Research has shown that older drivers tend to execute fewer side-to-side glances while in the process of turning than middle-aged drivers.This decrease in scanning can directly lead to an increase in angled impacts. The present research investigates the correlation between cognitive and physical decline and the likelihood that an older driver will execute side-to-side glances at the beginning and during a turn. Results of both simulator and field drive sessions with fifty-four older drivers 70-89 years of age demonstrated that cognitive, but not physical, decline was significantly correlated with a decrease in side-to-side scanning while turning. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognition KW - Detectors by object of detection KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Mirrors KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918375 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157974 AU - Kircher, Katja AU - Ahlstrom, Christer AU - Kircher, Albert AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparison of Two Eye-Gaze Based Real-Time Driver Distraction Detection Algorithms in a Small-Scale Field Operational Test SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 16-23 AB - Driver distraction is a field which has received increasing attention in the last years, especially after it became evident that distraction is a major factor contributing to road casualties. Monitoring, detecting and limiting driver distraction could contribute significantly to improve road traffic safety. With the introduction of novel unobtrusive gaze-tracking systems real-time algorithms based on the driver’s gaze direction can be developed for driver distraction warning systems. The study describes and compares two different algorithms for gaze-based driver distraction detection based on the eye tracking data obtained in a field study. One algorithm relies on the metric “percent road centre” of gaze direction, the other on gaze zones in the vehicle. Results show that both algorithms have potential for detecting driver distraction, but that no effect of the distraction warnings on attention as defined by the algorithms could be observed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Eye movements KW - Fatalities KW - Field tests KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Real time information KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918368 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157973 AU - Cavallo, Viola AU - Dommes, Aurelie AU - Lobjois, Regis AU - Vienne, Fabrice AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Elderly Pedestrians’ Visual Timing Strategies in a Simulated Street-Crossing Situation SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 499-505 AB - The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of age and of the approaching vehicle’s speed on crossing behavior in an interactive street crossing simulation. Seventy-eight subjects aged from 20-30, 60-70 and 70-80, took part in the experiment. Half of them were female and half were male. The participants were asked to cross between two approaching cars if they judged crossing possible. Vehicle speed (40 and 60 km/h) and time gap between cars (from 1 to 7s) were varied. The results show that the accepted time gap increased with age, but that the adopted safety margins, as well as the rates of unsafe crossings and missed opportunities were globally comparable for all groups of participants. However, the speed of the approaching vehicles was identified as an important risk factor for elderly pedestrians. Unlike younger pedestrians, seniors exhibited more risky behaviors at higher speeds. Results are discussed in relation to the visual information used, and with respect to the validity of judgment and crossing tasks in the study of pedestrian behavior. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Gap acceptance KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Time gaps KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918524 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157972 AU - Fullerton, Matthew AU - Peli, Eli AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Development of a System to Study the Impact of Headlight Glare in a Driving Simulator SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 412-418 AB - This study reports on the development of a realistic dynamic simulation of oncoming headlamp glare in a driving simulator. To the authors’ knowledge, no such simulation had been attempted or achieved previously. The simulation is based on superposition of a bright light emitting diode (LED) display through a beam splitter on the simulator screen and synchronizing the illuminated LED position to the image of the simulated oncoming car. LED brightness is adjusted to result in the level of light that such headlights would cause in the driver’s eyes, enabling the testing of glare effect on drivers of different ages and impact (reduction or increase) of various vision devices. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Driving simulators KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Lighting KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918504 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157971 AU - Dawson, Jeffrey D AU - Dastrup, Elizabeth AU - Johnson, Amy M AU - Uc, Ergun Y AU - Anderson, Steven W AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Ascertainment of On-Road Safety Errors Based on Video Review SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 419-426 AB - Using an instrumented vehicle, the authors have studied several aspects of the on-road performance of healthy and diseased elderly drivers. One goal from such studies is to ascertain the type and frequency of driving safety errors. Because the judgment of such errors is somewhat subjective, we applied a taxonomy system of 15 general safety error categories and 76 specific safety error types. The authors also employed and trained professional driving instructors to review the video data of the on-road drives. This report illustrates the rating system on a group of 111 drivers, ages 65 to 89. These drivers made errors in 13 of the 15 error categories, comprising 42 of the 76 error types. A mean (SD) of 35.8 (12.8) safety errors per drive were noted, with 2.1 (1.7) of them being judged as serious. The methodology may be useful in applications such as intervention studies, and in longitudinal studies of changes in driving abilities in patients with declining cognitive ability. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognition KW - Driver errors KW - Human error KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Roads KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918505 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157970 AU - Tippin, Jon AU - Sparks, JonDavid AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Useful Field of View Impairments in Drivers with Obstructive Sleep Apnea SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 454-459 AB - As a group, drivers with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have an increased risk for motor vehicle crashes, but determining individual crash risk is difficult. The authors tested the hypothesis that drivers with OSA have impaired visual attention, as indexed by reduced useful field of view (UFOV), a predictor of high risk driving. Forty-one drivers with untreated OSA and 50 comparison drivers were assessed by UFOV. OSA drivers performed significantly worse than controls on all UFOV subtests and had reduced UFOV as indicated by a higher mean total UFOV score (p = 0.0017). However, only 4 OSA and 2 control drivers had values indicative of high crash risk (UFOV reduction >23%). Drivers with OSA have reduced UFOV compared to drivers without neurological or sleep disorders. However, as UFOV identifies few high-risk drivers, its role in assessing crash risk in an unselected population of drivers with OSA appears to be limited. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crash risk KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver performance KW - Field of view KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Impaired drivers KW - Risk analysis KW - Sleep disorders KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918513 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157969 AU - Henderson, Steven AU - Gagnon, Sylvain AU - Collin, Charles AU - Tabone, Ricardo AU - Stinchcombe, Arne AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Near Peripheral Motion Contrast Threshold Predicts Older Drivers’ Driving Simulator Performance SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 334-341 AB - The method of descending limits assessed motion contrast thresholds of 11 young participants (17–28), and 21 older drivers (63–86) for 0.4 cycle/degree drifting Gabor stimuli at 15 degrees eccentricity. Peripheral motion contrast thresholds (PMCT) of younger participants (M = –45.5 dB, SD = 1.66 dB) and older participants (M = –43.3 dB, SD = 3.79 dB) differed (t(29) = 2.295, p < .05 (all p-values one-tailed)). Older drivers performed UFOV® tests and a high-fidelity driving simulation. Between independent variables, significant correlations were PMCT with UFOV2 (r = .74, p < .001), PMCT with UFOV3 (r = .50, p < .01), PMCT with age (r =.73, p < .001), UFOV2 with age (r = .48, p < .05), and UFOV3 with age (r = .44, p < .05). Between vision and simulator measures, PMCT and UFOV2 significantly predicted rater’s simulator score (r = .66, p < .001; r = .58, p < .01 respectively), and simulator crashes (r = .63, p < .001; r = .72, p < .001 respectively). Thus, PMCT and UFOV2 strongly predicted simulator performance. Partial correlations showed that: substantial association between PMCT and UFOV2 was not age–related; PMCT and UFOV2 tapped a common visual function; and PMCT assessed a component not captured by UFOV2. The descending limits procedure is as reliable and faster than the forced choice. A practicable PMCT test that informs at-risk drivers about visual deficits may help them compensate effectively by learning voluntary scanning techniques and by otherwise modifying their driving techniques. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of vision KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Motion KW - Peripheral perception KW - Peripheral vision KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157968 AU - Dommes, Aurelie AU - Cavallo, Viola AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Simulator-Based Street-Crossing Training for Older Pedestrians: Short and Long Term Effects SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 83-89 AB - The study aimed at developing and assessing a training method to improve the safety of elderly pedestrians with a simulator-based street-crossing technique specially designed to their needs and difficulties. Twenty seniors were enrolled in a street-crossing training program, and twenty other seniors were assigned to the control group (internet-use training). Before the training, immediately after it, and 6 months later, street-crossing decisions and behaviors were assessed using a simulated street-crossing task. The results showed that the simulator-based training enhanced the safety of the elderly pedestrians. However, the way in which they took into account the speed of the approaching car in their decisions and behaviors had not improved. The lack of effectiveness of training in the use of speed may reveal age-related sensory and cognitive impairments that the simulator-based method could not alleviate. The results of this study stressed the importance of greater attention to senior street-crossing retraining. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Traffic simulation KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918379 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157967 AU - Brooks, Johnell O AU - Goodenough, Richard R AU - Tyrrell, Richard A AU - Guirl, Chris D AU - Moore, Kristin AU - Klein, Nathan AU - Davis, Laura AU - Kubala, Tina AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - How Well Do Drivers Understand Their Own Headlights? SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 384-390 AB - The current research represents an initial investigation of drivers’ understanding of high beam and low beam headlight patterns in a nighttime driving environment. Fifty-four university students used a highlighter to indicate on a paper diagram of a roadway scene the portion of the scene that they felt their headlights would illuminate. Although the headlight patterns produced by participants varied more than expected, several consistent patterns emerged. Classification and evaluation of these drivers’ responses revealed that many drivers misunderstand the area of the roadway that is illuminated by their headlights. These misunderstandings fall into fairly distinct patterns. The results indicate many drivers possess an incomplete understanding of the pattern of illumination provided by their headlights. These results are consistent with earlier evidence that many road users fail to appreciate the visibility challenges that exist at night. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Headlamps KW - High beamed headlamps KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Lighting KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Night visibility KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918497 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157966 AU - Barrow, Jane H AU - Baldwin, Carryl L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Verbal-Spatial Cue Conflict: Implications for the Design of Collision-Avoidance Warning Systems SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 405-411 AB - A spatial auditory Stroop paradigm was used to examine the effects of verbal-spatial cue conflict on response accuracy, reaction time, and driving performance. Participants responded to either the semantic meaning or the spatial location of a directional word, which were either congruent (i.e. the word “right” being presented from the right) or incongruent (i.e. the word “right” being presented from the left), while following a lead car in a simulated driving scenario. Accuracy was worse when participants were responding to the spatial location of a word in an incongruent trial, indicating that participants experienced significant interference when trying to ignore the semantic meaning of the word when it conflicted with the presentation location. Implications for the design of collision-avoidance warning systems are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Auditory perception KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Reaction time KW - Spatial analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Voice communication KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918502 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157965 AU - Stinchcombe, Arne AU - Gagnon, Sylvain AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Estimating Workload Demands of Turning Left at Intersections of Varying Complexity SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 440-446 AB - The challenge posed by left-turns has been well-documented in literature. Left-turns are thought to be complex roadway sites resulting in a significant proportion of motor-vehicle collisions. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether subjective and objective workload is affected by left-turns of varying complexity (i.e., information processing and maneuvering) in a sample of young inexperienced drivers. A secondary goal was to determine the effect of administering a secondary task on subjective workload. To this end, 60 inexperienced drivers completed four simulated driving scenarios of varying visual and maneuvering complexity. Half of participants completed an objective measure of workload (i.e., a secondary task) while all participants completed a subjective measure of workload upon completion of each scenario. The results demonstrated the effect of complexity on subjective and objective workload. Specifically, information processing complexity was found to significantly affect both subjective and objective measures of participants’ workload while the influence of maneuvering complexity was detected through subjective load only. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crashes KW - Gap acceptance KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Information processing KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Turning traffic KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918511 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157964 AU - Sullivan, John M AU - Buonarosa, Mary Lynn AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Acquisition, Response, and Error Rates with Three Suites of Collision Warning Sounds SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 284-290 AB - The acquisition, response speed, and error rates of three suites of collision warning sounds were investigated to evaluate the effect of sound alteration on responding. In each suite, four sounds were pictorially associated with four collision scenarios. Suite A included two natural sounds, and two artificial sounds semantically associated with one of four crash scenarios; Suite B was a variant of A, altered to reduce perceived urgency; Suite C was a set of abstract sounds constructed to vary in urgency and matched to the subjective urgency of each scenario. For each suite, subjects first learned to associate the suite’s warning sounds with an assigned crash scenario to an established criterion. This was followed by reaction time trials in which a sound was played and subjects quickly identified the scenario associated with the sound. For both young and old subjects, Suite A produced the shortest reaction times and fewest trials to criterion, suggestive of the response efficiencies reported for auditory icons. In contrast, the sounds used in Suite B, while variants of Suite A, were most difficult to learn and were not different from Suite C with respect to error rates and reaction time. It is suggested that even relatively minor alterations of a warning sound can result in marked differences in acquisition and performance. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data collection KW - Human error KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918438 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157963 AU - White, Cale AU - Caird, Jeff K AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Blind Date: The Effects of Passenger Conservation and Gender on Looked-but-Failed-to-See (LBFTS) Errors SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 2-8 AB - This study examined situations where drivers looked but failed to see hazards (LBFTS), and whether passenger conversation and gender affected hazard detection rates. To reliably produce LBFTS errors, 40 young drivers (M = 20.3) encountered motorcycles and pedestrians while making left turns in the University of Calgary Driving Simulator (UCDS). Prior to turn initiation the UCDS screens flickered using an extension of change blindness methods. In addition, drivers either drove alone or conversed with an attractive confederate passenger. Measures of LBFTS errors, hazard detection and social factors were analyzed. Higher rates of LBFTS errors and hazard detection occurred while conversing than while driving alone. A discriminant function analysis (DFA) using conversation and gender as predictors accurately classified LBFTS errors. Higher passenger attraction and higher extroversion were related to missing more critical events. The basis of LBFTS errors in divided and selective attention and classification implications are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - "Looked-but-did-not-see" KW - Automobile drivers KW - Conservation KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Driving simulators KW - Gender KW - High risk drivers KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Left turns KW - Teenage drivers KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/916457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157962 AU - Lerner, Neil AU - Singer, Jeremiah AU - Freedman, Mark AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Enhanced Seat Belt Reminder Systems for Teenage Drivers and Passengers SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 243-250 AB - Failure to use a seat belt is a significant highway safety concern for teenagers. The current Federally-required seat belt reminder system is limited in its effectiveness, and many automobile manufacturers are now providing enhanced seat belt reminder (ESBR) systems. Current systems are designed for the general driving public and their design must represent a trade-off between effectiveness in promoting belt use and consumer acceptance. Teens may respond differently to system features and trade-off considerations may be different for risk-prone teens. This study conducted research to evaluate teen driver and passenger reactions to a variety of ESBR systems and features. The study was conducted in an operational, but stationary vehicle, with simulated drives. Systems and features were evaluated regarding their likelihood of increasing belt use, annoyance, signal appropriateness, desirability, and other aspects. Discussion groups were also held with the parents of teen drivers. Based on findings of the experiment and discussions, a set of recommendations was developed for the design of optimal ESBR systems oriented toward teen drivers and their passengers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driving simulators KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Passengers KW - Seat belt reminder systems KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918432 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157961 AU - Lotan, Tsippy AU - Toledo, Tomer AU - Prato, Carlo Giacomo AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Modeling the Behavior of Novice Young Drivers Using Data from Invehicle Data Recorders SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 491-498 AB - Novice young drivers suffer from increased crash risk that translates into over-representation in road injuries. A better understanding of the driving behavior of novice young drivers and of their determinants is needed to tackle this problem. To this extent, this study analyzes the behavior of novice young drivers within a Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) program. Data on driving behavior of novice drivers and their parents is collected using in-vehicle data recorders, which calculate compound risk indices as measures of the risk taking behavior of the various drivers. Data is used to estimate a negative binomial model to identify the major factors that affect the driving behavior of the young drivers. Estimation results suggest that the risk taking behavior of young drivers is influenced by that of their parents and decreases with higher levels of supervised driving and stricter monitoring by the parents. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Behavior KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver licenses KW - Graduated licensing KW - Human factors in crashes KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Novices KW - Restricted driver licenses KW - Risk analysis KW - Teenage drivers KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918523 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157960 AU - Harbluk, Joanne L AU - Mitroi, Julia S AU - Burns, Peter C AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Three Navigation Systems with Three Tasks: Using the Lane-Change Test (LCT) to Assess Distraction Demand SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 24-30 AB - The Lane Change Test (LCT) was used to assess distraction demand when drivers completed three typical navigation tasks (an easy navigation task, a point of interest task and a difficult navigation task) using three different navigation systems. In order for the LCT to be a useful procedure, it must distinguish good from poor navigation systems and acceptable from unacceptable tasks performed using those systems. The results provide some general support for the LCT as a sensitive measure of distraction. Some aspects of the results, however, called into question the adequacy of the LCT as a sufficient measure of distraction. In particular, the LCT was found to be insensitive to task demands arising from excessive task duration. Since risk exposure is a function of secondary task duration (as well as other factors such as intensity, frequency and timing), it is recommended that a measure of task duration be incorporated in the LCT procedure. When the MDEV was modified to incorporate task duration, the resulting measure (mean deviation per average task) reflected more adequately the interaction demands of the various navigation tasks. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Lane changing KW - Navigation systems KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918369 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157959 AU - Young, Richard A AU - Angell, Linda S AU - Sullivan, John M AU - Seaman, Sean AU - Hsieh, Li AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Validation of the Static Load Test for Event Detection During Hands-Free Conversation SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 268-275 AB - The objective of this study is to see if visual event reaction times (RTs) during hands-free conversation conditions in the Enhanced Static Load Test (ESLT) can predict RTs in similar conditions in on-road driving. Brake reaction times to random center and side light events were measured while watching a driving video, attempting to keep a marker in the center of the lane with a steering wheel, answering the phone by pressing a button, and carrying on neutral or angry hands-free conversations in covert (silent) or overt mode on a hands-free phone device. Open-road tests were conducted in traffic for subjects with similar side and front light events, with foot reaction times measured while engaged in the same secondary tasks and conditions. Mean RTs for the task segments in the lab were predictive of the mean RTs for the corresponding task segments in the on-road test (r = 0.90, df = 16, p < 0.000001). This study validates the Enhanced Static Load Test as predictive of visual event RTs during open-road driving for the range of experimental conditions and tasks considered. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Braking KW - Cellular telephones KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Load tests KW - Reaction time KW - Static loads KW - Traffic safety KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918435 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157958 AU - Schaudt, William Andrew AU - Wierwille, Walter W AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Object Detection and Identification Using Enhanced Camera/Video Imaging Systems (E-C/VISs) on Heavy Trucks SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 54-60 AB - Tests were performed to determine the feasibility of developing an Enhanced Camera/Video Imaging System (E-C/VIS) to provide heavy vehicle drivers with better situation awareness to the sides and rear of their vehicles. It is well known that large blind spots currently exist in these areas and that sideswipe crashes can occur as a result. An additional goal was to extend the operating envelope of conventional video to nighttime and to inclement weather. A three channel system was envisioned in which there would be a camera at each (front) fender of the tractor looking backward along the sides of the tractor trailer. The third channel would be aimed rearward from the back of the trailer. Indoor tests involved selection of components having the best capabilities, while early outdoor tests used the selected components in a single-channel side mounted system. Once developed, the heavy vehicle three-channel system was tested in a static object detection and identification experiment, as well as a dynamic on-road experiment. The current document describes the static object detection and identification experiment methodology and results. In regard to object detection and identification, objects were correctly detected and identified significantly more often with the E-C/VIS than with mirrors alone. Objects directly behind the heavy vehicle could be detected with the rear wide-angle look-down camera of the EC/ VIS whereas such objects could not be detected with conventional side mirrors. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Cameras KW - Detection and identification KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Incident detection KW - Mirrors KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918374 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157957 AU - Neurauter, M Lucas AU - Llaneras, Robert E AU - Wierwille, Walter W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Design and Assessment of Attention-Getting Rear Brake Light Signals SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 529-535 AB - This paper summarizes work intended to further characterize and develop rear brake light signals likely to improve driver reaction to hard-braking lead-vehicle events, emphasizing unique and novel approaches not previously studied. The work developed optimized signal lighting configurations, including specifications for light emitting diode (LED) signal approaches (flash frequencies, brightness levels, patterns), and performed field evaluations to assess eye-drawing capability of candidate signals for drivers who were looking away from the forward view. Results indicate that newer rear signaling designs can be very effective at drawing drivers’ eyes back to the forward roadway, and that flashing and brightness are two important signal properties moderating effectiveness (attention-getting). Remarkable performance gains can be achieved via use of LED signal approaches which both flash and increase signal intensity or lamp brightness. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Attention KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking KW - Eye fixations KW - Eye movements KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Reaction time KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918529 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157956 AU - Hoggarth, Petra AU - Jones, Richard AU - Innes, Carrie AU - Dalrymple-Alford, John AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving Assessment and Subsequent Driving Outcome: A Prospective Study of Safe and Unsafe Healthy Driver Groups SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 433-439 AB - Older drivers are an increasingly numerous section of the population who are often targeted for driving assessment. Little is known as to whether on-road driving assessments result in an older driver population who have fewer negative driving events. Fifty-eight healthy older drivers (mean age 77, range 71- 84, no diagnosis of neurological disorder), completed a non-enforced on-road driving assessment and detailed sensory-motor and cognitive testing. Self reported and official data regarding crashes and traffic offences were collected for both the five years prior to the on-road assessment, and the 12 months following in order to determine whether those who received a fail score on the on-road assessment had higher rates of negative driving events than those who passed (43 passed, 15 failed). No increase in adverse outcomes was found either retrospectively or prospectively for those who failed the on-road assessment. Similarly there were no significant differences in cognitive, sensory-motor, and demographic variables between those who passed and failed. Healthy older drivers who failed the on-road assessment did not show evidence of poorer driving behavior even at the level of descriptive statistics. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Age groups KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Crash data KW - Demographics KW - Driver performance KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Neurology KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918508 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157955 AU - Creaser, Janet I AU - Lenneman, John K AU - Szczerba, Joseph AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Design and Evaluation of Serial-Hybrid Vehicle Energy Gauges SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 521-528 AB - This paper describes a usability study of serial-hybrid vehicle energy gauge designs. Eight gauges that were modified by design format (bars, dials), color (one color, two colors) and the type of information present (range information, no range information) were tested in a driving simulator under urban/suburban traffic conditions. Participants answered questions about the state of the battery and fuel tank separately and also answered questions that involved combining the information from both sources of energy. Comprehension was assessed based on accuracy and response times to the questions when a gauge was presented. Participants also completed subjective ratings of the gauges. Driving performance was assessed to determine if driving was affected by responding to gauge presentations. Overall, the results indicated that the bar design using two colors and including range information performed best when integration of the two energy sources was required. These attributes were also most preferred by participants in this study. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel tanks KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Serials KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918527 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157954 AU - Merat, Natasha AU - Jamson, A Hamish AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - How do Drivers Behave in a Highly Automated Car? SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 514-521 AB - This paper outlines the results of a driving simulator study conducted for the European CityMobil project, which was designed to investigate the effect of a highly automated driving scenario on driver behavior. Drivers’ response to a number of ‘critical’ scenarios was compared in manual driving with that in automated driving. Drivers were in full control of the vehicle and its maneuvers in the manual driving condition, whilst control of the vehicle was transferred to an ‘automated system’ in the automated driving condition. Automated driving involved the engagement of lateral and longitudinal controllers, which kept the vehicle in the centre of the lane and at a speed of 40 mph, respectively. Drivers were required to regain control of the driving task if the automated system was unable to handle a critical situation. An auditory alarm forewarned drivers of an imminent collision in such critical situations. Drivers’ response to all critical events was found to be much later in the automated driving condition, compared to manual driving. This is thought to be because drivers’ situation awareness was reduced during automated driving, with response only produced after drivers heard the alarm. Alternatively, drivers may have relied too heavily on the system, waiting for the auditory alarm before responding in a critical situation. These results suggest that action must be taken when implementing fully automated driving to ensure that the driver is kept in the loop at all times and is able to respond in time and appropriately during critical situations. This paper presents the results of one of the studies. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Automated highways KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Behavior KW - CityMobil KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Europe KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Maneuverability KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918526 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157953 AU - Tuttle, Stephanie AU - Cassavaugh, Nicholas D AU - Backs, Richard W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Attention Function Structure of Older and Younger Adult Drivers SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 506-513 AB - Groups of younger (n=49, M age = 21.7 years) and older (n=52, M age = 73.0 years) adults performed computer-based cognitive tests and simulated driving. Results from the cognitive tests were submitted to Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and 6 components were extracted that explained more than 77% of the variance. The components were labeled speed, divided, sustained, executive, selective/inhibition, and visual search in descending order of amount of variance explained. The component scores were used to predict simulated driving performance. Hierarchical step-wise regressions were computed with driving performance as the criterion, and age group (forced) and the component scores (step-wise) as predictors. Results showed that the speed and divided components were more likely to explain additional driving performance variance beyond age group than the other components. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Age groups KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Cognition KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918525 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157952 AU - Reyes, Michelle L AU - Lee, John D AU - Liang, Yulan AU - Hoffman, Joshua D AU - Huang, Ritchie W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Capturing Driver Response to In-Vehicle Human-Machine Interface Technologies Using Facial Thermography SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 536-542 AB - Measuring driver response to in-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI) systems is critical for the automotive design and evaluation process. Physiological measures provide a useful complement to performance-based and subjective measures because they promise an estimate of the affective response of drivers to an in-vehicle system in a way that requires no overt response by the driver. This research explored how facial temperature might reflect the drivers’ response to the demands they confront when interacting with in-vehicle systems. Sixteen drivers completed a series of in-vehicle tasks while driving in a simulator. Facial temperature was measured using an infrared camera. The analyses focus on how the thermal data, aggregated over four facial regions, correlated with both measures of driving performance and subjective ratings of workload and frustration. Facial temperature measures correlated with more driving performance measures of longitudinal control than lateral control, suggesting that thermal measures are sensitive to different cognitive processes than are typically assessed by measures of steering and lane position. Thermal measures aggregated over a 15-second window correlated with subjective ratings. Unlike other measures typically used to evaluate in-vehicle systems that are aggregated over long time windows, thermal measures have temporal specificity and might be able to identify specific interactions that increase workload and frustration. No single facial area or summary measure emerged as the best indicator of driver response; rather, composite measures of facial temperature could be developed that offer a more complete profile of driver response. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Driver information systems KW - Face recognition KW - Human machine interface KW - Human machine systems KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Reaction time KW - Technological innovations KW - Thermographs KW - Vehicle design KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918530 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157951 AU - Tregear, Stephen J AU - Williams, Jessica R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Seizure and the Risk for Seizure Recurrence among Individuals Who Have Undergone Surgery for Epilepsy SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 327-333 AB - Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder for which recurrent seizures are the main symptom. Seizures resulting from epilepsy may culminate in unpredictable and sudden incapacitation, and thus are of significant concern to those interested in driver safety. Surgical therapy is one of the main treatment options for patients who do not respond to pharmacotherapy. Although approximately two thirds of individuals who undergo the most common types of surgery for epilepsy become seizure free, a significant proportion of these individuals will experience seizure recurrence. A systematic review and meta analysis was conducted to examine the likelihood of seizure recurrence among individuals who have undergone surgery for epilepsy. Specifically, the authors were interested in quantifying the relationship between time since last seizure and the likelihood that a seizure will occur within the following year. The results indicate that the longer the time that has elapsed since the occurrence of the last seizure, the lower the risk for seizure recurrence in the following year. The average annual risk for experiencing seizure recurrence among individuals who have remained seizure free for ≥8 years is less than 2% and less than 1% for those who have remained seizure free for ≥10 years. These findings have important implications for regulatory agencies with responsibility for road safety; particularly those agencies that regulate safety sensitive industries. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Epilepsy KW - High risk drivers KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Recurrence intervals KW - Risk analysis KW - Seizures KW - Surgery KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918453 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157950 AU - Teasdale, Normand AU - Lavalliere, Martin AU - Tremblay, Mathieu AU - Simoneau, Martin AU - Laurendeau, Denis AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Multiple Exposition to a Driving Simulator Reduces Simulator Symptoms for Elderly Drivers SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 169-175 AB - This study examines how older drivers responded to repeated exposures to a driver simulator. Older active and fit drivers participated in 5 simulator sessions within a 14-day period. For each session, simulator sickness symptoms were measured with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire at baseline and post-session. In addition, participants completed a 10-cm visual analog scale (0= no symptom, 10= mild nausea) at baseline and after a familiarization scenario and post-session. Overall, older adults adapted to the driving simulator and by the fourth session, they showed no difference in sickness scores between the baseline and the post-session measurements. Increasing the exposure duration at session 5 yielded an increase in the sickness symptoms. These results suggest that shorter duration multiple exposures could reduce simulator sickness symptoms in elderly drivers and allow a more effective use of simulators for training by preventing early withdrawal of participants. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Motion sickness KW - Physical fitness KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918419 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157949 AU - Jamson, A Hamish AU - Merat, Natasha AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Can Low Cost Road Engineering Measures Combat Driver Fatigue? A Driving Simulator Investigation SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 251-259 AB - Driver fatigue is a major cause of road accidents, accounting for over 20% of serious accidents on motorways and monotonous roads in the United Kingdom. This study investigated the potential for low-cost, road-based, engineering measures to act as alerting features in an otherwise monotonous driving environment and hence combat fatigue. Thirty-three drivers took part in the driving simulator study. There was some evidence of an alerting effect provided to drivers by all three of the treatments tested: chevron road-surface markings, transverse carriageway rumble strips and variable message signs. However, the alerting effect did appear to be relatively weak and potentially quite short-lived. Nevertheless, there may well be potential for any of the novel alerts to be deployed in the field in a known fatigue-related accident area. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Alertness KW - Crash severity KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Monotony KW - Road markings KW - Rumble strips KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - United Kingdom KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918433 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157948 AU - Graving, Justin S AU - Tyrrell, Richard A AU - Balk, Stacy A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Quantifying the Subjective Brightness of Retroreflective Material Using Magnitude Estimations SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 377-383 AB - Ten small patches of retroreflective material were evaluated using a method of magnitude estimation to quantify the effect of changing the coefficient of retroreflection (RA) on brightness perception. Seventeen undergraduates participated. The results show that brightness is tightly linked with RA. Brightness was influenced more by changes in lower RA than changes in higher RA and follows Steven’s power law for brightness. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Brightness KW - Highway safety KW - Magnitude KW - Materials selection KW - Materials tests KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918496 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157947 AU - Petzoldt, Tibor AU - Bar, Nina AU - Krems, Josef F AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Gender Effects on Lane Change Test (LCT) Performance SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 90-96 AB - There are various easy-to-implement, low-cost methodologies for evaluating driver performance under distraction caused by in-vehicle tasks. One of them is the Lane Change Test (LCT), which is currently under consideration for becoming an ISO-standardized procedure. This paper investigates the effect of gender on LCT performance. Although a common procedure in psychological research, balancing for gender is not a requirement made by the ISO draft. However, using data from three LCT experiments, we found gender differences in LCT as well as secondary task performance. The authors conclude that subject samples balanced for gender are necessary to assure comparability of LCT results. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Driver performance KW - Driving tasks KW - Gender KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Lane changing KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918380 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157946 AU - Kang, Julie J AU - Bian, Zheng AU - Andersen, George J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Crash Risk; Eye Movement as Indices for Dual Task Driving Workload SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 356-362 AB - The goal of the present study was to examine eye movements as a function of dual task difficulty while driving. Two tasks were examined: maintaining a predetermined distance while car following and detecting a light change. Task demands were manipulated by varying the amplitude of lead vehicle’s (LV) speed change and increasing the average LV speed. As task demands increased, the number of saccades decreased. There was no significant difference in number of fixations, fixation duration, number of eye blinks, or pupil size. While car following performance did not change, drivers were more accurate at the light detection task at the 100% amplitude condition verses the 120%. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Car following KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver workload KW - Dual tasks KW - Eye fixations KW - Eye movements KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Lead vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918492 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157945 AU - Dawson, Jeffrey D AU - Dastrup, Elizabeth AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - Anderson, Steven W AU - Uc, Ergun Y AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Collision Avoidance Training Using a Driving Simulator in Drivers with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 143-160 AB - Parkinson’s disease (PD) impairs driving performance, and simulator studies have shown increased crashes compared to controls. In this pilot study, eight drivers with PD participated in three drive sessions with multiple simulator intersections of varying visibility and traffic load, where an incurring vehicle posed a crash risk. Over the course of the three sessions (once every 1-2 weeks), the authors observed reduction in crashes (p=0.059) and reaction times (p=0.006) to the vehicle incursion. These findings suggest that our simulator training program is feasible and potentially useful in drivers with PD. Future research questions include transfer of training to different driving tasks, duration of benefit, and the effect on long term real life outcomes in comparison to a standard intervention (e.g., driver education class) in a randomized trial. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - High risk drivers KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Parkinson's disease KW - Pilot studies KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918407 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157944 AU - Crisler, Matthew C AU - Brooks, Johnell O AU - Riggins, Kelly AU - Garris, Brandon AU - Tyler, Jessica AU - Dahl, Sam AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Display Location within Simulated Driving Environments SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 191-197 AB - Driving simulators offer researchers experimental control while minimizing safety issues and reducing costs relative to on-road and test track experimental procedures. However, with the control of the visual environment that simulators allow, it can be tempting to develop experimental protocols that utilize displays within the visual environment of the simulator. Such displays have the potential to differentially affect driving performance based on their location within the driving environment. A simulator experiment was conducted in order to assess the effects of having drivers fixate a display at nine different locations on the center channel of a DriveSafety driving simulator. In general, driving performance was best when the display was in the middle of the screen. Both horizontal and vertical deviations from the center of the screen resulted in increased lane position variability, and drivers tended to drive closer to the opposite lane boundary toward which they were fixating when a display was located to the left or right of the center. In addition, response times to a task presented in the display were faster when the display was located toward the center of the screen. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Video display terminals KW - Visual environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918422 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157943 AU - Gray, Rob AU - Branaghan, Russ AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Changing Driver Behavior through Unconscious Stereotype Activation SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 104-109 AB - Under the guise of evaluating a head-up display in a driving simulator, participants completed scrambled sentence tasks (while waiting at stop signs) designed to prime either an elderly or teenage stereotype. Driving speeds between stop signs in the Stereotype conditions were compared to control conditions in which age non-specific words were substituted for stereotyped words. Participants had a lower maximum speed in the elderly stereotype condition and a higher maximum speed in the teenage condition (as compared to controls). These effects were obtained even though the participants were completely unaware of the themes in the experimental conditions. For both stereotypes, the change in behavior occurred relatively quickly: a significant effect on driving speed was observed after only five stops. These findings indicate that it may be possible to reduce the incidence of dangerous driving behavior through the use of unconscious priming. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Behavior KW - Driver stereotypes KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918386 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157942 AU - Cassavaugh, Nicholas D AU - Domeyer, Joshua E AU - Backs, Richard W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effect of Age on Decision Making during Unprotected Turns Across Oncoming Traffic SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 97-103 AB - The present study examined whether age-related difference in quantitative measures of left-turn performance could explain older drivers’ increased susceptibility to crashing while making unprotected left turns across traffic. Older and younger adults made left turns across traffic in a driving simulator. Time to decide to turn, time to negotiate the turn, the size of the accepted gap, gap clearance, and time to collision with an oncoming vehicle were measured. Significant effects of age were found in decision time, turn time and gap size. A significant interaction between age group and the speed of oncoming traffic was obtained for decision time. Implications for older adult’s safety and future directions are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Decision making KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Gap acceptance KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Left turns KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Turning traffic KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918384 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157941 AU - Akinwuntan, Abiodun Emmanuel AU - Tank, Rebecca AU - Vaughn, Lori AU - Wilburn, Alexis AU - Easton, Seth AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Normative Values for Driving Simulation Parameters: A Pilot Study SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 161-168 AB - In this pilot study, data obtained from a population of healthy younger (18-24 yrs), middle aged (25-64 yrs) and older drivers (65+ yrs) were used to establish normative values of parameters commonly documented during simulated driving. The older drivers’ performances in most of the driving skills assessed were significantly worse than those of the other 2 classes of drivers. In line with previous studies, our data showed deterioration of driving skills with increasing age. The test-retest reliability of the driving simulation parameters were moderate to very high. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Pilot studies KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918418 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157940 AU - Creaser, Janet I AU - Rakauskas, Michael E AU - Manser, Michael AU - Ward, Nicholas J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evaluating Design Options for a Dynamic Traffic Sign SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 198-205 AB - This study describes two usability methods that were used to determine the final design of a prototype dynamic traffic sign. The Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System-Stop Sign Assist (CICAS-SSA) is an infrastructure-based driver support system to improve gap acceptance at rural stop-controlled intersections. This study evaluated drivers’ comprehension of recommended design changes made to the SSA message set using paper-and-pencil and computerized testing. The goal was to choose the final interface design that would later be tested using driving simulation. Overall, comprehension was highest for sign messages that showed prohibitive information and was lowest for signs indicating no traffic was detected near the intersection. The results for the design options were similar between studies, allowing for the selection of a final set of design features for the interface. Results also suggest that the two methodologies provided a low-cost alternative to simulation for down-selecting the design options. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Design KW - Driver support systems KW - Driving simulators KW - Intersections KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918424 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157939 AU - Pasetto, Marco AU - Manganaro, Andrea AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Nighttime Speed Negotiation on Rural Road S-Shaped Curves: Discussion of an Experimental Case-Study SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 475-481 AB - Road users’ perception of risk while driving is the focal point discriminating prudent from imprudent behavior. One of the main factors that can influence a driver’s level of risk perception is ‘lighting’, given that the driving conditions on roads alter radically between daytime and nighttime hours. This paper describes the results of a study conducted along a section of rural road containing a sharp S-shaped curve linking two long rectilinear approach roads in the sequence ‘tangent-curve-tangent’. The driving behavior of the road users was surveyed in both directions of travel by day and at night, demonstrating a notable discrepancy in driving style between the two conditions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Behavior KW - Highway curves KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Night visibility KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Steering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918521 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157938 AU - Palinko, Oskar AU - Kun, Andrew L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparison of the Effects of Two Push-To-Talk Button Implementations on Driver Hand Position and Visual Attention SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 370-376 AB - Buttons built into the steering wheel are used in many vehicles as push-to-talk (PTT) buttons for in-car speech user interfaces. The study explores the influence of such a fixed PTT button on driver hand position on the steering wheel and on visual attention while driving. The study also explored these variables for a wireless PTT glove, which allows drivers to use the entire surface of the steering wheel to operate the PTT button. Participants in our driving simulator-based study were willing to take advantage of the flexibility in hand position afforded by the glove PTT button. The study also found that participants cast glances toward the steering wheel significantly less often when using the PTT glove than they did when operating the fixed PTT button. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Cellular telephones KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Push button press duration KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918494 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157937 AU - Mikolajetz, Anna AU - Henning, Matthias J AU - Krems, Josef F AU - Petzoldt, Tibor AU - Tenzer, Axel AU - Zobel, Robert AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Curve Negotiation: Identifying Driver Behavior around Curves with the Driver Performance Database SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 391-397 AB - Approximately one quarter of all accidents outside city limits occur while driving around curves, where assistance systems could prevent the driver from negotiating curves with excessive speed. This study argues that the parameterizing of a Driving Assistant System could be realized with data from realistic, noncritical driving behavior offered by Naturalistic Driving Studies. The Driver Performance Database presented in this study provides a tool for observing normal, noncritical driving behavior. The Database contains results from road tests with an instrumented vehicle that were carried out on public road traffic on a predetermined route, which was precisely measured in advance. In addition to vehicle state parameters, we also collected data concerning the driving environment and physiological information. With the Driver Performance Database it is possible to generate different facets of human driving behavior in a descriptive and normative way, which is illustrated by driver behavior in curve negotiation. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Behavior KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Driver performance KW - Highway curves KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Steering KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918499 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157936 AU - Wang, Dong-Yuan Debbie AU - Entsminger, Scott AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Age and Attentional Capacity SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 427-432 AB - Accident and fatality rates begin to increase after age 55. Previous research indicated only weak relationships between crash involvement and poor acuity. The other factor that may influence driving performance is impaired attentional function. Previous research showed that action-video-game players have greater attention capacity than non-video-game players. More important, non-video-game players can be trained to enhance the capacity of visual attention and its spatial distribution. In that study, all participants were young adults (aged from 18 to 23). It is not clear whether the reduced driving capability of older adults is due to a decreased attention capacity. In this paper, attention capacity of young and older drivers was examined using a flanker task paradigm. Participants were asked to respond to two shapes (diamond/square) in one of six circles arranged in a ring. At the same time, a distractor (a square/a diamond) was displayed on the left or the right of the ring. The workload of the task was manipulated by presenting different shapes in all the other circles or only one shape was present in the ring. The influence of the irrelevant shape on the performance (flanker effect) under different load conditions was compared between older and younger drivers. Consistent with previous research, the reaction time under the high-load condition was longer than in the low-load condition and older drivers’ reaction time was slower than younger drivers’. However, for both age groups, flanker effect only existed for the low-load condition and tends to disappear in the high-load condition. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Fatalities KW - Game theory KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918507 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157935 AU - Bronstad, P Matt AU - Bowers, Alex R AU - Goldstein, Robert B AU - Albu, Amanda AU - Peli, Eli AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - .The Impact of Macular Disease on Pedestrian Detection: A Driving Simulator Evaluation SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 320-326 AB - This study describes the design of a driving simulator study to determine the effect of central visual field loss (due to macular disease) on pedestrian detection when driving. Pilot data suggest that a scotoma (blind area) in the central visual field can impair driving by increasing response time to hazardous circumstances. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Blind spots KW - Detectors by object of detection KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of vision KW - Impaired drivers KW - Macular degeneration KW - Pedestrian detectors KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918451 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157934 AU - Krajewski, Jarek AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - Sommer, David AU - Golz, Martin AU - Edwards, Dave AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Estimating Fatigue from Predetermined Speech Samples Transmitted by Operator Communication Systems SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 468-473 AB - The study presents an estimation of fatigue level within individual operators using voice analysis. One advantage of voice analysis is its utilization of existing operator communications hardware (2-way radio). From the driver viewpoint it’s an unobtrusive, non-interfering, secondary task. The expected fatigue induced speech changes refer to the voice categories of intensity, rhythm, pause patterns, intonation, speech rate, articulation, and speech quality. Due to inter-individual differences in speech pattern, the authors recorded speaker dependent baselines under alert conditions. Furthermore, sophisticated classification tools (e.g. Support Vector Machine, Multi-Layer Perceptron) were applied to distinguish these different fatigue clusters. To validate the voice analysis predetermined speech samples gained from a driving simulator based sleep deprivation study (N=12; 01.00-08.00 a.m.) are used. Using standard acoustic feature computation procedures we selected 1748 features and fed them into 8 machine learning methods. After combining the output of each single classifier the authors yielded a recognition rate of 83.8% in classifying sight from strong fatigue. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Acoustics KW - Communication systems KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Speech recognition KW - Traffic safety KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918520 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157933 AU - Luo, Gang AU - Peli, Eli AU - Fu, Xianping AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Recording and Analysis System of Bioptic Driving Behaviors SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 460-467 AB - Millions of visually impaired people do not drive because they fail to meet the general vision requirements. There is a legal option in 38 United States (US) states where people with moderate central vision loss (e.g. visual acuity better than 20/200) may be permitted to drive while wearing spectacle-mounted bioptic telescopes. However, the safety of bioptic driving is still highly controversial, because bioptic use in driving is not well understood. Whether and how bioptic telescopes are actually used in driving, how they should be used appropriately, and whether their use results in better or worse driving performance has never been scientifically established. The authors are developing an in-car camera system that can be installed in bioptic drivers’ own vehicles to record their daily driving activities over long periods of time. Videos of the driver and traffic, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, XYZ acceleration, and vehicle black box data are recorded. The authors are also developing computer-aided reviewing techniques to automatically identify the most informative driving segments from the vast amount of data and, reconstruct the selected driving maneuvers on an interactive interface, so that these representative segments can be assessed off-line by driver evaluation and training specialists. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Behavior KW - Bioptic telescopic lenses KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Driver performance KW - Global Positioning System KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel behavior KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918519 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157932 AU - Trick, Lana M AU - Lochner, Martin AU - Toxopeus, Ryan AU - Wilson, David AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Manipulating Drive Characteristics to Study the Effects of Mental Load on Older and Younger Drivers SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 363-369 AB - A driving simulator was used to assess performance in younger and older drivers (M ages 18 and 71 years). The impacts of three challenges were assessed: visibility (clear day, fog), traffic density (low, high) and wayfinding (no challenge, drivers challenged to use signs and landmarks to find their destination). Performance was measured in terms of hazard RT, collisions, wayfinding errors (missed or extra turns), and driving speed. The challenge manipulations produced interactive effects and age was a factor in some of these interactions. Older drivers missed more turns in wayfinding but overall they performed as well or better than younger drivers and reduced their speed more to driving challenges. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Wayfinding KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918493 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157931 AU - Reed-Jones, James G AU - Trick, Lana M AU - Toxopeus, Ryan AU - Reed-Jones, Rebecca J AU - Vallis, Lori A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparing Techniques to Reduce Simulator Adaptation Syndrome and Improve Naturalistic Behaviour during Simulated Driving SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 276-283 AB - Electrical stimulation of the vestibular sensory system during virtual environment simulations reduces the incidence of simulator adaptation syndrome (SAS). However, interactions between vestibular stimulation and complex visual scenery can increase oculomotor symptoms. This study examined an alternative technique to reduce symptoms of SAS using the application of galvanic cutaneous stimulation of the neck. The effect of both vestibular and cutaneous stimulation was also evaluated on the naturalistic driving behavior of curves. Thirty participants drove a rural setting virtual environment with high visual cues. Three groups of ten participants each were used to compare the effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation and galvanic cutaneous stimulation versus a control group on post drive scores of the SSQ (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire) and three driving variables (steering variability, lane position, and vehicular speed). Galvanic cutaneous stimulation while driving resulted in decreased SSQ scores, but did not show an effect on driving behavior. Conversely, galvanic vestibular stimulation while driving curves resulted in vehicular speeds that were reflective of natural real world driving behavior and similar SSQ scores to control. These results support the theory that cutaneous stimulation of the neck is a worthy alternative to vestibular stimulation for reducing SAS especially in scenarios requiring complex visual scenes; however, if naturalistic driving behavior (of curves) is important, vestibular stimulation remains the better choice as it can reduce SAS symptoms (in virtual environments with low visual stimuli) and also promotes naturalistic driving behaviors. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Behavior KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway curves KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Questionnaires KW - Simulator adaptation syndrome KW - Simulator sickness KW - Travel behavior KW - Virtual reality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918437 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157930 AU - Hefner, R AU - Edwards, D AU - Heinze, C AU - Sommer, David AU - Golz, Martin AU - Sirois, Bill AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Operator Fatigue Estimation Using Heart Rate Measures SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 110-117 AB - This study was designed to evaluate the viability of utilizing Tachograms for estimating fatigue in industrial and transportation applications. To explore this possibility Tachograms were recorded continuously and several heart rate measures were calculated and correlated with other well established fatigue measures. It was anticipated that changes in operator fatigue during a night time study could be depicted during three different conditions. In the first condition, a 40-minute monotonous driving task, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), Variation of Lane Deviation (VLD), number of Micro-Sleep Events (MSE), numbers of accidents, and the PERCLOS score were collected as subjective and objective fatigue measures. In the second condition, a 10-minute Compensatory Tracking Task (CTT), the Mean Distance (MD) of a moving disk to a given target, the Standard Deviation of the Distance (SDD), as well as the Mean Velocity (MV) of the disk and the Standard Deviation of the Velocity (SDV) over the test duration were used as fatigue measures. In the third condition, a 5-minute Psychomotoric Vigilance Test (PVT), the Mean Response Times (MRT), the Standard Deviation of the Response Times (SDRT), the Mean of the inverse of the Slowest 10% of Response Times (MS10% 1/RT), and the number of lapses were used as fatigue measures. Correlations between heart rate and fatigue measures were calculated and classified using experimental results of one volunteer, who completed two nighttime episodes in a real-car lab following a partial sleep deprivation design. Results show strong correlations between heart rate variability (HRV) measures and multiple fatigue measures. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Automobile drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heart rate KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Karolinska Sleepiness Scale KW - Reaction time KW - Sleep KW - Sleep deprivation KW - Standard deviation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918387 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157929 AU - Pradhan, Anuj K AU - Masserang, Kathleen M AU - Divekar, Gautam AU - Reagan, Ian AU - Thomas, F Dennis AU - Blomberg, Richard AU - Pollatsek, Alexander AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Attention Maintenance in Novice Drivers: Assessment and Training SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 349-355 AB - All programs assessing attention maintenance inside the vehicle have required eye trackers and either a driving simulator or a specially equipped field vehicle. Ideally, one would like a way to assess attention maintenance that could be implemented on a desktop PC. Additionally, one would like to have a program that could be used to train novice drivers to maintain their attention more safely on the forward roadway. An experiment was run (a) to determine whether a program Focused Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL) using a desktop PC could differentiate between the attention maintenance skills of novice and experienced drivers and (b) to determine whether a program that improved the hazard anticipation skills of novice drivers might also improve their attention maintenance skills. FOCAL was able to differentiate between the attention maintenance skills of novice and experienced drivers. However, hazard anticipation training did not improve the attention maintenance skills of the novice drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Attention KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye movements KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Novices KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157928 AU - Rowland, Bevan AU - Davey, Jeremy AU - Freeman, James E AU - Wishart, Darren AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Implementation of a Driving Diary Intervention to Reduce Aberrant Driving Behaviours SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 447-452 AB - Crash data involving taxis indicates that such drivers are over represented in crashes and are one to two times more likely to be involved in a fatality crash. This study reports on the pre intervention survey to provide a baseline measure of the self-reported attitudes and corresponding driving behaviors of a sample of taxi drivers. Results indicate that some taxi drivers willingly admit to engaging in unsafe driving practices. In addition, preliminary results of a post intervention survey revealed that taxi drivers’ safety perceptions, attitude and behaviors improved after completing a Driving Diary Intervention. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Behavior KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - Implementation KW - Taxicab drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel diaries KW - Travel surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918512 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157927 AU - Ahlstrom, Christer AU - Kircher, Katja AU - Kircher, Albert AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Considerations when Calculating Percent Road Centre from Eye Movement Data in Driver Distraction Monitoring SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 132-139 AB - Percent road center (PRC) is a performance indicator which is sensitive to driver distraction. The original definition of PRC is based on fixation data extracted from eye movement recordings, but it has also been suggested that PRC can be determined directly from the gaze data without segmenting it into saccades and fixations. The primary aim of this paper is to investigate if this is the case. Naturalistic driving data from a small scale field operational test comprising seven vehicles was used in the evaluation. It was found that PRC time traces based on gaze data and fixation data, respectively, were highly similar (correlation coefficient=0.95, average wavelet semblance=0.84) except for an absolute amplitude difference of about 8%. This indicates that the two approaches can be used interchangeably and that the processing step of segmenting gaze data into saccades and fixations can be left out. In addition to this finding, design issues related to the calculation of PRC are investigated. Especially, the impact of gaze cases pointing towards the intersection of the road centre area and the centre rear mirror were investigated. Results lead to conclude that gazes and fixations on the centre rear mirror should be removed from the PRC calculations, as they may negatively influence the correctness of the performance indicator. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crash data KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Driver monitoring KW - Eye movements KW - Gaze duration KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918394 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157926 AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Proceedings of the 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment and Design SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - 545p AB - These are the proceedings of Driving Assessment 2009: the 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, held in Big Sky, Montana, June 22-25, 2009. The symposium brought together experts in human factors, medicine, engineering design, operations and policy who have been working together on driving safety. This symposium has established a tradition of interdisciplinary driver performance assessment research by uniting driving safety researchers from over a dozen nations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Behavior KW - Cellular telephones KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Gap acceptance KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Policy KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic simulation KW - Training KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/916455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157925 AU - Normark, Carl Jorgen AU - Tretten, Phillip AU - Garling, Anita AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Do Redundant Head-Up and Head-Down Display Configurations Cause Distractions? SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 398-404 AB - This study was designed to investigate effects of different display configuration designs. Nineteen drivers completed a driving simulator study designed to resemble normal driving. Driving performance, glance behavior, physiological measures, and task completion times was measured for two display configuration designs both during driving only and during driving with a simple secondary task, which consisted of detection, and off-setting of presented warnings. The display configuration design with more centrally placed information, e.g. the Head-up Display (HUD) and Head-down Display (HDD), had less detrimental effects on driving performance and glance behavior. The physiological measures showed, however, no significant differences between display configuration designs. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Head up displays KW - Head-down displays KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Information display systems KW - Travel behavior KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918500 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157924 AU - Roelofs, Erik AU - van Onna, Marieke AU - Vissers, Jan AU - Nagele, Reinoud AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Validity of an On-Road Driver Performance Assessment within an Initial Driver Training Context SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 482-490 AB - Based on a competence-oriented view of driving a driver performance assessment (DPA) has been developed to inform learner drivers about their progress in acquiring driving proficiency. An initial validation study was carried out to evaluate the adequacy of inferences based on DPA-scores assigned by driving instructors. The results of two pilots are presented. Implications for driving performance assessment within driver training programs are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Novices KW - Performance assessment KW - Pilot studies KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918522 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157923 AU - Mitsopoulos-Rubens, Eve AU - Triggs, Thomas AU - Regan, Michael AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparing the Gap Acceptance and Turn Time Patterns of Novice with Experienced Drivers for Turns across Traffic SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 228-235 AB - Novice drivers are over-represented in crashes involving turns across traffic at intersections and yet little is understood about the contributing factors. The current study proposed to explore the gap acceptance and turn time patterns of novice relative to experienced drivers when turning across traffic. Thirty novice and 30 experienced drivers each carried out a series of trials in a driving simulator that varied in their level of task demand – operationalized in terms of the gap between two successive oncoming vehicles. The novices accepted more gaps than the experienced drivers, although this effect was restricted to gaps falling within the decision “dilemma zone” (higher task demand). Examination of the turn time components for the accepted and, where appropriate, the rejected gaps, revealed that the performance of the novice drivers, in contrast with that of the experienced drivers, was not consistent with the changing task demands. These findings are interpreted in the context of differences between novice and experienced drivers’ calibration skill – that is, the ability to match task demands to one’s driving capabilities. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Gap acceptance KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Left turns KW - Novices KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time patterns KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918429 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157922 AU - Sommer, David AU - Golz, Martin AU - Schnupp, Thomas AU - Krajewski, Jarek AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - Edwards, David J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Measure of Strong Driver Fatigue SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 9-14 AB - Strong fatigue during sustained operations is difficult to quantify because of its complex nature and large inter-individual differences. The most evident and unambiguous sign is the occurrence of microsleep (MS) events. The authors aimed at detecting MS utilizing computational intelligence methods. Our analysis was based on biosignal and video recordings of 10 healthy young adults who completed 14 sessions over two nights in our real-car driving simulation lab. Visual scoring by trained raters led to 2,290 examples of MS. Only evident events accompanied by prolonged eyelid closures, roving eye movements, head noddings, major driving incidents, and drift-out-of-lane accidents were regarded as MS. All other cases with signs of fatigue were regarded as dubious. The same amount of counterexamples (Non-MS) where continued driving was still possible were picked out from the recordings. Non-MS and MS examples covered only 15% of the whole time. Support-Vector Machines were utilized as classifiers and were adapted to these two classes of examples. If such classifiers were applied consecutively, then 100% of time is covered. Validation analysis demonstrated that the classifier gained high selectivity and high specificity. Based on this complete coverage, the percentage of MS in a predefined time span can be calculated. This measure was highly correlated to deteriorations in driving performance and to subjective self-ratings of sleepiness. conclude that reliable detection of MS is possible despite large intra- and inter-individual differences in behavior and in biosignal characteristics. Therefore, the percentage of detected MS gives an objective measure of strong driver fatigue. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Incident detection KW - Microsleep episodes KW - Real time information KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/917968 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157921 AU - Innes, Carrie AU - Jones, Richard AU - Dalrymple-Alford, John AU - Severinsen, Julie AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Prediction of Driving Ability in People with Dementia and Non-Dementia-Related Brain Disorders SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 342-348 AB - Brain disorders can impair physical and cognitive functions necessary for safe driving. Two hundred people with brain disorders were referred for a driving assessment and their performance on a computerized battery of sensory-motor and cognitive tests (SMCTests) and a blinded on-road assessment determined. Based on SMCTests performance, binary logistic regression (BLR) and nonlinear causal resource analysis (NCRA) models classified on-road pass or fail with 70% accuracy. Greater accuracy could be achieved by splitting referrals into two groups: (1) Dementia and (2) Non-dementia-related brain disorders. BLR models classified on-road driving outcome as pass or fail with accuracies of 76% (Dementia) and 75% (Non-dementia), while NCRA models had accuracies of 77% (Dementia) and 80% (Non-dementia). Measures of attention were most critical for predicting driving ability in the dementia group. In the non-dementia group, prediction of driving ability was most accurate with assessment of a broader range of sensory-motor and cognitive functions. Compared to BLR, NCRA was able to identify and use additional measures to improve accuracy. NCRA is also better able to accommodate outliers due to it being a non-linear modelling method based upon individual performance-limiting impairments. The study proposes three main factors underlying sub-optimal prediction of driving ability based on SMCTests performance: (1) there are one or more functions important for driving ability which are not currently assessed with SMCTests – these could be sensory-motor or cognitive or other (e.g., attitude, confidence, insight, road code knowledge); (2) suboptimal classification/prediction techniques or models; or (3) inaccuracies in the on-road driving assessments. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Brain KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Dementia KW - Driver performance KW - High risk drivers KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Impaired drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918456 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157920 AU - Bian, Zheng AU - Guindon, Amy AU - Andersen, George J AU - Ni, Rui AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Aging and the Detection of Collision Events in Fog SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 61-68 AB - The current study investigated age-related differences in the detection of collision events in fog. Observers were presented with displays simulating an object moving towards a driver at a constant speed and linear trajectory. The observers’ task was to detect whether the object would collide with them. Fog and display duration of the object were manipulated. We found that performance decreased when fog was simulated for older but not for younger observers. An age-related decrement was also found with shorter display durations. These results suggest that under poor weather conditions with reduced visibility, such as fog, older drivers may have increased accident risk due to decreased ability to detect impending collision events. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Adverse weather KW - Aged drivers KW - Fog KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Incident detection KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918376 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157919 AU - Yin, Zhishuai AU - Mourant, Ronald R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Perception of Optical Flow in Driving Simulators SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 176-182 AB - Optical flow is generated when a driver’s vehicle traverses a 3-D virtual environment in a driving simulator. Understanding the generated optical flow may help in lessening simulator sickness. Two experiments were designed to investigate the perceived optical flow in different driving environments using two driving simulators: 1) a fixed base simulator and 2) a turning cabin simulator whose turning cabin rotates around the y-axis. In the first experiment, the perception of optical flow when making left/right turns was studied using both simulators. Results revealed that subjects experienced a higher amount of optical flow when making right turns then left turns. In addition, the optical flow perceived by drivers in the fixed base simulator was greater than that in the turning cabin simulator. The authors designed the second experiment to investigate the optical flow perceived when driving straight ahead, driving on circular curves, and driving on curves with transitions (clothoids). Again, two simulators were used. The amount of optical flow was highest when driving on circular curves, and was lowest when driving straight ahead. While using the turning cabin simulator, the degree of optical flow decreased greatly on circular curves, and curves with clothoids as compared to that in the fixed base simulator. The authors conclude that optical flow in driving simulators can be lessend by using a turning cabin simulator. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Motion sickness KW - Optical flow patterns KW - Traffic safety KW - Virtual reality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918420 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157918 AU - Reimer, Bryan AU - Mehler, Bruce AU - Pohlmeyer, A E AU - Orszulak, Jarrod AU - Long, Jonathon AU - Coughlin, Joseph F AU - Son, Joonwoo AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Younger and Older Adults’ Simulated Highway Driving Performance Under Single and Dual Task Conditions SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 206-213 AB - Driving is a complex psychomotor task that is often interrupted by secondary activities that divert attention away from the roadway. The risk of inattentive driving is known vary with age. The degree to which culture impacts these changes is less established. To study the impact of age and culture on drivers’ capacity to manage dual task demands, we developed a parallel driving simulation in the US and Korea. We assessed the performance of 135 drivers divided into two age groups, younger (20–29) and older (60-69). Both age and cultural group differences in basic highway driving performance measures were observed. However, the relative impact of the dual task demands on driving performance was largely consistent across cultures. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Driver performance KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Dual tasks KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Performance measurement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918425 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157917 AU - Dastrup, Elizabeth AU - Lees, Monica N AU - Dawson, Jeffrey D AU - Lee, John D AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Differences in Simulated Car Following Behavior of Younger and Older Drivers SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 76-82 AB - Older drivers are at risk for vehicle crashes due to impairments of visual processing and attention, placing these drivers at greater risk in driving tasks that require continuous attention to neighboring traffic, especially lead vehicles (LVs). We investigated car following behavior in 42 younger drivers (ages 18 to 44 years) and 58 older drivers (ages 65 to 86 years) in a driving simulator. The drivers were instructed to maintain two car lengths from a virtual LV. The LV varied its velocity according to a sum of three sine waves, making the velocity changes unpredictable to the drivers. A Fourier analysis was performed using the vehicle trajectory data to derive measures of coherence, gain, and delay as indices of car following behavior. These measures as well as headway distance were compared between the two groups. Older drivers were less able to match changes in the LV velocity indicated by lower coherence (0.76 v. 0.84, p=0.019) and larger gain 2.24 v. 1.74, p=0.031). However, these drivers followed further behind the LV than younger drivers, a potential compensatory strategy that may reduce collision risk for older drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Car following KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - High risk drivers KW - Lead vehicle KW - Risk analysis KW - Teenage drivers KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918377 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157916 AU - Chan, Mark AU - Atchley, Paul AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Cell Phone Conversations on Driver Performance While Driving Under Highway Monotony SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 140-146 AB - It has often been suggested by individuals that engaging in a cell phone conversation would help keep them awake under monotonous conditions where task underload might lead to a decrease in arousal. To further extend laboratory findings of performance in vigilance type tasks while distracted, a monotonous highway driving scenario was designed to test the anecdotal hypothesis of improved performance. Driver performance related to lane keeping and recall memory were studied under distracted and non-distracted conditions. Results of the simulator study were consistent with laboratory findings of performance decrement when dual tasking indicating that the perceived benefits from the secondary conversational task does not outweigh its costs. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Cellular telephones KW - Conversation while driving KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulators KW - Driving tasks KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Monotony KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918396 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157915 AU - Knipling, Ronald R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Three Large Truck Crash Categories: What They Tell Us about Crash Causation SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 31-37 AB - Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) data is used to compare three categories of crash involvements: truck single-vehicle (SV) involvements, multi-vehicle (MV) involvements in which the truck has been assigned the critical reason (CR), and MV involvements in which the other vehicle (OV) has been assigned the CR. These three categories represent distinctly different causal contributions by truck drivers to the crash, with SV involvements having the greatest truck driver impairment and misbehavior. Surprisingly, paired comparisons of the three categories indicate that truck SV and truck-CR MV crash involvements were the most dissimilar in their causal profiles. Factors associated with truck SV crash involvements include non-use of safety belts, driver unfamiliarity with roadways, vehicle failures, lack of prior sleep, 16+ hours awake, and early morning driving. Dense traffic situations (e.g., rush hours) make trucks more likely to be at-fault in MV crashes. Many other factors were not associated with differences among the categories, suggesting no differential effect on truck driver safety performance, even though they might affect risk generally. Among fatigue-related factors, those related to sleep and alertness physiology were linked to SV crashes, while those related only to Hours-of-Service (HOS) work rules were not. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Crash causes KW - Distracted drivers KW - Distraction KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918370 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157914 AU - Kappe, Bart AU - de Penning, Leo AU - Marsman, Maarten AU - Roelofs, Erik AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessment in Driving Simulators: Where We Are and Where We Go SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 183-190 AB - This paper describes the mindset at the start of a three year project to develop a test on a driving simulator. It reviews the literature, presents background information on driver training simulators and their relation with assessment. It then introduces some of the ideas behind this project, the adaptive cognitive model that will be used, as well as the interoperable assessment module the authors will develop. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Cognition KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Literature reviews KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918421 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01157913 AU - Scialfa, Charles T AU - Ference, Jennifer AU - Boone, Jessica AU - Tay, Richard AU - Hudson, Carl AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Predicting Older Drivers’ Difficulties Using the Roadwise Review SN - 139780874141627 PY - 2009 SP - pp 214-230 AB - There has been a substantial growth in research attempting to predict accidents and performance in older drivers. The Roadwise Review and the substantively identical Driver Health Inventory have been reported to provide a valid and cost-effective means of assessing crash risk in older community dwelling adults. The authors administered the DHI to a community-dwelling sample of older (45 - 85 years) drivers. The authors also asked them to report on the difficulties they experienced while driving and on the frequency and type of crashes and moving violations the experienced in the previous two years. Results indicated on several of the tests there are substantial floor or ceiling effects, as well as barriers to usability and acceptance. Low inter-test correlations are consistent with the notion that different capacities are being indexed with the DHI. However, generally there were only low correlations between DHI performance and self-reported difficulties in driving, accidents or moving violations. While the DHI and Roadwise Review may well be valuable in providing older drivers with information on skills related to driving performance, in its current form it does not appear to be a useful tool in licensure or the prediction of driver risk. U1 - Driving Assessment 2009: 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationWestern Transportation InstituteNissan Technical Center, North AmericaHonda R&D Americas, IncorporatedUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveCam, IncorporatedHFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupUniversity of LeedsLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthRealtime Technologies IncorporatedSeeing MachinesSWERVE Driver TrainingTransportation Research BoardNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisBig Sky,MT,United States StartDate:20090622 EndDate:20090625 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Western Transportation Institute, Nissan Technical Center, North America, Honda R&D Americas, Incorporated, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveCam, Incorporated, HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, University of Leeds, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Realtime Technologies Incorporated, Seeing Machines, SWERVE Driver Training, Transportation Research Board, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Health KW - High risk drivers KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/918427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01156933 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Initial Evaluation of the FMCSA Crash Data Training and Technical Assistance Project. A Report Pursuant to the Report on Significant Improvements in Motor Carrier Safety Program Since 1999 Act, but Loopholes for Repeat Violators Need Closing PY - 2009 SP - 81p AB - In April 2006, the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) presented the results of its audit of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA) implementation of the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 (MCSIA). These results included recommendations to improve data collection and analysis. Specifically, Recommendation 3 reads, Establish a system to track attendance for the crash data training course and visits to the crash data website, and compare the results to changes in crash data reporting by States to assess whether training efforts are successful. This report is the first in a series evaluating the impact of crash data collection training for law enforcement and technical assistance to the States for commercial motor vehicle (CMV) traffic accident data. KW - Commercial transportation KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - Prevention KW - Technical assistance KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51280/Crash-Data-Training.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/917288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522393 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 2007 Large Truck Crash Overview PY - 2008/12 SP - 6p AB - The mission of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to promote the safe operation of commercial vehicles on the Nation’s highways. Of the 41,059 people killed in motor vehicle crashes in 2007, 12% (4,808) died in crashes that involved a large truck. Another 101,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Only about 17% of those killed and 22% of those injured in large truck crashes were occupants of large trucks. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51262/2007LargeTruckCrashOverview.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138317 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN)/Performance and Registration Information Systems Management (PRISM). Combination Implementation: Guidance for States. (White Paper) PY - 2008/12 SP - 15p AB - The Performance and Registration Information Systems Management (PRISM) Program and the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Program are closely related programs managed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). While both programs seek to improve motor carrier safety through information exchange, they have distinct objectives. They have similar, but not identical, requirements for the exchange of interstate registration credential data with the states but different processing methodologies for updating and processing that data. The two programs share the Safety and Fitness Electronic Records (SAFER) commercial vehicle information exchange system as their common data repository, which is more formally called the SAFER/PRISM Central Site (SPCS). This paper provides background on each program and discusses options for operational implementation of both programs. The intended audience includes state Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) program managers who have implemented or may decide to implement both CVISN and PRISM in their states, and would like more information on the relationship of the two programs and practical options to integrated deployment. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data quality KW - Guidelines KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Management KW - Registrations KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/cvisn/white-papers/CVISN-PRISM-V1-White-Paper.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138296 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck Crash Overview, 2007 PY - 2008/12 SP - 6p AB - The mission of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to promote the safe operation of commercial vehicles on our Nation's highways. Of the 41,059 people killed in motor vehicle crashes in 2007, 12% (4,808) died in crashes that involved a large truck. Another 101,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Only about 17% of those killed and 22% of those injured in large truck crashes were occupants of large trucks. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01125372 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2007 Arkansas Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2008/12//Special Report SP - 39p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Arkansas. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Arkansas Crash file to determine the reporting rate and factors that affect the reporting rate. Only crashes with K, A, or B injuries could be evaluated directly for completeness of reporting. Within this group, 72.5 percent of reportable cases were reported. Two independent means were developed to estimate the overall reporting rate. These resulted in estimated overall reporting rates from 48 percent to 68 percent. Reporting rates were related to crash severity, with fatal involvements most likely to be reported, than less serious crash involvements. The involvements of large trucks were more likely to be reported than those of smaller trucks or buses. Reporting rates also varied by the type of investigation agency (state police, county sheriff, or city police). Missing data rates are low for most variables. Data on hazardous materials in the crash is only available from the supplemental form, and missing data is high for the hazmat materials name and the 4-digit hazmat class. KW - Arkansas KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Hazardous materials KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Underreporting KW - Vehicle size UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/61929 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/885762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01121689 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 2007 Large Truck Overview PY - 2008/12 SP - 6p AB - The mission of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to promote the safe operation of commercial vehicles on our Nation’s highways. Of the 41,059 people killed in motor vehicle crashes in 2007, 12% (4,808) died in crashes that involved a large truck. Another 101,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Only about 17% of those killed and 22% of those injured in large truck crashes were occupants of large trucks. This overview presents trends, information on vehicle registration and drivers, and details regarding traffic accidents and truck accidents. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Large trucks KW - Registrations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks by number of axles KW - Trucks by weight UR - http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/2007LargeTruckCrashOverview.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/879888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01156898 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Operational and Architectural Compatibility Handbook (COACH), Part 1: Operational Concept and Top-Level Design Checklists PY - 2008/11 SP - 94p AB - This handbook provides a comprehensive checklist of what is required to conform with the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) operational concepts and architecture. It is intended for use by state agencies with a motor carrier regulatory function. Other readers may include motor carriers and developers/operators of CVISN Core Infrastructure systems. This document defines the Core CVISN criteria. The document includes several types of checklists related to operational concepts and top-level design. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Handbooks KW - System architecture KW - System design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/rept_mis/9865.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/917318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01156873 AU - Applied Physics Laboratory AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Introductory Guide to CVISN, Baseline Version 1.0 PY - 2008/11//Baseline Version 1.0 SP - 60p AB - This guide is intended to answer basic questions about the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Program. It is primarily intended for state administrators of motor carrier programs related to safety, credentials, fuel tax, and size and weight regulation. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Guidelines KW - Information systems KW - Motor carriers UR - http://cvisn.fmcsa.dot.gov/downdocs/cvisndocs/guides/escrn_v1/pdf_all1/es_v1pdf.pd UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/917321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01156865 AU - Applied Physics Laboratory AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Glossary, Baseline Issue PY - 2008/11//Baseline Issue SP - 92p AB - This document defines terms and abbreviations used in current Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) documents and used in activities relevant to development of a national Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) system architecture for commercial vehicle operations (CVO). This document may serve as a basic reference for anyone who is interested or involved in CVO systems. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Definitions KW - Glossaries KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16387/PB2000103626.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/917322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01125357 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Blower, Daniel AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Updated Ratio of Crash Severities Reportable to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2008/10//Special Report SP - 24p AB - The Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file has been developed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to serve as a census file of trucks and buses involved in traffic crashes meeting a specific crash severity threshold. Each state is responsible for identifying cases that meet the MCMIS Crash file criteria and reporting the required data through the SafetyNet system. UMTRI has completed a set of evaluations of state reporting and found that reporting rates range from over 80 percent to less than 10. The present report provides an updated model to predict, given a known number of fatal involvements, the number of crash involvements a state should be reporting. Additional observations became available since the previous report. These observations are incorporated and the model re-estimated. In each state, the number of fatal involvements is well-known, so all states will start with a known quantity, the number of fatal truck and bus crash involvements. It is then hypothesized that the ratio of reportable crash severities, that is, the ratio of fatal involvements to nonfatal involvements, will apply across all the states. Data from 11 states (representing 13 observations) that provide all the information necessary to identify MCMIS-reportable cases were used. A weighted log-linear model is fit to MCMIS data for the states that have information recorded for both fatal and nonfatal crashes. The model is then used to estimate the number of nonfatal crashes for a new state in which only the number of fatal crashes is known. Prediction intervals are presented. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Highway safety KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Ratios KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/61822 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/885832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01118688 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2006 PY - 2008/10 SP - 70p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2006. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/61249 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/878215 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01467637 TI - CDL Third-Party Testing Anti-Fraud Software aka Commercial Skills Test Information Management System (CSTIMS) AB - The goal of this project was to develop and deploy software that detects and/or deters fraud by third-party and State commercial driver's license (CDL) skills testers during testing activities. The project was prompted by a May 2002 U.S. Department of Transportation/Inspector General's report regarding CDL fraud and the actions that need to be taken by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). The CDL Test and Commercial Driver's Permit (CDP) Standard issued in May 2011 addresses the issues in the report. The Commercial Skills Testing Information Management System (CSTIMS) is the software that was developed by this project, and it can help State DMVs satisfy many of the new requirements in the new standard pertaining to fraud prevention. A final report detailing the project approach and findings is published and available. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial drivers licenses KW - Driving tests KW - Fraud KW - Motor vehicle departments KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1235873 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522205 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Analysis of Risk as a Function of Driving-Hour: Assessment of Driving Hours 1 through 11 Final Report PY - 2008/09 SP - 4p AB - Crashes involving large trucks constitute a significant risk to the driving public and an occupational risk to truck drivers. In 2005, some 442,000 large trucks (weighing over 10,000 lbs each) were involved in vehicle crashes; 4,951 of these large-truck crashes resulted in fatalities. Driver impairment due to drowsiness is a known contributing factor in many crashes involving commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers (Maycock, 1997). The Large Truck Crash Causation Studies found that 13 percent of truck drivers were coded as having been fatigued at the time of the crash (Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration [FMCSA], 2006). On April 28, 2003, FMCSA published a revised set of regulations concerning the Hours-of-Service (HOS) of CMV drivers. These published regulations were amended on September 30, 2003 and implemented on January 4, 2004. One central component of the revisions was a two-hour extension of off-duty time from eight to 10 hours. One rationale given in an FMCSA posting in the Federal Register (2005) was that the additional two hours of off-duty time would provide drivers with “… substantially more opportunity to obtain restorative sleep.” The current study examines some important issues pertaining to the HOS debate, particularly with regard to time-on-task or driving-hours. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51316/HOS-Assessment-of-Driving-Hours-TechBrief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01118660 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2006 PY - 2008/09 SP - 126p AB - This report provides documentation for UMTRI’s file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2006, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2006 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Coding systems KW - Computer program documentation KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - United States UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/61185/1/96235%20A08.pdf UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/61185 UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/BIFA2006Codebook.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/878255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01539575 AU - Owens, Nicholas AU - Newton, Diane AU - Armstrong, April AU - Symoun, Jennifer AU - Zappone, Aaron AU - Mitchell, Carol AU - Brewster, Rebecca AU - McAlister, Sean AU - Gay, Joan AU - Balkin, Jan AU - Todd, William AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Canadian Issue Study Final Project Report PY - 2008/08//Final Project Report SP - 27p AB - This Canadian Issues Final Project Report presents the Final Project Report for the Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration (FMCSA)-sponsored Canadian Issues Study. The Final Project Report is presented as an Executive Summary of previously submitted deliverables, with an emphasis on the overall applicable Study conclusions, findings, and recommendations. The Final Project Report draws information from the other deliverables prepared for the Study: Deliverable #1 – Regulatory Review Report: This report presents an in-depth legislative/regulatory analysis comparing Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) with the Canadian National Safety Code (NSC) for motor carriers, and the status of provincial implementation of the NSC. Deliverable #2 – Significant Issues Report: This report contains a summary of the major issues that are currently impacting the ability of the two countries to achieve harmony and reciprocity. Deliverable #3 – Past, Present, and Future Collaborative Issues Report: This report presents a detailed history of past, present, and planned future collaborative efforts between the two countries at the Federal, State, and provincial levels of government. Deliverable #4 – Regulatory Compliance Impact Analysis Report: This report analyzes the impact of compliance with FMCSRs on Canadian motor carriers. Deliverable #5 – US/Canadian Cross-Border Motor Carrier Web Page: This is an interactive Web page that provides motor carriers with access to operating and regulatory requirements in each country. Deliverable #6 – Outreach Brochure: This brochure presents information on Web page content, access and use and will be made available to the motor carrier industry in both countries. The report also describes the study objectives, provides a synopsis regarding the methodologies used to conduct study activities, and contains two appendices showing the resulting regulatory comparison between the FMCSA’s Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations with Canada’s National Safety Code, and a sample presentation of the Outreach Brochure that will provide information to US/Canadian drivers relating to commercial vehicle operations for both countries. KW - Canada KW - Canadian National Safety Code KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Cooperation KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Trucking safety KW - United States UR - http://thetbwg.org/downloads/Canadian_Issues_Study_USDOT.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1323873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522257 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Concept of Operations (ConOps) for Wireless Roadside Inspection PY - 2008/08//Draft Version SP - 104p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Wireless Roadside Inspection Program will demonstrate the feasibility and value of assessing truck and bus drivers and vehicles 100 times more often than is possible using today’s approaches. The program will evaluate the potential benefits to both the motor carrier industry and to government. FMCSA has developed a multi-year roadmap for the Wireless Roadside Inspection Program and has organized the program into three major phases with critical “go/no-go” decision points after each. The three phases are (1) Technical Concept Development and Demonstration, (2) Pilot Testing, and (3) Field Operational Testing. As part of the first phase, the program team collaborated with private-sector onboard equipment and service providers to conduct a proof-of-concept test in August 2007. The program is now entering the Pilot Testing phase. This revised draft technical concept of operations reflects changes resulting from lessons learned during phase 1 initial testing and from stakeholder feedback. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Stakeholders KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51388/WRIConOps_D5-508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162485 AU - Owens, Nicholas AU - Newton, D AU - Armstrong, April AU - Symoun, J AU - Zappone, Aaron AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - American Transportation Research Institute AU - Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance AU - North American Driver Safety Foundation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Canadian Issues Study Final Project Report PY - 2008/08 SP - 27p AB - This report presents the Final Project Report for the Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration (FMCSA)-sponsored Canadian Issues Study. The Final Project Report is presented as an Executive Summary of previously submitted deliverables, with an emphasis on the overall applicable Study conclusions, findings, and recommendations. The Final Project Report draws information from the other deliverables prepared for the Study: Deliverable No. 1 - Regulatory Review Report: This report presents an in-depth legislative/regulatory analysis comparing Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) with the Canadian National Safety Code (NSC) for motor carriers, and the status of provincial implementation of the NSC. Deliverable No.2 - Significant Issues Report: This report contains a summary of the major issues that are currently impacting the ability of the two countries to achieve harmony and reciprocity. Deliverable No. 3 - Past, Present, and Future Collaborative Issues Report: This report presents a detailed history of past, present, and planned future collaborative efforts between the two countries at the Federal, State, and provincial levels of government. Deliverable No. 4 - Regulatory Compliance Impact Analysis Report: This report analyzes the impact of compliance with FMCSRs on Canadian motor carriers. Deliverable No. 5 - US/Canadian Cross-Border Motor Carrier Web Page: This is an interactive Web page that provides motor carriers with access to operating and regulatory requirements in each country. Deliverable No. 6 - Outreach Brochure: This brochure presents information on Web page content, access and use and will be made available to the motor carrier industry in both countries. KW - Canada KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://www.thetbwg.org/downloads/Canadian_Issues_Study_USDOT.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01118648 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Pettis, Leslie AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2006 PY - 2008/08 SP - 151p AB - This report provides documentation for UMTRI’s file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2006, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2006 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Coding systems KW - Computer program documentation KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - United States UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/60960 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/878193 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464506 TI - Wireless Roadside Inspection Program (Phase II) AB - This is a cooperative project with FMCSA. The number of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) and the miles they travel grow each year while roadside safety inspection resources remain constant. In addition, the likelihood of a roadside safety inspection being conducted on a CMV is far less than being weighed. In 2003, there were 3 million truck inspections with a violation rate of 73 percent, and 177 million roadside trucks weigh with a violation rate of 0.29 percent. New technologies and enforcement strategies could dramatically increase the number of times a commercial vehicle and driver are examined, leading to better-targeted enforcement, creating a greater deterrence to operate unsafely, and reducing the number of truck and bus crashes. The main objective of this project is to improve highway safety through the dramatic increase of roadside safety inspections of heavy trucks and buses and their drivers enabled by wireless communications between vehicles and inspectors at highway speeds. FMCSA will test and evaluate the feasibility of a wireless roadside inspection system for CMVs and collect real-world data and lessons learned regarding specific technologies, information technology infrastructure requirements to upload electronic inspections to State and FMCSA safety databases, and technology and procedural standards. The expected benefits support FMCSA's safety mission to save lives and reduce injuries by preventing and minimizing the severity of truck and bus crashes by decreasing the number of unsafe CMVs and drivers on the highway; enabling more inspections with the same number of inspectors; reducing the probability of drivers bypassing the inspection station; and increasing the likelihood that fleets will attempt to meet the safety regulations and thereby improve efficiency through reduced stops for safe and legal vehicles and enforcement targeted at unsafe or illegal operators. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety inspections KW - Wireless communication systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359650 AU - Nixon, Julie L AU - Stevenson, Courtney AU - Yeh, Michelle AU - Bartinique, Ingrid AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - A Preliminary Review of English Proficiency and Safe Commercial Vehicle Operation PY - 2008/07//Final Report SP - 113p AB - Under sponsorship from the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Office of Bus and Truck Standards and Operations, the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center performed a preliminary research study designed to review English proficiency in relation to safe CMV operation. The study endeavored to learn: 1) The tasks commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers perform that require language comprehension in the interest of safety. 2) The extent to which selected Federal and State enforcement personnel, motor carrier industry groups, individual motor carriers and drivers, State driver licensing agencies and highway departments, and highway safety advocacy groups believe that English language proficiency is necessary for the safe operation of trucks and buses by CMV drivers. 3) How these stakeholders interpret the current Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) rule concerning English-language proficiency, and how they believe that a driver’s level of English proficiency could be assessed in the licensure and hiring processes, in the daily work environment, and during roadside inspections. 4) Whether stakeholder groups believe that the English-language standard, as currently written, can be applied in a fair and uniform manner. This study took a three-pronged approach of examining available data, observing commercial motor vehicle drivers during their regular schedules, and interviewing a wide range of stakeholders. KW - Commercial Driver'S License Program KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crashes KW - English language KW - Highway safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Proficiency UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42700/42777/FMCSA-RRR-11-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111357 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2006 South Carolina Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2008/07//Special Report SP - 38p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of South Carolina. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the South Carolina PAR file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. The vehicle type variable in the PAR file has only two levels for identifying medium/heavy trucks: truck tractors, and other trucks. Overall, it appears that South Carolina is reporting 77.9 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. The reporting rate for truck tractors is 84.7 percent, while the reporting rate for other trucks is 64.5 percent. Fatal crashes are reported at about 90 percent, but injured/transported and towed/disabled crashes are reported at about 79 and 76 percent, respectively. With respect to timing issues, there is a declining trend in reporting rates towards the end of the calendar year. The reporting rate in December is 62.7 percent. The Highway Patrol has a reporting rate of 85.2 percent, while the reporting rate for police departments is 57.6 percent and for sheriff’s offices is 60.6 percent. Missing data percentages in the MCMIS Crash file are generally low, with a few exceptions. Because the South Carolina PAR file has only two categories for medium/heavy trucks, the vehicle configuration variable does not match well between the PAR file and the MCMIS file. KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - South Carolina KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking safety KW - Underreporting (Traffic accident injuries) UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60936/1/100979.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01125364 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Bus Operator Types and Driver Factors in Fatal Bus Crashes: Results from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Survey PY - 2008/06//Special Report, Task C; Final Report SP - 29p AB - The Transportation Safety Analysis Division at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) initiated the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) project in 2000 to collect more detailed information about buses involved in fatal crashes. The BIFA project is supported by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Previous work using BIFA data showed significant differences between different bus operations in terms of crash types, when and where the crashes occurred, the incidence of bus driver error, and previous driver record of the drivers. Using BIFA data for 1999-2005, the present study focuses on factors associated with driver errors in fatal bus crashes involving different bus operator types. Five different carrier types are identified: School, transit, intercity, charter/tour, and “other” bus operators. There are substantial differences between these carrier types that are reflected in rates of bus driver errors in crashes and in the previous driving record of the bus drivers. Many factors are identified that are associated with driver error, including bus operation type, age, sex, hours driving, trip type, method of compensation, and previous driving record. A logistic regression model was used to model the probability of driver error. Bus operation type, previous violations, and previous crashes were significant parameters in the model. The other factors were not significant. KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Demographics KW - Errors KW - Fatalities KW - Intercity bus lines KW - School buses KW - Tour buses KW - Transit buses UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/61823/1/102176.pdf UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/61823 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51305/FMCSA-RRA-09-041_BIFA.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/885834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111349 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Blower, Daniel AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2006 Maine Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2008/06//Special Report SP - 35p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Maine. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Maine Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Maine is reporting 72.0 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. However, since Maine does not capture whether injuries are transported for treatment or whether vehicles were towed due to damage, proxies for these criteria were developed and the true reporting rate may be somewhat higher or lower. The rate is unlikely to be higher than the rate for fatal involvements, 83.3 percent. Reporting rates were related to crash severity, vehicle type and size, and reporting agency. Tractor-semitrailers were more likely to be reported than smaller trucks, and only 12.9 percent of buses were reported. Missing data rates are low for almost all variables. The data reported to MCMIS was quite consistent with that in the Maine Crash file, although there were some discrepancies with respect to truck configuration, likely because the method of categorization differs between the two files. KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Maine KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - National Crash Severity Study KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking safety KW - Underreporting (Traffic accident injuries) UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60410/1/100967.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108405 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Governors Highway Safety Association TI - Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) Guideline. Third Edition PY - 2008/06//Third Edition SP - 140p AB - The purpose of the Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) is to provide a dataset for describing crashes of motor vehicles in transport on a roadway that will generate the information necessary to improve highway safety within each State and nationally. Efforts to standardize crash data have increased since the MMUCC was originally recommended as a voluntary guideline in 1998. The MMUCC data elements represent a core set of data elements, most of which were being collected by the States before the first edition of the MMUCC Guideline was published. The 111 data elements contained in the MMUCC Guideline, 2nd Edition (2003) were revised in response to emerging issues and other highway safety needs. The third edition of the MMUCC Guideline contains 107 data elements. Only one new data element, Bus Use, was added to the third edition of the MMUCC Guideline. The MMUCC Guideline, 3rd Edition (2008) recommends that States implement all 107 data elements included in this document. To reduce the data collection burden, MMUCC recommends that law enforcement at the scene should collect 75 of the 107 data elements. From crash scene information, 10 data elements can be derived, while the remaining 22 data elements should be obtained after linkage to other State data files. States that are unable to link to other State data to obtain the MMUCC "linked" data elements should collect, at a minimum, those "linked" data elements that are feasible to collect on the crash report. At the same time, States should work to develop data linkage capabilities so they eventually are able to obtain, via linkage, all of the information to be generated by the MMUCC "linked" data elements. Because State datasets and systems are difficult to implement or change, no changes will be made to the MMUCC Guideline, 3rd Edition (2008) for five years. During this period, each of the data elements and their attributes will be monitored to determine their usefulness and reliability. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Standardization KW - States UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810957.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/868184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111373 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2005 PY - 2008/05//Special Report SP - 71p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2005. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58710/1/96746%20A07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099612 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - Interim Report on NAFTA Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project PY - 2008/03/10 SP - 21p AB - As part of an ongoing audit of the cross-border trucking demonstration project, initiated by the Department of Transportation on September 6, 2007, this report presents the interim results of the required review. Section 6901 of the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 (the Act) requires the Office of Inspector General to provide interim and final reports on the demonstration project to Congress and the Secretary of Transportation. Its final report is due 60 days after the conclusion of the demonstration project. As required by the Act, the audit objectives were to determine whether: (1) the demonstration project consists of a representative and adequate sample of Mexico-domiciled carriers likely to engage in cross-border operations beyond the United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border, (2) the Department has established sufficient mechanisms to determine whether the demonstration project is adversely affecting motor carrier safety, and (3) Federal and state monitoring and enforcement activities are sufficient to ensure that participants in the demonstration project are complying with all applicable laws and regulations. KW - Border regions KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver monitoring KW - Law enforcement KW - Mexico KW - Motor carriers KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - United States KW - United States-Mexico Border UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/pdfdocs/Interim_NAFTA_Report_with_508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/851787 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464503 TI - Field Testing & Analysis of Braking Performance of In-Service Trucks AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is on the verge of requiring that the stopping distance of new trucks be reduced up to 30 percent below current regulations, depending on the vehicle type. However, this regulation does not address the braking performance of trucks after they have entered into service. Further, the current in-service vehicle inspection procedure, as well as the required annual inspection of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs), may be missing a critical component of braking capability, that of the effectiveness of after-market or replacement brake linings, which have a direct impact on stopping capability. Inspection procedures for CMVs cannot assess the friction available at the pad versus drum (or disc) interface, and there are no data available on the criticality to safety of this aspect of the inspection process. The objective of this project is to obtain a data set of the stopping capability of in-service CMVs. This will be accomplished through the performance-controlled stopping distance and deceleration tests and performance-based brake tests of in-service heavy trucks. The data set will provide a current assessment of the distribution of the braking capabilities and performance required of in-service vehicles that can be compared with that of new vehicles. These stopping performance tests will be complemented by visual inspections of the brake system by qualified inspectors. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and NHTSA need these data for assessing the effectiveness of current safety standards and regulations, and to support changes to such standards and regulations, including those covering replacement brake linings. Industry has similar interest in the data to assess the importance of replacement linings and maintenance on fleet safety. KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Research projects KW - Truck driving KW - Truck tractors KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1232733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522204 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - The 2006 Annual Motor Carrier Efficiency Study Report to Congress PY - 2008/03 SP - 26p AB - Section 5503 of the Conference Report (H. Rpt. 109-203) accompanying the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act – A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU, P.L. 109-59) set aside funding to examine the application of wireless technology to improve the safety and efficiency of trucking operations in the United States. The intent is to enter into partnership with the motor carrier and wireless technology industries to cooperatively identify and test promising applications and devices in a “real-world” environment, and to promote the adoption and use of successful solutions by a broad array of motor carriers. The specific objectives of the Motor Carrier Efficiency Study (MCES) include the following: (1) Identify inefficiencies in freight transportation; (2) Evaluate safety and productivity improvements made possible through wireless technologies; and (3) Demonstrate wireless technologies in field tests. KW - Freight transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users KW - Technology assessment KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - United States KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51370/The-2006-Annual-Motor-Carrier-Study-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111396 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2004 PY - 2008/03//Special Report SP - 73p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2004. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58090/1/96746%20A06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111359 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2006 Wisconsin Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2008/03//Special Report SP - 38p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Wisconsin. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Wisconsin Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Wisconsin is reporting 71.0 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. All of the variables needed to identify vehicles that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file are recorded in the Wisconsin PAR file. The vehicle type variable seems to be a derived variable since there is no space for recording levels of vehicle type on the crash report form. Vehicles coded as utility trucks are not included in this evaluation because it is estimated that only 8 percent have GVWR greater than 10,000 pounds. The reporting rate for tractor combinations is close to 90 percent, but the rate for straight trucks is approximately 50 percent. Reporting rates also show a decreasing trend as crash severity decreases. The reporting rate for the towed due to disabling damage criterion is 67.6 percent. Based on agency type, the reporting rate for the state patrol is 81.5 percent. Missing data percentages in the MCMIS Crash File are generally low, except as noted for certain variables. A comparison of the vehicle configuration variable between the Wisconsin and MCMIS Crash files shows some disagreement in the coding of this variable. KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck tractors KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - Underreporting (Traffic accident injuries) KW - Wisconsin UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58356/1/100945.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111370 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2005 PY - 2008/02//Special Report SP - 105p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks involved in traffic accidents in 2005. The statistics are derived from the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58054/1/48532%20A48.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01109891 AU - Westat AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Safety Belt Usage by Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers (SBUCMVD) 2007 Survey PY - 2008/02//Final Report SP - 52p AB - The Safety Belt Usage by Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers (SBUCMVD) Survey is a nationally representative field data collection program that provides estimates of safety belt restraint use by drivers and other occupants of medium and heavy duty commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). The 2007 survey is the first of its kind, drawing upon the sample design and field data collection methodologies used in the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) of passenger vehicle occupants. Restraint use studies were conducted in 2002, 2005 and 2006 that focused on drivers of class 7 and 8 vehicles observed primarily at truck stops in 12 states. This new study is based upon a statistically valid research design that includes medium duty, class 7, and class 8 CMVs observed from roadsides in a randomly selected sample of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) across the United States. As such, comparisons with results from previous years are not valid. The 2007 overall safety belt usage rate for drivers of all medium and heavy duty trucks and buses combined was 65%. The usage rate for CMV other occupants was 57%. A total of 15,864 CMVs, 15,864 drivers, and 1,059 CMV other occupants were observed at 654 sites. Safety belt use was observed to be higher in states governed by primary belt use laws (69%) than secondary belt use laws (59%). Safety belt usage among drivers and other occupants combined in units identified as part of a regional or national fleet (67%) was also observed to be higher than independent owner-operators (56%). This report describes the overall design of the study, the methods used to collect the data, and the estimation and tabulation processes. Highlights from the analyses are contained in the body of the report. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Owner operators KW - Primary enforcement laws KW - Safety Belt Usage by Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers Survey KW - Seat belt use KW - Seat belts KW - Secondary enforcement KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle fleets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/869515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138306 AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Olsen, R L AU - Bocanegra, Joseph L AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Analysis of Risk as a Function of Driving-Hour: Assessment of Driving-Hours 1 Through 11 PY - 2008/01//Final Report SP - 98p AB - Crashes involving large trucks constitute a significant risk to the driving public and an occupational risk to truck drivers. In 2005, some 442,000 large trucks (weighing over 10,000 lbs each) were involved in vehicle crashes; 4,951 of these large-truck crashes resulted in fatalities. Driver impairment due to drowsiness is a known contributing factor in many crashes involving commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers (Maycock, 1997). The Large Truck Crash Causation Studies found that 13 percent of truck drivers were coded as having been fatigued at the time of the crash (Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), 2006). On April 28, 2003, FMCSA published a revised set of regulations concerning the Hours-of- Service (HOS) of CMV drivers. These published regulations were amended on September 30, 2003 and implemented on January 4, 2004. One central component of the revisions was a two hour extension of off-duty time from eight to 10 hours. One rationale given in an FMCSA posting in the Federal Register (2005) was that the additional two hours of off-duty time would provide drivers with substantially more opportunity to obtain restorative sleep (p. 3342). The results from Hanowski, Dingus, Sudweeks, Olson, and Fumero (2005) indicated that this indeed may be the case; their research found that drivers may be getting more sleep under the revised 2003 HOS regulation (6.28 h per day) as compared to the old regulations (5.18 h per day; Mitler et al., 1997). KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Hours of labor KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51315/HOS-Assessment-of-Driving-Hours-FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111348 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Green, Paul E AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2005 PY - 2008/01//Special Report Task A SP - 126p AB - This report provides documentation for UMTRI’s file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2005, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2005 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/bifa2005Codebook.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01095866 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck Crash Facts 2006 PY - 2008/01 SP - 76p AB - This annual edition of Large Truck Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks in 2006. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. In addition, for the first time, the report includes 10 tables that show bus crash statistics. The major sources for the data are the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), the General Estimates System (GES), the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS), and "Highway Statistics" (an annual publication of the Federal Highway Administration). This year’s report is organized into four chapters: Trends, Crashes, Vehicles, and People. The Trends chapter shows data for 2006 in the context of available historical data for past years. In the other chapters, the 2006 data are shown in different ways, according to what is being counted. The Crashes chapter counts numbers of crashes; the Vehicles chapter counts vehicles in crashes; and the People chapter counts persons of all types involved in crashes. Four different types of counts are shown: (1) Crashes: Numbers of crashes involving various vehicle types. (2) Vehicles in Crashes: Numbers of vehicles involved in crashes. These counts may be larger than the number of crashes (fatal, injury, or property damage only), because more than one vehicle may be involved in a single crash. (3) People in Crashes: Numbers of people killed or injured in crashes. These counts generally are larger than the number of crashes (fatal or injury), because more than one person may be killed or injured in a single crash. People killed or injured may be occupants of a truck, occupants of another vehicle, or nonmotorists (pedestrians or pedalcyclists). (4) Drivers in Crashes: Numbers of vehicle drivers involved in crashes. These counts generally are equal to the numbers of vehicles involved in crashes. KW - Annual reports KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFS/LargeTruckCrashFacts2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/855749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01090186 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2003 PY - 2008/01//Special Report SP - 71p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2003. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus transportation KW - Casualties KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/57994 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100381 AU - Simon, John M AU - Brady, Stephen AU - Lowell, Dana AU - Booz Allen Hamilton AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Changes to Consider in the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and North American Standard Inspection Procedures to Accommodate Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel PY - 2007/12/04/Final Report SP - 35p AB - Over the next 50 years, hydrogen use is expected to grow dramatically as an automotive and electrical power source fuel. As hydrogen becomes commercially viable, the safety issues associated with hydrogen systems, equipment, and operation are of concern to the commercial motor vehicle industry. This report provides a review of the existing Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) and considers changes in order to accommodate gaseous and liquid hydrogen. In addition, this report considers changes to the current North American Standard (NAS) Inspection Procedures to accommodate gaseous and liquid hydrogen used as an alternative fuel in commercial vehicles. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Hydrogen KW - Inspection KW - Regulations KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CBT/2008/05/02/H1209761787297/viewer/file2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/859428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01562737 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2006 Kentucky Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/12 SP - 34p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Kentucky. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to records from the Kentucky Traffic Collision Report data to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Kentucky is reporting 60.2 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. Reporting rates were related to crash severity, with 84.9 percent of fatal involvements reported, and injury/transported and tow/disabled crashes reported at 58.7 percent and 60.2 percent, respectively. Reporting rates were much higher for trucks (64.3 percent) than buses (6.3 percent). The highest reporting rate was for tractor-semitrailers (88.0 percent) and the lowest rate was for school buses (3.5 percent). Reporting rates also varied by the type of investigation agency (state police, sheriff, or city police). Missing data rates are exceptionally low for most variables reported to the MCMIS Crash file. There were no serious inconsistencies between data reported to the MCMIS file and recorded in the Kentucky crash data KW - Buses KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Kentucky KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Reporting KW - School buses KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/110942/103178.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/110942 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55231/103178.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1352359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01385271 AU - Misener, J A AU - Nowakowski, C AU - Lu, X - AU - Koo, T AU - Marguluci, J D AU - Spring, J AU - Johnston, S AU - Kim, Z AU - Dickey, S AU - Kuhn, K AU - Kretz, P AU - Robin, J AU - Walker, M AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Onboard monitoring and reporting for commercial motor vehicle safety PY - 2007/12 IS - FMCSA-RRT-07-030 SP - 210p AB - This Final Report describes the process and product from the project, Onboard Monitoring and Reporting for Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety (OBMS), in which a prototypical suite of hardware and software on a class 8 truck was developed and tested. The OBMS suite allows for online measurement of a set of driving characteristics which are indicators of unsafe driving behavior. These characteristics included speed, following distance, lane-keeping performance, safety belt use, and the use of turn signals. Feedback could be provided to the drivers, either directly via real-time feedback or through carrier management, to allow drivers to significantly improve their safety performance. Commercial fleets would pioneer this concept because they have the resources and organizational structure to provide feedback and training to professional drivers. This concept differs from commercial onboard devices in that it is an ensemble set of instruments with a safety focus and different feedback modalities. It is comprehensive in that it addresses crash causes and provides "corrective" feedback in real-time and/or post trip feedback, depending on the particular subsystem(s) which are activated. In essence, the objective is to improve driver safety behavior. Thus, it does not explicitly address fleet management or other non-safety operations (for example, vehicle location). KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems (ADIS) KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Heavy vehicle driver KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Intelligent transport system KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Monitoring KW - Monitoring KW - Usa UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51335/Onboard-Monitoring-and-Reporting-for-CMV-Safety-Final-Report-Dec2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138326 AU - Bahouth, G AU - Langston, E A AU - McKnight, A James AU - Zaloshjna, E AU - Robin, J AU - Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Safety Belt Technology Countermeasures Study PY - 2007/12 SP - 111p AB - Safety belts are the single most effective injury prevention component of highway vehicles today. In 2006, observational studies reported that safety belt use by drivers of Class 7 and 8 trucks was 59 percent compared with an 81 percent belt use rate for passenger vehicle drivers. This study explored addresses two topics of research. The first topic explored technologies designed to increase safety belt use by commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. Four promising technologies likely to increase safety belt use were identified: (1) Enhanced Audible Reminder Systems, (2) Brightly Colored Safety Belts, (3) Safety Belt Tension Adjustors, and (4) Seat-Integrated Safety Restraint Systems. A cost-benefit analysis was performed, indicating that brightly colored safety belts and enhanced audible reminders are both cost-beneficial solutions, suggesting that the likely injury cost savings due to increased safety belt use will exceed the cost required to equip one vehicle with the device. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash prevention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor carriers KW - Rollover crashes KW - Seat belt usage KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51347/Safety-Belt-Technology-Countermeasures-Study-Final-Report-Dec2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138302 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) National Program Management Plan PY - 2007/12 SP - 49p AB - This document describes how Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) manages the Core and Expanded components of the CVISN program. The following sections are included in this document: Section 1.0 - Provides an introduction to CVISN and SAFETEA-LU; Section 2.0 - Documents the Core and Expanded CVISN capabilities and the stakeholder input process used to refine the Expanded CVISN capabilities; Section 3.0 - Documents the formulas that are used to calculate states' eligibility for Federal Core and Expanded CVISN Deployment Grants. This section also documents the match requirements for the Federal deployment funds and the FMCSA grant management process that is used to distribute the CVISN funds; Section 4.0 - Describes the process by which FMCSA ensures states' compliance with the CVISN program and its architecture; Section 5.0 - Documents FMCSA's CVISN communication and training plan; Section 6.0 - Summarizes the roles and responsibilities of FMCSA and its public and private sector partners; and Appendix A - Lists the Expanded CVISN capabilities that were previously identified by stakeholders. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data quality KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Lessons learned KW - Management KW - Performance monitoring KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/cvisn/deployment/National-CVISN-Program-Management-Plan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138238 AU - Battelle Columbus Division AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Incentives for Deployment of Onboard Safety Systems PY - 2007/12//Final Report SP - 23p AB - As part of an ongoing research project evaluating onboard safety technologies, this report identifies potential incentives that could expedite the deployment of onboard safety systems into the marketplace. The objective of this report is to outline possible ways to incentive through either tools of government or private industry the procurement and utilization of onboard safety technologies. This report describes the five major stakeholders highlighted in the onboard safety technology incentives matrix: technology manufacturers, truck original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), trucking companies, insurers, and government agencies. The primary sources used for the compilation of potential incentives were industry stakeholders who offered their insights on incentives and related issues. As a result, the information provided in the following sections about incentives does not constitute an endorsement by FMCSA. Although the report can be helpful to the general public in understanding the deployment of new safety technology for commercial motor vehicles, the report is primarily targeted toward commercial motor carriers and their drivers. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Highway safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Onboard computing KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51319/Incentives-for-Deployment-of-OBSS-Final-dec07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111371 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2006 Idaho Crash Data Reported to Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File PY - 2007/12//Special Report SP - 36p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Idaho. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Idaho Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Idaho is reporting 72.9 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. Reporting rates vary by crash severity and vehicle type. Overall, more than 90 percent of fatal and injured/transported involvements are reported, but the rate drops to 60.7 percent for crashes that are reportable based on the towed and disabled criterion. Furthermore, 86 percent of the unreported cases fall into the towed and disabled category. It appears that injury-related crashes tend to be reported, while those involving no injury are less likely to be reported. Crashes involving large trucks such as tractor-semitrailers or doubles combinations were more likely to be reported than crashes involving small, single-unit trucks or buses. The reporting rate for the state police is 82.0 percent, while the rate for police departments is 55.7 percent. Missing data rates, except for a few variables, are generally low in the MCMIS Crash file. Compatibility between the vehicle configuration and number of fatalities variables in the Idaho Data file and the MCMIS Crash file is generally good. KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Idaho KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - Underreporting (Traffic accident injuries) UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58053/1/100160.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100352 AU - Misener, James A AU - Nowakowski, Christopher AU - Lu, Xiao-Yun AU - Koo, Thomas AU - Margulici, J D AU - Spring, John AU - Johnston, Scott AU - Kim, ZuWhan AU - Dickey, Sue AU - Kuhn, Kenny AU - Kretz, Paul AU - Robin, Jerry AU - Walker, Martin AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Onboard Monitoring and Reporting for Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Final Report PY - 2007/12//Final Report SP - 203p AB - This Final Report describes the process and product from the project, Onboard Monitoring and Reporting for Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety (OBMS), in which a prototypical suite of hardware and software on a class 8 truck was developed and tested. The OBMS suite allows for online measurement of a set of driving characteristics which are indicators of unsafe driving behavior. These characteristics included speed, following distance, lane-keeping performance, safety belt use, and the use of turn signals. Feedback could be provided to the drivers, either directly via real-time feedback or through carrier management, to allow drivers to significantly improve their safety performance. For example, if a driver received a report that he/she is not using his/her turn signals during lane changes, that driver can then be monitored during a follow-up period to determine if the feedback had corrected the deficiency. Commercial fleets would pioneer this concept because they have the resources and organizational structure to provide feedback and training to professional drivers. This concept differs from commercial onboard devices in that it is an ensemble set of instruments (not one or a few warning devices) with a safety focus and different feedback modalities. It is comprehensive in that it addresses crash causes and provides “corrective” feedback in real-time and/or post trip feedback, depending on the particular subsystem(s) which are activated. In essence, the objective is to improve driver safety behavior. Thus, it does not explicitly address fleet management or other non-safety operations (for example, vehicle location). A systems engineering process was applied to this research, resulting in a prototypical OBMS hardware suite and a plan to follow-up this effort with an FOT. This project is the result of a Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s Cooperative Agreement with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). It was undertaken by the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) program, with assistance from the California Center for Innovative Transportation (CCIT) and a subcontractor, Advanced Systems Engineering Consulting. KW - Automatic steering control KW - Automotive computers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash causes KW - Driver support systems KW - Feedback KW - Following distance KW - Seat belts KW - Software KW - Speed KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Turn signals KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51335/Onboard-Monitoring-and-Reporting-for-CMV-Safety-Final-Report-Dec2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/859465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100348 AU - Houser, Amy AU - Murray, Dan AU - Dick, Virginia AU - American Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Onboard Safety Technology Survey Synthesis Final Report PY - 2007/12//Final Report SP - 93p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) funded this project to collect, merge, and conduct an assessment of onboard safety system surveys and resulting data sets that may benefit commercial vehicle operations safety and future research efforts. Until recently, many of these efforts have been conducted independently of each other with limited coordination of data aggregation. This synthesis provides an understanding of the relationships and factors involved in the use, selection, and impact of onboard safety technologies. Also, it may reveal future research opportunities and reduce research redundancy. The synthesis includes an analysis of over 19 survey, interview, and focus group instruments. Throughout all the surveys, concerns arose about cost and the desire for information regarding demonstrated safety impacts of onboard safety systems. The survey synthesis findings indicated a need for increased information in reference to the financial implications of any safety technology including insurance costs and crash reduction savings, as well as cost of installation, maintenance, training, and upgrades to any safety system. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver support systems KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking safety KW - Warning devices UR - http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo6473 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/859473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01090487 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 2006 Large Truck Crash Overview PY - 2007/12 SP - 6p AB - The mission of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is to promote the safe operation of commercial vehicles on our Nation’s highways. Of the 42,642 people killed in motor vehicle crashes in 2006, 12% (4,995) died in crashes that involved a large truck. Another 106,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Only about 16% of those killed and 22% of those injured in large truck crashes were occupants of large trucks. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Large trucks KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle size UR - http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/2006LargeTruckCrashOverview.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108896 AU - ECRI Evidence-based Practice Center AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: Seizure Disorders and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review) PY - 2007/11/30/Evidence Report SP - 350p AB - Of all occupations in the United States, workers in the trucking industry experience the third highest fatality rate, accounting for 12 percent of all worker deaths. About two-thirds of fatally injured truck workers were involved in highway crashes. According to statistics from the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), there were 4,932 fatal crashes involving a large truck in 2005 for a total of 5,212 fatalities. In addition, there were 137,144 non-fatal crashes; 59,405 of these were crashes that resulted in an injury to at least one individual (for a total of 89,681 injuries). The purpose of this evidence report is to examine the relationship between seizure disorders and the risk for a motor vehicle crash. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Epilepsy KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30118/Final-Seizure_Disorders_and_CMV_Driver_Safety.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111562 AU - ECRI Evidence-based Practice Center AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review), Volume I PY - 2007/11/21/Evidence Report SP - 388p AB - Of all occupations in the United States, workers in the trucking industry experience the third highest fatality rate, accounting for 12% of all worker deaths. About two-thirds of fatally injured truck workers were involved in highway crashes. According to statistics from the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), there were 4,932 fatal crashes involving a large truck in 2005 for a total of 5,212 fatalities. In addition, there were 137,144 nonfatal crashes; 59,405 of these were crashes that resulted in an injury to at least one individual (for a total of 89,681 injuries). The purpose of this evidence report is to address several key questions posed by Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Each of these key questions was developed by FMCSA so that the answers to these questions would provide information that would be useful in updating its current medical examination guidelines. The seven key questions addressed in this evidence report are as follows: Key Question 1: Are individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) at an increased risk for a motor vehicle crash when compared to comparable individuals who do not have the disorder? Key Question 2: What disease-related factors are associated with an increased motor vehicle crash risk among individuals with OSA? Key Question 3: Given the findings of Key Question 2, are individuals with OSA unaware of the presence of the factors that appear to be associated with an increased motor vehicle crash risk? Key Question 4: Are there screening/diagnostic tests available that will enable examiners to identify those individuals with OSA who are at an increased risk for a motor vehicle crash? Key Question 5: Which treatments have been shown to effectively reduce crash risk among individuals with OSA? Where reductions in crash risk have been assessed: i. directly (crash risk) ii. quasi-directly (simulated driving performance) iii. indirectly (OSA severity, excessive daytime sleepiness, cognitive and psychomotor function, blood pressure, SaO2) Key Question 6: What is the length of time required following initiation of an effective treatment (determined by Key Question 5) for patients with OSA to reach a degree of improvement that would permit safe driving (as determined by crash rates or through indirect measures1 of crash risk)? Key Question 7: How soon, following cessation of treatment (e.g., as a consequence of noncompliance), will individuals with OSA demonstrate reduced driver safety (as determined by crash rates or through indirect measures of crash risk)? KW - Apnea KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Sleep disorders KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30187/Final_Sleep_Disorders_Evid_Report_Vol._1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/870870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01118069 AU - Simon, John M AU - Brady, Stephen AU - Lowell, Dana AU - Quant, Michael AU - Booz Allen Hamilton AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - System Safety Plan for Commercial Vehicles Using Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel PY - 2007/11/16/Final Report SP - 37p AB - Over the next 50 years, hydrogen use is expected to grow dramatically as an automotive and electrical power source fuel. As hydrogen becomes commercially viable, the safety concerns associated with hydrogen systems, equipment, and operation are of concern to the motor vehicle industry. This report is intended to provide guidance for the development of a System Safety Plan that would be used by a commercial vehicle fleet operator to ensure long-term safe operation of commercial vehicles utilizing hydrogen, regardless of the number of commercial vehicles in the fleet. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Equipment KW - Fleet safety KW - Hydrogen KW - Operations KW - Safety management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51362/System-Safety-Plan-CMVs-Hydrogen-Final-nov07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/875481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01167144 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2006 Georgia Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/11//Special Report AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Georgia. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Georgia Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Georgia is reporting 68.1 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. Due to instructions in the Georgia Instruction Guide for filling out accident reports, it appears that buses and some other qualifying vehicles such as government and rental vehicles are not being reported. Based on vehicle type, the reporting rate is 73.6 percent for all trucks and 3.1 percent for buses. The reporting rate for tractor semi-trailers is 87.6 percent, but the estimated rate for single unit trucks is 55.4 percent. It also appears that many vehicles classified as panel trucks are not being reported even though GVWR for most of these vehicles exceeds 10,000 pounds. Missing data percentages in the MCMIS Crash File are low for certain variables, but are high for certain others as noted. No vehicles are recorded as hazmat placarded vehicles in the MCMIS Crash file, yet 46 vehicles are coded with hazmat release. KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus lines KW - Crash rates KW - Georgia KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/McmisGA06_final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/927688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138231 AU - Franzese, Oscar AU - Knee, Helmut E AU - Urbanik, T AU - Massimini, J AU - Plate, R AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Vehicle Immobilization Technologies: Best Practices for Industry and Law Enforcement PY - 2007/11//Final Report SP - 161p AB - Since September 11, 2001, the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has been actively investigating methods to improve safety and security, as well as efficiency, in the trucking industry. To achieve these goals, FMCSA conducted various tests and evaluations of security technologies, including the 2004 Hazardous Materials Safety and Security Technology Operational Test, the Expanded Satellite Tracking, and the Untethered Trailer Tracking and Control Security projects. As a result of these studies, it was determined that additional technologies, including panic buttons, driver identification, and vehicle disabling could be deployed to obtain additional security benefits. In FY 2005, the House of Representative's Conference Report 108-792 stated that further testing of technologies, including vehicle disabling was necessary. FMCSA funded this project to support the Congressional need called out in the aforementioned report, and built it on the experience and lessons learned from previous field operational tests. The primary objective of this project was to develop Best Practices associated with the use of Vehicle Immobilization Technologies (VITs) in support of hazmat transportation, and commercial vehicle safety and security. A secondary objective was to develop a Concept of Operations for law enforcement based on project experiences. KW - Best practices KW - Case studies KW - Databases KW - Hazardous materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Remote vehicle location KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Vehicle immobilization UR - http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo8284/VIT-Best-Practices-Law-Enforcement-Nov2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01118112 AU - Simon, John M AU - Brady, Stephen AU - Lowell, Dana AU - Quant, Michael AU - Booz Allen Hamilton AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Guidelines for Use of Hydrogen Fuel in Commercial Vehicles PY - 2007/11//Final Report SP - 94p AB - Over the next 50 years, hydrogen use is expected to grow dramatically as an automotive and electrical power source fuel. As hydrogen becomes commercially viable, the safety concerns associated with hydrogen systems, equipment, and operation are of concern to the commercial motor vehicle industry. This report is intended to provide guidelines for use of hydrogen fuel as an alternative fuel by a commercial vehicle fleet operator to ensure long-term safe operation. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Fleet safety KW - Hydrogen fuels KW - Hydrogen safety KW - Trucks UR - http://www.free-energy-info.com/USDOT.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51312/Guidelines-H2-Fuel-in-CMVs-Nov2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/875391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01118014 AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Driver’s License Third Party Testing Anti-Fraud System Phase II – Prototype, Pilot Testing and Evaluation PY - 2007/11//Final Report SP - 83p AB - The purpose of this project was to develop specifications and pilot test an anti-fraud system for commercial driver’s license (CDL) third party testing activities in at least three jurisdictions. If enhancements are made, additional jurisdictions are expected to adopt the system. The resultant system, designated the Commercial Skills Test Information Management System (CSTIMS), has the potential to strengthen commercial vehicle safety and security by ensuring the integrity of the nation’s commercial driving license program. This project was segmented into two phases. Phase I included documenting the business and technical requirements for a CDL anti-fraud system, detailing the current level of automation in jurisdiction licensing systems, and developing functional and performance specifications and a detailed design for a prototype and pilot system. Phase II included developing a prototype anti-fraud system, testing the system, and assessing the ability of the prototype system to combat CDL fraud. Specifically, the analysis estimated the safety and security benefits offered by the prototype system. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Evaluation KW - Fraud KW - Information management KW - Information systems KW - Pilot studies KW - Prototypes KW - Testing KW - Third party contracting KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51274/CDL-Third-Party-Testing-Anti-Fraud-System-nov07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/875477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111388 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Pettis, Leslie AU - Green, Paul E AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2005 PY - 2007/11//Special Report Task A SP - 143p AB - This report provides documentation for UMTRI’s file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2005, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2005 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57732/1/48532%20A47.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082686 AU - Tanner, Scott AU - Tarr, Ronald W AU - Institute for Simulation and Training AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FDOT Safety Examiner Workforce Certification Test PY - 2007/10/24/Final Report SP - 215p AB - Highway accidents are at epidemic proportions in this country, resulting in 43,000 deaths, three million injuries, and $230 billion in costs annually nationwide. The combination of increased traffic, unsafe drivers, variety of licensing practices for Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) drivers across the states, and issues surrounding commercial truck inspections greatly contribute to these numbers. This problem is further exacerbated by state motor carrier compliance officers, also referred to as safety inspectors, facing extended job duties and a shortage of qualified and trained personnel. In addition to the complex and dynamic problem of effectively training and certifying local, state, and federal CMV safety inspectors, there is currently no national system for continuing education or certification that ensures consistency of interstate compliance with the federal regulations. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), their Florida Motor Carrier Compliance Office (FMCCO) in partnership with the University of Central Florida's (UCF) Institute for Simulation and Training (IST), are designing an innovative training program to assist the training and professional development of novice and experienced safety inspectors. The purpose of this program is to develop a pilot certification and education program that could be implemented across multiple jurisdictions. KW - Certification KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Continuing education KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Labor force KW - Safety education KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/841727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138214 AU - Econometrica, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Roadside Inspection Costs PY - 2007/10 SP - 20p AB - This report estimates the average total cost of a commercial vehicle roadside inspection. It is an updated and expanded version of a cost estimate produced by Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) staff in 2003. It includes both weighted and unweighted cost estimates for the various components of a roadside inspection. The weighting applies to enforcement costs and is based on the number of roadside inspections conducted and the number of active safety inspectors in each State. The enforcing agency's total cost for conducting these roadside inspections is $30.52 ($32.78 unweighted) per inspection. The total cost to the motor carrier is approximately $47.76. Thus the total cost per inspection is approximately $78.28 ($80.54 unweighted). Given the current number of roadside inspections and the current number of safety inspectors, an additional roadside inspection would cost the enforcing agency approximately $23.06 ($24.68 unweighted). KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Compliance KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Safety standards KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety inspections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51343/Roadside-Inspection-Costs-Oct2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138209 AU - Econometrica, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Compliance Review Cost Estimation PY - 2007/10 SP - 14p AB - This report is an update of a cost estimate produced by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Analysis Division in 2004. It develops costs for both enforcing agencies and motor carriers. The previous report used 2002 data and information provided by the FMCSA Compliance Review Working Group during 2003. The current report uses data from Fiscal Year 2006 where available. In some cases, this report relies on assumptions made in the earlier cost estimate. All assumptions and statistics carried over from the 2004 cost estimate were confirmed to be still valid and reasonable by members of the Working Group. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Compliance KW - Cost estimating KW - Data collection KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51278/Compliance-Review-Cost-Estimation-Oct2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01080862 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Guidelines for Developing a High-Visibility Enforcement Campaign to Reduce Unsafe Driving Behaviors among Drivers of Passenger and Commercial Motor Vehicles: A Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) Based on the Ticketing Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT) Pilot Project PY - 2007/10 SP - 44p AB - The goal of Selective Traffic Enforcement Programs (STEPs) is to induce motorists to drive safely. To achieve this goal, the STEP model combines intensive enforcement of a specific traffic safety law with extensive communication, education, and outreach informing the public about the enforcement activity. First used in Canada, the evolution of STEPs has brought us the high-visibility enforcement campaigns popularized by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) Click It or Ticket seat belt program. Therefore, throughout this guide, the terms high‑visibility enforcement campaign and STEP are used interchangeably. In 2004, Congress directed NHTSA and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to work together to educate drivers of passenger vehicles on how to share the road safely with commercial motor vehicles. In response to this directive, these agencies worked with the Washington Traffic Safety Commission (WTSC) to develop and fully evaluate a demonstration project based on the STEP model. This guide is intended for State highway safety, law enforcement, and other professionals who work in the field of commercial vehicle safety. It provides guidelines for implementing a STEP to reduce unsafe driving behaviors among drivers of commercial and passenger motor vehicles. It draws on examples and lessons learned from the successful high-visibility enforcement campaign known as TACT (Ticketing Aggressive Cars and Trucks), which was developed in Washington State. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Guidelines KW - High risk drivers KW - Safety campaigns KW - Selective traffic enforcement programs KW - Ticketing Aggressive Cars and Trucks KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/nhtsa_static_file_downloader.jsp?file=/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic Injury Control/Articles/Associated Files/HS810851.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/839979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01380299 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Issues Pertaining To The Proposed NAFTA Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project PY - 2007/09/06 SP - 48p AB - On February 23, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation announced a 1-year demonstration project (also referred to as a pilot program) that would permit up to 100 Mexican motor carriers to begin operating beyond the commercial zones. According to the Department, the demonstration project will start when the first Mexican carrier is granted provisional operating authority by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to operate throughout the United States. The demonstration project will not include carriers that transport hazardous materials or passengers. In addition, for each time a demonstration project participant crosses the border into the United States, the Department has committed to checking the driver’s license and the inspection decal on the vehicle. In announcing the project, the Department referred to this process as checking “every truck every time.” Section 6901 of the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 requires the Office of Inspector General (OIG) to review FMCSA’s preparations for monitoring and enforcing safety rules among the demonstration project participants. This report presents the results of OIG's initial audit on the demonstration project. According to Section 6901, prior to the start of the demonstration project, the Secretary is to take such actions as may be necessary to address the issues raised in OIG's report and submit a report to Congress detailing such actions. OIG's audit objectives, based on Section 6901 provisions, were to determine whether FMCSA has: 1. established sufficient monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to ensure that Mexican motor carriers that are granted provisional operating authority comply with U.S. Federal motor carrier laws and regulations and requirements associated with the demonstration project. 2. complied with each of the requirements contained in Section 350(a) of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriation Act, 2002 (FY 2002 Act). 3. established sufficient mechanisms to ensure that provisional operating authority is only granted to motor carriers domiciled in Mexico that can comply with U.S. Federal motor carrier laws and regulations and requirements associated with the demonstration project. OIG's review found that FMCSA has implemented significant initiatives to address Section 350 requirements and cross-border safety concerns. The established mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing U.S. safety rules and regulations, such as conducting truck inspections at the border and throughout the United States, continue to function. Despite these accomplishments, OIG identified three issues pertaining to the proposed demonstration project. The Secretary's report to Congress should at a minimum include actions being taken to: (1) ensure that sufficient plans are in place to carry out the Department's commitment to check every demonstration project truck every time it crosses the border into the United States, (2) ensure that state enforcement officials understand how to implement recent guidance on the demonstration project and that training initiatives filter down to roadside inspectors, and (3) address OIG's determination that FMCSA has implemented policies, rules, and regulations that differ slightly from the language in 3 of 34 specific Congressional requirements. KW - Border regions KW - Demonstration projects KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Monitoring KW - Motor carriers KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Regulations KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - United States-Mexico Border UR - http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/pdfdocs/508_Compliant_Initial_NAFTA_FINAL_Report_090607.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1147914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111380 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2004 PY - 2007/09//Special Report SP - 115p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks involved in traffic accidents in 2004. The statistics are derived from the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57265/4/48532%20A46.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01090256 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2006 Pennsylvania Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/09//Special Report SP - 33p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Pennsylvania. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Pennsylvania Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Pennsylvania is reporting about 77 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. However, the vehicle type variables in the Pennsylvania data contain inconsistencies, and the MCMIS Crash severity criteria cannot be applied directly. A method using the vehicle identification number (VIN) was employed to identify the appropriate vehicles, and a surrogate was developed for crash severity. Reporting rates were highest for fatal involvements, and significantly lower for injury/transported and tow/disabled crash involvements. Smaller qualifying vehicles were less likely to be reported than larger vehicles like tractor-semitrailers. Unlike most states, bus involvements were more likely to be reported than truck involvements. Reporting rates also varied by the type of investigation agency (state police, county, or city police). Missing data rates are low for most variables, except for driver license class, roadway access, and road trafficway. Some inconsistencies between data reported to the MCMIS file and recorded in the Pennsylvania data were also noted. KW - Casualties KW - Crash data KW - Data quality KW - Fatalities KW - Motor carriers KW - Pennsylvania KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/57181 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01090252 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2005 Indiana Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/09//Special Report SP - 40p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Indiana. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Indiana Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Indiana is reporting 80.5 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. Based on crash severity, the reporting rate is 90.3 percent for fatal crashes, 81.9 percent for injured/transported crashes, and 79.6 percent for towed crashes. It appears that at least two different crash report forms are in use in Indiana, resulting in a reported injury severity distribution that differs considerably from those reported in other states. The reporting rate for trucks is 81.0 percent, and the rate for buses is 73.4 percent. The reporting rate for the State Police is 87.6 percent, while the rate for the Indianapolis Police Department is 66.0 percent. It appears that 97 of the 7,193 reportable cases involved explosion or fire and 11 of these were not reported. Of the 97 vehicles, at least 46 involved no injury (7 vehicles unknown). Missing data rates are low for most variables, except as noted. Some inconsistencies between data reported to the MCMIS file and data recorded in the Indiana file were also noted. KW - Casualties KW - Crash records KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data quality KW - Fatalities KW - Indiana KW - Injury severity KW - Motor carriers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/57184 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01090242 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2005 Alabama Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/09//Special Report SP - 39p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Alabama. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Alabama Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Alabama is reporting 76.0 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. Based on crash severity, the reporting rate is 91.4 percent for fatal crashes, 76.4 percent for injured/transported crashes, and 75.0 percent for towed/disabled crashes. It appears that Alabama uses definitions for injury severity that differ from the conventional KABCOU scale. The reporting rate for large trucks appears greater than the rate for medium trucks. Among reporting agencies, state troopers had higher reporting rates than either police departments or sheriff’s offices. Except for a few variables as noted, missing data rates are generally low. Some inconsistencies are noted between the body style variables in the Alabama PAR file and the MCMIS Crash file. KW - Alabama KW - Casualties KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data quality KW - Fatalities KW - Injury severity KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/57186 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01090189 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2005 Connecticut Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/09//Special Report SP - 28p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Connecticut. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Connecticut Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. However, because the Connecticut crash file does not include much of the information necessary to identify the complete set of MCMIS-reportable records, a subset of records highly likely to be reportable were identified instead. The reporting rate for this subset was 31.7 percent. For the subset, it appears that fatal involvements are more likely to be reported than nonfatal involvements, and large trucks were more likely to be reported than small trucks or buses. Of the cases that were reported to the MCMIS Crash file, missing data rates are low for almost all variables, although were 100 percent for driver license class. Some inconsistencies between data reported to the MCMIS file and recorded in the Connecticut data were also noted. Vehicle type was inconsistent in about 21 percent of the cases. Other variables that could be compared were inconsistent only in a very small number of cases. KW - Casualties KW - Connecticut KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data quality KW - Fatalities KW - Injury severity KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/57185 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108882 AU - Axiom Resource Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - A National Role Delineation Study of FMCSA Medical Examiners PY - 2007/08 SP - 534p AB - The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) requires the Secretary of Transportation to establish and maintain a current national registry of medical examiners that are qualified to perform examinations and issue medical certificates verifying whether a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver’s health meets the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) standards. In addition, SAFETEA-LU requires that: (1) The physical examinations of CMV drivers are performed by medical examiners who have received training in physical and medical examination standards. (2) Medical examiners are listed on a national registry after it is established. FMCSA is developing the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners (NRCME) program as one initiative to improve highway safety by producing trained, certified medical examiners who can effectively determine whether a CMV driver’s health meets FMCSA standards. FMCSA’s goal is to improve safety and reduce fatalities on our Nation’s highways by 41 percent from 1996 to 2008. FMCSA determined that focusing on medical examiner performance is one component of reaching this goal. Once the NRCME program is implemented, FMCSA will accept only physical examinations performed by medical examiners listed on the NRCME. It is projected that the NRCME program will require medical examiners to complete training developed from standardized curriculum specifications and pass a national certification test. FMCSA commissioned this Role Delineation Study in 2005 to identify content for the certification component of the NRCME program, which is intended to focus on competencies common to FMCSA medical examiners from a variety of professional backgrounds and work settings. Study results were intended to inform FMCSA’s efforts to develop medical examiner certification. KW - Abilities KW - Certification KW - Commercial drivers KW - Competencies KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Medical personnel KW - National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners KW - Physical condition KW - Standards KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30121/RDS_Report___Appendices_41008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865185 ER -