TY - RPRT AN - 00210469 AU - Trazler, R N AU - Scrivner, F H AU - Kuykendall, W E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - LOSS OF DURABILITY IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SURFACES- IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICALLY ACTIVE SOLAR RADIATION PY - AB - CORRELATION BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF VANADIUM IN AN ASPHALT AND ITS HARDENING INDEX INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VANADIUM CONTENT AND THE NEW TEST UTILIZING ACTINIC RADIATION FOR ESTIMATING THE QUALITY OF AN ASPHALT REQUIRED IN SITUATIONS WHERE SOLAR RADIATION IS AN IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardness KW - Solar radiation KW - Vanadium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215971 AU - Ostapenko, A AU - Chern, C AU - Parsanejad, S AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Iron and Steel Institute AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - STRENGTH FORMULAS FOR DESIGN OF STEEL PLATE GIRDERS PY - AB - DESIGN FORMULAS ARE PRESENTED FOR EVALUATING THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PLATE GIRDER PANELS UNDER BENDING, SHEAR, OR A COMBINATION OF SHEAR AND BENDING. THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF A PANEL IS OBTAINED AS A SUM OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS BY THE WEB BUCKLING STRENGTH (BEAM ACTION), THE WEB POST-BUCKLING STRENGTH (TENSION FIELD ACTION), AND THE FLANGE STRENGTH (FRAME ACTION). THE PLATE GIRDER MAY BE HOMOGENEOUS OR HYBRID WITH A SYMMETRICAL OR UNSYMMETRICAL CROSS SECTION. A TENTATIVE RECOMMENDATION IS MADE FOR PRECLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE CRACKS DUE TO THE BACK-AND-FORTH DEFLECTION OF THE WEB PLATE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Buckling KW - Flanges KW - Formulas KW - Plate girders KW - Shear strength KW - Steel KW - Ultimate strength KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218066 AU - Meyer, W E AU - Birnie, C AU - Biss, D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - BRIDGE DECK DEICING STUDY-SUMMARY OF PHASE A ACTIVITIES PY - AB - A SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES BETWEEN JANUARY 1969 AND AUGUST 1970 IS PRESENTED. THE OBJECTIVES ARE TO STUDY THE PROBLEMS OF PREFERENTIAL ICING OF BRIDGE DECKS BY (1) INSTRUMENTING A BRIDGE SITE IN ORDER TO COLLECT DATA ON THE FREQUENCY AND EXTENT OF PREFERENTIAL ICING AND THE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO IT, (2) EVALUATING CURRENT METHODS OF ICE-DETECTION AND PREDICTION, AND (3) EVALUATING COUNTERMEASURES FOR PREVENTING PREFERENTIAL ICING. THE EAST BOUND LANE OF INTERSTATE 80 OF THE BRIDGE OVER BALD EAGLE CREEK IN CENTRE COUNTRY, PA., WAS INSTRUMENTED TO OBTAIN METEROROLOGICAL DATA AT THE SITE AND THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN THE BRIDGE DECK AND THE APPROACHWAY. AN ICE DETECTOR WAS ALSO INSTALLED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Deicing KW - Detectors KW - Ice KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Temperature gradients UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215972 AU - Fergusen, P M AU - Krishnaswamy, C N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - TENSILE LAP SPLIECES, PART 2: DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RETAINING WALL SPLICES AND LARGE BAR SPLIECES PY - AB - THIRTY-TWO FULL-SIZE BEAMS WERE TESTED WITH #5, #11, #14, AND #18 TENSION BAR SPLICES. THE NEEDED LAP SPLICE LENGTH IS SHOWN TO BE SUBJECTED TO A NEW VARIABLE COEFFICIENT DEFINED BY THE RATIO S'/C, THE RATIO OF THE NET WIDTH BETWEEN BARS TO THE CLEAR COVER. REVISED DESIGN EQUATIONS ARE RECOMMENDED FOR INCLUSION IN THE AASHO BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS. TENTATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR TIES OR SPIRALS OVER THE SPLICES ARE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF THE ADDED SPLICE STRESS. THE USE OF TRANSVERSE TIES WITH LARGE BAR SPLICES IS RECOMMENDED. THE CADWELD SPLICING OF #18 BARS, ON A SAMPLING BASIS, PROVED SATISFACTORY IN DEVELOPING FLEXURAL FAILURES. CRACK WIDTH PROBLEMS, AS IN THE #18 BAR-LAP SPLICES, COULD BE OF CONCERN IN SOME EXPOSURES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Equations KW - Performance based specifications KW - Railroad ties KW - Specifications KW - Splicing KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208006 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Schafer, D L AU - Adkins, W C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING THE TOTAL LOAD EXPERIENCE OF A HIGHWAY AS CONTRIBUTED BY CARGO VEHICLES PY - AB - THE PRIMARY PURPOSE WAS TO DEVELOP AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR MAKING ACCURATE ESTIMATES OF THE TOTAL LOAD IN TERMS OF 18-KIP AXLE EQUIVALENTS THAT A HIGHWAY WILL EXPERIENCE FROM CARGO VEHICLES OVER ITS DESIGN PERIOD. SUCH AN ENDEAVOR INVOLVED AN EVALUATION OF VEHICLE WEIGHT AND CLASSIFICATION COUNT DATA PREVIOUSLY COLLECTED AT EXISTING LOADOMETER AND MANUAL COUNT STATIONS. TWO PROCEDURES WERE USED TO MAKE ESTIMATES OF THE ACTUAL TOTAL 18-KIP AXLE EQUIVALENTS GENERATED BY CARGO VEHICLES WEIGHTED AT EACH OF THE 21 CONVENTIONAL STATIC WEIGHT LOADOMETER STATIONS DURING 1967 AND 1964-68. ONE PROCEDURE USED MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODELS IN WHICH THE "DUMMY" VARIABLES REPRESENT VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES WEIGHTED. THE ACTS OF VARIABLES ENTERED INTO THE MODELS INCLUDED VEHICLE TYPE, BODY TYPE, FUEL TYPE, TIME OF WEIGHING (NIGHT, DAY OF WEEK, SUMMER AND YEAR) AND LOAD STATUS. THE OTHER PROCEDURE USED AXLE WEIGHT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION SETS COMPOSED OF ONE-KIP (1000 POUND) WEIGHT CLASSES, 40 FOR SINGLE AXLE AND 50 FOR TANDEM AXLES. THE FREQUENCY SETS DEVELOPED WERE AS FOLLOWS: (1) COMBINED STATIONS, (2) COMBINED STATIONS BY VEHICLE TYPE, (3) COMBINED STATIONS BY FUEL TYPE, (4) SAMPLE SIZES. COMBINING STATIONS AND/OR YEARS MADE BY HIGHWAY AND SYSTEM VEHICLE TYPE AND, (6) COMBINED STATIONS BY HIGHWAY SYSTEM. FREQUENCY SET 5 PROVED TO BE THE MOST ACCURATE, EVEN MORE ACCURATE THAN THE REGRESSION MODELS. THESE WERE TESTED FOR REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE VEHICLE TRAFFIC AND RELIABILITY OF STATISTICS. ALSO THE WEIGHING AND COUNTING SCHEDULES AND SAMPLE SIZES WERE EVALUATED. CONVENTIONAL LOADOMETER STATION DATA WERE COMPARED WITH LIMITED WEIGH-IN-MOTION STATION DATA. THE WEIGHT AND COUNT SAMPLE SIZE REQUIREMENTS WERE ESTABLISHED THROUGH THE USE OF A STATISTICAL FORMULA WHICH UTILIZES SAMPLE AVERAGES AND VARIANCES WITH 10 PERCENT ERROR AND 95 PERCENT PROBABILITY LEVEL CRITERIA. IT WAS FOUND THAT A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF STATION TO STATION VARIATION IN THE SAMPLE STATISTICS WAS DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN THE WEIGHING OR COUNTING SCHEDULES AND SAMPLE IZES. COMBINING STATIONS AND/OR YEARS MADE THE DATA MORE REPRESENTATIVE AND INCREASED THE RELIABILITY OF THE SAMPLE STATISTICS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axles KW - Commodities KW - Freight transportation KW - Loadometers KW - Measurement KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Regression analysis KW - Reliability KW - Statistics KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tandem axles KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicles KW - Weighing devices KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206451 AU - Moore, A B AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tennessee Department of Highways TI - PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS STUDY PY - AB - A STUDY OF PAVEMENT SURFACE ROUGHNESS WAS CONDUCTED USING THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS TYPE ROUGHOMETER DURING THE PERIOD 1964-68. AMONG THE ASPECTS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS STUDIED WERE THE LEVEL OF ROUGHNESS OF NEWLY CONSTRUCTED PAVEMENTS AND BRIDGE DECKS, THE MEASUREMENT OF ROUGHNESS AT VARIOUS STAGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TO EVALUATE THE BENEFITS OF BINDER AND/OR LEVELING COURSES IN REDUCING ROUGHNESS, THE EVALUATION OF THE RATE OF CHANGE OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AT VARIOUS AGES AND TRAFFIC LEVELS, AND THE DETERMINATION OF WHETHER MEASUREMENTS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND OTHER MEASUREMENTS SUCH AS PAVEMENT DEFLECTION WOULD PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE CRITERION FOR ESTABLISHING THE NEED OF RESURFACING AND STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE. THE RESULTS INDICATED A SATISFACTORY LEVEL OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS EXISTED ON NEWLY CONSTRUCTED PAVEMENTS. HOWEVER, THE SURVEY OF BRIDGE DECKS INDICATED A HIGH LEVEL OF ROUGHNESS THAT EXISTED ON CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN GENERAL, ALTHOUGH THE ROUGHNESS OF SOME BRIDGE APPROACHES WAS EXCESSIVE. STUDIES OF ROUGHNESS EXISTING DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS REVEALED THAT THE ATTENTION GIVEN AND FUNDS EXPENDED IN PROVIDING A LEVELING COURSE DURING RESURFACING MAY NOT BE WARRANTED BY IMPROVED ROUGHNESS LEVELS. THE EFFECTS OF AGE AND TRAFFIC ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS INDICATE THAT THE ROUGHNESS OF A PAVEMENT SURFACE IS A FUNCTION OF AGE AS WELL AS THE ROUGHNESS LEVEL EXISTING IMMEDIATELY AFTER CONSTRUCTION, BUT THE TRAFFIC DENSITY USING THE FACILITY HAS LITTLE OR NO EFFECT ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS. NOR CORRELATION COULD BE ESTABLISHED WHICH WOULD INDICATE THAT ROUGHNESS OR DEFLECTION COULD BE USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION AS A CRITERION FOR ESTABLISHING A NEED FOR RESURFACING OR EVALUATING THE ADEQUACY OF A PAVEMENT'S STRUCTURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Age KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete structures KW - Deflection KW - Leveling KW - Leveling course KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205384 AU - Hadley, W O AU - Hudson, W R AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - EVALUATION AND PREDICTION OF THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-TREATED MATERIALS PY - AB - THE SEVEN FACTORS INVESTIGATED WERE AGGREGATE TYPE, AGGREGATE GRADATION, ASPHALT VISCOSITY, ASPHALT CONTENT MIXING TEMPERATURE, COMPACTION TEMPERATURE, AND CURING TEMPERATURE. THE TEST RESPONSES DISCUSSED ARE ELASTIC TENSILE STRAIN, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, POISSON'S RATIO, AND TOTAL TENSILE STRAIN. THE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE INDICATE THE SIGNIFICANT MAIN EFFECTS, INTERACTION, AND QUADRATIC EFFECTS (NONLINEAR) FOR EACH OF THE TEST RESPONSES. REGRESSION ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED ON THOSE MAIN EFFECTS AND INTERACTION WHICH WERE CONSIDERED TO BE OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE TO OBTAIN PREDICTION EQUATIONS FOR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, POISSON'S RATIO, TENSILE STRENGTH, AND TENSILE STRAINS IN TERMS OF THE SEVEN INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. THESE PREDICTION EQUATIONS WERE USED TO ESTIMATE VALUES OF THE MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION CONSTANTS FOR A VARIETY OF LEVELS OF THE SEVEN INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. THE ESTIMATED VALUES ARE PRESENTED IN TABULAR FORM AND IN SETS OF CURVES WHICH CAN BE USED TO READILY OBTAIN ESTIMATES OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, POISSON'S RATIO, TENSILE STRENGTH, AND FAILURE STRAINS FOR A VARIETY OF ASPHALT- TREATED MATERIALS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Analysis of variance KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt content KW - Mixing KW - Mixing temperature KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Regression analysis KW - Temperature KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205386 AU - Shah, S C AU - Law, S M AU - Burt, W T AU - Lyon, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - AASHO CORRELATION STUDY PY - AB - THE APPLICATION OF THE DESIGN CONCEPTS DEVELOPED AT THE AASHO ROAD TEST TO LOUISIANA IN-SERVICE PAVEMENTS ARE PRESENTED. IN ORDER TO CORRELATE THE LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE DETERMINED AT THE ROAD TEST WITH THAT OF LOUISIANA PAVEMENTS, PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX (PSI) DETERMINATIONS WERE MADE ON 137 FLEXIBLE SECTIONS AND 51 RIGID SECTIONS. SIXTY-ONE OF THE 137 FLEXIBLE SECTIONS HAD HOT MIX ASPHALTIC CONCRETE (HMAC) SURFACING AND THE REMAINING HAD 3-APPLICATION SURFACE TREATMENT. THESE SECTIONS WERE BROADLY CATEGORIZED ACCORDING TO REGIONAL, TRAFFIC, STRUCTURAL AND DESIGN FACTORS. DATA ACQUISTION CONSISTED OF MAKING FOUR SEPARATE PSI DETERMINATIONS ON EACH TEST SECTION. OTHER MEASUREMENTS CONSISTED OF THREE DYNAFLECT DEFLECTIONS AND VARIOUS STRUCTURAL AND DESIGN DETERMINATIONS. THE COLLECTED DATA WERE ANALYZED, WHENEVER POSSIBLE, USING APPROPRIATE STATISTICAL PROCEDURES. TWO SETS OF EQUATIONS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AS A RESULT OF THE REGRESSION ANALYSIS. ONE SET ATTEMPTS TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PERFORMANCE INDEX OF THE PAVEMENT AND THE SEASONAL DYNAFLECT DEFLECTIONS. THE OTHER SET DEFINES THE EFFECT OF THE STRUCTURAL AND DESIGN VARIABLES ON THE DEFLECTION OF THE PAVEMENT. THESE EQUATIONS, WITH ADDITIONAL EVALUATION FOR VERIFICATION, MAY BE USED FOR DESIGN OF HIGH TYPE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Inservice KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface treating UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20054.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204032 AU - Hayes, G S AU - Morrill, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SMALL STREAMS FLOOD FREQUENCY IN MAINE PY - AB - THIS PRELIMINARY REPORT IS LIMITED TO DATA COLLECTED EARLY IN A STUDY OF SMALL WATERSHEDS (1--50 SQ MI) IN MAINE. THE FINDINGS ARE LIMITED BY SHORT (6-YEAR) RUNOFF RECORDS, WHICH WERE USED TO DERIVE A FORMULA FOR PEAKS OF UP TO 10-YEAR FREQUENCY. THE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS REPRESENTED IN THE FORMULA ARE DRAINAGE AREA, CHANNEL SLOPE, CHANNEL LENGTH, STORAGE, AND FOREST COVER. THE FORMULA IS AN ADAPTATION OF AN EARLIER USGS METHOD LMITED TO LARGE WATERSHEDS. /FHWA/ KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206460 AU - Starkey, C E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland State Highway Admin TI - SKID TEST TRAILER CALIBRATION PROJECT GUIDELINES PY - AB - THIS STUDY IS DESIGNED TO COMPARE TWO DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF CALIBRATING THE STRAIN GAGES MOUNTED ON SKID TRAILER TEST EQUIPMENT AXLE. ONE METHOD, THE LEVER ARM PROCEDURE, APPLIES A TORQUE DIRECTLY TO THE AXLE. THE OTHER METHOD APPLIES A TORQUE THROUGH THE TIRE BY MEANS OF A MOVEABLE PLATE ON WHICH THE TIRE RESTS. IT IS FELT THAT A DIFFERENCE COULD RESULT IN DIFFERING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TORQUE AND PLATE READINGS. THESE RELATIONSHIPS WILL BE DEVELOPED AND COMPARED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calibration KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Strain gages KW - Torque KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208017 AU - Ingram, L L AU - Furr, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - THE EFFECT OF SURFACE COATINGS AND BONDED OVERLAYS ON MOISTURE MIGRATION PY - AB - TESTS WERE MADE ON CONCRETE SPECIMENS THAT HAD BEEN COATED WITH FOUR DIFFERENT WATERPROOFING MATERIALS TO DETERMINE HOW FAR THE COATINGS PENETRATED INTO THE CONCRETE. ALSO, COATED SURFACES AND OVERLAID SPECIMENS WERE PONDED OVER WITH SALT WATER AND TAP WATER TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH TO PREVENT THE MIGRATION OF MOISTURE INTO THE CONCRETE SPECIMENS. FREEZE-THAW TESTS WERE MADE ON ASPHALTIC OVERLAYS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLING ON THE OVERLAYS AND THE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE BENEATH THE OVERLAYS. SHEAR TESTS WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE OVERLAYS BONDED TO CONCRETE TEST BLOCKS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE DEEPEST PENETRATION, 0.054 TO .062 IN., WAS MADE BY A MIXTURE OF LINSEED OIL AND KEROSENE. NO DAMAGE WAS FOUND UNDER THE ASPHALTIC OVERLAY AFTER 59 FREEZE-THAW CYCLES. SHEAR BOND STRENGTHS RANGED FROM 61 PSI TO 267 PSI WHEN THE CUBE SURFACES WERE TREATED WITH SURFACE COATINGS AND NOT SANDBLASTED, AND 367 PSI TO 597 PSI WHEN THE SURFACES WITH COATINGS WERE SANDBLASTED BEFORE OVERLAYING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Blast cleaning KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Kerosene KW - Linseed oil KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pendulum tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222607 AU - Quinn, B E AU - Purdue Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - INFLUENCE OF HIGHWAY PROFILES UPON TIRE DYNAMICS PY - AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT TO MEASURE THE POWER SPECTRA OF PAVEMENT SURFACE PROFILES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR USING POWER SPECTRA DATA TO PREDICT THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF VEHICLES IS SUMMARIZED. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES INCLUDE: (1) RE-EXAMINE POWER SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING VEHICLE RESPONSE TO PAVEMENT SURFACE PROFILES; (2) DEVELOP THE EQUIPMENT TO MODIFY A BPR TYPE ROUGHOMETER TO MEASURE POWER SPECTRA; (3) TEST THE EQUIPMENT AND DEVELOP OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS; AND (4) DETERMINE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DATA OBTAINED WITH THE MODIFIED BPR TYPE ROUGHOMETER AND THE DATA OBTAINED BY A STANDARD UNIT FOR SEVERAL PAVEMENTS HAVING DIFFERENT CONDITION RATINGS. /FHWA/ KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Pavements KW - Power spectra KW - Profiles KW - Road meters KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230750 AU - Van, REENAN DA AU - Coyle, H M AU - Dartoskeritz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - INVESTIGATION OF SOIL DAMPING ON FULL-SCALE TEST PILES PY - AB - A WAVE EQUATION COMPUTER PROGRAM IS USED TO PREDICT PILE BEARING CAPACITY, AND THE PREDICTED CAPACITY IS COMPARED WITH FIELD LOAD TEST DATA FROM FULL-SCALE TEST PILES. WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF FOUR FULL-SCALE TEST PILES EMBEDDED ENTIRELY IN HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAY SOILS INDICATES THAT AN AVERAGE VALUE OF J'=0.2 SECONDS PER FOOT FOR THE FRICTION DAMPING AND A POINT DAMPING PARAMETER OF J=0.15 SECONDS PER FOOT MAY BE USED WITH THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL. TWO ADDITIONAL TEST SITES ARE ANALYZED WHERE THE TEST PILES WERE EMBEDDED PREDOMINANTLY IN A HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAY, BUT THE PILE TIPS WERE EMBEDDED IN SAND. USING THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL WITH A VELOCITY EXPONENT OF 1.0 AND A POINT DAMPING VALUE OF 0.15 SECONDS PER FOOT, EXTREMELY HIGH VALUES OF FRICTION DAMPING ARE NEEDED TO ACHIEVE AGREEMENT BETWEEN PREDICTED AND ACTUAL BEARING CAPACITY. HOWEVER, IF A FRICTION DAMPING VALUE OF 0.20 SECONDS PER FOOT IS USED, POINT DAMPING VALUES OF 0.95 SECONDS PER FOOT AND 1.55 SECONDS PER FOOT ARE OBTAINED. THE ANALYSIS OF THESE TWO TEST PILES WITH TIPS EMBEDDED IN SAND INDICATES THAT A VALUE OF POINT DAMPING GREATER THAN 0.15 SECONDS PER FOOT IS REQUIRED FOR AGREEMENT BETWEEN PREDICTED AND ACTUAL BEARING CAPACITY. HOWEVER, ADDITIONAL TEST DATA ARE NEEDED TO VERIFY THIS TREND. /FHWA/ KW - Clay KW - Computer programs KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Mathematical models KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Plastic soils KW - Test piles KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206463 AU - Galloway, B M AU - Rose, J G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - HIGHWAY FRICTION MEASUREMENTS WITH MU-METER AND LOCKED WHEEL TRAILER PY - AB - FRICTION TESTS AT 20, 40, 60, AND 80 MPH, ON WET AND DRY SURFACES USING SMOOTH AND TREADED TIRES, WITH 10 AND 24 PSI TIRE INFLATION PRESSURES WERE TAKEN WITH A MU-METER AND THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT RESEARCH SKID TRAILER. FIFTEEN PAVEMENT SURFACES WHICH EXHIBITED WIDELY DIFFERENT FRICTION LEVELS, FRICTION- VELOCITY GRADIENTS, DRAINAGE CAPABILITIES, MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES, AND TEXTURE CLASSIFICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED. PAVEMENT MACROTEXTURE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED BY VOLUMETRIC AND MECHANICAL ROUGHNESS DETECTOR METHODS. COMPARISONS AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS FRICTION PARAMETERS AS OBTAINED WITH BOTH INSTRUMENTS WERE MADE. EFFECTS OF MACROTEXTURE ON THE FRICTION PARAMETERS WERE ALSO ANALYZED. STATISTICAL ANALYSES AND TYPICAL PLOTS ARE GIVEN. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROVIDING ADEQUATE DRAINAGE IN THE TIRE-PAVEMENT CONTACT AREA IS STRESSED. TESTS MADE WITH SMOOTH AND TREADED TIRES IN BOTH THE SLIP AND SKID MODE EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF PAVEMENT SURFACE MACROTEXTURE AT SPEEDS ABOVE ABOUT 40 MPH. /AUTHOR/ KW - Drainage KW - Friction KW - Friction tests KW - Mineralogy KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224998 AU - Messer, C J AU - Dudek, C L AU - Loutzenheiser, R C AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR A REAL-TIME FREEWAY TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE INBOUND GULF FREEWAY CORRIDOR PY - AB - THE TRAFFIC OPERATIONS ON THE INBOUND GULF FREEWAY WERE ANALYZED TO DETERMINE IF AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF SERVICE WAS BEING PROVIDED WHEN AN ACCIDENT, STALLED VEHICLE, OR OTHER SIMILAR INCIDENT OCCURRED ON THE FREEWAY. THE MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF THE CONGESTION AND DELAYS EXPERIENCED DUE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF INCIDENTS WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANT. THE DIVERSION OF TRAFFIC AROUND INCIDENTS ON THE FREEWAY WAS DETERMINED TO BE A FEASIBLE METHOD OF REDUCING THE CONGESTION AND INCREASING THE LEVEL OF SERVICE. TO ACCOMPLISH THIS OBJECTIVE, A REAL-TIME FREEWAY TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IS REQUIRED. AS A FIRST STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TOTAL CORRIDOR INFORMATION SYSTEM, A SMALL-SCALE REAL-TIME FREEWAY TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IS RECOMMENDED FOR IMMEDIATE IMPLEMENTATION ON THE INBOUND GULF FREEWAY. THE OPERATIONAL RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THIS SMALL SYSTEM CAN BE USED AS INPUTS TO THE DESIGN OF THE RECOMMENDED TOTAL CORRIDOR SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Information systems KW - Level of service KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218067 AU - Fletchall, O H AU - Gebhardt, M R AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Missouri State Highway Commission TI - VEGETATION CONTROL ON ROADSIDES AND SIMILAR AREAS PY - AB - HERBICIDES USED AT A RATE OF 0.5 LBS/ACRE WERE FOUND TO GIVE BETTER CONTROL WITH LESS DAMAGE TO OTHER PLANTS THAN THE HIGHER RATES OF 1 LB. AND 2 LBS. PER ACRE. COMMON MILKWEED IS STILL BEING USED AS THE TEST PLANT. PICLORAM, AMITROLE, DICAMBA AND FENAC, IN ADDITION TO 2,4-D AND 2,3,6-TBA GAVE GOOD RESULTS. /FHWA/ KW - Herbicides KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210466 AU - Moore, W M AU - Swift, G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE DISPLACEMENT VECTOR THROUGHOUT THE BODY OF A PAVEMENT STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC LOADING PY - AB - A TECHNIQUE IS DESCRIBED FOR OBSERVATION OF THE DISPLACEMENT VECTOR FIELDS, OR MOTIONS OF THE POINTS WITHIN THE BODY OF A PAVEMENT STRUCTURE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CYCLIC LOADING. AN OSCILLATING LOAD OF 1000 LBS. AT 8 CYCLES PER SECOND PRODUCED BY THE DYNAFLECT IS APPLIED TO THE SURFACE. THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS OF THE DISPLACEMENTS WERE MEASURED BY EMPLACING A SENSOR IN A SMALL HOLE DRILLED INTO THE BODY OF THE PAVEMENT. OBSERVED DISPLACEMENTS ARE SHOWN FOR THREE DIFFERENT PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. THE MEASUREMENTS WERE REPEATED AT A DIFFERENT LOCATION ON EACH STRUCTURE AND THE REPLICATE DATA SETS ARE SHOWN AND COMPARED. THEIR DIFFERENCES ARE SEEN TO BE SMALL IN COMPARISON WITH THE DIFFERENCES OBSERVED BETWEEN STRUCTURES. THE MEASURED DISPLACEMENT FIELDS ARE SHOWN TO HAVE CONSIDERABLE SIMILARITY TO FIELDS COMPUTED FOR LAYERED ELASTIC STRUCTURES. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A PRACTICAL FIELDWORTHY TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR OBSERVING THE VECTOR DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE OF A PAVEMENT STRUCTURE AND THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF A USEFUL AND PRACTICAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL REPRESENTING THE DISPLACEMENT VECTOR THROUGHOUT A PAVEMENT STRUCTURE SHOULD BE POSSIBLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Vector analysis KW - Vectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206461 AU - Vyce, J M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD OF RELATING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE TO DESIGN PY - AB - AT THE CONCLUSION OF NEW YORK STATE'S COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE, THE DATA WERE FOUND TO BE READILY ADAPTABLE TO ESTABLISHING DESIGN PROCEDURES. THE INFORMATION PRESENTED CONSISTS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND SEVERAL USE AND DESIGN FACTORS ON 145 PAVEMENTS WITH ASPHALT CONCRETE BASE COURSES. SINCE ALL PAVEMENTS CONTAINED THE SAME MATERIALS, THE DESIGN VARIABLE USED IS THICKNESS. THE USE FACTORS CONSIDERED ARE THOSE THAT EMERGED AS THE PRIME REDUCERS OF PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY--AGE AND TRAFFIC. CLIMATE, IN THE FORM OF FREEZING INDEX, IS ALSO TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. A THEORETICAL DESIGN CHART, WHICH BRINGS ALL THE FACTORS TOGETHER, IS ALSO PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Climate KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Serviceability KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222608 AU - WOJCIK, C K AU - Allen, R W AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Calif Business & Transportation Agency AU - California Division of Highways TI - STUDIES OF THE DRIVER AS A CONTROL ELEMENT (PHASE 3) PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO STUDY DRIVER RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE IN FOUR TYPICAL DRIVING TASKS WHILE DRIVING EACH OF FOUR SIMULATED VEHICLES WITH A RANGE OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, A DRIVING SIMULATOR WITH A TV-TERRAIN DISPLAY SYSTEM WAS UTILIZED. FIVE YOUNG MALE ENGINEERING STUDENTS, WITH PREVIOUS DRIVING EXPERIENCE, WERE USED AS EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS. IN ORDER TO FACILITATE ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION, THE COLLECTED DATA HAVE BEEN PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF TABLES AND CHARTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215962 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Stratfull, R L AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ELECTRICAL METHOD FOR EVALUATING BRIDGE DECK COATINGS PY - AB - FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS HAVE INDICATED THAT THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF A BRIDGE DECK COATING CAN BE RELATED TO THE VOIDS AND THUS SEALING ABILITY OF THE COATING. THIS NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR EVALUATING BRIDGE DECK COATINGS MAY BE AN ADDITIONAL TOOL FOR EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF MEMBRANES USED TO PREVENT THE INGRESS OF DEICING SALTS WHICH CAUSE CORROSION OF THE STEEL. THE RESISTANCE BETWEEN VARIOUS LOCATIONS ON THE BRIDGE SURFACE AND THE REINFORCING STEEL IS MEASURED. IT IS POSTULATED THAT AN EXCELLENT WATERPROOF COATING FOR BRIDGES WOULD ALWAYS HAVE A RESISTANCE GREATER THAN 500,000 OHMS/SQUARE FT., WHILE A POOR OR PERFORATED COATING WOULD NEVER HAVE A RESISTANCE GREATER THAN 100,000 OHMS/SQUARE FT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Coatings KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217497 AU - Reidenouer, D R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHALE SUITABILITY RESEARCH - PHASE II PY - AB - THIRTY-FOUR SAMPLES, WHICH INCLUDED 31 SHALES, 2 SILTSTONES, AND ONE FINE-GRAINED SANDSTONE, WERE COLLECTED FROM SITES THROUGHOUT CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA. THESE SAMPLES ARE SUBJECTED TO THREE AREAS OF INVESTIGATION - DURABILITY TESTS, PHYSICAL PROPERTY DETERMINATIONS, AND MINERALOGICAL AND COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES. BY COMPARING THE RESULTS OF SIMILAR TESTS WHICH WERE RUN ON KNOWN SOUND AGGREGATE, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOUR GEOLOGICAL UNITS CONTAIN SHALES OF SUFFICIENT DURABILITY TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE AS GRANULAR MATERIAL IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. THESE UNITS ARE THE UPPER DEVONIAN MARINE BEDS, THE GETTYSBURG FORMATION (HEIDLERSBURG MEMBER), THE KINZERS FORMATION, AND THE ORISKANY FORMATION (SHRIVER). THE DATA FROM ALL THE TESTS WERE ANALYZED TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE VARIOUS PARAMETERS. IN ADDITION THE GYRATORY, WET-DRY, AND WASHINGTON DEGRADATION TEST RESULTS WERE WEIGHTED AND COMBINED TO PRODUCE A DEGRADATION FACTOR (DF) WHICH WAS THEN COMPARED TO THE PHYSICAL PROPERTY VALUES AS WELL AS TO THE PERCENTAGES OF CONSTITUENT MATERIALS IN THE SHALES. FROM THESE STUDIES AN APPARENT RELATIONSHIP WAS FOUND BETWEEN DURABILITY, (DF), BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND PERCENT ABSORPTION. RESULTS OF THE ETHYLENE GLYCOL TEST ALSO CORRELATE WELL WITH DURABILITY. TO STUDY THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS CLAYS TO THE BREAKDOWN OF THE SHALES, A CLAY FACTOR (CF) WAS DERIVED BY WEIGHING THE PERCENT ILLITE, THE ILLITE/KAOLINITE RATIO, PERCENT MONTMORILLONITE, AND PERCENT SCRICITE AND COMBINING THE RESULTS. A GOOD CORRELATION WAS OBTAINED BETWEEN CF AND DF, WHICH SEEMS TO SUBSTANTIATE THE ACCURACY OF THE CF. BY STUDYING THE PETROGRAPHY OF THE SPECIMENS BEFORE AND AFTER TESTING, SOME IDEAS ABOUT THE MECHANISM OF SHALE DEGRADATION WERE OBTAINED. ALSO, IT WAS FOUND THAT LAMELLAE THICKNESS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO SHALE DURABILITY; VERY THINLY LAMINATED SHALES (LAYERS LESS THAN 0.5 MM THICK) ARE ALWAYS NONDURABLE (UNSUITABLE) AND "THICKLY"- LAMINATED SHALES (LAYER GREATER THAN 0.5 MM THICK) ARE GENERALLY GOOD TO EXCELLENT IN DURABILITY. A TENTATIVE SCREENING PROCEDURE FOR DISTINGUISHING DURABLE FROM NONDURABLE SHALES IS PROPOSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Durability KW - Ethylene glycol KW - Granular materials KW - Illites KW - Kaolinite KW - Materials selection KW - Mineralogy KW - Montmorillonite KW - Petrography KW - Physical properties KW - Road construction KW - Shale KW - Specific gravity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212106 AU - Browne, F P AU - Larson, T D AU - Cady, P D AU - Bolling, N B AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - DEICER SCALING MECHANISMS IN CONCRETE PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH DEICERS CAUSE DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE. DETERIORATION ASSOCIATED WITH SATURATED CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS WAS FOUND TO BE DEPENDANT UPON RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE. IT HAS PROBABLY LED TO THE OBSERVATION THAT CALCIUM CHLORIDE IS GENERALLY MORE AGGRESSIVE AS A DEICER THAN SODIUM CHLORIDE. THE MECHANISM OF DEICER DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE SHOWN TO BE COMMON FOR MANY DEICERS WAS FOUND TO EXIST ONLY WITH WEAK CONCENTRATIONS AND ONLY UNDER FREEZE-THAW CONDITIONS. THE EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON CONCRETE WAS GREATER THAN THAT OF WATER OR OF MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS. THE CHLORIDE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN WITH DEPTH OF SPECIMEN WAS GREATLY AFFECTED BY THESE LOW CONCENTRATION SOLUTIONS, AND WAS FOUND TO DIFFER FROM THE NORMAL DIFFUSION PATTERN EXPECTED. THIS EVIDENCE STRONGLY SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS OF A HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MECHANISM OF CONCRETE SCALING, INFLUENCED ONLY BY THE ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE, WHICH IS IN TURN INFLUENCED BY DEICER SOLUTIONS OF LOW CONCENTRATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calcium chloride KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Concrete KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deterioration KW - Humidity KW - Scaling KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204026 AU - Rao, M V AU - Brandes, R J AU - Masch, F D AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - 92-5F PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE & DOUBLE SILLS FOR STEEP CIRCULAR CULVERTS PY - AB - THE HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF STEEP SLOPED CIRCULAR CULVERTS IS INVESTIGATED EXPERIMENTALLY BY USING 18- INCH DIAMETER CORRUGATED METAL AND CONCRETE PIPE CULVERT MODELS OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRICAL CONFIGURATIONS. ONE OF THE EFFECTIVE MEANS TO DISSIPATE THE ENERGY OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOWS IN STEEP CULVERTS IS TO FORCE A HYDRAULIC JUMP TO THE INSIDE OF THE CULVERT PIPE BY PLACING A SILL WITHIN THE FLARED WINGWALLS OF THE CULVERT. ALTHOUGH SOME AMOUNT OF ENERGY IS DISSIPATED BY THE JUMP, THERE STILL REMAINS THE PROBLEM OF HIGH VELOCITY CONCENTRATIONS IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL FOLLOWING THE NAPPE FROM THE JUMP PRODUCING SILL. THE USE OF TWO SILLS IN SUCH CASES WOULD ACCOMPLISH MORE ENERGY DISSIPATION DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE ENERGY OF THE NAPPE IS DISSIPATED IN THE POOL CREATED BY THE SECOND SILL. FURTHERMORE, THE FLOW IS DISTRIBUTED IN THE DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL MORE EVENLY IN A SHORTER DISTANCE. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES ARE TO DETERMINE THE HEIGHT AND LOCATION OF THE JUMP PRODUCING SILL FOR DIFFERENT CULVERT GEOMETRIES OVER A BROAD RANGE OF DISCHARGE FACTORS AND ALSO TO DETERMINE THE BEST DOUBLE SILL CONFIGURATION THAT WOULD CURTAIL THE EXTENT OF SUPERCRITICAL STATE OF FLOW IN THE DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL. DATA WERE COLLECTED ON WATER SURFACE PROFILES, JUMP LOCATIONS WITHIN THE CULVERT PIPE, TRANSVERSE DEPTH AND VELOCITY PROFILES IN THE DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL, HEAD WATER DEPTHS FOR VARIOUS DISCHARGE FACTORY RANGING UP TO A MAXIMUM VALUE OF 6.5 AND FOR DIFFERENT CULVERT GEOMETRIES. THE MEASURED WATER SURFACE PROFILES AND JUMP LOCATIONS WERE MATCHED WITH THE CMPUTED ONES. ENERGY LEVELS IN THE DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL PRODUCED BY THE USE OF SILLS IS COMPARED TO THE CORRESPONDING ENERGY LEVELS FOR THE CASE OF 'NO SILLS' AND THE EFFICACY OF THE USE OF SILLS IS AMPLY DEMONSTRATED. THE EXTENT OF REDUCTION OF SUPERCRITICAL STATE OF FLOW IN THE REGIONS CLOSE TO THE SILLS ACCOMPLISHED BY THE SILLS IS PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF GRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARAMETERS PERTAINING TO THE GEOMETRY OF THE SILLS AND THE FLOW CONDITIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete pipe KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Culverts KW - Discharge KW - Dissipation KW - Ditches KW - Flow KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Hydraulic jump KW - Sills KW - Velocity KW - Water surface profiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206459 AU - Dierstein, P G AU - Burke, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - CONDITION SURVEY OF ROUTE 66 PY - AB - THE ROUTE U.S. 66 CONDITION SURVEY FURNISHED A LARGE QUANTITY OF ESSENTIAL DATA THAT WAS USED IN MODIFYING THE FORMULAS DEVISED TO DEPICT THE LOAD-CONDITION RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOPED AT THE AASHO ROAD TEST TO PRODUCE PAVEMENT DESIGN EQUATIONS THAT REPRESENTED ACTUAL SERVICE CONDITIONS IN ILLINOIS. THE SURVEY ALSO FURNISHED A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF QUALITATIVE INFORMATION ON PAVEMENT AND SHOULDER DESIGNS AND MATERIALS IN USE IN ILLINOIS. THIS FINAL SUMMARY REPORT BRIEFLY DESCRIBES THE LOCALE OF THE STUDY, THE PAVEMENTS AND OTHER FEATURES UNDER OBSERVATION, AND THE SURVEY TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED. RESULTS, PRIMARILY OF A QUALITATIVE NATURE, ARE PRESENTED. A RETROSPECTIVE CRITIQUE OF THE SURVEY IS INCLUDED FOR THOSE GIVING CONSIDERATION TO UNDERTAKING CONDITION SURVEYS. A VARIETY OF RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN FEATURES THAT FOLLOWED NATIONAL TRENDS THROUGH THE YEARS BEGINNING IN 1926 WERE INCLUDED IN THE OBSERVATION. BITUMINOUS CONCRETE RESURFACINGS BECAME A PROMINENT FEATURE DURING THE LATTER YEARS OF THE SURVEY. GRANULAR SUBBASES TO COMBAT MUD-PUMPING WERE A PART OF THE RIGID PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION BEGINNING IN THE EARLY 1940'S. PAVED SHOULDERS ADOPTED DURING THE LATTER STAGES OF THE SURVEY WERE STUDIED IN AN AUXILIARY INVESTIGATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Equations KW - Granular materials KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Road shoulders KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215965 AU - Power, E H AU - Fisher, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Lehigh University TI - THE BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF BOLTED SHINGLE SPLICES PY - AB - BOLTED SHINGLE JOINTS ARE CURRENTLY DESIGNED BY METHODS DEVELOPED FOR RIVETED JOINTS WHICH DO NOT MAKE EFFECTIVE USE OF THE HIGH SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE FASTENERS. THE RESULTS OF A SERIES OF ANALYTICAL STUDIES AND A COMPLIMENTARY TEST PROGRAM EXAMINING THE STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOR OF BOLTED SHINGLE JOINTS ARE PRESENTED. CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF SHINGLE JOINTS BASED ON THE OBSERVED BEHAVIOR ARE SUGGESTED. THE VARIABLES EXAMINED IN THE ANALYTICAL STUDIES ARE (1) THE A SUB N/A SUBS RATIOS, (2) THE NUMBER OF FASTENERS, (3) THE NUMBER OF FASTENERS PER REGION, AND (4) THE NUMBER OF REGIONS. THE AVERAGE SHEAR STRENGTH OF SHINGLE JOINTS WAS SHOWN TO DECREASE WITH JOINT LENGTH AS WAS OBSERVED IN BUTT JOINTS. IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM, NINE SHINGLE JOINTS WERE TESTED. THE TEST RESULTS CONFIRMED THE INDICATIONS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES THAT THE SLIP IN SHINGLE JOINTS TEND TO BE LESS THAN THE HOLE CLEARANCE. IT IS BELIEVED THAT SHINGLE JOINTS CAN BE CONSIDERED NONSLIP-CRITICAL AND DESIGNED AS BEARING-TYPE JOINTS. THIS WOULD REDUCE THE NUMBER OF FASTENERS AND THE AMOUNT OF REQUIRED SPLICE MATERIAL. UP TO 50 PERCENT OF THE FASTENERS CURRENTLY USED CAN BE REMOVED WITHOUT SUBSTANTIAL LOSSES IN JOINT STRENGTH. VARIOUS DESIGN METHODS APPROXIMATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD IN THE JOINT ELEMENTS ARE COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL LOAD PARTITIONS AT THE WORKING LOAD LEVEL. A PREFERRED METHOD OF DESIGN IS RECOMMENDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Criteria KW - Design KW - Fasteners KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Shear strength KW - Shingles KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224999 AU - Terry, D S AU - Schneider, M I AU - Taylor, S S AU - Los Angeles, City of, California AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEMI-ACTUATED SIGNAL STUDY PY - AB - THE SEMI-ACTUATED SIGNAL STUDY IS A PORTION OF A LARGER STUDY BEING CONDUCTED TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS. THE SPECIFIC AIM OF THE SEMI-ACTUATED PORTION WAS TO TEST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF SEMI-ACTUATED, AS COMPARED TO FIXED TIME SIGNAL CONTROLLERS AT MINOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS ALONG PROGRESSIVELY TIMED ARTERIAL STREETS. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE DESIGN, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES. FOR THE SITES INVESTIGATED, THE REPORT CONCLUDES THAT FIXED-TIME SIGNAL CONTROL AT MINOR INTERSECTION PROVIDES LESS STOPPED-TIME DELAY ON A SYSTEM BASIS THAT EITHER SEMI- ACTUATED PRESENCE DETECTION OF SEMIACTUATED PULSE DETECTION. /FHWA/ KW - Intersections KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Semi traffic actuated controllers KW - Semiactuated traffic signal controller KW - Semiactuated traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227022 AU - Perruccio, W B AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - AN ANALYSIS OF RAMP SERVICE TIME DISTRIBUTIONS BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION PY - AB - THIS RESEARCH STUDY IS CONCERNED WITH THE ANALYSIS OF ONLY ONE ASPECT OF THE RAMP-MERGING PROCESS -- NAMELY, THE DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICE TIMES FOR RAMP VEHICLES ATTEMPTING TO MERGE WITH THE FREEWAY TRAFFIC STREAM. MERGING OF RAMP AND FREEWAY TRAFFIC IS DESCRIBED AS A CLASSICAL QUEUEING PROBLEM. THE RAMP- FREEWAY MERGIN PROCESS; AND THE ASSOCIATED RAMP SERVICE TIMES, WERE STUDIED BY MEANS OF MONTE CARLO SIMULATION ON AN IBM 360/65 COMPUTER. /FHWA/ KW - Computers KW - Freeways KW - Merging traffic KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Ramps KW - Service time KW - Traffic flow UR - http://cslib.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p128501coll2/id/51577/rec/16600 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206457 AU - Mann, G AU - Svetich, R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Division of Highways TI - SKID TESTER CORRELATION STUDY PY - AB - A CORRELATION STUDY WAS CONDUCTED BETWEEN THE CALIFORNIA SKID TESTER AND AN ASTM SKID TESTER. COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION WERE OBTAINED WITH THE CALIFORNIA UNIT AT THE STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS OF LOCKED WHEEL, SMOOTH TIRE, WET PAVEMENT AND A SPEED OF 50 MILES PER HOUR. SKID NUMBERS WERE OBTAINED WITH THE ASTM SKID TRAILER OPERATING AT ASTM E274-65 T STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS OF LOCKED WHEEL, RIBBED TIRE, WET PAVEMENT AND A SPEED OF 40 MILES PER HOUR. THE ASTM UNIT MADE ADDITIONAL TESTS WITH THE SPEED PARAMETER CHANGED TO 50 MILES PER HOUR. TESTS WERE ALSO MADE BY THE ASTM UNIT WITH THE RIBBED TIRE REPLACED BY A SMOOTH TIRE AT SPEEDS OF 40 AND 50 MILES PER HOUR. FOR THE FOUR TEST CONDITIONS INVESTIGATED, CORRELATIONS WERE OBTAINED THAT INDICATE THAT THE CALIFORNIA COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE THE ASTM SKID NUMBER. A CORRELATION STUDY WAS ALSO CONDUCTED BETWEEN TWO MAKES OF ASTM SKID TESTERS. THE CORRELATION WAS OBTAINED AT THE STANDARD ASTM TEST CONDITIONS. CORRELATIONS WERE ALSO OBTAINED FOR SKID NUMBER CONVERSIONS FOR 20, 30, 50 AND 60 MILES PER HOUR TO THE STANDARD ASTM TEST METHOD SPEED OF 40 MILES PER HOUR FOR EACH ASTM TYPE SKID TEST UNIT. AN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR IN THIS TYPE OF TESTING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis of variance KW - Canal lock operations KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Correlation analysis KW - Moisture content KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Tires KW - Wet conditions KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214516 AU - Ramsey, W J AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUCLEAR TEST EQUIPMENT PY - AB - THE CONCLUSIONS ARE: (1) NO RADIATION HAZARD EXISTS WHEN THE NUCLEAR GAUGES ARE PROPERLY HANDLED. (2) BEFORE USING NUCLEAR TESTING EQUIPMENT AN OPERATOR SHOULD RECEIVE INSTRUCTIONS ON THEORY, RADIATION, HEALTH SAFETY, MAINTENANCE, TESTING PROCEDURES, AND CALIBRATION. (3) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA INDICATES THAT THE VARIANCE IN COUNT RATE ERROR IS BETTER DEFINED AS THE LENGTH OF TEST IS INCREASED. (4) CORRELATION CURVES DEVELOPED DURING THIS STUDY DO NOT AGREE WITH THOSE SUPPLIED BY THE MANUFACTURER, AND THE DEGREE OF CORRELATION IS IMPROVED WHEN A CURVE IS DEVELOPED FOR EACH TYPE OF MATERIAL TESTED. (5) THE STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE FOR THE NUCLEAR TEST COMPARES FAVORABLY WITH THAT FOR THE VOLUMEASURE TEST IF AT LEAST A FOUR MINUTE COUNT RATE IS USED AND (6) NUCLEAR TESTING IS AN ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF CONSTRUCTION CONTROL, HOWEVER, PRESENT SPECIFICATIONS SHOULD BE REVISED TO COINCIDE WITH THIS CONCEPT OF TESTING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Correlation analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Radiation hazards KW - Standard error KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206458 AU - Potts, C F AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF SKID RESISTANCE OF SELECTED ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAYS PY - AB - THE MATERIALS, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND RESEARCH TESTING OF THIN ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING SURFACES ARE REPORTED ON SEVENTEEN DIFFERENT TEST SECTIONS WERE CONSTRUCTED USING 12 AGGREGATE TYPES. THE AGGREGATE MATERIALS USED IN THE DESIGN MIXES WERE CHOSEN BECAUSE OF THEIR POTENTIAL USE IN FLORIDA'S WEARING SURFACES. THE AIM IS TO DETERMINE THE SKID RESISTANCE AND WEARING QUANTITIES OF THE SURFACES USED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Skid resistance KW - Thickness KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225000 AU - HULBERT, S F AU - Beers, J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Division of Highways AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles TI - WRONG WAY HIGHWAY REFLECTORS PY - AB - DRIVER'S VERBAL RESPONSES AND INVOLUNTARY DECELERATIONS TO ELEVEN DIFFERENT RED HIGHWAY REFLECTOR CONFIGURATIONS ARE PRESENTED IN 16 MM ANIMATED FILMS FROM THE UCLA DRIVING SIMULATION LABORATORY. AN URGENT NEED FOR A CONTINUING EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM VIA MASS MEDIA IS STRESSED SO THAT THE PUBLIC IS MADE AWARE OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE RED REFLECTORS AND THEIR INTENDED MEANING; THAT THE REGULAR PATTERN NOW BEING USED THROUGHOUT CALIFORNIA IS THE LEAST EFFECTIVE TO UNKNOWLEDGABLE DRIVERS; AND THAT AN IRREGULAR CONFIGURATION WHICH IS NOT CONTINUOUSLY REPEATED ELICITS THE MOST RESPONSES FROM UNKNOWLEDGEABLE DRIVERS./AUTHOR/ KW - Deceleration KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Film KW - Reaction time KW - Red KW - Reflectorized materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215964 AU - Jacobsen, F K AU - TAYLOR, R K AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - TFE EXPANSION BEARINGS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - AB - THE POTENTIAL USE OF TETRAFLUORETHYLENE (TFE) AS A SLIDING SURFACE FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE BEARINGS IS REPORTED ON. THE RESEARCH INCLUDES A COMPARISON OF TFE BEARINGS WITH THE BRONZE BEARINGS WHICH ARE CURRENTLY USED ON PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES. SAMPLES SUPPLIED BY VARIOUS MANUFACTURERS WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TFE SURFACES CONTAINING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF GLASS FIBER FILLER AND TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACKING MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BEARINGS. BOTH LABORATORY AND COMPARATIVE FIELD TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO MEASURE THE RELATIVE BEHAVIOR OF THE VARIOUS BEARING CONFIGURATIONS. A DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES, AN ANALYSIS OF THE DATA OBTAINED, AND A DISCUSSION OF OBSERVATIONS MADE DURING THE TESTING PROGRAM ARE INCLUDED. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT TFE BEARINGS ARE SUITABLE FOR USE IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ARE PRESENTED AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR ACHIEVING THE OPTIMUM TFE BEARING CONFIGURATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bearings KW - Elastomers KW - Highway bridges KW - Tetrafluorethylene UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215966 AU - Azar, D G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - DRAINAGE PIPE STUDY PY - AB - THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE ESTIMATED LIFE EXPECTANCIES OF SEVERAL TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPE SUBMERGED IN VARIOUS TYPES OF SOIL FOUND IN LOUISIANA. A CORRELATION WAS THEN ATTEMPTED BETWEEN THE STUDY RESULTS AND THOSE OF CALIFORNIA'S "METHOD OF ESTIMATING SERVICE LIFE OF METAL CULVERTS," TEST METHOD NO. CALIFORNIA 643-B, 1963. THE FINDINGS SHOW THAT THE CALIFORNIA METHOD IS APPLICABLE TO CONDITIONS FOUND IN LOUISIANA. THUS, BY EVALUATION OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE LABORATORY, THE EXPECTED LIFE OF METAL PIPE CAN BE PREDICTED. THE LIFE OF A METAL PIPE CAN BE EXTENDED BY USE OF A ZINC COATING AND BY USE OF AN ASPHALT COATING. THE ASPHALT COATING ADDS AN ESTIMATED 8 YEARS TO THE LIFE OF THE PIPE. TABLES WERE PREPARED SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ESTIMATED LIFE AND VARIOUS SOIL CONDITIONS. THESE TABLES ARE ARRANGED ON A DISTRICT BASIS SO THAT EACH DISTRICT WILL BE ABLE TO READILY DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE TYPE OF PIPE FOR THE EXISTING SOIL CONDITION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Coatings KW - Drainage KW - Metals KW - Pipe KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Tables (Data) KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208007 AU - Victor, R F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF THE SOUTH ROAD CURVED GIRDER BRIDGE PY - AB - THE FIELD TESTING OF A HORIZONTALLY CURVED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE OF WELDED I-GIRDER AND CONCRETE SLAB CONSTRUCTION IS DESCRIBED; AND THE SUBSEQUENT ANALYSES MADE TO DETERMINE THE ANALYTICAL STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS WHICH WOULD MATCH THOSE PRODUCED BY THE CONSTRUCTION AND TEST VEHICLE STATIC LOADINGS. FOR THE CONSTRUCTION LOADING, SLAB LOAD DATA WERE SELECTED FOR COMPARISON WITH ANALYTICAL DATA PRODUCED BY THE "APPROXIMATE" AND CURVED GRID METHODS WITH VARIATIONS IN THE STIFFNESS PARAMETERS OF MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND TORSIONAL CONSTANTS. FOR THE LIVE LOADING, AN FHWA TEST VEHICLE, WHICH CLOSELY APPROXIMATED AN HS 20 TRUCK, WAS DRIVEN ACROSS THE STRUCTURE ALONG FIVE DIFFERENT LANES. THE MEASURED STATIC RESPONSE OF THE STRUCTURE IS COMPARED WITH THE PREDICTED RESPONSE. GENERAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR ARE DISCUSSED AND CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ABOUT THE BEHAVIOR AND THE ANALYTICAL METHODS USED. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deformation KW - Girders KW - Live loads KW - Moment of inertia KW - Moments of inertia KW - Slabs KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204031 AU - Reich, B M AU - White, E L AU - King, Y P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - JUSTIFICATION OF REVISED FLOOD PEAK FREQUENCY DESIGN MANUAL PY - AB - THE BASIC APPROACH AND DETAILED PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH ARE PRESENTED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BETTER METHOD FOR ESTIMATING STREAM FLOW WATERSHEDS LESS THAN 200 SQUARE MILES FOR THE DESIGN OF DRAINAGE STRUCTURES. DATA FROM PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO WERE USED AND THE STEP-WISE MULTIPLE REGRESSION TECHNIQUE WAS EMPLOYED IN THE ANALYSIS. /FHWA/ KW - Drainage structures KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Regression analysis KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227023 AU - Sinha, K C AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC PHENOMENA PY - AB - THE PURPOSE WAS: (1) TO DEVELOP REPRESENTATIVE MODELS FOR THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF A SIMULATOR. THIS WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY ACTUAL BEHAVIOR OF TRAFFIC OBSERVED IN THE FIELD; (2) TO DEVELOP A GENERAL SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR A FREEWAY TRAFFIC SYSTEM; AND (3) TO EVALUATE THE PREDICTED PERFORMANCE OF THE PROPOSED SIMULATION MODEL. THIS EVALUATION WAS ACCOMPLISHED USING DATA ALREADY AVAILABLE FROM SEVERAL TRAFFIC STUDIES THAT HAD BEEN CONDUCTED ON OTHER FREEWAY FACILITIES. /FHWA/ KW - Freeway operations KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Simulation KW - Training simulators UR - http://cdm15019.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p128501coll2/id/51919 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215967 AU - Rushing, H B AU - Burt, J O AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE PY - AB - THE INITIAL PHASE INVOLVED LABORATORY PREPARATION OF CONCRETE CYLINDERS USING VARIOUS WATER CEMENT RATIOS. THESE WERE TESTED USING ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT AND THE RESULTS WERE TO BE USED IN DEVELOPING STANDARD CURVES FOR PREDICTING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OF FRESH CONCRETE. HAD THE LABORATORY RESULTS PROVED SATISFACTORY, THE NEXT PHASE WAS TO CORRELATE THE ULTRASONIC RESULTS PROVED SATISFACTORY, THE NEXT PHASE WAS TO CORRELATE THE ULTRASONIC RESULTS TAKEN IN THE FIELD ON ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION SITES WITH THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OF THE ROADWAY CYLINDERS. RESULTS OF THE LABORATORY PHASE WERE NOT ENCOURAGING. VERY LITTLE PREDICTABILITY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ON SAND AND GRAVEL MIXES WAS POSSIBLE UNTIL SERVERAL HOURS AFTER ADDITION OF WATER TO THE MIXES. EXPERIMENTATION WITH MORE HOMOGENEOUS SAND MIXES YIELDED NO BETTER RESULTS. FURTHER INVESTIGATION WITH THE PRESENT AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT SEEMS UNWARRANTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Forecasting KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Polymer concrete KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pub_details.cfm?id=161 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214520 AU - Elkin, B L AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF BITUMINOUS HIGHWAY MATERIALS & METHODS OF PRODUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION CONTROL BASED ON STATISTICAL PROCEDURES PY - AB - A SYSTEMATIC MEANS OF COLLECTING INFORMATION USING VARIOUS TEST METHODS OF BOTH COMPACTED AND UNCOMPACTED SAMPLES OF BITUMINOUS MIXES FROM FOUR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IS DESCRIBED. THE RESULTS ARE REPORTED TO SHOW THE DEGREE OF VARIABILITY OF THE MATERIAL THAT CAN BE EXPECTED AND A COMPARISON OF THE LABORATORY AND FIELD TEST METHODS EMPLOYED. STATISTICAL CONCEPTS WERE USED TO SAMPLE, TEST, AND ANALYZE QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Building materials KW - Quality control KW - Statistics KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230746 AU - Smith, T AU - McCauley, M AU - Mearns, R AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF A LASER BEAM TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION PY - AB - EQUIPMENT AND A TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING VIBRATIONS IN A ROCK CUT WERE DEVELOPED. THE TECHNIQUE UTILIZED A REFLECTED LASER BEAM TO ACHIEVE THE NECESSARY AMPLIFICATION. ALTHOUGH LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS INDICATE THAT DETECTION OF VIBRATIONS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED USING THE LASER BEAM, NO SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES OVER THE STANDARD ELECTRONIC SYSTEM WERE OBTAINED. ALSO THE VIBRATIONS DETECTED BY THE LASER COULD NOT BE CORRELATED WITH EVENTS DETECTED BY THE ELECTRONIC SYSTEM AND THEREFORE COULD NOT BE CORRELATED DIRECTLY TO SLOPE STABILITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Excavations KW - Lasers KW - Rocks KW - Slope stability KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215963 AU - Tooke, W R AU - Hurst, D R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia State Highway Department TI - ACCELERATED ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING PY - AB - A DESCRIPTION IS PROVIDED OF THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN ACCELERATED CORROSION ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER FOR METAL PROTECTIVE PAINTS ALONG WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS OF EXPERIMENTS DESIGNED TO TEST THE REPRODUCABILITY OF RESULTS IN THE CHAMBER AND CORRELATIONS WITH DATA FROM AN EXTERIOR WEATHERING TEST FENCE AT A TIDAL ESTUARY IN BRUNSWICK, GEORGIA. THE MAJOR CONCLUSION REACHED WAS THAT ONE HOUR'S EXPOSURE IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER WAS APPROXIMATELY EQUIVALENT TO 85 HOURS EXPOSURE ON THE BRUNSWICK TEST FENCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Corrosion KW - Environmental impacts KW - Metals KW - Paint KW - Protective coatings KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230054 AU - Brown, T R AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STEPS IN THE STAIRS TO GREENER HIGHWAY CUT SLOPES PY - AB - DEVELOPING PRACTICE IN THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND STABILIZATION OF HIGHWAY SLOPES COMPOSED OF SOIL AND ROCK IS TRACED AS A MEANS OF DESCRIBING THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH CUT SLOPES ARE AND ARE NOT FEASIBLE. THE BEHAVIOR OF SUCH SLOPES OVER TIME IS DISCUSSED WITH REFERENCE TO THE REQUIREMENTS FOR VEGETATIVE COVER AND TO THE EFFECTS OF RAINFALL RUNOFF, FALLING ROCK, AND EROSION CONTROL. A STEP-BY-STEP DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSTRUCTION METHOD IS GIVEN WITH TWO TENNESSEE PROJECTS USED AS EXAMPLES BOTH OF CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND SLOPE PERFORMANCE AFTER TWO YEARS. KW - Construction management KW - Erosion control KW - Excavations KW - Serrated slopes KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230058 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND ABATEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION RESULTING FROM SOIL EROSION (ATTACHES REGION 15 REPORT, "EROSION CONTROL WITH WOOD CHIPS ON NEWLY GRADED AREAS") PY - AB - WOODY VEGETATION, USUALLY WASTED DURING SITE-CLEARING, CAN BE CONVERTED TO WOOD CHIPS FOR EROSION CONTROL ON NEWLY GRADED AREAS. THE CHIPS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN STANDARD WOOD FIBER MULCH IN PREVENTING SOIL EROSION. IN ADDITION, BURNING IS MADE UNNECESSARY, THUS PREVENTING AIR POLLUTION FROM THE CLEARING OPERATION. THE CONTRACT WRITTEN FOR A TENNESSEE HIGHWAY PROJECT INCLUDED SPECIFICATIONS ON THE USE OF WOOD CHIPS FOR THIS PURPOSE AS PART OF AN FHWA REGION 15 DEMONSTRATION OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN COMBATTING SOIL EROSION. THE ELEMENTS OF THE DEMONSTRATION ARE DESCRIBED IN DETAIL. THE TOPICS COVERED ARE COMPARATIVE COSTS OF CLEARING AND CHIPPING, CHIP SPREADING, AND SEEDING. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chippings KW - Chips KW - Costs KW - Disposal KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Vegetation KW - Waste disposal KW - Water pollution KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230057 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STEPPED CUT SLOPES PY - AB - A ONE-PAGE SAMPLE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION IS SUPPLEMENTED BY AN EXPLANATORY DIAGRAM SHOWING THE STAKED SLOPE LINE, STEP RISE, STEP TREAD, STEP TERMINI, OVERBURDEN AREA, AND SLOPE ROUNDING. KW - Excavations KW - Serrated slopes KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205382 AU - Marvin, E L AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MODEL PY - AB - A METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF DEVELOPED STRESSES, PORE PRESSURES, AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A PAVEMENT STRUCTURE CONSISTING OF A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SUPPORTED ON A WATER-SATURATED SOIL FOUNDATION. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE IS CONSTRUCTED USING IDEAL MATERIALS. THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SURFACE IS REPLACED BY AN IMPERMEABLE, LINEAR VISCOELASTIC, THIN PLATE OF INFINITE EXTENT IN THE MODEL. A POROUS ELASTIC SOLID SATURATED WITH AN INCOMPRESSIBLE, VISCOUS FLUID IS USED TO SIMULATE THE SATURATED SOIL FOUNDATION. A UNIFORM CIRCULAR LOAD IS PLACED AT THE PLATE SURFACE TO APPROXIMATE A VEHICLE WHEEL LOAD. THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS ANALYZED TO OBTAIN AN APPROXIMATION OF THE DEFORMATION THAT WOULD OCCUR IF THE REAL PAVEMENT STRUCTURE WERE SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORM CIRCULAR LOAD. ANALYSIS OF THE MODEL IS REDUCED TO THE SOLUTION OF A LINEAR INITIAL-BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM. THE INITIAL-BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM IS SOLVED USING ITERATED LAPLACE-HANKEL INTEGRAL TRANSFORMATIONS. THE TRANSFORMED SOLUTION IMAGES ARE INVERTED TO OBTAIN PHYSICALLY MEANINGFUL SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM USING NUMERICAL METHODS. THE HANKEL TRANSFORM INVERSION IS PERFORMED APPROXIMATELY BY NUMERICAL INTEGRATION YIELDING VALUES OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF THE SOLUTION AT DISCRETE POINTS. THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM DATA IS THEN USED TO CONSTRUCT A GENERALIZED FOURIER SERIES APPROXIMATIO OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT SOLUTION. A COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED THAT UTILIZES THE INVERSION ALGORITHM TO INVERT THE TRANSFORMED SOLUTION FUNCTIONS. STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENT AT ANY GEOMETRIC POINT IN THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE MAY BE OBTAINED AS FUNCTIONS OF TIME USING THE DEVELOPED COMPUTER PROGRAM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Circular loaded areas KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laplace transforms KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pore pressure KW - Saturated soils KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208003 AU - Bezouska, T J AU - STEWART, C F AU - California Division Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTION LOSSES IN RIGID POST-TENSIONING DUCTS PY - AB - FRICTION LOSSES OF FLEXIBLE PRESTRESSING STEEL (STRANDS) IN GALVANIZED RIGID DUCTS WERE MEASURED DURING STRESSING OF TEN STRUCTURES WITH FROM TWO TO FIVE SPANS. THE MEASURED LOSSES IN NINE OF THE TEN STRUCTURES WERE EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN THE CALCULATED LOSSES USING FRICTION COEFFICIENTS FOR CURVATURE "U" OF 0.25 AND FOR WOBBLE "K" OF 0.0002; THUS CONFIRMING THE VALIDITY OF THESE CRITERIA FOR FLEXIBLE TENDONS IN GALVANIZED RIGID DUCTS. NON-SIMULTANEOUS STRESSING OF THE TENDON ENDS DID NOT AFFECT THEIR TOTAL ELONGATION. /FHWA/ KW - Curvature KW - Ducts KW - Elongation KW - Friction KW - Galvanizing KW - Length KW - Losses KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressing KW - Steel KW - Wobble UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224996 AU - Allen, B L AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BAY AREA FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY, PART II OF III PY - AB - THIS ASPECT OF THE PHASE II RESEARCH INVOLVED AN EFFORT TO DETERMINE IF THERE ARE WAYS TO INCREASE EASTBOUND FLOWS ACROSS THE SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE DURING AFTERNOON PEAK PERIODS. CAPACITY OF THE REVERSE, OR WESTBOUND, DIRECTION IS GOVERNED STRICTLY BY TOO MANY VEHICLES OVER THE FIVE BRIDGE LANES ON A SUSTAINED GRADE. THAT IS WESTBOUND FLOW IS NOT READILY AMENABLE TO IMPROVEMENT. THE EASTBOUND DIRECTION UNDER STUDY COULD BE AMENABLE IN THAT IT MIGHT BE POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE THE APPROACHES AND THUS UTILIZE THE FULL CAPACITY OF THE BRIDGE. /FHWA/ KW - Bridges KW - Freeway operations KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230742 AU - Awochika, K AU - Reece, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION WITH WIDELY SPACED BATTER PILES PY - AB - A THEORY FOR SOLVING THE DISPLACEMENT OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FOUNDATION WITH WIDELY SPACED BATTER PILES UNDER ANY ARBITRARY STATIC LOADING IS PRESENTED. THE THEORY IS CAPABLE OF DEALING WITH A HIGHLY NONLINEAR SOIL-PILE INTERACTION SYSTEM AS WELL AS THE NONLINEAR PILE MATERIAL. THE PILE IN THE FOUNDATION MAY POSSESS VARIABLE SECTIONAL PROPERTIES ALONG ITS AXIS AND MAY HAVE ANY DEGREE OF FINITY TO THE PILE CAP. THE THEORY CONSISTS OF A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE FOR FINDING THE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE APPLIED LOAD AND THE PILE REACTIONS USING FORMULATED FINITE DIFFERENCE METHODS TO COMPUTE THE PILE-TOP REACTIONS OF AN AXIALLY LOADED PILE AND A LATERALLY LOADED PILE. AN EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED ON SMALL SIZED STEEL PIPE PILES WHICH WERE TWO INCHES IN DIAMETER AND EMBEDDED EIGHT FEET IN A SUBMERGED, DENSE FINE SAND. A NUMBER OF SINGLE PILES WERE TESTED TO EXAMINE THE BEHAVIOR OF AN AXIALLY LOADED PILE AND A LATERALLY LOADED PILE. THEN, THE BEHAVIOR OF GROUPED PILE FOUNDATIONS WITH FOUR PILES BASED ON INFORMATION ABOUT THE AXIAL BEHAVIOR OF A SINGLE PILE AND THE SOIL CRITERIA FOR A LATERALLY LOADED SINGLE PILE. GOOD AGREEMENT WAS OBTAINED BETWEEN THEORY AND EXPERIMENT. THE ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE WHICH IS PRESENTED CAN BE IMMEDIATELY USEFUL IN COMPUTING THE BEHAVIOR OF A PILE SUPPORTED FOUNDATION UNDER INCLINED AND ECCENTRIC LOADING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axial loads KW - Batter piles KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Eccentric loading KW - Eccentricity KW - Finite differences KW - Foundations KW - Loads KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile spacing KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pipe KW - Pipe piles KW - Spacing KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Steel pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208004 AU - Smith, J C AU - Dean, D L AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE GRIDS PY - AB - EXACT SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND FOR RATIONALLY BASED MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR RECTANGULAR GRIDS WITH SIMPLE END SUPPORTS AND FLEXIBLE SIDE SUPPORTS. THE SOLUTIONS ARE VALID FOR GENERAL LOADINGS AND ARE IN THE FORM OF DOUBLE FINITE FOURIER SERIES. AN EXACT MICRO-DISCRETE FIELD APPROACH IS USED. THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS ARE PARTIAL DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS FOR THE UNKNOWN NODAL MOMENTS AND DISPLACEMENTS. SOLUTIONS ARE GIVEN FOR: (1) TORSIONLESS GRIDS, (2) SPECIAL TORSIONLESS GRIDS IN WHICH THE BOUNDARY STRINGERS ARE IDENTICAL TO INTERIOR STRINGERS. (3) GRIDS WITH NON-NEGLIGIBLE TORSION, AND (4) SPECIAL GRIDS WITH NON-NEGLIGIBLE TORSION IN WHICH THE BOUNDARY STRINGERS ARE IDENTICAL TO INTERIOR STRINGERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridges KW - Grates KW - Gridworks (Structures) KW - Mathematical models KW - Stringers KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208005 AU - Greig, R A AU - Lavelle, F H AU - University of Rhode Island, Narragansett AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS AND TESTS OF SMALL CURVED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES 1, 2, 3, AND 4 PY - AB - THE FABRICATION, INSTRUMENTATION, TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF FOUR SMALL LABORATORY SCALE CIRCULAR-ARC STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES IS DESCRIBED. THE FOUR BRIDGES WERE ALL TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS WITH THE NUMBER AND SIZE OF GIRDERS AND DIAPHRAGMS VARYING. TEST RESULTS ALONG WITH COMPARABLE THEORETICAL RESULTS ARE REPORTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Instrumentation KW - Mathematical models KW - Model tests KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212098 AU - Sozen, M A AU - Siess, C P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF PRESTRESSED REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - AB - A GUIDE TO THE WORK ACCOMPLISHED ON THE USE OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES IS PROVIDED. THE RESEARCH PROJECT WAS ACTIVE DURING 1951-1969 AND COVERED VARIOUS TOPICS RELATED TO FLEXURAL STRENGTH, SHEAR STRENGTH, TIME-DEPENDENT DEFORMATIONS, ANCHORAGE-ZONE STRESSES, AND BOND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS. THE SCOPE OF THE ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS IN EACH AREA IS OUTLINED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Anchorages KW - Beams KW - Deformation KW - Flexure KW - Highway bridges KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shear strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212101 AU - STEWART, C F AU - Klein, E D AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSING DUCT CURVATURE FORCES PY - AB - WHEN PRESTRESSING DUCTS WERE BUNDLED AND BENT THROUGH SHARP CURVATURE, CRUSHING OF DUCTS ACCOMPANIED WITH CONCRETE SPALLING OCCURED. TO PREVENT THIS, THE STATE SET A MINIMUM EQUIVALENT CIRCULAR CURVE RADIUS OF 60 FT. AND PLACED IN THEIR PLANS REQUIRED DUCT ARRANGEMENTS AND MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER. THIS TRIAL BEAM USED THE MOST CRITICAL ARRANGEMENT SET ON A 50 FT. RADIUS CURVE AND A COMPRESSION FORCE GREATER THAN ALLOWED BY AASHO. NO CRUSHING OF THE DUCTS WAS OBSERVED BUT SOME CRACKING DID OCCUR. THIS CRACKING IS BELIEVED TO BE A POISSON'S EFFECT AND IS NOT CONSIDERED DETRIMENTAL TO THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE STRUCTURE. AT ALLOWABLE LEADS AND CURVATURE CRACKING SHOULD BE MINIMAL. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete KW - Crushing KW - Curvature KW - Ducts KW - Force KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Prestressing KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203165 AU - California Division of Highways AU - California Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED PLOTTER NEEDS STUDY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS 1970-1975 PY - AB - THE PRESENT COMPUTERIZED PLOTTING EQUIPMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS CAN COPE WITH THE NORMAL GROWTH WORKLOADS OVER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS. HOWEVER, THIS EQUIPMENT WILL NOT SATISFY ANTICIPATED USER NEEDS RESULTING FROM AN INCREASED WORKLOAD IF NEW PROGRAMS ARE DEVELOPED; NOR WILL IT PROVIDE ADDITIONAL PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES REQUESTED BY POTENTIAL USERS. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW COMPUTER GRAPHICS PROGRAMS AND PROCUREMENT OF A ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT WHEN JUSTIFIED IS RECOMMENDED AS A MEANS OF SATISFYING THESE NEEDS. ADOPTION OF THE PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS COULD RESULT IN AN APPROXIMATE SAVINGS OF $7 MILLION TO BE REALIZED OVER A FIVE-YEAR PERIOD. THE COST TO ACHIEVE THESE SAVINGS IS ESTIMATED TO BE $761,000 FOR NEW PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, MORE EQUIPEMNT TO SUPPORT AN EXPANDED PROGRAM, AND OPERATIONAL COSTS TO MAINTAIN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Costs KW - Data plotters KW - Information processing KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219754 AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Doty, R N AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF AN ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIER EMPLOYING WATER FILLED PLATSTIC CELLS PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF EIGHT FULL-SCALE VEHICLE IMPACT TESTS INTO ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIERS EMPLOYING WATER-FILLED PLASTIC CELLS ARE REPORTED. THIS BARRIER ABSORBS THE ENERGY OF AN IMPACTING VEHICLE THROUGH THE MOVEMENT OF WATER VERTICALLY AS THE FLEXIBLE WATER CELLS ARE COMPRESSED. THE FIRST FOUR TESTS WERE OF BARRIERS APPROXIMATELY 16 FEET LONG EMPLOYING WATER-FILLED PLASTIC CELLS PLACED BETWEEN 6"X6" TIMBER DIAPHRAGMS. SEDANS WEIGHING ABOUT 4700 POUNDS IMPACTED THE BARRIER HEAD-ON AT SPEEDS OF FROM 15 TO 60 MPH. FOUR ADDITIONAL TESTS WERE OF A 19'-6" LONG BARRIER EMPLOYING WATER-FILLED PLASTIC CELLS PLACED BETWEEN PLYWOOD PANELS ORIENTED PERPENDICULAR TO THE BARRIER AXIS. SEDANS WEIGHING ABOUT 4700 POUNDS IMPACTED THE BARRIER ON THE NOSE AND SIDE AT SPEEDS NEAR 60 MPH. RECORDED DATA INDICATED THAT FULLY RESTRAINED OCCUPANTS WOULD SUSTAIN LITTLE OR NO INJURIES. IN ADDDITION, THE BARRIER DID NOT GENERATE UNSTABLE VEHICLE BEHAVIOR, AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE BRIDGE APPROACH GUARDRAIL BACKSTOP, EFFECTIVELY REDIRECTED A VEHICLE IMPACTING FROM THE SIDE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Constraints KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Vehicles KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224981 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME 1 - PACER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PY - AB - THE DESIGN OF A CLOSED LOOP MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED. INCLUDING THE SYSTEM ANALYSES AND INVESTIGATIONS WHICH INFLUENCED SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS AND HARDWARE DESIGNS. SECTION 1 COMMENTS BRIEFLY ON EXISTING MERGING CONTROL SYSTEMS, DEFINES THE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES, DESCRIBES THE SYSTEM FUNCTIONALLY, AND PROVIDES BACKGROUND ON SELECTION OF A TEST SITE. SECTION 2 DESCRIBES THE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND RELATED HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS AND SUMMARIZES THE SEVERAL OPERATING STATES OF THE SYSTEM. SECTION 3 PROVIDES THE SYSTEM ANALYSES WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE FORMULATION OF SYSTEM CONCEPTS AND INFLUENCED OVERALL SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS. THE ANALYSES ARE ESPECIALLY ORIENTED TOWARDS CONSIDERATIONS FOR PUBLIC SAFETY. SECTION 4 TREATS IN DETAIL THE DESIGN OF THE PACER SYSTEM HARDWARE AND INCLUDES STUDIES DIRECTLY RELATED TO HARDWARE DESIGN. SECTION 5 DESCRIBES INITIAL PLANS FOR A SYSTEM SIMULATION PROGRAM WHICH WAS NOT IMPLEMENTED BECAUSE OF FUNDING CONSTRAINTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Highway safety KW - Information processing KW - Merging traffic KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224988 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME VIII - GREEN BAND DESIGN PY - AB - BOTH HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN ARE INCLUDED. THE MATERIAL HAS BEEN LIMITED TO THAT WHICH IS PECULIAR TO THE GREEN BAND SYSTEM. SECTION 1 DESCRIBES THE GREEN BAND SYSTEM CONCEPT AND INCLUDES A DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS OPERATING MODES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. SECTION 2 DESCRIBES THE HARDWARE DESIGN CHANGES THAT WERE REQUIRED TO CONVERT THE PACER SYSTEM TO THE GREEN BAND SYSTEM. AS DESCRIBED, THESE CHANGES WERE LIMITED ESSENTIALLY TO MODIFYING THE RAMP CONFIGURATION. SECTION 3 SPECIFIES THE ALGORITHMS WHICH DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONAL OPERATIONS OF THE GREEN BAND SYSTEM. SECTION 4 DISCUSSES THE ALGORITHMS WHICH DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONAL OPERATIONS OF THE GREEN BAND SYSTEM. SECTION 4 DISCUSSES THE SOFTWARE DESIGNS PECULIAR TO THE GREEN BAND SYSTEM. REFERENCES ARE MADE TO PACER SYSTEM SOFTWARE AS APPLICABLE. SECTION 5 PROVIDES THE DETAILED LISTINGS FOR THE SOFTWARE PROGRAMS DISCUSSED IN SECTION 4. /AUTHOR/ KW - Algorithms KW - Green band system KW - Hardware KW - Merging traffic KW - Software KW - Systems KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230739 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRAWFORD-SOUTH EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT S 0125(9) THIRD INTERIM REPORT PY - AB - THE FIRST HIGHWAY PROJECT IN COLORODO TO SPECIFY FULL LENGTH LIME STABILIZATION WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 1965 AND IS STILL BEING EVALUATED. IT HAS 19 TEST SECTIONS OF VARYING THICKNESSES OF BASE COURSE AND DIFFERENT DEPTHS OF LIME STABILIZATION OF THE SUBGRADE. A LOCAL SOURCE WAS USED FOR BASE COURSE AND PLANT MIX AGGREGATE, BUT THE SUPPLY WAS NOT ADEQUATE FOR SUBBASE MATERIAL. THE NEAREST SOURCE FOR SUBBASE IS 26 MILES AWAY. BY DESIGNATING LIME STABILIZATION OF THE EXISTING SUBGRADE, A SAVINGS OF $30,000 WAS REALIZED. THIS WAS 10 PERCENT OF THE FINAL CONTRACT AMOUNT. MOST TEST SECTIONS PERFORMED WELL, BUT ONE-HALF OF ONE SECTION HAS DETERIORATED TO THE POINT WHERE PAVEMENT IMPROVEMENT WAS NEEDED. POOR DRAINAGE APPEARS TO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THIS FAILURE. THE PERFORMANCE INDEX OF 3.3 FOR THIS SECTION WAS COMPARABLE TO SIMILARLY DESIGNED SECTIONS AT THE AASHO ROAD TEST WHICH HAD PERFORMANCE INDICES OF 3.2. A TENTATIVE CONCLUSION IS: THE HYDRATED LIME STABILIZED SUBGRADE CAN BE SUBSTITUTED FOR A GRANULAR SUBBASE IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN IF THE STABILIZATION IS PROVIDED TO A DEPTH DETERMINED BY AASHO DESIGN PROCEDURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - American Association of State Highway Officials KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Depth KW - Drainage KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Performance KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208000 AU - Beal, D B AU - Kissane, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTING OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES PY - AB - THE TEST RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE CURVED BRIDGE ANALYSIS PROGRAM USED BY THE N.Y.S.D.O.T. IS A RELIABLE TOOL FOR PREDICTING DEFLECTION AND IN-PLANE BENDING STRESSES DUE TO STATIC LOADS ON CURVED GIRDERS. THE PROGRAM IDEALIZES THE STRUCTURE AS A PLANAR GRID AND USES THE STIFFNESS METHOD OF ANALYSIS. GRAPHICAL INTERPOLATION WAS UTILIZED TO OBTAIN VALUES AT THE INSTRUMENTED SECTIONS. WHILE THE STRESS DUE TO NORMAL BENDING AVERAGED LESS THAN 60 PERCENT OF THE DESIGN WORKING STRESS, EXCLUDING DYNAMIC EFFECTS, THE STRESS DUE TO LATERAL FLANGE BENDING, ALTHOUGH UNDERTERMINABLE WITH THE PRESENT PROGRAM, WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANT AND COULD EXCEED THE ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS AT SOME LOCATIONS. IT IS THEREFORE DESIRABLE TO DEVELOP A METHOD WHICH WOULD INCLUDE THESE FORCES. THE CURRENT WHEEL LOAD DISTRIBUTION PROVISIONS UTILIZED BY AASHO FOR STRAIGHT GIRDERS ARE INAPPROPRIATE FOR CURVED GIRDERS. IT IS HOPED THAT SIMPLE RELATIONSHIPS INCLUDING SUCH FACTORS AS CENTRAL ANGLE, RADIUS OF CURVATURE AND NUMBER OF GIRDERS, AS WELL AS GIRDER SPACING, CAN BE DEVELOPED TO DETERMINE WHEEL LOAD AND DEAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR HORIZONTALLY CURVED BRIDGES. A DEFINITE VARIATION HAS APPEARED IN THE EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF THE COMPOSITE CONCRETE DECK WITH TRANSVERSE POSITION OF LIVE LOAD. THE TREND OF THIS VARIATION SUGGESTS AN INCREASE IN EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF THE COMPOSITE SLAB AS LOAD ON THE GIRDER INCREASES. ALTHOUGH THIS EFFECT RESULTS IN SIZABLE VARIATIONS IN NEUTRAL AXIS LOCATION, THE CHANGE IN SECTION MODULUS, AND THUS THE INDUCED STRESS PER UNIT APPLIED MOMENT, IS SMALL. THEREFORE, NO CHANGE IN DESIGN METHOD IS REQUIRED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite structures KW - Concrete KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Girder bridges KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Load transfer KW - Static loads KW - Steel KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods (Structural) KW - Stresses KW - Wheel load distribution KW - Wheel loads KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214514 AU - Broughton, J E AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE GRADATION IN NEBRASKA PY - AB - AGGREGATE GRADATION VARIATIONS DURING PRODUCTION WERE STUDIED. SEVERAL PROJECTS WERE STUDIED UTILIZING VARIOUS METHODS OF SAMPLING AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PROCESSING AND TRANSPORTING. THE SAMPLING, TESTING AND MATERIAL VARIANCES WERE DETERMINED IN A STATISTICAL MANNER. THE RESULTING PARAMETERS ARE TO BE USED IN THE APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS TO SPECIFICATIONS AND QUALITY CONTROL OF CONSTRUCTION. ALSO, THROUGH ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TECHNIQUES, IMPROVED METHODS OF SAMPLING WERE DETERMINED. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate formation KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Sampling KW - Statistical quality control KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205381 AU - Kher, R K AU - Hudson, W R AU - McCullough, B F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - AB - DESIGN OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IS A COMPLEX PROCEDURE INVOLVING THE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF NUMEROUS VARIABLES. A WIDE VARIETY OF VARIABLES WITHIN THE BROAD CATEGORIES OF LOADS, ENVIRONMENTS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES, MAINTENANCE, PROGRESSIVE FAILURE, AND ECONOMICS MUST BE CONSIDERED IN AN IDEAL DESIGN PROCEDURE. CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND OVERLAY TYPES, REINFORCEMENT SELECTION, JOINT DETAILING, AND SELECTION OF SUBBASE MATERIALS ARE OTHER FACTORS INCREASING THE COMPLEXITY OF DESIGN. THE WIDE VARIETY OF STRUCTURAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS DEMANDS THAT A PROCEDURE BE EVOLVED TO ANALYZE VARIOUS PARTS OF A DESIGN IN A COORDINATED EFFORT CALLED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. A CONCEPTUAL RIGID PAVEMENT SYSTEM IS PRESENTED WHICH FORMALIZED THE MYRIAD OF INTERTWINED VARIABLES INTO A SERIES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS. A METHOD IS DEVELOPED IN THE FORM OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM TO SOLVE VARIOUS MODELS, SOME DEVELOPED AS PART OF THIS WORK AND OTHERS ADOPTED FROM THE STATE-OF-THE-ART, IN A MEANINGFUL WAY. THE PROGRAM UTILIZES ABOUT 115 DIFFERENT INPUT VARIABLES AND ANALYZES NUMEROUS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS GENERATED WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES DEFINED BY CONSTRAINTS. OUTPUT IS A SET OF PAVEMENT DESIGN STRATEGIES BASED ON INCREASING VALUE OF PRESENT WORTH OF OVERALL COSTS. DETAILS WITH RESPECT TO SELECTION OF THICKNESSES, MATERIALS, REINFORCEMENTS, AND JOINTS AS WELL AS OVERLAY PATTERNS AND PREDICTED LIVES ARE PRESENTED FOR EACH DESIGN. A SMALL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM IS ALSO PRESENTED IN ORDER TO CREATE CONFIDENCE IN THE REASONABLENESS OF THE SYSTEM AND ITS OUTPUT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Service life KW - Systems analysis KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206441 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CLIFTON-HIGHLINE CANAL EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT NO 170-1 (14) 33 THIRD INTERIM REPORT PY - AB - THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CLIFTON PROJECT IS DESCRIBED. THE PURPOSE IS TO EVALUATE VARIOUS TREATMENTS OF THE HIGHLY UNSTABLE SUBGRADE IN THE AREA. THE TREATMENTS CONSIST OF SUBEXCAVATION 2 FEET DEEP, THIN BACKFILL, LIME-TREATMENT, ASPHALT MEMBRANE AND THE STANDARD DESIGN. TO DATE NO MAJOR FAILURES HAVE OCCURRED AND NO SECTIONS HAVE BEEN REMOVED FROM TEST. HOWEVER, PAVEMENT SWELLING AND LINEAR CRACKING HAVE OCCURRED IN SOME AREAS INDICATING THE FIRST SIGNS OF FAILURE. MOISTURE ANALYSIS INDICATE THAT, IN ALL BUT THOSE SECTIONS WHOSE SUBGRADE IS PROTECTED WITH AN ASPHALT MEMBRANE, MOISTURE HAS ACCUMULATED IN THE BASE COURSE AND PRECIPITATED ONTO THE SHALE SUBGRADE. THIS MOISTURE IS GRADUALLY PENETRATING THE SHALE, CAUSING LOSS OF SUPPORT STRENGTH AND SWELLING. AS THE MOISTURE BUILDUP CONTINUES, PAVEMENT DEFLECTION, SWELLING AND CRACKING WILL INCREASE, PAVEMENT PROFILE WILL DETERIORATE AND SUBSEQUENT FAILURE WILL OCCUR. FAILURE WILL BEGIN TO BE OBSERVED DURING THE SPRING THAW OF 1972. IF THE SECTIONS WHOSE SUBGRADES ARE PROTECTED WITH THE MEMBRANE CONTINUE TO REMAIN STABLE, THIS TREATMENT WILL PROVE TO BE VERY EFFECTIVE AND RESULT IN ELIMINATING FUTURE EXPENSIVE MAINTENANCE REPAIR COSTS. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Calcium oxide KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Shale KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling KW - Treatment KW - Unstable soil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206444 AU - Coffman, B J AU - Ilves, G J AU - Edwards, W F AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIQUE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - AB - FIVE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENT THICKNESSES, EACH OF WHICH MEASURED 20X30 FT. AND CONTAINED TWO TEST AREAS, WERE CONSTRUCTED ON A 48" COMPACTED CLAY SUBGRADE. CERTAIN OF THESE PAVEMENT AREAS WERE FATIGUE LOADED THROUGH CONCENTRIC RINGS COMPOSED OF TRUCK TIRE RUBBER BY SUPERIMPOSING ONE DYNAMIC 10 HZ HAVERSINE PULSE ON A SMALL STATIC LOAD EVERY SECOND TO SIMULATE A CONTINUOUS LINE OF WHEEL LOADS TRAVELING IN IDENTICAL WHEEL PATHS 50' APART AT 40 MPH. SURFACE TANGENTIAL STRAIN, SURFACE DEFLECTION AND TEMPERATURE SENSORS WERE PLACED AT A NUMBER OF RADII FROM THE LOAD PLATE CENTERLINE AND RECORDED PERIODICALLY THROUGHOUT EACH TEST. THE FATIGUE OF FOUR OF THESE PAVEMENTS, AS EVIDENCED BY VISIBLE CRACKING, WAS OBSERVED CLOSELY AND NOTED IN A LOG BOOK. ASPHALT AND COMPACTED SUBGRADE SAMPLES WERE RETURNED TO THE LABORATORY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL STRENGTH AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. THE RESULTS OF THESE TESTS WERE ENTERED INTO THE CHEVRON N-LAYER PROGRAM ALONG WITH A NUMBER OF HYPOTHETICAL MODULI FOR THE NATURAL SUBGRADE UNDERLYING THESE LAYERS. THEORETICAL STRAIN AND DEFLECTION PROFILES OBTAINED FROM THESE CALCULATIONS WERE COMPARED TO MEASURED PROFILES TO DETERMINE THE BEST AVERAGE APPARENT MODULUS FOR THIS SEMI-INFINITE LAYER. TRAPEZOIDAL SPECIMENS WERE SAWED FROM ASPHALT PAVEMENT BLOCKS AND FATIGUE LOADED WITH ONE 10 HZ HAVERSINE PULSE PER SECOND OVER A WIDE RANGE OF TEMPERATURES AND STRAIN LEVELS. AN EQUATION RELATING THESE QUANTITIES TO FATIGUE LIFE WAS DEVELOPED AND COUPLED WITH A THEORETICAL PAVEMENT FATIGUE MODEL TO PREDICT, WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 20%, THE TIME OF INITIAL SURFACE CRACKING ON THE FOUR FIELD TESTS WHERE VISIBLE CRACKS WERE OBSERVED. FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES WERE EMPLOYED TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF RINGED VERSUS SOLID LOAD PLATE GEOMETRY AND RADIAL SHEAR FORCES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflection KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tangential strain KW - Temperature sensors KW - Thickness KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204025 AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Division of Highways AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT PY - AB - STUDIES ARE MADE OF THE BEHAVIOR OF AN ARCH CULVERT EMBEDDED IN A DEEP EMBANKMENT AND SUBJECTED TO A VARIETY OF BACKFILLIG CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ORDINARY BACKFILL AND WITH LOOSE SOIL IN A TRENCH SURMOUNTING THE ARCH, WITH BALED STRAW SURMOUNTING THE ARCH, AND W WITH BALED STRAW SURROUNDING THE ENTIRE BARREL. TWO STRUCTURAL SECTIONS WITH DIFFEREING RIGIDITIES WERE ALSO TESTED. SOIL PRESSURES WERE MEASURED AT NINE LOCATIONS AROUND THE EXTRADOS AT EACH OF SEVEN STATIONS. SOIL PRESSURES ACTING ON THE CULVERT WERE CONVERTED TO EFFECTIVE DENSITIES. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF THE ARCH CULVERT IS ASSESSED USING MEASURED LOADINGS IN CONJUNCTIGN WITH A NEUTRAL POINT ANALYSIS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Concrete arch culverts KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Soils KW - Straw KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202580 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHOTOGRAMMETRY RESEARCH STUDY NO 1 PY - AB - THIS STUDY IS A TEST OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAP AND SPOT ELEVATION ACCURACY AS PRODUCED WITH PROJECTION TYPE STEREOPLOTTERS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. MAPS AT SCALES 1:600, 1:1200, AND 1:2400 ARE ANALYZED BY MEASUREMENT OF CONTOUR DEVIATIONS. SPOT ELEVATION READINGS AT THESE SCALES WERE TAKEN FROM A GROUND SURVEYED GRID AREA WHICH CONTAINED 651 POINTS OF KNOWN GROUND ELEVATION. THE DATA DEVELOPED FOR EACH TEST INCLUDE THE ARITHMETIC MEAAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, AND CALCULATED C-FACTOR. THE DOUBLE-PROJECTION DIRECT- VIEWING STEREOPLOTTERS USED IN THE STUDY WERE EQUIPPED WITH STEREO IMAGE ALTERNATORS AND WERE BY TWO DIFFERENT MANUFACTURES. THE RESULTS OF ALL STATISTICAL DATA INCLUDING MAP ANALYSIS AND SPOT ELEVATION ROADINGS AT THE VARIOUS SCALES SHOW AN AVERAGE CALCULATED C-FACTOR OF 1935. A LIMITED STUDY IS INCLUDED WHICH COMPARES THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE COMPUTED COORDINATES OF GROUND CONTROL STATIONS AS ACHIEVED BY FOUR DIFFERENT SURVEY METHODS--TRAVERSE, TRIANGULATION, TRILATERATION AND POLAR. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accuracy KW - Altitude KW - Contours KW - Data plotters KW - Elevation KW - Maps KW - Photogrammetry KW - Polar KW - Polar regions KW - Stereographic projection KW - Stereoscopic plotters KW - Surveys KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215958 AU - Chern, C AU - Ostapenko, A AU - Lehigh University AU - American Iron and Steel Institute AU - Welding Research Council Engr Fdn AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS UNDER SHEAR AND MOMENT PY - AB - A METHOD OF DETERMINING THE ULTIMATE STATIC STRENGTH OF TRANSVERSELY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS SUBJECTED TO A COMBINATION OF SHEAR AND BENDING IS PRESENTED. THE METHOD IS APPLICABLE TO HOMOGENEOUS AND HYBRID GIRDERS WITH SYMMETRICAL OR UNSYMMETRICAL CROSS SECTION. THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH IS ASSUMED TO BE GIVEN BY THE SUM OF THREE CONTRIBUTIONS: BEAM ACTION, TENSION FIELD ACTION AND FRAME ACTION. IN THE WEB PLATE BUCKLING COMPUTATION, THE WEB IS ASSUMED TO BE FIXED AT THE FLANGES AND SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT THE STIFFENERS. THE BEHAVIOR OF A GIRDER PANEL IS DESCRIBED BY A CONTINUOUS INTERACTION CURVE WHICH IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS: WEB FAILURE PORTION, COMPRESSION FLANGE BUCKLING PORTION AND TENSION FLANGE YIELD PORTION. THE THEORETICAL ULTIMATE LOADS COMPARE WELL WITH THE RESULTS OF THE AVAILABLE FIFTY-THREE TESTS ON SYMMETRICAL AND UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS. THE AVERAGE DEVIATION IS 5% WITH THE EXTREME DEVIATION OF 15%. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Breaking loads KW - Cross sections KW - Flanges KW - Plate girders KW - Shear strength KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Tension KW - Ultimate strength KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215959 AU - Ostapenko, A AU - Chern, C AU - Lehigh University AU - American Iron and Steel Institute AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Welding Research Council Engr Fdn AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH OF LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS UNDER COMBINED LOAD PY - AB - A METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR DETERMINING THE STATIC ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDER PANELS SUBJECTED TO A COMBINATION OF SHEAR AND BENDING. THE METHOD IS APPLICABLE TO SYMMETRICAL, UNSYMMETRICAL, HOMOGENEOUS AND HYBRID GIRDERS. COMPATABILITY OF THE DEFORMATIONS IS MAINTAINED BETWEEN THE TWO WEB SUBPANELS INTO WHICH THE WEB IS SUBDIVIDED BY THE LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER. IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE ULTIMATE STRENGTHS OF THE WEB SUBPANELS AND OF THE FRAME FORMED BY THE STIFFNER AND FLANGES CAN BE COMPUTED SEPARATELY AND THAT THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF THE WHOLE PANEL IS A SUM OF THE STRENGTHS OF THESE COMPONENTS. A CONTINUOUS INTERACTION RELATIONSHIP IS OBTAINED BETWEEN SHEAR AND MOMENT PRODUCING THE ULTIATE CONDITION OF THE GIRDER PANEL. COMPARISON OF THE COMPUTED LOADS WITH AVAILABLE TEST RESULTS INDICATES THAT THE PROPOSED APPROACH PROVIDES A RELIABLE MEANS FOR COMPUTING THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Computing KW - Flanges KW - Information processing KW - Loads KW - Longitudinal stiffeners KW - Plate girders KW - Shear strength KW - Ultimate strength KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224984 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME IV - PACER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DATA PY - AB - VOLUME IV OF THE MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM FINAL REPORT CONTAINS THE SYSTEM OPERATIONAL DATA THAT WAS COLLECTED DURING THE OPERATION OF THE "PACER" SYSTEM. IT ALSO INCLUDES THE DATA THAT WAS COLLECTED PRIOR TO THE OPERATION OF THE "PACER" SYSTEM. THIS "NO SYSTEM" DATA WAS USED FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSES. THE ANALYSIS OF THE DATA PRESENTED IN THIS VOLUME IS CONTAINED IN VOLUME V. /FHWA/ KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Merging traffic KW - Pacer system KW - Systems KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224985 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME V - PACER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PY - AB - VOLUME V OF THE MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM FINAL REPORT CONTAINS A LIMITED QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DATA PRESENTED IN VOLUME IV ENTITLED, PACER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DATA. THIS ANALYSIS APPEARS IN SECTIONS 1 THROUGH 14 OF THIS VOLUME. SECTION 15 IS AN EVALUATION OF THE "PACER SYSTEM" BASED UPON PUBLIC RESPONSE TO QUESTIONNAIRES DISTRIBUTED TO THE PUBLIC, FOLLOWING A SIX-WEEK PUBLIC USE INTERVAL. SECTION 16 PROVIDES GENERAL CONCLUSIONS BASED UPON EVALUATION OF DATA PRESENTED IN THIS VOLUME. /AUTHOR/ KW - Merging traffic KW - Pacer system KW - Public opinion KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222604 AU - Hankins, K D AU - Gregory, R T AU - Berger, W J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 135-1 "SKID ACCIDENT SYSTEMS MODEL" PY - AB - A SKIDDING ACCIDENT SYSTEMS MODEL IS PRESENTED WHICH CONSIDERS THE HIGHWAY, DRIVER AND VEHICLE. VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH COULD HAVE A BEARING UNDER EACH OF THE THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS ABOVE ARE LISTED IN FLOW CHART FASHION. QUANTIFICATION OF EACH OR ONLY THE IMPORTANT FACTORS WILL BE PERFORMED. THE MODEL DEFINES THE OVERALL PROBLEM WITHOUT ATTEMPTING THE ASSIGNMENT OF "NUMBERS" TO THE FACTORS. /FHWA/ KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227529 AU - Thomas, T C AU - Thompson, G I AU - Stanford Research Institute AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE VALUE OF TIME SAVED BY TRIP PURPOSE PY - AB - THE VALUE OF TRAVEL TIME SAVED FOR COMMUTING MOTORISTS IS ESTABLISHED AS A FUNCTION OF THE MOTORIST'S INCOME LEVEL AND AMOUNT OF TIME SAVED. THE RESULTS ARE BASED UPON THE DATA PREVIOUSLY COLLECTED BY SRI AND USED TO ESTIMATE A CONSTANT VALUE OF TIME PER MINUTE SAVED OF $2.82 PER PERSON PER HOUR. THE DATA WERE COLLECTED FOR COMMUTERS WITH A CHOICE BETWEEN A TOLL ROUTE AND A FREE ROUTE. THE RELATIONSHIPS FOUND BETWEEN THE VALUE OF TIME AND THE INCOME LEVEL AND AMOUNT OF TIME SAVED ARE: (1) THE VALUE OF TIME IS HIGHER FOR MOTORISTS WITH HIGHER INCOMES. (2) FOR VERY SMALL AMOUNTS OF TIME SAVED THE VALUE OF TIME PER MINUTE IS QUITE LOW. IT INCREASES WITH THE AMOUNT OF TIME SAVED AND THEN DECREASES AGAIN. TO AID THE USER, A TABLE IS INCLUDED, PROVIDING THE VALUE OF TIME SAVED AS A FUNCTION OF THE MOTORISTS' INCOME LEVEL AND TIME SAVED. THESE RESULTS ARE LIMITED TO COMMUTER TRIPS WITH TIME SAVINGS OF NOT MORE THEN 30 MINUTES PER ONE-WAY TRIP. /AUTHOR/ KW - Commuters KW - Data KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Income KW - Present value KW - Savings KW - Time KW - Travel time KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238325 AU - Kates, R C AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPOSED HIGHWAY CODE FOR GEORGIA PY - AB - THE STATE LAWS OF GEORGIA AFFECTING THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA ARE EXTRACTED AND CLASSIFIED IN ORDER TO: (1) MAKE AN IN-DEPTH REVIEW OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR DEPARTMENTAL OPERATION, (2) PROPOSE LEGISLATION TO IMPLEMENT DESIRABLE REVISION AND REORGANIZATION OF THE GEORGIA CODE AND DOCUMENT THE DESIRABILITY OF THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION; AND (3) TO COMPILE THE HIGHWAY LAWS, INCLUDING PERTINENT ACTIONS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF GEORGIA, INTO A GEORGIA HIGHWAY CODE. THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST TWO OBJECTIVES ARE PRESENTED. FOLLOWING INTRODUCTION OF THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION INTO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND ACTION BY THAT BODY, A FINAL DOCUMENT WILL BE PREPARED WHICH WILL BE THE GEORGIA HIGHWAY CODE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Case studies KW - Coding systems KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233740 AU - Cedergren, H AU - O'brien, K and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF PAVEMENT SUBDRAINAGE SYSTEMS FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT-PHASE I PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE IS TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTING DAMAGE TO PAVEMENTS CAUSED BY EXCESS WATER. THE PRINCIPAL FINDING ARE: (1) SURFACE WATER CANNOT BE PREVENTED FROM ENTERING STRUCTURAL SECTIONS; (2) PAVEMENTS ARE NOT IMPERVIOUS; (3) IMPROVED SEALING OF PAVEMENT JOINTS AND CRACKS IS NEEDED; (4) A HYDROLOGY ORIENTED METHOD IS NEEDED TO SOLVE SUBDRAINAGE PROBLEM; (5) A RATIONAL SUBDRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN IS NEEDED; (6) FILTER DESIGN CRITERIA RESEARCH IS NEEDED; AND (7) PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODS AND SUBDRAINAGE ARE RELATED. FIVE BASIC RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE: (1) A COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM TO STUDY SUBDRAINAGE PROBLEMS BY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IS NEEDED; (2) A REVIEW OF DESIGN METHODS SHOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED TO EVALUATE STRUCTURAL SECTION DISTRESS AND PAVEMENT FAILURE PHENOMENA; (3) RESEARCH SHOULD BE UNDERTAKERN TO GENERATE INFORMATION ON THE MECHANICS OF FILTER/ DRAINAGE MATERIALS; (4) INSTRUMENTATION OF PERFORMING SUBDRAINAGE SYSTEMS BE ACCOMPLISHED TO OBTAIN DATA RELATING TO RAINFALL, SNOWFALL, SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT AND DRAINAGE OUTFLOW; AND (5) TRIAL INSTALLATIONS OF IMPROVED SUBDRAINAGE SYSTEMS BE CONSTRUCTED AND TESTED TO DETERMINE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYSTEMS AND DEVELOP STANDARDS/SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Filter drains KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Precipitation KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Specifications KW - Subdrains KW - Systems analysis KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210458 AU - Lottman, R P AU - University of Idaho, Moscow AU - Idaho Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOISTURE MECHANISM THAT CAUSES ASPHALT STRIPPING IN ASPHALTIC PAVEMENT MIXTURES PY - AB - A LABORATORY TEST METHOD FOR STRIPPING PREDICTION (ASPHALT-AGGREGATE DEBONDING) IS SATURATED ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES IS SHOWN. FOUR-INCH DIAMETER FIELD CORES OR LABORATORY SPECIMENS ARE USED. SPLIT CYLINDER TEST RESULTS (TENSILE STRENGTHS) ON PAIR-GROUPS OF SPECIMENS, IN WHICH SOME SPECIMENS FROM THE SAME GROUP ARE THERMAL CYCLED IN A SATURATED CONDITION (TO DUPLICATE FIELD STRIPPING CONDITIONS) AND OTHERS ARE MAINTAINED IN A DRY STATE BEFORE TESTING ARE EVALUATED. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTIMUM SET OF SPLIT CYLINDER TEST CONDITIONS ARE INCLUDED: RATE OF DEFORMATION AND TEMPERATURE, "TENSILE STRENGTH RATIO," TSR, WAS USED TO QUANTIFY THE AMOUNT OF STRIPPING AND TO RANK MISTURES. ANTI-STRIPPING REMEDIES SUCH AS ADDITION OF LIME, USE OF HYDRATED LIME COATED AGGREGATES, ADDITION OF CATIONIC ASPHALT ADDITIVE, AND DECREASE IN VOIDS WERE EVALUATED USING TSR FOR A PROMINENT STRIPPING MIXTURE IN SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO CONTAINING INKOM AREA AGGREGATES. FIELD CORES FROM ACTUAL PAVEMENT PROJECTS IN 1970 WERE ALSO TESTED AND RANKED BY THE TSR METHOD FOR STRIPPING DAMAGE PREDICTION. THE FIRST WORK WAS SUMMARIZED, INCLUDING FATIGUE TESTS ON SATURATED LABORATORY SPECIMENS, STATIC TESTS UNDER FREE WATER AND HIGH HUMIDITY CONDITIONS, SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS TO DETERMINE INTERNAL PRESSURES FROM TEMPERATURE CHANGE, AND AN APPROACH TO PRESSURE-FORCE RELATIONSHIPS FOR ADHESION BREAKDOWN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue tests KW - Free water KW - Mixtures KW - Moisture content KW - Percent saturation KW - Static tests KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97810 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210461 JO - Ohio State University Research Fdn PB - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Kauffmann, E M AU - Ramsamooj, D V AU - Chan, A T AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE AND FRACTURE OF BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES - FINAL REPORT, PHASE I PY - AB - IT IS POSTULATED THAT IN MATERIALS SUCH AS ASPHALTIC CONCRETE AND SAND ASPHALT MIXTURES WHICH ARE ABUNDANTLY ENDOWED WITH FLAWS, FATIGUE DAMAGE IS INITIATED AT THE FIRST LOADING CYCLE SO THAT THE FATIGUE LIFE IS THE NUMBER OF CYCLES OF REPEATED LOADING TO PROPAGATE A "STARTER FLAW" INTO A CRACK OF CRITICAL SIZE. THE STARTER FLAW IS A MATERIALS CONSTANT, BUT IS SUBJECT TO STATISTICAL VARIATION AND IS BELIEVED TO BE PRINCIPALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATISTICAL VARIATION OF FATIGUE LIFE. THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED ASPHALT BEAMS AND BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ARE EXAMINED USING EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS OF FRACTURE MECHANICS. THE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATES CORRELATE WELL WITH THE STRESS-INTENSITY FACTOR, IN ACCORDANCE WITH PARIS' LAW, WICH STATES THAT DC/DN = AK"N" WHERE DC/DN IS THE CRACK GROWTH PER CYCLE, A IS A MATERIALS CONSTANT, AND K IS THE STRESS-INTENSITY FACTOR WHICH IS DEPENDENT ON THE LOAD, GEOMETRY, AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. IN THIS REPORT, THE CRACK GROWTH LAW FOR TWO MIXTURES, THREE TEMPERATURES, FOUR BEAM GEOMETRIES AND TWO MODES OF LOADING ARE PRESENTED. IT IS SHOWN THAT FOR BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION AND FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS TESTED AT LOW TEMPERATURES, THE CONSTANT "N" IN THE CRACK GROWTH LAW IS ALMOST EQUAL TO FOUR, WHICH IS THE VALUE PREDICTED BY PARIS' ANALYSIS. HOWEVER, AT HIGHER TEST TEMPERATURES, THE CONSTANT "N" FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS IS SMALLER THAN THE THEORETICAL VALUE. THIS IS ATTRIBUTED TO INTERACTION OF CREEP AND FATIGUE PHENOMENA. THE METHODS OF DETERMINING THE CONSTANTS ARE PRESENTED, AND THE FATIGUE LIVES ARE COMPARED WITH THE PREDICTED ONES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Boundary conditions KW - Boundary value problems KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Geometry KW - Loads KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stresses KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206445 AU - Farnsworth, E E AU - JOHNSON, M H AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCTION OF WET PAVEMENT ACCIDENTS ON LOS ANGELES METROPOLITAN FREEWAYS PY - AB - IMPROVED PAVEMENT SURFACE CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR NEW PAVEMENTS AND THE USE OF PAVEMENT GROOVING AND THIN BLANKETS FOR EXISTING PAVEMENTS ARE SOLUTIONS TO THE WET PAVEMENT ACCIDENT PROBLEM. BEFORE-AND-AFTER ACCIDENT STUDIES OF PAVEMENT GROOVING PROJECTS INDICATE A REDUCTION OF 85 PERCENT OF THE WET PAVEMENT ACCIDENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crashes KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210462 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ramsamooj, D V AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TESTING PROCEDURES AND A METHOD TO PREDICT FATIGUE FAILURE OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT SYSTEMS PY - AB - THE FATIGUE PHENOMENA ARE CONSIDERED AS A PROCESS OF INITIATION AND GROWTH OF CRACKS WITHIN ASPHALTIC SYSTEMS. IT IS ASSUMED THAT IN PAVING MIXTURES, FATIGUE DAMAGE IS INITIATED AS THE FIRST LOADING CYCLE. THE FATIGUE LIFE CAN THEN BE CONSIDERED AS THE NUMBER OF CYCLES OF REPEATED LOADING, TO PROPAGATE THE INITIAL FLOW INTO A NUMBER OF CRACKS OF CRITICAL DIMENSIONS. A CRACK PROPAGATION LAW, IN WHICH THE RATE OF CRACK GROWTH IS RELATED TO STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS AND MATERIAL CONSTANTS, IS PRESENTED. THE CONCEPTS OF FRACTURE MECHANICS ARE DISCUSSED. THE RESULTS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ON CRACKING OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED ASPHALTIC BEAMS ARE REVIEWED. DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL RELATIONS FOR ANALYSIS OF CRACK GROWTH IN BEAMS SUPPORTED ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ARE ALSO PRESENTED. A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CRACKED BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION, USING BOUNDARY COLLOCATION METHOD, IS DEVELOPED AND PRESENTED IN THE APPENDIX. THE VALIDITY OF POSTULATED CONCEPTS FOR SAND ASPHALT AND AN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURE IS DISCUSSED. THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS, BASED ON THE FRACTURE MECHANICS, IS EXTENDED TO A 3-DIMENSIONAL PAVEMENT SYSTEM CONSISTING OF A SLAB RESTING ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION. DETAILED MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PAVEMENT MODEL HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT AND PRESENTED IN THE APPENDIX. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Computer programs KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavements KW - Stresses KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219753 AU - Burke, B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT COSTS AND RATES IN TEXAS PY - AB - A METHOD OF ESTIMATING COSTS FOR SELECTED ACCIDENTS USING COST DATA HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. GIVEN THE NUMBER AND TYPE (CAR/TRUCK) OF VEHICLES INVOLVED AND THE NUMBER OF FATALLY INJURED PERSONS, ACCIDENT COSTS CAN BE DERIVED USING THE DIRECT COST PER INVOLVEMENT AND LOSS OF FUTURE EARNINGS ESTIMATES PRESENTED IN THE REPORT. ALSO, ACCIDENT RATES FOR SELECTED HIGHWAY DESIGNS AND FOR VARIOUS AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC COUNTS ARE PRESENTED AND ANALYZED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Highway design KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224992 AU - Ventola AU - Moran AU - Olson AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN AUTOMOTIVE TELEMETRY SYSTEM PY - AB - THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A TELEMETRY SYSTEM FOR TRANSMITTING DATA FROM A MOVING TEST VEHICLE TO A NEARBY GROUND SITE ARE DESCRIBED. THE TRANSMITTING-RECEIVING COMBINATION WAS DESIGNED TO OPERATE IN THE 240-260 MHZ. BAND AND TO EITHER TRANSMIT OR RECEIVE 21 CHANNELS OF DATA SIMULTANEOUSLY; THUS, DATA CAN EITHER BE TRANSMITTED FROM A VEHICLE OR RECEIVED IN THE VEHICLE. THIS SYSTEM WAS EXHAUSTIVELY TESTED UNDER FULL-SCALE CONDITIONS AT THE FUTURE LOCATION OF THE OHIO HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH CENTER, WHERE DATA WERE TRANSMITTED FROM MOVING VEHICLE TO A FIXED GROUND STATION (AND VICE VERSA) FOR DISTANCES RANGING FROM 0.2-9 MILES. EXCELLENT RESULTS WERE OBTAINED WITH THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIOS OF THE RECEIVED SIGNALS ALWAYS BEING GREATER THAN 20 DB AS LONG AS AN UNOBSTRUCTED LINE-OF-SIGHT PROPAGATION PATH EXISTED BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER COMBINATION. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE SYSTEM WAS SATISFACTORILY DESIGNED AND IS FULLY READY FOR OPERATIONAL USE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automation KW - Data communications KW - Noise (Communications) KW - Telemetry KW - Testing KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224994 AU - Makigami, Y AU - Woodie, L AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BAY AREA OPERATING STUDY PY - AB - THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A COMPUTERIZED TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING HEAVY FREEWAY TRAFFIC FLOW UNDER VARIOUS ROADWAY AND TRAFFIC CONDITIONS IS DESCRIBED. THE MODEL IS, BASICALLY, A MICRO-TOOL FOR BRINGING TOGETHER PRIOR CAPACITY KNOWLEDGE IN A SYSTEMIZED WAY SO AS TO DETERMINE HOW GEOMETRIC OR OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS WILL AFFECT TRAFFIC CONGESTION. THE DECISION MAKER MAY THEN SELECT THE OPTIMUM IMPROVEMENT PLAN. /FHWA/ KW - Computers KW - Freeway operations KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230740 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE OF AGGREGATE-SOIL SYSTEMS UNDER REPEATED LOADS PY - AB - THE BEHAVIOR OF LAYERS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS ON A PREPARED SUBGRADE UNDER REPEATED LOADS WAS EVALUATED IN LABORATORY TESTS. RESULTS SHOW THAT THE RESPONSE OF THE SUBGRADE-GRANULAR LAYERED SYSTEM IS A FUNCTION OF THE DENSITIES OF THE GRANULAR MATERIALS AND THE SUBGRADE SOIL, THE MOISTURE CONTENTS OF THE GRANULAR MATERIALS AND THE SUBGRADE SOIL, THE MAGNITUDE OF THE LOAD, AND THE GRADATION OF THE GRANULAR MATERIALS. THE GREATEST CHANGE IN THE SYSTEM RESPONSE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEGREE OF SATURATION OF THE GRANULAR MATERIALS AND THE CONDITION OF THE SUBGRADE. SATURATION ABOVE 80 PERCENT HAD A PARTICULARLY DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM. CHANGES IN THE GRADATION OF THE GRANULAR MATERIAL FROM AN OPEN-GRADED TO A DENSE-GRADED MATERIAL HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT UPON SYSTEM RESPONSE. HOWEVER, WITH THE MORE OPEN-GRADED GRANULAR MATERIALS, THERE WAS A TENDENCY FOR THE SUBGRADE SOIL TO WORK UP INTO THE GRANULAR LAYER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Density KW - Gradation KW - Granular materials KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Moisture content KW - Percent saturation KW - Repeated loads KW - Response KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228671 AU - Gnirk, P F AU - Fossum, A F AU - Svalstad, D K AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC-REFRACTION ANALYSIS FOR LAYERED SOIL AND ROCK FORMATIONS CONTAINING BOULDERS, CAVITIES, AND BEDDED IRREGULARITIES PY - AB - SIGNIFICANT RESULTS OF INTEREST TO ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS PHASES OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MAY BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: (1) THROUGH THE USE OF SEISMOGRAM DATA OBTAINED FROM REVERSED- PROFILE REFRACTION SURVEYS, THE EXISTENCE OF A CROSS- BEDDED LAYER IN A SEQUENCY OF LAYERED MEDIA CAN BE DEFINED, AND THE APEX OF THE CROSS-BEDDED LAYER CAN BE LOCATED WITH RESPECT TO THE SHOT POINTS. BY UTILIZING SEISMOGRAM DATA OBTAINED FROM PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR REVERSED-PROFILE REFRACTION SURVEYS, A SEQUENCE OF LAYERED FORMATIONS, INCLUDING THE PRESENCE OF A LAYERED FORMATIONS, INCLUDING THE PRESENCE OF A CROSS-BEDDED LAYER, CAN BE DETERMINED IN A THREE- DIMENSIONAL SENSE. THE COMPUTER PROGRAM REFRAC3 HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO INTERPRET REFRACTION DATA FROM THE VIEW POINTS OF THE THICKNESSES AND DIPS OF A SEQUENCE OF ROCK AND SOIL FORMATIONS, THE EXISTENCE AND APEX LOCATION OF A CROSS-BEDDED LAYER, THE PROBABLE MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND ESTIMATED RELATIVE RIPPABILITY OF EACH LAYER, AND TO PROVIDE GRAPHICAL PLOTS OF THE TRAVEL-TIME CURVES AND SUBSURFACE CROSS SECTION. (2) THE LOCATION OF CAVITIES AND BOULDERS WITHIN A LAYER, OR AT AN INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO LAYERS, BY SEISMIC REFRACTION IS RELATIVELY MORE DIFFICULLT THAN DETERMINING CROSS-BEDDED LAYERS, AND REQUIRES A MORE DETAILED SURVEY CONFIGURATION WITH THE POSSIBLE COMPLEMENTARY USE OF SEISMIC REFRACTION. (3) THROUGH THE COMPLEMENTARY USE OF SEISMIC REFRACTION AND REFLECTION, THE THICKNESS OF A SINGLE, HORIZONTAL ANISTROPIC LAYER OVERLYING EITHER AN ISOTROPIC OR ANISOTROPIC LAYER CAN BE DETERMINED. THE DETERMINATION OF THE THICKNESSES AND DIPS OF A SEQUENCE OF ANISOTROPIC LAYERS APPEARS TO BE RELATIVELY DIFFICULT, AND PROBABLY REQUIRES SEVERAL INDEPENDENT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION SURVEYS. (4) THE RELATIVE RIPPABILITY OF A SOIL OR ROCK FORMATION DEPENDS ON THE PARTICULAR RIPPER-TRACKER COMBINATION, AND CAN BE RELATED TO SEISMIC WAVE VELOCITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beds /geology/ KW - Boulders KW - Computer programs KW - Crushers KW - Holes KW - Pavement layers KW - Reflection KW - Refraction KW - Rippability KW - Rippers KW - Rocks KW - Seismic reflection KW - Seismic refraction KW - Seismicity KW - Seismometers KW - Soils KW - Strata KW - Tear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214515 AU - Hockings, W A AU - PARK, B AU - Volin, M E AU - Michigan Technological University, Houghton AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF ERRORS IN THE INSPECTION SAMPLING OF GRAVEL AGGREGATE PY - AB - AN ERROR STUDY IN FIELD TESTING OF COARSE GRAVEL AGGREGATE TO DETERMINE GRADING AND PERCENTAGE OF DELETERIOUS PARTICLES WAS MADE. THE MAJOR TYPES OF ERROR STUDIED WERE SAMPLING ERROR, INSPECTOR BIAS, AND PICKING ERROR. A COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO DETERMINE IDEAL RANDOM SAMPLING RESULTS AS A BASIS FOR COMPARISON. INSPECTOR BIAS AND PICKING ERROR DEPENDED ON AGGREGATE TYPE. GRADING ERROR WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN ERROR OBTAINED FROM SIMULATED RANDOM SAMPLING. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT NEARLY ALL VARIATIONS BETWEEN TRUCK LOADS WERE DUE TO SAMPLING AND INSPECTION ERRORS RATHER THAN REAL DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITION. VARIOUS METHODS OF REDUCING SAMPLING ERROR AND INSPECTION ERROR WERE CONSIDERED. ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND FURTHER SIMULATION STUDIES ARE RECOMMENDED. /FHWA/ KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Errors KW - Gravel KW - Information processing KW - Picking KW - Sampling KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205378 AU - Hunter, G E AU - Hirst, T J AU - Fang, H Y AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRITICAL REVIEW OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN EQUATIONS PY - AB - IN 1962 THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS PRESENTED A METHOD FOR THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS WHICH WAS BASED ON A LARGE SCALE FIELD STUDY. THE STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIC DESIGN METHOD AND THE ASSUMPTIONS NECESSARY FOR ITS APPLICATION ARE ENUMERATED AND CRITICALLY DISCUSSED. THE CONCEPT OF HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE WAS THE BASIS UPON WHICH THE ROAD TEST WAS EVALUATED. THE SIGNIFICANCE AND VALIDITY OF USING PERFORMANCE EXPRESSIONS TO ESTIMATE PAVEMENT LIFE AND STRENGTH AR DISCUSSED. THE INDIVIDUAL DESIGN VARIABLES, WHICH INCLUDE STRUCTURAL COEFFICIENTS, SOIL SUPPORT, TRAFFIC INTENSITY AND REGIONAL FACTORS ARE PRESENTED. CURRENTLY AVAILABLE METODS FOR DETERMINING EACH OF THESE VARIABLES ARE EXAMINED AND EVALUATED. THE IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING APPROPRIATE VALUES FOR THE DESIGN VARIABLES WHEN CALCULATING THE PAVEMENT LIFE IS DISCUSSED. ALTHOUGH IT HAS RECEIVED WIDESPREAD ACCEPTANCE, THE AASHO DESIGN METHOD HAS SERIOUS LIMITATIONS. NONE OF THE ATTEMPTS TO ADOPT THE PROCEDURE TO AN INDIVIDUAL STATE'S REQUIREMENTS HAVE BEEN ENTIRELY SUCCESSFUL. THE NEED FOR A CLEARER DEFINITION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE STATISTICALLY BASED AASHO DESIGN VARIABLES, IS INDICATED. /AUTHOR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Bearing capacity KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Regions KW - Service life KW - Soil support value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202579 AU - Weeden, H A AU - Lattman, L H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR PHOTO ANALYSIS OF INFRARED COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY PY - AB - AIR PHOTO ANALYSIS OF INFRARED COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY IS CONTRASTED WITH BLACK AND WHITE PANCHROMATIC AND NORMAL COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY AS A MEANS FOR ASSESSING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND BEDROCK FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE. TWO METHODS OF MAPPING WERE EXPLORED. THE FIRST METHOD IS PROBLEM ORIENTED AND IS DESCRIBED IN A MANUAL ENTITLED "MANUAL OF HIGHWAY-PROBLEM-ORIENTED PHOTO INTERPRETATION USING PANCHROMATIC, NORMAL COLOR, AND INFRARED COLOR AIR PHOTOS" WHICH SUPPLEMENTS THE REPORT. THE SECOND MAPPING METHOD IS CALLED "RECONNAISSANCE MAPPING" AND RESULTS IN MAP UNITS WITH A FIVE-PART SYMBOL: (1) LAND FORM, (2) SOIL TEXTURE, (3) SURFACE SLOPE, (4) WATER TABLE POSITION, AND (5) DEPTH OF SOIL TO BEDROCK. SPECIAL SYMBOLS ARE ADDED FOR COORDINATING EXPLORATORY DRILLING. THE MAP IS INTERPRETATIVE, CONTAINING INFORMATION LIMITED TO A ROUTE CORRIDOR. A STATISTICAL STUDY ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE SUCCESS WITH WHICH INTERPRETERS CAN OBSERVE AND EVALUATE PERTINENT PARAMETERS AND RANK THEM IN GROUPS AMENABLE TO ANALYSIS. THESE PARAMETERS ARE THEN USED TO COMPARE THE CAPABILITIES OF THE THREE FILM TYPES. SEVERAL USEFUL STATISTICAL TESTS ARE DEMONSTRATED. THE EVALUATION BY STATISTICAL MEANS OF ALL PARAMETERS USED IN INTERPRETATION WAS NOT DEMONSTRATED. THE PROBLEM- ORIENTED TYPE OF MAPPING IS RECOMMENDED. RECONNAISSANCE MAPPING IS SUCCESSFUL IN PENNSYLVANIA EXCEPTING THOSE AREAS OF COMPLEX IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS IN THE SOUTHEAST. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Air photointerpretation KW - Bedrock KW - Color photography KW - Highway design KW - Infrared photography KW - Photointerpretation KW - Physical properties KW - Reconnaissance KW - Slopes KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil texture KW - Soils KW - Texture KW - Water table UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203164 AU - Nordlin, E AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Doty, R N AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF AN ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIER EMPLOYING STEEL DRUMS PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF THREE FULL-SCALE VEHICLE IMPACT TESTS INTO AN ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIER EMPLOYING 55 GALLON TIGHT HEAD STEEL DRUMS ARE REPORTED. THE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH 1968 SEDANS WEIGHING APPROXIMATELY 4,700 LBS. AND TRAVELING AT SPEEDS OF 54 TO 64 MPH. IMPACTS INTO THE TEST BARRIERS CONSISTED OF A HEAD-ON AND A 9 DEG. IMPACT INTO THE NOSE AND AN 11 DEG. IMPACT MIDWAY ALONG THE SIDE OF THE BARRIER. THE HEAD-ON AND ANGLE IMPACTS INTO THE NOSE OF THE BARRIER RESULTED IN VEHICLE PASSENGER COMPARTMENT DECELERATIONS LESS THAN 12 G'S. VEHICLE DAMAGE WAS MODERATE. THE VEHICLE REMAINED STABLE AND UPRIGHT DURING IMPACT. ALMOST ALL THE DRUMS IN THE BARRIER WERE CRUSHED TO SOME EXTENT. EXTENSIVE REPAIRS WOULD HAVE BEEN REQUIRED TO RESTORE THE BARRIER TO A FUNCTIONAL LIMIT. THE IMPACT INTO THE SIDE OF THE BARRIER DID NOT PRODUCE COMPLETELY SATISFACTORY RESULTS. THE VEHICLE WAS REDIRECTED, BUT BY THE BRIDGE APPROACH GUARDRAIL BEHIND THE BARRIER. THE RESULTS OF THESE 3 TESTS INDICATE THAT THE BARRIER'S EFFECTIVENESS IN REDUCING THE SEVERITY OF MOST IMPACTS IS SUCH THAT IT COULD BE USED OPERATIONALLY ON AN EXPERIMENTAL BASIS. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ELECTRONIC AND PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS EMPLOYED ARE INCLUDED, AS ARE THE PROCEDURES USED TO ANALYZE THE DATE OBTAINED WITH THESE SYSTEMS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224980 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM FINAL REPORT SUMMARY PY - AB - A BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION IS PRESENTED OF THE TWO MOVING MERGE CONTROL SYSTEMS, KNOWN AS THE "PACER" AND "GREEN BAND" SYSTEMS. A DESCRIPTION OF THE GENERAL SPECIFICATION THAT WAS DEVELOPED FOR AN ADAPTIVE FREEWAY CONTROL SYSTEM IS ALSO INCLUDED. /FHWA/ KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Freeway operations KW - Merging traffic KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224982 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME II- PACER SYSTEM SOFTWARE PY - AB - VOLUME II OF THE MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM FINAL REPORT CONTAINS A NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION AND SERIES OF FLOW CHARTS FOR THE PACER SYSTEM OPERATIONAL PROGRAM. /FHWA/ KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Merging traffic KW - Pacer system KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224987 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME VII - ADAPTIVE SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATION PY - AB - THE PURPOSE OF AN ADAPTIVE FREEWAY CONTROL SYSTEM IS TO CONTROL THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRAFFIC IN A CORRIDOR SO AS TO OPTIMIZE THE LEVEL OF SERVICE. THE SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, THE HARDWARE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION AND THE SOFTWARE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FOR AN ADAPTIVE FREEWAY CONTROL SYSTEM ARE DISCUSSED. /FHWA/ KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Freeway operations KW - Information processing KW - Level of service KW - Merging traffic KW - Traffic control devices KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224989 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME IX - GREEN BAND PERFORMANCE DATA PY - AB - VOLUME IX OF THE MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM FINAL REPORT CONTAINS THE PERFORMANCE DATA THAT WAS COLLECTED DURING THE OPERATION OF THE "GREEN BAND" SYSTEM. /FHWA/ KW - Data KW - Green band system KW - Merging traffic KW - Performance KW - Systems KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224991 AU - Bastuscheck, C P AU - HRB-Singer Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SYSTEM FOR MEASURING AND MARKING NO PASSING ZONE LIMITS PY - AB - A SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER PASS/NO PASS ZONES ON 2-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS IS DESCRIBED. THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO PICKUP TRUCKS EQUIPPED WITH A SIGHT DISTANCE MEASURING DEVICE, ON OPERATOR CONSOLE, PAINT CODE COMPUTER AND PAINT SPRAY EQUIPMENT. A RADIO DISTANCE MEASURING SYSTEM IS MOUNTED IN THE TWO TRUCKS TO MONITOR THE SPACING BETWEEN THE TRUCKS AS THEY TRAVEL (15-25 MPH) ALONG A HIGHWAY TO BE MARKED. THE OUTPUT OF THE MEASURING SYSTEM PROVIDES INFORMATION TO THE OPERATOR OF THE SECOND TRUCK TO MAINTAIN THE SPACING AT THE SELECTED MINIMUM SAFE PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE. A FLASHING LIGHT MOUNTED ON THE LEADING TRUCK IS THE TARGET FOR DETERMINING WHEN THE TRUCK IS NOT IN SIGHT. A SECOND OPERATOR IN THE TRAILING TRUCK CAUSES MARKS TO BE PAINTED ON THE PAVEMENT WHEN THE LEADING VEHICLE DISAPPEARS FROM VIEW, AND AGAIN WHEN IT REAPPEARS. THESE MARKS ARE USED LATER BY THE PAINT TRUCK CREWS TO MARK THE APPROPRIATE STRIPES ON THE ROAD SURFACE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Measurement KW - No passing zones KW - Paint KW - Passing sight distance KW - Road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic marking KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224993 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Bryan, T H AU - Goldenbaum, D M AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERSECTIONS PY - AB - TOTAL DELAY IN AN INTERSECTION IS STUDIED AS A MEASURE OF SIGNALIZATION EFFECTIVENESS. A TWO PRONGED APPROACH IS UNDERTAKEN, IN WHICH MANUAL COLLECTION METHODS ARE COMBINED WITH COMPUTER SENSOR SYSTEM COLLECTION EFFORTS. THE INDEPENDENTLY-DRAWN RESULTS ARE COMPARED AND THEIR RELATIVE USEFULNESS IN EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE SIGNALIZATION MODES DISCUSSED. A METHOD FOR IMPROVING INTERSECTION SIGNALIZATION IN TERMS OF MINIMIZING VEHICLE QUEUE LENGTH DELAY AND RED SIGNAL VIOLATORS IS SUGGESTED BY THE ANALYSIS RESULTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Improvements KW - Information processing KW - Intersections KW - Length KW - Manual control KW - Mode S KW - Queuing KW - Total delay KW - Traffic signals KW - Vehicles KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218064 AU - Moss, C R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A ROUTING METHODOLOGY FOR SNOW PLOUGHS AND CINDERING TRUCKS PY - AB - GRAPH THEORY IS USED TO DETERMINE ECONOMIC ROUTINGS FOR PLOUGHS AND TRUCKS ON WINTER MAINTNENACE OF HIGHWAYS. EXAMPLES OF ROUTES ARE PRESENTED AND COMPARED TO PRESENT PRACTICE. PARTITIONING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EULER GRAPHS FOR DETERMINISTIC PURPOSES ARE PRESENTED. PART I PRESENTS THE REQUIRED MATHEMATICAL THEORY. PART II IS PROPOSED PRACTICE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Mathematics KW - Routing KW - Slag KW - Snowplows KW - Theory KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208001 AU - Chen, Y L AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX-BEAM BRIDGES PY - AB - THE FIELD TESTING IS DESCRIBED OF AN IN-SERVICE BEAM-SLAB HIGHWAY BRIDGE SUPER-STRUCTURE, CONSISTING BASICALLY OF (1) FIVE LONGITUDINAL PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX BEAMS, SPREAD APART AS IN TYPICAL I-BEAM CONSTRUCTION, (2) CAST-IN-PLACE SLAB, CURB, AND PARAPET SECTIONS, AND (3) END AND MIDSPAN EXTERIOR DIAPHRAGMS. A TEST LOAD VEHICLE, CLOSELY SIMULATING AN AASHO HS 20-44 DESIGN VEHICLE, WAS USED TO PRODUCE LIVE LOAD EFFECTS IN THE STRUCTURE. THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES WERE TO EXPERIMENTALLY INVESTIGATE THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE (1) TO THE TEST VEHICLE TRAVELING AT CONSTANT SPEEDS, IN THE RANGE 2 - 60 MPH, AND (2) TO AN IMPACT TEST IN WHICH THE TEST VEHICLE PASSED OVER A RAMP, TWO INCHES IN HEIGHT, AT A SPEED OF 10 MPH. A THIRD OBJECTIVE WAS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF STATIC VEHICLE LOADING. FROM THE SPEED RUNS OF THE TEST VEHICLE, IT WAS FOUND THAT THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT VARIATION IN THE DYNAMIC LOAD FACTORS. MAXIMUM VALUES WERE DEVELOPED AT SPEEDS OF 26 AND 55 MPH, AND AT THESE SPEEDS, THE LOADED FREQUENCIES OF VIBRATION OF THE SUPER-STRUCTURE WERE NARLY EQUAL TO THE UNLOADED NATURAL FREQUENCY. THE FACTORS AT SOME OF THE SPEEDS EXCEEDED THE DESIGN VALUE. HOWEVER, IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT THIS DOES NOT IMPLY INADEQUACY OF THE DESIGN VALUE, SINCE THE MAXIMUM-LOAD DESIGN CONDITIONS MUST INCLUDE MULTILANE LOADING CONDITIONS, AS WELL AS CONSIDERATION OF OCCURRENCE PROBABILITIES. THE IMPACT TESTS REVEALED CONSIDERABLE AMPLIFICATION OF STATIC LOAD EFFECTS, AND INDICATE GENERAL BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS RESULTING FROM IMPACT-TYPE LOADING. THE LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEST VEHICLE LOAD WAS MORE UNIFORM IN THE SPEED AND IMPACT RUNS THAN IN THE CRAWL RUNS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Box beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cast in place structures KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Highway bridges KW - Live loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Superstructures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207998 AU - Wyss, A N AU - Mattock, A H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF I-SECTION, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS SUBJECT TO TORSION, SHEAR, AND BENDING PY - AB - AVAILABLE DATA AND THEORIES CONCERNING THE DIAGONAL TENSION CRACKING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED TORSION, SHEAR AND BENDING ARE REVIEWED, AS ARE THOSE CONCERNING THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED TORSION AND BENDING. A TWO PART STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-SECTION GIRDERS IS REPORTED; PART A IS CONCERNED WITH DIAGONAL TENSION CRACKING IN GIRDERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED TORSION, SHEAR AND MOMENT; PART B IS CONCERNED WITH THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF GIRDERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED TORSION AND MOMENT. TWENTY FULL-SCALE I-SECTION GIRDERS WERE TESTED. THE PRIMARY VARIABLES IN PART A WERE THE RATIO OF TORSIONS TO SHEAR AND THE SHEAR SPAN; AND IN PART B WERE THE STIRRUP SPACING AND THE AMOUNT OF ADDITIONAL UNPRESTRESSED LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT. PROCEDURES ARE DEVELOPED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF TORSIONSHEAR INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR DIAGONAL TENSION CRACKING, WHICH REFLECT ACTUAL GIRDER BEHAVIOR WITH REASONABLE ACCURACY. THE PROVISION OF ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT WAS FOUND NOT TO INCREASE THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF GIRDERS OF THIS TYPE SUBJECT OT COMBINED TORSION AND FLEXURE, DUE TO PREMATURE SPLITTING OF THE OUTSTANDING PARTS OF THE COMPRESSION FLANGE. AT SERVICE LOADS THE TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL STIFFNESS OF THE GIRDERS WERE NOT REDUCED BY COMBINED LOADING AND COULD BE CALCULATED WITH REASONABLE ACCURACY USING THE ELASTIC THEORY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Diagonal tension KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - I beams KW - Length KW - Longitudinal reinforcement KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Ratios KW - Shear strength KW - Stiffness KW - Stirrups KW - Tension KW - Torsion KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207999 AU - Kuo, J T AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION PY - AB - THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CUR0ED HIGHWAY BRIDGES REQUIRE THE EVALUATION OF THE TORSIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE BRIDGE GIRDER MEMBERS. THE "THIN WALLED THEORY" CAN BE APPLIED WITH CERTAIN MODIFICATION. THESE MODIFICATIONS REQUIRE CONSIDERATION OF THE MATERIAL PROPERTY VARIATIONS AND THE COMPOSITE ACTION OF DECK SLAB AND GIRDERS. INCLUSION OF THESE MODIFICATIONS INTO THE GENERAL THEORY RESULTED IN A SERIES OF EQUATIONS WHICH WERE USED TO EVALUATE THE TORSIONAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL COMPOSITE HIGHWAY GIRDERS. THE EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF FOUR COMPOSITE GIRDERS WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE TORSIONAL RIGIDITY, WARPING PHENOMENA, AND FAILURE MODE. RESULTS SHOWED THAT: (1) THE CONCRETE SLAB PREDOMINATES IN TORSIONAL RIGIDITY DETERMINATION. (2) THE CONCRETE SLAB WARPING IS NEGLIGIBLE. (3) THE STEEL BEAM WARPING IS SIGNIFICANT. (4) THE COMPOSITE GIRDER FAILS BY CONCRETE CRACKING IN DIAGONAL TENSION. CORRELATION BETWEEN THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA INDICATED THAT THE APPLICATION ON THIN WALLED THEORY IS JUSTIFIED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Composite structures KW - Concrete KW - Curved beams KW - Design KW - Failure KW - Highway bridges KW - Mode S KW - Properties of materials KW - Slabs KW - Steel KW - Stiffness KW - Theory KW - Thin walled theory KW - Thin walls KW - Torsion KW - Warpage KW - Warping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202578 AU - Norell, W F AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPORT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF "MEASURE AND DEPICT TROUBLE AREAS IN STEREO MODELS" PY - AB - THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PERFORMED IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION SINCE 1964 IS SUMMARIZED. APPLICATIONS TO LANDSLIDE DETECTION, MAPPING OF COAL BEARING STRATA FOR RIGHT- OF-WAY APPRAISAL, ARE DISCUSSED AS WELL AS THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING MANUALS AND THE TRAINING OF ENGINEERS IN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PLOTTER OPERATIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Air photointerpretation KW - Appraisals KW - Coal KW - Data plotters KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Education KW - Landslides KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Photogrammetric engineering KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photointerpretation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Stereo models KW - Stereoscopic models KW - Stereoscopic plotters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203163 AU - California Department of Public Works AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED PLOTTER NEEDS STUDY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS 1970-1975 PY - AB - INITIALLY, THE PROBLEM WAS THAT COMPUTER SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT DID NOT HAVE A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPUTERIZED PLOTTING NEEDS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS OR THE EQUIPMENT REQUIRED TO SUPPORT THESE NEEDS. STUDY RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE PRESENT COMPUTERIZED PLOTTING EQUIPMENT CAN COPE WITH THE NORMAL GROWTH WORKLOADS OVER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS. HOWEVER, IT WILL NOT SATISFY ANTICIPATED USER NEEDS RESULTING FROM AN INCREASED WORKLOAD IF NEW PROGRAMS ARE DEVELOPED; NOR WILL IT PROVIDE ADDITIONAL PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES REQUESTED BY POTENTIAL USERS. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW COMPUTER GRAPHICS PROGRAMS AND ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT PROCUREMENT WHEN JUSTIFIED IS RECOMMENDED. IF THESE RECOMMENDATIONS ARE ADOPTED, THEN THE APPROXIMATE SAVINGS OVER A FIVE-YEAR PERIOD COULD APPROACH $7 MILLION. THE COST TO ACHIEVE THESE SAVINGS IS ESTIMATED TO BE $761,000 FOR NEW PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, MORE EQUIPMENT TO SUPPORT AN EXPANDED PROGRAM AND OPERATIONAL COSTS TO MAINTAIN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Costs KW - Data plotters KW - Equipment KW - Information processing KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224990 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME X - GREEN BAND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PY - AB - VOLUME X OF THE MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM FINAL REPORT CONTAINS A LIMITED QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DATA PRESENTED IN VOLUME IX ENTITLED, GREEN BAND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DATA. THIS ANALYSIS APPEARS IN SECTION 1 THROUGH 11 OF THIS VOLUME. SECTION 12 IS AN EVALUATION OF THE GREEN BAND SYSTEM BASED UPON PUBLIC RESPONSE TO QUESTIONNAIRES DISTRIBUTED TO THE PUBLIC, FOLLOWING A SIX-WEEK PUBLIC USE INTERVAL. SECTION 13 PROVIDES GENERAL CONCLUSIONS BASED UPON EVALUATION OF DATA PRESENTED IN THIS VOLUME. /AUTHOR/ KW - Data analysis KW - Green band system KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Merging traffic KW - Performance KW - Public opinion KW - Systems KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230741 AU - Callihan, C AU - Armas, A AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER STABILIZED SOIL-CEMENT PY - AB - THEORETICALLY THE USE OF POLYMERS IN SOIL-CEMENT HAS GREAT POTENTIAL. THE METHOD OF INCORPORATING POLYMERS INTO SOIL-CEMENT MATRIX MAY BE THE CRITICAL FACTOR. IF THE POLYMER IS FORMED IN SITU BY ADDING A MONOMER AND THEN EFFECTING A POLYMERIZATION, A DIFFICULT OPERATION ARISES IN OBTAINING HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT. USUALLY GAMMA IRRADIATION OR CURING OVENS ARE USED BUT BOTH ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH CURRENT FIELD CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES. WHEN MONOMERS WERE USED HERE, CATALYSTS THAT ARE ACTIVE AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES WERE USED. HOWEVER, POLYMERIZATION DID NOT PROCEED TO THE REQUIRED EXTENT. THE ADDITION OF PREPOLYMERIZED POLYMER EITHER DISSOLVED IN WATER, OR AS A FINELY DISPOSED POWDER, LED TO UNDESIRABLE VISCOELASTIC RESISTANCE TO COMPACTION. THE FINAL COMPACTED DENSITY OF THE SPECIMENS WAS BELOW THE DENSITY OF THE SAMPLES CONTAINING NO POLYMER. A THIRD TECHNIQUE OF INCORPORATING THE POLYMER AS A LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT OLIGOMER WHICH THEN REQUIRED A MINIMUM OF POLYMERIZATION TO OBTAIN POLYMER OFFERED THE MOST POTENTIAL. THE RESISTANCE TO COMPACTION COULD BE OFFSET BY CANCELLING OUT SOME OF THE NEGATIVE CHARGES ON THE SURFACE OF THE CLAY PARTICLES. THIS CHARGE NEUTRALIZATION WAS OBTAINED BY ADDING EITHER A MONOVALENT IONIZABLE CATION SUCH AS SODIUM HYDROXIDE OR BY USING A CATIONIC WETTING AGENT. WHEN THE LATTER APPROACH WAS USED THE RESULTING DENSITIES WERE EQUAL TO OR IN SOME CASES BETTER THEN THE BLANKS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Molecular weight KW - Polymerization KW - Polymers KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233741 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE WHITEWATRER EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT: AN INSTRUMENTED ROADWAY TEST SECTION TO STUDY HYDROGENESIS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE IS TO DETERMINE THE SOURCE OF FREE WATER PRESENT UNDER ROADWAY IN WESTERN COLOADO. TWO INSTRUMENTED TEST SECTIONS WERE ESTABLISHED IN SPRING 1968 IN A SHALE MAT. A PLASTIC MEMBRANE WAS USED TO PROTECT THE SUBGRADE FROM MOISTURE TRANSFERRED FROM THE SUBBASE. IN THE CONTROL SECTION NO PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE WAS PROVIDED. THERE WAS A DISTINCT MOISTURE BUILDUP IN THE CONTROL SECTION TWO TO THREE WEEKS FOLLOWING A SURFACE PRECIPITATION. MOISTURE PENETRATES THE SURFACE AND ENTERS THE SUBBASE AND EVENTUALLY THE SUBGRADE BY EITHER (1) SEEPAGE, OR (2) THE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE VARIATION ALLOWING THE STRUCTURE TO "BREATHE" IN SATURATED AIR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE (HYDROGENESIS). HYDROGENESIS, RESULTING FROM A DIFFENENTIAL TEMPERATURE, DID NOT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE MOISTURE BUILDUP IN THE SUBBASE OR SUBGRADE. AFTER ONE YEAR, THE SUBBASE AND SUBGRADE BECAME SATURATED AND FURTHER MOISTURE VARIATION COULD NOT BE DETECTED. THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE SUBBASE WAS NOW APPROXIMATELY 4 TO 5% AND THE SUBGRADE NEAR 19% IN THE CONTROL SECTION. THE PLASTIC MEMBRANE BEGAN TO DECAY RESULTING IN A MOISTURE INCREASE IN THE TEST SECTION SUBGRADE. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, A SMALL AMOUNT OF SURFACE MOISTURE WAS SUFFICIENT TO CREATE FREE WATER AT THE BASE OF THE OPEN GRADED SUBBASE. UNLESS SUCH WATER IS PREVENTED FROM ENTERING THE SUBGRADE, CONSIDERABLE STRENGTH LOSS AND/OR SWELLING MAY OCCUR RESULTING IN A PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL FAILURE. /FHWA/ KW - Control conditions KW - Free water KW - Hydrogenesis KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Plastics KW - Seepage KW - Sources KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surfaces KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205379 AU - Haas, R C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPING A PAVEMENT FEEDBACK DATA SYSTEM PY - AB - THE PLANNING AND INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF A PAVEMENT FEEDBACK DATA SYSTEM, AS A PART OF A LARGER PROJECT, "THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FEASIBLE APPROACH TO PAVEMENT DESIGN AND RESEARCH" ARE DESCRIBED. THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING DATA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND USE ARE PRESENTED AND THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE PAVEMENT DATA SYSTEM ARE DISCUSSED. INTEGRATION OF THE SYSTEM WITH OTHER DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS OF THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT ARE CONSIDERED. A SET OF FACTORS HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AND CATEGORIZED INTO A MASTER FLE AND SIX SUBFILES. THESE FACTORS HAVE BEEN CODED AND CODING FORMS HAVE BEEN PREPARED. SEVERAL EXAMPLE SETS OF DATA RETRIEVAL FROM THE SYSTEM HAVE BEEN PRESENTED. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT FUTURE WORK IN THE PROJECT SHOULD BE PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH DEVELOPING A SAMPLING PLAN AND GUIDES, WITH CONTINUING SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND WITH A TRIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DATA SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Data systems KW - Evaluation KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224983 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME III - PACER SYSTEM PROGRAM LISTING PY - AB - THE COMPLETE ASSEMBLY LISTING FOR THE PACER SYSTEM OPERATIONAL PROGRAM IS PRESENTED. INCLUDED, HEREIN, ARE ALL OF THE SUBPROGRAMS, SUBROUTINES AND ENGINEERING MODIFICATIONS OF THE OPERATIONAL PROGRAM AS WELL AS THE TEST AND UTILITY PROGRAMS THAT WERE DEVELOPED FOR THE SYSTEM. /FHWA/ KW - Merging traffic KW - Pacer system KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224986 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOLUME VI - PRELIMINARY STUDIES PY - AB - THE PURPOSE WAS TO COMPILE ANALYSES, STATISTICS, AND OTHER MATERIAL WHICH WOULD BE OF ASSISTANCE TO RAYTHEON COMPANY IN THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM. EFFECTIVE METHODS OF INTRODUCING THE SYSTEM TO THE PUBLIC ARE INCLUDED. VOLUME I PROVIDES GENERAL INFORMATION ON VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING VEHICLE TYPE USAGE, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, POWER, ACCELERATION, AND DECELERATION. VOLUME II ANALYZES AVAILABILITY, STABILITY, AND ACCEPTABILITY OF GAPS IN FREEWAY TRAFFIC. VOLUME III DISCUSSES EFFECTIVE METHODS NEEDED TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC AND PROVIDES RECOMMENDATIONS. VOLUME IV PROVIDES DATA ON THE STABILITY OF FREEWAY VEHICLE VELOCITIES AND DESCRIBES THE METHODOLOGY USED IN DEVELOPING THESE DATA. VOLUME V DISCUSSES SEVERAL TECHNIQUES OF FREEWAY CONTROL AND DESCRIBES SEVERAL EXISTING FREEWAY CONTROL SYSTEMS. VOLUME VI PRESENTS A STUDY OF TRAFFIC CHRACTERISTICS EXISTING AT THE SELECTED WOBURN SITE PRIOR TO INSTALLATION OF THE MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM. TRAFFIC VOLUME, ACCIDENTS, GAP ACCEPTANCE, AND TRAVEL TIME ARE ALSO STUDIED. /FHWA/ KW - Control KW - Design KW - Freeways KW - Gap acceptance KW - Governments KW - Merging control KW - Merging control system KW - Methodology KW - Public KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Vehicles KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222605 AU - Harrington, D M AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF HUMAN FACTORS IN THE FIRST FOUR YEARS OF DRIVING PY - AB - THE SAMPLE TESTED CONSISTED OF 13,915 PERSONS WHO WERE 16 OR 17 YEARS OLD WHEN LICENSED IN FIVE CALIFORNIA COUNTIES IN 1962-63. THEIR DRIVING RECORDS DURING THEIR FIRST FOUR YEARS OF DRIVING WERE DESCRIBED AND CORRELATED WITH OTHER BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. INFORMATION ON ACCIDENT AND CONVICTION RECORD WAS SUPPLIED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES. FOR THOSE WITH FATAL OR INJURY ACCIDENTS, CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL ACCIDENT REPORTS YIELDED DATA ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE ACCENTS. DATA WAS OBTAINED FROM THE PERMANENT RECORDS OF THE SUBJECTS' HIGH SCHOOLS. A MAIL QUESTIONNAIRE REQUESTING BIOGRAPHICAL AND DRIVING DATA WAS SENT TO THE SUBJECTS AFTER THEY HAD BEEN DRIVING FOR THREE OR FOUR YEARS. PERSONAL INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED WITH 443 HIGH AND LOW ACCIDENT SUBJECTS. DATA WAS COLLECTED ON BIOGRAPHICAL FACTORS, ATTITUDES, DRIVING BEHAVIOR, SELF-DESCRIPTION VIA AN ADJECTIVE LIST, AND A PERSONALITY TEST. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS SHOWED LITTLE CHANGE IN THE FIRST FOUR YEARS OF DRIVNG, BUT THIS DOES NOT PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR INCREASING THE LICENSING AGE TO 18. THE ACCIDENT RATE ADJUSTED FOR MILEAGE DECREASED WITH INCREASING EXPERIENCE. CONVICTION RATES SHOWED NO CHANGE ACROSS THE YEARS. CONSIDERABLE CHANGES WERE FOUND IN ACCIDENT CHARACTERISTICS WITH INCREASING EXPERIENCE. SUSPENSION AND REVOCATION OF LICENSES HAD LITTLE EFFECT IN KEEPING DRIVERS OFF THE ROAD. CITIZENSHIP GRADE IN HIGH SCHOOL WAS THE BEST PREDICTOR OF ACCIDENTS AND CONVICTIONS. GENERALLY, MORE SOCIALLY DESIRABLE PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER DRIVING RECORD. THE OVERALL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCIDENT FREQUENCY AND BIOGRAPHICAL DATA WAS TOO LOW TO PERMIT IDENTIFICATION OF "ACCIDENT PRONE" DRIVERS PRIOR TO LICENSING. CONVICTIONS WERE PREDICTABLE TO A MODERATELY HIGH DEGREE FROM BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. ACCIDENT CHARACTERISTICS WERE NOT PREDICTIVE OF THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS AND CONVICTIONS. AN OPTIMAL POINT SYSTEM FOR TYPES OF VIOLATIONS WAS BETTER THAN NUMBER OF CONVICTIONS FOR PREDICTING FUTURE ACCIDENTS. THOSE TAKING BEHIND-THE-WHEEL DRIVER TRAINING HAD MORE SOCIALLY DESIRABLE PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAN THOSE NOT TAKING THE COURSE, INDICATING VOLUNTEER BIAS. DRIVER TRAINING REDUCED FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENTS FOR FEMALES, BUT HAD LITTLE IF ANY EFFECT FOR MALES. CLASSROOM DRIVER EDUCATION REDUCED FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENTS FOR FEMALES, BUT HAD LITTLE IF ANY EFFECT ON MALE ACCIDENTS. HIGH ACCIDENT SUBJECTS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY SOCIAL DEVIANCY, GREATER INVOLVEMENT WITH CARS, AND MORE RECKLESS, MORE EMOTIONALLY MOTIVATED DRIVING WHEN A TEENAGER. HIGH AND LOW ACCIDENT DRIVERS DESCRIBED THEIR DRIVING BEHAVIOR AS SIMILAR AT THE TIME OF INTERVIEW. /AUTHOR/ KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Biographies KW - Convictions KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Interviewing KW - Personality KW - Point demerit systems KW - Questionnaires KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Traffic citations KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233737 AU - Slaughter, G M AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN METHODS OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES PY - AB - THE PURPOSES WERE TO EVALUATE THE METHODS USED BY THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA FOR THE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES, TO COMPARE THESE METHODS WITH WHAT OTHER STATES ARE DOING, AND TO RECOMMEND RESEARCH PROJECTS AND/OR ADDITIONAL STUDIES FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN THESE METHODS. A LIBRARY SEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF TWO QUESTIONNAIRES ON SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WERE SENT TO THE FIFTY STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS PLUS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND PUERTO RICO. GEORGIA'S SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WORK IS IN KEEPING WITH THE OTHER STATES. IN GENERAL, THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS HAVE NOT KEPT ABREAST WITH THE ADVANCES IN PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES FOR FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA. A MAJOR OBJECTIVE OF THE DESIGN OF SUBSURFACE PAVEMENT LAYERS IS TO KEEP THE BASE, SUBBASE, AND/OR SUBGRADE FROM BECOMING SATURATED. GENERALLY, ONE PROVIDES ADEQUATE DRAINAGE TO AVOID WATER ACCUMULATION IN THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE. THE DIFFICULTY IN IDENTIFYING THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS MAKES THE DESIGNING DIFFICULT. OFTEN, WHAT CONSTITUTES THE "BEST DESIGN" BECOMES A MATTER OF OPINION. MANY DESIGNERS ARE RELUCTANT TO CHANGE TO MORE SOPHISTICATED APPROACHES OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN. CONSEQUENTLY, THE DESIGN OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES BY THE AVERAGE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT IS ABOUT WHERE THE DESIGN WAS 15-20 YEARS AGO. RECOMMENDATIONS OUTLINING RESEARCH PROJECTS WERE MADE. BASICALLY THESE AMOUNTED TO BETTER UTILIZATION OF THE AFOREMENTIONED PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES AND MORE EFFORT EXPENDED IN OBTAINING BETTER DATA FOR DESIGN AN VERTIFICATION OF THE DESIGN MODELS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Flow KW - Highway drainage KW - Methodology KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Porous materials KW - Questionnaires KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage systems KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233738 AU - Young, F M AU - Rule, R B AU - Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology AU - Montana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LITHIFIED SHALE PROJECT REPORT OF INVESTIGATION PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE THE CHANGES THAT MODERATELY LITHIFIED, EXPANSIVE CLAY SHALES UNDERGO BECAUSE OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION THEREON. THE ULTIMATE GOAL WAS TO ACQUIRE SUFFICIENT INFORMATION SO THAT HIGHWAY DESIGN PERSONNEL COULD PREDICT THE RESULTS OF THE DISRUPTION OF EQUILIBRIUM CONDIDTIONS AND COULD INCORPORATE THE PREDICTED RESULTS INTO HIGHWAY DESIGN. LATE INSTALLATION OF INSTRUMENTS THAT EITHER WOULD NOT WORK OR WOULD NOT FIT INTO THE ACCESS TUBES, THAT WERE EXTREMELY LONG (275 FEET) BECAUSE THE RESEARCHERS HAD TO STAY CLEAR OF THE ROADWAY SURFACE, AT A CUT SITE IN EXPANSIVE CLAY SHALE THAT DID NOT HEAVE, PRODUCED INADEQUATE DATA FOR USEFUL ANALYSIS. "UNFORTUNATELY, BECAUSE OF DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN FIELD INSTALLATION AT THE CONSTRUCTION SITE, MUCH PERTINENT DATA WERE NOT ACCUMULATED. THE REASONS FOR THIS LOSS AND THE EFFECTS ON THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH ARE DISCUSSED THROUGHTOUT THIS REPORT. /FHWA/ KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Expansive clays KW - Heave KW - Heaving KW - Highway design KW - Interference KW - Road construction KW - Shale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207997 AU - McClure, R M AU - Barnoff, R M AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST OF A MODEL THROUGH - VOIDED BOX BEAM BRIDGE PY - AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A STATIC LOAD TEST ON A LABORATORY MODEL BRIDGE, COMPOSED OF 4 ADJACENT PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 17" X 36" X 40' BEAMS. TEST CONDITIONS WERE: (1) ISOLATED BEAM TESTS, (2) BRIDGE TEST BEFORE GROUTING OF SHEAR KEYS, WITH AND WITHOUT TIE RODS, (3) AFTER GROUTING OF SHEAR KEYS, WITH AND WITHOUT TIE RODS, AND (4) AFTER CASTING OF COMPOSITE SLAB, WITH AND WITHOUT TIE RODS. RESULTS OF THE TESTS WERE AS FOLLOWS: (1) TIE ROD FORCES WERE ALWAYS SMALL AND THE TIE RODS WERE NOT EFFECTIVE IN LOAD DISTRIBUTION. (2) SHEAR KEYS AND THE COMPOSITE SLAB WERE VERY EFFECTIVE IN LATERAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Box beams KW - Bridges KW - Concrete tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Load transfer KW - Model tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Static loads KW - Structural tests KW - Tie rods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00227742 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Petroff, B B TI - EXPERIENCE IN APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHOD TO TRAFFIC COUNTING PY - AB - THE AVERAGE DAILY VOLUME OF TRAFFIC (ADT) MOVING OVER A PARTICULAR HIGHWAY DURING THE YEAR, IS A MEASURE OF SERVICE OF THAT HIGHWAY TO ITS USERS. FROM TRAFFIC-COUNTING EXPERIENCE IT IS KNOWN THAT VOLUMES VARY FROM DAY TO DAY AND MONTH TO MONTH, BUT IT IS THE AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC THROUGHOUT THE YEAR AND CERTAIN PEAK VOLUMES TO WHICH THE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATOR PRIMARILY DIRECTS HIS ATTENTION. THE USUAL PRACTICE OF DETERMINING ADT IS TO TAKE SAMPLES OF TRAFFIC. COUNTS OF 24- OR 48-HOUR DURATION ARE ADJUSTED AND EXPANDED INTO ESTIMATES OF ADT. THE PROBLEM IS TO DEVELOP IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING AND EXPANDING TRAFFIC COUNTS THAT WILL PRODUCE ESTIMATES OF ACCEPTABLE ACCURACY FOR DESIGN AND ADMINISTRATIVE PURPOSES AT MINIMUM COST. THERE ARE ABOUT 1,000 CONTINUOUS-COUNT STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES WHERE TRAFFIC-COUNTING MACHINES ARE PERMANENTLY INSTALLED. THE BASIS FOR MEASURING THE ERRORS OR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ESTIMATED ADT AND TRUE ADT IS PROVIDED BY THE DATA FROM THESE INSTALLATIONS. STANDARD DEVIATION IS USED FOR EVALUATING THESE ERRORS. THAT GENERALIZATIONS CAN BE MADE ABOUT TRAFFIC VOLUMES ON THE BASIS OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION IS ESTABLISHED BY THE CHI SQUARE TEST OF GOODNESS OF FIT USED. THE TEST SHOWS THAT THE ERRORS OF ADT ESTIMATES FOLLOW THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE. ALTHOUGH STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS IN TRAFFIC-COUNTING PROGRAMS ARE NEW, ITS USE HAS RESULTED IN EITHER A SAVINGS IN MANPOWER OR THE OBTAINING OF MORE ACCURATE AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR THE SAME COST. /AUTHOR/ KW - Average daily traffic KW - Economics KW - Standard deviation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic counting stations KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/120662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230736 AU - Parker, F AU - Reese, L C AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF BEHAVIOR OF SINGLE PILES IN SAND UNDER LATERAL AND AXIAL LOADING PY - AB - A MODEL STUDY OF PILES IN SATURATED SAND SUBJECTED TO AXIAL AND LATERAL FORCES IS REPORTED. TWO-INCH DIAMETER BY 96 INCH LONG PILES WERE INSTRUMENTED TO MEASURE AXIAL AND BENDING MOMENT DISTRIBUTIONS. TWO GROUPS OF 4 PILES PLUS 12 INDIVIDUAL PILES WERE TESTED WITH THE SAND IN A FLOODED CONDITION. AXIAL AND LATERAL SOIL-PILE INTERACTION CURVES WERE GENERATED AND CORRELATED WITH SOIL PROPERTIES. RESPONSE PREDICTION CURVES COMPARE FAVORABLY TO TEST RESULTS OBTAINED BY OTHER RESEARCHERS AS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axial movements KW - Axial tension KW - Bending moments KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Lateral loads KW - Percent saturation KW - Physical distribution KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Sand KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228667 AU - Barker, W R AU - Reese, L C AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD-CARRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF DRILLED SHAFTS WITH THE AID OF DRILLING FLUIDS PY - AB - FOR HEAVILY LOADED FOUNDATIONS IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT STRAIGHT DRILLED SHAFTS, DESIGNED FOR SIDE FRICTION, ARE MUCH MORE ECONOMICAL THAN COMPARABLE DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS. THE DEMONSTRATION THAT SUCH SHAFTS CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRUCTED IN CAVING SOILS GREATLY INCREASES THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS FOR THE STRAIGHT DRILLED SHAFT. IMMEDIATE TANGIBLE BENEFITS WERE REALIZED BY THE EMPLOYMENT OF STRAIGHT DRILLED SHAFTS FOR THE FOUNDATION OF THE HB&T OVERPASS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Caving /mining/ KW - Drilling equipment KW - Drilling fluids KW - Drilling machines KW - Loads KW - Mining KW - Pile foundations KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228669 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Wu, M J AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DYNAMIC SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF SEATTLE CLAYS (REPORT NO 6) PY - AB - FROM A SERIES OF DYNAMIC UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TESTS IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT THE STRENGTH REDUCTION UNDER DYNAMIC EXCITATION IN SEATTLE CLAYS IS DEPENDENT ON THE GEOLOGIC SOIL STRESS HISTORY. THE NEW RESEARCH DATA PROVIDED WILL ENABLE THE ENGINEER FOR THE FIRST TIME TO DETERMINE THE DYNAMIC DESIGN STRENGTH OF SEATTLE SOILS AS A FUNCTION OF PRECOMPRESSION RATIO. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamic tests KW - Dynamics KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Shear stress KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207995 AU - Chen, C H AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAM BRIDGE- BARTONSVILLE BRIDGE PY - AB - THE FIELD TESTING OF AN EXISTING BEAM-SLAB HIGHWAY BRIDGE CONSTRUCTED WITH PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAMS AS THE MAIN LONGITUDINAL GIRDERS IS DESCRIBED. THE MAXIMUM MOMENT CROSS- SECTION (NEAR MIDSPAN), AND A CROSS-SECTION NEAR QUARTER- SPAN, WERE SELECTED AS THE TEST SECTIONS. THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES WERE: (1) TO EVALUATE THE LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOAD, AND (2) TO ESTABLISH THE AMPLIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CRAWL RUN RESPONSE UNDER DYNAMIC AND CONTROLLED IMPACT LOADING. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE EXPERIMENTAL DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR THE INTERIOR GIRDERS WERE NEAR THE DESIGN VALUE, AS SPECIFIED IN THE PENNDOT BRIDGE DIVISION STANDARDS, AND IN THE AASHO SPECIFICATIONS. FOR THE EXTERIOR GIRDERS, THE EXPERIMENTAL VALUES WERE GREATER THAN THE DESIGN VALUES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crawl run response KW - Cross sections KW - Dynamics KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Live loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Specifications KW - Statics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204640 AU - Whitaker, S E AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF WOOD PLANTS ON ROADSIDES PY - AB - WOOD SPECIES NATIVE TO VARIOUS AREAS IN KENTUCKY ARE SURVEYED AND THOSE THAT ARE USEFUL FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION, REDUCTION OF MAINTENANCE, AND IMPROVING AESTHETIC QUALITIES ARE LISTED. SEVENTY-ONE SPECIES WERE STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO SOIL REQUIREMENTS, KIND AND AMOUNT OF MULCH LIMITATIONS, AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS. THE PROPAGATION STUDIES UNDERTAKEN (LIVE PLANT COLLECTIONS, CUTTING, AND DIRECT SEEDING) ARE DESCRIBED. NINETEEN SPECIES ARE LISTED IN A PLANT INFORMATION TABLE THAT RECORDS NAME OF SPECIES, SUGGESTED USE, TYPE OF ROOT SYSTEM, SPECIES ASSOCIATION, PH LEVELS, AND MOISTURE SOIL REQUIREMENTS. /FHWA/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Climate KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Roadside improvement KW - Shrubs KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203162 AU - Berd, L O AU - Jennings, D E AU - Prescott, W AU - Strable, J A AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE CAPABILITY OF THE ANALYTICAL PLOTTER AP/C IN APPLICATIONS TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PROJECTS PY - AB - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORT AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NISTRI ANALYTICAL PLOTTER AP/C FROM JULY 1966 TO MARCH 1970 IS REPORTED. OPERATIONAL AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS, AERIAL TRIANGULATION, SPECIAL APPLICATIONS, ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS, RELIABILITY OF OPERATION, TRAINING OF INSTRUMENT OPERATORS, FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE INCLUDED. THE APPENDIX GIVES DETAILED OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR ALL FUNCTIONS OF THE AP/C SYSTEM. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial triangulation KW - Applications KW - Data plotters KW - Development KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Highway engineering KW - Implementation KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202577 AU - White, J H AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF COST, TIME, AND ACCURACY IN OBTAINING EARTHWORK PAY QUANTITIES FROM PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS AS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL FIELD SURVEY PY - AB - A COMPARISON IS MADE BETWEEN A CONVENTIONAL FIELD METHOD AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHOD OF OBTAINING TERRAIN CROSS-SECTIONS FOR EARTHWORK QUANTITY DETERMINATION. THE CONVENTIONAL FIELD SURVEY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHOD WERE COMPARED AGAINST DATA FROM A PRECISE GROUND SURVEY. THE COMPARISON WAS MADE IN TERMS OF COST, TIME AND ACCURACY. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOTH FIELD AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS ARE GIVEN. THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY WAS FOUND TO BE AS ECONOMICAL AND ACCURATE AS CONVENTIONAL FIELD METHODS. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Aerial photography KW - Costs KW - Cross sections KW - Earthwork KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - First order surveys KW - Photogrammetry KW - Surveys KW - Terrain KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205377 AU - Brown, J L AU - Ozellsna, M E AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAY DESIGN SUBSYSTEM NO 101-1F PY - AB - THE SUBSYSTEM PROVIDES FOR GENERATION OF SEVERAL ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAY STRATEGIES FOR EXISTING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. THESE STRATEGIES ARE LISTED IN ORDER OF ASCENDING COST. DYNAFLECT DEFLECTIONS ARE USED TO CHARACTERIZE THE EXISTING PAVEMENT STRUCTURE AND THE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAY MATERIAL. UNCERTAINTY IN THE PREDICTED PAVEMENT LIFE, AS A RESULT OF THE VARIABILITY IN THE TWO MATERIALS CHARACTERIZED, IS TREATED SO THAT THE DESIGNER MAY SELECT EITHER A 95% OR 99% CONFIDENCE LEVEL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Confidence intervals KW - Confidence level KW - Costs KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204641 AU - Beard, J B AU - Fischer, J A AU - Kaufman, J E AU - MARTIN, D P AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADSIDE VEGETATION PY - AB - RAPID, UNIFORM VEGETATIVE ESTABLISHMENT PRACTICES WERE EVALUATED IN 22 EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED ON (1) LOAMY CLAY CUT SLOPE, (2) LOAM CLAY FILL SLOPE, (3) SANDY CUT SLOPE, (4) SANDY MEDIAN, AND (5) SANDY LOAM MEDIAN SITES. SEED MIXTURE STUDIES INDICATED THAT A MINIMUM OF 20%, ON A SEED NUMBER BASIS, EACH OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS, RED FESCUE, AND PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SHOULD BE INCLUDED AS THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE SEED MIXTURE. THE INCLUSION OF ONE BUSHEL PER ACRE OF CEREAL RYE WAS BENEFICIAL ON SANDY SOILS BUT DISTINCTLY DETRIMENTAL TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT GRASS SPECIES ON FINE TEXTURE LOAM AND CLAY SOILS. THE OPTIMUM SEEDING RATE WAS BETWEEN 80 TO 100 POUNDS PER ACRE. ADEQUATE ESTABLISHMENT WAS ACHIEVED WITH SEEDINGS MADE FROM MAY 1 TO OCTOBER 10. THE APPLICATION OF A FINE TEXTURE TOPSOIL LAYER TO SANDY SOILS WAS ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESSFUL ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A PERMANENT VEGETATIVE COVER. USE OF A FERTILE TOPSOIL USUALLY ELIMINATED THE NEED FOR POST-SEEDING FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS, PROVIDING ADEQUATE INITIAL ESTABLISHMENT WAS ACHIEVED. THE SOIL INCORPORATION OF 80 POUNDS PER ACRE OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORIC ACID AND POTASH WAS THE BEST FERTILIZER. THE PREFERRED SEEDING TECHNIQUE INVOLVED ADEQUATE SOIL CULTIVATION FOLLOWED BY SHALLOW INCORPORATION OF THE SEED INTO THE SOIL AND ROLLING. ADEQUATE MULCHES WERE: (1) STRAW MULCH (2 TONS PER ACRE) PLUS ASPHALT (150 GALLSON PER ACRE), (2) SOIL RETENTION MAT OR EXCELSIOR, AND (3) WOOD CHIPS (9 TO 10 TONS PER ACRE). /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Establishing KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Grasses KW - Landscape design KW - Loam KW - Maintenance KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Roadside KW - Sand KW - Seeds KW - Topsoil KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204642 AU - Woodruff, J M AU - Blaser, R E AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING TURF ON STEEP SLOPES ALONG VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS PY - AB - CROWNVETCH ESTABLISHMENT STUDIES REVEALED THAT THE BEST STANDS WERE OBTAINED WITH EARLY SPRING SEEDING. LIBERAL LIME TREATMENTS WERE BENEFICIAL ON SUNNY SLOPES WHERE MOISTURE STRESSES ARE OFTEN CRITICAL. WEEPING LOVEGRASS IN SEED MIXTURES IMPROVED CHANCES OF OBTAINING A RAPID GRASS COVER. THIS SPECIES IS EASIER TO ESTABLISH DURING LATE SPRING AND SUMMER MONTHS WHEN HIGH TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE STRESS ARE COMMON. ON VERY ACID SITES, WEEPING LOVEGRASS WAS THE ONLY SPECIES THAT DEVELOPED AN EFFECTIVE SOD COVER WITH THE APPLICATION OF 4 TO 8 TONS OF HYDRATED LIME PER ACRE. EXPERIMENTS TO CONTROL EROSION ON WINTER- GRADED SITES INDICATED THAT THE MOST EFFECTIVE MULCH AND SEEDING TREATMENTS WERE STRAW MULCH WITH ASPHALT AND 2000 POUNDS OF WOODFIBRE PER ACRE; ONLY THE STRAW WITH ASPHALT PRODUCED A GOOD GRASS COVER THE FOLLOWING SPRING. THE LATTER TREATMENT GAVE THE BEST AND MOST UNIFORM POPULATIONS OF KENTUCKY 31 FESCUE, ANNUAL RYEGRASS, AND CEREAL RYE THE FIRST SPRING. IT WAS FOUND GENERALLY EASIER TO ESTABLISH VEGETATION WHEN TOPSOIL IS APPLIED TO THE SLOPE SURFACE. HOWEVER, SUCCESSFULL STANDS OF GRASS WERE OBTAINED WITH SEEDINGS ON PARENT MATERIAL SLOPES SOON AFTER GRADING. HIGH FERTILITY AND LIME GREATLY REDUCED WINTER-KILL OF FALL- SEEDED GRASSES. OBSERVATIONS REVEALED THAT THE USE OF UREAFORMALDEHYDE ON SEEDINGS 4 TO 6 YEARS OLD CONTINUED TO PRODUCE PERSISTENT TURF. HEAVILY-LIMED CROWN-VETCH STANDS CONTINUE TO PERSIST WITHOUT MAINTENANCE AFTER 12 YEARS. SEEDINGS OF VIRGINIA PINE, MULTIFLORA ROSE, AND MAPLE ON SHADED SLOPES WITH LOW FERTILITY RATES USING ANNUAL RYEGRASS AS A COMPANION SPECIES WERE SUCCESSFUL IN PIEDMONT, VIRGINIA. SCOTCHBROOM WAS ESTABLISHED FROM SEEDS ON BOTH SHADED AND SUNNY SLOPES USING SEVERAL COMPANION GRASSES AND FERTILITY LEVELS. DOGWOOD ESTABLISHMENT FROM SEED WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL. /FHWA/ KW - Erosion control KW - Establishing KW - Grasses KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Mulching KW - Planting KW - Slopes KW - Turf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224978 AU - Roth, W J AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF RURAL FREEWAY EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS FOR STRANDED MOTORISTS PY - AB - THE USEFULNESS OF A ROADSIDE MOTORIST AID TELEPHONE SYSTEM TO STRANDED MOTORISTS ON A RURAL FREEWAY WAS DETERMINED, AND THE NEEDS OF MOTORIST WHO STOP ON THE FACILITY WERE RECORDED. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES REQUIRED OF SUCH A SYSTEM WERE REVIEWED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Communications KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drivers KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Rural highways KW - Stranded motorists KW - Telephone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227021 AU - Lehoczky, J AU - Solomon, H AU - Brill, E A AU - Portnoy, S AU - Shorrock, R AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT-STATISTICAL STUDIES IN TRAFFIC FLOW PROBLEMS, VOLUMES I AND II PY - AB - THE 14 REPORTS RELATE TO SIX AREAS: URBAN INTERACTION ANALYSIS, ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION, TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS, HIGHWAY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS, PLATOON AND CARAVAN MODELS AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION MODELS. IN URBAN INTERSECTION ANALYSIS, TECHNICAL REPORTS NO. 7, 8, 12 AND 14 ON THE VARIABLE CYCLE TRAFFIC SIGNAL AND OPTIMUM INTERSECTION CONTROL CONSIDER INPUT PROCESSES THAT ARE OF A DEPENDENT TYPE INCLUDING MARKOV CHAINS AND MARTINGALES. SPECIAL CASES ARE CONSIDERED INVOLVING IPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS USING THE CRITERION OF MINIMUM TOTAL DELAY PER CYCLE. TECHNICAL REPORTS 9, 13, AND 15 CONSIDER THE GAMMA (OR ERLAND) FAMILY OF DISTRIBUTIONS USING BAYES, MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD AND SERIES EXPANSION METHODS OF ESTIMATION AS WELL AS MAKING COMPARISONS TO THEIR UTILITY. TECHNICAL REPORTS 10 AND 17 REPRESENT RESEARCH IN THE TRAFFIC FLOW AREA CONSIDERING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CONTINUUM AND CAR-FOLLOWING MODELS AS WELL AS APPLYING BIRTH-DEATH AND DIFFUSION PROCESSES. TECHNICAL REPORT 11, PREPARED FOR HIGHWAY AUTOMATION SYSTEMS, DEVELOPS A DECISION RULE AND TABLES FOR SELECTING ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY AUTOMATION SCHEMES. IN PLATOON AND CARAVAN MODELS, TECHNICAL REPORTS 18 AND 20 CONSIDER A SINGLE LAND ROAD WITH A NO PASSING SITUATION INVOLVING INTER-RECORD TIMES. THE TRAFFIC CONGESTION AREA CONTAINS TECHNICAL REPORTS 16 AND 19, THE FIRST OF WHICH DISCUSSES POINT PROCESSES AND TANDEM QUEUES WHILE INTRODUCING A MODEL THAT TREATS TRAFFIC AS A STATIONARY SPATIAL POINT PROCESS CONSISTING OF THE SUPERPOSITION OF TWO INDEPENDANT PROCESSES. REPORT 19 INVESTIGATES BOTTLENECKS ON A SINGLE LANE OF ROAD TAKING INTO ACCOUNT DISCRETE EFFECTIVE LENGTHS OF CARS AND CAR-FOLLOWING BEHAVIOR. /FHWA/ KW - Automation KW - Estimating KW - Highways KW - Input KW - Interaction KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - No passing zones KW - Parameters KW - Single lane traffic KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic signals KW - Velocity KW - Velocity distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214513 AU - Di Cocco, J B AU - Ballair, P J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PLANS FOR RIGID PAVEMENT THICKNESS PY - AB - IN 1967, NEW YORK STATE INITIATED STUDIES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS TO INSTITUTE A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM IN NEW YORK STATE FOR ALL CONCRETE PROPERTIES. WHILE FOR SOME CONCRETE PROPERTIES SUCH A PROGRAM REQUIRES EXTENSIVE PREPARATORY STUDIES, HISTORICAL DATA AVAILABLE FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CAN BE USED IN A FIRST STEP TOWARD THIS GOAL. THE SHORTCOMINGS OF THE PRESENT SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR INSPECTING CONCRETE PAVEMENT THICKNESS ARE EXPLAINED, AND TWO CONSIDERABLE MORE EFFICIENT ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PLANS ARE DEVELOPED. THESE SAMPLING PLANS TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION PRODUCER'S AND CONSUMER'S RISKS, THE NATURE OF THE PRODUCT, ITS CRITICALITY, AND THE AVAILABLE HISTORICAL DATA. OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES ARE GIVEN FOR BOTH THE PRESENT INSPECTION PROCEDURE AND THE DERIVED SAMPLING PLANS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Inspection KW - Physical properties KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sampling KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204024 AU - Jackson, D R AU - Aron, G AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN HYDROLOGY: THE STATE OF THE ART PY - AB - THE EFFECT OF ERRORS IN THE DATA SET AND THE EFFECT OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN METHODS OF ANALYSIS, CRITERIA, DATA SET ERRORS, AND MODELING ASSUMPTIONS ARE REVIEWED AND DISCUSSED BRIEFLY. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT STUDY OF TECHNIQUES, CRITERIA, DATA SET ERRORS AND PARTICULARLY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THESE, IS ESSENTIAL TO FURTHER PROGRESS IN HYDROLOGIC MODELING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Criteria KW - Errors KW - Hydrology KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230735 AU - Anday, M C AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF RETARDERS WITH CEMENT-TREATED SOILS PY - AB - A BRIEF SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF PREVIOUSLY REPORTED LABORATORY WORK CONCERNING RETARDERS FOR SOIL-CEMENT. THE RESULTS OF A FIELD TEST TO EVALUATE THE PRACTICALITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A SUGAR-LIME MIXTURE FOR RETARDATION ARE PRESENTED. THREE TYPES OF RETARDERS, HYDROXYLATED CARBOXYLIC ACID, A SILICONE ADMIXTURE AND A SUGAR-LIME MIXTURE WERE EVALUATED IN THE LABORATORY. RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE SUGAR-LIME MIXTURE (AT A SUGAR TO LIME RATIO OF 1 TO 16 ADDED AT A RATE OF 4% BY WEIGHT OF CEMENT) PROVED TO BE THE MOST SATISFACTORY MATERIAL FOR RETARDING THE RATE OF SET. THE SUGAR-LIME ADDITIVE ALSO HAD NO SERIOUS EFFECTS ON THE LONG-TERM STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT FOR DELAY PERIODS BETWEEN MIXING AND COMPACTION OF UP TO 18 HOURS. ANOTHER PHASE OF THE LABORATORY STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF SUGAR-LIME RETARDER ON THE FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF SOIL- CEMENT MIXTURES. RESULTS INDICATE THAT FOR ONE EXPERIMENTAL SOIL THE RETARDER ACTUALLY IMPROVED DURABILITY FOR UP TO 18 HOUR DELAY PERIOD; FOR THE OTHER SOIL THE RETARDER DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT DURABILITY. THE RESULTS OF THE FIELD EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT (1) SUGAR-LIME RETARDER CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY ADMIXED IN THE FIELD USING NORMAL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT; (2) ADDITION OF THE SUGAR-LIME RETARDER PERMITS AT LEAST A 6-HOUR DELAY BETWEEN MIXING AND COMPACTION WITH NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF THE SOIL-CEMENT OR CEMENT-TREATED SOIL MIXTURE, AND (3) USE OF THE SUGAR-LIME RETARDER FOR AN 18-HOUR DELAY BETWEEN MIXING AND COMPACTION WAS SUCCESSFUL IN THAT THE MAXIMUM DENSITY WAS OBTAINED, BUT THE STRENGTH DEVELOPED WAS ONLY ABOUT 50 PERCENT OF THAT OF THE CONTROL SECTION. /FHWA/ KW - Evaluation KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Soil cement KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230737 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Tien, Y B AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CYLINDER PILE DESIGN ON BASIS OF NEW SOIL TEST PROCEDURES (REPORT NO 2) PY - AB - A PROCEDURE AND A NOMOGRAPH FOR THE DESIGN OF CYLINDER PILES AS RETAINING STRUCTURES IS PROPOSED. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE SOIL PARAMETERS, SUCH AS THE COEFFICIENT OF EARTH PRESSURE, MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION, AND PASSIVE FAILURE STRENGTH, TO BE USED WITH THE DESIGN NOMOGRAPH CAN BE DETERMINED IN THE "STRESS METER," AN INSTRUMENT BUILT AND DESIGNED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. /AUTHOR/ STRENGTH, TO BE USED WITH THE DESIGN NOMOGRAPH CAN BE DETERMINED IN THE FAILURE STRENGTH, TO BE USED WITH THE DESIGN NOMOGRAPHY CAN BE DETERMINED IN THE "STRESS METER," ANINSTRUMENT BUILT AND DESIGNED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Cylinders KW - Design KW - Earth pressure KW - Failure KW - Nomographs KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Retaining walls KW - Strain measurement KW - Strength of materials KW - Stress meters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228668 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Wu, M J AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CREEP LIMIT AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH RELATIONSHIP (REPORT NO. 5) PY - AB - THE CREEP LIMIT AND RESIDUAL STRENTH OF SOILS ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS POSTULATED THAT FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES BOTH VALUES CAN BE CONSIDERED EQUAL. THEIR EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE CREEP LIMIT AND THEIR RESIDUAL STRENGTH RESULTS CONFIRMS THE NEAR EQUALITY BETWEEN THE CREEP LIMIT AND THE RESIDUAL STRENTH FOR SEATTLE CLAYS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Creep KW - Creep limit KW - Experimental data KW - Preconsolidated clays KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Residual strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237227 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Wu, M J AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SHORT TERM FAILURE CRITERON FOR SEATTLE SOILS (REPORT NO. 3) PY - AB - THE SHORT TERM STRENGTHS OF SEATTLE SOILS, WHEN SHEARED UNDER STRESS OR STRAIN CONTROLLED TRIAXIAL TESTING, INDICATE THAT POINTS OF PEAK DEVIATOR STRESS, MAXIMUM PORE PRESSURE, MINIMUM VOLUME AND MINIMUM PRINCIPAL EFFECTIVE STRESS COINCIDE AT THE SAME STRAIN LEVEL FOR CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED STRAIN-CONTROLLED TESTS. FOR UNDISTURBED SEATTLE CLAYS EITHER THE MAXIMUM DEVIATOR STRESS OR THE MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL EFFECTIVE STRESS RATIO FAILURE CRITERION MAY BE USED FOR STRAIN-CONTROLLED TESTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Control KW - Criteria KW - Deviator stress KW - Deviatoric stress KW - Failure KW - Pore pressure KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Principal stress KW - Principal stresses KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain control KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215954 AU - Hughes, C S AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A NUCLEAR ASPHALT CONTENT GAUGE PY - AB - THE TROXLER MODEL 2226 ASPHALT CONTENT GAUGE WAS EVALUATED IN THE LABORATORY AND TAKEN INTO THE FIELD WHERE ITS RESULTS WERE COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL REFLUX VALUES. THE PRECISION AS EVALUATED IN THE LABORATORY WAS FOUND TO BE EXCELLENT, EQUIVALENT TO .02% ASPHALT CONTENT WITH A 45 SECOND COUNT. THE GAUGE DOES HAVE TO BE RECALIBRATED EACH TIME A DIFFERENT AGGREGATE IS USED AND AS A PRACTICAL MATTER SHOULD BE RECALIBRATED FOR EACH DIFFERENT MIX TYPE. SAMPLE PREPARATION IS IMPORTANT AND SAMPLES SHOULD BE AS UNIFORM AS POSSIBLE. THE ACCURACY APPEARS TO BE AS GOOD AS THAT TO THE REFLUX EXTRACTOR. A RECOMMENDATION FOR USING THE NUCLEAR GAUGE IS APPENDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt content KW - Fluxes KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Refluxing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36310/70-R26.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215956 AU - Arana, P J AU - Ashby, J T AU - Hamphill, C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ULTRASONIC WELD TESTING PY - AB - AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DETERMINE IF ULTRASONIC TESTING COULD REPLACE RADIOGRAPHY IN THE INSPECTION OF FULL PENETRATION BUTT WELDS OF STEEL OF MERELY SUPPLEMENT RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION, AND TO ASCERTAIN THE BEST METHOD OF INCORPORATING ULTRASONIC TESTING INTO THE PRESENT TESTING PROGRAM SHOULD ULTRASONIC TESTING PROVE TO BE SUPERIOR. PHASE I CONSISTED OF LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF 62 MANUALLY BUTT WELDED SPECIMENS RANGING IN THICKNESS FROM 3/8 TO 1 1/2 INCHES. DEFECTS LOCATED BY ULTRASONICS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE FOUND BY RADIOGRAPHY. THE PLATES WERE THEN MACHINED TO EXPOSE THE DEFECTS INDICATED BY THE TWO NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS. PHASE II CONSISTED OF USING THE ULTRASONIC TESTING EQUIPMENT IN FABRICATION SHAPE TO ASCERTAIN IF THIS TESTING METHOD COULD BE EASILY AND PRACTICALLY APPLIED AS A TEST METHOD IN SHOP PRODUCTION. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT ULTRASONIC TESTING IS SUPERIOR TO RADIOGRAPHY WHEN PERFORMED BY AN EXPERT UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS; HOWEVER, SHOP CONDITIONS ARE NOT CONDUCIVE TO REPLACING RADIOGRAPHY WITH ULTRASONICS WITHOUT GREAT RISK. /AUTHOR/ KW - Butt welds KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Radiography KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Weld defects KW - Weldments KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218061 AU - Moore, D J AU - Cheetham, R D AU - Krawiec, S AU - Clark, R D AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMBINATION TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF WILD GARLIC AND COMMON MILWEED PY - AB - FIELD AND GREENHOUSE STUDIES WERE MADE TO DEVELOP AN EFFECTIVE CONTROL MEASURE FOR WILD GARLIC (ALLIUM VINEALE). TREATMENTS BEGINNING IN MID-MARCH, WHEN THE PLANTS ARE ABOUT FOUR INCHES HIGH, ARE MOST EFFECTIVE. PLANTS ARE FIRST TREATED WITH 1 LB/A OF CIPC (CHLORO IPC-ISOPROPHY N-(3-CHLOROPHENYL) CARBEMATE). AFTER GROWTH OF ABOUT TWO INCHES HAS OCCURED (MID-APRIL), THE FOLIAGE IS BRUISED TO MECHANICALLY RUPTURE THE CUTICLE. IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING, 2, 4-D IS APPLIED AT THE RATE OF 1/2 LB/A. THIS COMBINATION TREATMENT GIVES COMPLETE CONTROL OF WILD GARLIC, INCLUDING PRIMARY BULBS, AND AT LEAST 50 PERCENT REDUCTION OF SECONDARY BULBLETS. LABORATORY, GREENHOUSE, AND FIELD STUDIES LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINATION HERBICIDE FOR ERADICATION OF COMMON MILKWEED (ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA) ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. ONE AND ONE HALF LB/A OF TORDON HERBICIDE PLUS ONE HALF LB/A OF EITHER 2,4-D OR 2,4,5-T (ESTER OR AMINE SALT) APPLIED AT THE LATE BLOOM STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT (MID-AUGUST GIVES COMPLETE CONTROL OF EXISTING MILKWEED AND PREVENTS REGROWTH. /FHWA/ KW - Chemicals KW - Herbicides KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233735 AU - SCULLY, J AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LANDSLIDE STUDIES IN SOUTH DAKOTA, REPORT NO 1 PY - AB - AREAS WITH PRESENT OR ACIENT LANDSLIDE ACTIVITY AND THOSE WITH ACTIVE SEEPAGE CAN BE FOUND BY USING AIR PHOTOS, FIELD RECONNAISSANCE, AND MAPS ALREADY IN EXISTENCE FIELD MAPPING HAS AN ADVANTAGE: THE FIELD MAP PREPARED SPECIFICALLY FOR A GIVEN PROJECT CONTAINS ALL THE INFORMATION ABOUT A GIVEN LOCATION IN A SINGLE SOURCE. HIGH LANDSLIDE POTENTIAL AREAS MAY BE LOCATED BY GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING, DRILLING, SAMPLING AND TESTING, AND THEY HAVE LOWER RESISTIVITIES AND HIGHER SEISMIC VELOCITIES THAN STABLE AREAS. THE PENETRATION RESISTANCE VALUES ARE LOWER THAN THOSE IN STABLE AREAS. THE RESULTS OF STRENGTH TESTS RUN ON SAMPLES FROM THE SHALES OF HIGH SLIDE POTENTIAL AREAS DIFFER FROM THOSE OBTAINED FROM STABLE SLOPES. THE WATER CONTENTS AND THE DEGREE OF SATURATION ARE HIGHER AND THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS LESS. THE MODULUS OF DEFORMATION IS LOWER. THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OFTEN LACKS AN "ELASTIC" PORTION AND THE PEAK STRENGTH OCCURS AT HIGH STRAINS. BY USING THESE METHODS, HIGH LANDSLIDE POTENTIAL AREAS CAN BE LOCATED, AVOIDED, OR STABILIZED DURING HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Deformation curve KW - Landslides KW - Location KW - Methodology KW - Moisture content KW - Percent saturation KW - Shale KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233736 AU - Smith, T AU - McCauley, M AU - Mearns, R AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESPLITTING PY - AB - PRESPLITTING IS DEFINED AND THE EXPERIENCE OF THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS WITH THE USE OF THE TECHNIQUE IS REPORTED. THE APPLICATION OF THE TECHNIQUE WAS SUCCESSFUL AND INCREASED FUTURE USE IS ANTICIPATED. THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO OBTAINING SATISFACTORY RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED AND AN ANALYSIS OF COSTS IS MADE. SPECIFICATIONS ARE DISCUSSED AND THE PROPOSED SPECIFICATIONS ARE PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Presplitting KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227020 AU - Mcneil, D R AU - Hoshi, T AU - Schach, S AU - Glickman, T S AU - Gani, J AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT, DEVELOPMENT OF STREAM FLOW METHODOLOGY, VOLUME I AND II PY - AB - CONTENTS: SYSTEMS OF FREEWAYS IN A UNIFORM CITY, DONALD R. MCNEIL. A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF CONGESTION IN A TWO-LANE FREEWAY, DONALD R MCNEIL. COMPARISON OF VEHICLE-ACTUATED SIGNAL AND FIXED-CYCLE SIGNAL IN TWO-STREAM CASE, TAKAO HASHI. SOME QUEUING PROBLEMS GENERATED BY AN INTERSECTION, TAKAO HASHI. MARKOV MODELS FOR MULTI-LANE FREEWAY TRAFFIC, I, SIEGFRIED SCHACH. MARKOV MODELS FOR MULTI-LANE FREEWAY TRAFFIC, II, SIEGFRIED SCHACH. THE EFFECT OF AN ALTERNATING TRAFFIC SIGNAL ON FREEWAY ON-RAMP CONGESTION, DONALD R. MCNEIL. OPTIMAL PERIODIC CONTROL OF REVERSIBLE TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, THEODORE S. GLICKMAN. INTEGRAL FUNCTIONALS OF BIRTH AND DEATH PROCESSES AND RELATED LIMITING DISTRIBUTIONS, D. R. MCNEIL. JOINT DISTRIBUTIONS OF R. V.'S AND THEIR INTEGRALS FOR CERTAIN B-D DIFFUSION PROCESSES, J. GANI, D. R. MCNEIL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Intersections KW - Multilane highways KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Queuing KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215955 AU - STALLMEYER, J E AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF WELDED EXTEN-60 STEEL PY - AB - THREE WELDING PROCEDURES WERE USED IN A WELD QUALIFICATION TEST, ONLY ONE OF WHICH PROVED SATISFACTORY. SPECIMEN VARIABLES WERE: (1) PLAIN PLATE SPECIMENS; (2) AS-WELDED BUTT JOINTS; AND (3) WELDED BUTT JOINT WITH REINFORCEDMENT REMOVED. COMPLETE REVERSAL, ZERO-TO-TENSION AND ON-HALF TENSION-TO-TENSION STRESS CYCLES WERE EMPLOYED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT: (1) THE FATIGUE STRENGTHS OBTAINED ARE IN GOOD AGREEMENT WITH EXPECTATIONS BASED ON OTHER LABORATORY DATA, AND (2) WELDING OF THIS MATERIAL CAUSED SOME CONCERN, SINCE MINOR CHANGES IN WELDING PROCEDURE PRODUCED MARKED CHANGES IN THE AMOUNT OF POROSITY PRESENT IN THE WELD. /FHWA/ KW - Butt joints KW - Butt welds KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Porosity KW - Steel plates KW - Strength of materials KW - Welding KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218059 AU - Bardi, E J AU - Sauerlender, O H AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COSTS OF HAULING ANTISKID MATERIALS IN COMMONWEALTH VEHICLES PY - AB - THE TRUE COSTS WILL DEPEND ON THE EXTENT TO WHICH SLACK TIME EXISTS IN TRUCK FLEET AND DRIVER FORCE. COSTS ARE COMPUTED FOR THE FOUR COMBINATIONS OF NO SLACK AND ADEQUATE SLACK IN EITHER TRUCK OR DRIVER TIME, OR IN BOTH. THE RECORDS OF TRUCK USE INDICATE THAT FOR THE STATE AS A WHOLE THERE IS ENOUGH SLACK TIME IN THE EXISTING TRUCK FLEET TO HANDLE THE ENTIRE TASK OF DELIVERING ANTISKID MATERIAL FROM SOURCES TO COUNTY STOCKPILES. THERE IS ALSO SOME SLACK TIME IN THE DRIVER FORCE AND SOME OF IT IS PRESENTLY USED FOR HAULING ANTISKID MATERIAL. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO MEASURE OF THE EXTENT OF THIS SLACK NOR OF ITS DISTRIBUTION AMONG COUNTIES. A STRATEGY IS PROPOSED WHEREBY THE COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT'S KNOWLEDGE OF SLACK IN HIS OWN FLEET AND DRIVER FORCE CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE THE TRUE COSTS OF USING HIS RESOURCES TO TAKE DELIVERY OF ANTISKID MATERIAL AT THE SOURCE. BIDS FOR SUPPLYING MATERIAL TO EVERY STOCKPILE SHOULD BE ASKED FOR ON BOTH F.O.B.-SOURCE AND F.O.B.-DELIVERED BASES. WITH BOTH TYPES OF BIDS AVAILABLE AND A KNOWLEDGE OF COSTS OF USING STATE- OWNED VEHICLES, THE SUPERINTENDENT CAN SELECT THE BIDS THAT INVOLVE THE LOWEST TOTAL COST. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bids KW - Costs KW - Deslicking treatment KW - Drivers KW - Freight handling KW - Hauling KW - Oil spill cleanup KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207993 AU - Mays, C O AU - Mcleck, M AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LINEARLY ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF PLANE FRAMES SUBJECTED TO COMPLEX LOADING CONDITIONS PY - AB - A LINEARLY ELASTIC SOLUTION FOR THE COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS OF PLANE FRAMES IS PRESENTED. THE PROGRAM DEVELOPED FEATURES INPUT FORMATS WHICH GREATLY REDUCE THE USUAL PREPARATION OF DATA. THE SOLUTION USES A VARIATION OF THE BASIC DISCRETE ELEMENT BEAM-COLUMN MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION OF MEMBER STIFFNESS AND FINED-AND-FORCE PROPERTIES. THE MODEL ALLOWS FLEXURAL AND AXIAL RIGIDITY AS WELL AS LATERAL, AXIAL, AND ROTATIONAL VALUES OF LOADING AND ELASTIC RESTRAINT TO VARY RANDOMLY ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE MEMBER. INPUT IS NOT RESTRICTED TO VALUE LUMPED AT CERTAIN DISCRETE STATIONS, AND THE VALUES MAY BE TAKEN AT ANY POLE OF THE MEMBER. OPTIONS PROVIDED DO NOT REQUIRE THE TRANSFERRING OF LOADS AND DIMENSIONS FROM ONE AXIS TO ANOTHER BY THE USER. FRAME DISPLACEMENTS ARE OBTAINED BY STANDARD MATRIX TECHNIQUES MODIFIED TO UTILIZE THE TIME AND STORAGE REDUCTIONS FOR LINEARLY ELASTIC PLANE FRAMES. THE FRAME GEOMETRY MAY VARY RANDOMLY AND THE INPUT STILL CAN BE DONE SIMPLY. OPTIONS ARE PROVIDED TO PERMIT THE ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE FOR SEVERAL LOADING CASES AND COMBINATIONS OF CASES WITH A MINIMUM OF NEW INPUT AND COMPUTER TIME. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Discrete distributions KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Framed structures KW - Information processing KW - Linearity KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Plane structures KW - Randomization KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227311 AU - Maring, G E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEEKEND RECREATIONAL TRAVEL PATTERNS PY - AB - HOURLY TRAFFIC PATTERNS ARE PLOTTED FOR SELECTED ROUTES SERVING RECREATION TRAVEL IN MISSOURI. THE PEAK HOURS OF THE YEAR FOR THESE ROUTES ARE CONCENTRATED ON WEEKENDS, PRIMARILY ON SUNDAY. INTERSTATE 44 (US 66) 10 MILES ON A ROUTE CARRYING RECREATION TRAFFIC TO AND FROM A MAJOR URBAN AREA. THE PEAK HOURLY VOLUMES ON THE OUTBOUND LANES ARE ON FRIDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING 3:00 P.M. - 8:00 P.M. ON THE INBOUND LANES THE PEAK HOURLY VOLUMES ARE ON SUNDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING FROM 3:00 P.M. - 9:00 P.M. THE PEAKING PHENOMENON CREATES SPECIAL PLANNING, AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF INCREASING THE LEVEL OF SERVICE BY PROVIDING AN ADDITIONAL LANE ARE ANALYZED AND QUANTIFIED WHERE POSSIBLE. RESULTS SHOW THAT TRAVEL TIME IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT BENEFIT OF AN IMPROVED LEVEL OF SERVICE. THE ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT IT IS REASONABLE TO CONSIDER INVESTMENT FOR ADDITIONAL CAPACITY TO SERVE THE SEASONAL WEEKEND PEAKING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Highway capacity KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Recreational roads KW - Travel patterns KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219728 AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - WYLE SYSTEMS MODEL 5001 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR ACCIDENT SIMULATION PY - AB - AN INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED WHICH WAS DESIGNED AND FABRICATED BY WYLE SYSTEMS, EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA, AND DELIVERED TO THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS UNDER CONTRACT FH- 11-6670. THE SUBJECT SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH FULL-SCALE BARRIER CRASH TESTING OF PASSENGER VEHICLES. THE SYSTEM PROVIDES SEVEN MEASUREMENT CHANNELS IN THE TEST VEHICLE, AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR AN ADDITIONAL SEVEN CHANNELS ON THE BARRIER. VEHICLE MEASUREMENT DEVICES INCLUDE ACCELEROMETERS, TO BE MOUNTED ON THE VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND IN AN ANTHROPOMETRIC DUMMY, AND FORCE TRANSDUCERS FOR MEASUREMENT OF SHOULDER AND LAP BELT LOADS. FM-FM TELEMETRY TRANSMITTERS ARE MOUNTED IN THE TEST VEHICLE; RECEIVERS ARE LOCATED IN A PORTABLE DATA - CONDITIONING PACKAGE WHICH ALSO INCLUDES AN FM TAPE RECORDER, SIGNAL CONDITIONING MODULES, AND DC AMPLIFIERS. VIA THE TELEMETRY EQUIPMENT, SEVEN CHANNELS OF VEHICLE DATA ARE RECORDED ON TAPE. THE SEVEN SIGNAL CONDITIONING MODULES AND DC AMPLIFIERS ARE UTILIZED TO OBTAIN DATA FROM THE BARRIER DURING CRASH. THIS DATA IS ALSO RECORDED ON TAPE. THE SIGNAL CONDITIONING MODULES INCORPORATE PLUG-IN MODE CARDS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO MATCH VARIOUS TYPES OF STRAIN GAGE, POTENTIOMETRIC, AND TEMPERATURE SENSORS. THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS ORIGINALLY SPECIFIED THAT THE SUBJECT VEHICLE SYSTEM BE DESIGNED SO, THAT WHEN MOUNTED IN A 4500 POUND VEHICLE IMPACTING A FIXED OBJECT AT 60 MILES PER HOUR, THE SYSTEM WOULD NOT SUFFER DAMAGE. IT WAS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM WAS OPERABLE WITH NO DEGRADATION IN PERFORMANCE WHEN SUBJECTED TO A SHOCK LOAD OF 100 G (REPRESENTATIVE OF LEVELS EXPERIENCED IN THE TRUNK OF A VEHICLE IMPACTING A FIXED BARRIER AT 60 MILES PER HOUR). THE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED IN DETAIL. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE TESTS CONDUCTED BY WYLE LABORATORIES AND BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. THE PERFORMANCE TEST RESULTS ARE PRESENTED WITH PERTINENT COMMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerometers KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Force KW - Impact tests KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance tests KW - Strain gages KW - Telemetry KW - Temperature sensors KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230734 AU - Anagnos, J N AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 98-8 "EVALUATION AND PREDICTION OF TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT-TREATED MATERIALS" PY - AB - THE CONTINUATION OF AN INVESTIGATION IS REPORTED ON THE INDIRECT TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT-TREATED MATERIALS AND WAS ACCOMPLISHED WITH A STATISTICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENT. THE SIX FACTORS INVESTIGATED WERE MOLDING WATER CONTENT, AGGREGATE GRADATION, CURING TEMPERATURE, COMPACTIVE EFFORT, CEMENT CONTENT, AND AGGREGATE TYPE. THE INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTHS, VERTICAL FAILURE DEFORMATIONS, AND HORIZONTAL FAILURE DEOFRMATIONS WERE THE PARAMETERS MEASURED. ALL MAIN EFFECTS, INTERACTION EFFECTS, AND CURVILINEAR EFFECTS ON INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH HAVE BEEN SUMMARIZED. IN ADDITION, THROUGH REGRESSION ANALYSIS, A PREDICTIVE EQUATION FOR INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTHS WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE SIX FACTORS EVALUATED. TWO ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED IN AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP CORRELATION EQUATIONS RELATING INDIRECT TENESILE STRENGTHS WITH THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STRENGTHS AND THE COHESIOMETER VALUES FOR CEMENT-TREATED MATERIALS. ONE OF THE CORRELATION EXPERIMENTS COMPARES THE INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTHS WITH THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS AND COHESIOMETER VALUES OF CEMENT-TREATED MATERIALS COMPACTED AND CURED IN A MANNER OTHER THAN THAT UTILIZED BY THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. THE OTHER CORRELATION EXPERIMENT COMPARES THE INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGHTS WITH THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND COHESIOMETER VALUES OF SPECIMENS PREPARED, COMPACTED, AND CURED BY TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT PROCEDURES. THROUGH REGRESSION ANALYSES, PREDICTION EQUATIONS WERE DEVELOPED FROM BOTH EXPERIMENTS. A THIRD STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF SPECIMEN SIZE HAS NO EFFECT ON INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGHT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Cement KW - Cement content KW - Cohesiometers KW - Compaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Deformation KW - Equations KW - Hveem cohesiometer KW - Moisture content KW - Regression analysis KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230725 AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Cominsky, R J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAXIMUM DENSITY DETERMINATION OF SUBBASE MATERIALS, MAY 1970 PY - AB - THE OBJECT OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ESTABLISH A SATISFACTORY TEST METHOD OF DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM DENSITY OF COHESIONLESS MATERIALS, SUCH AS SUBBASE, THAT WOULD PROVIDE COMPACTION CRITERIA FOR THESE MATERIALS AND BE COMPACTIBLE WITH CURRENT METHODS OF DENSITY DETERMINATIONS IN THE FIELD. IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A TEST PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM DENSITY OF A SUBBASE MATERIAL, THREE DIFFERENT TEST METHODS WERE UTILIZED: THE STANDARD PROCTOR METHOD (AASHO T- 99, MEHHOD C) USING 4- AND 6-INCH CYLINDRICAL MOLDS, A VIBRATING TABLE TYPE OF COMPACTIVE EFFORT (ASTM D-2049) USING 6- AND 11-INCH CYLINDRICAL MOLDS, AND A RECTANGULAR MOLD VIBRATED FROM THE SURFACE. THE EFFECTS OF SUBBASE GRADATION, MOISTURE CONTENT, AMPLITUDE, SURCHARGE PRESSURE, AND VIBRATION TIME WERE INVESTIGATED AND ANALYZED. THREE TYPES OF SUBBASE MATERIALS - GRAVEL, LIMESTONE AND SLAG - WERE EMPLOYED TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF SUBBASE TYPE ON MAXIMUM DENSITY. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE STANDARD PROCTOR TESTS CONSISTENTLY PRODUCED HIGHER DENSITIES THAN THE VIBRATORY MEHODS. MOREOVER THE STANDARD PROCTOR TEST UTILIZING THE 6-INCH CYLINDRICAL MOLD YIELDED DENSITIES THAT WERE APPROXIMATLY 2.8 PCF HIGHER THAN THOSE OBTAINED WITH A 4-INCH. A HIGH DEGREE OF CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE STANDARD PROCTOR METHOD (6-INCH MOLD) AND ASTM VIBRATORY METHOD, IN WHICH THE MATERIALS WERE VIBRATED AT 0.030-INCH AMPLITUDE AT A SURCHARGE PRESSURE OF 1 PSI. AN ESTIMATING EQUATION, RESTRICTED TO THE SUBBASE MATERIALS AND TEST CONDITIONS INVESTIGATED, WAS DEVELOPED FOR PREDICTING MAXIMUM DENSITIES FROM THE VIBRATORY TEST DATA. THE EQUATION MAY BE USED IN PLACE OF THE STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION METHOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compaction tests KW - Density KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Granular soils KW - Gravel KW - Limestone KW - Slag KW - Soil compaction test KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subbase materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215950 AU - Williams, H E AU - Ottsen, H AU - Lawrence, F V AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF WELD GEOMETRY ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED CONNECTIONS PY - AB - THE STUDIES REPORTED HEREIN WERE CONCERNED WITH THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL GEOMETRY ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDED JOINTS IN STRUCTURAL STEELS. INCLUDED WERE STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF WELD PROFILE, THE STRESS CONCENTRATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WELD GEOMETRY, AND METALLURGICAL ASPECTS OF THE WELDS. THE WELD PROFILE WAS MEASURED IN TERMS OF THE RADIUS AT THE TOE OF THE WELD, THE FLANK ANGLE, THE WIDTH OF THE WELD, AND THE HEIGHT OF THE WELD. FOR THE ASTM A36 AND A441 STEELS STUDIED, THE HEIGHT OF THE CROWN OF THE WELD AND THE GENERAL ANGLE AT THE TOE OF THE WELD APPEARED TO PROVIDE THE BEST GEOMETRICAL CORRELATION WITH FATIGUE LIFE -- THE SHORTER LIVES WERE OBTAINED FROM SPECIMENS WITH THE HIGHEST REINFORCEMENT AND THE LARGEST ANGLE. THUS, THE STRESS CONCENTRATION PRODUCED BY THE FADIUS AT THE TOE OF THE WELD (DETERMINED THEORETICALLY AND BY PHOTOELASTIC MEASUREMENT) DOES NOT, AS HAD BEEN EXPECTED, NECESSARILY DEFINE THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF A BUTT WELDED JOINT. THE METALLURGICAL STUDIES OF THE FRACTURE SURFACES HELPED TO IDENTIFY AND DEFINE THE POINTS OF FATIGUE CRACK INITATION IN THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE OF THE BASE METAL. THIS ASPECT OF THE PROGRAM DEMONSTRATED THAT THE EFFECTS OF THE METALLURGICAL NOTCHES AND THE MICRO-GEOMETRY RESULTING FROM THE WELDING PROCESS ARE APPARENTLY SUPERIMPOSING ON THE OVERALL GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS AND MAY HAVE A GREATER EFFECT ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE SITES OF CRACK INITIATION THAN SUCH EXTERNAL GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS AS THE RADIUS OR ANGLE AT THE TOE OF THE WELD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base metal KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Metallurgy KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Structural steel KW - Weld metal KW - Welded joints KW - Welding KW - Weldments KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215953 AU - Elkin, B L AU - Belensiefer, W L AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC MARKING MATERIALS EXPERIMENT PY - AB - VARIOUS TRAFFIC AND BEAD COMBINATIONS WERE EVALUATED. THE PAINT AND BEAD COMBINATIONS WERE APPLIED TO PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AND BITUMINOUS SURFACE AND WERE ALLOWED TO WEATHER APPROXIMATELY 1 YEAR. TWO TYPES OF WHITE TRAFFIC PAINT AND THREE TYPES OF REFLECTIVE GLASS SPHERES WERE USED. TWO RATES OF APPLICATION (4#/GA), AND 6#/GAL.) WEARE USED. THE CONCLUSION ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) AN ADEQUATE FILM, 12 TO 15 MILS THICK, OF RUBBER BASE APPLIED TO A CLEAN, DRY SURFACE IS SUGGESTED; (2) A BEAD COMPARABLE TO #2 OF THIS REPORT AT THE RATE OF 4 LBS TO THE GALLON SHOULD BE USED AND (3) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAFFIC STRIPE CANNOT BE ESTABLISHED DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. AFTER 1 YEAR DETERIORATION AND THE STRIP HAD LOST APPROXIMATELY 50% OF ITS BEADS, IT WAS STILL A SERVICEABLE GUIDE IN MORNING FOG WHEN VISIBILITY WAS LIMITED TO 50 FEET. /FHWA/ KW - Beading KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Fog KW - Glass beads KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflective beads KW - Road marking materials KW - Surface treating KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Visibility KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219747 AU - Walton, N E AU - Rowan, N J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH MAST LIGHTING PY - AB - THE CONCEPT OF HIGH-MAST LIGHTING IS DISCUSSED AND THE OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH LISTED. DETAILS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROTO-TYPE AND FILED INSTALLATIONS ARE INCLUDED. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION HAVE BEEN MADE AND INCLUDE A SUGGESTED DESIGN PROCEDURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Lighting KW - Prototypes KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215951 AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATIC TEST OF AN INDIANA STANDARD GUARDRAIL PY - AB - THE MAJORITY OF GUARDRAIL CURRENTLY BEING INSTALLED IS OF THE STEEL W-BEAM TYPE, MOUNTED ON STEEL POSTS. THE RAIL ELEMENT ITSELF HAS AN ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH OF APPROXIMATELY 80,000 POUNDS. THE INSTALLATION DESIGN CRITERIA ASSUMES THAT THE BURIED END ASSEMBLY ALSO DEVELOPS A RESISTING FORCE OF 80,000 POUNDS. IT IS ALSO INDICATED BY DESIGN CALCULATIONS THAT ANY LENGTH OF HORIZONTAL RAIL HAVING SEVEN VERTICAL POSTS ALSO SERVES AS ADEQUATE ANCHORAGE TO DEVELOP THE SAME 80,000 POUND STRENGTH OF THE RAIL ITSELF. THIS FIELD TEST WAS PERFORMED TO INVESTIGATE THE VALIDITY OF THESE ASSUMPTIONS. A SUFFICIENT LENGTH OF GUARDRAIL WAS INSTALLED TO PROVIDE A BURIED END ASSEMBLY AND SIX FULL RAIL PANELS ON LINE, WITH SPACE BETWEEN TO INSTALL A DEVICE WITH WHICH TO APPLY A STATIC LOAD IN LINE WITH THE RAIL. THE MAXIMUM ANCHORAGE DEVELOPED DURING THIS TEST WAS 43,000 POUNDS BY THE STRAIGHT SECTION AND 49,000 POUNDS BY THE BURIED END SECTION. FAILURE WAS PRIMARILY DUE TO COMPACTION AND SHEARING OF THE SOIL AROUND THE POSTS, ALLOWING THEM TO TIP TOWARD THE PULLING DEVICE. THERE WAS NO STRUCTURAL FAILURE OF THE RAIL ELEMENTS OR CONNECTIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Anchorages KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Guardrails KW - Posts KW - Static loads KW - Static tests KW - Steel KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228666 AU - Oneill, M W AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF AXIALLY LOADED DRILLED SHAFTS IN BEAUMONT CLAY-REPORT 89-8 PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF FIELD TEST OF FULL-SIZED, INSTRUMENTED DRILLED SHAFTS IN BEAUMONT CLAY FORMATION ARE DESCRIBED. DRILLED SHAFTS WITH VARYING BASE GEOMETRY, LENGTH, AND METHOD OF INSTALLATION WERE LOAD TESTED TO OBTAIN MEASUREMENTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF AXIAL LOAD WITH DEPTH AND OF BASE LOAD-SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN ORDER TO DEVELOP DESIGN CRITERIA. PERTINENT SOIL PARAMETERS WERE OBTAINED BY VARIOUS STANDARD PROCEDURES, INCLUDING THE UNCONSOLIDATED, UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST AND THE T. H. D. CONE PENETROMETER TEST TO PROVIDE A BASIS FOR THE CORRELATION OF TEST RESULTS. THE TEST SHAFTS WERE OBSERVED TO DEVELOP CONSIDERABLE RESISTANCE IN SIDE FRICTION. FURTHERMORE, SIDE RESISTANCE WAS OBSERVED TO DEVELOP MUCH SOONER THAN BASE RESISTANCE, WITH THE RESULT THAT SIDE RESISTANCE WAS OBSERVED TO DEVELOP MUCH SOONER THAN BASE RESISTANCE, WITH THE RESULT THAT SIDE RESISTANCE PREDOMINATED OVER BASE RESISTANCE AT DESIGN LOAD. THE SHAFTS INSTALLED IN DRY BOREHOLES MOBILIZED AN AVERAGE OF ONE-HALF OF THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE SOIL IN SIDE FRICTION, WHILE THE SIDE FRICTIONAL STRESSES IN THE SHAFT INSTALLED IN A PROCESSED BOREHOLE WERE SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER. AN INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT THE SHAFTS INSTALLED IN THE DRY WERE WELL-FORMED AND BONED SECURELY TO THE SOIL COMPOSING THE BOREHOLE WALLS, WHILE THE SHAFT INSTALLED IN A PROCESSED HOLE CONTAINED POCKETS OF DRILLING MUD BETWEEN THE CONCRETE AND NATUREAL SOIL. BASED UPON THESE OBSERVATIONS, THE NUMERICAL TEST RESULTS, AND FIELD TESTS OF OTHER INVESTIGATORS IN SIMILAR SOIL FORMATIONS, A TENTATIVE DESIGN PROCEDURE INCORPORATING SIDE RESISTANCE IS FORMULATED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axial loads KW - Boreholes KW - Clay KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drilling KW - Friction KW - Properties of materials KW - Resistance KW - Shaft sinking KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Shear strength KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soils KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230733 AU - Bartoskewitz, R B AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 125-5 "WAVE EQUATION PREDICTION OF PILE BEARING CAPACITY COMPARED WITH FIELD TEST RESULTS" PY - AB - THE BEARING CAPACITIES OF FULL-SCALE INSTRUMENTED FRICTION PILES IN CLAY ARE PREDICTED BY USING A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING THE ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE-EQUATION. THE PREDICTED CAPACITIES ARE COMPARED WITH FIELD DATA FROM STATIC LOAD TESTS. THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY USING CURRENTLY ACCEPTED SOIL PARAMETERS, WHICH CHARACTERIZE THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A SOIL TO IMPACT LOADING, ARE COMPARED TO THOSE ATTAINED BY USING SOIL PARAMETERS WHICH WERE RECENTLY DEVELOPED FROM MODEL PILE TESTS. A STUDY IS MADE TO DETERMINE THE QUALITATIVE EFFECTS THAT THE SOIL PARAMETERS HAVE ON THE PREDICTED CAPACITY. RESULTS OF THE PARAMETER STUDY INDICATE THAT THE RATIO OF POINT LOAD TO TOTAL LOAD HAS A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON THE ACCURACY OF THE PREDICTED PILE CAPACITY. CONVERSELY, THE SOIL QUAKE, THE TIP DAMPING PARAMETER, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRICTIONAL SOIL RESISTANCE DO NOT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON THE PREDICTED CAPACITY. WAVE EQUATION ANALYSES OF DATA FROM FULL-SCALE PILE TESTS AT THREE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS SHOW THAT A SINGLE VALUE FOR THE FRICTION DAMPING PARAMETER WILL NOT YIELD AN ACCURATE PREDICTED CAPACITY FOR ALL CLAY SOILS. DATA ARE PRESENTED WHICH SHOW AN APPARENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FRICTION DAMPING PARAMETER AND THE PLASTICITY INDEX OF A CLAY SOIL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axial loads KW - Clay KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Forecasting KW - Friction piles KW - Model tests KW - Parameters KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Plasticity index KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soils KW - Static loads KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228664 AU - Weeden, H A AU - Harmen, J W AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY-PROBLEMS-ORIENTED PHOTOINTERPRETATION USING PANCHROMATIC NORMAL COLOR, AND INFRARED-COLOR AIR PHOTOS PY - AB - THE MANUSCRIPT DESCRIBES, BY MEANS OF EXAMPLES, VARIOUS PROBLEM-ORIENTED AREAS FOR WHICH PHOTOINTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES PROVIDE USEFUL INFORMATION. APPLICATIONS DISCUSSED UNDER UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS INCLUDE: ROADWAY FOUNDATION STABILITY AND ANALYSIS, STRUCTURE FOUNDATION, SLOPES, SUBGRADE, AND EXCAVATING CHARACTERISTICS. PROBLEM AREAS DISCUSSED UNDER ROCK INCLUDE: ROADWAY FOUNDATION STABILITY AND SUBSIDENCE, SLOPES, AND EXCAVATING CHARACTERISTICS. SPECIAL SITUATIONS SUCH AS MINES, TAILINGS, UNDERCLAYS, AND MATERIAL SOURCES ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. A MAJOR EFFORT OF THE STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE VARIOUS AERIAL FILM TYPES, INCLUDING PANCHROMATIC, NORMAL COLOR, AND INFRARED COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY. THE RELATIVE VALUE OF EACH TYPE IS DESCRIBED FOR EACH APPLICATION AND THE PREFERABLE ONE INDICATED. OVERALL, NORMAL COLOR AND COLOR INFRARED WERE SUPERIOR FOR MOST OF THE AREAS EVALUATED. /FHWA/ KW - Color photography KW - Highway design KW - Infrared photography KW - Mapping KW - Panchromatic film KW - Panchromatic photography KW - Road construction KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Terrain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214512 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Phillips, R G AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM REPORT #1 - CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - AB - THE CATSKILL-CAIRO TEST ROAD COMBINES A VARIETY OF SUBGRADE CONDITIONS WITH VARIOUS SUBBASE AND BASE MATERIALS AND SEVERAL PAVEMENT DESIGNS. IN ALL, 30 DIFFERENT TEST SECTIONS HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR STUDY FROM THE COMBINATION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING AND EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES. EXTENSIVE TESTING DURING CONSTRUCTION, SUMMARIZED HERE, PROVIDES THE NECESSARY BACKGROUND TO EVALUATE THE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED CONCERNING THE VALIDITY OF CERTAIN VARIABLES AND THE OVERALL DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT. AMONG THE MAJOR CONCLUSIONS PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT ARE: (1) THE TWO TYPES OF SUBBASE MATERIALS USED, FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES, ARE IDENTICAL. (2) THE SLIP FORM PAVER IS A SATISFACTORY METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE PAVEMENT. (3) THE VALIDITY OF THE PLATE BEARING TEST AND THE VALUE OF THE RESULTING SUBGRADE SUPPORT MODULUS K ARE QUESTIONABLE. (4) THE PAVEMENT THICKNESS VARIABLE WAS INVALIDATED DUE TO CONSTRUCTION VARIATION. SEVERAL OTHER CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING MATERIALS, TEST METHODS, AND DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT ARE ALSO PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Concrete pavements KW - Experimental roads KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Plate bearing test KW - Slip form paving KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230732 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAFT OF FINAL REPORT ON CRACK CONTROL IN CEMENT-TREATED BASES PY - AB - THE CAUSES AND CONTROL OF SHRINKAGE CRACKING ARE STUDIED IN FOUR PHASES. THE FIRST PHASE CONSISTED OF INVESTIGATING THE CRACKING PROBLEM IN ACCORDANCE WITH GRIFFITH'S BRITTLE FRACTURE THEORY. THIS THEORY OFFERS A SATISFACTORY EXPLANATION FOR THE CONFIGURATION OF CRACKS. THE SECOND PHASE INVOLVED ASSUMING LINEAR VISCOELASTIC LAW AND PERFORMING STRESS CREEP TESTS IN THE LABORATORY. FAVORABLE COMPARISONS ARE REPORTED BETWEEN COMPUTED CRACK WIDTHS AND FIELD OBSERVED CRACK WIDTHS. PHASE THREE PROVIDED FOR DERIVING EXPRESSIONS FOR SHRINKAGE STRESSES IN ACCORDANCE WITH LINEAR VISCOELASTIC LAW. THESE TESTS INDICATE HIGHLY LOCALIZED STRESSES OCCUR ON THE EXPOSED SURFACES. THE FOURTH PHASE INVOLVED THE USE OF LABORATORY MODELS TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF CEMENT CONTENT, SUBGRADE FRICTION, TEXTURE OF SOIL AND VARIOUS ADDITIVES. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN ON SOIL SELECTION, CEMENT CONTENTS AND ADDITIVES. THE RESEARCH INDICATES THAT MARGINAL MATERIALS MAY BE UTILIZED FOR CEMENT-TREATED BASES BY USE OF SEVERAL ADDITIVES: LIME AND LIME WITH A TRACE AMOUNT OF SUGAR IN A VARIETY OF SOILS AND EXPANSIVE CEMENT ADMIXTURE AND SODIUM SILICATE SURFACE TREATMENT IN COARSE-GRAIN SOILS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Additives KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement content KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Coarse grained soils KW - Control KW - Cracking KW - Expansive cement KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Friction KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Sodium silicate KW - Soil texture KW - Soils KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surfaces KW - Texture KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210457 AU - Adamowski, D AU - Tauzel, D F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLIXIBLE PAVEMENT BASE COURSE STUDY PY - AB - THE PURPOSE WAS TO DEVELOP A RAPID, SIMPLE, ACCURATE METHOD OF DETERMINING BULK DENSITIES OF ASPHALT BASE COURSE SPECIMENS THAT WOULD BE ALSO ALLOW FURTHER TESTING ON THESE SPECIMENS. THE NEW METHOD DEVELOPED IS IN LIEU OF THE PARAFFIN METHOD (ASTM D1188-68) FOR DETERMINING BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF COMPACTED BITUMINOUS SPECIMENS. THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 10 CORES WAS DETERMINED FIRST BY USING MASKING TAPE TO SEAL THE COXES AND PREVENT ENTRY OF WATER INTO THE VOIDS DURING VOLUME DETERMINATION. AFTER DRYING THE CORES, A VOLUME DETERMINATION WAS MADE USING THE STANDARD PARAFFIN METHOD. THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 79 ADDITIONAL CORES WAS THEN MEASURED BY THE TAPE METHOD, EACH RUN TWICE TO DETERMINE THE PROCEDURE'D REPEATABILITY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THE TAPE METHOD IS AN ACCEPTABLE SUBSTITUTE FOR THE PARAFFIN METHOD AND, IN FACT, AN IMPROVEMENT UPON IT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bulk density KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Specific gravity KW - Testing KW - Volume KW - Volume determination UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204622 AU - Grafton, B F AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEGETATIVE COVER STUDY FOR PROBLEM SOILS PY - AB - AN EXTREMELY ACID SOIL MATERIAL HAS BEEN EXPOSED AT DEPTHS OF 6 TO 50 FEET BELOW THE NATURAL SURFACE IN ROAD CUTS ALONG INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 20 IN NORTH LOUISIANA. THE PH OF THIS MATERIAL IS 2.6. THE USUAL METHODS AND TREATMENTS USED TO ESTABLISH VEGETATION ON ROAD EMBANKMENTS FAILED ON THIS MATERIAL. VEGETATIVE GROUND COVER HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED ON THIS SOIL MATERIAL WITH FESCUEGRASS, BAHIAGRASS, DALLISGRASS, BERMUDAGRASS AND WEEPING LOVEGRASS BY THE APPLICATION OF LIME. IT IS CONCLUDED, THAT FOR BEST RESULTS, 20 TONS OF CALCITIC LIMESTONE PER ACRE SHOULD BE INCORPORATED IN THIS PROBLEM SOIL MATERIAL. RECOMMENDATIONS IN ADDITION TO TREATING THIS PROBLEM SOIL MATERIAL ARE: (1) APPLY 6 INCHES OF TOP SOIL AND INCORPORATE 2 TONS OF LIME PER ACRE, (2) SEED, FERTILIZE AND MULCH IN NORMAL MANNER, USING LOCALLY ADAPTED SPECIES, AND (3) ALLOW VEGETATION TO GROW WITHOUT MOWING DURING THE FIRST YEAR. FIRST YEAR MOWING SHOULD BE NO CLOSER THAN 6 INCHES OF HEIGHT. /BPR/ KW - Acid soils KW - Calcites KW - Calcium oxide KW - Fertilizers KW - Ground cover KW - Height KW - Limestone KW - Mowing KW - Mulching KW - pH value KW - Topsoil KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99165 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225562 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chaiken, B TI - COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMY OF HOT-EXTRUDED THERMO-PLASTIC HIGHWAY STRIPING MATERIALS AND CONVENTIONAL PAINT STRIPING PY - AB - THERMOPLASTIC WAS FOUND MORE ECONOMICAL UNDER HIGH TRAFFIC DENSITY AND LIMITED SNOWPLOW ACTIVITY; BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS SHOWED THERMOPLASTICS TO BETTER ADVANTAGE THAN CONCRETE SURFACES. SELECTION PARAMETERS INCLUDE TRAFFIC DENSITY, PAVEMENT TYPE, AND MEAN ANNUAL SNOWFALL. SPECIFICATIONS AND COSTS ARE INCLUDED. /HSL/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Economics KW - Road marking materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224969 AU - General Motors Corporation AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RADIO INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENTS PY - AB - FREEDOM FROM NOISE-INDUCED ERRORS IS A NECESSARY REQUIREMENT FOR AN EFFECTIVE ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM, SINCE EXCESSIVE SYSTEM ERRORS WILL RAPIDLY ERODE USER CONFIDENCE IN THE SYSTEM. THE RESULTS OF A SERIES OF NOISE SUSCEPTIBILITY MEASUREMENTS MADE IN SELECTED AREAS WHERE STRONG NOISE AND INTERFERENCE FIELDS WERE KNOWN TO EXIST ARE DESCRIBED AND DISCUSSED, USING THE NOISE AND INTERFERENCE MEASURING INSTRUMENTATION. MEASUREMENTS MADE IN THE KOKOMO, INDIANA AREA AT FOUR SELECTED NOISY LOCATIONS INDICATE THAT AN ELECTRONIC ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM WOULD OPERATE WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT NOISE-INDUCED ERRORS AT ALL FOUR TEST SITES. /FHWA/ KW - Guidance KW - Instrumentation KW - Interference KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Radio KW - Routes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210455 AU - Harr, M E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPORT ON FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - AB - DURING PHASE I, UNCONFINED COMPRESSION (UNIAXIAL) TESTS OF 1 IN. X 2 IN. ASPHALTIC CONCRETE CYLINDER SAMPLES WERE MADE AT THREE TEMPERATURE LEVELS, 73.4 F, 86 F AND 104 F. ACCELERATION FIELDS, ESSENTIALLY MULTIPLES OF GRAVITY, WERE VARIED OVER A WIDE RANGE OF VALUES FOR EACH TEMPERATURE LEVEL. THE VALUE OF THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WAS DETERMINED FOR A DESIRED TEMPERATURE LEVEL AND ACCELERATION RATIO. IN EACH CASE A LOSS IN STRENGTH WAS NOTED WITH INCREASED ACCELERATION. HOWEVER, AFTER A CERTAIN CRITICAL VALUE OF ACCELERATION IS REACHED THE TREND IS REVERSED AND SOME STRENGTH IS REGAINED, EVENTUALLY APPROACHING AN ASSYMPTOTE AT ABOUT 90% OF THE STATIC UNCONFINED STRENGTH. /FHWA/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compressive strength KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Temperature KW - Unconfined compression tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212093 AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF EPOXY TEST SECTIONS ON DECK OF BIG BLUE RIVER BRIDGE PY - AB - THIS IS A FINAL REPORT ON ONE PHASE OF A CONTINUING STUDY OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION. THIS PHASE WAS INITIATED TO INCREASE THE SKID RESISTANCE OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE DECK AND REDUCE THE EXCESSIVE WEAR CAUSED BY ABRASIVE ACTION OF DE-ICING SALT AND SAND. A SIDE BENEFIT WOULD BE THE ADDED PROTECTION OF THE DECK FROM SALT SCALING AND GENERAL DETERIORATION. THE TEST SECTION INCLUDED SEVERAL DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS OF EPOXY TYPE MATERIALS. NO DETERMINATION WAS MADE ON SKID RESISTANCE OF EACH SECTION. IT WAS ASSUMED THAT ALL SECTIONS HAD IMPROVED SKID CHARACTERISTICS. THE SURVEY WAS BASED ON DURABILITY AND RESISTANCE TO WEAR. THE AMOUNT OF WEAR WAS MEASURED BY PERIODIC VISUAL EXAMINATION. A DISCUSSION OF THE OBSERVATIONS AND PHOTOS OF EACH SECTION TESTED ARE INCLUDED. /FHWA/ KW - Abrasions KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing KW - Durability KW - Durability tests KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Epoxy resins KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Salts KW - Sand KW - Skid resistance KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233733 AU - Dappolonia, D J AU - Lambe, T W AU - POULOS, H G AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Massachusetts Transportation Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EUALUATION OF PORE PRESSURES BENEATH AN EMBANKMENT PY - AB - PORE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS MADE DURING CONSTRUCTION OF A HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT ON A DEEP DEPOSIT OF SOFT TO MEDIUM BOSTON BLUE CLAY ARE REPORTED AND ANALYZED. THE PIEZOMETER DATA SHOW THAT THE EXCESS PORE PRESSURE AT A POINT INCREASES LINEARLY WITH INCREASING EMBANKMENT HEIGHT UNTIL A CERTAIN CRITICAL HEIGHT IS REACHED, THE IN SITU SHEAR STRESS REACHES THE UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH AT THAT POINT AND LOCAL YIELD OCCURS. SUBSEQUENTLY, A FURTHER LINEAR INCREASE IN PORE PRESSURE WITH EMBANKMENT HEIGHT OCCURS BUT AT A GREATER RATE. PRIOR TO LOCAL YIELD, THE EXCESS PORE PRESSURE IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE CHANGE IN OCTAHEDRAL NORMAL STRESS. AFTER YIELD, THE INCREMENTAL CHANGE IN PORE PRESSURE IS ABOUT EQUAL TO THE INCREMENTAL CHANGE IN THE MAJOR PRINCIPAL STRESS. THESE OBSERVATIONS ARE IN BASIC AGREEMENT WITH MEASUREMENTS REPORTED BY HOEG ET AL (1969) AND CLAUSEN (1969). THE IN SITU UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH WAS BACKFIGURED USING THE CRITICAL EMBANKMENT HEIGHT AT WHICH THE PIEZOMETER DATA INDICATE LOCAL YIELDING FIRST OCCURS. THE BACKFIGURED STRENGTH IS COMPARED TO THE UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH MEASURED IN TESTS AND FIELD VANE TESTS, ON SAMPLES OF BOSTON BLUE CLAY RECONSOLIDATED FROM A DILUTE SLURRY PRIOR TO SHEAR. THE STRENGTH IS ONLY ABOUT ONE-HALF OF THE BACKFIGURED STRENGTH. THE VANE STRENGTH IS 10 TO 50 PER CENT LESS THAN THE BACKFIGURED STRENGTH. THE RESULTS OF THE FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND STABILITY ANALYSES SHOW THAT IN SITU UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH IS UNDERESTIMATED BY THE TESTS. THE RESULTS OF FIELD VANE TESTS AND PREFERABLY COMPRESSION AND EXTENSION TESTS SHOULD BE USED FOR MAKING STABILITY ANALYSES. QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES OF THE STABILITY OF AN EMBANKMENT ON NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED AND LIGHTLY OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAY CAN BE MADE BY NOTING THE EXTENT OF THE YIELDED ZONE INDICATED BY PORE PRESSURE DATA. FOR THIS PURPOSE, PIEZOMETERS SHOULD BE PLACED NEAR THE EMBANKMENT TOE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Critical height KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Measurement KW - Piezometers KW - Pore pressure KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Shear strength KW - Shear stress KW - Soft rock KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stability analysis KW - Stresses KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207985 AU - Wu, Y C AU - SLUTTER, R G AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS UNDER FATIGUE LOADING PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF FATIGUE AND STATIC TESTS OF TWO CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS ARE REPORTED. THESE AND EARLIER EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH COMPUTER STUDIES USING A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO SIMULATE THE CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE MEMBER WHICH HAS A CRACKED SLAB IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION. SATISFACTORY CORRELATION WAS OBTAINED BETWEEN COMPUTER AND EXPERIMENTAL VALUES FOR SLAB FORCE, LOADS ON SHEAR CONNECTORS, AND STRAIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE CROSS SECTION. THE STUDY REVEALS THAT THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL CAN BE SATISFACTORILY USED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CHANGING THE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION. THESE PARAMETERS ARE AREA OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCING STEEL, NUMBER OF LONGITUDINAL BARS, AND SPACING OF SHEAR CONNECTORS. THE STIFFNESS OF THE CRACKED SLAB IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION IS THE TOTAL AREA OF THE LONGITUDINAL REINFORCING STEEL PLUS AN EFFECTIVE AREA OF CONCRETE DEPENDENT ON THE PARAMETERS GIVEN ABOVE. IT WAS FOUND THAT A BEAM WITH ONE PERCENT OF LONGITUDINAL SLAB REINFORCEMENT IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION PERFORMED VERY WELL WITH SHEAR CONNECTORS DELETED FROM A LARGE PORTION OF THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION AND THE STIFFNESS OF THE SLAB IN TENSION CONSISTED OF THE AREA OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT PLUS APPROXIMATELY 20 PERCENT OF THE CONCRETE AREA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Beams KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Cracking KW - Cross sections KW - Durability KW - Experimental data KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Load tests KW - Longitudinal reinforcement KW - Mathematical models KW - Metal bridges KW - Negative moment region KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Simulation KW - Slabs KW - Static tests KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffness KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207987 AU - Furr, H L AU - Jones, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF IN-SERVICE BRIDGES CONSTRUCTED WITH PRESTRESSED PANEL SUB-DECKS PY - AB - THREE PRESTRESSED CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGES WHICH HAVE PRESTRESSED PANEL SUB-DECKS WERE FIELD INSPECTED AND TEST LOADED TO DETERMINE THEIR CONDITION AFTER 7 YEARS OF TRAFFIC SERVICE. CRACK PATTERNS WERE MAPPED. WITH ONLY A FEW EXCEPTIONS, THE CRACKS FOUND COINCIDED WITH THE TRANSVERSE BUTT JOINTS BETWEEN THE SUB-DECK PANELS AND EXTENDED APPROXIMATELY HALFWAY THROUGH THE CAST-IN-PLACE DECK. DELAMINATION SOUNDINGS DID NOT DETECT ANY SIGNIFICANT SEPARATION BETWEEN PRESTRESSED PANEL AND CAST-IN-PLACE DECK. CORE SAMPLES REVEALED NO BOND FAILURE BETWEEN PANEL AND CAST-IN-PLACE DECK. THE LOAD TEST AND STRAIN READINGS INDICATED CONTINUITY OF ACTION BETWEEN PRESTRESSED BEAM, PANEL AND CAST-IN-PLACE DECK. THE BRIDGES ARE IN SOUND CONDITION AND SHOW NO SIGN OF DISTRESS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridge structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Panels KW - Prestressed beams KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed sub-deck panels KW - Prestressing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207989 AU - Gobel, G G AU - De Santis, P V AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - AB - A COMPUTER PROGRAM WHICH WILL DESIGN CONTINUOUS, WELDED PLATE GIRDERS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES WAS PREPARED. IT WILL OPTIMIZE THE DESIGN BY SEEKING THE LEAST WEIGHT OR LEAST COST FOR UNIFORM DEPTH GIRDERS, VARIABLE DEPTH GIRDERS AND UNIFORM DEPTH GIRDERS WITH HYBRID CROSS SECTION. INPUT TO THE PROGRAM IS COMMAND STRUCTURED, WHICH OFFERS GREAT FLEXIBILITY FOR ALTERING THE CONDITIONS OF THE DESIGN PROBLEM. THE PROGRAM, GIRDER: AUTOMATED DESIGN II (GAD II) IS WRITTEN IN FORTRAN IV AND REQUIRES 140K BYTES OR 36K WORKS OF CORE STORAGE. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Cross sections KW - Design KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201231 AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RED OAK AND CORNING, US 34 BYPASS, ECONOMIC STUDY PY - AB - THE ECONOMIC IMPACT RESULTING FROM CONSTRUCTING BYPASS ROUTES AROUND THE CITIES OF RED OAK AND CORNING, IOWA, IS EVALUATED HERE. THE TWO CITIES ARE LOCATED ON US 34 IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE STATE. THE STUDY WAS MADE ON A "BEFORE AND AFTER" BASIS USING A CONTROL AREA METHOD TO COMPARE AND ANALYZE CHANGES DURING THE STUDY PERIOD. ECONOMIC PARAMETERS CONSIDERED INCLUDE RETAIL SALES, LAND USE ZONING, INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT, AND TRAFFIC PATTERNS. FOUR YEARS OF "BEFORE" DATA AND TWO YEARS OF "AFTER" DATA WERE TAKEN. COMPARISON OF CHANGES WERE MADE AGAINST THOSE NOTED IN AN EIGHT-COUNTY CONTROL AREA. RELATIVE COMPARISONS OF CHANGES OCCURRING BETWEEN THE TWO CITIES WERE ALSO MADE. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE BYPASS ROUTE AROUND CORNING HAD GREATER UNDESIRABLE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES THAN THE BYPASS AROUND RED OAK. BOTH CITIES HAD A DECREASE IN SALES FOR HIGHWAY-ORIENTED FIRMS. HOWEVER, PART OF THE DECREASE WAS ATTRIBUTED TO CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FIRMS INVOLVED. THIS STUDY ALSO SHOWS THAT THE GENERAL ECONOMY DID NOT CHANGE APPRECIABLY. RED OAK SHOWED A CHANGE IN LAND USE AND ZONING IN RELOCATION. INCREASED COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL USE ALONG THE HIGHWAY WAS EVIDENCED. SIMILAR EFFECTS IN CORNING HAVE NOT TAKEN PLACE THOUGH SUCH CHANGES CHANGES ARE EXPECTED TO OCCUR IN THE FUTURE. /FHWA/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Bypass routes KW - Bypasses KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic benefits KW - Economic factors KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Land use KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Management KW - Ownership KW - Retail trade KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219744 AU - Emori, R I AU - Kahdilkar, A AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL STUDY OF SINGLE-VEHICLE ACCIDENT WITH FIXED OBJECT PY - AB - FULL-SCALE AUTOMOBILE COLLISION TESTS INTO DIXED OBJECTS ARE EXPENSIVE AND TIME CONSUMING, ESPECIALLY IF THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE TEST AND THE CONTROLLABILITY OF VARIOUS INFLUENCING PARAMETERS ARE QUESTIONED. THE INTENTION OF SCALE MODEL TESTS IS TO SUPPLEMENT, BUT NOT TO REPLACE, FULL-SCALE TESTS. IF THEY ARE USED PROPERLY, THE MODEL TESTS WILL ELIMINATE TRIVIAL FULL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS, GIVE AN INSIGHT TO THE PHENOMENON BY ASSEMBLING GOVERNING PARAMETERS, AND GUIDE TO THE EVENTUAL FORMULATION OF ANALYTICAL MODELS. THE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED TO COLLISION PHENOMENA OF AUTOMOBILES INTO FIXED OBJECTS, SUCH AS ROAD SIGNS, AND MODEL RULES WERE ESTABLISHED. A MODEL VEHICLE AND A MODEL SIGN WERE DESIGNED AND BUILT. TOTAL TEST SYSTEM WAS CHECKED OUT AND FOUND TO FUNCTION SATISFACTORILY. HIGH SPEED MOVING PICTURES WILL TAKEN TO ANALYZE THE MOTION OF THE MODEL. THE SPEED OF THE MOVING PICTURES MUST BE SCALED PROPERLY FROM THE CORRESPONDING FULL-SCALE COUNTERPART AS PERFORMED BY CALIFORNIA STATE HIGHWAY DIVISION FOR COMPARISON AND VALIDATION OF THE MODEL TESTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Control KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Fixed object KW - High speed photography KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Model tests KW - Models KW - Motion KW - Parameters KW - Signs KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Testing KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic signs KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204634 AU - Johnson, A G AU - White, D B AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND COVERS FOR HIGHWAY SLOPES PY - AB - RESULTS OF A SEVEN YEAR STUDY CONDUCTED TO TEST AND IDENTI FY SPECIES OF WOODY AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS MOST USEFUL FOR GROUND COVER PURPOSES IN THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN PORTIONS OF MINNESOTA ARE DESCRIBED. NINE SPECIES, INCLUDING BEARBERRY, CROWNVETCH, AND DAYLILY ARE RECOMMENDED FOR GENERAL USE. MANY MORE PLANTS ARE LISTED IN TABULATIONS TITLED, "PLANTS RECOMMENDED FOR LIMITED USE" AND "PLANTS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR MINNESOTA ROADSIDES." IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS CONCERNING CULTURAL REQUIREMENTS, APPEARANCE, AND ADAPTABILITY FACTORS ARE LISTED FOR EACH SPECIES. /FHWA/ KW - Erosion control KW - Ground cover KW - Plant cover KW - Plants KW - Shrubs KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207986 AU - Lee, H W AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL LOADING ON CURVED REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS PY - AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBED A STUDY IN WHICH THE EFFECT OF LOCAL LOADING ON CURVED CONCRETE BRIDGE SLABS WAS EXAMINED AND COMPARED WITH THE PRESENT AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIAL (AASHO) CODE. A GENERAL THEORY WAS DEVELOPED WHICH INCORPORATED LARGE DEFLECTION ORTHOTROPIC PLATE THEORY IN THE ELASTIC RANGE. THE EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS MAY BE APPLIED TO ANY DECK CONFIGURATION. THE ORTHOTROPIC PLATE EQUATIONS ARE SOLVED BY USING THE FINITE DIFFERENCE TECHNIQUE. BOTH FLEXURAL AND IN-PLANE STRESSES ARE CONSIDERED AND THE SUPPORT CONDITIONS ALONG THE CURVED EDGES ARE VARIABLE, I.E., FREE, FIXED OR ELASTIC. THE METHOD CAN BE APPLIED TO THE ANALYSIS OF A CURVED SLAB AND GIRDER BRIDGE BY IDEALIZATION OF THE BRIDGE DECK TO AN EQUIVALENT ORTHOTROPIC PLATE. A GENERAL COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SOLVING THE EQUATIONS HAS BEEN DEVELOPED ON AN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINE (IBM) 7094 COMPUTER. EXPERIMENTAL WORK HAS BEEN PERFORMED ON A CURVED PLATE MODEL FOR DIFFERENT PLATE CONFIGURATIONS. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS AND THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA ARE IN GOOD AGREEMENT. /FHWA/ KW - Bending stress KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete bridge structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction KW - Curved beams KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Finite differences KW - Flexural bond KW - Flexural strength KW - Flexure KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway curves KW - Load tests KW - Orthotropic KW - Structural design KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224964 AU - HULBERT, S F AU - Beers, J AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WRONG WAY 3- HIGHWAY REFLECTORS PY - AB - DRIVERS VERBAL RESPONSES AND INVOLUNTARY DECELERATIONS TO ELEVEN DIFFERENT RED HIGHWAY REFLECTOR CONFIGURATIONS WERE PRESENTED IN 16MM ANIMATED FILMS IN THE UCLA DRIVING SIMULATION LABORATORY. AN URGENT NEED FOR A CONTINUING EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM VIA MASS MEDIA IS PRESENTED SO THAT THE PUBLIC IS MADE AWARE OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE RED REFLECTORS AND THEIR INTENDED MEANING; THAT THE REGULAR PATTERN NOW BEING USED THROUGHOUT THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA IS THE LEAST EFFECTIVE TO UNKNOWLEDGABLE DRIVERS; AND THAT AN IRREGULAR CONFIGURATION WHICH IS NOT CONTINUOUSLY REPEATED ELICITS THE MOST RESPONSES FROM UNKNOWLEDGABLE DRIVERS. THE LATTER WOULD ALSO EFFECT A COST REDUCTION FOR THE STATE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Driver training KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230727 AU - Hoskins, E K AU - Hammerquist, D W AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATE CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR CONTROLLING EXPANSIVE SOILS IN ROADWAYS IN WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA PY - AB - AN INVESTIGATION HAS BEEN MADE IN WHICH THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS LOCALLY AVAILABLE ADDITIVES ON THE SWELLING OF PIERRE SHALE WAS DETERMINED. LIGNITE, GYPSUM, SLIME TAILINGS FROM THE HOMESTAKE MINING COMPANY'S MILL, DUST FROM THE STACKS OF THE STATE CEMENT PLANT IN RAPID CITY, AND AN INERT GRIT WERE COMPARED WITH THE PRESENTLY USED ADDITIVE, LIME. ALL TESTS WERE MADE WITH THE ADDITIVES AT THE SAME CONCENTRATION IN THE SOIL AND AT 95% PROCTOR DENSITY. LIME WAS THE MOST EFFECTIVE ADDITIVE FOR REDUCING SWELLING OF THE SOIL. LIGNITE AND TAILINGS FROM THE FOMESTAKE MILL WERE NEXT MOST EFFECTIVE FOLLOWED IN ORDER BY WASTE PRODUCT FROM THE CEMENT PLANT, GYPSUM, AND INERT GRIT. FURTHER INVESTIGATION WILL BE REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH THE EFFECT OF THESE ADDITIVES ON OTHER SIGNIFICANT SOIL PROPERTIES SUCH AS BEARING CAPACITY AND TO DETERMINE THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF THE VARIOUS TREATMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Additives KW - Calcium oxide KW - Gypsum KW - Industrial wastes KW - Lignite KW - Shale KW - Soil swell KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230728 AU - Hager, R F AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PART I-CAST-IN-DRILLED-HOLE-PILES IN ADVERSE SOIL CONDITIONS PY - AB - TO INCREASE THE AREAS IN WHICH CAST-IN-DRILLED HOLE PILES CAN BE USED, THREE 16 IN. DIAMETER TEST PILES WERE DRILLED AND INSTALLED WHERE THIS PILE TYPE IS NOT NORMALLY USED BECAUSE OF UNSTABLE SOIL CONDITIONS AND THE PRESENCE OF GROUND WATER. EACH TEST PILE WAS INSTALLED DIFFERENTLY TO DETERMINE THE MOST SUCCESSFUL INSTALLATION METHOD AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PILE BEARING CAPACITY. TWO OF THE PILES WERE DRILLED WITHOUT BENTONITE; ONE BEING POURED AFTER BAILING THE HOLE DRY WHILE THE OTHER WAS POURED WITHOUT DEWATERING, A THIRD PILE WAS DRILLED WITH BENTONITE AND POURED AFTER BAILING THE BENTONITE. THE TEST RESULTS INDICATE THAT DRILLING CIDH PILES WITH BENTONITE OR POURING THEM WITHOUT DEWATERING THE PILE HOLE DECREASES THE PILE BEARING CAPACITY. THESE RESULTS ASSUME THAT ANY BEARING DIFFERENCE IS DUE TO THE INSTALLATION METHOD AND NOT OTHER VARIABLES. NO CONCLUSION WAS REACHED ON THE BEST INSTALLATION METHOD TO PREVENT CAVING OR SLOUGHING OF THE HOLE WALLS SINCE THE SOILS AT THE SITE WERE MORE STABLE THAN ANTICIPATED./AUTHOR/ KW - Bentonite KW - Collapse KW - Dewatering KW - Groundwater KW - Installation KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile types KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Test piles KW - Unstable soil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205374 AU - Bransford, T L AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM REPORT COVERING TAPLEY DECELEROMETER DATA PY - AB - THE FIRST OF THREE SPECIFIC AIMS OUTLINED IN THE PLAN, WHICH WAS TO STUDY THE DECELEROMETER SKID RESISTANCE TEST DATA COMPILED BY THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT ON PAVEMENTS OF VARIOUS TYPES THROUGHOUT THE STATE, HAS BEEN COMPLETED. THE PAVEMENT TYPE, AS WELL AS THE COARSE AGGREGATE TYPE, WHICH DEMONSTRATED THE BEST WEARABILITY AND/OR SKID RESISTANCE HAS BEEN DETERMINED FROM A STUDY OF THIS DATA. /FHWA/ KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Durability KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Slipperiness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205375 AU - Marvin, E L AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEFORMATION OF A VISCOELASTIC PLATE SUPPORTED ON INTERACTING MEDIA PY - AB - A SOLUTIN FOR THE QUASI-STATIC RESPONSE OF A LINEAR VISCOELASTIC PLATE SUPPORTED ON A PORO-ELASTIC HALF-SPACE, SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORM CIRCULAR LOADING, IS PRESENTED. THE PORO-ELASTIC MATERIAL IS DEFINED TO BE A INTERACTING MIXTURE OF MATERIALS, CONSISTING OF A LINEAR ELASTIC POROUS SOLID AND AN INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID. MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF PORO-ELASTIC MEDIA AND VISCOELASTIC PLATE ARE PRESENTED. THE INITIAL-BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM THAT MODELS THE DEFORMATION RESPONSE TO LOAD APPLICATION IS SOLVED USING ITERATED LAPLACE-HANKEL INTEGRAL TRANSFORMATIONS. NUMERICAL INVERSION OF THE TRANSFORMED SOLUTION IMAGES THAT ARE OBTAINED IS DISCUSSED. MEASURED MATERIAL CONSTANTS ARE EMPLOYED TO YIELD EXAMPLE NUMERICAL PRESSURE AT THE ORIGIN AS FUNCTIONS OF TIME. /AUTHOR/ KW - Boundary value problems KW - Deformation KW - Integral transforms KW - Linear systems KW - Mathematics KW - Porous materials KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204019 AU - Linsley, R K AU - Hydrocomp International AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING FLOOD FLOWS FROM SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS PY - AB - FLOOD FREQUENCY CURVES WERE COMPUTED AND COMPARED FOR ELEVEN SELECTED SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS REPRESENTING A WIDE RANGE OF CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. FROM SCREENING THE LITERATURE, FOUR METHODS WERE SELECTED FOR COMPUTING THE FLOODS: HSP, REGIONAL, POTTER'S AND RATIONAL. GUMBEL'S EXTREME VALUE STRAIGHT LINE FITTING WAS EMPLOYED TO DERIVE THE FREQUENCY CURVES. DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION BY HSP METHOD APPEARS TO BE MOST EFFECTIVE IN REPRODUCING THE FLOOD FREQUENCY CURVE AS INDICATED BY THE OBSERVED DATA ON THE TEST WATERSHEDS. FURTHER RESEARCHES TO STUDY THE STORM CHARACTERISTICS AND TO INTENSIVELY SIMULATE FLOODS IN MODERATE LARGE AREAS ARE SUGGESTED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROCEDURES. /FHWA/ KW - Climate KW - Digital computers KW - Drainage KW - Floods KW - Geography KW - Information processing KW - Runoff KW - Simulation KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204021 AU - Williams, T T AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAINAGE CORRELATION RESEARCH PROJECT FINAL REPORT PY - AB - MONTANA'S EXPERIENCE WITH THE PROBLEMS OF GAGING AND COLLECTING METEROLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC VARIABLES IS PRESENTED. SEVERAL EXPLORITORY STUDIES USING NEW TECHNIQUES TO ESTIMATE PEAK DISCHARGE RATES ON SMALL WATERSHEDS WERE MADE. A NEW APPROACH OF RAINFALL FREQUENCY - PEAK FLOW FREQUENCY METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PEAK DISCHARGE WAS DEVELOPED. IT CORRELATED PRECIPITATION TO STREAMFLOW FOR THAT PART OF MONTANA EAST OF THE ROCKIES. A PRELIMINARY STUDY APPLYING A PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS WITH VARIMAX ROTATION WAS PERFORMED FOR FIVE SMALL WATERSHEDS WITH 50 RECORDED STORM EVENTS. THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF 29 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES WAS DESCRIBED AND EQUATIONS ESTIMATING VOLUMES AND PEAKS OF RUNOFF DEVELOPED. THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE METHOD OF ESTIMATING FLOOD VOLUME WAS EXPLORED FOR APPLICABILITY TO RURAL WATERSHEDS. SEVERAL STOCHASTIC METHODS FOR ESTIMATING FLOOD PEAKS WERE TESTED FOR SUITABILITY TO THE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF MONTANA. /FHWA/ KW - Correlation analysis KW - Discharge rate KW - Drainage KW - Equations KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Hydrologic data KW - Hydrologic phenomena KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Stochastic processes KW - Storms KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204022 AU - Simons, D B AU - Lewis, G L AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLOOD PROTECTION AT BRIDGE CROSSINGS PY - AB - TECHNIQUES FOR THE DESIGN OF STABLE ROCK-RIPRAP PROTECTION IN THE VICINITY OF BRIDGE CROSSINGS ARE COMPUTED FROM METHODS DERIVED IN OTHER SOURCES, AND THE PROPERTIES ARE RELATED TO PARTICLE SIZES FOR RIPRAP PROTECTION OF ABUTMENTS AND PIERS. DESIGN STEPS FOR PROTOTYPE BRIDGE CROSSINGS ARE ENUMERATED SO THAT THE HYDRAULIC ENGINEER MAY USE THIS REPORT AS A DESIGN MANUAL. AN EXAMPLE OF THE DESIGN PROTECTION FOR A PROTOTYPE BRIDGE CROSSING IS INCLUDED TO CLARIFY THE SUGGESTED DESIGN PROCEDURES. RIPRAP-PROTECTED SPILL-THROUGH ABUTMENTS WERE CONSTRUCTED IN THE HYDRAULIC FACILITIES AT COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY IN ORDER TO TEST THE VALIDITY OF THE SUGGESTED DESIGN PROCEDURES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Abutments KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Flood protection KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Riprap UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215945 AU - Chern, C AU - Ostapenko, A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BENDING STRENGTH OF UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS PY - AB - AN UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDER IS DEFINED AS A GIRDER WHOSE CENTROIDAL AXIS IS NOT AT THE MID-DEPTH OF THE WEB BECAUSE OF THE UNEQUAL AREAS OF THE FLANGES. THE ULTIMATE STATIC STRENGTH OF SUCH GIRDERS SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING IS DETERMINED THEORETICALLY. THE ULTIMATE MOMENT IS ASSUMED TO CONSIST OF TWO CONTRIBUTIONS: THE GIRDER MOMENT BEFORE BUCKLING OF THE WEB AND THE GIRDER MOMENT CONTROLLED BY THE FLANGE STRENGTH REMAINING AFTER BUCKLING OF THE WEB. IN THE BUCKLING ANALYSIS, THE WEB PANEL IS ASSUMED TO BE FIXED AT THE FLANGES AND PINNED AT THE STIFFENERS. AFTER WEB BUCKLING, THE COMPRESSION PORTION OF THE WEB IS CONSIDERED AS BEING REPLACED WITH AN EFFECTIVE PLATE STRIP WHICH IS A PART OF THE COMPRESSION FLANGE. A GIRDER PANEL CAN REACH ITS ULTIMATE CAPACITY BEFORE OR AFTER BUCKLING OF THE WEB, BY THE FAILURE OF THE COMPRESSION FLANGE OR BY THE YIELDING OF THE TENSION FLANGE. THE METHOD IS APPLICABLE TO SYMMETRICAL AND UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS WITH A HOMOGENEOUS OR HYBRID CROSS SECTION. IT COMPARES WELL WITH THE AVAILABLE TEST RESULTS AND THUS PROVIDES A RELIABLE MEANS OF COMPUTING THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF TRANSVERSELY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bending KW - Bending moments KW - Buckling KW - Compressive strength KW - Cross sections KW - Flange strength KW - Flanges KW - Girders KW - Plate girders KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Tension KW - Theory KW - Transverse stiffeners KW - Ultimate strength KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204633 AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL SUMMARY REPORT: GRASSES AND THEIR ESTABLISHMENT AS TURF ALONG NEWLY GRADED HIGHWAYS PY - AB - ROADSIDE TURF ESTABLISHMENT IS INVESTIGATED. MAJOR PORTIONS INCLUDE A LITERATURE REVIEW, STUDY OF SPECIES ADAPTED TO USE ON HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY, STUDY OF LIME AND FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS, STUDY OF COMPETITIVE EFFECTS BETWEEN GRASSES AND LEGUMES, AND STUDY OF TIME OF SEEDING AND SEEDING MIXTURES. SPECIES NOW USED FOR SEEDING MIXTURES IN ILLINOIS GENERALLY WERE FOUND TO BE WELL ADAPTED TO CONDITION WITHIN THE STATE. A RECOMMENDATION FOR APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE BASED ON CHEMICAL TESTS OF THE SOIL HAS BEEN ADOPTED. IT WAS FOUND THAT TEMPORARY SEEDINGS ARE NOT NEEDED AT ANY TIME DURING THE GROWING SEASON EXCEPT IN LATE FALL AFTER IT IS TOO LATE TO SEED PERENNIAL SPECIES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilizers KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Legumes KW - Limestone KW - Planting KW - Reviews KW - Roadside improvement KW - Seeds KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Turf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212092 AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - NICHOLS, G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT ON SHRINKAGE-CRACKING CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE PY - AB - STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, MADE WITH TWO TYPES OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND WITH CEMENT (I AND III) WERE SUBJECTED TO TWO CURING PERIODS FOLLOWED BY A PROLONGED EXPOSURE IN A 140 F - 25 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT. UNRESTRAINED DRYING SHRINKAGE AND RESTRAINED CRACKING WERE DETERMINED. SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS INCLUDED (1) PROLONGING MOIST CURING RESULTED IN A MARKED REDUCTION IN DRYING SHRINKAGE, (2) ALTHOUGH THE USE OF TYPE III CEMENT RESULTED IN LESS UNRESTRAINED DRYING SHRINKAGE, IT CAUSED MORE RESTRAINED CRACKING AND (3) THE COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF CHRINKAGE CRACKS APPEARS TO BE PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cement KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete curing KW - Cracking KW - Curing agents KW - Drying KW - Drying tests KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Measurement KW - Moist curing KW - Restrained cracking KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Shrinkage tests KW - Steam curing KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206429 AU - Cook, J C AU - Kruker, M AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DEFLECTION AS PAVEMENT OVERLAY CRITERIA (PHASE 1) PY - AB - DYNAFLECT EQUIPMENT WAS USED TO MEASURE DEFLECTIONS ON 221 MILES OF WASHINGTON HIGHWAYS. IN GENERAL, THREE TYPES OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURE WERE INCLUDED, NAMELY: ASPHALT CONCRETE OVER (1) CEMENT-TREATED BASE; (2) UNTREATED AGGREGATE BASE; AND, (3) UNTREATED ROADBED SOIL. A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS MADE TO OBTAIN BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE USE OF THE DYNAFLECT IN OTHER STATES. ACCEPTABILITY OF THE EQUIPMENT WAS ESTABLISHED. STATISTICAL PROBLEMS OF SUBJECTIVE RATINGS AND MAGNITUDE OF DEFLECTIONS ARE DISCUSSED. CONCLUSIONS SHOW THAT THE METHOD DEVELOPED FOR DETERMINING THE NEED FOR RESURFACING IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE PRESENT RATING SYSTEM USED BY THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Criteria KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Resurfacing KW - Reviews KW - Roadbed material KW - Soils KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207982 AU - Desmarais, D A AU - Derby, T F AU - Calcaterra, P C AU - Barry Controls AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF METHODS, MATERIALS AND DEVICES FOR CONTROLLING BRIDGE VIBRATIONS PY - AB - A COMPARISON OF THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF VARIOUS BRIDGE DESIGNS TO INDIVIDUAL HEAVY VEHICLE CROSSINGS AND AN EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING THE RESULTANT DYNAMIC MOTIONS OF LONG-SPAN BRIDGES ARE MADE HERE. A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS IS DEVELOPED FOR THE RESPONSE OF SINGLE-SPAN BRIDGES TO VEHICLE CROSSING BASED ON SIMPLIFIED MODEL REPRESENTATIONS FOR THE BRIDGE AND VEHICLE. FOUR SINGLE-SPAN BRIDGE DESIGNS, ALL 250 FEET IN LENGTH, ARE CONSIDERED, COMPOSITE STEEL GIRDER AND ORTHOTROPIC DECK CONSTRUCTION USING BOTH LOW ALLOY STRUCTURAL STEEL AND HIGH STRENGTH STEEL. THE VIBRATORY MOTIONS OF EACH UNTREATED BRIDGE ARE CALCULATED AS A FUNCTION OF VEHICLE TYPE AND SPEED, AND ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS (IDEALIZED SMOOTH ROAD; DISCONTINUITY ON BRIDGE APPROACH AND ROADWAY ROUGHNESS). A COMPARISON IS MADE BETWEEN THE RESPONSE OF THE UNTREATED BRIDGES WHILE A SINGLE VEHICLE TRAVERSES THE SPAN (DYNAMIC INCREMENT) AND AFTER THE VEHICLE HAS LEFT THE SPAN (RESIDUAL VIBRATION AMPLITUDE). FOUR TREATMENTS FOR BRIDGE VIBRATION CONTROL ARE ANALYZED: RIGIDIZATION; DAMPING; PASSIVE ABSORBERS AND ACTIVE ABSORBERS. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH TREATMENT IN REDUCING THE DYNAMIC MOTIONS OF THE UNTREATED BRIDGES IS EVALUATED. DESIGNS ARE EVOLVED AND A COMPARISON IS MADE ON COST EFFECTIVENESS. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF EACH TYPE OF BRIDGE DESIGN AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH TREATMENT ARE MADE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Absorbents KW - Absorbers /materials/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge dynamics KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - Characteristics KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Girders KW - High strength steel KW - Highways KW - Metal bridges KW - Orthotropic KW - Speed studies KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel structures KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design KW - Structural steel KW - Studies KW - Suppressors KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicles KW - Vibration KW - Vibration control KW - Vibration suppressors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233734 AU - Smith, T AU - Forsyth, R AU - Squires, B AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ERODIBILITY OF SLOPES (PHASE I) PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF A LITERATURE SEARCH AND THE RESULTS OF A PRELIMINARY LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM ARE PRESENTED. BASED UPON PAST RESEARCH BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND OTHER AGENCIES, IT NOW APPEARS THAT EROSION POTENTIAL OF A GIVEN SOIL CAN BE EVALUATED BY APPROPRIATE LABORATORY TESTS, THE TWO MOST PROMISING BEING THE "DISPERSION RATIO" AND THE "SURFACE AGGREGATION RATIO". PRELIMINARY TEST RESULTS UTILIZING BOTH TESTS WERE REASONABLY CONSISTENT. THE USE OF LARGER SAMPLES AND A LESSER DEGREE OF SAMPLE DISTURBANCE ARE EXPECTED TO IMPROVE REPRODUCIBILITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Dispersion KW - Erosion KW - Reproducibility KW - Reviews KW - Slopes KW - Surface aggregation KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215944 AU - Murad, F A AU - Heinz, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE OF BEAMS WITH WELDED COVER PLATES PY - AB - THE INCREASED USE OF WELDED MEMBERS AS BRIDGE ELEMENTS, TOGETHER WITH TRENDS TOWARD HEAVIER TRUCK GROSS WEIGHTS AND TRAFFIC VOLUMES, NECESSITATES THE STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED COVER-PLATED GIRDERS SUBJECTED TO CONDITIONS OF VARYING LOAD AMPLITUDES. A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE INDICATED THE EFFECT OF THE VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR UNDER BOTH CONSTANT AMPLITUDE AND VARIABLE AMPLITUDE. A HYPOTHESIS, BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE PLASTIC STRAIN AMPLITUDE DURING ANY GIVEN CYCLE OF STRESS IS AN INDEX OF THE INDUCED FATIGUE DAMAGE, IS PRESENTED. THE HYPOTHESIS IS SHOWN TO YIELD AN EXPONENTIAL CYCLE TO FAILURE-STRESS RANGE RELATIONSHIP AND A STRESS DEPENDENT DAMAGE-CYCLE RATIO EQUATION. A SERIES OF CONSTANT AMPLITUDE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED WHICH WERE DESIGNED TO YIELD THE MATERIAL CONSTANTS NECESSARY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS TO VARIABLE AMPLITUDE CASES. BOTH MULTI-LEVEL AND REPEATED BLOCK TESTS WERE ALSO CONDUCTED. THE PURPOSE OF THESE TESTS WAS TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF DAMAGE ACCUMULATION DUE TO VARIABLE LOADING AND ALSO CHECK THE ENDURANCE PREDICTIONS BASED ON THE HYPOTHESIS. THE TESTS WERE ALSO DESIGNED TO INDICATE THE DEPENDENCE OF DAMAGE ACCUMULATION ON THE ORDER OF LOADING AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE CYCLES OF A GIVEN STRESS RANGE LEVEL UPON THE ENDURANCE OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO REPEATED BLOCK LOADING. THE PREDICTIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS WERE WITHIN 3-14% OF THE TEST RESULTS. PRELIMINARY DESIGN EQUATIONS ARE PRESENTED AND THEIR APPLICATION TO AN EXISTING BRIDGE ELEMENT IS ILLUSTRATED. THE USE OF THE HYPOTHESIS FOR FINAL DESIGN IS ALSO OUTLINED. CONCLUSIONS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY AND THOSE OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ARE PRESENTED AND USED AS A BASIS FOR PROPOSED CHANGES IN CODE PROVISIONS DEALING WITH FATIGUE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Amplitude (Physics) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Cover KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Loss and damage KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Structural design KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks KW - Weight KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214511 AU - Materials Research & Development Inc AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND METHODS TO THE CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OF HIGHWAY MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PY - AB - STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL IS NOT GENERALLY PRACTICED IN THE HIGHWAY INDUSTRY; THE PROBABLE COSTS OF SUCH A SYSTEM WERE ESTIMATED BY PROJECTION OF CURRENT COSTS OF CONTRACTORS AND PRODUCERS WHO ARE CURRENTLY MAINTAINING VOLUNTARY TESTING PROGRAMS. ESTIMATES BASED ON DATA OBTAINED FROM 49 CONCERNS IN 15 STATES INDICATE THAT THE COST OF AN ACCEPTABLE DEGREE OF QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGHWAY MATERIALS OR CONSTRUCTION BY THE CONTRACTOR OR PRODUCER WOULD AVERAGE ABOUT FOUR PERCENT OF CONTRACT PRICE. AVAILABLE INFORMATION INDICATES THAT THE CURRENT TOTAL ENGINEERING EXPENDITURES BY STATE AGENCIES ON FEDERAL AID PROJECTS IS IN THE ORDER OF 10 PERCENT OF CONTRACT PRICE. COMPARISONS OF RELATIVE COSTS BASED ON THESE NUMBERS AND ON DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF QUALITY CONTROL EFFORT SHARED BY THE CONTRACTOR AND THE STATE AGENCY INDICATE THAT THE OPTIMUM QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM WOULD BE QUALITY CONTROL BY THE CONTRACTOR WITH ACCEPTANCE TESTING BY THE STATE AGENCY. THE DOLLAR COST OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 20 PERCENT LESS THAN THAT OF CURRENT PROCEDURES. A RELATED ACTIVITY WAS A STUDY OF THE RELATIVE SIZE OF BUYER'S AND SELLER'S RISKS USING CURRENT ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURES AS COMPARED TO THOSE WHICH WOULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH A SYSTEM OF COORDINATED QUALITY CONTROL, REVISED SPECIFICATIONS, AND STATISTICAL SAMPLING PLANS. THIS STUDY INDICATED THAT THE LOWEST RISKS FOR THE SAME LEVEL OF TESTING EFFORT WOULD BE REALIZED WHEN A STATE OF STATISTICAL CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES WAS OBTAINED. /FHWA/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Construction KW - Contractors KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Materials KW - Prices KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - States KW - Statistical quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230713 AU - Beecroft, C W AU - Oregon State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TREATMENT FOR UPGRADING BASE MATERIALS PY - AB - THE SUBJECT STUDY WAS MADE TO ETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF USING AND METHODS OF TREATING SUBSTANDARD BASE COURSE MATERIALS WITH EITHER PORTLAND CEMENT OR ASPHALT. DETAILED TESTS WERE MADE ON FOUR MATERIALS, REPRESENTATIVES OF MOST THE SUBSTANDARD AGGREGATE TYPES IN THE STATE OF OREGON. THESE MATERIALS WERE (1) A WEATHERED VESICULAR BASALT, (2) A SUBMARINE BASALT, (3) AN ARGILLITE FROM THREE DIFFERENT QUARRIES, AND (4) A PIT GRAVEL CONTAINING EXCESSIVE FINES FROM A RIVER BAR. STUDIES WERE MADE USING FOUR DIFFERENT ASPHALT CONTENTS FOR EACH OF FOUR GRADATIONS AND THE CEMENT TREATED STUDIES INCLUDED THREE CEMENT CONTENTS PLUS THE UNTREATED MATERIAL FOR EACH GRADATION. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATED THAT (1) THE VESICULAR BASALT WOULD NOT BE RECOMMENDED FOR USE SINCE NEITHER THE CEMENT NOR ASPHALT TREATMENTS WERE ENTIRELY SATISFACTORY, (2) THE SUBMARINE BASALT REACTED WELL TO A TREATMENT WITH 6 PERCENT CEMENT, AND QUITE WELL WITH 4.5 PERCENT CEMENT, BUT VALUES OBTAINED FOR THE ASPHALT TREATED AGGREGATE WERE GENERALLY BELOW DESIRABLE LIMITS, (3) THE ARGILLITE AGGREGATES PROVED ADEQUATE FOR ALL GRADATIONS WHEN TREATED WITH CEMENT, AND THOUGH BELOW DESIRABLE LIMITS WHEN TREATED WITH ASPHALT, THEY WERE CLOSE TO GUIDELINE CRITERIA AND ACCEPTABLE, AND (4) THE PIT GRAVEL TESTED WITH CEMENT PROVED ADEQUATE WITH 6 PERCENT CEMENT AT ALL GRADATIONS, BUT ASPHALT TREATMENT DID NOT PROVIDE SUITABLE RESISTANCE TO MOISTURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt content KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement content KW - Materials tests KW - Modernization KW - Portland cement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201229 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Walton, N E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF ROADWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF A COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDY COMPARING ALTERNATIVE ILLUMINATION CONFIGURATIONS ARE PRESENTED. MANY ILLUMINATION CONFIGURATIONS ARE PRESENTED. MANY ILLUMINATION CONFIGURATIONS WERE ELIMINATED BY CONSIDERATIONS OTHER THAN THOSE DISCUSSED. ONLY FIVE OF THE MORE "INTERESTING" CONFIGURATIONS ARE CONSIDERED. THE REPORT IS BROKEN INTO SECTIONS THAT DISCUSS EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA AND THE FIVE ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED; ACCIDENT INFORMATION USED IN COMPARING THE FIVE ALTERNATIVES; AND COSTS OF ILLUMINATION UNITS AND ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTOR VEHICLES AND ILLUMINATION UNITS. THE FINAL SECTION IS THE COST- EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, INTENDED TO SHOW WHICH ILLUMINATION SCHEME IS PREFERABLE FOR HIGHWAYS WITH DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF LANES. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Illuminating engineering KW - Illumination engineering KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215939 AU - Di Cocco, J B AU - Nuzzo, W W AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT THICKNESS MEASURED BY TWO METHODS PY - AB - ON TWO PAVING PROJECTS, SLAB THICKNESS WAS MEASURED AT 25 TEST LOCATIONS BY CORING AND BY A SINGLE MANUFACTURER'S ULTRASONIC METHOD, AND THE RESULTS WERE COMPARED FOR PRECISION. FIRST, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE THICKNESS CALCULATED FROM ULTRASONIC READINGS AND THAT MEASURED FROM THE CORE WAS DETERMINED AND COMPARED FOR EACH TEST LOCATION. THEN, ALL MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED BY EACH METHOD WERE GROUPED AND COMPARED FOR EACH PROJECT. THE FIRST COMPARISON SHOWED THAT DIFFERENCES CAN BE LARGE AND MAY OCCUR OFTEN, BUT NOTHING COULD BE CONCLUDED ABOUT RELATIVE PRECISION. COMPARING THE GROUPED DATA PROVED MORE MEANINGFUL, AND INFERENCES CONCERNING PRECISION COULD BE DRAWN. THE SONIC THICKNESS FOR EACH LOCATION REPRESENTS THE AVERAGE THICKNESS OF AN AREA OF ABOUT 2-FT DIAMETER. THE CORE REPRESENTS THE AVERAGE THICKNESS OF A MUCH SMALLER 4 IN DIAMETER AREA. THUS, CORE LENGTHS SHOULD INCLUDE MORE EXTREME VALUES, AND THEIR STANDARD DEVIATIONS SHOULD BE LARGER IF THE TWO METHOD ARE EQUALLY PRECISE. SINCE THE STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF SONIC THICKNESSES WERE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THOSE OF CORRESPONDING GROUPS OF CORES, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SONIC MEASUREMENTS ARE LESS PRECISE THAN CORING. THE COSTS OF MEASURING WITH THE TWO METHODS WERE ALSO COMPARED, AND CORING WAS FOUND TO BE LESS EXPENSIVE, AS WELL AS TO REQUIRE ONLY ONE MAN WHERE THE SONIC METHOD REQUIRES TWO. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Coring KW - Pavements KW - Slabs KW - Thickness KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230726 AU - Goble, G G AU - Moses, F AU - Rausche, F AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC STUDIES ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES PROJECT REPORT OF PHASE III PY - AB - AN AUTOMATED PREDICTION SCHEME IS PRESENTED THAT USES BOTH MEASURED TOP FORCE AND ACCELERATION AS AN INPUT AND COMPUTES THE SOIL RESISTANCE FORCES ACTING ON A PILE DURING DRIVING. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THESE RESISTANCE FORCES ACTING ALONG THE PILE IS ALSO DETERMINED. SHEAR AND DYNAMIC RESISTANCE FORCES ARE DISTINGUISHED SUCH THAT A PREDICTION OF TOTAL STATIC BEARING CAPACITY IS POSSIBLE. USING THE SHEAR FORCE PREDICTIONS, A STATIC LOAD VERSUS PENETRATION CURVE IS COMPUTED FOR COMPARISON WITH THE RESULT FROM A CORRESPONDING FIELD STATIC LOAD TEST. THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS USES THE TRAVELING WAVE SOLUTION OF THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL, LINEAR WAVE EQUATION. AS A MEANS OF CALCULATING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE A LUMPED MASS PILE MODEL IS USED AND SOLVED BY THE NEWMARK BETA-METHOD. STRESS WAVE THEORY, TWO SIMPLIFIED METHODS ARE DEVELOPED FOR PREDICTING STATIC BEARING CAPACITY FROM ACCELERATION AND FORCE MEASUREMENTS. THESE METHODS CAN BE USED DURING FIELD OPERATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTROL WHEN INCORPORATED IN A SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER. THE AUTOMATED PREDICTION SCHEME AND SIMPLIFIED METHODS ARE APPLIED TO 24 DIFFERENT SETS OF DATA FROM FULL SCALE PILES. THE PILES WERE ALL OF 12 INCHES OF DIAMETER STEEL PIPE WITH LENGTHS RANGING FROM 33 TO 83 FEET. ALSO, 24 SETS OF DATA FROM REDUCED SCALE PILES ARE ANALYZED BY THE SIMPLIFIED METHODS. ALL PREDICTIONS ARE COMPARED WITH RESULTS FROM STATIC LOAD TEST. CORRELATION IS VERY GOOD FOR PILES DRIVEN INTO NONCOHESIVE SOILS. FOR COHESIVE SOILS, BETTER AGREEMENT WITH STATIC LOAD MEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT THE PILE TIP ARE INVESTIGATED AND DISCUSSED. FURTHER, AN APPROACH TO PILE AND HAMMER DESIGN IS DESCRIBED USING THE RESULTS OF STRESS WAVE THEORY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Resistance KW - Shear forces KW - Shear stress KW - Soil bearing capacity KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219743 AU - Richard, H AU - Blackwell, O M AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Illuminating Engineering Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STATIC SCALE-MODEL SIMULATOR FOR THE STUDY OF VISIBILITY AND HIGHWAY LIGHTING PY - AB - A SCALE-MODEL SIMULATOR USED TO STUDY STATIC VISIBILITY UNDER VARIOUS HIGHWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS IS DESCRIBED. /FHWA/ KW - Night visibility KW - Simulation KW - Street lighting KW - Training simulators KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206266 AU - Darter, M I AU - Lai, J S AU - Vokac, R AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City AU - Utah State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRENDS OF PAVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS DURING TWELVE MONTHS OF A DESIGNED EXPERIMENT PY - AB - SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS FROM THE FIRST HALF OF A COMPREHENSIVE TWO YEAR FIELD AND LABORATORY RESEARCH ARE PRESENTED. SIXTEEN EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS WERE CONSTRUCTED AS PART OF A PRIMARY HIGHWAY PROJECT IN UTAH. THE EXPERIMENT EMPLOYS FIVE FACTORS AT TWO LEVELS, EACH INCORPORATED IN A ONE-HALF REPLICATE OF A 2 TO THE FIFTH FRACTIONAL FACTORAL EXPERIMENT. THE FIVE FACTORS ARE: THICKNESS OF SURFACE COURSE, THICKNESS OF BASE COURSE, RUBBER SOLID CONTENT, ASPHALT VISCOSITY TYPE, AND ASPHALT CONTENT. TESTS ON RECOVERED ASPHALT INCLUDED KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (140F), PENETRATION (77F), AND DUCTILITY (39.2F); ON PAVEMENT MIXTURE PROPERTIES DETERMINED FROM CORES CUT FROM THE PAVEMENT: STABILITY, DENSITY, AIR VOIDS, ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, STRAIN, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH, AND STRESS RELAXATION MODULUS, AND ON PAVEMENTS: SKID RESISTANCE, DEFLECTION, AND RUT-DEPTH. THE TIME TRENDS OF MOST OF THESE TESTS AND THE MAIN FACTORS HAVE BEEN PLOTTED. IN ADDITION TO THE FIVE MAIN FACTORS, TEST RESULTS ALSO INDICATE MANY CHANGES IN IMPORTANT PAVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS DURING THE 12-MONTH PERIOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt content KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Deflection KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Elastomer modified asphalt KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210447 AU - Florence, R L AU - Southgate, H F AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL SAND ASPHALT SURFACE PY - AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS A SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF 23 PAVEMENT PROJECTS USING SILICA SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURES. THESE INCLUDE TEARING OF THE ASPHALT MAT, UNEVENNESS OF EXISTING SURFACES, INEXPERIENCE, TRAFFIC, INSTABILITY, AND SCALING. RECOMMENDATIONS TO REMEDY THESE PROBLEMS ARE MADE AND INCLUDE PREPARATION OF OLD PAVEMENT, ADDITION OF SILICONE, HIGH MIXING TEMPERATURES (310 DEGREES F-325 DEGREES F), USE OF HARDER GRADES OF ASPHALT, AND PLACEMENT WHEN AMBIENT TEMPERATURES ARE ABOVE 70 DEGREES F. THE REPORT ALSO INCLUDES A SHORT DISCUSSION ON THE SCALING PROBLEM AND THE USE OF MINERAL FILLERS. INCLUDED IN THE REPORT ARE SOME SKID RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS, SILICA CONTENT DATA, AND THE CONSTRUCTION RECORDS AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE PROJECTS. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Resurfacing KW - Silica KW - Silica sands KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224960 AU - Vecellio, R L AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF SIGNAL SPACING ON PLATOON DISPERSION - INTERIM REPORT NO. 311-2 PY - AB - RESEARCH PERFORMED FROM JUNE 1969 TO MAY 1970 HAD AS ITS OBJECTIVE INVESTIGATING PLATOON MOVEMENTS ON URBAN ARTERIALS AND RELATING VARIATION IN PLATOON BEHAVIOR TO VARIATION IN SIGNAL CONTROL AND TO CHANGES IN TRAFFIC VOLUMES. A TIME-LAPSE CAMERA WAS USED TO PHOTOGRAPH PLATOONS AS THEY PROCEDED ALONG THE TEST STREETS. EVALUATION OF PLATOON DATA COLLECTED PREVIOUSLY REVEALED THAT THE BEHAVIOR OF PLATOONS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO TRAFFIC VOLUME AND TIME-OF-DAY. ADDITIONAL EFFORT WAS DEVOTED TO A LITERATURE REVIEW OF PLATOON BEHAVIOR STUDIES; NEW DATA COLLECTING METHOD USING A HELICOPTER-MOUNTED CAMERA, AND A DATA REDUCTION SYSTEM; AND A COMPUTERIZED STATISTICAL DESIGN TO BE USED FOR EVALUATING THE AERIAL DATA IN A FORM SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT INTO A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PLATOON DISPERSION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207978 AU - Powell, G H AU - Buckle, I G AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THEORETICAL STUDIES OF BRIDGE DECK BEHAVIOR PY - AB - THE BEHAVIOR OF RIB-OR GIRDER-SUPPORTED BRIDGE DECKS, AS DETERMINED BY ANALYSIS USING SEVERAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS WITH MATHEMATICAL IDEALIZATIONS OF VARYING DEGREES OF REFINEMENTS, IS DISCUSSED. THE EFFECTS OF DIAPHRAGM CONFIGURATION, SKEW, AND CURVATURE ARE INCLUDED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF TWELVE SAMPLE STRUCTURES OF VARYING COMPLEXITY. CLOSELY SIMILAR RESULTS WERE OBTAINED USING RIBBED PLATE, EQUIVALENT PLATE, AND EQUIVALENT GRID IDEALIZATIONS. THE ISOLATED GIRDER IDEALIZATION GAVE INCONSISTENT RESULTS BECAUSE OF ITS INABILITY TO MODEL TRANSVERSE LOAD DISTRIBUTION ACCURATELY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Curvature KW - Equivalent grid KW - Equivalent plate KW - Girders KW - Grids (Coordinates) KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Ribs (Structural) KW - Skewed structures KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205373 AU - SCHIFFMAN, R L AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODS LITERATURE REVIEW-I PY - AB - THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IS TREATED IN A SET OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES DIVIDED INTO TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES: (1) ELASTICITY AND VISCOELASTICITY AND (2) MECHANICS. REFERENCES TO PROBLEMS OF STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN SYSTEMS THAT DO NOT FALL INTO THE CATEGORY OF "LAYERED SYSTEMS" ARE INCLUDED IN CATEGORY CONFINED TO HALF-SPACE AND HALF-PLANE PROBLEMS. CATEGORY (2) INCLUDES PERTINENT LITERATURE ON THE STRESS AND DISPLACEMENTS OF SYSTEMS AND IN PARTICULAR LAYERED SYSTEMS. THERE ARE THREE MAJOR SECTIONS TO THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY: (1) BEAMS AND PLATES ON DISCONTINUOUS FOUNDATIONS - ELASTIC AND INELASTIC, (2) BEAMS AND PLATES ON CONTINUOUS FOUNDATIONS; AND (3)LAYERED SYSTEMS -ELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC. THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES ARE DIVIDED INTO GROUPS, EACH OF WHICH CONSTITUTES A GENERAL CLASS OF SITUATIONS. NEARLY 500 REFERENCES ARE LISTED. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Boundary value problems KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Stresses KW - Viscoelastic materials KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200810 AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM REPORT ON RESIDENTIAL STUDY OF PROPOSED STATE ROUTE 3 IN THE VICINITY OF ROUTE I-90 INTERCHANGE. PY - AB - A QUESTIONNAIRE WAS SUBMITTED TO 40 HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN THE I-90 INTERCHANGE AREA IN CLEVELAND TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF DISPLACEMENT AND RELOCATION. THE QUESTIONNAIRE WAS SUPPLEMENTED BY DATA FROM STATE HIGHWAY FILES AND OTHER SOURCES. THE REPORT BASED ON THE INFORMATION COLLECTED DISCUSSES THE IMPACT OF RELOCATION PAYMENTS ON CHANGES IN RENT-PAYING ABILITY AND ON THE PURCHASING POWER OF DISPLACED HOMEOWNERS; THE ADEQUACY OF REPLACEMENT HOUSING WITH RESPECT TO STANDARDS OF SAFETY, SANITATION, AND AMENITIES; REACTIONS TO RELOCATION AND TO THE HIGHWAY PROGRAM; DURATION OF WORK TRIPS; THE MOVING CHARACTERISTICS OF THOSE DISPLACED; AND THE DISRUPTION OF SOCIAL TIES. THE FINDINGS WERE THAT IN MOST RESPECTS THE DISPLACEMENT WAS BENEFICIAL TO THE HOUSEHOLD. /FHWA/ KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Households KW - Housings KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Questionnaires KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Routing KW - Shopping facilities KW - Social values KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201154 AU - Williams, R L AU - Koshal, R K AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAYS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN OHIO, VOLUME 1 PY - AB - TO ESTABLISH SOME EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND THE LEVEL OF TRANSPORT CAPACITY IN A COUNTY, THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY GROWTH PATTERNS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH WAS STUDIED IN ALL 88 COUNTIES OF OHIO FOR THE PERIOD 1950-1967. HIGHWAY DENSITY WAS MEASURED BY A RATING SYSTEM ACCORDING TO (1) WIDTH, (2) CURVATURE, (3) GRADIENT, AND (4) ACCESS CONTROL OF THE HIGHWAY. HIGHWAYS BUILT TO INTERSTATE STANDARDS WERE RATED AT 100 POINTS. THE ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR EACH COUNTY WAS MEASURED BY THE GROWTH IN PER CAPITA INCOME BASED ON THE STATE'S PER CAPITA SALES TAX IN EACH COUNTY. THESE DATA WERE COMBINED WITH THE U.S. CENSUS BUREAU INFORMATION ON TOTAL AND PER CAPITA PERSONAL INCOME FOR SMSA AND NON-SMSA COUNTIES IN OHIO. THE STUDY REVEALS A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND THE LEVEL OF INCOM IN A REGION, ALTHOUGH THIS RELATIONSHIP VARIES WIDELY FROM ONE REGION TO ANOTHER IN THE STATE. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY NETWORK NOT ONLY INDUCED GROWTH IN A PARTICULAR REGION, BUT ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWTH OF NEIGHBORING REGIONS. IF LEVEL OF INCOME IS USED AS A CRITERIAN, LESS PROSPEROUS AREAS ARE MORE RESPONSIVE TO INCREMENTS IN HIGHWAY DENSITY THAN PROSPEROUS AREAS. /FHWA/ KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway capacity KW - Income KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Personal income KW - Regions KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240418 AU - Spears, J D AU - Smith, C G AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Tennessee Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE LAND DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION IN INTERCHANGE AREAS ADJACENT TO INTERSTATE 40 IN TENNESSEE PY - AB - LAND DEVELOPMENT AT 59 INTERCHANGES ON INTERSTATE ROUTE 40 BETWEEN MEMPHIS AND KNOXVILLE WAS INVESTIGATED. A DRAWING OF EACH INTERCHANGE AREA, WITH TRACTS INDICATED, IS ACCOMPANIED BY INFORMATION ON SALES AND LAND USES. THE SUMMARY PROVIDED IS BROKEN INTO THREE PARTS: (1) INTERCHANGE AND QUADRANT LAND VALUES AND USAGES, (2) PREDICTIONS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT, AND (3) CONCLUSIONS. THE LAST OF THESE PRESENTS RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING ZONING, INTERCHANGE DESIGN, AND A SUGGESTED NONPROFIT CORPORATION WHICH WOULD ACQUIRE LAND SURROUNDING FUTURE INTERCHANGE AND ASSURE PROPER DEVELOPMENT AT THE INTERCHANGES. THE FOLLOWING FACTORS HAD AN IMPORTANT EFFECT ON INTERCHANGE LAND DEVELOPMENT: (1) THE POPULATION IN THE INTERCHANGE AREA, (2) THE POPULATION OF NEARBY TOWNS OR CITIES, (3) DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN THE AREA OF INTERCHANGE, (4) THE AVAILABILITY OF LAND AT THE INTERCHANGE, (5) THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEEDER ROAD (SUCH AS TRAFFIC VOLUMES, ADAPTABILITY OF FEEDER ROAD FRONTAGE TO VARIOUS USAGES, AND SUBURBANIZATION/ INDUSTRIALIZATION PATTERNS), AND (6) THE MARKETING PLANS OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE INTERESTED IN ESTABLISHING OUTLETS IN THE INTERCHANGE AREAS. /FHWA/ KW - Business districts KW - Collector distributor roads KW - Commercial districts KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway economics KW - Highways KW - Industrial materials KW - Industrial use KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Markets KW - Population KW - Property acquisition KW - Real estate development KW - Streets KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207977 AU - William, K J AU - Scordelis, A C AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ORTHOTROPIC FOLDED PLATES WITH ECCENTRIC STIFFENERS PY - AB - A METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ORTHOTROPIC FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES WITH ECCENTRIC STIFFENERS. THE DEVELOPMENT IS BASED ON THE DERIVATION OF A FINITE STRIP STIFFNESS THAT COUPLES PLACE BENDING AND THE IN-PLANE ACTION DUE TO THE ECCENTRICITY OF THE RIBS. HARMONIC ANALYSIS IS UTILIZED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE DIRECT STIFFNESS METHOD, PROVIDING A VERY EFFICIENT COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT CAN HANDLE A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT LOADINGS. AT PRESENT THE PROGRAM IS RESTRICTED TO THE ANALYSIS OF PRISMATIC FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT THE TWO END DIAPHRAGMS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Eccentric loading KW - Eccentricity KW - Folded plates KW - Fourier analysis KW - Loads KW - Orthotropic KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Ribs (Structural) KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201227 AU - Vincent, G S AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCREMENTAL COSTS OF BRIDGES PY - AB - CURVES ARE DEVELOPED TO SHOW THE INCREMENTAL COST IN DOLLARS PER SQUARE FOOT FOR THE THREE PREDOMINATE BRIDGE TYPES USED ON WASHINGTON HIGHWAYS, NAMELY CONTINUOUS REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDERS, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS AND CONTINUOUS REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS. THE CURVES ALSO SHOW THE COST OF THE THREE BRIDGE TYPES AS PERCENTAGES OF THE COST OF THE DESIGN FOR H20-S16 LOADING. THE INCREMENTAL LIVE LOADS VARIED IN 2000 POUND INCREMENTS FROM A 6000 POUND VEHICLE TO THE MAXIMUM WEIGHT RECOMMENDED BY AASHO. THE CURVES DEVELOPED FOR CONCRETE BOX GIRDERS WILL APPLY SATISFACTORILY TO CONCRETE T-BEAMS AND THE CURVES FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS CAN BE USED FOR STEEL GIRDERS. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Continuous reinforcement KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Incremental costs KW - Live loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224957 AU - Jones, H B AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REAL-TIME INFORMATION NEEDS FOR URBAN FREEWAY DRIVERS PY - AB - ONE OF THE OBJECTIVES WAS TO DEVELOP FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A FREEWAY COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM. TOWARD THIS END, A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED IN THE CITIES OF HOUSTON AND DALLAS. THIS REPORT DISCUSSED THE RESULTS: (1) DRIVER ATTITUDES TOWARD THE NEED FOR REAL-TIME FREEWAY INFORMATION; (2) POTENTIAL USE OF AND RESPONSE TO REAL-TIME FREEWAY INFORMATION; (3) DRIVER PREFERENCES FOR MODE OF COMMUNICATION; (4) THE TYPE OF INFORMATION DESIRED BY THE FREEWAY DRIVER; (5) DRIVER PRIORITIES REGARDING THE LOCATIONS WHERE INFORMATION WOULD BE MOST USEFUL; AND (6) DRIVER COMPREHENSION OF AND PREFERENCES FOR VISUAL DISPLAYS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Attitudes KW - Communication systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Questionnaires KW - Urban areas KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242853 AU - Wyle Laboratories AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CENTRALLY-COORDINATED AND REMOTELY CONTROLLED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM PY - AB - THE PURPOSE IS TO RECORD AND/OR LOG DATA SIGNALS ORIGINATING AT REMOTE TEST TERMINALS IN THE FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH STATION STRUCTURAL LABORATORY. A MAXIMUM OF 21 SIGNALS MAY BE RECORDED ON ANALOG MAGNETIC TAPE. A MOBILE (REMOTE) TEST CONSOLE IS PROVIDED FOR ALTERNATIVE INITIATION AND CONTROL OF DATA ACQUISITION FROM 96 CHANNELS OF QUASI-STATIC STRAIN GAGE BRIDGE TRANSDUCERS AT RATES UP TO 100 SAMPLES PER SECOND. ALTERNATIVELY THESE DATA MAY BE RECORDED ON DIGITAL MAGNETIC TAPE, PUNCHED PAPER TAPE OR LOGGED ON A TELETYPE MACHINE. THE GREATER PORTION OF THE SYSTEM, DESIGNATED AS "DATA CENTRAL" IS LOCATED AT A FIXED POINT IN THE LAB. THE "MOBILE TEST CONSOLE" IS DESIGNED FOR FLEXIBILITY OF TRANSFER AMONG VARIOUS REMOTE TEST SITES IN THE LABORATORY. /FHWA/ KW - Data collection KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Paper tapes KW - Remote control KW - Strain gages KW - Teletype systems KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205369 AU - SCHIFFMAN, R L AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF PAVEMENT FRICTION AND ADHESION PY - AB - A RATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES, FOUNDATION AND LAND LOCOMOTION PROBLEMS IS BASED UPON THE APPLICATION OF CONTINUUM THEORIES OF BEHAVIOR OF PAVEMENTS AND/OR SOIL SYSTEMS. THE OBJECTIVE IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMERICAL DATA WHICH WILL ACCURATELY PREDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF A PARTICULAR ENGINEERING STRUCTURE. IN THE ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENTS THIS OBJECTIVE WOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED IF THE RATIONAL ANALYSIS ACCURATELY PREDICTED THE STRESS AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A PAVEMENT SYSTEM SUBJECTED TO A KNOWN PATTERN OF VEHICLE LOADING. ONE OF THE FEATURES REQUIRED IN A RATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES IS THE DESCRIPTION OF SURFACE CONDITIONS IMPOSED BY VEHICLE TRAFFIC. IN PARTICULAR, ATTENTION IS DIRECTED TO THE LATERAL RESTRAINTS IMPOSED ON THE SURFACE BY A TIRE. THIS REPORT TREATS THE PROBLEM OF AN ELASTIC HALF-SPACE. THE SURFACE LOADS ARE NORMAL TO THE SURFACE, UNIFORM IN MAGNITUDE AND DISTRIBUTED OVER A CIRCULAR AREA. FURTHERMORE, THE APPLIED LOADING ADHERES TO THE SURFACE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Adhesion KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Forecasting KW - Foundations KW - Friction KW - Highway traffic KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement structure KW - Soils KW - Stresses KW - Tires KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227019 AU - Treiterer, J AU - Clear, D AU - Howarth, D AU - Lee, Jong Jae AU - Myers, John J AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC DYNAMICS BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUES PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND A SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE REPORT ARE PRESENTED. A DESCRIPTION IS PROVIDED OF A NEW REDUCTION SYSTEM CAPABLE OF EXTRACTING DATA FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND CONVERTING IT TO A READILY USABLE FORM FOR THE COMPUTER. AN INVESTIGATION IS SUMMARIZED OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRAFFIC STREAM IN THE VICINITY OF A TRAFFIC BOTTLENECK. A DETAILED INVESTIGATION IS GIVEN OF THE POTENTIAL OF TRAFFIC ENERGY AS A MEASURE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRAFFIC STREAM. THE PROGRESS, MADE TO DATE, IN A PILOT STUDY AIMED AT APPLYING THE AERIAL SURVEY TECHNIQUE TO SOLVE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION IS PRESENTED. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Computers KW - Data reduction KW - Dynamics KW - Highway design KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218056 AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPORT EIGHT-MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION PY - AB - THE IMPACT OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF LOWER MANPOWER STAFFING LEVELS AND REDUCED BUDGET AUTHORIZATIONS; IMPROVEMENTS IN WORK PERFORMANCE AS A RESULT OF IMPLEMENTATION; ACTIONS TAKEN TO DEMONSTRATE THAT INITIATION OF THE NEW SYSTEM WAS IN FACT THE BEGINNING OF A CONTINUING IMPROVEMENT EFFORT IN MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Budgeting KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Night KW - Personnel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201228 AU - ROBINSON, D C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILITY OF A RECREATIONAL TRAVEL MODEL PY - AB - THE STABILITY OVER TIME OF A MODEL DESIGNED TO PREDICT RECREATIONAL TRIPS TO NEW RESERVOIRS IN INDIANA WAS EVALUATED. THE NEW RESERVOIRS MODEL INCLUDES ONLY ROAD DISTANCE, COUNTY POPULATION, AND THE INFLUENCE OF OTHER SIMILAR FACILITIES AS THE FACTORS AFFECTING ATTENDANCE. A TECHNIQUE WAS DEVELOPED ILLUSTRATING HOW THE MODEL CAN BE USED TO PREDICT FUTURE ATTENDANCE AND TRAFFIC VOLUMES. THREE PARKS, RACCOON STATE RECREATION AREA ON MANSFIELD RESERVOIR, LIEBER STATE PARK ON CAGLES MILL RESERVOIR AND MONROE STATE PARK ON MONROE RESERVOIR, WERE USED IN THE STUDY. DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM NEARLY 12,000 INTERVIEWS, REPRESENTING 25 PERCENT OF ARRIVING TRIPS AT THE PARK ENTRANCES, WHICH WERE CONDUCTED OVER WEEKEND PERIODS DURING JUNE, JULY AND AUGUST FROM 1967 THROUGH 1969. THE NEW RESERVOIR MODEL WAS DEVELOPED BY NON-LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS. TWO EQUATIONS CONSTITUTED THE PREDICTION MODEL, ONE FOR THE CONDITION WHEN THERE IS NO OTHER SIMILAR FACILITY CLOSER TO A COUNTY THAN THE RESERVOIR UNDER STUDY, AND ONE FOR THE CONDITION WHEN THERE IS ANOTHER FACILITY CLOSER TO THE COUNTY THAN THE RESERVOIR UNDER STUDY. THE TWO MODELS WERE COMPARED AND IT WAS FOUND THAT WHILE PARAMETER B (THE RATE OF CHANGE OF THE NON-LINEAR REGRESSION CURVE) REMAINED FAIRLY CONSTANT OVER TIME, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN PARAMETER A (Y-INTERCEPT, ANNUAL TRIPS PER 1,000 POPULATION FROM A COUNTY TO A RESERVOIR, OF THE NON-LINEAR REGRESSION CURVE) OVER THE STUDY PERIOD. ALSO INCLUDED ARE ESTIMATES OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF GASOLINE CONSUMED PER YEAR BY MOTORBOATS FOR WHICH STATE FUEL TAX WAS PAID. /AUTHOR/ KW - Boats KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Gasoline KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Recreation KW - Regression analysis KW - Reservoirs KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel KW - Trip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207973 AU - Endres, F L AU - Matlock, H AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION PROCESS FORMULATED IN ANTICIPATION OF BANDED LINEAR EQUATIONS PY - AB - A GENERAL METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF LARGE, SPARSELY BANDED, POSITIVE-DEFINITE, COEFFICIENT MATRICES IS PRESENTED. THE PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED SPECIFICALLY TO DEAL WITH MATRICES GENERATED BY THREE AND FIVE-WIDE DIFFERENCE OPERATORS, WHETHER SYMMETRICAL OR UNSYMMETRICAL. THE METHOD USED IN THE SOLUTION ALGORITHM IS DISCUSSED, ALONG WITH THE ASSOCIATED PROOFS. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF COMPUTATIONS NEEDED ALONG WITH THE AMOUNT OF STORAGE REQUIRED ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION. GRAPHS SHOWING ACTUAL TIMES INVOLVED FOR A WIDE RANGE OF PROBLEMS IS PRESENTED. THE COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SOLVING THE EQUATIONS AND A DESCRIPTION OF HOW TO APPLY THESE ROUTINES ARE PRESENTED IN THE APPENDIX. /AUTHOR/ KW - Algebra KW - Algorithms KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Linear equations KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Matrix algebra KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224958 AU - Dudak, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE ART RELATED TO REAL TIME TRAFFIC INFORMATION FOR URBAN FREEWAYS PY - AB - VISUAL AND AUDIO METHODS OF COMMUNICATION WERE CONSIDERED TO BE MOST FEASIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTATION. THE STATE OF THE ART WAS THEREFORE FOCUSED ON SYSTEMS REQUIRING THE USE OF THESE TWO METHODS. THE REPORT PRESENTS A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYSTEMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF COMMUNICATING WITH THE DRIVER WHILE HE IS IN HIS VEHICLE. THE SYSTEMS WERE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO WHETHER THEY DISPLAYED OR PROVIDED INFORMATION TO THE DRIVER EXTERNAL TO THE VEHICLE OR WITHIN THE VEHICLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Communication systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207969 AU - Buth, E AU - Furr, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TORSIONAL STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS PY - AB - THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT TYPE B PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE THEIR TORSIONAL STRENGTH. APPLIED TORQUE, ANGLE OF TWIST AND STRAINS IN THE CONCRETE WERE DETERMINED. THE THEORETICAL STRENGTH AND TORQUE-ROTATION RELATIONSHIPS WERE CALCULATED BY CLASSICAL ELASTIC THEORY. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL TORQUE-ROTATION RELATIONSHIPS WERE FOUND TO AGREE VERY CLOSELY. THE THEORETICAL TORSIONAL STRENGTH WAS ON THE AVERAGE ABOUT 75 PERCENT OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED TORSIONAL STRENGTH. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridges KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Girders KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rotation KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials KW - Torque KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206424 AU - Law, S M AU - Burt, W T AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD ROUGHNESS CORRELATION STUDY PY - AB - AN EVALUATION IS PRESENTED OF FOUR ROUGHNESS MEASURING DEVICES USED ALONG WITH BOTH A PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX AND A PANEL TYPE (PSR) RATING SYSTEM. THE ROUGHNESS MEASURING DEVICES (PCA ROAD METER IN AN AUTOMOBILE, PCA ROAD METER IN A STATION WAGON, MAYS ROAD METER IN AN AUTOMOBILE AND THE BPR ROUGHOMETER) WERE TESTED FOR ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY AND CORRELATION ABILITY WITH EACH OTHER AND THE PANEL TYPE RATING SYSTEM. THE MAIN CONCLUSION DRAWN WAS THAT THE MAYS ROAD METER IS THE BETTER OF THE FOUR CONSIDERING ALL VARIABLES AND CONDITIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accuracy KW - Correlation analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Panels KW - Ratings KW - Reproducibility KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205371 AU - KRUKAR, M AU - Cook, J C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TEST TRACK: VOLUME 3 EXPERIMENTAL RING NO 3 PY - AB - THREE DIFFERENT KINDS OF BASE MATERIALS OF VARYING BASE THICKNESSES WERE TESTED AT WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY TEST TRACK ON RING #3 DURING THE FALL OF 1967 AND SPRING OF 1968. TWELVE 18-FOOT TEST SECTIONS CONSISTING OF 4.5, 7.0, 9.5 AND 12 INCHES OF UNTREATED CRUSHED ROCK SURFACING TOP COURSE BASE; 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, AND 9.0 OF EMULSION TREATED CRUSHED SURFACING TOP COURSE BASE AND 0.0, 2.0, 3.5, AND 5.0 INCHES OF SPECIAL NON-FRACTURED SCREENED AGGREGATE ASPHALT TREATED BASE WERE TESTED. THE BASES WERE COVERED BY A UNIFORM 3.0 INCH THICK CLASS "B" ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE. THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE WAS BUILT ON A CLAY-SILT SUBGRADE. TESTING TO DESTRUCTION WAS PERFORMED AND EACH SYSTEM EVALUATED. CONCLUSIONS REACHED INCLUDED: (1) THE TEST TRACK IS CAPABLE OF DUPLICATING PREVIOUS RESULTS; (2) BASE EQUIVALENCIES WERE DEVELOPED; (3) FALL FAILURES WERE DIFFERENT THAN SPRING FAILURES, (4) THE SPECIAL AGGREGATE ASPHALT TREATED BASE HAS BETTER LOAD CARRYING ABILITY; AND (5) THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MAY BE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LONGEVITY FACTORS IN PAVEMENT LIFE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Crushed rock KW - Emulsions KW - Failure KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Test tracks KW - Thickness KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207970 AU - Vora, M R AU - Matlock, H AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DISCRETE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR ANISOTROPIC SKEW PLATES AND GRIDS PY - AB - THE PRINCIPAL FEATURES ARE: (1) FORMULATION OF SIX ELASTIC STIFFNESSES AND COMPLIANCES IN TERMS OF THREE MODULI OF ELASTICITY IN ANY THREE DIRECTIONS AND THREE POISSON'S RATIOS RELATED TO THESE DIRECTIONS, (2) REPRESENTATION OF AN ANISOTROPIC SKEW-PLATE-AND-GRID SYSTEM BY A DISCRETE-ELEMENT MODEL CONSISTING OF A TRIDIRECTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF RIGID BARS AND ELASTIC JOINTS, (3) FORMULATION OF STRESS-STRAIN AND MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATIONS FOR THE DISCRETE-ELEMENT USING CONCEPTS OF A CONTINUM COMPOSED OF INTERCONNECTED FIBERS, (4) DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX USING EQUATIONS OF STATICS, AND (5) A RECURSION-INVERSION PROCEDURE TO SOLVE THE STIFFNESS EQUATIONS. THE METHOD ALLOWS FREE VARIATION IN STIFFNESSES, LOADS, AND SUPPORTS. CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED LOADS AND SUPPORTS AND EXTERNAL COUPLES IN THREE DIRECTIONS ARE EASILY HANDLED, INCLUDING GRID-BEAMS IN THREE DIRECTIONS. A COMPUTER PROGRAM IS WRITTEN TO CHECK THE FORMULATION. THE RESULTS COMPARE WELL WITH THE RESULTS FROM OTHER APPROXIMATE METHODS AND WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Anisotropy KW - Anisotropy (Physics) KW - Computer programs KW - Curvature KW - Deformation curve KW - Equations KW - Grid beams KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness KW - Statics KW - Stiffness KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230722 AU - Pagen, C A AU - Jagannath, B N AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HYBLA VALLEY CLAY PY - AB - THE AIM WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBLA VALLEY CLAY SOIL AT LOW STRESS LEVELS AND TO QUANTITATIVELY EVALUATE THE LINEAR VISCOELASTIC RESPONSE RANGE OF THE COMPACTED CLAY. THIS SOIL IS UTILIZED AS THE SUBGRADE MATERIAL IN THE LABORATORY FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM BEING INVESTIGATED AT THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS LABORATORY. THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES EVALUATED FOR THE SUBGRADE SOIL WILL FORM PART OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS IN THE THREE-LAYERED VISCOELASTIC SYSTEM AND UTILIZED IN THE PAVEMENT DESIGN INVESTIGATION. TEST SPECIMENS WERE PREPARED AT THE EXACT DRY UNIT WEIGHT AND MOISTURE CONTENT VALUES OF THE LABORATORY TEST PIT SUBGRADE USING THE KNEADING METHOD OF SOIL COMPACTION IN ORDER TO SIMULATE THE TEST SUBGRADE CONDITIONS. CONSTANT-LOAD CREEP TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON IDENTICAL SPECIMENS TO ESTABLISH THE LINEAR VISCOELASTIC RESPONSE RANGE OF THE SOIL, THE EFFECT OF REPEATED LOAD CYCLING ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE CLAY, AND THE AVERAGE CREEP COMPLIANCE FUNCTION. DATA FOR THE MASTER COMPLIANCE FUNCTION WERE OBTAINED FROM A SERIES OF CREEP TESTS CONDUCTED AT STRESS LEVELS WITHIN THE LINEAR VISCOELASTIC STRESS IN BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS. THE MASTER CREEP COMPLIANCE FUNCTION OBTAINED FROM THIS STUDY WILL FORM THE SUBGRADE COMPLIANCE RESPONSE OF THE CLAY IN THE THREE-LAYERED VISCOELASTIC SYSTEM ANALYSES. ULTIMATE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS WERE ALSO PERFORMED ON THE CLAY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Clay KW - Creep KW - Dry unit weight KW - Flexible pavements KW - Moisture content KW - Repeated loads KW - Rheological properties KW - Soil compaction KW - Soils KW - Specimens KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade materials KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237225 AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SHOULDERS - INTERIM REPORT PY - AB - THE FIRST SECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SHOULDERS IN ILLINOIS WAS BUILT IN 1965. A SECOND SECTION WAS BUILT IN 1966 AND THIRD IN 1967. THESE SHOULDERS, ALL OF WHICH WERE CONSTRUCTED OF FULL-STRENGTH PLAIN CONCRETE WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT, HAVE BEEN PLACED ADJACENT TO CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED PAVEMENTS, CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED PAVEMENTS, AND BITUMINOUS CONCRETE OVERLAY SYSTEM. OTHER PRINCIPAL VARIABLES ARE THE PRESENSE AND ABSENSE OF TIE-BARS, THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF GRANULAR SUBBASE, THE SPACING OF TRANSVERSE JOINTS, AND WARNING RUMBLE STRIP TREATMENTS. SOME SUGGESTIONS ARE PRESENTED TO AID IN THE DESIGN OF THICKNESS, TIES, JOINT SPRINGS, JOINT SEALING, SUBBASE, AND RUMBLE STRIP. EXPERIENCE TO DATE IS CONSIDERED TO INDICATE THAT WHEN VARIOUS FINDINGS OF THE PROJECT ARE APPLIED, THE ECONOMIC AND LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SHOULDERS CAN BE VIEWED WITH OPTIMISM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Joint sealers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Railroad ties KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Tie bars KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212087 AU - Batal, R J AU - Huang, T AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - RELAXATION LOSSES IN STRESS RELIEVED SPECIAL GRADE PRESTRESSING STRANDS PY - AB - THE PRELIMINARY EVALUATION IS PRESENTED OF RELAXATION LOSSES BASED ON TEST DATA OVER A PERIOD OF 444 DAYS. FORTY SPECIMENS OF THE SEVEN-WIRE STRESS-RELIEVED STRANDS OF THE SPECIAL GRADE (270 K) WERE TESTED UNDER A CONSTANT LENGTH CONDITION. PRIMARY CONTROLLED VARIABLES ARE STRAND SIZE, MANUFACTURER AND INITIAL STRESS LEVEL. EXPRESSIONS FOR RELAXATION LOSS ARE DEVELOPED IN TERMS OF TIME AND INITIAL STRESS. TWO SETS OF EXPRESSIONS ARE SUGGESTED FOR THE ESTIMATION OF RELAXATION LOSS FOR AN INITIAL PERIOD UP TO APPROXIMATELY 500 DAYS. A SEPARATE, SIMPLIFIED EXPRESSION IS PROPOSED FOR LONG TERM PROJECTION OF THE TOTAL RELAXATION LOSS AT THE END OF FIFTY YEARS. ALSO INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT IS A REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON THIS SUBJECT AND A SUMMARY OF THE RELEVANT PROVISIONS IN SEVERAL FOREIGN AS WELL AS UNITED STATES DESIGN CODES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete KW - Losses KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207964 AU - Gamble, W L AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - FIELD INVESTIGATION OF A CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE PRESTRESSED I-BEAM HIGHWAY BRIDGE LOCATED IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, ILLINOIS PY - AB - MEASUREMENTS OF CAMBER AND STRAIN IN A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE WERE MADE OVER A PERIOD OF 3.3 YEARS. THE BRIDGE WAS MADE USING PRECAST, PRETENSIONED I-BEAMS WHICH WERE MADE CONTINUOUS FOR LIVE-LOADS BY REINFORCEMENT IN THE CAST-IN-PLACE DECK. THE INITIAL CAMBER OF ABOUT ONE IN. IN 72-FT SPAN GIRDERS INCREASED BY ABOUT 75 PERCENT WITHIN THE FIRST FEW WEEKS AFTER RELEASE, AND THEN CHANGED ONLY SLOWLY. ONLY MINOR MOVEMENTS HAVE OCCURRED SINCE THE DECK WAS CAST. THE SAME GENERAL TRENDS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN THE STRAIN MEASUREMENTS, WITH ONLY SMALL CHANGES OCCURRING AFTER ABOUT TWO YEARS. THE SHORTENING OF THE GIRDERS HAS AMOUNTED TO SLIGHTLY OVER ONE IN., IN ADDITION TO TEMPERATURE EFFECTS. STRAIN MEASUREMENTS ON THE BRIDGE AND ON CREEP AND SHRINKAGE SPECIMENS INDICATE THAT THE CONCRETE UNDERGOES EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION ON AN ANNUAL CYCLE, APPARENTLY IN RESPONSE TO THE INCREASED AVERAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY DURING THE WINTER MONTHS AND THE LOWER HUMIDITY DURING THE SUMMER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cast in place structures KW - Contraction KW - Curvature KW - Expansion KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Live loads KW - Measurement KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Strain measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224956 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Cummings, D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - APPLICATIONS OF COMMERCIAL RADIO TO FREEWAY COMMUNICATIONS- A STUDY OF DRIVER ATTITUDES PY - AB - RAMP METERING HAS PROVEN TO BE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF IMPROVING THE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF AN OVER-CROWDED URBAN FREEWAY. FREEWAY CONTROL SYSTEMS CAN NOW PREVENT A BREAKDOWN UNDER "NORMAL" CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, ADEQUATE CONTROL OF DEMAND UNDER "ABNORMAL" CONDITIONS, SUCH AS ACCIDENTS OR LANE BLOCKAGES, IS NOT POSSIBLE. REAL-TIME DRIVER COMMUNICATIONS IS THEREFORE NECESSARY TO INCREASE SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY. ONE METHOD OF TRANSMITTING INFORMATION TO THE DRIVER IS THROUGH THE USE OF COMMERICAL RADIO. THIS STUDY DISCUSSES THE RESULTS OF A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY DIRECTED TOWARD THE EVALUATION OF COMMERICAL RADIO FOR REAL-TIME FREEWAY COMMUNICATIONS. THE CONCLUSION IS REACHED THAT COMMERICAL RADIO COULD PLAY A VITAL ROLE AS PART OF AN EFFECTIVE REAL-TIME TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR URBAN FREEWAYS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Commercial KW - Drivers KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Information systems KW - Metering KW - Questionnaires KW - Radio KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207963 AU - Parsanejad, S AU - Ostopenko, A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - FATIGUE STRENGTH OF UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS NO. 328.15 PY - AB - STATIC TEST RESULTS OF TWO FULL-SCALE UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDER SPECIMENS ARE USED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE WEB STRESSES WHICH ARE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP IN A GIRDER REPEATED LOADING. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE STRESSES FOR THE FATUGUE LIFE OF UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS IS EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF AN APPROXIMATE S-N RELATIONSHIP PREVIOUSLY OBTAINED FOR SYMMETRICAL GIRDERS. A METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR CALCULATING THE PLATE BENDING STRESSES CAUSED BY THE CHANGE IN LATERAL DEFLECTION OF THE WEB. THE MODIFIED SLENDERNESS RATIO OF THE WEB PLATE OF UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS IS PROPOSED AS A TENTATIVE CRITERION FOR LIMITING THE WEB SLENDERNESS. NUMERICAL VALUE FOR THE SLENDERNESS RATIO IS RECOMMENDED TO BE THE SOME AS THAT GIVEN FOR THE SLENDERNESS RATIO OF SYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS; IT IS A FUNCTION OF THE YIELD STRESS OF THE WEB. IT IS ALSO FOUND THAT THE LOAD HISTORY OF THE PANEL INFLUENCES ITS FATIGUE STRENGTH. A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN GEOMETRICAL AS WELL AS LOADING PARAMETERS ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF PLATE GIRDERS IS RECOMMENDED IN ORDER TO REFINE THIS CRITERION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Geometry KW - Plate girders KW - Repeated loads KW - Slenderness ratio KW - Static tests KW - Stresses KW - Symmetry KW - Thinness KW - Webbing KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00209325 AU - Bradley, J N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULICS OF BRIDGE WATERWAYS PY - AB - CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION COMPUTATION OF BACKWATER DIFFERENCE IN WATER LEVEL ACROSS APPROACH EMBANKMENTS CONFIGURATION OF BACKWATER DUAL BRIDGES ABNORMAL STAGE-DISCHARGE CONDITION EFFECT OF SCOUR ON BACKWATER SUPERSTRUCTURE PARTIALLY INUNDATED SPUR DIKES FLOW PASSES THROUGH CRITICAL DEPTH PRELIMINARY FIELD AND DESIGN PROCEDURES ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES DISCUSSION OF PROCEDURES AND LIMITATIONS OF METHOD. KW - Approach lanes KW - Approaches KW - Backwaters KW - Bridge waterways KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Dikes KW - Flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Scour KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Water table UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hds1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/103129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230719 AU - Meese, R H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM REPORT ON PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CYLINDER-BEAM RETAINING WALLS PY - AB - RETAINING WALLS FOR PORTIONS OF THE SEATTLE FREEWAY WERE MADE FROM VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL BEAMS CAST IN AUGERED HOLES PRIOR TO ROADWAY EXCAVATION. RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF ANALYSIS OF INCLINOMETER DATA FROM INSTALLATIONS IN SOME OF THESE CYLINDERS SEEKING TO DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LATERAL PRESSURES INTERACTING BETWEEN THE EARTH AND CYLINDERS. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION PATTERN ARE POSTULATED LEADING TO A PARTIAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CYLINDERS. THESE ANALYSES WILL BE EXTENDED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE VARIATIONS OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND CROSS-SECTION CONFIGURATION IN THE NEXT PHASE OF THIS STUDY. THE USE OF FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS WILL BE FURTHER DEVELOPED TO BE OF VALUE IN FUTURE DESIGN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Auger borings KW - Augers KW - Beams KW - Configuration KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Inclinometers KW - Lateral pressure KW - Load transfer KW - Properties of materials KW - Retaining walls KW - Shape KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215937 AU - DESAI, S AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF SHINGLE JOINTS PY - AB - DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS PRESENTED FOR THE SOLUTION OF SHINGLE JOINTS LOADED INTO THE INELASTIC RANGE. AFTER MAKING SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AVAILABLE TEST DATA ON SHINGLE JOINTS, THE ANALYTICAL MODEL DEVELOPED EARLIER FOR THE BUTT JOINT IS GENERALIZED AND EXTENDED TO OBTAIN LOAD-PARTITION IN SHINGLE JOINTS LOADED BEYOND MAJOR SLIP. A COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN WHICH PROVIDES COMPLETE FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIPS FOR BOTH THE PLATES AND THE FASTENERS FOR THE ENTIRE RANGE OF LOADING OF A BEARING TYPE JOINT. FOR MOST SHINGLE JOINTS ENCOUNTERED IN PRACTICE, THIS PROGRAM CAN BE USED TO PREDICT LOAD-PARTITION BEYOND MAJOR SLIP WHEN FASTENERS ARE IN BEARING AND SHEAR SO THAT THE TRANSFER OF LOAD BY FRICTION MAY BE IGNORED. A COMPARSION WITH THE AVAILABLE TEST DATA INDICATES AGREEMENT WITHIN 8.5% OF THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Butt joints KW - Computer programs KW - Fasteners KW - Inelastic action KW - Inelastic stress KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Shear strength KW - Shingles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224954 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RED-COLORED PAVEMENT: EVALUATION OF MATERIAL PY - AB - THE STUDY OF RED-COLORED PAVEMENT WAS CONDUCTED IN TWO PHASES: (1) THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MATERIALS USED TO PRODUCE A COLORED SURFACE, AND (2) THE EFFECT OF PAVEMENT COLOR ON VARIOUS DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS. THE REPORT STATES THAT IN THE EXPERIMENTAL RED-COLORED PAVEMENT - INSTALLED AT NEW JERSEY ROUTE 65 AND U. S. ROUTE 206 - AFTER TWO YEARS IN SERVICE THE RED COLOR FADED. THE PAVEMENT ITSELF HAS NOT SERIOUSLY DETERIORATED, AND IT HAS FAIR SKID-RESISTANCE VALUES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Color KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fading KW - Human characteristics KW - Red KW - Road marking materials KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222597 AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JUDGMENT OF VEHICLE SPPED AND TRAFFIC PATTERNS: PHASE II PY - AB - THE OBJECT IS TO ESTABLISH THE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN SPEED ESTIMATION AS A JUDGMENT FACTOR AND SPEED ESTIMATION IN COMBINATION WITH TRAFFIC PATTERNS AND MOVEMENTS OF OTHER INDIRECTLY RELATED VEHICLES. ANALYSIS OF 170 SUBJECTS' SPEED ESTIMATIONS AND TRAFFIC PATTERN JUDGMENTS FROM A 16 MM MOTION PICTURE TAKEN FROM AN AUTOMOBILE MOVING ALONG A FREEWAY, IN PART, DEMONSTRATES THE FOLLOWING: (1) A REDUCTION OF THE RANGE OF SPEED ESTIMATIONS WITH THE EXCLUSION OF OLDER DRIVERS, AND (2) INDIVDUAL DRIVERS WERE CONSISTENT IN THEIR ESTIMATIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Age KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Motion pictures KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218055 AU - Marek, C R AU - Herrin, M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - MATERIAL QUANTITIES FOR SEAL COATS AND SURFACE TREATMENTS PY - AB - THE PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVE OF THE INVESTIGATION WAS TO OBTAIN BASIC INFORMATION THAT WOULD PERMIT EVALUATION OF THE THICKNESS OF THE BITUMINOUS FILM AND PROPER GRADE AND TYPE OF BITUMINOUS MATERIAL AS RELATED TO THE SIZE AND TYPE OF AGGREGATE FOR SEAL COAT AND SURFACE TREATMENT CONSTRUCTION. PART A OF THE REPORT RELATES INFORMATION CONCERNING THE VOID CONTENTS OF SINGLE AND MULTIPLE SURFACE TREATMENT AGGREGATE LAYERS FOR THE FLAT BOTTOM (NO EMBEDMENT) SITUATIONS. THE INFLUENCE OF SUCH FACTORS AS AGGREGATE SIZE, AGGREGATE SHAPE, AGGREGATE SOURCE, AGGREGATE GRADATION, FINES CONTENT, AGGREGATE TYPE, AND PARTICLE ORIENTATION ON THE VOIDS CONTENT IS REPORTED. PART B OF THE REPORT INCLUDES INFORMATION CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF AGGREGATE EMBEDMENT INTO THE UNDERLYING SURFACE ON THE VOIDS CONTENT OF THE SURFACE TREATMENT AGGREGATE LAYER. A PERCENT REDUCTION IS ALSO ESTABLISHED FOR APPLICATION TO THE DATA COLLECTED AND REPORTED IN PART A TO ACCOUNT FOR AGGREGATE EMBEDMENT. IN PART C, A SURFACE TREATMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE DEVELOPED WITH BASIS ON THE DATA COLLECTED IN THIS RESEARCH EFFORT IS PRESENTED. AN EXAMPLE IS INCLUDED TO ILLUSTRATE THE PROCEDURE. PART D OF THE REPORT CONTAINS TABULATIONS OF THE RAW DATA OBTAINED FOR THE SITUATIONS INVESTIGATED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate shape KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Aggregates by source KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Bituminous materials KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Seal coats KW - Surface treating KW - Tables (Data) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206421 AU - Day, P AU - Rand, D AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MADAWASKA ASBESTOS ASPHALT PAVEMENT PY - AB - A REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF THE CONDITION OF A ROAD IN MADAWASKA, MAINE, PAVED WITH HOT BITUMINOUS MIXTURES CONTAINING 2% ASBESTOS. THE ASBESTOS FIBERS WERE INCORPORATED IN ORDER TO COMPENSATE FOR THE POOR QUALITY OF THE AGGREGATE IN THAT AREA OF THE STATE. THE ROAD HAS BEEN IN USE SINCE 1961 AND IS STILL IN GOOD CONDTION AFTER SEVEN YEARS IN SERVICE. A ROADWAY ADJACENT TO THIS PROJECT WAS RESURFACED AT THE SAME TIME USING THE CONVENTIONAL TYPE PAVEMENT. THIS ROAD HAS SINCE BEEN RESURFACED AGAIN AND AT PRESENT IT STILL IS NOT IN AS GOOD CONDITION AS THE ASBESTOS PAVEMENT. TESTS ON SAMPLES CUT FROM THE ROADWAY WITH ASBESTOS INDICATE THEY HAVE HIGH ASPHALT CONTENTS, HIGH DENSITIES, AND MINIMUM AIR VOIDS. THE PROPERTIES OF THE RECOVERED ASPHALT INDICATE, IN GENERAL, THAT THE ASPHALT IS STILL IN VERY GOOD CONDITION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asbestos KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Density KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206420 AU - Mcnaughton, E AU - Rand, D AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERU EXPERIMENTAL ROAD PROJECT PY - AB - A SIX-YEAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IS PRESENTED OF THE STRUCTURAL CONDITION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL ROAD PROJECT AT PERU, MAINE. THIS ROAD CONTAINS THREE DESIGNS UTILIZING A SOIL CEMENT BASE, ASPHALT STABILIZED BASE, AND CRUSHED GRAVEL BASE. VISUAL OBSERVATIONS INDICATED THAT THE SOIL CEMENT IS PERFORMING THE POOREST BECAUSE OF NUMEROUS TRANSVERSE CRACKS. THE ASPHALT STABILIZED BASE IS PERFORMING SATISFACTORILY AND THE GRAVEL BASE IS PERFORMING EXCEPTIONALLY WELL. THESE CONCLUSIONS WERE VERIFIED WHEN PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDICIES (PSI) WERE MEASURED USING A CHLOE PROFILOMETER. DEFLECTIONS MEASURED WITH A BENKELMAN BEAM INDICATE THE ASPHALT STABILIZED BASE HAS THE GREATEST DEFLECTION, FOLLOWED BY THE GRAVEL BASE AND THE SOIL CEMENT RESPECTIVELY. THE SOIL CEMENT IS PERFORMING SIMILARLY TO A CONCRETE SLAB. TEST HOLES DUG THROUGH EACH TYPE OF BASE FAILED TO PROVIDE VALID INFORMATION PERTAINING INDICATED THAT THE MIXTURE PROPERTIES WERE NOT AFFECTED BY THE DIFFERENT BASES UPON WHICH THEY WERE PLACED. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE VARIOUS BASE SECTIONS ON THIS PARTICULAR ROADWAY INDICATES THAT THE ADDITIONAL COST OF USING EITHER A SOIL CEMENT OR AN ASPHALT BASE DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE JUSTIFIED FOR THE CONDITIONS ENCOUNTERED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Crushed gravel KW - Deflection tests KW - Experimental roads KW - Gravel KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Profilometers KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Soil cement KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203160 AU - Lee, S C AU - Belkin, A L AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - HIGHWAY SURVEYING AND MAPPING CONTROL EXTENSION BY TRILATERATION AND CONVENTIONAL TRAVERSE PY - AB - A CHAIN OF 16 QUADRILATERALS APPROXIMATELY 6 MILES IN LENGTH ALONG INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 71 WAS USED TO EVALUATE GROUND CONTROL EXTENSION BY TRILATERATION AND CONVENTIONAL TRAVERSE. DISTANCES WERE MEASURED USING A GEODIMETER AND ANGLES WITH A WILD T2 THEODOLITE. A FORTRAN COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED TO ADJUST THE TRILATERATION NET. THE METHOD IS BASED ON PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED AND PUBLISHED METHOD OF TRILATERATION ADJUSTMENTS. THE TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT WAS ACCOMPLISHED USING THE LEAST SQUARE METHOD. RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS SHOW THE TRILATERATION IS MORE ACCURATE THAN CONVENTIONAL TRAVERSE AND IS AT LEAST AS ECONOMICAL. THE AUTHORS RECOMMEND THAT A TRILATERATION CHAIN OF QUADRILATERALS BE USED WHERE A DOUBLE CENTER LINE OR DOUBLE TRAVERSE IS NEEDED FOR HIGHWAY SURVEYING OR MAPPING CONTROL. /FHWA/ KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Engineering KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Geodimeters KW - Highways KW - Least squares method KW - Mapping KW - Surveying KW - Surveys KW - Theodolites UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210445 AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Mozoguchi, M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT TEXTURE MEASUREMENT BY THE SAND PATCH AND OUTFLOW METER METHODS PY - AB - THE TWO METHODS FOR MEASURING SURFACE TEXTURE WERE EXAMINED IN THE LABORATORY UNDER CAREFULLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. SEVERAL VARIABLES WHICH MIGHT INFLUENCE THE ACCURACY OF THE TWO METHODS WERE INVESTIGATED. COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE OUTFLOW METER GIVES MORE RELIABLE RESULTS THAN THE SAND PATCH METHOD DOES. THE OUTFLOW METER WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE TEXTURE OF APPROXIMATELY 100 CORES FROM EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENTS WHICH SERVED IN A RESEARCH PROGRAM ON PAVEMENT POLISHING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224955 AU - Rockwell AU - Bhise AU - Safford AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING ROAD SIGNS PY - AB - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR USE IN THE EVALUATION OF SYSTEMS FOR DISPLAYING ROAD SIGN INFORMATION TO DRIVERS IS PRESENTED. THE RESEARCH WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE PHASES: THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES TO RELATE SIGN CHARACTERISTICS TO DRIVING PERFORMANCE, TESTING OF ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED IN PHASE I, AND ASSESSMENT OF SIGN ON-GOING CHANGES USING TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED IN PHASES 1 AND 11. /AUTHOR/ KW - Assessments KW - Characteristics KW - Displaying KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Information display systems KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233729 AU - Snethen, D R AU - Haliburton, T A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater TI - INTERIM REPORT IN EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING HIGHWAY DESIGNS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHICH EXISTING OKLAHOMA HIGHWAY DESIGNS GIVE ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE AND WHY/HOW THEY RESIST THE EFFECTS OF SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS. AFTER A REVIEW OF PERTINENT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN EVALUATING BOTH PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND SUBGRADE MOISTURE CONDITIONS, A STUDY OF DESIGNS EXISTING AT 50 FIELD RESEARCH SITES WAS MADE TO DETERMINE WHICH DESIGNS WERE PERFORMING WELL AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN PARTICULAR DESIGN PERFORMANCE AND OBSERVED SUBGRADE MOISTURE CONDITIONS. RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATE THAT THE TYPE OF WEARING SURFACE HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON EITHER PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE OR SUBGRADE MOISTURE CONDITIONS, WITH UNDERLYING COMPOMENTS BEING RESPONSIBLE FOR BOTH. IN GENERAL, THE BEST PERFORMANCE WAS OBTAINED FROM DESIGNS INCORPORATING IMPROVED SHOULDERS, FLEXIBLE, IMPERVIOUS OR SEMI-PERVIOUS BASE MATERIALS CONTINUOUS UNDER PAVEMENT AND SHOULDER, SUBBASES, AND ADEQUATE DRAINAGE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Flexible base pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway design KW - Highway drainage KW - Pavement performance KW - Soil water KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Surface drainage KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230718 AU - Kim, J B AU - Kindig, C H AU - Bhattacharya, S AU - Bucknell University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILE GROUP FOUNDATIONS PY - AB - THE SCOPE WAS LIMITED PRIMARILY TO THE CONSIDERATIONS OF (1) LATERAL RESISTANCE OF SOILS AGAINST PILES, AND (2) BEHAVIOR OF PILE GROUPS. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO DEVELOP A RATIONAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN EMPLOYING THE AXIAL AND LATERAL RESISTANCES OF EACH PILE, INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF GROUPING OF THE PILES. THE PROPOSED ANALYSIS EMPLOYS THE CONCEPT OF THE EQUIVALENT CANTILEVER LENGTHS, WHICH ASSUMES THAT THE PILES ARE FIXED AT SOME DEPTHS BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE. THESE LENGTHS ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SOIL CHARACTERISTICS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES, AND THE LOCATIONS OF THE PILES IN GROUPS. A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PILE GROUP FOUNDATIONS WAS INCLUDED IN REPORT NO. 69-2. THE STEPS INVOLVED IN THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS ARE: (1) EVALUATION OF THE EQUIVALENT LENGTHS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL PILES, (2) DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRICES FOR INDIVIDUAL PILE ELEMENTS, (3) GENERATION OF THE STRUCTURAL STIFFNESS MATRIX FROM STEP TWO, (4) DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGORITHM TO OBTAIN THE DISPLACEMENTS OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE FROM THE STRUCTURAL STIFFNESS MATRIX, AND (5) DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGORITHM FOR USING THE DISPLACEMENTS TO OBTAIN THE FORCES AND MOMENTS AT EACH PILE HEAD. THE PROPOSED ANALYSIS IS SUPPLEMENTED WITH THE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS, WHICH IS DEVELOPED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE PILE GROUP SYSTEM AND THE SOIL ENCLOSED IN THE SYSTEM ACT AS A SINGLE LUMPED-MASS HAVING SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM. AN ALGORITHM TO EVALUATE THE NATURAL FREQUENCIES HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. COMPARISION BETWEEN THE ANALYTICAL VALUES AND THE AVAILABLE TEST DATA FROM FIFTEEN EXISTING FULL-SCALE TESTS IS FAIRLY GOOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Algorithms KW - Axial loads KW - Cantilevers KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic tests KW - Lateral pressure KW - Length KW - Loads KW - Pile groups KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soils KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods (Structural) KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230721 AU - Hudson, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - SIMULATION OF SETTLEMENT OF SUPPORTS OF A FULL-SCALE CONTINUOUS CONCRETE BRIDGE PY - AB - A FIELD STUDY IS PRESENTED OF A THREE SPAN, CONTINUOUS, REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT OF THE SUPPORTS. THE TEST STRUCTURE WAS A HALF WIDTH, FULL LENGTH BRIDGE WITH SPANS OF 44'-45'- 44'. SIMULATED SETTLEMENT OF THE SUPPORTS WAS CREATED BY INCREMENTAL JACKING AT THE SUPPORTS. THE STRUCTURE WAS INSTRUMENTED WITH ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE STRAIN GAGES AT 31 LOCATIONS ON THE ROADWAY AND 9 LOCATIONS ON THE GIRDERS. DEFLECTIONS WERE DETERMINED AT 25 LOCATIONS WITH SPECIAL DIAL GAGES. SUPPORT REACTIONS WERE MEASURED WITH LOAD CELLS. UNDER THE SUBJECT TESTING SERIES CONSIDERABLE DATA HAS BEEN ACCUMULATED. HOWEVER, DURING THE ANALYSIS IT BECAME APPARENT THAT CERTAIN MEASUREMENTS HAD NOT BEEN TAKEN AT CRITICAL LOCATIONS, WHICH UNFORTUNATELY PREVENTED COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO MEET THE GOAL OF THE STUDY. FROM THE ANALYSIS WHICH WAS MADE THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS HAVE BEEN DRAWN. (1) CLASSICAL THEORY APPEARS TO BE VERY CONSERVATIVE WITH RESPECT TO TENSILE STRESSES IN THE REINFORCING STEEL, BUT LEADS TO MORE REALISTIC APPRAISALS FOR THE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES, (2) STRESSES ACROSS PRESUMABLY SYMMETRICAL CROSS-SECTION ARE SELDOM SYMMETRICAL. (3) STEEL STRESSES, AND PRESUMABLY CONCRETE STRESSES, DO NOT VARY LINEARLY WITH SETTLEMENT, AND (4) CALCULATED DEFLECTIONS AGREE WELL WITH OBSERVED DEFLECTIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Continuous reinforcement KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection tests KW - Electrical strain gages KW - Field studies KW - Girders KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Strain gages KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212086 AU - Naus, D J AU - Rejali, H M AU - Raecke, D AU - Lott, J L AU - Kesler, C E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE CONTROL OF CRACKING OF CONCRETE PY - AB - THE CRACKING OF CONCRETE IN HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS AND STRUCTURES IS UNDESIRABLE SINCE CRACKING OF THE CONCRETE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DETERIORATION OF BOTH THE CONCRETE AND REINFORCING STEEL. MANY STUDIES ON THE PHENOMENON OF CRACKING IN PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED; HOWEVER, THESE INVESTIGATIONS HAVE CORRELATED THE CRACKING OF CONCRETE WITH VARIOUS PARAMETERS OF THE CONCRETE AND THE ENVIRONMENT, BUT HAVE NOT CONSIDERED THE MECHANISM OF CRACKING. THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES A THREE-PHASE INVESTIGATION THAT WAS UNDERTAKEN TO PROVIDE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE INITIATION AND GROWTH OF CRACKS IN CONCRETE. THIS UNDERSTANDING OF CRACK DEVELOPMENT IS ESSENTIAL IF CRACKING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES IS TO BE CONTROLLED. THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL CONCRETE PARAMETERS ON THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS (MATERIAL'S RESISTANCE TO PROPAGATION OF AN EXISTING FLAW) IS PRESENTED. A SYSTEMS-TYPE ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED TO DESCRIBE THE COMPLEX CRACKING MECHANISM IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MODELS ARE DEVELOPED FOR STUDYING CRACKING IN CONCRETE BEAMS AND RIGID PAVEMENTS. AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION FOR THE PROBLEM OF SHRINKAGE STRESSES IN PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS EXTERNALLY LOADED IS DEVELOPED. THE EFFECTIVE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF CONCRETE WAS FOUND TO BE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO BOTH COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT AND GRADATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE. THUS, BY INCREASING OR DECREASING THE COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT, OR INCREASING OR DECREASING THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE, OR BY A COMBINATION OF BOTH, THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS CAN BE ADJUSTED. HOWEVER, OTHER SERVICE REQUIREMENTS NEED TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIXTURES, EVEN THOUGH IT MAY MEAN A SACRIFICE IN DESIRED FRACTURE TOUGHNESS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Beams KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete structures KW - Cracking KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Mix design KW - Models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Shrinkage KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204630 AU - Goss, R L AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE ESTABLISHMENT OF VEGETATION ON HIGHWAY SLOPES WITHOUT THE USE OF TOPSOIL PY - AB - VARIOUS FACTORS OF EROSION CONTROL AND VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT WERE STUDIED OVER A FOUR YEAR PERIOD IN WASHINGTON. THEY WERE: (1) ESTABLISHMENT OF GRASS/LEGUME COVER WITHOUT THE USE OF TOPSOIL, (2) SPECIES OF GRASSES AND CLOVER AND PROPORTION OF EACH, (3) MULCHING MATERIALS AND (4) FERTILIZATIONS. IT WAS FOUND THAT EROSION CONTROL VEGETATION CAN BE ESTABLISHED ON SUBSOILS WITHOUT TOPSOIL. NO DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND AMONG GENERAL AND SPECIES OF SEED TESTED. SUBSOILS, AS EXPOSED FROM CONSTRUCTION, SUPPORTED GOOD STANDS OF GRASS PROVIDED ADEQUATE FERTILIZERS WERE SUPPLIED AND THEY WERE GIVEN PROPER PROTECTION (MULCHING) FROM EROSION. ON ERODIBLE SITES ON 2:1 SLOPES OR STEEPER, THAT EXCELSIOR MATTING OR STRAW TACKED WITH ASPHALT EMULSION WERE SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHER MATERIALS TESTED. REFERTILIZATION WAS IMPORTANT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Grasses KW - Mulching KW - Slopes KW - Subsoil KW - Topsoil KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206417 AU - Goodman, H A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PAVEMENT TEXTURE MEASUREMENT FROM A MOVING VEHICLE-REPORT NO 19 PY - AB - THE COEFFICIENT OF LOCKED-WHEEL FRICTION FOR A WET PAVEMENT DEPENDS ON THE GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TEXTURE) OF THE ROAD SURFACE. DRAINAGE DEPTH AND MEAN VOID WIDTH WERE SELECTED AS THE BEST GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MEASURING PAVEMENT TEXTURE FROM A MOVING VEHICLE. TWO DEVICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DRAINAGE DEPTH AND MEAN VOID WIDTH, THE LIGHT STYLUS AND THE ZERO/SLOPE DETECTOR RESPECTIVELY, WERE THEN DEVELOPED IN THE LABORATORY. MEASUREMENETS WERE MADE ON PAVEMENT SPECIMENS CONSISTING OF VARIOUS AGGREGATES, TO EVALUATE THE TWO DEVICES. FINALLY, SEVERAL TECHNIQUES, BOTH MANUAL AND COMPUTERIZED, FOR EVALUATING MEASURED DATA ARE PRESENTED. BOTH DEVICES PERFORMED SUCCESSFULLY IN THE LABORATORY. ALTHOUGH NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO TEST EITHER DEVICE ON ACTUAL ROAD SURFACES, IT WAS SHOWN THAT TRANSFERRAL OF THESE DEVICES FROM THE LABORATORY TO A MOVING TEST VEHICLE COULD BE MADE WITH A REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF SUCCESS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Depth KW - Drainage KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Slipperiness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Wet conditions KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215931 AU - Hadley, W O AU - Hudson, W R AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - METHOD OF ESTIMATING TENSILE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS TESTED IN INDIRECT TENSION PY - AB - EQUATIONS WERE DEVELOPED FOR ESTIMATING VALUES OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, POISSON'S RATIO, AND TENSILE FAILURE STRAINS FOR CIRCULAR SPECIMENS BASED UPON TOTAL HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEFORMATIONS CREATED IN THE SPECIMEN DURING INDIRECT TENSILE TESTING. A STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO VERIFY THE THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR ESTIMATING THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, POISSON'S RATIO, AND TENSILE STRAINS. TO SUBSTANTIATE THE EQUATIONS A CIRCULAR ALUMINUM SPECIMEN, WHICH IS CONSIDERED TO EXHIBIT A HIGH DEGREE OF ELASTICITY, WAS TESTED IN INDIRECT TENSION. THE ALUMINUM SPECIMEN WAS INSTRUMENTED WITH ROSETTE STRAIN GAGES AT THE CENTER. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES CAN BE OBTAINED FROM TOTAL HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEFORMATIONS OF AN ELASTIC MATERIAL TESTED IN INDIRECT TENSION. ADDITIONAL TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF THE DIMENSIONS OF THE CURVED LOADING STRIP USED IN THE INDIRECT TENSILE TEST AND TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF LOADING RATE (VERTICAL STRAIN RATE). IT WAS FOUND THAT THE DIMENSIONS OF THE CURVED LOADING STRIP USED HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE TENSILE STRAIN AT THE CENTER OF THE CIRCULAR ALUMINUM SPECIMEN. THE LOADING RATE HAD A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON POISSON'S RATIO BUT HAD NO PRACTICAL ENGINEERING EFFECT ON THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compliance constant KW - Deformation KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Loading rate KW - Loads KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Tensile properties KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206419 AU - Darlington, J R AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION AND APPLICATION STUDY OF THE GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION RAPID TRAVEL PROFILOMETER PY - AB - IN ADDITION TO EVALUATION OF THE GENERAL MOTORS RAPID TRAVEL PROFILOMETER (RTP), THIS PAPER PROVIDES IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE DEVICE AND ITS OUTPUT. DETAILS OF THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ITSELF ARE LIMITED; HAVING BEEN COVERED IN AN EARLIER REPORT BY THE GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE RTP MEASURES PROFILE WITH RESPECT TO AN ARBITRARY AND MOVING REFERENCE. CONSEQUENCES OF THIS PROPERTY ARE EXPLORED AND FOUND TO BE NO PROBLEM WHEN PROPERLY ACCOUNTED FOR. ACCURACY, DEFINED WITH REGARD TO THIS REFERENCE, IS FOUND TO BE VERY HIGH WHEN RTP AND PRECISE LEVEL PROFILES ARE COMPARED. RTP ACCURACY IS ALSO SHOWN TO BE THEORETICALLY SUPERIOR TO THAT FOR ROLLING STRAIGHTEDGES, BPR ROUGHOMETERS, AND CHLOE PROFILE DEVICES. A SURVEY OF PROFILE ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT PRECEDES A DISCUSSION OF POWERFUL ANALYSIS OPTIONS MADE POSSIBLE BY MAGNETIC TAPE DATA RECORDING. ALL METHODS OF PROFILE ANALYSIS ARE EXAMINED, INCLUDING SIMULATION OF OTHER PROFILE DEVICES TO OBTAIN THEIR INDICES FROM RTP PROFILES. PARTICULAR EMPHASIS IS GIVEN TO MODERN TIME SERIES METHODS OF RANDOM SIGNAL ANALYSIS, THE MOST POWERFUL OF WHICH APPEAR TO BE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY MEASURES. THE DEPARTMENT HAS USED THIS INSTRUMENT, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO: STUDY 24-HR. SLAB MOVEMENT, RECORD ACTUAL SLAB CURLING; STUDY CROSS-SECTION PROFILES OF JOINT BLOWUPS; COMPARE BRIDGE DECK FINISHING METHODS; PROFILE EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENTS; AND PROFILE AIRPORT RUNWAYS, ETC. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accuracy KW - Airport runways KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete finishing KW - Magnetic tape recording KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Pavements KW - Power spectra KW - Profiles KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Slabs KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207958 AU - Veress, S A AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DETERMINATION OF THE MOVEMENT AND DEFLECTION OF RETAINING WALLS PY - AB - PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEILLANCE OF RETAINING WALLS HAS BEEN SHOWN TO PROVIDE THE DESIRED DEGREE OF ACCURACY NECESSARY FOR DETECTION OF MOVEMENT AND FOR CONTROL PURPOSES. SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES IN TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY WERE INVESTIGATED TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM RESULTS, AND TO ARRIVE AT MEANINGFUL CONCLUSIONS. THE OPTIMUM CASE WAS FOUND TO BE THE USE OF STEREOPHOTOGRAPHS WHERE THE CAMERA AXIS IS PERPENDICULAR TO AN EASE LINE APPROXIMATELY PARALLEL TO THE RETAINING WALL. THE OPTIMUM GEOMETRY IS ONE BY WHICH THE RESIDUAL ERRORS IN THE THREE DIRECTIONS OF THE SPACE COORDINATE SYSTEM ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO EACH OTHER. THE ACCURACY ACHIEVED FROM THIS RESEARCH WILL BE PROVEN BY PRACTICAL EXAMPLES TO BE PRESENTED IN PART II OF THIS REPORT, AND A DISCUSSION OF AN EQUIPMENT RECOMMENDATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accuracy KW - Motion KW - Photogrammetry KW - Retaining walls KW - Stereoscopic cameras KW - Stereoscopic photography KW - Surveillance KW - Terrain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207961 AU - Kuo, T AU - Birnie, C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR THE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A BRIDGE DECK PY - AB - PREFERENTIAL ICING OF BRIDGE DECKS, THAT IS, THE PHENOMENON OF A BRIDGE DECK FREEZING AT TIMES WHEN THE ROADWAY IS CLEAR, IS PRIMARILY A PROBLEM CAUSED BY THE DIFFERENCE IN THE THERMAL RESPONSE OF A BRIDGE DECK TO AMBIENT WEATHER CONDITIONS AS COMPARED TO THE APPROACHWAYS. SINCE A BRIDGE IS ESSENTIALLY A FLAT SLAB EXPOSED ON TWO SIDES TO HEAT TRANSFER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION, IT WAS FELT THAT A ONE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM USIING A DIGITAL COMPUTER WOULD PRODUCE RELIABLE DATA ON THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT WITHIN THE SLAB VERSUS TIME. A COMPUTER PROGRAM, SIMULATION I, IS DISCUSSED AND AN EXAMPLE OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED SHOWN. TO CHECK THE RELIABILITY OF THE RESULTS, SIMULATION I WAS PROGRAMMED TO SIMULATE THE AMBIENT AIR CONDITIONS TO WHICH A TEST SLAB IN THE LABORATORY WAS SUBJECTED. A COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS INDICATES GOOD AGREEMENT PROVIDED SURFACE BOUNDARIES CONDITIONS ON THE ACTUAL TEST SLAB ARE ACCURATELY KNOWN AND CAN BE SUPPLIED TO THE PROGRAM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Boundary conditions KW - Boundary value problems KW - Bridge decks KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Heat transfer KW - Simulation KW - Slabs KW - Temperature gradients KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215935 AU - Calhoun, J D AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RAISED REFLECTIVE LANE MARKERS FOR URBAN ROADWAYS PY - AB - FOUR REPRESENTATIVE BRANDS OF RAISED REFLECTIVE ROADWAY MARKERS WERE EVALUATED FOR ONE YEAR. REFLECTIVITY OF THE MARKERS FROM ILLUMINATION OF AUTOMOBILE HEADLAMPS WAS MEASURED PERIODICALLY USING A LUCKIESH TAYLOR BRIGHTNESS METER. THE REFLECTIVITY OF ALL BRANDS DROPPED IMMEDIATELY TO A MEAN OF ABOUT 50% OF THE NEW REFLECTIVITY, THEN VARIED ABOVE AND BELOW THIS VALUE DEPENDING ON WEATHER AND FOULING. THE LOSS OF MARKERS FROM THE ROADWAY WAS EVALUATED. THE EPOXY ADHESIVES WERE SATISFACTORY FOR PLASTIC MARKERS, ALL LOSSES WERE DUE TO FAILURE OF THE ASPHALT ROADBED UNDER THE MARKERS. THE CERAMIC MARKERS WERE LOST DUE TO FAILURE OF THE EPOXY TO MARKER SURFACE. THE USE OF RUBBER PAD ADHESIVE WAS A FAILURE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THIS TEST. FAILURE OF THE PLASTIC MARKERS WAS NEGLIGABLE. THE CERAMIC MARKERS SUFFERED DRASTIC LOSS OF THE REFLECTIVE ELEMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Adhesives KW - Ceramic materials KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fouling (Naval architecture) KW - Plastics KW - Raised separators KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflector markers KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210444 AU - Bynum, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A THERMOVISCOELASTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - AB - THE THERMOVISCOELASTIC CHARACTERIZATION IS PRESENTED OF TWO TYPES OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE TESTED IN UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION AND TENSION AT VARIOUS STRAIN RATES AND TEMPERATURES. THE FIRST MIXTURE WAS PREHEATED, MIXED, AND COMPACTED AT 300 F. THE SECOND MIXTURE WAS PREHEATED, MIXED, AND COMPACTED AT 450 F. THE DATA REDUCTION AND RESULTS FOR 55 TESTS ARE GIVEN. THE TEST CONDITIONS WERE CONSTANT STRAIN RATE LOADING OVER 5 DECADES OF RATE AND A TEMPERATURE RANGE OF -50 TO 150 F. FUNDAMENTAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES (ULTIMATE STRAIN, ULTIMATE STRESS, ULTIMATE SECANT MODULUS, AND INITIAL TANGENT MODULUS) WERE OBTAINED IN TWO OF THE FUNDAMENTAL LOADING MODES, NAMELY, UNIAXIAL TENSION AND UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION. ULTIMATE STRESS DOES NOT SEEM TO BE A SUITABLE FAILURE CRITERIA FOR FLEXIBLE CONCRETE DUE TO THE EVIDENCE AND FACTS PRESENTED; HOWEVER, ULTIMATE STRAIN APPEARS TO BE A SUITABLE FAILURE CRITERIA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compression KW - Criteria KW - Failure KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Temperature KW - Tension KW - Thermoviscoelastic characterization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207956 AU - Dean, D L AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF SLAB-STRINGER-DIAPARAGM SYSTEMS PY - AB - EXACT SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND FOR RATIONALLY BASED MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR RECTANGULAR SLAB-STRINGER-DIAPHRAGM BRIDGE FLOOR SYSTEMS WITH SIMPLE END SUPPORTS AND FLEXIBLE SIDE SUPPORTS. THE FORMULAS ARE VALID FOR GENERAL LOADINGS AND ARE IN THE FORM OF DOUBLE FOURIER SERIES THAT ARE INFINITE WITH RESPECT TO THE DISCRETE VARIABLE DENOTING THE STRINGER. THREE TYPES OF SOLUTIONS FOR SLAB-STRINGER-DIAPHRAGM BRIDGE FLOOR SYSTEM MODELS ARE GIVEN: (1) THE NON-COMPOSITE FLEXURAL ANALYSIS; (2) THE COMPOSITE MEMBRANE ANALYSIS; AND (3) THE COMPOSITE MEMBRANE-FLEXURAL ANALYSIS. IT IS ASSUMED THAT ALL INTERIOR STRINGERS ARE INDENTICAL, PRISMATIC, AND EVENLY SPACED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Formulas KW - Fourier series KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Slabs KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Stringers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207959 AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BRIDGE DEPARTMENT COMPUTER APPLICATIONS PY - AB - GENERAL RESEARCH ACTIVITY AS WELL AS ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES ARE DISCUSSED: STRUCTURAL MEMBERS; STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS; GEOMETRICS; QUANTITIES; PRICING, AND ECONOMICS; MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING; HYDROLOGY, GEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE; MANAGEMENT INFORMATION; AND MULTI-SUBJECT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Architecture KW - Economics KW - Electrical engineering KW - Geology KW - Geometry KW - Hydrology KW - Information processing KW - Management KW - Quantities KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222595 AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - Calfornia Highway Patrol AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LONG TRIP DRIVING HABITS OF CALIFORNIA DRIVERS PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVES ARE: (1) TO ESTABLISH A LARGE BODY OF DATA ON LONG TRIP DRIVERS INCLUDING PERSONAL AND DRIVING HISTORY, TRIP PLANNING HABITS AND THE MANNER OF TRIP EXECUTION. (2) TO DETERMINE THE NORMATIVE, MODAL PATTERNS OF TRIP PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE. (3) TO IDENTIFY EXTREMES OF DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS AND TRIP PERFORMANCE AND TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIPS, IF ANY, BETWEEN THESE EXTREMES AND LONG TRIP ACCIDENTS OR KNOWN INDICATORS OF DRIVING PERFORMANCE SUCH AS DRIVING RECORD (ACCIDENTS AND CONVICTIONS FOR CITATIONS ON RECORD WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES). THE MANY FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ACCIDENTS ON LONG, OVER-THE-ROAD TRIPS ARE REPORTED THAT CAN BE TRACED BACK CONSIDERABLY IN BOTH TIME AND DISTANCE FROM THE INSTANT AND SITE OF THE ACCIDENT. THE MAJORITY OF THE LONG DISTANCE DRIVERS SET REASONABLE LIMITS. THE PROBLEM DRIVERS ARE THOSE WHO OVER-EXTEND THEMSELVES. /BPR/ KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Human characteristics KW - Travel KW - Trip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206418 AU - Bowers, D G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REPORT 2--ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OBTAINED DURING AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION PY - AB - A VARIABLE-DEPTH BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT WAS PLACED IN BOTH SOUTHBURY AND GROTON AS SATELLITE PROJECTS OF THE AASHO ROAD TEST. EVALUATION OF THESE PAVEMENTS HAS BEEN DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF A GENERAL LACK OF CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION, LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA AND TRAFFIC DATA. IN GROTON, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE DEPTH OF THE CONSTRUCTED AND SPECIFIED SURFACE LAYERS VARIED TO THE EXTENT WHERE THE ORDER OF CERTAIN SECTIONS WOULD HAVE TO BE ALTERED AT LEAST WITH RESPECT TO SURFACE DEPTH. NO DATA ON ACTUAL DEPTHS OF BASE AND SUBBASE HAVE BEEN OBTAINED. THE RESULTS OF CERTAIN TESTS PERFORMED ON THE PAVEMENT ARE THEREFORE RENDERED MEANINGLESS, SINCE THE DEPTHS OF THESE COURSES WERE PRINCIPAL VARIABLES. FOR EXAMPLE, THE VARIATION OF AMOUNT OF CRACKING, RUTTING AND ROUGHNESS DOES NOT CORRELATE WITH TOTAL DEPTH OF PAVEMENT. ADDITIONAL FINDINGS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) IN ALL EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS, THE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE IS DENSE AND HAS A LOW VOID CONTENT. IN SPITE OF THIS, THERE HAS BEEN NO APPARENT BLEEDING. (2) CRACKING IS PRIMARILY LONGITUDINAL AND WITHIN THE WHEEL PATHS IN THOSE SECTIONS WHERE IT OCCURS. IN ONE SECTION THERE IS NO CRACKING. THERE APPEARS TO BE A BETTER CORRELATION BETWEEN CRACKING AND THE PENETRATION INDEX OF THE MIX, DETERMINED FROM TESTS PERFORMED ON PAVEMENT CORES, THAN BETWEEN CRACKING AND OTHER FACTORS. (3) AVERAGE RUT DEPTHS ARE ONLY ABOUT 1/16 INCH. AND (4) REBOUND DEFLECTIONS HAVE DECREASED WITH TIME TO APPROXIMATELY 50 PERCENT OF THE INITIAL VALUE. THERE IS LITTLE OR NO CORRELATION BETWEEN DEFLECTIONS AND EITHER DEPTH OF PAVEMENT OR AMOUNT OF CRACKING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Depth KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Pendulum tests KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205368 AU - LeFevre, E W AU - Helliger, W L AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ADAPTATION OF THE GENERAL AASHO ROAD TEST EQUATION TO ARKANSAS CONDITIONS PY - AB - SERVICEABILITY AND DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS WERE DETERMINED FOR 27 TEST SITES ON VARIOUS ARKANSAS HIGHWAYS. THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER WAS USED TO QUANTITATIVELY RATE THE SERVICEABILITY OF THE TEST SECTIONS. THE BENKELMAN BEAM, EQUIPPED WITH A RECORDER TO PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS ANALOG TRACE OF THE DEFORMATION CURVE, WAS USED AS AN INDICATOR OF PAVEMENT COMPOSITE STRENGTH. AREAL AND LINEAR PARAMETERS OF THE DEFLECTION CURVE CHARTS WERE DETERMINED. THE SERVICEABILITY MEASUREMENTS DID NOT INDICATE ANY DEFINITE TRENDS FOR THE TWO MEASUREMENT PERIODS. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS DEVELOPED TO DESCRIBE BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION TRACES. THE DEFLECTION PARAMETERS WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENT COMPONENTS TO SHARP CURVATURE (STIFFNESS). A PROCEDURE TO EVALUATE THE AASHO MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS BY THE USE OF THE STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS WAS PRESENTED. CALIFORNIA R-VALUE DETERMINATIONS WERE MADE FOR VARIOUS GROUPS OF ARKANSAS SOILS. GRANULAR MATERIALS (CRUSHED STONE, SAND GRAVEL) EXHIBITED STATISTICALLY CONSTANT R-VALUES FOR EACH GROUP. A MODIFICATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURE WAS SUGGESTED TO ALLOW COMPLETE SATURATION OF SILT SOILS. THERE WAS NO NOTICEABLE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE R-VALUE TEST RESULTS AND THE AASHO MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Benkelman beam KW - Coefficients KW - Deflection KW - Equations KW - Granular materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Profilometers KW - Serviceability KW - Soils KW - Stiffness KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203159 AU - Kelly, J M AU - Tseng, W S AU - El-kasrawy, T AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BASIC MECHANICS STUDY FOR COMPUTER EVALUATION OF AUTOMOBILE BARRIER SYSTEMS PY - AB - A SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF THE RESULTS OF THE BASIC MECHANICS STUDY PERFORMED IN CONJUCTION WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERAL COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS. THE REPORT BEGINS WITH A STUDY OF UNIAXIAL AND MULTIAXIAL CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR STRAIN RATE INSENSITIVE AND STRAIN RATE SENSITIVE PLASTIC MATERIALS. THE CONSTITUTIVE THEORIES FOR DYNAMIC PLASTIC BEHAVIOR WHICH ARE INCLUDED HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN A WAY WHICH ALLOWS THEIR INCORPORATION INTO ANY NUMERICAL SOLUTION TECHNIQUE USING AN INCREMENTAL METHOD FOR INTEGRATION IN THE TIME DOMAIN. AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO INCLUDE THE DELAYED YIELD PHENOMENON INTO A DESIGN PROBLEM FOR DYNAMIC LOADINGS. A SERIES OF SOLUTIONS FOR STRAIN RATE INDEPENDENT SYSTEMS ARE PRESENTED. CLOSED FORM SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND FOR A NUMBER OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLES AND ESTIMATES OF THE VEHICLE DAMAGE ARE GIVEN. THE QUESTION OF HOW THE EQUATIONS SHOULD BE MODIFIED WHEN THE EFFECT OF AXIAL FORCES ON THE YIELD CONDITION IS INCLUDED AND AN APPROACH TO THIS CASE IS DEVELOPED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Equations KW - Loss and damage KW - Numerical analysis KW - Plastics KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Vehicles KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219742 AU - WOJCIK, C K AU - Mellinger, R L AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PILOT STUDY OF HOUSETRAILER AND TRUCK CAMPER SAFETY-PHASE I PY - AB - TECHNICAL PAPERS HAVE BEEN REVIEWED AND MANY HAVE BEEN ABSTRACTED. BIBLIOGRAPHIES RELATING TO THE MECHANICS OF SINGLE VEHICLES, THE AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS, TIRE PROPERTIES, ETC., ARE PRESENTED. AREAS WHICH NEED MORE RESEARCH ARE DEFINED AND A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING HOUSE TRAILERS AND TRUCK CAMPERS IS MADE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bibliographies KW - Camper trucks KW - Crash investigation KW - Mechanics KW - Mobile homes KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Truck campers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228662 AU - Leer, D K AU - Bell, G L AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF RED RIVER VALLEY GEOLOGY EFFECTS ON STRUCTURE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE PY - AB - THE INVESTIGATION INCLUDES A DETAILED STUDY OF THE GEOLOGY, PAST PERFORMANCE OF STRUCTURES AND SOIL MECHANICS. THE SITES SELECTED FOR THE STUDY OF THE SOILS AND LANDSLIDES WERE INSTRUMENTED WITH SLOPE INCLINOMETER TO ESTABLISH SHEAR PLANES AND TO EVALUATE THE STRENGTH OF THE SOILS IN THE FIELD AS COMPARED TO LABORATORY STRENGTH ANALYSIS. THROUGH THIS PROCEDURE, THE RESIDUAL SOIL STRENGTHS CAN BE USED FOR DESIGN PURPOSES AND THE REACTIONS IMPOSED ON STRUCTURES CAN BE ESTIMATED. THE MAIN FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RIVER BANK FAILURES ARE THE LOADS IMPOSED BY EMBANKMENTS AND BY DRAW-DOWN AFTER PERIODS OF FLOODING. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW BRIDGE DESIGN ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) IF AT ALL POSSIBLE, DO NOT PLACE ANY EARTH FILL ON THE BANKS OF THE RED RIVER. A GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF EACH PROPOSED BRIDGE SITE SHOULD BE CONDUCTED. AN ADEQUATE NUMBER OF BORINGS SHOULD BE DRILLED, AT LEAST ONE BORING SAMPLED CONTINUOUSLY FOR DETECTION OF WEAK ZONES. (2) IF AN EMBANKMENT IS NECESSARY, CONDUCT STABILITY ANALYSES BASED UPON BOTH TRANSLATORY AND ROTATIONAL SLIDES. AND (3) TRANSFER THE STRUCTURAL LOAD TO THE GLACIAL TILL BY THE USE OF END-BEARING PILING. /BPR/ KW - Boring KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Embankments KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Inclinometers KW - Landslides KW - Loads KW - Residual soils KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soils KW - Structural design KW - Structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227522 AU - Lieder, N AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MAIL SURVEY TO COLLECT TRUCK COMMODITY DATA PY - AB - A MAIL SURVEY BASED ON A SAMPLE OF 2,855 KANSAS TRUCK REGISTRATIONS WAS CONDUCTED IN AUGUST 1968 TO SHED SOME LIGHT ON THE QUALITY OF RESPONSE TO THREE DIFFERENT QUESTIONNAIRES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUCK MOVEMENTS DURING A SPECIFIED 24-HOUR PERIOD. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN FROM THE RESULTS: (1) REGISTRANTS OF TRUCKS IN LONG-HAUL OPERATION WILL RESPOND TO A MAIL QUESTIONNAIRE MORE READILY THAN OTHER TRUCK REGISTRANTS, (2) VALID ESTIMATES FROM A MAIL SURVEY WILL DEPEND ON DEMONSTRATING THAT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMODITY MOVEMENT FOR NON- RESPONDENTS ARE WELL REPRESENTED BY THE DATA OBTAINED FROM RESPONDENTS OR BY SOME FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURE TO RAISE THE RESPONSE RATE, AND (3) RESPONDENTS TO A MAIL QUESTIONNAIRE WILL YIELD DATA ON COMMODITY CARRIED AND ON TRUCK MOVEMENTS. AS A CONSEQUENCE, A NEW SURVEY HAS BEEN CONDUCTED IN THREE STATES TESTING FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES BUT USING REVISED QUESTIONNAIRES. ANALYSIS IS IN PROGRESS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Commodity flow KW - Postal service KW - Questionnaires KW - Registrations KW - Traffic surveys KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227526 AU - Litz, L E AU - Lieder, N AU - McCann, H AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUMMARY OF THE 1968 NATIONAL REST AREA USAGE STUDY PY - AB - AN ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE USAGE OF REST AREAS BY THE MOTORISTS. IT IS BASED UPON 78,619 INTERVIEWS OF REST AREA USERS MADE BY THE STATES IN THE SUMMER OF 1968 AT 59 REST AREAS ON THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND AT 54 REST AREAS ON THE REMAINING HIGHWAY SYSTEMS. THIS REPORT PLUS REPORTS IN SUCCEEDING YEARS WILL PROVIDE A BASE OF DATA FOR MEASURING ONE TYPE OF SERVICE PERFORMED BY HIGHWAY FACILITIES AND FOR DESIGNING REST AREAS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Highway user services KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203158 AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUMMARY REPORT - GUARDRAIL NEEDS ON EMBANKMENTS PY - AB - STUDY WAS PROPOSED TO RELATE THE PROBABILITY OF RUNNING OFF AN EMBANKMENT TO A NUMBER OF VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ROADWAY. THE STUDY ALSO PROPOSED TO PROVIDE CORROBORATION OF RESULTS OF AN EARLIER "OBJECTIVE CRITERIA" STUDY AND INTERRELATE EMBANKMENT HEIGHT AND SCOPE WITH OTHER PARAMETERS RELATED TO GUARDRAIL INSTALLATION. CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS FOUND THAT THE WORK COMPLETED INDICATED THAT THE ORIGINAL PROPOSAL TO DEVELOP AN ALL-INCLUSIVE EQUATION FOR ESTABLISHING GUARDRAIL NEEDS WAS AT BEST PRESUMPTIVE. THEREFORE, IT WAS DECIDED TO CLOSE OUT THE STUDY AND FORMULATE A NEW STUDY BASED ON MORE READILY OBTAINABLE GOALS. /BPR/ KW - Embankments KW - Guardrails KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204015 AU - Reich, B M AU - Harrold, L L AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXPERIMENTAL CATCHMENTS AID INTERPRETATION OF A MORE EXTENSIVE FLOOD NETWORK PY - AB - FLOOD PEAK DISCHARGE DATA FROM USGS EXTENSIVE NETWORK OF GAUGED CATCHMENTS DISTRIBUTED OVER THE STATE OF OHIO, 41,222 SQ MI- (106,800 SQ KM) OF DRAINAGE AREAS OF LESS THAN 28.9 SQ MI (74.6 SQ KM) WERE ANALYZED IN LIGHT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AREA AND MAXIMUM ANNUAL EXTREME-VALUE DISCHARGES OBTAINED FROM A CLUSTER OF ARS EXPERIMENTAL CATCHMENTS OF 0.19-27.5 SQ MI (0.5-71.2 SQ KM) IN SIZE NEAR COSHOCTON, OHIO. MEAN ANNUAL FLOOD VALUES FOR EACH USGS CATCHMENT, ADJUSTED TO A COMPARABLE VALUE FOR A 10 SQ MI (26 SQ KM) CATCHMENT, PLOTTED ON A MAP OF OHIO SHOWED A MORE SYSTEMATIC REGIONAL TREND THAN DO FLOOD STATISTICS NOT MODIFIED FOR SIZE OF CATCHMENT. THE SLOPE OF THE GUMBEL PROBABILITY LINES SHOWED ENOUGH CONSISTENCY TO WARRANT THEIR USE IN PREDICTING FLOOD PEAK VALUES FOR UNGAGED AREAS AND FOR A VARIETY OF FREQUENCIES. EXTREMELY HIGH FLOOD PEAK VALUES WERE DEFINED AS STATISTICAL OUTLIERS AND REMOVED FROM THE ANALYSES. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS THAT CAUSED THESE OUTLIERS ARE PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Climate KW - Discharge rate KW - Drainage KW - Drainage basins KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Probability theory KW - Statistical analysis KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207951 AU - Dunlap, W A AU - Ivey, D L AU - SMITH, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LONG TERM OVERTURNING LOADS ON DRILLED SHAFT FOOTINGS PY - AB - ONE PART OF A THREE-YEAR STUDY IS SUMMARIZED TO DEVELOP A USABLE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DRILLED SHAFT FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO ALL TYPES OF OVERTURNING LOADS. THE PURPOSE OF THE FIELD AND LABORATORY LONG-TERM LOADING TESTS WAS TO DETERMINE WHAT VALUES OF LONG-TERM LATERAL LOADS COULD BE SAFELY APPLIED TO DRILLED SHAFT FOOTINGS WITHOUT UNDUE ROTATION, AND ALSO TO DEVELOP A LABORATORY CREEP TEST WHICH WOULD AID IN THESE PREDICTIONS. BASED ON THE LIMITED NUMBER OF LABORATORY CREEP TESTS WHICH WERE PERFORMED, IT DOES NOT APPEAR THAT THESE TESTS CAN BE USED UNTIL ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS OBTAINED ON SEVERAL SOIL TYPES. UNTIL THIS INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE FOLLOWING PERCENTAGES OF THE CALCULATED 5 DEGREE OVERTURNING LOAD BE USED FOR ADMISSIBLE LONG-TERM CREEP LOADS: SOFT CLAYS, 33 TO 50%; STIFF, NON-FISSURED CLAYS, 50%; SANDS, 50 TO 75%; AND STIFF, FISSURED CLAYS, 33%. ALTHOUGH THE USE OF THESE PERCENTAGES FOR ALLOWABLE LONG-TERM LOADS SHOULD RESULT IN A TERMINATING ROTATION, THIS ROTATION WILL PROBABLY BE SIGNIFICANT (ON THE ORDER OF ONE DEGREE). THE JUDGMENT OF THE ENGINEER IS NECESSARY TO DECIDE WHAT ROTATION IS ACCEPTABLE FOR A PARTICULAR FOOTING. IF THE ACCEPTABLE ROTATION IS SEVERELY LIMITED BY FUNCTIONAL OR AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS, THE USE OF SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER PERCENTAGES OF THE 5 DEGREE LOAD MAY BE NECESSARY. /BPR/ KW - Creep KW - Drilling KW - Footings KW - Lateral loads KW - Loads KW - Overturning KW - Properties of materials KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237884 AU - Jongedyk, H A AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ELECTROOSMOTIC MOVEMENT OF LIQUID IN SOILS PY - AB - THE MOVEMENT OF COUNTERIONS BY AN ELECTRICAL GRADIENT ENTRAINS THE ADJACENT LIQUID WHICH DRAGS OTHER LIQUID AND THEREBY ELECTROOSMOSIS, THIS LIQUID MOVEMENT RATE IN SOILS DEPENDS UPON THE POROSITY AND TORTUOSITY OF THE PORES. IT IS ALSO CONTROLLED BY THE DIMENSIONS OF PORE SPACES, THE THICKNESS OF THE ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER, AND THE CONCENTRATION OF MOVEABLE COUNTERIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, THE RATE OF ELECTROOSMOSIS IS A FUNCTION OF THE TYPES OF SOLID PARTICLES AND THE SPECIES AND CONCENTRATION OF IONS IN THE LIQUID. EXPERIMENTS WITH SANDS INDICATED THAT THE LOCAL ELECTROOMOTIC LIQUID VELOCITY IS NOT CONSTANT WITHIN PORE SPACES BUT FOLLOWS DIFFERENT PATTERNS. FOR UNIFORM SANDS IN NEARLY PURE WATER, THE MAXIMUM LOCAL VELOCITY IS AT THE OUTER PORTION OF THE DIFFUSE ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER. FOR A GIVEN TYPE OF PARTICLE AND POROSITY AND CONSTANT LIQUID ION CONCENTRATION A MAXIMUM ELECTROOSMOTIC PERMEABILITY DEPENDENT ON PARTICLE SIZE SHOULD BE EXPECTED. PERTINENT COMPARISONS OF ELECTROOSMOTIC AND HYDAULIC PERMEABILITY VALUES ARE GIVEN TO ILLUSTRATE ELECTROOSMOTIC PERMEABILITY VARIATIONS. /ARTICLE/ KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Electric gradient KW - Electrical equipment KW - Electroosmosis KW - Hydraulics KW - Ion concentration KW - Ions KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture movement KW - Motion KW - Particle size distribution KW - Permeability KW - Pores KW - Pores (Geology) KW - Porosity KW - Sand KW - Soil porosity KW - Soil water KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227519 AU - Gruver, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TEST COMPARISONS BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL AND VOLUME CONCEPTS OF DELINEATING TRAFFIC CORRIDORS PY - AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A STUDY COMPARING TWO METHODS OF DELINEATING TRAFFIC CORRIDORS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAFFIC SERVICE OF A HIGH LEVEL. BOTH METHODS USED THE SAME BASIC TOOLS AND SOURCE DATA, INVOLVING THE COMPUTER-ORIENTED TECHNIQUE OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION. THE VOLUME CONCEPT BASED CORRIDOR SELECTION ON THE VOLUME OF TRAFFIC ASSIGNED TO THE VARIOUS LINKS IN THE NETWORK. THE FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT USES THE VMTS (VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL SERVED) ON EACH LINK IN CORRIDOR SELECTION. VMTS DIFFERS FROM THE CONVENTIONAL VMT (VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL) AS IT REPRESENTS THE ACCUMULATED VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FROM THE ORIGIN TO THE DESTINATION OF EACH TRIP USING A PARTICULAR LINK IN THE NETWORK. THE STUDY CONCLUDES THAT THE VMTS METHOD HAS SEVERAL ADVANTAGES OVER THE VOLUME METHOD. AMONG THESE IS THE ABILITY TO CONSIDER THE LENGTH OF TRIPS. THIS WEIGHTING OF TRIPS BY THEIR LENGTH AFFORDS ANY GIVEN NUMBER OF LONG TRIPS THE SAME IMPORTANCE AS A LARGER NUMBER OF SHORT TRIPS. THUS, IN LOW TRIP DENSITY AREAS AND EVEN IN HIGH DENSITY AREAS, CORRIDOR BAND WIDTHS, INDICATING VMTS, WILL ASSUME A MAGNITUDE, UNIFORMITY, AND CONTINUITY NOT POSSIBLE WITH VOLUME METHOD. IT WILL ALSO POINT OUT "LONG TRIP" CORRIDORS NOT RECOGNIZED BY THE VOLUME METHOD. /BPR/ KW - Information processing KW - Length KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel KW - Trip KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227521 AU - McCann, H AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MONTE CARLO SIMULATION FOR ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS PY - AB - A COMPUTER ORIENTED PROCEDURE IS DESCRIBED FOR EVALUATING SAMPLE SIZE IN ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEYS. THE PROCEDURE UTILIZES MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUES FOR SIMULATING TRIPS BETWEEN ZONES. THROUGH REPETITIVE SIMULATION, THE ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC SAMPLING RATES IS MEASURED. /BPR/ KW - Information processing KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Origin and destination KW - Sampling KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200079 AU - Moore, C T AU - Mason, J B AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF COORDINATED PLANNING PROGRAMS FOR HIGHWAY AND SCHOOL SAFETY PY - AB - THE FIRST PHASE OF THIS STUDY EVALUATED GOAL PREFERENCES OF SCHOOL AND HIGHWAY PLANNERS IN DEVELOPING PLANS AND LOCATING PUBLIC FACILITIES. THE ANALYSIS REEMPHASIZED THE NEED FOR CLOSE COORDINATION BETWEEN THE HIGHWAY AND SCHOOL PLANNERS. THE REPORT COVERS THE RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL VALUES OF HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION AS PERCEIVED BY THE COMMUNITY POWER STRUCTURES AND OPINION LEADERS. IT STATES THAT THERE IS A NEED FOR MORE EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN LOCAL OFFICIALS AS WELL AS WITH THE PRIVATE CITIZEN IN PLANNING HIGHWAYS. THE REPORT MAKES SOME VERY MEANINGFUL RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE NEED TO BROADEN THE BASE OF CONSIDERATIONS IN LOCATING HIGHWAYS. IT MAINTAINS THAT STRICT ROAD USER CONSIDERATIONS AND NARROW TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH. THE REPORT ALSO POINTS OUT THE NEED FOR LONG RANGE PLANNING ON A STATE BASIS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Child safety KW - City planning KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201226 AU - Easterwood, C B AU - Lowry, P R AU - Memphis State University, Memphis AU - Tennessee Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF DISPLACEMENT OF PERSONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS IN MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE PY - AB - THE EFFECTS ARE DISCUSSED OF DISPLACEMENT AND RELOCATION ON A NUMBER OF PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES WHOSE HOMES AND BUSINESS PLACES HAD BEEN ACQUIRED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERSTATE 40 IN MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE. THE STATISTICAL DATA PRESENTED IN THE REPORT ARE BASED ON A QUESTIONNAIRE WHICH WAS ADMINISTERED TO A SAMPLE OF THE DISPLACEES. THE STATISTICAL RELIABILITY OF THE DATA HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS IS NOT PROFOUND. CONSEQUENTLY, NO GENERALIZATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE BY THE RESEARCHERS. HOWEVER, THE STUDY SUPPLIES VALUABLE INFORMATION ON VARIOUS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISPLACEES AND ON THE EFFECTS OF DISPLACEMENT ON THOSE WHO WERE INTERVIEWED. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF DISPLACEMENT AND RELATED AREAS ARE PRESENTED, ALSO. /BPR/ KW - Businesses KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dwellings KW - Economic impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Questionnaires KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Road construction KW - Social factors KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206416 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SKID RESISTANCE INVESTIGATION PY - AB - A THRUWAY SKID CART, DEVELOPED BY W. J. LAFLEUR FOR USE ON THE NEW YORK THRUWAY AND COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED BY TESTLAB, WAS PURCHASED FOR EVALUATION BY THE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF ROADS, MATERIALS AND TEST DIVISION. IN THE REPORT, THE THRUWAY SKID CART IS DESCRIBED ALONG WITH THE METHOD OF OPERATION AND MODIFICATIONS THAT WERE MADE TO IT. MANY DISADVANTAGES OF THE EQUIPMENT ARE SHOWN. RESULTS OF SKID TESTING ON NEBRASKA'S EXPERIMENTAL ASPHALT CONCRETE PROJECT, F-171(12) ARE PRESENTED ALONG WITH THE RESULTS OF OTHER MISCELLANEOUS TESTING IN THE STATE OF NEBRASKA. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE THRUWAY SKID CART IS NOT SUITABLE FOR THE LARGE VOLUME OF TESTING REQUIRED IN A COMPREHENSIVE SKID TESTING PROGRAM. /BPR/ KW - Measuring instruments KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227523 AU - McCann, H AU - Maring, G E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - APPLICATION OF AUTOMATED VEHICLE REGISTRATION FILES TO POSTAL O-D SURVEYS PY - AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A POSTAL O-D SURVEY CONDUCTED WITH THE USE OF AUTOMATED MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION FILES. THE SURVEY WAS DESIGNED TO TEST POSTAL QUESTIONNAIRES AS A MEANS OF COLLECTING O-D DATA ON LONG TRIPS. INFORMATIN WAS REQUESTED ON AUTO TRIPS OF OVER 20 MILES IN LENGTH. ABOUT 17,000 QUESTIONNAIRES WERE SENT TO AUTO OWNERS IN SHAWNEE COUNTY, KANSAS. RESULTS SHOW POSTAL SURVEYS TO BE A PRACTICAL MEANS OF COLLECTING TRIP DATA FOR STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION STUDIES. AUTOMATED VEHICLE REGISTRATION FILES FACILITATE THE SAMPLE SELECTION AND QUESTIONNAIRE ADDRESSING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Data collection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Origin and destination KW - Postal service KW - Questionnaires KW - Registrations KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227525 AU - Hillegass, T J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE USE OF THE EFFECTIVE SPEED AS AN EVALUATION CRITERION PY - AB - THE EFFECTIVE SPEED IS DEFINED AS THE STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS (SAY, TWO ZONES OR TWO DISTRICTS) DIVIDED BY THE ACTUAL TRAVEL-TIME BETWEEN THE TWO POINTS OVER THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. THE DISTANCE BEING IN MILES AND THE TIME IN HOURS, IT BECOMES A MILES PER HOUR, OR SPEED, FIGURE. IT HAS BEEN CALLED THE EFFECTIVE SPEED, BECAUSE IT MEASURES THE SPEED AT WHICH THE TRIP (OVER THE NETWORK) IS REALLY PROGRESSING TOWARD ITS DESTINATION, EVEN THOUGH ITS ACTUAL ROUTE MAY BE CIRCUITOUS OR CONGESTED. THUS, THE EFFECTIVE SPEED MAY BE ONE MEASURE OF AN OBJECTIVE CONCERNING SERVICE TO TRAVEL. THE SUBJECT REPORT DESCRIBES PROCEDURES FOR COMPUTING THIS INDEX FOR URBAN HIGHWAY NETWORKS USING AN IBM 7090/94 COMPUTER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Digital computers KW - Overall travel speed KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203157 AU - Warner, C Y AU - Free, J C AU - Brigham Young University AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HYDRAULIC PLASTIC BARRIER FOR IMPACT ENERGY ABSORPTION PY - AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF AN EXTENSIVE DESIGN EFFORT DIRECTED TOWARD THE OPTIMIZATION OF AN AUTOMOBILE CRASH IMPACT CUSHION. OCCUPANT RESPONSE IS CITED AS THE MOST IMPORTANT MEASURE OF A SUCCESSFUL DESIGN, AND DESIGN RESTRICTIONS AND QUALIFICATIONS ARE DISCUSSED. A BRIEF PRESENTATION OF WATER-PLASTIC CUSHION HARDWARE AND APPLICATIONS DEMONSTRATES THE VERSATILITY AND ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE FEATURES OF THE DEVICE. A COMPUTER MODEL OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CUSHION HARDWARE IS PRESENTED. COMPARISONS TO FULL-SCALE COLLISION MEASUREMENTS SHOW THE MODEL TO BE A GOOD REPRESENTATION OF THE HARDWARE FOR HEAD-ON CRASHES. THE SIMULATED PERFORMANCE OF THE BARRIER IS PRESENTED AND COMPARED TO THE SQUARE-WAVE OR "CONSTANT-FORCE" CUSHION. COMPARISONS SHOW THE WATER-PLASTIC UNIT TO BE SUPERIOR IN PERFORMANCE ACROSS THE SPECTRUM OF IMPACTING VEHICLE MOMENTA, AND DEMONSTRATE THAT IT PROVIDES A RESPONSE WHICH TAKES ADVANTAGE OF ALMOST ALL OF THE AVAILABLE STOPPING DISTANCE FOR IMPACTS BETWEEN 30 AND 70 MPH, EMPLOYING VEHICLES WEIGHING FROM 2000 TO 6000 LB. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE WATER-PLASTIC CUSHION IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF NEAR-OPTIMUM DESIGN FOR THE APPLICATION INTENDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Frontal crashes KW - Full scale specimens KW - Hydraulics KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Information processing KW - Model tests KW - Plastics KW - Specimens KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207955 AU - Culver, C AU - Nasir, G AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BUCKLING OF UNSTIFFENED CURVED PLATES PY - AB - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF THE UNSTIFFENED COMPRESSION FLANGES OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED BOX GIRDERS IS PRESENTED. THE CURVED PLATE ELEMENT IS ASSUMED TO BE SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND SUBJECTED TO A COMBINATION OF IN-PLANE NORMAL AND SHEARING STRESSES. THE EIGENVALUE PROBLEM IS FORMULATED USING THE ENERGY EXPRESSION FOR THE BUCKLED PLATE AND SOLUTIONS ARE OBTAINED BY MEANS OF THE RAYLEIGH-RITZ METHOD. IN INELASTIC RANGE, THE ORTHOTROPIC NATURE OF THE PLATE BEHAVIOR IS UTILIZED. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FLANGE DIMENSIONS (WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIO) REQUIRED TO PREVENT LOCAL BUCKLING ARE ALSO ESTABLISHED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Box girders KW - Buckling KW - Compression members KW - Curvature KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Flanges KW - Girders KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Orthotropic KW - Shear stress KW - Steel plates KW - Structural supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212083 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Sundquist, C R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONCRETE CREEP STUDY PY - AB - THIS REPORT COVERS THE PRELIMINARY PHASE OF A RESEARCH PROJECT TO ESTABLISH A RATIONAL METHOD TO CALCULATE EFFECTS DUE TO SHRINKAGE AND CREEP WITHIN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE MEMBERS. THIS INITIAL PHASE CONSISTED OF CHECKING OUT THE NEW CREEP TESTING EQUIPMENT; FAMILIARIZING OPERATORS AND ENGINEERS WITH THE OPERATION OF THE EQUIPMENT, AND ESTABLISHING AN ACCEPTABLE TESTING PROCEDURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete structures KW - Creep KW - Shrinkage KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204016 AU - Cox, A L AU - ADAMS, R C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ROADSIDE CHANNELS PY - AB - SEVERAL ERODED ROADSIDE CHANNELS WERE OBSERVED FOR AN 18-MONTH PERIOD TO DETERMINE SOIL LOSSES AND THE PEAK FLOW RATES CAUSING THESE LOSSES. STAKES AND MEASURING FLUMES WERE USED FOR THESE DETERMINATIONS. ERODED CHANNELS WERE REGRADED, FERTILIZED, SEEDED AND LINED WITH TEMPORARY LINER MATERIALS. LINERS TESTED WERE JUTE MESH, EXCELSIOR MAT AND FIBER GLASS ROVING WITH ASPHALTIC CEMENT. IN EACH TEST, RUNOFF RATES SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE SEVERE EROSION OCCURRED IN UNLINED CHANNEL SECTIONS. DEPTHS OF FLOW WERE DETERMINED FOR THE LINED AND UNLINED PORTIONS OF THE TEST CHANNELS. THIS INFORMATION WAS USED TO EQUATE DEPTH OF FLOW VERSUS EROSION ON CHANNEL SLOPES PROTECTED WITH JUTE MESH AND FIBER GLASS ROVING WITH ASPHALTIC CEMENT AND A CHECK WITH BARE SOIL. THE CONCLUSIONS REPORTED ARE: (1) ROADSIDE EROSION IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM BECAUSE OF ASSOCIATED HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS; (2) WELL DEVELOPED TURF WILL WITHSTAND FLOW RATES ANTICIPATED FOR MOST ROADSIDE CHANNELS; AND (3) TEMPORARY LINERS ARE NECESSARY TO PROTECT NEWLY SEEDED CHANNELS FROM EROSIVE FLOWS DURING THE CRITICAL PERIOD BETWEEN SEEDING AND ESTABLISHMENT. THE REPORT INCLUDED RECOMMENDED MATERIALS (JUTE MESH AND FIBER GLASS ROVING) AND METHODS OF INSTALLATION OF TEMPORARY LINERS. DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR COMPACTED-SOIL CHECK DAMS ARE DESCRIBED. SUGGESTED SPECIFICATION REVISIONS ARE INCLUDED IN THE APPENDIX. /AUTHOR/ KW - Ditches KW - Erosion control KW - Fiberglass KW - Jute mat KW - Liners KW - Roadside KW - Runoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200917 AU - Jack Faucett Associates, Incorporated AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAY INVESTMENT AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS PY - AB - A FRAMEWORK IS DESCRIBED FOR EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPROVED HIGHWAYS AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. THE RESEARCHERS DEVELOP A METHODOLOGY FOR AUGMENTING THE HARVARD MULTIREGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL SO THAT IT CAN BE USED TO MEASURE REGIONAL EFFECTS FROM HIGHWAY INVESTMENT. SIMPLE DATA CONSISTING OF SHIPMENTS AND RELATED DATA FOR FIVE INDUSTRIES AND SEVEN PRODUCTION AREAS WERE USED TO COMPUTE TWO MEASURES OF INTERREGIONAL TRADE--SHIPMENTS AND GRAVITY COEFFICIENTS. HOW REGIONAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS RELATE TO COST AND QUALITY OF TRANSPORTATION AND HOW ESTIMATES OF THESE EFFECTS CAN BE USED IN COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS ARE DISCUSSED. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS INDICATED A LARGE VARIATION IN VOLUME OF SHIPMENTS AND VALUES FOR GRAVITY COEFFICIENTS WITHIN EACH OF THE FIVE COMMODITY GROUPS. A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTANCE AND EACH OF THE TWO MEASURES OF TRADE IS SUGGESTED. ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS REVEALS A CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN VALUES OF BOTH GRAVITY COEFFICIENTS AND SHIPMENTS AMONG PAIRS OF REGIONS THAT ARE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME DISTANCE APART. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE MULTIREGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL IS A REASONABLE APPROACH FOR EVALUATING INCREASES IN FINAL DEMAND RESULTING FROM HIGHWAY INVESTMENT AND CHANGES IN TRADE PATTERNS RESULTING FROM IMPROVED HIGHWAY NETWORKS. THEY RECOMMEND INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES WHICH MIGHT REDUCE DATA REQUIREMENTS AND COMPUTATIONAL PROBLEMS. /BPR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commodity flow KW - Economic impacts KW - Economics KW - Freight transportation KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Investments KW - Networks KW - Regional transportation KW - Roadnet KW - Roads KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227524 AU - McCann, H AU - Maring, G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF BIAS IN LICENSE PLATE TRAFFIC SURVEY RESPONSE PY - AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A SECOND TRIAL OF LICENSE PLATE TRAFFIC SURVEY PROCEDURES. THIS TRIAL WAS DESIGNED PRIMARILY TO EVALUATE BIAS IN RESPONSE TO MAIL QUESTIONNAIRES. TRIP DATA FROM A LICENSE PLATE SURVEY WERE COMPARED WITH TRIP DATA FROM A CONVENTIONAL ROADSIDE INTERVIEW. IT APPEARS THAT A LICENSE PLATE TRAFFIC SURVEY AND A ROADSIDE INTERVIEW SURVEY PRODUCE COMPARABLE NUMBERS OF TRIPS BETWEEN ZONES. THERE WAS SOME VARIATION IN TRIP PURPOSE COMPARISONS. THIS VARIATION CAN PROBABLY BE PRIMARILY ATTRIBUTED TO A MISUNDERSTANDING OF THE MEANING OF CERTAIN TRIP PURPOSES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Interviewing KW - License plates KW - Questionnaires KW - Traffic surveys KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214507 AU - EDWARDS, B AU - Rand, D AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATING SOURCES OF VARIANCES IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE TESTING PY - AB - AVERAGE GRADATIONS AND VARIANCES ARE PRESENTED THAT OCCURRED WHEN SAMPLES WERE TESTED AT NUMEROUS POINTS OF CONTROL IN THE PRODUCTION OF HOT BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT. IN AN ATTEMPT TO MEASURE WHERE FLUCTUATIONS OCCUR AND THEIR MAGNITUDE, SAMPLES FROM COMPOSITE HOT BINS WERE COMPARED WITH MIX SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM SPECIFIED AREAS IN THE TRUCK BODY. THESE RESULTS WERE THEN COMPARED WITH RESULTS OBTAINED FROM CORES CUT FROM THE ROADWAY. EFFORT WAS MADE TO FOLLOW THE SAME MATERIAL AS IT PASSED FROM STEP BY STEP IN THE PROCESSING. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY INDICATED THAT THREE STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT POPULATIONS EXISTED. OBSERVATIONS INDICATED THAT THE COMPOSITE GRADATIONS OF THE HOT BIN SAMPLES AND PLANT SAMPLES AND CORRESPONDENCE WERE SIMILAR, BUT THE VARIANCES WERE QUITE DIFFERENT. THE COMPOSITE HOT BINS ANALYSIS SHOWED A LOW VARIANCE OCCURRED ON THE COARSE SIZES. THE TRUCK AND CORE SAMPLE SHOWED A MUCH GREATER VARIANCE ON THE COARSE SIZES. THE VARIANCE IN THE FINES IN ALL CASES WAS ABOUT THE SAME. THE CONCLUSION OF THIS STUDY WAS THAT SEGREGATION OCCURRED WHEN THE MIXTURE WAS DUMPED INTO THE TRUCK. A MINOR STUDY CONDUCTED AT THE SAME TIME CONSISTED OF TESTING EVERY SECOND TRUCK SAMPLE WITH A VACUUM EXTRACTOR AND COMPARING THESE RESULTS WITH THE RESULTS OBTAINED WITH A CENTRIFUGAL EXTRACTOR. IT WAS ANTICIPATED THAT MORE FINES WOULD BE RETAINED USING THE VACUUM EXTRACTOR, THUS A LOWER ASPHALT CONTENT WOULD BE COMPUTED. THIS ASSUMPTION WAS FOUND TO BE TRUE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Equipment KW - Extractors KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Gradation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Vacuum KW - Vacuum apparatus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200078 AU - Blessing, W E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COORDINATED DATA SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAY PLANNING PY - AB - COMPUTERS HAVE NOT BEEN USED EFFECTIVELY TO PROCESS HIGHWAY PLANNING DATA ALTHOUGH COMPUTER EQUIPMENT HAS BEEN AVAILABLE TO HIGHWAY PLANNING DIVISIONS FOR YEARS. A REVIEW OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY PLANNING IN 45 STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS REVEALED TWO MAJOR REASONS THAT POSSIBLY EXPLAIN THIS. FIRST, MANUAL OPERATIONS HAVE BEEN CONVERTED DIRECTLY INTO COMPUTERIZED OPERATIONS WITH LITTLE IMPROVEMENT IN THE PROCESS BECAUSE BOTH PLANNING DIVISIONS AND DATA PROCESSING DIVISIONS HAVE GIVEN INSUFFICIENT TIME TO STUDYING THE ACTUAL PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS THROUGHOUT THE PLANNING DIVISIONS. SECONDLY, THERE IS A GENERAL LACK OF KNOWLEDGE BY PLANNING PEOPLE ABOUT THE CAPABILITIES FOR LATE MODEL COMPUTERS. THE PAPER DESCRIBES A SYSTEM THAT CAN LEAD TO AN EFFECTIVE USE OF COMPUTERS IN HIGHWAY PLANNING. IN THE SYSTEM, CALLED A "COORDINATED DATA SYSTEM," THERE IS A SEPARATE DATA FILE FOR EACH OF THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF PLANNING DATA. MOST OF THESE DATA ARE RELATED TO THE ROADWAYS THROUGH A LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEM. THE ROADWAYS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE A COMMON REFERENCE BASE TO WHICH THE RELATION OF DATA IS THE BASIS FOR CORRELATING THE DIFFERENT FILES. THE SYSTEM PROVIDES FOR LOCATIONS OF DATA VALUES TO BE RECORDED AND STORED AS THE VALUES ARE OBSERVED TO OCCUR ALONG ROADWAYS RATHER THAN AS A COMPROMISE OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT USERS' REQUIREMENTS. IT ALSO PROVIDES FOR RETRIEVAL AND PROCESSING OF DATA FROM ANY NUMBER OF FILES IN THE WAY NEEDED BY A USER AND FOR MODULAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE DATA FILES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Highway departments KW - Highway planning KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227518 AU - Bodle, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF RURAL COVERAGE COUNT DURATION FOR ESTIMATING ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC PY - AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE ACCURACY OF AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC (ADT) ESTIMATES AS RELATED TO DURATION OF COVERAGE COUNTS. COVERAGE COUNTS OF 24-HOUR (MONDAY-FRIDAY), 24-HOUR (MONDAY-THURSDAY), 48-HOUR, 5-DAY AND 7-DAY DURATION WERE EVALUATED. FOR RURAL ROADS WITH ADT'S GREATER THAN 500 VEHICLES PER DAY, THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT COEFFICIENTS OF VARIATION FOR 24-HOUR (MONDAY-THURSDAY) COUNTS WERE COMPARABLE TO 48-HOUR COUNTS TAKEN MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY. AS EXPECTED, COEFFICIENTS OF VARIATION FOR 24-HOUR (MONDAY-FRIDAY) COUNTS WERE MUCH LARGER. FOR RURAL ROADS WITH ADT'S LESS THAN 500 VEHICLES PER DAY, 5- OR 7-DAY COVERAGE COUNTS ARE NECESSARY TO ESTIMATE THE ADT WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 10 PERCENT. IN ALL BUT A FEW SOUTHERN STATES, THE PRACTICE OF EXCLUDING WINTER MONTHS FROM COVERAGE-COUNTING SCHEDULES APPEARS DESIRABLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Average daily traffic KW - Estimates KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic counting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227520 AU - McCann, H AU - Maring, G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LICENSE PLATE TRAFFIC SURVEY PY - AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A LICENSE PLATE ORIGIN- DESTINATION TRAFFIC SURVEY. THIS SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED IN THE AREA OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, ON JANUARY 13-14, 1968. DURING THE SURVEY, VEHICLE LICENSE PLATE NUMBERS WERE RECORDED AT FOUR HIGHWAY STATIONS. CAMERAS WERE USED FOR RECORDING AT ALL SITES EXCEPT THE MASSACHUSETTS TURNPIKE, WHERE PLATE NUMBERS WERE RECORDED MANUALLY WHEN VEHICLES STOPPED AT TOLL GATES. A COMPUTER SEARCH DETERMINED THE NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF VEHICLE OWNERS. MAIL QUESTIONNAIRES WERE SENT TO 4,910 VEHICLE OWNERS REQUESTING INFORMATION ON THESE TRIPS. THIS PILOT STUDY INDICATES THAT THE LICENSE PLATE TRAFFIC SURVEY IS A FEASIBLE METHOD OF OBTAINING TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTORISTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cameras KW - License plates KW - Manual traffic counts KW - Origin and destination KW - Questionnaires KW - Recording KW - Toll roads KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207952 AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Dist of Columbia Dept Hwys & Traffic AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF A TORSION POST-BEAM RAIL TYPE OF BRIDGE RAILING PY - AB - RESULTS OF AN INVESTIGATION OF A NEW CONCEPT FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE RAILINGS INCORPORATING TORSION POSTS ARE REPORTED. STRUCTURAL ANALYSES AND THE RESULTS OF A COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL OF VEHICLE IMPACT WERE USED TO SUPPORT THE DESIGN OF BRIDGE RAIL CONFIGURATIONS AIMED AT ACHIEVING ELASTIC DEFLECTIONS AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE. FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL TORSION POST BRIDGE RAILS WERE CONDUCTED. INSTRUMENTATION EMPLOYED TO MEASURE DETAILED DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF THE VEHICLES, DUMMY OCCUPANT, AND BRIDGE RAILINGS DURING IMPACT ARE DESCRIBED. BRIDGE RAIL PERFORMANCE AS DETERMINED FROM THE TESTS IS EVALUATED WITH RESPECT TO A SET OF RECOMMENDED REQUIREMENTS DERIVED ON THE BASIS OF RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE FOR OTHER TYPES OF BRIDGE RAILS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Full scale specimens KW - Highway bridges KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Posts KW - Simulation KW - Specimens KW - Structural analysis KW - Testing KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214506 AU - Bowery, F J AU - Materials Research & Development Inc AU - West Virginia State Road Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DETERMINATION OF STATISTICAL PARAMETERS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUATION II). INTERIM REPORT FOR PERIOD APRIL 1968 TO APRIL 1970 PY - AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS IN PART I, THE DETERMINATION OF ADDITIONAL STATISTICAL PARAMETERS FOR WEST VIRGINIA HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND COMPARES THESE VALUES WITH THOSE PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED, AND INCLUDES FINDINGS OF DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE PATTERN OF VARIATIONS OF DENSITY OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, SUBGRADES AND EMBANKMENTS. PART II REPORTS THE RESULTS OF A SERIES OF DESIGNED LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS THAT INVESTIGATED THE RELIABILITY OF PREDICTING THE POTENTIAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE. A SERIES OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS CONFIRMED THE LARGE VARIATION OF DENSITY ACROSS THE WIDTH OF BITUMINOUS PAVING LANES AND REVEALED THAT THE PATTERN OF VARIATION IS CHANGED BY THE EFFECT OF TRAFFIC, THE DENSITY IS FAIRLY UNIFORM WITH SMALL AREAS BUT VARIES FROM AREA TO AREA. WHEREAS THE OPPOSITE PATTERN WAS FOUND IN DENSITY OF EMBANKMENT. THE DENSITY FOR A SUBGRADE WAS FOUND TO BE ESSENTIALLY RANDOM. TESTS ON PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE USED IN STRUCTURES INDICATED AN AVERAGE LEVEL OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT ONE PROJECT HAD EXCESSIVE VARIATION. WITHIN TEST VARIABILITY OR TESTING ERROR WAS HIGHER THAN SHOULD BE EXPECTED. TESTS WITH THE KELLY BALL AND CHASE AIR METER COMPARED TO SLUMP CONE AND ROLL-A-METER REVEALED SOME ANOMOLIES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Compressive strength KW - Density KW - Embankments KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210436 AU - Bynum, D AU - Traxler, R N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PRELIMINARY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PY - AB - PRELIMINARY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR A HIGH QUALITY, LONG LIFE, FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SURFACE COURSE WERE PRESENTED. THE PROBLEMS CONSIDERED IN THE REQUIREMENTS WERE BEARING, FLEXURE, RIPPING (CRACK FAILURE INDUCED AT LOW TEMPERATURES BY BRAKING OF HEAVY LOADS), THERMAL DISTRESS, FOUNDATION EFFECTS, CHEMICAL DEGRADATION AND FATIGUE. TO SIMPLIFY RELATIONS, A MODIFIED CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE WAS USED TO ACCOUNT FOR TIME TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT PROPERTIES. THE BASIS OF FAILURE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE CRACK INITIATION, SO THE APPROACH USED TO DETERMINE THE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS WAS ULTIMATES DESIGN. THE PAVEMENT DISTRESS CALCULATED FROM THE APPROXIMATE DESIGN RELATIONS SHOULD BE SUPERIMPOSED TO OBTAIN THE TOTAL CRITERIA FOR SPECIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES. THE REQUIRED FUNDAMENTAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES WERE GIVEN IN TERMS OF EQUIVALENT PROPERTIES TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE MOST SIMPLE CHARACTERIZATION TESTS POSSIBLE, NAMELY UNIAXIAL TENSION, UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION, AND PURE SHEAR. THE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS GIVEN WILL BE CONSTRUCTED AS PRELIMINARY UNTIL THE RELATIONS CAN BE CHECKED BY MORE SOPHISTICATED METHODS AND UNTIL THE CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS FOR TYPICAL PAVEMENT MATERIALS ARE OBTAINED. CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS ARE NECESSARY IN ORDER TO SELECT THE RATE OF LOADING THAT WILL REFLECT THE WEAKEST PROPERTY OF A PARTICULAR MATERIAL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Materials KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201223 AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PRELIMINARY DRAFT OF THE EVANSTON IMPACT STUDY PY - AB - AN EMPIRICALLY DERIVED INPUT-OUTPUT TABLE WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTERSTATE 80 ON EVANSTON, WYOMING FOR 1967. THE THREE MAJOR SECTORS OF IMPACT DESCRIBED ARE (1) PURCHASES BY NON-LOCAL TRAVELLERS OF LOCAL GOODS AND SERVICES, (2) HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION NERA EVANSTON, AND (3) NEW PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION THAT COULD NOT HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN THE ABSENCE OF AN IMPROVED HIGHWAY. THESE THREE SECTORS GENERATE TOTAL SALES OF OVER $8 MILLION OR 22 PERCENT OF EVANSTON'S ECONOMIC OUTPUT AND APPROXIMATELY 350 ADDITIONAL EMPLOYEES. THE BUSINESSES PRIMARILY AFFECTED BY THESE SALES INCLUDE MOTELS AND HOTELS, GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS, EATING AND DRINKING PLACES AND WHOLESALERS AND DISTRIBUTORS. KW - Businesses KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Motels KW - Restaurants KW - Road construction KW - Service stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222592 AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DRIVER ABILITY AS AFFECTED BY AGE PY - AB - TWO GROUPS OF DRIVERS DESIGNATED AS BEING "YOUNGER" OR " "OLDER", DEPENDENT UPON THE AGE SPLIT AT UNDER OR OVER 51 YEARS, WERE TESTED IN SEVERAL PERFORMANCE JUDGMENTAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING THE UCLA DRIVING SIMULATION LABORATORY. VARIOUS PERFORMANCE AND JUDGMENTAL SCORES WERE GENERATED AND ANALYZED IN AN ATTEMPT TO RELATE SUCH SCORES TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. IT WAS GENERALLY FOUND THAT THE JUDGMENTAL SKILLS OF DRIVERS DO NOT DECLINE WITH AGE (UNTIL SENILITY) AND THAT MOST OLDER DRIVERS MAKE COMPENSATORY CHANGES IN THEIR DRIVING HABITS TO COINCIDE WITH KNOWN PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERIORATION. FURTHER TESTING IS RECOMMENDED OF THE ABILITY OF OLDER DRIVERS TO RESPOND TO A FORCED-PACE SUBSIDIARY TASK WHILE DRIVING IN THE UCLA DRIVING SIMULATOR. IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT OLDER DRIVERS WILL PERFORM MARKEDLY WORSE THAN YOUNGER DRIVERS. AS A SCREENING DEVICE FOR DRIVER LICENSING TESTS, THE UCLA SIGN TESTER DEVICE IS RECOMMENDED TO DISCOVER THOSE DRIVERS, OLD OR YOUNG, WHO CANNOT PERFORM WELL ON THE DOUBLE TASK OF SIGN READING AND VEHICLE STEERING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Age KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Personnel performance KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215926 AU - Ellis, J T AU - Frederick, W L AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOR EVALUATING HIGHWAY MATERIALS - FOURTH PROGRESS REPORT: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PY - AB - PYROLYSIS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY HAS BEEN USED TO CHARACTERIZE POLYMERS IN ADDITION TO THOSE INCLUDED IN A PREVIOUS REPORT (MDSH RESEARCH REPORT NO. R-666), AND TO DETERMINE NEOPRENE CONTENT OF PREFORMED PAVEMENT JOINT SEALS IN A ROUGH QUANTITATIVE MANNER. A STANDARD WET CHEMICAL METHOD WAS ALSO USED TO ACCURATELY DETERMINE THE NEOPRENE CONTENT OF PAVEMENT JOINT SEALS. VARIATIONS IN NEOPRENE CONTENT DID NOT CRITICALLY AFFECT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEALS. A CONVENTIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR ANALYSIS OF THE THINNER (VOLATILES) OF TRAFFIC PAINTS ON UNSEPARATED SAMPLES TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM THE CAN. A NUMBER OF POLYMER COMPOUNDING ADDITIVES (PLASTICIZERS, ANTIOXIDANTS) WERE ANALYZED BY CONVENTIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND THESE CHROMATOGRAMS, RETENTION TIMES, AND DETECTOR RESPONSE FACTORS ARE INCLUDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Antioxidants KW - Gas chromatography KW - Joint sealers KW - Materials tests KW - Neoprene KW - Pavements KW - Plasticizers KW - Polymers KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219238 AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF MACHINES USED FOR ROAD MIXING PY - AB - A PROCEDURE TO MEASURE THE EFFICIENCY OF TOWED OR SELF- PROPELLED ROAD MIXERS PRODUCING CEMENT OR LIME TREATED SUB BASES AND BASES IS DESCRIBED. METHODS TO MEASURE THE RATE OF SPREADING AND DEPTH OF MIXING ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. TWO BRANDS OF LIME SPREADERS WERE INVESTIGATED FOR UNIFORMITY OF SPREAD RATE OVER THE AREA TO BE TREATED. THREE MAKES OF ROTARY MIXERS AND TWO MAKES OF PUGMILL MIXERS WERE INVESTIGATED TO MEASURE UNIFORMITY OF MIXING AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIME OR CEMENT IN THE ROAD-MIXED PRODUCT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Mixers KW - Mixing plants KW - Pug mills KW - Road mix KW - Rotary mixing equipment KW - Spreaders KW - Standardization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228661 AU - Scott, G D AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RHEOLOGICAL AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF COHESIVE SOILS PY - AB - RESULTS OF A LABORATORY STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF UNDISTURBED AND REMOLDED SOILS IS REPORTED. THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY WAS TO DEMONSTRATE THAT AN ACCURATE FAILURE ENVELOPE COULD BE DEVELOPED BY TESTING A SINGLE SPECIMEN. THIRTY-ONE UNDISTRUBED SAMPLES WERE TESTED IN UNCONFINED COMPRESSION, CONSOLIDATION, TRIAXIAL, AND STRESS RELAXATION. EIGHTY REMOLDED SPECIMENS (SIXTY WERE KAOLIN) WERE TESTED SIMILARLY AND, IN ADDITION, WERE SUBJECTED TO A SPECIAL SERIES OF RELAXATION-TRIAXIAL TESTS. STRESS RELAXATION WAS MEASURED FOR ONE HOUR AFTER STRAINING THE 4" LONG SPECIMEN 0.01-INCH. TRIAXIAL SPECIMENS WERE TESTED BY APPLYING AN AXIAL LOAD AT THE RATE OF 2 PERCENT PER HOUR. (VERY SLOW) NOTABLE AMONG THE AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS ARE: (1) EFFECTIVE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION AND ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION PARAMETERS CAN BE DETERMINED FROM TESTS ON A SINGLE SPECIMEN, (2) SPECIAL RELAXATION-TRIAXIAL TESTS ARE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY MORE COMPLEX OR DIFFICULT TO PERFORM THAN CONVENTIONAL TRIAXIAL TESTS, AND (3) THE SOIL PARAMETERS OF EFFECTIVE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION AND ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION WERE NOT SENSITIVE TO EITHER DEFINITIONS OF FAILURE OR TO DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING FAILURE ENVELOPES. /BPR/ KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Cohesive soils KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Remolded soil samples KW - Remolded soils KW - Rheological studies KW - Rheology KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil tests KW - Studies KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Unconfined compression KW - Unconfined compression tests KW - Undisturbed samples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230715 AU - MILLER, S P AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF LIME-TREATED MATERIALS PY - AB - A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF LIME- TREATED TAYLOR MARL SOIL WAS CONDUCTED USING THE INDIRECT TENSILE TEST. ANALYSES OF VARIANCE WERE CONDUCTED ON THREE EXPERIMENTAL BLOCKS IN A FRACTIONAL FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPACTIVE EFFORT, COMPACTION TYPE, CURING PROCEDURE, MOLDING MOISTURE CONTENT, CURING TEMPERATURE, CURING TIME, CLAY CONTENT, AND LIME CONTENT. THE INDIRECT TENSILE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON SPECIMENS WHICH HAD BEEN AIR-DRIED FOR FOUR DAYS AT 75 F. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT THE AVERAGE TENSILE STRENGTH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BY: (1) USING IMPACT COMPACTION RATHER THAN GYRATORY SHEAR COMPACTION, (2) USING 100 PERCENT CLAY RATHER THAN A MIXTURE OF CLAY AND GRAVEL, (3) CURING AT 110 F RATHER THAN 40 F, (4) USING A HIGH COMPACTIVE EFFORT, (5) INCREASING THE LIME CONTENT FROM 2 TO 6 PERCENT, (6) USING SEALED RATHER THAN AIR-DRIED CURING, AND (7) CURING FOR 6 WEEKS RATHER THAN 2 WEEKS. MANY 2, 3 AND 4 FACTOR INTERACTIONS WERE FOUND TO BE HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT. A REGRESSION EQUATION FOR PREDICTING TENSILE STRENGTH WAS DEVELOPED FROM COMBINED DATA OF THE THREE EXPERIMENTAL BLOCKS. /BPR/ KW - Analysis of variance KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Indirect method KW - Marl KW - Regression analysis KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Temperature KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233726 AU - Krizek, R J AU - Krugmann, P K AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FILL PLACEMENT RATES FOR HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS PY - AB - TECHNIQUES ARE DEVELOPED TO OPTIMIZE FILL PLACEMENT RATES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS ON SOFT SOILS. INTENDED THAT THE END PRODUCT AND MAJOR CONTRIBUTION OF THIS WORK BE A SERIES OF CHARTS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS WHICH THE PRACTICING ENGINEER MAY EMPLOY AS GUIDELINES IN ESTABLISHING (1) A SUITABLE RATE AT WHICH A HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT RESTING ON A LAYER OF SOFT SOIL MAY BE PRELOADED WITHOUT EXCEEDING THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOFT LAYER, AND (2) THE ASSOCIATED SETTLEMENTS. THE STUDY INVOLVES CONSIDERATION OF THE STRESS AND SHEAR STRENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS BELOW THE EMBANKMENT, THE PROCESS OF CONSOLIDATION, AND THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SUBSOIL. DETAILS OF THESE COMPONENT PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED. PRIMARY EFFORT IS BEING DIRECTED TOWARD THE UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION ALREADY REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE. THIS INTERIM REPORT DISCUSSES THE MODEL PROBLEM, THE THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND PRACTICAL LIMITATIONS CONCERNING STRESS DISTRIBUTION, DISTRIBUTION AND DISSIPATION OF EXCESS PORE PRESSURE, CONSOLIDATION THEORY AND ITS NUMERICAL TREATMENT, EFFECTIVE STRESS AND STRENGTH GAIN, STABILITY CRITERION AND SETTLEMENT. THE STEPS TAKEN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPROPRIATE COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. FLOW CHARTS ARE PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Computer programs KW - Consolidation KW - Deformation curve KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Preloading KW - Shear strength KW - Soft rock KW - Soil bearing capacity KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soils KW - Stress distribution (Soils) KW - Subsoil KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210433 AU - White, O A AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONSISTENCY AND QUANTITY CHANGES OF 60-70 GRADE ASPHALT IN HOT PLANT MIXES PY - AB - THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO: (1) DETERMINE THE PENETRATION OF 60-70 GRADE ASPHALT CEMENT AT 77F PRIOR TO ENTRY INTO THE HOT PLANT MIXER, ON THE ASPHALT RECLAIMED AFTER MIXING, ON THE ASPHALT RECLAIMED AFTER A PERIOD OF SERVICE AND (2) DETERMINE THE ASPHALT CONTNENT IN 60-70 GRADE ASPHALT CEMENT FROM SAMPLES OF MIX TAKEN IMMEDIATELY AFTER SPREADING AND FROM SAMPLES TAKEN AT THE SAME LOCATION AFTER A PERIOD OF SERVICE. RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH SIMILAR TESTS IN WHICH 85-100 PENETRATION GRADE WAS USED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT ASPHALT CONTENT OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES TENDS TO DECREASE WITH AGE, BUT 60-70 GRADE ASPHALT MIXTURES TENT TO LOSE LESS QUANTITY THAN THOSE USING 85-100 GRADE. TEST RESULTS ALSO INDICATED THAT THE RATE OF ASPHALT HARDENING IS LESS IN MIXTURES IN WHICH 60-70 GRADE IS USED THAN IN THOSE IN WHICH 85-100 GRADE IS USED, ALTHOUGH BY THE END OF 6.5 YEARS' SERVICE THE ASPHALT HARDNESS WILL BE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME FOR BOTH GRADES IF THEY COME FROM THE SAME SOURCE AND HAVE SIMILAR MIXING AND WEATHER CONDITIONS. INDICATIONS ARE THAT THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DESIGN PERIOD DIFFERENCE IN THE ASPHALT HARDNESS WITH USE OF 60-70 OR 85-100 GRADE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Age KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardness KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Land reclamation KW - Pendulum tests KW - Reclamation KW - Sampling KW - Spreading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210434 AU - Vallerga, V A AU - White, R M AU - Rostler, K S AU - Materials Research & Development AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CHANGES IN FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTS DURING SERVICE IN PAVEMENTS PY - AB - DURING 1954-1956 THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS COLLECTED OVER 300 ASPHALT CEMENT SAMPLES REPRESENTING OVER 100 REFINERY SOURCES IN THE U.S. THE ASPHALTS WERE IDENTIFIED WITH ABOUT 285 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS WHERE THEY WERE USED. THE ASPHALTS SAMPLES WERE THOROUGHLY ANALYZED TO DETERMINE THEIR CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. IN 1967 PUBLIC ROADS INITIATED A FIELD SURVEY AND DESIGNED A SAMPLING PLAN TO DETERMINE THE OVERALL CHANGES IN THE ASPHALTS DURING 11-13 YEARS OF SERVICE. A CONTRACT WAS AWARDED TO MATERIALS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TO ASSIST IN PLANNING AND EXECUTING THE FIELD SURVEY, DETERMINING THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RECOVERED ASPHALTS AND GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURES OF SELECTED ASPHALTS BEFORE AND AFTER AGING IN SERVICE AND TO CONDUCT AN OVERALL ANALYSIS OF ALL INFORMATION AND TEST DATA COLLECTED. THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS DETERMINED THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PAVEMENT SAMPLES, EXTRACTED, RECOVERED, AND DETERMINED THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RECOVERED ASPHALTS AND MADE GRADATIONS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE AGGREGATES. IN ADDITION, LABORATORY AGING TESTS WERE CONDUCTED BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS AND BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. ALL DATA WERE FURNISHED THE CONTRACTORS FOR ANALYSIS. FIFTY-THREE PAVING PROJECTS LOCATED IN 19 STATES WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY. THE REPORT PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR INCLUDES DETAILED PROCEDURES USED IN THE SUBJECTIVE PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY AND IN LABORATORY TESTING OF MIXTURES, RECOVERED ASPHALTS, AND AGGREGATES. WITHIN PROJECT AND BETWEEN PROJECT VARIABILITY OF THE PROPERTIES OF PAVEMENT SAMPLES AND COMPONENT MATERIALS ARE SUMMARIZED. IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE SEVERAL OTHER DETAILED STUDIES OF THE DATA ARE SUMMARIZED. THE MOST IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS OF THIS DATA ANALYSIS ARE: (1) THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN HARDENING OF ASPHALT BINDER IN THE PAVEMENT IS THE VOIDS CONTENT OF THE PAVEMENT, (2) WIDE WITH-PROJECT VARIATION IN MIXTURE PROPERTIES AND PROPERTIES OF RECOVERED ASPHALTS EMPHASIZES THE NEED FOR MULTIPLE SAMPLES AND COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF THE SAMPLES TO OBTAIN RELIABLE DATA ON DURABILITY OF ASPHALTS AND PAVEMENTS, (3) THE CALIFORNIA WEATHERING OVEN AGING AND THE PUBLIC ROADS MODIFIED THIN-FILM OVEN AGING RESULTED IN HARDENING OF THE ASPHALT COMPARABLE TO 11 TO 13 AGING IN A PAVEMENT WITH ABOUT 4 PERCENT VOIDS, (4) THE TYPE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE TAKING PLACE IN LONG-TERM FIELD AGING DIFFERS SOMEWHAT FROM ACCELERATED LABORATORY AGING, AND (5) ATTEMPTS TO CORRELATE OBSERVED PAVEMENT DISTRESS WITH CONSTRUCTION VARIABLES, ENVIRONMENT, TRAFFIC HISTORY OR ORIGINAL AND PRESENT PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTS WERE THWARTED BY THE LARGE NUMBER OF VARIABLES BETWEEN PROJECTS. /BPR/ KW - Aging KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chemical properties KW - Concrete hardening KW - Condition surveys KW - Durability KW - Hardness KW - Inservice KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oven tests KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212076 AU - Li, S T AU - Ramakrishnan, V AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SHRINKAGE, CREEP, AND CREEP RECOVERY PY - AB - A COMPARATIVE STUDY IS PRESENTED OF SHRINKAGE, CREEP, AND CREEP RECOVERY CHARACTERISTICS OF GAP-GRADED VERSUS CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED CONCRETES ACCORDING TO ASTM STANDARD METHODS ON 48 SPECIMENS MADE OUT OF 16 CONCRETE MIXES OF TARGET STRENGTH RANGE FROM 4500 TO 7500 PSI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OBTAINED FOR DIFFERENT MAXIMUM SIZES OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND DIFFERENT CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OF GAP-GRADED AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE ARE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF EQUIVALENT CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE. THE SUSTAINED LOAD ON THE CREEP SPECIMENS WAS REMOVED AT THE END OF 365 DAYS AND THE CREEP RECOVERY BEHAVIOR FOR BOTH GAP-GRADED AND CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED CONCRETES UPON UNLOADING WAS OBSERVED. THEN THEY WERE RELOADED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF THIS LOAD CYCLE ON CREEP. ELASTIC MODULUS AND ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF AGE AND SUSTAINED LOAD ON THESE PARAMETERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Age KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Continuity KW - Creep KW - Gap grading KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Loads KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206404 AU - Liddle, W J AU - JONES, G M AU - Peterson, D E AU - Nielson, G F AU - Utah State Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PREDICTING PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS BY DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS PY - AB - THE TWO MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY ARE TO DEVELOP A MEANS FOR PREDICTING THE LIFE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS BY USE OF DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS OF SELECTED INSERVICE PAVEMENTS, AND TO DETERMINE WHICH OF THE THREE FACTORS OF TRAFFIC, SOIL SUPPORT, OR AGE HAVE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE DEFLECTIONS. THE METHOD OF INVESTIGATION IS CENTERED AROUND THE CELL TYPE DESIGN WHICH IS DIVIDED INTO TWO TEST PATTERNS, WHICH USE THE TERMINAL SERVICEABILITY INDEXES, OF 2.0 AND 2.5 USED IN UTAH'S PAVEMENT DESIGN. THE THREE FACTORS OF TRAFFIC, SOIL SUPPORT, AND AGE WERE EACH EVALUATED AT THREE LEVELS IN THE CELL DESIGN. THE DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS ARE TAKEN IN THE OUTER WHEEL PATH IN BOTH THE FALL AND SPRING BY USE OF THE DYNAFLECT WHICH WAS DEVELOPED BY LANE-WELLS OF HOUSTON, TEXAS. THE HYPOTHESIS WAS FORMED THAT SPRING AND FALL DEFLECTIONS WERE THE SAME. THIS HYPOTHESIS WAS REJECTED IN BOTH TEST PATTERNS, WITH AN INCREASE OF 18.5% IN SPRING DEFLECTIONS. THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SHOWED THAT TRAFFIC WAS THE ONLY ONE OF THE THREE FACTORS SIGNIFICANT AT THE 0.05 LEVEL IN AFFECTING DEFLECTIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Age KW - Analysis of variance KW - Deflection tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Inservice KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Soils KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100122 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219741 JO - Itte, Calif Univ, Library Acquisitions PB - California Department of Transportation AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT REPORTING AND USE OF ACCIDENT RECORDS PY - AB - A STUDY ANALYZING THE CALIFORNIA ACCIDENT DATA REPORT AND THE USE OF ACCIDENT INFORMATION RECORDS TO UTILIZE THE FULL POTENTIAL FOR ADMINISTRATIVE OR ENGINEERING DECISION MAKING PROCESSES IS PRESENTED. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MOST RESEARCHABLE PROBLEM AREAS WAS ACCOMPLISHED DURING THE ONE YEAR STUDY OF THE ACCIDENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS PRESENTLY IN USE. THE ACCIDENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARE COMPRISED OF INTEGRATED SETS OF COMPONENTS, INCLUDING ON THE SCENE INVESTIGATION, PREPARATION OF REPORTS, ENCODING STORAGE RETRIEVAL OF REPORTED INFORMATION, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, AND THE COMPLETE SYSTEM OF RECORDS. THE RESEARCHERS FEEL THAT THE IMPROVEMENT OF ACCIDENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS WOULD PRODUCE IMMEDIATE AND SUBSTANTIAL BENEFITS TO THE SAFETY OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC, AND TO ALL LEVELS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR IN HIGHWAY DESIGN, TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, DRIVER LICENSING, ENFORCEMENT, AND OPERATIONS OF THE COURTS. /BPR/ KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Driver licensing KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222594 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - King, R B AU - Seguin, E L AU - HRB-Singer Incorporated AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE DETERMINANTS OF DRIVER PASSING ON RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS (TWO VOLUMES) PY - AB - TWO EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED UNDER ACTUAL HIGHWAY DRIVING CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE THE SINGULAR AND COMBINED EFFECTS OF SPEED IMPEDANCE, DISTANCE IMPEDANCE, LEAD VEHICLE SPEED, AND TRAFFIC VOLUME UPON THE ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION OF PASSING OPPORTUNITIES WHERE SIGHT DISTANCE IS RESTRICTED BY HIGHWAY GEOMETRY. SUBJECT DRIVERS, UNAWARE THAT THEY WERE PART OF AN EXPERIMENT, WERE IMPEDED OVER VARYING DISTANCES AND SPEEDS BY AN INSTRUMENTED VAN. RESPONSE MEASURES INCLUDED PASS/NO PASS, AND TIME AND DISTANCE PERFORMANCE FOR THREE ASPECTS OF THE PASSING MANEUVER: JUDGEMENT, PASSING, AND RESERVE TO THE END OF SIGHT DISTANCE. SIGHT DISTANCE AND IMPEDANCE SPEED EXERTED THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF INFLUENCE UPON THE PROBABILITY OF A PASS. IMPEDANCE DISTANCE AND SPEED PRODUCED A BEHAVIORAL PREDISPOSITION TO PASS, BUT DID NOT AFFECT PASSING PERFORMANCE IN ANY CONSISTENT MANNER. LEAD VEHICLE SPEED DID NOT INFLUENCE THE DECISION TO PASS COMMENSURATE WITH THE EFFECT IT PRODUCED ON THE WAY THE PASS WAS EXECUTED, AND THE LACK OF AN INTERACTION BETWEEN LEAD VEHICLE SPEED AND SPEED IMPEDANCE INDICATES THAT THE DEGREE OF IMPEDANCE (PROPORTIONATE REDUCTION FROM DESIRED SPEED) IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ABSOLUTE SPEED IN DETERMINATION OF A PASS. THE RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF OTHER INVESTIGATORS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC OPERATION ARE DISCUSSED. THE GENERAL RESULTS SUPPORT THE NEED FOR DRIVER REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS FOR PASSING MANEUVERS ON RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. THE PASSING AID SYSTEM (PAS II), AN AUTOMATED DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGNED TO PERMIT PASSING WHERE SIGHT DISTANCE IS LIMITED, IS DESCRIBED AND ANALYZED WITH RESPECT TO THE SYSTEM/DRIVER INTERFACE. HUMAN FACTORS STUDY EFFORTS WERE PERFORMED IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS: INGRESS/EGRESS SYSTEM, EXTRA-VEHICULAR DISPLAYS AND INTRAVEHICULAR DISPLAYS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automation KW - Displays KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Electrical impedance KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Information display systems KW - Information systems KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Passing KW - Reaction time KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Speed KW - Traffic KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227517 AU - MURRAY, R H AU - Wood, W L AU - BROWN, R C AU - Texas Instruments, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TRAFFIC SENSOR PROGRAM PY - AB - THE ENGINEERING MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN ADVANCED VEHICLE SENSOR, S-BAND CW DOPPLER RADAR, INSTALLED FLUSH WITH PAVEMENT SURFACE, IS PRESENTED. A STUDY OF TRAFFIC SENSOR REQUIREMENTS, DIMENSIONAL, MAGNETIC, ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC TYPES OF VEHICLES WAS CONDUCTED. IN ADDITION, A SURVEY OF MAGNETIC, MASS, ELECTROMAGNETIC, INFRARED, SEISMIC AND CHEMICAL SENSORS WAS MADE FOR VEHICLE SENSING. A COST EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS AND COMPUTER PROGRAM ASSISTED SENSOR SELECTION. THE CYLINDRICAL SENSING HEAD OF THE VEHICLE SENSOR, SELECTED FOR DEVELOPMENT, CONTAINS A LOG SPIRAL ANTENNA, 2.455 GHZ MICROSTRIP OSCILLATOR, AND BALANCED DETECTOR. THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF WATER AND ICE ON ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN IS PRESENTED. THE CIRCUIT DESIGN OF THE ROADSIDE SIGNAL PROCESSOR WHICH PROVIDES OUTPUTS FOR VEHICLE PRESENCE (STOPPED VEHICLE), PASSAGE (MOVING VEHICLE), AND SPEED IS ALSO INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Doppler effect KW - Radar KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212073 AU - Li, S E AU - Ramakrishnan, V AU - Rangan, B V AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - GAP-GRADED VERSUS CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY FACILITIES /TECH RPT NO 3/ PY - AB - THE MOST IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF PLASTIC CONCRETE WITH RESPECT TO PLACEMENT IS WORKABILITY, THE EASE WITH WHICH A STIFF MIX WITH LOW SLUMP CAN BE COMPACTED INTO A UNIFORM MASS. HERTOFORE, HOWEVER, VERY LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE WORKABILITY OF GAP-GRADED CONCRETE. IT IS, IN FACT, EVEN MORE WORKABLE THAN CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED CONCRETE OF THE SAME MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE. THE GENERAL PREJUDICE THAT GAP-GRADED CONCRETE IS HARSHER THAN ITS CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED COUNTERPART MUST, THEREFORE, BE DISPELLED WITH EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCES BEFORE GAP-GRADING CAN BE INTRODUCED INTO GENERAL PRACTICE. IN THE WORK PRESENTED HEREIN INVOLVING 330 MIXES, THE WORKABILITY IN THE PLASTIC STATE OF BOTH GAP-GRADED AND CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED CONCRETES OF VARIOUS MIX PROPORTIONS, HAS BEEN MEASURED CONCURRENTLY BY THE SLUMP OF A STANDARD CONE AND BY A VEBE CONSISTOMETER. THE RESULTS ARE COMPARED FOR GAP-GRADED VERSUS CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED CONCRETES ON THE BASIS OF EQUAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE, WATER-CEMENT RATIO, AND AGGREGATE-CEMENT RATIO. THE COMPARISON HAS SHOWN THE RELATIVE EASE OF PLACING GAP-GRADED CONCRETE TO ATTAIN UNIFORM COMPACTION. BASED ON TEST DATA, A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICACY OF SLUMP TEST VERSUS VEBE TIME AS A MEASURE OF WORKABILITY HAS BEEN MADE. IT REVEALS THAT THE SLUMP TEST IS NOT FULLY INDICATIVE OF THE WORKABILITY FOR STIFFER MIXES WITH SLUMP LESS THAN ONE INCH (2.54CM) WHICH SHOULD BE NORMALLY USED FOR OBTAINING ECONOMICAL HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETES. IT FURTHER INDICATES THAT THE VEBE CONSISTOMETER SHOULD BE USED INSTEAD IN ALL STIFF MIXES. A NEW AND PATENTABLE WORKABILITOMETER, WHICH CAN GIVE A QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF WORKABILITY FOR BOTH CONTINUOUSLY- AND GAP-GRADED CONCRETES, IS PROPOSED./AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Cement content KW - Concrete placing KW - Consistency KW - Consistometers KW - Gap grading KW - High strength concrete KW - Instruments for measuring consistency KW - Mix design KW - Polymer concrete KW - Proportioning KW - Water cement ratio KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212077 AU - Havens, J H AU - Burchett, K R AU - Scott, J W AU - Laughlin, G R AU - Hughes, R D AU - Deen, R C AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FREEZE AND THAW PHENOMENA IN CONCRETE AND AGGREGATES PY - AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215925 AU - McCaskill, G A AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PART 9 EPOXY RESIN SEAL COATS AND EPOXY MORTAR PATCHING FOR BRIDGE DECKS PY - AB - SEVERAL PROBLEMS AND APPROACHES ARE DISCUSSED RELATING TO USING EPOXY RESIN FOR BRIDGE DECK SEALS AND FOR MORTAR PATCHING MATERIAL FOR REPAIRING POTHOLES IN KANSAS BRIDGE DECKS. IN SPITE OF IMPROVEMENTS IN EPOXY APPLICATION RATES AND SEALING PRACTICES, THE BRIDGE DECKS UNDER EPOXY "SEALS" HAVE CONTINUED TO EXHIBIT SPALL AND HOLLOW PLANE TYPE OF DETERIORATION. EPOXY MORTAR PATCHING MATERIAL WITH LESS THAN ONE PERCENT ABSORPTION WAS OBTAINED BY MIXING ONE PART EPOXY, ONE PART PORTLAND CEMENT AND FIVE PARTS OR LESS OF FINE SAND. THIS MIX MAKES A GOOD PATCHING MORTAR BUT ALL UNSOUND CONCRETE MUST BE FIRST REMOVED FROM THE POTHOLE IF THE REPAIR IS TO BE SUCCESSFUL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Deterioration KW - Epoxy resins KW - Mortar KW - Patching KW - Portland cement KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Sand KW - Seal coats KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204593 AU - Godfray, C E AU - Perry, F B AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGING AND EVALUATION OF PLANT MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY USE PY - AB - PROCEDURES ARE DESCRIBED FOR SELECTIONG, EVALUATIONG AND CATALOGING 267 SPECIES OF PLANTS CONSIDERED SUITABLE FOR THE CLIMATIC AND SOIL CONDITIONS IN GEORGIA. OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PLANTS LISTED 102 ARE TREES AND 165 ARE SHRUBS, VINES AND GROUND COVER. VARIOUS IMPORTANT FACTORS CONCERNING PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SITE AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THESE PLANTS WERE INCORPORATED INTO A COMPUTER STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM DESIGNED FOR USE BY THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT AS A TOOL TO FACILITATE TRADITIONAL MEANS FOR SPECIES SELECTION. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS ARE GIVEN OF PLANTINGS MADE ON THE ATHENS BYPASS TO TEST A LIMITED NUMBER OF SPECIES SELECTED. ALSO TESTED ALONG THIS HIGHWAY WAS THE CHANGE IN VEGETATION PRODUCED BY A LIMITATION OF MOWING. THE RESEARCHERS REPORT THAT AFTER TWO YEARS THE APPEARANCE OF VOLUNTEER GROWTH HAS EFFECTIVELY BLENDED THE ROADSIDE WITH THE ADJACENT LANDSCAPE. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE OPTIMUM FERTILIZER ADDITIONS TO BACKFILL MATERIAL FOR NEW PLANTINGS, RATES FROM 0 TO 45 POUNDS OF 4-12-12 PER CUBIC YARD OF TOPSOIL WERE TESTED ON THREE SPECIES OF NATIVE PLANTS. DATA SHOWED THAT 2 TO 4 POUNDS WERE MOST BENEFICIAL FOR SURVIVAL AND ESTABLISHMENT. SEVERAL DIFFICULT-TO- PROPAGATE NATIVE PLANTS (INKBERRY, WAX MYRTLE AND PINXTERBLOOM) WERE GROWN FROM CUTTINGS TO DEMONSTRATE THE FEASIBILITY OF PRODUCING THESE PLANTS FOR USE ON ROADSIDE AREAS./BPR/ KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Climate KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation KW - Fertilizers KW - Ground cover KW - Landscape design KW - Plants KW - Roadside improvement KW - Shrubs KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Trees KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204013 AU - Wintz, W A AU - Kuo, Y H AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF STORM-WATER INLET CAPACITIES PY - AB - THE INLET CAPACITIES OF THE MOST USED SIX STORM-WATER INLETS FOR HIGHWAYS IN LOUISIANA WERE DETERMINED BY FULL SCALE MODEL TESTS. THE LONGITUDINAL SLOPE OF THE STREET RANGES FROM 0.005 TO 0.03, WHEREAS THE CROWN SLOPE FROM 0.015 TO 0.080. THE TESTING FLUME SURFACE HAS A ROUGHNESS OF MANNING'S "N" OF APPROXIMATELY 0.01. ONE INLET WAS STUDIED FOR AS-BUILT STREET CONDITIONS. INLET CAPACITIES FOR SOME SUMP CONDITIONS WERE ALSO STUDIED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Capacity KW - Culvert inlets KW - Flumes KW - Full scale specimens KW - Inlets KW - Model tests KW - Slopes KW - Specimens KW - Storm sewers KW - Sumps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212079 AU - Naus, D AU - Rejali, H M AU - Lott, J L AU - Kesler, C E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CRACKING OF CONCRETE PY - AB - THE CRACKING OF CONCRETE IN HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS AND STRUCTURES IS UNDESIRABLE SINCE CRACKING OF THE CONCRETE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DETERIORATION OF BOTH THE CONCRETE AND REINFORCING STEEL. MANY STUDIES ON THE PHENOMENON OF CRACKING IN PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED; HOWEVER, THESE INVESTIGATIONS HAVE CORRELATED THE CRACKING OF CONCRETE WITH VARIOUS PARAMETERS OF THE CONCRETE AND THE ENVIRONMENT, BUT HAVE NOT CONSIDERED THE MECHANISM OF CRACKING. A THREE-PHASE INVESTIGATION WAS UNDERTAKEN TO PROVIDE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE INITIATION AND GROWTH OF CRACKS IN CONCRETE, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL IF CRACKING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES IS TO BE CONTROLLED. THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL CONCRETE PARAMETERS ON THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS (MATERIAL'S RESISTANCE TO PROPAGATION OF AN EXISTING FLAW) IS PRESENTED. A SYSTEMS-TYPE ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED TO DESCRIBE THE COMPLEX CRACKING MECHANISM IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES, AND MODELS ARE DEVELOPED FOR STUDYING CRACKING IN CONCRETE BEAMS AND RIGID PAVEMENTS. AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION FOR THE PROBLEM OF SHRINKAGE STRESSES IN PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS WHICH ARE EXTERNALLY LOADED IS DEVELOPED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Highway pavement KW - Model tests KW - Pavements KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207940 AU - Dallam, L N AU - Guran, R AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STATIC AND FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS AS SHEAR CONNECTORS PY - AB - SOME ASPECTS ARE STUDIED OF FATIGUE AND STATIC BEHAVIOR OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS USING 3/4 INCH HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS AS SHEAR CONNECTORS. TESTED IN THIS PHASE OF THE PROGRAM WERE: (1) NINE PUSHOUT SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADING WITH VARYING LOAD RANGES, (2) TWO FULL SCALE CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE MEMBERS, ONE WITH AND ONE WITHOUT SHEAR CONNECTORS OVER THEIR NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS, LOADED BOTH DYNAMICALLY AND STATICALLY, (3) TWO COMPANION COMPRESSION PUSHOUT SPECIMENS, ONE LOADED DYNAMICALLY AND THEN SUBJECTED TO A FINAL STATIC LOADING, ONE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO THE DESTRUCTIVE STATIC LOADING, AND (4) TWO COMPANION TENSION PUSHOUT SPECIMENS, BOTH LOADED STATICALLY UNTIL FAILURE. LOAD-SLIP AND FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOLTED CONNECTION WERE INVESTIGATED THROUGH THE TESTING OF THE PUSHOUT SPECIMENS. LOAD-DEFLECTION, LOAD-SLIP, CYCLE-SLIP CURVES, STRAIN PROFILES, SLIP DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-REACTION CURVES WERE USED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE FULL SCALE COMPOSITE MEMBERS. PREDICTED BEHAVIOR WAS COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOR AND THE CRACKING PATTERNS WERE ANALYZED IN DETAIL. ALSO THE MEMBERS WITH AND WITHOUT CONNECTORS WERE COMPARED CONCERNING THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bolted connectors KW - Bolts KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete tests KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Dynamic loads KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flexural strength KW - High strength bolts KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Static loads KW - Structural tests UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP70-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215921 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - USE OF MICROWAVE OVEN FOR RAPID DRYING OF AGGREGATE SAMPLES PY - AB - PRELIMINARY TESTS CONDUCTED IN LATE 1965 AND EARLY 1966 INDICATED A MICROWAVE OVEN COULD BE A USEFUL TOOL IN THE PERFORMANCE OF QUALITY CONTROL TESTING. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO COMPARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROWAVE DRYING WITH CONVENTIONAL DRYING. THE REPORT EVALUATES THE RAPID DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROWAVE HEATING AND ITS APPLICATION TO HIGHWAY MATERIALS TESTING. MICROWAVE HEATING IS THE FASTEST KNOWN WAY TO HEAT WITH THE LEAST AMOUNT OF POWER IN THE SMALLEST AMOUNT OF SPACE. MICROWAVES ARE SHORT ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVES OF THE SAME KIND PRESENTLY USED IN RADAR, TELEVISION, AND RADIO. THE HEART OF THE LITTON MICROWAVE OVEN IS A 1000 WATT CONTINUOUS WAVE MAGNETRON OPERATING AT A FREQUENCY OF 2450 MEGACYCLES. ORIGINALLY THE UNIT WAS DESIGNED FOR FOOD PREPARATION; SUBSEQUENT MODIFICATIONS HAVE MADE IT APPLICABLE TO LABORATORY USE. THE AGGREGATE AND SOILS STUDIES INDICATE THE UNIT CAN BE USED FOR CONTROL TESTING WITH CONSIDERABLE TIME SAVING ADVANTAGE. IT IS APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES FASTER THAN CONVENTIONAL OVENS. THE CONCRETE STUDY SHOWED GOOD POSSIBILITIES FOR DETERMINING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF FRESHLY MIXED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Drying KW - Materials tests KW - Microwaves KW - Moisture content KW - Ovens KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Soil tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219740 AU - Woolam, W E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN IMPACT ENERGY ATTENUATING DEVICE COMBINED WITH GUARDRAIL-LIKE STRUCTURES PY - AB - THIS NEW ENERGY ABSORBING BRIDGE RAIL CONCEPT WAS DESIGNED TO REDIRECT AN ERRANT VEHICLE PARALLEL TO THE NORMAL TRAFFIC FLOW WITH A MINIMUM OF DAMAGE TO THE VEHICLE AND, MORE IMPORTANT, TO REDUCE THE INJURIES TO THE PASSENGERS OF THE VEHICLE TO A TOLERABLE LEVEL. ENERGY ABSORPTION IS ACCOMPLISHED UTILIZING AN AEROSPACE DEVELOPED ENERGY ABSORBER - THE "FRAGMENTING" TUBE. IN ADDITION, A NEW DESIGN CONCEPT IS INTRODUCED WHEREBY A BOX BEAM TYPE RAIL, CANTILEVERED FROM BACKUP POSTS, IS ALLOWED 2 FT. OF ENERGY ABSORPTION PRIOR TO "BOTTOMING OUT" AGAINST A BACKUP SYSTEM WHICH CAN BE DESIGNED TO BE STIFF ENOUGH TO RETAIN HEAVIER VEHICLES SUCH AS BUSES AND TRUCKS. THE CANTILEVERED DESIGN MINIMIZES DAMAGE FROM POST SNAGGING. BASED ON THE RESULTS OF FOUR FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS CONDUCTED AT THE TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE, THIS CONCEPTUALLY NEW ENERGY ABSORBING TYPE BRIDGE RAIL SYSTEM SHOWS DEFINITE PROMISE WHEN COMPARED TO THE PRESENT "RIGID POST" DESIGNS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Box beams KW - Bridge railings KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Energy absorption KW - Fragmentation KW - Guardrails KW - Impacts KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224949 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Computer Sciences Corporation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SCRIPT TITLE - COMMUNICATIONS: STEPCHILD OR FAMILY? PY - AB - THIS MOTION PICTURE SCRIPT DESCRIBES A VISIT MADE BY A FHWA ENGINEER TO A STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIAL FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISCUSSING THE RESULTS OF RECENT RESEARCH IN HIGHWAY COMMUNICATIONS. A DISCUSSION ENSUES REGARDING THE BREADTH OF INFORMATION EXCHANGES WHICH SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE STATE'S INTEGRATED SYSTEM. THE STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIAL INITIATES THE RECRUITING OF A COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEER. /BPR/ KW - Communications KW - Highways KW - Information dissemination KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228659 AU - Barker, W R AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF AXIAL LOAD IN DRILLED SHAFTS, 89-6 PY - AB - A MAJOR PROBLEM IN THE FULL-SCALE LOAD TEST OF DRILLED SHAFTS IS DEFINING THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE SHAFT. DEFINING THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION REQUIRES THE MEASUREMENT OF LOAD IN THE SHAFT AT VARIOUS POINTS ALONG THE SHAFT'S LENGTH. ONE PHASE OF THE DRILLED SHAFT TEST BEING CONDUCTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS INVOLVES DEVELOPING A SUITABLE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF LOAD IN DRILLED SHAFTS. TO DATE A TOTAL OF FOUR SHAFTS HAVE BEEN INSTRUMENTED WITH A COMBINATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS. THREE OF THE FIVE SYSTEMS WERE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN. AS THE RESULT OF THE INSTRUMENTATION AND SUBSEQUENT TESTING OF THESE FOUR DRILLED SHAFTS, AN ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM DEVELOPED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HAS BEEN ADOPTED AS THE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM TO BE USED IN THE INSTRUMENTATION OF FUTURE SHAFTS OF THE PROJECT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axial loads KW - Caisson type piles, drilled KW - Caissons KW - Drilling KW - Electrical measurement KW - Load transfer KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230712 AU - McDonald, E B AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LIME RESEARCH STUDY SOUTH DAKOTA INTERSTATE ROUTES - FINAL REPORT PY - AB - THE EVALUATION WAS MADE OF 16 PROJECTS FEATURING LIME STABILIZATION TO REDUCE PLASTICITY AND VOLUME CHANGE OF CLAY SOILS. THE STUDY WAS DIRECTED TOWARDS EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT FOR REDUCING PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AND MEASURING THE PERMANENCY OF TREATMENT. EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT FOR REDUCING ROUGHNESS WAS MEASURED BY A HIGH SPEED ROUGHOMETER. SWELL MEASUREMENTS FROM CBR TESTS WERE MADE. MODIFIED FIELD CBR AND PLATE LOAD TESTS MEASURED THE PERMANENCY OF LIME TREATMENT. PH TESTS AND ATTERBERG LIMITS TESTS WERE ALSO PERFORMED. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT LIME TREATMENT EFFECTS A PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT WITH RESPECT TO REDUCED ROAD ROUGHNESS AND INCREASED STABILITY. LIME SLURRY DID NOT MIGRATE FROM DRILLED HOLES BUT "MAY HAVE HAD SOME INFLUENCE ON THE MOISTURE DIFFERENTIALS BENEATH THE SHALE ADJACENT TO THESE HOLES WHICH RESULTED IN AN IMPROVEMENT OF RIDEABILITY." /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Clay KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - pH value KW - Plasticity KW - Plate bearing test KW - Road meters KW - Smoothness KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Testing KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230714 AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL SUMMARY REPORT MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION PY - AB - STUDY OBJECTIVES WERE TO DEVELOP TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES FOR ACHIEVING MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF LOCAL AND ON-SITE MATERIALS IN PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ILLINOIS SOILS AND MATERIALS. STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES CONSIDERED WERE CEMENT, LIME, BITUMINOUS, LIME- FLY ASH, AND COMBINATION (LIME-CEMENT, LIME-BITUMEN). RESEARCH FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY DISSEMINATED IN VARIOUS REPORTS. THE REPORTS ARE REFERENCED AND ABSTRACTED IN THE FINAL SUMMARY REPORT. COMMENTS CONCERNING RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION, RESEARCH BENEFITS, AND FOLLOW-UP RESEARCH ARE PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Building materials KW - Calcium oxide KW - Lime bitumen KW - Lime cement KW - Lime fly ash KW - Natural resources KW - Paving KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237224 AU - Wu, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION: FLEXIBLE CULVERT PIPES PY - AB - TRIAXIAL AND "TRAPDOOR" TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON SAND TO DETERMINE ITS STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES. RESULTS OF TESTS BY WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION AND OTHERS ARE INCLUDED IN THE REPORT. STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES ARE APPROXIMATED BY A BYLINEAR RELATIONSHIP. MEASURED STRESSES COMPARED CLOSELY TO COMPUTED STRESSES. COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS WERE MANY TIMES GREATER THAN MEASURED DEFLECTIONS FOR AN UNDETERMINED REASON. THE REPORT INCLUDES A PRINT OUT OF A FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPED BY BROWN OF CALIFORNIA AND MODIFIED BY THE RESEARCHERS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT NONLINEAR SOIL PROPERTIES. USING THE PROGRAM, PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS WERE MADE FOR ONE SET OF CONDITIONS TO ILLUSTRATE THE NATURE OF RESULTS OBTAINABLE. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Conduits KW - Culverts KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flexible conduits KW - Flexible structures KW - Interaction KW - Soil structure KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207947 AU - SMITH, H L AU - Dunlap, W A AU - Ivey, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DYNAMIC OVERTURNING LOADS ON DRILLED SHAFT FOOTINGS PY - AB - DYNAMIC LOAD TESTS ARE SUMMARIZED ON A COHESIONLESS SAND, A SANDY CLAY AND A CLAYEY SAND. PRESENT ASSUMPTIONS IN FOUNDATION DESIGN ARE THAT STATIC LOADS ARE MORE CRITICAL THAN DYNAMIC LOADS OF THE SAME MAGNITUDE WHICH WAS CONFIRMED BY THESE TESTS. TEN MODEL TESTS OF DRILLED SHAFT FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO DYNAMIC OVERTURNING LOADS WERE PERFORMED. COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE SIZE FOOTING USED FOR MINOR SERVICE STRUCTURES IN TEXAS, THE MODEL FOOTINGS WERE REDUCED BY A FACTOR OF SIX. THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS WERE COMPARED WITH THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE THEORY DEVELOPED EARLIER IN THIS STUDY FOR STATIC PULLOVER LOADS. THE FOOTING RESISTANCE TO SINGLE DYNAMIC LOADS EXCEEDED THE STATIC PULLOVER RESISTANCE PREDICTED BY THE THEORY. FOOTING ROTATIONS DUE TO REPEATED DYNAMIC LOADS DID NOT EXCEED ONE DEGREE FOR 10,000 REPETITIONS OF THE DYNAMIC LOAD, WHICH WAS LESS THAN 50% OF THE STATIC PULLOVER LOAD. /BPR/ KW - Design KW - Drilling KW - Dynamic loads KW - Footings KW - Foundation soils KW - Granular soils KW - Load tests KW - Model tests KW - Overturning KW - Sand KW - Sandy clays KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206409 AU - Oakes, D T AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - OXIDATION CRACKING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE AVERAGE MOISTURE CONTENT OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. WEATHER DATA FOR THE NORTHERN PART OF MISSISSIPPI WAS ANALYZED IN RELATION TO THE RATE OF EVAPORATIONS FROM PAVEMENTS AND THE CONCLUSION REACHED THAT MOISTURE IS PRESENT IN THE VOID SPACES OF THE PAVEMENT AT ALL TIMES. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT EXTRACTED FROM WEATHERED SAMPLES SHOWS NO INCREASE IN OXYGEN CONTENT. LOCAL ASPHALTS WERE FOUND TO CONTAIN ABOUT 6 PERCENT SULPHUR WHICH WAS CONSIDERED UNUSUAL. DR OAKES PROPOSES A CHANGE IN WEATHERING PROCEDURE WHEREBY THREE (3) SAMPLES CAN BE PROCESSED THROUGH WEATHERING CELLS SIMULTANEOUSLY WHICH WILL SPEED UP COMPLETION OF THIS STUDY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chemical analysis KW - Evaporation KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Moisture content KW - Oxidation KW - Pavement cracking KW - Sulfur KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201224 AU - Doll, G F AU - Hooker, R W AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE IMPACT OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ON TRAVELLER SPENDING IN SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING PY - AB - NON-LOCAL TRAVELLERS WERE INTERVIEWED LEAVING SWEETWATER AND UINTA, WYOMING TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF INTERSTATE 80 ON TRAVELLER SPENDING. BY USING REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND OTHER STATISTICAL APPROXIMATIONS, THE RESEARCHERS ESTIMATED THAT 6 PERCENT OF TRAVELLER SPENDING COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO INTERSTATE 80 CONSTRUCTION. ALTHOUGH THIS PERCENTAGE WAS NEARLY 9 PERCENT FOR THE SUMMER, IT DROPPED TO LESS THAN 4 PERCENT FOR THE WINTER MONTHS. WHEN THE 1968 EXPENDITURES OF NEARLY $700,000 WERE PROJECTED TO 1990, THE CUMULATIVE TOTAL WAS OVER $23 MILLION. HOWEVER, THE RESEARCHERS CAUTION THAT THIS ESTIMATE DOES NOT INCLUDE EXPECTED PRICE CHANGES AND IS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE EXPENDITURES CONTINUE AT THE NORMAL GROWTH RATE WITH NO FEED BACK EFFECT. /BPR/ KW - Economic impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Regression analysis KW - Road construction KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210442 AU - Worley, H E AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PART 2 EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS BITUMINOUS COVERS IN PREVENTING BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION PY - AB - THREE HUNDRED BRIDGE DECKS WERE SURVEYED FOR THREE YEARS TO DETERMINE THE RATE OF PROGRESS OF DETERIORATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF BITUMINOUS COVERS IN PREVENTING DAMAGE. COVERS WERE CHANGED ON MANY BRIDGES DURING THE PERIOD, LEAVING ONLY 197 WITH CONSTANT COVER. MOST OF THE HOT MIXES HAD BEEN ON THE BRIDGES SINCE THEIR CONSTRUCTION SIX YEARS PREVIOUSLY, WHEREAS THE OTHER DECKS WERE BARE IN 1961. ALTHOUGH HOT MIXES AND COLD MATS HAVE SIMILAR THICKNESSES, THEY ARE DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER AND FROM THE OTHER CATEGORIES IN CONSTRUCTION AND BEHAVIOR. HOT MIXES SHOWED THE MOST DETERIORATION AND COLD MATS THE LEAST IN THIS INVESTIGATION. THE APPARENT SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE OF COLD MATS MAY NEED TO BE DISCOUNTED SLIGHTLY TO ABOUT THAT OF SEALS BECAUSE OF THE DIFFICULTY ENCOUNTERED IN IDENTIFYING DETERIORATION UNDER COLD MATS. DETERIORATION OF BARE DECKS WAS PROGRESSING AT A RATE OF OVER SIX PERCENT OF THE DECK AREA PER YEAR, AND REACHED FOUR TIMES AS MUCH DETERIORATION AS UNDER SEALS. SEALS WERE USUALLY EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING DAMAGE IF SEVERE DETERIORATION HAD NOT OCCURRED BEFORE THE SEALS WERE APPLIED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Bridge decks KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Cover KW - Deterioration KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Seal coats KW - Surface treating KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210443 AU - Kuchark, M G AU - Clark, W H AU - Bolyea, N F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DENSITY STUDIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - AB - THE INITIAL PROPERTIES OF PAVEMENTS, AND EARLY AND LATE SEASON PAVING WERE INVESTIGATED TO DETERMINE THEIR EFFECT ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. MEASURED PERFORMANCE DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM 44 TEST SITES LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE STATE. FROM VISUAL, GRAPHICAL, AND MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA IT WAS FOUND THAT (1) A PAVEMENT'S INITIAL PROPERTIES, ESPECIALLY PERCENT OF VOIDS IN THE MINERAL AGGREGATE FILLED WITH ASPHALT CEMENT, ARE INDICATIVE OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND THAT (2) PAVING AT LOWER TEMPERATURES ENCOUNTERED IN THE SPRING AND FALL MAY HAVE A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON A PAVEMENT'S DURABILITY. OTHER FACTORS CONSIDERED TO INFLUENCE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE WERE ALSO STUDIED AND THEIR INVESTIGATION IS INCLUDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Density KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Percent air voids KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207949 AU - Christiano, P AU - Goodman, L E AU - Sun, C N AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BRIDGE STRESS RANGE HISTORY AND DIAPHRAGM STIFFENING INVESTIGATION PY - AB - AN ANALYSIS OF DATA RELATED TO THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A SPECIFIC HIGHWAY BRIDGE IS PRESENTED. STRESS RANGE DATA OBTAINED UNDER ACTUAL TRAFFIC CONDITIONS IS USED TO ESTIMATE THE FATIGUE LIFE OF THE STRUCTURE. THE MAGNITUDE AND DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES PRODUCED BY CONTROL H2O AND HS2O VEHICLES WERE ALSO MEASURED. SOME OF THE MAIN CONCLUSIONS ARE THAT THE STRESS LEVEL PRODUCED BY ACTUAL TRAFFIC ARE CONSIDERABLE LOWER THAN THOSE PRODUCED BY THE CONTROL VEHICLES, AND THAT THE ACTUAL STRESSES ARE LOW ENOUGH SO AS TO HAVE A NEGLIGIBLE EFFECT ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF THE BRIDGE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Deformation curve KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Highway bridges KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Stiffening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206410 AU - Fuller, S L AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PAVEMENT CUTTING TO IMPROVE SKID CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEMENTS PY - AB - THE EFFECT WAS DETERMINED OF PAVEMENT TEXTURING ON INCREASING PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE AND MAINTANING ADEQUATE SKID RESISTANCE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC. A SECONDARY OBJECTIVE WAS EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TEXTURING PATTERNS AS A WARNING DEVICE TO VEHICLE OPERATORS BY INCREASING VEHICLE VIBRATION AND NOISE. TWO TEXTURE STYLES WERE TESTED AT SEVEN LOCATIONS ON BOTH BITUMINOUS AND PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT. ALL SURFACES WERE TEXTURED BY A SPECIAL DIAMOND STUDDED CUTTER IN A TRANSVERSE PATTERN. THE TWO-YEAR STUDY CONCLUDED THAT TRANSVERSE PAVEMENT TEXTURING WAS ONLY SLIGHTLY EFFECTIVE ON PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AND INEFFECTIVE ON BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FURTHERMORE, THE TEXTURAL PATTERNS UTILIZED WERE NOT SUITABLE AS HIGHWAY WARNING DEVICES. /BPR/ KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Detectable warning surfaces KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rough textured warning pavement KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Texture KW - Transverse distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240417 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AIR-RIGHTS POTENTIALS IN MAJOR HIGHWAYS PY - AB - THE STUDY INDICATES THAT HIGHWAY PROGRAMS CAN HAVE SUBSTANTIAL POSITIVE IMPACT IN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIES THROUGH THE INCLUSION OF JOINT DEVELOPMENT OPERATIONS BASED ON THE USE OF AIRSPACE OVER HIGHWAYS. PRINCIPAL POTENTIALS CONSIST OF DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDINGS, PLAZAS, PARKING STRUCTURES AND OTHER FEATURES. DEVELOPMENT OVER DEPRESSED HIGHWAYS IS STRESSED. DEVELOPMENTS CAN ALLEVIATE EXISTING SHORTAGES OF GOOD DOWNTOWN SITES, PROVIDE RELOCATION SITES, INCREASE DRAWING POWER AND VISITOR APPEAL AND HELP RESOLVE POSSIBLE NEIGHBORHOOD OBJECTIONS TO MAJOR HIGHWAYS. /BPR/ KW - Air rights KW - Depressed highways KW - Economic benefits KW - Highways KW - Joint development KW - Parking KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Urban renewal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242851 AU - International Road Federation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TRENDS IN MOTORIZATION AND HIGHWAY PROGRAMS IN 16 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES PY - AB - THE CURRENT HIGHWAY SITUATION INCLUDING URBAN PROBLEMS AND THE STATUS OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY PLANNING, AND CURRENT TRENDS IN MOTORIZATION, FINANCING AND EXPENDITRUES, HIGHWAY SAFETY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TOGETHER WITH THE COUNTRIES' ECONOMIC BACKGROUND ARE DISCUSSED SUCCINCTLY FOR AUSTRIA, BELGIUM, DENMARK, FINLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, GREAT BRITAIN, IRELAND, ITALY, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, PORTUGAL, SPAIN, SWEDEN AND SWITZERLAND. /BPR/ KW - Development KW - Economic conditions KW - Financing KW - Foreign KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207948 AU - Mclamore, V R AU - Teledyne Geotronics AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AMBIENT VIBRATION SURVEY OF NEWPORT BRIDGE AND AMBIENT VIBRATION SURVEY OF CHESAPEAKE BAY BRIDGE PY - AB - THE AMBIENT VIBRATION SURVEY IS A PRACTICAL METHOD OF DETERMINING THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF A STRUCTURE. THE CHARACTERISTIC MODE SHAPES, THEIR ASSOCIATED FREQUENCIES AND THE VALUE OF DAMPING AT LOW VIBRATION LEVELS ARE MEASURED EXPERIMENTALLY. THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL VIBRATIONS, WHICH EXIST AT ALL TIMES, CAUSE STRUCTURES TO RESPOND IN THEIR CHARACTERISTIC MODES OF VIBRATION. BY MEASURING THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT VIBRATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE WITH VERY SENSITIVE SEISMOMETERS, AND ANALYZING THE DATA MATHEMATICALLY, THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES CAN BE OBTAINED. TWO SUSPENSION BRIDGES WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY; THE NEWPORT BRIDGE, WHICH CROSSES THE NARRAGANSETT BAY IN RHODE ISLAND, AND THE LANE MEMORIAL BRIDGE WHICH CROSSES CHESAPEAKE BAY IN MARYLAND. A SEPARATE REPORT COVERS THE STUDY OF EACH BRIDGE. THE STUDY REVEALED MANY MODES OF VIBRATION BETWEEN 0 AND 60 CPM WHICH WAS THE FREQUENCY RANGE OF INTEREST. THE MODES REPRESENT FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR. THE EXPERIMENT WAS DESIGNED TO CONCENTRATE ON VERTICAL AND TORSIONAL MODES OF THE DECK. THE AMBIENT VIBRATION SURVEY WAS DEMONSTRATED TO BE A PRACTICAL AND EFFECTIVE MEANS OF MEASURING THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF A SUSPENSION BRIDGE. /BPR/ KW - Dynamic tests KW - Dynamics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Seismometers KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Suspension bridges KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206408 AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SKID RESISTANCE OF POLISHED AGGREGATES, FIELD AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATION PY - AB - EXPERIMENTAL SURFACE TREATMENTS USING 11 DIFFERENT AGGREGATES AND AGGREGATE COMBINATIONS HAD BEEN PLACED ON ROUTE 26 BETWEEN STATE COLLEGE AND BELLEFONTE AND WERE MONITORED FOR SKID RESISTANCE FROM 1965 TO 1969. CHANGES IN TRAFFIC VOLUME AND TYPE, AS WELL AS OTHER UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES, MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO DIFFERENTIATE THE PERFORMANCE OF SIMILAR AGGREGATES AND OBTAIN CORRELATIONS WITH LABORATORY POLISHING DATA. NEVERTHELESS, NO SERIOUS INCONSISTENCIES WERE FOUND. SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVED PROCEDURES ARE MADE. UNCRUSHED GRAVEL SHOWED THE SMALLEST CHANGE IN FRICTION WITH TIME, ALTHOUGH THE AUTHOR WARNS AGAINST GENERALIZING THIS FINDING BECAUSE OF THE UNKNOWN COMPOSITION OF THIS HETEROGENEOUS AGGREGATE. COARSER GRADATIONS WERE FOUND TO BE BENEFICIAL BECAUSE OF BETTER CONTINUED AGGREGATE EXPOSURE IN THE CASE OF THE SURFACE TREATMENT USED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Friction KW - Gravel KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface treating KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206411 AU - Rose, S L AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SKID RESISTANCE TRAILER PY - AB - THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ARE DESCRIBED OF A TWO-WHEEL TRAILER THAT WILL MEASURE THE SKID RESISTANCE OF THE PAVEMENT SURFACE IN A WET CONDITION. THE TRAILER WAS DESIGNED SO THAT IT COULD SUFFICE AS A WORK UNIT TO INVENTORY THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM OR AS A UNIT THAT IS VERSATILE ENOUGH FOR A RESEARCH TOOL. IN THIS REPORT DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS COMPONENT PARTS AND SYSTEMS ARE DISCUSSED TO PROVIDE ACCESSIBLE INFORMATION FOR OTHERS DESIRING TO CONSTRUCT A SKID TRAILER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Trailers KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206414 AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Tomita, H AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MICRO-TEXTURE MEASUREMENTS OF PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - AB - A REVIEW OF TEXTURE-MEASURING TECHNIQUES WAS MADE AND A LIMITED NUMBER OF MICROTEXTURE MEASUREMENTS OF PAVEMENT SURFACES WAS OBTAINED WITH THE CLEVITE BL-185 SURFINDICATOR. THIS INSTRUMENT IS GENERALLY USED TO MEASURE UNIFORM TEXTURES ON SURFACES SUCH AS THOSE FOUND ON FINISHED METALLIC PARTS. THE RESULTS REVEALED THAT THE SURFINDICATOR HAS SOME UNDESIRABLE FEATURES FOR MEASURING MICRO-TEXTURES OF PAVEMENT SURFACES. BASED ON A LIMITED NUMBER OF TESTS, A TREND WAS FOUND BETWEEN SKID NUMBERS AT 40 MPH AND MICRO- TEXTURE VALUES; HOWEVER, THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS WAS NOT VERY HIGH. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MICRO-TEXTURES OF SOME PAVEMENT SURFACES WERE DETERMINED BY THE DEVICE. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN TO CONTINUE MICRO-TEXTURE MEASUREMENTS WITH THE SURFINDICATOR ON A LIMITED BASIS AND TO DEVELOP ANOTHER INSTRUMENT TO OBTAIN MACRO-TEXTURES AS WELL AS MICRO-TEXTURES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218054 AU - Fletchall, O H AU - Gebhardt, M R AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 1969 ANNUAL REPORT VEGETATION CONTROL ON ROADSIDES AND SIMILAR AREAS PY - AB - FOUR THICKENING AGENTS (NORBAK, KELTEX, DACAGIN AND VISTIK) WERE COMBINED WITH THREE HERBICIDES (2,4-D, 2,4, 5-T AND 2,3,6-TBA) TO DEVELOP A SAFER, MORE EFFICIENT USE OF HERBICIDES TO REDUCE THE COST OF CONTROLLING THE VEGETATION ON ROADSIDE AREAS TO REPLACE THE MORE COSTLY CONTROL METHODS NOW EMPLOYED. EXPERIMENTATION WAS CONDUCTED ON THE COMMON MILKWEED. IN GENERAL, THE PERCENT OF INJURY TO THE MILKWEED WAS SLOWER WITH THE USE OF THE THICKENING AGENT. HOWEVER, THE FINAL RESULTS OF PERCENT OF KILL WAS INCREASED WITH SOME OF THE THICKENING AGENTS WHILE THE RATE WAS POORER WITH OTHER THICKENING AGENTS. /BPR/ KW - Herbicides KW - Roadside KW - Thickening KW - Thickness KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP76-3_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230490 AU - Hadley, W O AU - Hudson, W R AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CORRELATION OF TENSILE PROPERTIES WITH STABILITY AND COHESIOMETER VALUES FOR ASPHALT-TREATED MATERIALS PY - AB - A LABORATORY STUDY IS DESCRIBED CORRELATING HVEEM STABILITY AND COHESIOMETER VALUES FOR ASPHALTIC CONCRETES TO TENSILE STRENGTH AT FAILURE, ESTIMATED TENSILE STRAIN AT FAILURE, A CALCULATED POISSON'S RATIO AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY DETERMINED BY INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH TESTS. STABILITY AND COHESIOMETER TESTS WERE CONDUCTED AT 140 F WHILE THE INDIRECT TENSILE TEST WERE CONDUCTED AT 75 F. A ONE-QUARTER FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT INCLUDED THE VARIABLES: ASPHALT VISCOSITY; AGGREGATE TYPE AND GRADATIONS; AND, ASPHALT CONTENT. CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS WERE LOW. ACCEPTABLE CORRELATIONS PROBABLY EXIST BETWEEN COHESIOMETER VALUES AND MODULES OF ELASTICITY, TENSILE STRENGTH AND TENSILE STRAIN. ALSO BETWEEN STABILITY AND TENSILE STRAIN AND CALCULATED POISSON'S RATIO. USERS OF CORRELATIONS SHOULD RECOGNIZE LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY CONFINES OF THE EXPERIMENT. FOR TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS, THE ONLY ACCEPTABLE CORRELATION FOUND WAS BETWEEN MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND COHESIOMETER VALUE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Cohesiometers KW - Hveem cohesiometer KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Indirect method KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Rigid pavements KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Subbase materials KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212072 AU - Li, S E AU - Ramakrishnan, V AU - Rangan, B V AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - GAP-GRADED VERSUS CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY FACILITIES /TECH RPT NO 4/ PY - AB - THE OPTIMUM PROPORTION OF MATERIALS USED IN A MIX DESIGN ARE BEING DETERMINED TO ACHIEVE A SPECIFIED QUALITY WITH LEAST COST IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT IN THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE. PRESENTLY AVAILABLE METHODS FOR PROPORTIONING CONCRETE ARE BASED MOSTLY ON PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE. EVEN THEIR APPLICATION TO THE CONVENTIONAL CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED CONCRETE IS SHORT OF BEING OPTIMUM. IT HAS BECOME ESSENTIAL TO SEEK QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION FOR THE OPTIMUM PROPORTIONING OF GAP-GRADED AND CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED CONCRETES FOR VARIOUS SIGNIFICANT MIX PARAMETERS. IN THE PRESENT WORK INVOLVING 200 MIXES WITH TESTS CARRIED OUT ACCORDING TO ASTM STANDARD METHODS, THE RESULTS HAVE BEEN ANALYZED WITH AN OBJECTIVE TO REVEAL OPTIMUM MIX PROPORTIONS WITH RESPECT TO SUCH SIGNIFICANT MIX PARAMETERS AS CEMENT CONTENT, WATER-CEMENT RATIO, SIZE AND QUANTITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE, SIZE AND QUANTITY OF FINE AGGREGATE, AT PRACTICALLY THE SAME AIR CONTENT FOR BOTH GAP-GRADED AND CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED CONCRETES. THE OPTIMUM CEMENT CONTENTS FOR BOTH CONCRETES ARE ON THE BASIS OF EQUAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND EQUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. THE COMPARISON HAS INVARIABLY SHOWN THAT MUCH LESS CEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR GAP-GRADED CONCRETE THAN ITS CONTINUOUSLY-GRADED COUNTERPART WITH APPROXIMATELY THE SAME WORKABILITY./AUTHOR/ KW - Air content KW - Cement content KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Fine aggregates KW - Gap grading KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Mix design KW - Proportioning KW - Water cement ratio KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212078 AU - Antoni, C M AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE STRESSES IN A CONCRETE BRIDGE PIER PY - AB - A CONCRETE BRIDGE PIER WAS INSTRUMENTED TO VERIFY AASHO 1964 REQUIREMENTS FOR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION, TEMPERATURE VARIATION, AND SHRINKAGE. DATA ON THE MAGNITUDE AND DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS IN THE FOOTING, AN OUTSIDE COLUMN, AND THE CAP BEAM WERE COLLECTED FOR ALMOST 300 DAYS. THE MOMENT MEASURED AT THE PIER'S TOP CORNER DUE TO SHRINKAGE, TEMPERATURE, AND DEAD LOAD WAS 150 KIP-FT LOWER THAN THE DESIGN MOMENT OF 450 KIP-FT. THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL CREATING BENDING IN THIS FRAME WAS 20 DEG F PLUS OR MINUS 5 DEGREES. THE REQUIRED 0.0002 SHRINKAGE COEFFICIENT APPEARED REASONABLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Bridge piers KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deformation curve KW - Footings KW - Shrinkage KW - Static loads KW - Temperature KW - Temperature distribution KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210440 AU - Williams, F M AU - Mcadams, M M AU - Grimmer, L E AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF THE USE OF VISCOSITY GRADED ASPHALT CEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS OF PAVEMENT PY - AB - DATA ARE PRESENTED ON THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION DATA OF NINETEEN ASPHALT CONCRETE TEST PAVEMENTS LOCATED IN FOUR RESURFACING PROJECTS OVER PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. THE ASPHALTS USED VARIED IN PENETRATION GRADE (60/70, 70/85, 85/100, 90/105) AND VISCOSITY GRADE (AC6, AC12, AC24). THE PROPERTIES OF THE ORIGINAL ASPHALTS, ASPHALTS RECOVERED FROM PLANT AND PAVEMENT SAMPLES, CONSTRUCTION DATA, AND PROPERTIES OF THE PAVEMENTS ARE DOCUMENTED. FUTURE TESTING WILL BE DONE TO DETERMINE THE CHANGE IN PROPERTIES WITH INCREASED AGE AND CORRELATED WITH THE PROPERTIES OF THE ORIGINAL ASPHALTS AND PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY. SKID TESTS DONE 10 TO 15 MONTHS AFTER CONSTRUCTION INDICATE THAT THE VISCOSITY OF THE ASPHALT CEMENT DOES NOT HAVE A MAJOR EFFECT ON THE SKID RESISTANCE OF A PAVEMENT. AFTER ABOUT 10 MONTHS OF SERVICE, VISUAL INSPECTION INDICATES THAT ALL TEST SECTIONS ARE IN GOOD AND SERVICEABLE CONDITION. ALL SECTIONS DO SHOW REFLECTIVE CRACKING FROM THE BASE PAVEMENT. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Gradation KW - Pendulum tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resurfacing KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Surface treating KW - Test sections KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201222 AU - Zickefoose, P W AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces AU - New Mexico State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ECONOMIC SURVEY OF ANTHONY, NEW MEXICO-TEXAS PY - AB - THE STUDY OF ANTHONY, NEW MEXICO-TEXAS REPRESENTS AN ATTEMPT TO DO THE IMPOSSIBLE--MEASURE THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY RELOCATION ON A SMALL COMMUNITY HAVING PRACTICALLY NO USABLE ECONOMIC DATA, AND WHERE THE RELOCATION WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY STAGES OVER A TIME SPAN OF FIVE YEARS. I-10, FOR SOUTHBOUND TRAFFIC, AND U. S. 80/85, NORTHBOUND, WERE OPENED IN OCTOBER, 1959. THE FINAL BYPASSING OF THE COMMUNITY WAS ACCOMPLISHED WHEN THE CONNECTING LINK BETWEEN I-10 AND U. S. 80 ALTERNATE THROUGH EL PASO FOR NORTHBOUND TRAFFIC WAS OPENED JANUARY, 1964. PROPERTY TRANSFERS DURING THE PERIOD OF STUDY WERE FEW AND UNUSABLE AS INDICATORS OF CHANGE IN ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT. OTHER DATA SUCH AS POSTAL RECEIPTS, BANK DEBITS OR DEPOSITS, BUILDING PERMITS OR ASSESSMENTS WERE LIKEWISE OF NO ASSISTANCE, LEAVING GASOLINE SALES AS THE SOLE INDICATOR OF ECONOMIC IMPACT. A NUMBER OF IRREGULAR FACTORS MAKE THIS REMAINING INDICATOR DIFFICULT TO INTERPRET: FREQUENT GASOLINE WARS; RAPID EXPANSION OF NEW SUPER STATIONS ON THE WEST EDGE OF EL PASO; RAPID TURNOVER OF DISTRIBUTORSHIPS IN THE ANTHONY AREA; ABSENCE OF TRAFFIC COUNT FOR ANTHONY; ABSENCE OF SALES DATA FOR THE NEW TRUCK STOP STATION AND CAFE, WHEREAS DATA WERE AVAILABLE IN EARLIER YEARS. IN THE "BEFORE" REPORT, IT WAS PRESUMED THAT THE MAJOR IMPACT OF THE RELOCATION WOULD NOT BE FELT IN ANTHONY UNTIL NORTHBOUND TRAFFIC WAS DIVERTED BY COMPLETION OF THE CONNECTING LINK IN EL PASO (1964). THE REASON FOR THIS PRESUMPTION WAS THAT THE BULK OF TOURIST BUSINESS WAS WESTBOUND. THE GASOLINE DATA FOR ANTHONY DO NOT EITHER SUBSTANTIATE OR DISPROVE THIS HYPOTHESIS. GASOLINE SALES IN ANTHONY INCREASED BY 8 PERCENT IN 1964, IN SPITE OF A DECLINE OF 14 PERCENT IN TRAFFIC COUNT. THE EFFECT WAS ACCORDING TO EXPECTATIONS IN CANUTILLO, A FEW MILES SOUTH, HOWEVER. A TEXACO DISTRIBUTOR, WITH STATIONS IN BOTH CANUTILLO AND ANTHONY, DID NOT FEEL THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY RELOCATION AT HIS ANTHONY STATION, BUT POINTED OUT THAT IN AUGUST, 1964, THERE WERE FOUR STATIONS CLOSED IN CANUTILLO THAT WERE OPEN THE PREVIOUS YEAR. THESE STATIONS HAVE NOT REOPENED. ANTHONY IS A GROWING COMMUNITY, AND THE SERVICE STATIONS HAVE HAD INCREASES IN LOCAL BUSINESS SUFFICIENT TO BRING THEIR 1968 SALES ABOVE ALL PREVIOUS YEARS, EXCEPT 1956 AND 1959-61. /AUTHOR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Community consequences KW - Economic impacts KW - Gasoline KW - Highways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Sales KW - Service stations KW - Social impacts KW - Traffic counting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207944 AU - Sartwell, A D AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TABULATION OF DYNAMIC STRAIN DATA ON A THREE SPAN CONTINUOUS BRIDGE STRUCTURE PY - AB - A TABULATION IS PRESENTED OF DATA FROM A LOADING HISTORY FIELD TEST ON A THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS STEEL STRINGER BRIDGE IN MARYLAND. THE DATA ARE PRESENTED AS STRESS RANGE HISTOGRAMS, AND ARE ALSO RELATED TO FIVE MAJOR TRUCK TYPES. STRESS RANGES AT THREE CROSSECTIONS ARE PRESENTED, BUT NO INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA IS MADE. THE HIGHEST STRESSES RECORDED WERE 5.75KSI, AND WERE CAUSED BY THREE- AXLE DUM TRUCKS. /BPR/ KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Dump trucks KW - Load tests KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Stringers KW - Test results KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222589 AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - Calif Business & Transportation Agency AU - Department of Transportation AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECTS OF FATIGUE ON SKILLS RELATED TO DRIVING PY - AB - STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF FATIGUE ON DRIVING SKILLS. THE HIGH PERCENTAGE OF "DRIVER WENT TO SLEEP" ACCIDENTS INDICATED THE NECESSITY FOR THIS TYPE OF STUDY. QUESTIONING OF DRIVER LIENSE RENEWAL APPLICANTS WITH A THREE-YEAR DRIVING RECORD IN CALIFORNIA GROUPED THEM IN CATEGORIES OF GOOD, MEDIUM, OR POOR HABIT DRIVERS. VOLUNTEERS FROM EACH CATEGORY WERE TESTED IN A SIMULATOR TO DETERMINE THEIR REACTIONS TO VARIOUS SITUATIONS WHILE IN A FATIGUED CONDITION. THERE WAS NO MARKED DIFFERENCE IN THE SCORES FOR THE TOTAL TRIP OR FOR THE SELECTED EVENTS. THERE WERE MARKED DIFFERENCES IN THE PROPORTION OF TIMES DRIVERS IN THE THREE GROUPS FAILED THE TRAFFIC COLLISION SITUATIONS. THE FATIGUED-POOR HABITS GROUP HAD A MUCH HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF FAILURES THAN THE FATIGUED-GOOD HABITS GROUP. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT NEARLY ONE-HALF OF THE DRIVERS QUESTIONED FREELY ADMITTED HAVING DIFFICULTY STAYING AWAKE WHILE DRIVING. THE AUTHORS FEEL THAT THIS STUDY SHOULD ADD SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT TO THE ARGUEMENT FOR A DRIVER LICENSE SCREENING EXAMINATION AND A COUNTERMEASURE OF EDUCATION AND PERHAPS STIMULANT DRUGS. /BPR/ KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Personnel performance KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Sleep UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224945 AU - Alexander, G J AU - King, G F AU - Warskow, M S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS AND TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAY USERS PY - AB - A CONDENSATION IS PRESENTED OF A TWO-VOLUME REPORT PREPARED BY THE AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTS LABORATORY FOR NCHRP PROJECT 3-12 SPONSORED BY THE HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD. THIS CONDENSATION HAS BEEN PREPARED WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM ENGINEER AND REPRESENTS THE TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE INTERPRETATION OF THE MATERIAL PRESENTED IN THE ORIGINAL REPORT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Communication systems KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Information dissemination KW - Travelers KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224946 AU - Lee, C E AU - Vodrazka, W C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL AT HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS PY - AB - THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL DELAY DATA RECORDER (D3 RECORDER) AND ITS USE FOR COLLECTING TRAFFIC VOLUME AND DELAY DATA AT INTERSECTIONS ARE DETAILED IN THIS REPORT. EXTENSIVE FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVED AT 19 LOCATIONS RANGING IN COMPLEXITY FROM LOW-VOLUME INTERSECTIONS OPERATING UNDER STOP SIGN CONTROL TO HIGH-VOLUME SIGNALIZED DIAMOND INTERCHANGES WERE RECORDED FOR SUBSEQUENT ANALYSIS. COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED FOR DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS ARE DESCRIBED AND DOCUMENTED. VOLUME-DELAY RELATIONSHIPS FOR VIRTUALLY ALL TYPES OF STOP SIGN AND SIGNAL CONTROL WERE FORMULATED. CURRENTLY USED WARRANTS FOR SELECTING VARIOUS TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND PROPOSED WARRANTS FOR USING TRAFFIC ACTUATED SIGNALS WERE EVALUATED. A NUMBER OF RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE RECORDING EQUIPMENT AND THE METHODOLOGY DEVELOPED FOR THIS STUDY ARE GIVEN. THE FEASIBILITY OF USING MULTICHANNEL RECORDING DEVICES FOR FIELD STUDIES OF TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Intersections KW - Recorders KW - Recording instruments KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228658 AU - Jorgenson, J L AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TYPICAL MOISTURE-DENSITY CURVES PART A T-180 COMPACTION PY - AB - A STUDY WAS MADE OF NORTH DAKOTA NON-EXPANSIVE SOILS WHICH DETERMINED MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS AND DEVELOPED A FAMILY OF CURVES FOR AASHO T-180 COMPACTION. /BPR/ KW - Soil compaction KW - Swelling index KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207943 AU - Pollock, T L AU - Wilman, W G AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OVERHEAD BOX BEAM SIGN PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF FULL SCALE TESTS ON CANTILEVERED BOX BEAM SIGNS ARE ANALYZED. A TOTAL OF FOUR TESTS WERE MADE, TWO EACH ON AN ALUMINUM STRUCTURE AND A STEEL STRUCTURE. THE STRUCTURES WERE OF THE "BALANCED BUTTERFLY" TYPE, BUT THE CANTILEVERED ARMS WERE TESTED SEPARATELY. ONE ARM USED PLUG-WELD WEB CONNECTIONS AND THE OTHER USED HUCKBOLT FASTENERS. OF PARTICULAR CONCERN WAS THE RESPONSE OF THE 16- GAGE RIBBED SHEET METAL WEB PANELS TO DIRECT SHEAR. TEST MEASUREMENTS ARE COMPARED WITH THEORETICAL VALUES WHEREVER POSSIBLE AND SOME DESIGN CRITERIA ARE RECOMMENDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aluminum KW - Beams KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Box beams KW - Cantilevers KW - Concrete tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Full scale specimens KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Shear strain KW - Sheet metal KW - Specimens KW - Steel KW - Structural tests KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215923 AU - Forbes, C AU - Stewart, C AU - Spellman, D AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SNOW AND ICE CONTROL IN CALIFORNIA PY - AB - PART I CONTAINS A DISCUSSION OF PRESENT SNOW AND ICE OPERATIONS THROUGHOUT CALIFORNIA INCLUDING GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC DATA, TYPES OF EQUIPMENT UTILIZED, QUANTITY AND TYPES OF CHEMICALS APPLIED, AND PERSONNEL UTILIZATION. PART II DESCRIBES THE RESEARCH EFFORT TO DETECT FROST CONDITIONS ON BRIDGES IN AREAS THAT ARE USUALLY NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ICE AND SNOW CONDITIONS. POTENTIAL METHODS OF ELIMINATING FROST AND LIGHT ICING CONDITIONS ARE PRESENTED. PART III PRESENTS PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE EXAMINATION OF 17 CHEMICALS AS DEICING AGENTS. THE CHEMICALS WERE COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF (1) THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN MELTING ICE FROST AND SNOW, (2) THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN MELTING ICE PREVENTING FROST OR ICING, (3) THEIR EFFECT ON CONCRETE AND STEEL, (4) THEIR EFFECT ON THE ECOLOGY AND TOXICITY TO HUMANS, AND (5) THEIR EFFECT ON SKID RESISTANCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Climate KW - Corrosion KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Frost action KW - Frost protection KW - Highway bridges KW - Skid resistance KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Snowplows KW - Toxicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210438 AU - Monismith, C L AU - Epps, J A AU - Kasianchuk, D A AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ASPHALT MIXTURE BEHAVIOR IN REPEATED FLEXURE PY - AB - A SUBSYSTEM OF THE PAVEMENT DESIGN SYSTEM WAS PRESENTED TO CONSIDER THE FATIGUE MODE OF DISTRESS. THE PROPOSED PROCEDURE PERMITS THE INCORPORATION OF REALISTIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES (IN THE ENGINEERING SENSE) WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF MULTILAYER ELASTIC THEORY (AT THE PRESENT TIME) TO DEFINE THE POTENTIAL FOR CRACKING OF THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE UNDER REPETITIVE LOADING. AS INDICATED IN THE REPORT, THE PROCEDURE CAN BE USED EITHER FOR DESIGN PURPOSES OR FOR CHECKING THE ADEQUACY OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS. IN USING THE PROCDEDURE FOR CHECKING AN IN-SERVICE PAVEMENT NEAR MORRO BAY, DISTRESS WHICH HAD ACTUALLY OCCURRED WAS PREDICTED. HOWEVER, THE TIME PERIOD IN WHICH CRACKING WAS ESTIMATED TO DEVELOP WAS SOMEWHAT SHORTER THAN THAT WHICH ACTUALLY OCCURRED IN SERVICE. POSSIBLE REASONS FOR THE DESCREPANCY ARE OFFERED. IN SPITE OF THERE LIMITATIONS, THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE RESPONSIVE TO ACTUAL CONDITIONS SINCE DISTRESS WHICH WAS SUBSEQUENTLY OBSERVED WAS PREDICTED IN ADVANCE. THE STRENGTH OF SUCH A SYSTEM WOULD APPEAR TO LIE IN ITS USEFULNESS AS A DESIGN TOOL SINCE IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CONSIDER A NUMBER OF FACTORS NOT UTILIZED IN PRESENT DAY DESIGN PROCEDURES. IT SHOULD ALSO BE EMPHASIZED THAT THIS TYPE OF APPROACH HAS NOT BEEN DESIGNED TO REPLACE EXISTING TECHNIQUES BUT RATHER TO BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH EXISTING PROCEDURES. RELATIVE TO THE DATA ON MIX VARIABLES, IN TESTS OF THE CONTROLLED-STRESS TYPE, STIFFNESS, AS HAS ALREADY BEEN EMPHASIZED, IS AN IMPORTANT MIX VARIABLE. IN THE LIGHT OF THE MORRO BAY PROJECT AND FROM OTHER DATA, IT APPEARS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP FATIGUE DATA AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES (LOW STIFFNESSES) THAN THOSE WHICH HAVE BEEN UTILIZED THUS FAR IN THE PROJECT. THIS WOULD APPEAR PARTICULARLY NECESSARY IN ORDER TO ANALYZE THE PERFORMANCE OF COMPARATIVELY THIN PAVEMENTS. THE DATA ALSO INDICATE THAT A WORTHWHILE FIELD EXPERIMENT WOULD BE TO CONSTRUCT AN ASPHALT-BOUND BASE COURSE UTILIZING A MIX SIMILAR TO THAT SUGGESTED BY THE B. S. 594 SPECIFICATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous bases KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Defects KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flexure KW - High temperature KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Repeated loads KW - Stiffness KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242852 AU - Corp On Economic & Industrial Res AU - Dist of Columbia Dept Motor Vehicles AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TIES-PDF FINAL REPORT PY - AB - A SERIES OF UTILITY COMPUTER PROGRAMS, WRITTEN IN COBOL LANGUAGE, LEVEL F, WERE DEVELOPED FOR THE PURPOSE OF FACILITATING THE STRUCTURING OF AN INTEGRATED SERIES OF ENGINEERING APPLICATION PROGRAMS. THESE ROUTINES PROVIDE A STANDARDIZED METHOD FOR THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN APPLICATION PROGRAMS AND A DATA FILE. THEY WERE DEVELOPED SPECIFICALLY FOR THE TOTAL INTEGRATED ENGINEERING SYSTEM (TIES). THERE ARE SEVEN SEPARATE ROUTINES THAT MAKE UP THIS STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL UTILITY. THEY PROVIDE FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING A MASTER COPY OF THE DATA FILE USING MAGNETIC TAPE FOR PRINCIPAL OFF-LINE STORAGE, THE ALLOCATION OF SPECIAL USER FILES ON TAPE OR DISK, AND THE READING AND WRITING OF USER FILES ON DISK OR TAPE. THE FINAL PORTION OF THE CONTRACT WORK INCLUDED THE EVALUATION AND ALTERATION OF CERTAIN COMPUTER PROGRAMS DEVELOPED BY THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. THESE PROGRAMS ARE MEMBERS OF A BRIDGE ENGINEERING SUBSYSTEM FOR TIES(BEST). THE CONTRACTOR ALTERED THE PROGRAMS FOR USE WITH THE TIES PROJECT DATA FILE UTILITY ROUTINES AND DEMONSTRATED THIS FACILITY AS REQUIRED BY THE CONTRACT. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Engineering KW - Information processing KW - Magnetic tape recording KW - Magnetic tapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233727 AU - Smith, T AU - Shirley, E C AU - Smith, R E AU - Sathre, D W AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FAILURE STUDY OF AN OVERLOADED 96 INCH CONCRETE PIPE PY - AB - A THREE-YEAR OLD 96-INCH SEWER IN SAN DIEGO, DESIGNED FOR APPROXIMATELY 13 FEET OF COVER, WAS ABANDONED BECAUSE OF OVERLOAD FROM THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW 40- 50-FT HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT. THE PORTION OF THE PIPE AFFECTED BY THE SURCHARGE WAS STUDIED THROUGH FAILURE. THE PIPE FAILED AS EXPECTED AND BEHAVED THEREAFTER AS A FLEXIBLE CONDUIT. THERE WAS A MARKED VARIANCE IN THE RELATIVE DISTORTION OF THE PIPE AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS; APPARENTLY BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCES IN THE BEDDING AND COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE LAYER OF SOIL SURROUNDING THE PIPE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT A PIPE LOCATED IN COMPRESSIBLE SOIL (EITHER NATURAL GROUND OR EMBANKMENT) AND SUBJECTED TO SURCHARGE, CAN BE OVERLOADED BECAUSE OF THE GENERATION OF PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES. THE USE OF COMPENSATING COMPRESSIBLE BACKFILL IS SUGGESTED, AND A FORMULA IS PROPOSED FOR ESTIMATING THE STRENGTH OF PIPE REQUIRED IN SUCH CASES. IT WAS FOUND THAT THIS PARTICULAR PIPE, LOCATED IN A SATURATED SOIL, EXPERIENCED A SIGNIFICANT STRENGTH GAIN IN A 3-YEAR, 10-MONTH PERIOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Compressibility KW - Conduits KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Flexible conduits KW - Flexible structures KW - Highways KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Pipe KW - Saturated soils KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Subgrade materials KW - Surcharge KW - Underground KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212075 AU - Frederick, W L AU - Ellis, J T AU - Troms, V J AU - Matel, R J AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENT OF HARDENED SLAG CONCRETE PY - AB - A CHEMICAL METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR DETERMINING THE CEMENT CONTENT OF HARDENED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE CONTAINING BLAST FURNACE SLAG AS THE COARSE AGGREGATE. THE METHOD IS BASED ON ANALYZING FOR SULFATE AS SO3, AND REQUIRES THAT THIS CONSTITUTENT BE KNOWN FOR THE PARTICULAR CEMENT AND AGGREGATE USED TO MAKE THE CONCRETE. THE RESULTS OBTAINED ARE GENERALLY WITHIN PLUS OR MINUR 0.5 SACKS PER CUBIC YARD OF THE KNOWN CEMENT CONTENT FOR SLAG AGGREGATE CONCRETE CURED FROM 3 TO 7 DAYS. CONCRETE CURED OUTSIDE THIS SPAN OF TIME GAVE RESULTS OF LESSER ACCURACY. THE PROCEDURE IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO CONCRETE CONTAINING GRAVEL AND LIMESTONE COARSE AGGREGATE, BUT THE RESULTS ARE SOMEWHAT LESS ACCURATE THAN THE RESULTS FOR SLAG AGGREGATE CONCRETE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cement content KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardened concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sampling KW - Slag KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219237 AU - Lewis, R M AU - Wilkinson, J W AU - Bolyea, N F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SIMULATION STUDY-BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PLANTS PY - AB - THE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PLANT WAS STUDIED AND VARIOUS METHODS OF MODELING THE PLANT WERE REVIEWED AND EVALUATED. THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION TECHNIQUE WAS SELECTED AND APPLIED. A DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM IN FROTRAN LANGUAGE WAS DEVELOPED WHICH MODELS THE AGGREGATE GRADATION PRODUCED BY THE PLANT. THE SIMULATION FIRST RANDOMLY SELECTS THE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PLANT. THE AGGREGATE PRODUCTION IS THEN RANDOMLY GENERATED FOR THE OUTPUT OF EACH OF THE SEVERAL HOT BINS. THE TRUE GRADATION FOR EACH BATCH IS RECORDED TOGETHER WITH THE APPARENT GRADATION OF PERIODIC BATCHES AS OBTAINED FROM THE SIEVING OF SMALL SAMPLES. THE MODEL CAN BE USED TO APPLY DIFFERENT TESTING PROCEDURES AND SPECIFICATIONS AND STUDY THEIR EFFECT. THE TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED AND MANY OF THE BUILDING BLOCKS DEVELOPED ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER BULK MATERIAL PROCESSES SUCH AS THE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PLANT. THE SIMULATION DESCRIBED IS A CONCEPTUAL MODEL BASED UPON LIMITED FIELD DATA IN NEW YORK. THE STATE OF NEW YORK HAS ADDITIONAL WORK IN PROGRESS THAT MAY BE USED TO FURTHER REFINE AND CALIBRATE THE MODEL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete plants KW - Digital computers KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Mathematical models KW - Model tests KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Operations KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207941 AU - Kelly, A E AU - Hatlock, H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE-ELEMMENT PLATES ON NONLINEAR FOUNDATIONS PY - AB - A DISCRETE-ELEMENT METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR THE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PLATES OR SLABS ON NONLINEAR FOUNDATIONS. THE METHOD HAS BEEN PROGRAMMED FOR A HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL COMPUTER AND CAN BE USED TO OBTAIN SOLUTIONS TO A WIDE VARIETY OF PLATE VIBRATION PROBLEMS. A STEP-BY-STEP NUMERICAL INTEGRATION PROCEDURE IS EMPLOYED TO NUMERICALLY INTEGRATE THE SOLUTION IN TIME. THE ASSUMPTION OF A LINEAR VARIATION OF ACCELERATION DURING THE TIME-STEP INTERVAL IS UTILIZED TO DEVELOP A RECURSIVE SOLUTION PROCEDURE. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF THE TIME-STEP INCREMENT, BASED ON THE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE ALGORITHM, ARE PRESENTED. THE NONLINEAR ANALYSIS IS PERFORMED BY AN ITERATION PROCEDURE WHICH ADJUSTS THE LOAD RATHER THAN THE FOUNDATION STIFFNESS. THIS SO-CALLED LOAD ITERATION METHOD IS PRESENTED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE FAMILIAR STIFFNESS ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES. ALTHOUGH THE CLOSURE IS SLOWER WITH REGARD TO THE NUMBER OF CYCLES REQUIRED TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM, A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THE COMPUTER TIME PER CYCLE IS REALIZED BY LOAD ITERATION. THE PROGRAM HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO ACCEPT A GENERAL VARIATION IN THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE PLATE AND IN THE NONLINEAR FOUNDATION CHARACTERISTICS. FURTHERMORE, THERE IS CONSIDERABLE LATITUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN CONFIGURATION AND THE DYNAMIC LOADING. SEVERAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS DEMONSTRATING THE METHOD ARE INCLUDED, AS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE PREPARATION OF DATA FOR COMPUTER INPUT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Digital computers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic tests KW - Foundations KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Iterative methods KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Numerical analysis KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Slabs KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207945 AU - Culver, C AU - Nasir, G AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FLANGE BUCKLING STUDIES PY - AB - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF THE FLANGE OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED PLATE GIRDERS IS PRESENTED. BUCKLING IN BOTH THE ELASTIC AND INELASTIC RANGE IS CONSIDERED. THE INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES RESULTING FROM THE FABRICATION PROCESS ARE INCLUDED. THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS DEVELOPED USING ORTHOTROPIC PLATE THEORY AND SOLVED BY MEANS OF FIRST ORDER FINITE DIFFERENCES. THE INFLUENCE OF THE VARIOUS PARAMETERS WHICH AFFECT THE BUCKLING STRESS IS ILLUSTRATED. DESIGNN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FLANGE DIMENSION (WIDTH TO THICKNESS RATIO) REQUIRED TO PREVENT LOCAL BUCKLING ARE ALSO GIVEN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Buckling KW - Curvature KW - Finite differences KW - Flanges KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Mathematical models KW - Orthotropic KW - Plate girders KW - Residual stress KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227014 AU - System Development Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL REPORT: ANALYTICAL MODELS OF UNDIRECTIONAL MULTI-LANE TRAFFIC FLOW PY - AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE CAPABILITIES OF ANALYTICAL MODELS OF MULTI-LANE TRAFFIC FLOW. THIS RESEARCH CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING FIVE AREAS: (1) MULTI-LANE HIGHWAY DIGITAL MODELS - A COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL OF MULTI-LANE HIGHWAY TRAFFIC WAS DEVELOPED WHICH GIVES PLOTS OF FLOW VS. DENSITY AND AVERAGE QUEUE LENGTHS, (2) EXPECTED VALUE CONTINUUM MODELS FOR MULTI-LANE TRAFFIC FLOW. IN THIS AREA, SIMPLE THEORETICAL MODELS OF TRAFFIC IN THE VICINITY OF ON AND OFF RAMPS WERE FORMULATED, (3) STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAFFIC FLOW - STATISTICAL PROCEDURES WERE INVESTIGATED FOR ANALYZING TRAFFIC DATA, AND TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS, SUCH AS INDEPENDENCE OF HEADWAYS, WERE STUDIED, (4) BOLTZMANN-TYPE STATISTICAL MODELS FOR MULTI- LANE TRAFFIC FLOW. IT WAS PRELIMINARY DETERMINED THAT NEITHER THE BASIC NOR THE GENERALIZED BOLTZMANN MODEL ACCURATELY DESCRIBED REAL WORLD HIGHWAY TRAFFIC, AND (5) STATISTICAL THEORIES OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON MULTI-LANE HIGHWAYS - A NEW MODEL OF MULTI-LANE HIGHWAY TRAFFIC FLOW WAS FORMULATED FOR LOW TRAFFIC DENSITIES. /BPR/ KW - Digital computers KW - Headways KW - Mathematical models KW - Multilane highways KW - Queuing KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224947 AU - Asghar, M H AU - Fenton, R E AU - Arya, V J AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDIES ON THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF FREEWAY INTERSECTIONS FINAL REPORT (PHASE 1) ON EES 276A PY - AB - THE MERGING OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES INTO AN AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED TRAFFIC STREAM HAS TWO PRIMARY ASPECTS: (1) THE MACROSCOPIC OR SYSTEMS ASPECT WHICH IS INVOLVED BOTH WITH THE SIMULTANEOUS MERGING OF A LARGE NUMBER OF VEHICLES AT MANY INTERSECTIONS AND THE RESULTING EFFECTS ON SYSTEM PERFORMANCE, AND (2) THE MICROSCOPIC ASPECT WHICH IS CONCERNED WITH CONTROLLING THE BEHAVIOR OF A VEHICLE DURING THE MERGING MANEUVER. THIS LATTER ASPECT IS DISCUSSED. THE CONDITIONS FOR AN ACCEPTABLE GAP FOR MERGING ARE SPECIFIED, AND THE NECESSITY FOR A FREQUENT MONITORING OF THIS GAP IS DISCUSSED TOGETHER WITH ONE METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING SUCH MONITORING. THE REQUIRED TIME-ACCELERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A MERGING VEHICLE ARE EXAMINED, AND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THIS VEHICLE CAN BE INSERTED INTO AN AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED TRAFFIC STREAM ARE SPECIFIED. THIS SPECIFICATION IS WITH RESPECT TO THE AUTOMATIC LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPED AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automatic control KW - Freeways KW - Gap acceptance KW - Interchanges KW - Merging traffic KW - Time KW - Vehicular phase UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210439 AU - Day, P B AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONTROL BITUMINOUS ANALYSIS BY PROCESS PY - AB - A STATISTICALLY BASED PLAN IS EVALUATED FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF BITUMINOUS HOT MIX USING CONTROL TEST EXTRACTION DATA FROM PAST CONSTRUCTION ON NINE PROJECTS. PARAMETER DATA OBTAINED FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH WAS USED TO ESTABLISH LIMITS FROM THE JOB MIX AIM (TARGET) FOR AC CONTENT AND GRADATION. MIX WAS CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE AT FULL PRICE WHEN FAILURES TOTALLED TWO OR LESS PER LOT FOR ANY OF THE ESTABLISHED 30 DEGREE LIMITS FOR (1) INDIVIDUALS, (2) MEANS OF 5, AND (3) RANGE OF 5. REDUCED PAYMENT WAS PROVIDED FOR LOTS HAVING 3 OR MORE FAILURES. PREMIUM PRICE ADJUSTMENT WAS PROVIDED FOR LOTS HAVING SUPERIOR CONTROL AND HAVING NO FAILURES WHEN STANDARD DEVIATION WAS ARBITARILY REDUCED BY UP TO 1/2 OF THAT USED IN ESTABLISHING ACCEPTANCE LIMITS. ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF THE 200 PLUS LOTS EXAMINED WOULD HAVE BEEN ACCEPTED AT FULL PRICE. FIFTY SIX LOTS WOULD HAVE QUALIFIED FOR PREMIUM PAY HAD THE STANDARD DEVIATION BEEN REDUCED BY 1/4; HOWEVER, ONLY 4 LOTS WOULD HAVE QUALIFIED HAD THE STANDARD DEVIATION BEEN HALVED. /BPR/ KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Acceptance tests KW - Adjustment factors KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Gradation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Prices KW - Process control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224944 AU - Woods, D L AU - Rowan, N J AU - JOHNSON, J H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUMMARY REPORT OF THE SIGNIFICANT POINTS FROM THE DIAGNOSTIC FIELD STUDIES PY - AB - A DESCRIPTION IS PRESENTED OF THE DIAGNOSTIC TEAM STUDY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES. THE COMMENTS FROM THE INTERVIEWS AND THE QUESTIONNAIRE FORM THE BASIS FOR THE MATERIAL PRESENTED IN THIS SUMMARY REPORT. THE RESPONSES HAVE BEEN ORGANIZED INTO SEVEN BROAD CATEGORIES PERTAINING TO HIGHWAY VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS. A SUBJECT TITLE APPEARS AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE. ALSO INCLUDED IN THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE REPORT IS A CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ROADWAY FUNCTION. A CODE, CONSISTING OF THE LETTERS F, A, AND T, HAS BEEN USED TO DESIGNATE FREEWAY, ARTERIAL, AND TWO-LANE FACILITIES. SOME OF THE TOPICS DISCUSSED ARE PERTINENT TO ALL THREE TYPES OF FACILITIES, WHEREAS OTHERS ARE AREAS OF CONCERN FOR TWO, AND OCCASIONALLY ONE. THIS CODING SYSTEM HAS BEEN INCORPORATED IN AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE AN EXPEDIENT METHOD OF REVIEWING THE MATERIAL CONTAINED WITHIN THE REPORT. THIS WILL ENABLE AN INDIVIDUAL CONCERNED WITH ONLY ONE CLASSIFICATION OF ROADWAY SYSTEM TO LOCATE READILY THE TOPICS PERTINENT TO HIS PARTICULAR AREA OF INTEREST. THE REPORT IS SUBDIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS, MAKING OPTIMUM USE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT TO ILLUSTRATE THE POINTS BEING MADE: (1) DRIVER EXPECTANCY, (2) DESIGN, (3) SIGNING, (4) PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS, (5) DELINEATION, (6) ROADWAY LIGHTING, AND (7) TRAFFIC SIGNALS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Communication systems KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Drivers KW - Highway classification KW - Highway delineators KW - Highways KW - Information dissemination KW - Interviewing KW - Photographs KW - Questionnaires KW - Road markings KW - Signs KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222591 AU - Ellis, N C AU - Mcglamery, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AS RELATED TO THE OPERATION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE PY - AB - STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF USING PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AS A SOURCE OF DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE HIGHWAY VISUAL COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT. SOURCE MATERIAL WAS REVIEWED, AND A MODEL FOR RELATING PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE, DRIVER BEHAVIOR AND HIGHWAY DESIGN FEATURES WAS INTRODUCED AND EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE MODEL, BECAUSE OF ITS MEASURABLE PARAMETERS, COULD BE USED IN EVALUATIONS OF THE GENERAL ROADWAY ENVIRONMENT. IT WAS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR EVALUATION OF A SPECIFIC DESIGN FEATURE. SPECIFIC DESIGN FEATURES TO WHICH THE MODEL COULD BE SENSITIVE WOULD NOT LIKELY EXIST IN THE ROADWAY ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE OF THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE HIGHWAY DESIGN ENGINEER. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICES CONSIDERED APPLICABLE TO THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT WERE IDENTIFIED, AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY MIGHT BE USED WAS BRIEFLY PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Behavior KW - Communication systems KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Drivers KW - Highway design KW - Information dissemination KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Physiological aspects KW - Psychological aspects KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210441 AU - Bolyea, N F AU - Clark, W H AU - Kuchark, M G AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - UNIFORMITY OF BINDER COURSE MIXES PRIOR TO AUTOMATED PRODUCTION (AN ADDENDUM TO RR 66-3) PY - AB - HOT BIN SAMPLE DATA, PROCURED IN 1961, FROM 18 NON-AUTOMATIC ASPHALT PLANTS WAS STATISTICALLY ANALYZED TO PROVIDE A BASIS OF COMPARISON WITH 1968 DATA OBTAINED FROM AUTOMATED PLANTS. THE 254 SAMPLE SETS FROM THE 1961 DATA WERE INVESTIGATED FOR THE PRIMARY SIZE IN EACH BIN, EXCEPT THE FINES BIN, AND FOR THE FINAL SAMPLE. THE W-STATISTIC WAS USED TO CHECK FOR DISTRIBUTIONAL FORM AND RUN TESTS WERE APPLIED TO THE PRIMARY SIZE AGGREGATE IN EACH BIN TO CHECK FOR DRIFTING OF THE PROCESS MEAN. THE W STATISTIC SHOWED DISTRIBUTIONAL FORM OF DATA CAN BE APPROXIMATED BY THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION. DRIFTING OCCURRED IN AT LEAST 1 BIN IN 50 PERCENT OF THE PLANTS. HIGH PRIMARY SIZE VALUES IN THE HOT BINS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MORE UNIFORM PRODUCTION. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Automation KW - Bituminous mixing plants KW - Hot bin KW - Mixing plants KW - Particle size distribution KW - Plant mix KW - Sampling KW - Standardization KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222590 AU - Street, R L AU - Mayyasi, A M AU - Berngen, F E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS IN THE HUMAN FACTORS ASPECTS OF DRIVER VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS PY - AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS A LITERATURE SURVEY, SUMMARIZES THE PERTINENT WORK RELATED TO THIS PROJECT AND GIVES APPROPRIATE RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED THERETO. THIS EFFORT COVERS TWO MAIN AREAS: (1) VISUAL INPUT REQUIREMENTS IN THE DRIVING TASK, AND (2) HUMAN INFORMATION-PROCESSING CAPABILITY IN COMPLEX TASKS. IT IS OBVIOUS THAT THESE TWO AREAS OVERLAP IN THAT PART OF THE VISUAL INPUTS BECOME INFORMATION WHICH THE OPERATOR MAY HAVE TO PROCESS. (MANY INPUTS ARE AVAILABLE TO THE DRIVER. WHICH ONES DOES HE ACCEPT FOR PROCESSING? WHICH ONES DOES HE DISCARD?) IT IS, THEREFORE, MORE CONVENIENT TO TREAT THESE TWO ITEMS TOGETHER UNDER THE HEADING, "A VISUAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BETWEEN THE DRIVER AND HIS ENVIRONMENT." THIS IS THE APPROACH TAKEN IN THIS REPORT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Communications KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Information systems KW - Reviews KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210437 AU - Arena, P J AU - Ashby, J T AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF THE USE OF ANTI-STRIPPING ADDITIVIES IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - AB - STUDY WAS INITIATED TO ASCERTAIN IF ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVES WOULD HAVE ANY BENEFICAL EFFECT IN COMBATING STRIPPING. AFTER PRELIMINARY TESTS, ONE ADDITIVE WAS SELECTED FOR FURTHER EVALUATION AND TESTING. COMPARATIVE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE ASPHALTIC CEMENT AND HOT MIX WITH AND WITHOUT THE ADDITIVE. THESE TESTS INCLUDED: MARSHALL IMMERSION, GYRATORY SHEAR STRESS AND BEARING RESISTANCE, ROADWAY CORES (SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND PERCENT COMPACTION), AND ASPHALT ANALYSIS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE ADDITIVE HAD A NEGLIGIBLE EFFECT ON THE PROPERTIES TESTED. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt tests KW - Bearing capacity KW - Compaction KW - Evaluation KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Percent compaction KW - Shear stress KW - Specific gravity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207942 AU - Bukovatz, J E AU - Wendling, W H AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PART 5 - EFFECTIVENESS OF BITUMINOUS SEALS IN PREVENTING DETERIORATION OF NEW CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - AB - TWENTY-NINE NEW BRIDGE DECK SURFACES WERE USED TO TEST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BITUMINOUS SEALS IN PREVENTING DETERIORATION OF THE CONCRETE DECKS. THESE TWENTY-NINE DECKS WERE SELECTED BECAUSE MOST OF THE DECKS HAD NOT BEEN SUBJECTED TO FREEZE-THAW CYCLES, AND NONE TO CHEMICAL DE- ICERS, PRIOR TO BEING COVERED WITH BITUMINOUS SEALS. SOME OF THE DECKS SELECTED HAD NOT BEEN EXPOSED TO TRAFFIC PRIOR TO BEING SEALED. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY MAY BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: BITUMINOUS SEALS APPEAR TO BE OF VALUE FOR DECK PROTECTION AGAINST DETERIORATION OF NEW DECKS AND AGAINST TRAFFIC WEAR BY STUDDED TIRES. IT WAS FOUND, HOWEVER, THAT INITIAL SEAL PLACEMENT SHOULD BE DONE WITH CARE AND AFTER SEAL PLACEMENT REGULAR INSPECTIONS AND MAINTENANCE IS DESIRABLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bridge decks KW - Deterioration KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Prevention KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing experiments KW - Studs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215924 AU - Worley, H E AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF BITUMINOUS COATINGS ON CORRUGATED METAL PIPE PY - AB - MORE THAN 500 ASPHALTIC BITUMINOUS COATED PIPES WERE INSPECTED ON HIGHWAY PROJECTS IN KANSAS. INSIDE COATINGS WERE GOOD ON ONLY TWELVE PERCENT OF THOSE PIPES THREE AND FOUR YEARS OLD, AND ON NONE OF THE OLDER ONES. INASMUCH AS THE COATINGS ARE USUALLY EFFECTIVE FOR LESS THAN THREE YEARS, THEY ARE OF LITTLE VALUE, AND IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THEY BE DISCONTINUED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous materials KW - Coatings KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Corrugated pipe culverts KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218053 AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - AB - ONE PHASE OF THE LOUISIANA MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STUDY IS PRESENTED. OBJECTIVES OF THIS PHASE WERE TO (1) PILOT-TEST THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND TO REVIEW AND EVALUATE ITS ELEMENTS, (2) EVALUATE CURRENT MAINTENANCE BUDGETING PROCEDURES AND DEVELOP A PLANNED BUDGET, (3) DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR ITS CONTINUING OPERATION INCLUDING: DEFINITION OF SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES, PROCEDURES FOR MEETING PERFORMANCE RESPONSIBILITIES AT EACH MANAGERIAL LEVEL, DEFINITION OF INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED EACH MANAGERIAL LEVEL, DEFINITION OF PERFORMANCE VALUES, WORK METHODS AND QUALITY CRITERIA FOR PRINCIPAL MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES, AND (4) DEVELOP A PLAN FOR ITS STATEWIDE INSTALLATION. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM IS DISCUSSED. THE PILOT-TEST FINDINGS AT LAKE CHARLES ARE PRESENTED. AN EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT BUDGETARY PRACTICES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MAINTENANCE PERFORMANCE BUDGET ARE DISCUSSED. THE ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES FOR A CONTINUING SYSTEM OPERATION ARE PRESENTED AND A PLAN FOR STATEWIDE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM IS GIVEN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Budgeting KW - Building KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Methodology KW - Performance KW - Responsibilities KW - Supervision KW - Systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207938 AU - Baldwin, J W AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COMPOSITE BRIDGE STRINGERS-FINAL REPORT PY - AB - A SUMMARY IS GIVEN OF THE RESULTS OF AN EXTENSIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ESTABLISHED TO DETERMINE THE BEHAVIOR AND EFFICIENCY OF SHEAR CONNECTORS IN THE DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE MEMBERS. FIVE PREVIOUS DETAILED REPORTS PLUS A BIBLIOGRAPHY HAVE BEEN ISSUED AND ARE LISTED. ITEMS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST TO DESIGNERS ARE THE RESULTS OF STUDIES OF STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS IN LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE AND THE EFFECT OF HAUNCHES ON COMPOSITE DESIGN. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PUSHOUT TESTS, LOAD SLIP CURVES AND STUD SHEAR CONNECTOR CAPACITY CURVES ARE INCLUDED. COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS WITH 1967 DESIGN PRACTICE INDICATES THAT DESIGN IS MORE CONSERVATIVE THAN NECESSARY. /BPR/ KW - Behavior KW - Bibliographies KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite construction KW - Composite structures KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fasteners KW - Haunches KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Stringers KW - Structural design KW - Test results UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP69-4_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204628 AU - McCreery, R A AU - Diseker, E G AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PLANTING ZONES IN GEORGIA-PHASE 1 REPORT PY - AB - AN IN-DEPTH STUDY IS MADE OF THE FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE VARIOUS PLANTING ZONES IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA. THE FACTORS CONSIDERED WERE SOIL TYPES, ELEVATION, TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL. ESSENTIALLY, THERE ARE FOUR BASIC PLANTING ZONES IN THE STATE. DUE TO THIS RESEARCH MODIFICATIONS WERE MADE IN ALL ZONES. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGE WAS MADE IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE STATE, WHERE ONE ZONE WAS GREATLY ENLARGED AND ANOTHER, ALONG THE COAST, WAS REDUCED. /BPR/ KW - Altitude KW - Elevation KW - Planting KW - Rainfall KW - Soils KW - Temperature KW - Zone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205365 AU - Hudson, W R AU - McCullough, B F AU - Scrivner, F H AU - Brown, J L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A SYSTEMS APPROACH APPLIED TO PAVEMENT DESIGN AND RESEARCH PY - AB - PAVEMENT STRUCTURES ARE COMPLEX PHYSICAL SYSTEMS, WHICH IN THE PAST HAVE BEEN SOLVED PIECEMEAL WITH THE RESULT THAT MANY ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM HAVE BEEN OVERLOOKED. BECAUSE OF THE OVERALL COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM IT HAS BECOME EVIDENT THAT REALISTIC ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT DESIGN PROBLEMS CAN BE OBTAINED ONLY BY LOOKING AT THE TOTAL PAVEMENT SYSTEMS, I.E., THROUGH SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES SUCH AN APPROACH, ONE IN WHICH A WORKING SYSTEMS MODEL IS PRESENTED WHICH UTILIZES MORE THAN FIFTY PHYSICAL INPUTS WHEN ANALYZING A PAVEMENT DESIGN PROBLEM. THE OUTPUT OF THE METHOD INVOLVES A SET OF RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES BASED ON LOWEST TOTAL COST. THE PAVEMENT DESIGNER IS FREE TO SELECT HIS DESIGN FROM THIS ARRAY USING APPROPRIATE WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS IF HE FEELS THEM NECESSARY. THE REPORT DISCUSSES POSSIBLE WAYS THIS INITIAL WORKING SYSTEM CAN BE UTILIZED TO ESTABLISH AN OVERALL SYSTEM OF PAVEMENT ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION. A DISCUSSION IS ALSO PRESENTED CONCERNING THE FACTORS NECESSARY TO PUT THE DESIGN SYSTEM INTO PRACTICE. A PROPOSED ORGANIZATION IS PRESENTED FOR OBTAINING AND UTILIZING INPUT INFORMATION AND STORING PERFORMANCE DATA FOR FUTURE USE. IN ADDITION, A POSSIBLE PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTING THE APPROACH INTO THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT DESIGN METHOD IS DISCUSSED. THE FINDINGS OF THE FIRST YEAR OF EFFORT IN THIS PROJECT ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED. THE REPORT CONCLUDES THAT A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO PAVEMENT DESIGN RESEARCH IS FEASIBLE AND SHOULD BE PURSUED IN AN EFFORT TO DEVELOP MORE COMPREHENSIVE PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Design KW - Design information KW - Economics KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201221 AU - Isibor, E I AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MODELING THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS ON THE VALUE OF ADJACENT LAND PARCELS PY - AB - A MODEL IS DEVELOPED TO PREDICT LAND VALUE CHANGES WHICH RESULT FROM HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS. THE USE OF A STEP WISE MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION COMPUTER PROGRAM PERMITTED THE RESEARCHER TO EXPLAIN AS MUCH AS 87 PERCENT OF THE VARIATION IN LAND VALUES WHICH OCCURRED AFTER THE HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT. FACTORS WHICH WERE IMPORTANT IN PREDICTING CHANGES IN LAND VALUE INCLUDED THE TYPE OF HIGHWAY (INTERSTATE, PRIMARY OR SECONDARY), TYPE OF LAND USE (RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, AGRICULTURAL OR VACANT) AND LOCATION OF PARCEL (URBAN, URBAN FRINGE OR RURAL AREA). THE ACCURACY OF THE MODEL IS REDUCED, HOWEVER, WHEN IT WAS EXPANDED TO INCLUDE FLORIDA LAND TRANSACTIONS. ALTHOUGH FINDINGS ARE BASED ON A SMALL SAMPLE, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT RESIDENTIAL OR URBAN LAND EXPERIENCED GREATER LAND VALUE INCREASES THAN AGRICULTURAL OR RURAL LAND. THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDS THAT PROBABILITY THEORY AND BAYESIAN DECISION TECHNIQUES WOULD BE HELPFUL IN DEVELOPING A MODEL WHICH WOULD CONSIDER THE LIKELIHOOD OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND USE TO EXPERIENCE CHANGES IN LAND VALUE RATHER THAN A MODEL WHICH CAN ONLY BE USED TO ASCERTAIN WHICH FACTORS STIMULATE OR ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LAND VALUE CHANGES. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204627 AU - Murphy, L M AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PLANT SPECIES SURVIVAL ON LANDSCAPE PLANTING PROJECTS PY - AB - THE DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES OR VARIETIES USED AND THEIR SURVIVAL ON 36 CONTRACT PLANTING PROJECTS INSTALLED BY DIFFERENT CONTRACTORS THROUGHOUT THE STATE WERE EVALUATED, STARTING IN THE SPRING OF 1963 AND ENDING IN THE FALL OF 1967. SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF PLANT MATERIALS ON PLANTING CONTRACTS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE AMOUNT OF WATERING DURING AND FOLLOWING THE PLANTING OPERATION. THE USE OF WOOD CHIP MULCH, WHICH ELIMINATES WEED GROWTH AND RETAINS SOIL MOISTURE, IMPROVED GROWTH AND SURVIVAL. COOPERATION BETWEEN THE ENGINEER AND THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROADSIDE IS IMPORTANT. PLANTS TO BE PLANTED MUST HAVE A WIDE TOLERANCE RANGE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT PLANTING BE LIMITED TO FEWER PLANTS; PREFERABLY BALLED AND BURLAPPED AND TO BE PLANTED ON MORE FLAT, FAVORABLE SITES. CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION BY STATE PERSONNEL IS OF PRIME IMPORTANCE. INSPECTION OF THE QUALITY AND CONDITION OF PLANT MATERIAL, PROPER PLANT INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MUST BE UP TO THE STANDARDS REQUIRED IN THE SPECIFICATION. FUNDS SHOULD BE BUDGETED FOR LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE IN EACH MAINTENANCE DISTRICT OF THE STATE. THE MAINTENANCE OF THE ROADSIDE IS JUST AS IMPORTANT AS THE ROADWAY. THE EFFECT OF DEICING COMPOUNDS WAS NOTICEABLE ON THE FOLIAGE OF EVERGREENS PLANTED IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA. THIS DAMAGE IS STARTING TO SHOW IN TWIG DIEBACK ON DECIDUOUS PLANTS. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE WHICH PLANT SPECIES WILL TOLERATE THIS CONDITION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Building KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Survival KW - Urban growth KW - Watering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210431 AU - Herrin, M AU - Marek, C R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RELATIONSHIP OF THE DUCTILITY TEST TO THE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT PY - AB - DUCTILITIES WERE OBTAINED AT FOUR TEMPERATURES, 25 C(77 F), 18 C(64.4 F), 11 C(51.8 F), 4 C(39.2 F), AND AT TWO RATES OF PULL, 5 AND 1 CM/MIN, ON SEVEN VISCOSITY-GRADED ASPHALT CEMENTS FROM THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS COOPERATIVE TEST PROGRAM AND ON EIGHT ASPHALT CEMENTS FROM SOURCES SUPPLYING THE ILLINOIS DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS. THE DUCTILITY MEASUREMENTS WERE CORRELATED WITH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: (1) MAXIMUM LOAD REQUIRED TO STRETCH THE DUCTILITY SPECIMENS, (2) DEFORMATION TO MAXIMUM LOAD, (3) PSEUDO-STIFFNESS (MAXIMUM LOAD DIVIDED BY DEFORMATION TO MAXIMUM LOAD), (4) TENSILE STRENGTH IN THIN FILMS, (5) SHEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY (NEGATIVE RATIO OF AN INCREMENT OF LOG VISCOSITY TO THE CORRESPONDING INCREMENT OF LOG RATE OF SHEAR, AND (7) BRITTLE FRACTURE. THE CONCLUSIONS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) THERE DID NOT APPEAR TO BE ANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUCTILITY AND ANY OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ALL TEST TEMPERATURES FOR ALL THE ASPHALT CEMENTS, (2) AT COLD TEMPERATURES (4 C), THE DUCTILITY OF AN ASPHALT IS RELATED TO ITS BRITTLE FRACTURE (FRACTURE TOUGHNESS), (3) AT WARMER TEMPERATURES THERE APPEARS TO BE AN INVERSE STRAIGHT-LINE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOG DUCTILITY AND LOG SHEAR STRENGTH, AND (4) AT A SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE THERE IS PROBABLY AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY AND LOG DUCTILITY. IT WAS FURTHER CONCLUDED THAT THE DUCTILITY TEST IS NOT STRICTLY A MECHANICAL TEST BUT ONE THAT PROBABLY MEASURES BOTH STRENGTH AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ASPHALT. A LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOG VISCOSITY OF AN ASPHALT AND ITS TENSILE STRENGTH IN THIN FILMS WAS FOUND. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Chemical properties KW - Deformation KW - Ductility KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Loads KW - Mechanical properties KW - Shear strength KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202576 AU - Turner, A K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE GCARS SYSTEM PY - AB - GENERALIZED COMPUTER AIDED ROUTE SELECTION (GCARS) SYSTEMS WERE DEVELOPED TO ASSIST ENGINEERS IN DEFINING AND RANKING A SERIES OF REGIONAL HIGHWAY LOCATION ALTERNATIVES. THE ORIGINAL GCARS WAS DEVELOPED ON THE CDC 6500 COMPUTER IN THE FORTRAN IV PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE; IT INCLUDED 28 COMPUTER ROUTINES--8 MAIN PROGRAMS AND 20 ASSOCIATED SUBROUTINES. SOME OF THESE ROUTINES PERFORM SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES WITHIN DATA PREPARATION AND SEARCH ACTIVITIES. THE REMAINING ROUTINES PRODUCE CONTOUR MAPS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA EITHER ON THE LINE PRINTER OR ON THE OFF-LINE PLOTTER. GCARS MAIN PROGRAMS ARE: (1) VECTOR - COMPUTES TERRAIN ROUGHNESS, VARIABILITY MEASURES, STRIKES AND DIPS. PRODUCES WULFF STEREONET PLOTS OF VECTORS AND PREPARES HISTOGRAMS OF STRIKES AND/OR DIPS, (2) LOADS - LOADS IRREGULARLY SPACED DATA FROM CARDS TO TAPE ACCORDING TO PRESCRIBED FORMATS, (3) LOADG - LOADS GRIDDED DATA ARRAYS FROM CARDS TO TAPE ACCORDING TO PRESCRIBED FORMAT, (4) TREND - COMPUTES TREND SURFACE EQUATIONS ACCORDING TO LEAST SQUARES CRITERIA, ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE STATISTICS, AND EVALUATES COMPUTED TREND EQUATION AT SPECIFIC COORDINATE LOCATIONS, (5) RESMAP - PREPARES DATA FOR PRODUCTION OF CONTOUR MAPS, (6) NETSUM - CALCULATES MINIMUM PATHS, PREPARES AND PRINTS MAP OF PATHS, (7) MAPPER - INTERPOLATES IRREGULARLY SPACED TO GRIDDED DATA SETS; COMPUTES MEAN, RANGE, AVERAGE OF DATA ARRAYS; PRODUCES CONTOUR MAP OF GRIDDED DATA ON PRINTER; AND PERFORMS HYPSOMETRIC ANALYSIS, AND (8) CONTUR - SCANS DATA AND LOCATES CONTOURS; AND TRACES EACH CONTOUR. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Contours KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Location KW - Maps KW - Route choice KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230711 AU - Higgins, C M AU - Kinchen, R W AU - Mclancon, J L AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LOUISIANA SLABJACKING STUDY PY - AB - THIS STUDY WAS ORIENTED TOWARD SLABJACKING PROCEDURES FOR RAISING SLABS AND FILLING VOIDS ON ROADWAYS, WITH EMPHASIS ON LOUISIANA MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT. THE CONCLUSIONS WERE: (1) HOLES SHOULD BE ABOUT 1 1/4 INCHES IN DIAMETER, SPACED 6 FEET APART AND NO CLOSER THAN 18 INCHES TO EDGES OR JOINTS, (2) A SLURRY MIX MADE UP OF 4 BAGS OF CEMENT PER CUBIC YARD OF AN A-4 SOIL WITH A WETTING AGENT ADDED TO THE WATER SHOULD BE USED, (3) JACKING SHOULD START AT THE AREA OF LEAST LIFT WITH THE LIFTING BEING NOT MORE THAN 1/4 INCH IN ANY ONE PLACE PRIOR TO CHANGING LOCATION, (4) JACKING SHOULD BE COMPLETED ON PARALLEL SLABS IN ADJACENT LANES AS CLOSE TO THE SAME TIME AS POSSIBLE, AND (5) JACKING SHOULD BE INITIATED USING A FAIRLY THICK SLURRY AND THINNED UNTIL GOOD HOLE-TO-HOLE TRAVEL IS OBTAINED AS SOON AS LIFTING BEGINS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Earthwork KW - Equipment KW - Highways KW - Holes KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Slabs KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212071 AU - Torrans, P H AU - Ivey, D L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE VOID SPACING INDICATOR PY - AB - A QUICK, SIMPLE METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR DETERMINING THE VOID SPACING FACTOR OF PLASTIC CONCRETE WHICH CAN BE USED IN THE FIELD. TEST RESULTS AND A COMPARISON OF THESE RESULTS WITH THOSE OBTAINED ON THE HARDENED CONCRETE ARE GIVEN. /BPR/ KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardened concrete KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Polymer concrete KW - Spacing KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206399 AU - Brickman, A D AU - Zimmerman, J R AU - Wambold, J C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT PROFILE PY - AB - METHODS FOR REDUCING ROAD PROFILOMETER RECORDS OF ELEVATION VERSUS DISTANCE TO A MORE COMPACT AND USEFUL FORM FOR HIGHWAY ENGINEERS ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS ASSUMED THAT VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES IN THE ROAD SURFACE HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED TO AN ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE AND RECORDED ON MAGNETIC TAPE. SPECIFIC DIGITAL AND ANALOG METHODS ARE DESCRIBED FOR PROCESSING THESE SIGNALS AND REDUCING THE ROUGHNESS HEIGHTS AND WAVELENGTHS. DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS ARE DEVELOPED FOR THE PROPOSED SIGNAL PROCESSING METHODS. RESULTS OBTAINED FROM COMPUTER PROCESSING OF BOTH IDEALIZED AND ACTUAL ROAD ROUGHNESS SIGNALS ARE PRESENTED AND CORRELATED WITH PREDICTED VALUES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Altitude KW - Analysis KW - Computers KW - Distance KW - Elevation KW - Magnetic tape recording KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Profiles KW - Profilometers KW - Smoothness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215919 AU - Azar, D G AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF ORGANIC ZINC COATINGS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE WAS TO FIND A MORE ECONOMICAL AND TIME SAVING METHOD FOR COATING A STEEL BRIDGE. THIS WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY EVALUATING THE COST AND ACCELERATED LIFE OF AN ORGANIC ZINC PRIMER TOGETHER WITH ITS APPROPRIATE TOPCOAT VERSUS THE COST AND LIFE OF THE PRESENTLY USED BASIC LEAD SILICO CHROMATE COATING. FIVE GENERIC TYPES WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE TOPCOATS WERE STUDIED AND AN APPROVED QUALIFIED PRODUCTS LIST FOR EACH SYSTEM WAS MADE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF ACCELERATED EXPOSURES (SALT FOG AND WEATHEROMETER TESTS). /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated weathering KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chromates KW - Economics KW - Evaluation KW - Lead compounds KW - Metal bridges KW - Organic coatings KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Productivity KW - Silicon compounds KW - Steel bridges KW - Time savings KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242850 AU - International Road Federation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 1969 WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT PY - AB - RESEACH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN PROGRESS DURING CY 1969 OR RECENTLY COMPLETED ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT ARE LISTED BY COUNTRY SHOWING RESEARCH AGENCY, STUDY TITLE, AND OBJECTIVE. THIS INCLUDES INFORMATION FOR 14 COUNTRIES NOT PREVIOUSLY SURVEYED, COMPLETE RESURVEYS FOR 9 COUNTRIES, AND UPDATING INFORMATION FOR 22 COUNTRIES, THE NEW COUNTRIES SURVEYED ARE ALGERIA, COSTA RICA, EL SALVADOR, GHANA, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, IVORY COAST, LIBERIA, MOROCCO, NICARAGUA, NIGER, PANAMA, RHODESIA AND TUNISIA. THE REPORT ALSO INCLUDES REPORTS ON IN-DEPTH STUDIES OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON LIGHTING OF ROAD TUNNELS AND UNDERPASSES, COMPUTER PRODUCED PERSPECTIVE VIEWS, PHASING OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT, EFFECT OF SPEED LIMITS ON ROAD SAFETY, END PRODUCT CONTRACTS, AND JOINT DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIPLE USE OF RIGHT-OF-WAY. /BPR/ KW - Alignment KW - Computers KW - Contracts KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Foreign KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Joint development KW - Lighting systems KW - Multiple use KW - Perspective views KW - Products KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Reviews KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels KW - Underpasses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224938 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Kubel, L G AU - Bailey, A F AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEHICLE CLASSIFYING COUNTER PY - AB - A VEHICLE CLASSIFYING COUNTER WAS DEVELOPED TO CLASSIFY VEHICLES BY THEIR WHEELBASE AND NUMBER OF AXLES. TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON I-80 NEAR SACRAMENTO UNDER HEAVY TRAFFIC CONDITIONS FOR TIME DURATIONS FROM ONE HALF HOUR TO EIGHT DAYS. THESE OPERATIONAL TESTS AND EXTENSIVE LABORATORY TESTING PROVED THE CAPABILITY OF THE CLASSIFYING COUNTER TO PERFORM ACCORDING TO THE DESIGN GOALS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axles KW - Design KW - Development KW - Testing KW - Traffic counts KW - Vehicle classification KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210427 AU - Thomas, J J AU - Clark, W H AU - Molinaro, T F AU - ZDEB, M S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ADDITIVES AND ADMIXTURES FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE - ASBESTOS, RUBBER, TALC, AND HYDRATED LIME PY - AB - THE INFLUENCE VARIOUS ADMIXTURES HAVE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE MIXTURES WAS DETERMINED. TEST PAVEMENTS, WITH CONTROL SECTIONS, WERE CONSTRUCTED CONTAINING ASBESTOS AND TALC FIBERS, CRUMB AND FIBERS, CRUMB AND LATEX RUBBER PRODUCTS, AND HYDRATED LIME AS ADMIXTURES. FOUR TEST PAVEMENTS CONTAINING ASBESTOS WERE OBSERVED FOR PERIODS OF FROM 4 TO 10 YEARS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE ASBESTOS FIBER DID NOTHING TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OR SKID RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE MIXTURES CONTAINING AN APPRECIABLE COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT. THREE TEST PAVEMENTS CONTAINING TALC FIBER HAVE BEEN OBSERVED FOR PERIODS RANGING FROM 4 TO 6 YEARS. THOUGH THIS ADMIXTURE PRODUCED AN INCREASE IN THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES AS MEASURED IN THE LABORATORY, NO MARKED BENEFITS WERE NOTED IN PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FIVE TEST PAVEMENTS INCORPORATING EITHER CRUMB OR LATEX RUBBER PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED FOR A PERIOD OF 2 TO 4 YEARS. NEITHER OF THESE ADDITIVES IMPARTED ANY BENEFICIAL EFFECTS TO STANDARD TOP COURSE MIXTURES, AS JUDGED BY THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CORE SAMPLES REMOVED FROM THE PAVEMENTS OR BY VISUAL COMPARISON OF TEST AREAS AND CONTROL AREAS. TWO TEST PAVEMENTS CONTAINING HYDRATED LIME HAVE BEEN OBSERVED FOR SIX YEARS. THE AGGREGATES USED IN THESE PAVEMENTS WERE OF HIGH QUALITY, FREE OF DUST OR CLAY COATINGS, AND THEREFORE THE ADDITION OF LIME WOULD NOT HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED THE MIXTURE PROPERTIES. THE USE OF HYDRATED LIME AS A MINERAL FILLER IS NOT RECOMMENDED IN SURFACE COURSE MIXTURES HAVING ACCEPTABLY PROCESSED AND WASHED AGGREGATES. BASING CONCLUSIONS ON THE VISUAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE TEST SECTIONS, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THESE ADMIXTURES HAVE LITTLE OR NO EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE NYS STANDARD SURFACE COURSE MIXTURES USED IN THE INVESTIGATION. HOWEVER, THESE ADDITIVES MAY HAVE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS IN SPECIAL MIXTURES SUCH AS A CURBING MIX OR A FINE SAND SHEET MIX, OR POSSIBLY WITH MARGINAL MATERIALS. /BPR/ KW - Additives KW - Admixtures KW - Asbestos KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Mineral fillers KW - Mixtures KW - Pavement performance KW - Rubber KW - Skid resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Talcs KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210430 AU - Majors, A B AU - Couper, J R AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A CHEMICAL COMPOSITION STUDY OF ASPHALT PY - AB - THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ASPHALTS USED ON PAVING PROJECTS IN ARKANSAS WAS EXAMINED FOR A PERIOD OF FOUR YEARS. A MODIFIED CORBETT-SWARBRICK METHOD OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE COMPOSITIONS OF THE ASPHALTS. THE ASPHALTS WITH INITIAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN THE RANGES AS SHOWN BELOW WERE FOUND TO PROVIDE AT LEAST FOUR YEARS OF GOOD ROAD SERVICE. THE FRACTION AND THE WEIGHT PERCENTAGES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PARAFFIN AND NAPTHENES, 11 TO 20%; LIGHT AROMATICS, 20 TO 34%; HEAVY AROMATICS #1, 23 TO 30%; HEAVY AROMATICS #2, 5 TO 10%; AND ASPHALTENES, 12 TO 20%. THE ABOVE DATA WAS BASED ON A CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION USING FOROCEL ACTIVATED AT 733 F FOR TWO HOURS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical composition KW - Chromatographic analysis KW - Chromatography KW - Fractions KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Percent KW - Percentiles KW - Project management KW - Projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212070 AU - Benenson, H AU - Department of Transportation AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - METHOD FOR REDUCING THE COST OF CORROSION TESTING OF REINFORCING STEEL PY - AB - AN ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE WAS DEVELOPED THAT WILL PERMIT A TEST TO BE CURTAILED AFTER A GIVEN PERCENTAGE OF THE SAMPLES HAVE BEEN TESTED OR WHEN THE TEST IS STOPPED AFTER A SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS. THE ANALYSIS THAT WAS MATHEMATICALLY DERIVED WAS APPLIED TO EIGHT SETS OF DATA SUPPLIED BY THE MATERIALS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT. THE ANALYSIS PROVIDED FOR MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATES OF THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION FROM A CENSORED NORMAL POPULATION AS WELL AS ESTIMATES OF THE VARIANCE OF THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION. THESE ESTIMATES PERMITTED COMPARISON OF THE MAXIMUM ERROR EXPECTED FROM A 100 PERCENT SAMPLE TO THE MAXIMUM ERROR EXPECTED FROM REDUCED SAMPLING OF 75, 50 AND 25 PERCENT. IN ADDITION, THE NUMBER OF SPECIMENS REQUIRED TO COMPENSATE FOR THE REDUCED SAMPLES WAS DETERMINED. IT WAS FOUND IN APPLYING THE METHOD TO THE EIGHT SETS OF DATA THAT EXCELLENT CORRELATION WAS OBTAINED, ESPECIALLY AT LEVELS GREATER THAN 50 PERCENT OF THE SAMPLE. A BIMODAL NORMAL DISTRIBUTION WAS DETECTED IN THE DATA AND A CORRECTION WAS DEVELOPED AND MAY BE APPLIED IF SUCH A CORRECTION IS DESIRED. HOWEVER, TYPICAL TESTING VARIATION HAS THE SAME MAGNITUDE AS THE CORRECTION, MAKING THE CORRECTION UNNECESSARY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Corrosion tests KW - Costs KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mean (Statistical) KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Specimens KW - Standard deviation KW - Testing KW - Testing costs KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215918 AU - Smith, T AU - Shirley, E C AU - Smith, R E AU - Champion, F C AU - Hinricks, D J AU - California Department of Public Works AU - California Division of Highways AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CALIBRATION STANDARDS FOR NUCLEAR GAUGES (DENSITY STANDARDS) PY - AB - THE BACKGROUND OF CALIBRATION RESEARCH FOR NUCLEAR SOIL DENSITY GAGES IS SUMMARIZED. THE PHYSICAL AND MINERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MASTER DENSITY REFERENCE STANDARDS DEVELOPED BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS ARE PRESENTED. FABRICATION AND TESTING DETAILS ARE DISCUSSED; AND TEST DATA FROM THREE GAGES OF DIFFERENT MANUFACTURE ON THE STANDARDS ARE GIVEN. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT IT IS PRACTICAL TO FABRICATE DENSITY STANDARDS, AND THAT THE CALIBRATION CURVE DEVELOPED ON THEM CAN BE USED FOR MOST COMMON CALIFORNIA SOILS. THE USE OF THE MASTER STANDARDS, AND SUPPLEMENTARY STANDARDS IN THE DISTRICTS, IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE THE UNIFORMITY AND ACCURACY OF CALIBRATION OF THE NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calibration KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Density KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear tests KW - Soils KW - Standards KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228657 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ROCK RIPPABILITY STUDY PY - AB - THE FEASIBILITY OF PREDICTING QUANTITIES OF RIPPABLE AND NON-RIPPABLE ROCK ON PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS WAS DETERMINED USING SEISMIC SOUNDINGS SUPPLEMENTED BY TEST BORINGS AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. SIX PROJECTS SCHEDULED FOR CONSTRUCTION IN DIFFERENT GEOLOGIC SETTINGS WERE SELECTED FOR INVESTIGATION AND FIELD WORK HAS BEEN COMPLETED ON ALL SIX. TO DATE, ONLY THREE OF THE PROJECTS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED. NON-RIPPABLE MATERIAL WAS ENCOUNTERED ON ONLY TWO OF THE PROJECTS CONSTRUCTED, AND IT WAS FOUND THAT THE DISTRIBUTION OF THIS MATERIAL WAS ERRATIC DUE TO THE GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS PRESENT. IT ALSO BECAME APPARENT DURING THE COURSE OF THE STUDY THAT THE DEPTH CAPABILITY OF THE SEISMOGRAPH USED, A SOILTEST TERRA-SCOUT, WAS TOO LIMITED TO PERMIT ADEQUATE INVESTIGATION OF CUTS AS LARGE AS THOSE ENCOUNTERED ON THE PROJECTS INVESTIGATED. UNDER THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, IT WAS FELT THAT THE COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND ACTUAL QUANTITIES OF NON-RIPPABLE MATERIAL ORIGINALLY PROPOSED WOULD BE LESS MEANINGFUL THAN A COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND ACTUAL DEPTHS TO NON-RIPPABLE MATERIAL, AND THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY HAVE THEREFORE BEEN EVALUATED ON THIS BASIS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Boring KW - Building materials KW - Depth KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Forecasting KW - Geologic investigations KW - Geological surveying KW - Measurement KW - Quantities KW - Resistivity KW - Rippability KW - Rock sources KW - Rocks KW - Seismometers KW - Tear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210432 AU - Beecroft, G W AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TEMPERATURE-VISCOSITY RELATIONSHIPS OF SELECTED ASPHALT CEMENTS PY - AB - TO GAIN INFORMATION ON THE APPROPRIATE TEMPERATURE TO OBTAIN A GIVEN DESIRABLE VISCOSITY FOR THE VARIOUS ASPHALT CEMENTS COMMONLY USED IN OREGON, VISCOSITIES WERE DETERMINED AT THREE OR MORE TEMPERATURES NEAR THE MIXING TEMPERATURE. AMONG THE ASPHALTS TESTED, WIDE VARIATIONS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE VISCOSITIES WERE FOUND BETWEEN THE ASPHALTS OF SEVERAL PRODUCERS. ALSO, SIGNIFICANT VARIATIONS EXISTED BETWEEN DIFFERENT SHIPMENTS FROM A GIVEN PRODUCER. THE TEMPERATURE-VISCOSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ASPHALTS TESTED VARIED TO A GREAT ENOUGH EXTENT TO MAKE IT DESIRABLE TO KNOW THE VISCOSITY AT ONE OR MORE TEMPERATURES NEAR THE MIXING TEMPERATURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt cement KW - Mixing KW - Mixing temperature KW - Relationships KW - Temperature KW - Variables KW - Variations KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212068 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Stratfull, R F AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CHLORIDES IN BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION PY - AB - AS A RESULT OF A RECENT BRIDGE DECK STUDY AND OTHER RELATED WORK, A MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION WAS DERIVED WHICH DESCRIBES THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIDE IN CONCRETE AS RELATED TO DEPTH BELOW THE SURFACE IN BRIDGE DECK CONCRETE. THE VALIDITY OF THE EXPRESSION IS SUPPORTED BY A SIMILAR DISTRIBUTION OF SALT FOUND IN PILES SUBMERGED IN BAY WATER. DATA ARE GIVEN WHICH SHOW THAT THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIDE IN CONCRETE IS HIGHLY VARIABLE, AND ATTENTION MUST BE GIVEN TO THE NUMBER OF SAMPLES WHEN DETERMINING THE AVERAGE CHLORIDE CONTENT. STEEL WAS REMOVED FROM ONE BRIDGE DECK AND CORROSION LOSS MEASURED. WHILE NOT STRUCTURALLY SIGNIFICANT, THE CORROSION THAT HAD OCCURRED WAS MORE THAN NECESSARY TO CAUSE EXTENSIVE CRACKING OF THE CONCRETE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT DECK DETERIORATION DUE TO CORROSION OF THE STEEL COULD BE EFFECTIVELY PREVENTED IN NEW STRUCTURES BY THE USE OF A NONCORROSIVE DEICING AGENT, OR THE USE OF AN EFFECTIVE SEALING MEMBRANE TO PREVENT SALT INTRUSION. A MEMBRANE PLACED ON A HIGH CHOLRIDE CONTAMINATED DECK IS LIKELY TO ACCELERATE CORROSION. HALF-CELL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE ON SECTIONS OF TWO BRIDGE DECKS. THEY SHOW THAT CORROSION ACTIVITY OF THE STEEL CAN BE NON- DESTRUCTIVELY DETECTED BY ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. /BPR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Chlorine content KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cracking KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deterioration KW - Electrical measurement KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Physical distribution KW - Sealing compounds KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230709 AU - Tulloch, W S AU - Hudson, W R AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION AND PREDICTION OF THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF LIME-TREATED MATERIALS PY - AB - FOUR STATISTICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS ON A LIME-TREATED PLASTIC CLAY (TAYLOR MARL) ARE DESCRIBED. THE FIRST EXPERIMENT EVALUATED THE EFFECT OF LIME CONTENT, CLAY CONTENT (AMOUNT), MOLDING WATER, COMPACTIVE EFFORT AND CURING TEMPERATURE ON THE INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH, VERTICAL FAILURE DEFORMATION AND HORIZONTAL FAILURE DEFORMATION. THE SECOND AND THIRD EXPERIMENTS WERE DESIGNED TO CORRELATE INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH WITH THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND COHESIOMETER VALUE. THE ONLY DIFFERENCE WAS IN THE CURING PROCEDURE. THE FOURTH EXPERIMENT FOUND THAT SPECIMENT SIZE DID NOT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON MEASURED INDIRECT-TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE LIME-TREATED CLAY. /BPR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay KW - Cohesion KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deformation KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Liming of soils KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224934 AU - TUNNARD, C AU - Yale University AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAY AS ENVIRONMENT PY - AB - SEVERAL METHODS TO DETERMINE AND EVALUATE TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED THAT MAY HAVE APPLICATION IN THE LOCATION AND DESIGN OF PROPOSED HIGHWAYS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING FACILITIES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE ENVIRONMENT. DATA ON DRIVER RESPONSE TO VISUAL FEATURES HAS BEEN RECORDED. THIS INFORMATION LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL-MAKING AND A PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE THAT MIGHT BE USED TO TEST DESIGN PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVED SAFETY, SERVICEABILITY AND THE EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT. IN CONNECTION WITH THE MODEL, FILMS CAN BE DEVELOPED TO BETTER INFORM THE PUBLIC AND GET THEIR REACTION OPINION. CASE STUDIES OF FOUR HIGHWAY TYPES, (1) LIMITED ACCESS FREEWAY, (2) URBAN ARTERIAL, (3) RURAL ARTERIAL WITH COMMERCIAL STRIP DEVELOPMENT, AND (4) RURAL SCENIC SECONDARY ROADS TO BE DEVELOPED PRIMARILY FOR RECREATIONAL DRIVING, WERE USED TO IDENTIFY THE FEATURES SIGNIFICANT IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITIES FOR THE HIGHWAY USER, ADJACENT PROPERTY OWNERS, AND THE COMMUNITY. PROPOSED DESIGN CHANGES AND CONTROLS ARE OUTLINED. A SCENIC AND RECREATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY IS OUTLINED. A FILM WAS PREPARED TO TEST THE POTENTIALITIES OF COMPUTER TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAY LOCATION AND DESIGN. /BPR/ KW - Arterial highways KW - Commercial KW - Development KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Environmental impacts KW - Facilities KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Information processing KW - Location KW - Methodology KW - Model tests KW - Photographic methods KW - Photography KW - Reaction time KW - Recreational roads KW - Rural highways KW - Scenery KW - Scenic highways KW - Serviceability KW - Streets KW - Strip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230708 AU - Karlsrud, K AU - Soydemir, C AU - Wolfskill, L A AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Massachusetts Transportation Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PERFORMANCE OF AN EMBANKMENT ON CLAY, INTERSTATE 95 PY - AB - FIELD DATA IS BEING OBTAINED FOR IMPROVING THE RELIABILITY OF METHODS FOR PREDICTING DEFORMATION AND STABILITY OF HEAVY EMBANKMENTS PLACED OVER THICK DEPOSITS OF SOFT SOILS. CONSTRUCTION ABOVE THE WORKING MAT STARTED IN JULY 1968 AND REACHED ELEVATION +36 FEET BY THE END OF NOVEMBER. AFTER A FOUR MONTH RECESS, THE EMBANKMENT WAS COMPLETED TO ELEVATION +40 BETWEEN APRIL 15 AND MAY 15, 1969. BY THIS TIME THE EMBANKMENT HAD SETTLED A MAXIMUM OF 1.4 FEET AND A MAXIMUM OF 48 FEET OF EXCESS PRESSURE HEAD EXISTED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE FOUNDATION CLAY. THE LARGEST HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT WAS FOUR INCHES. THE REPORT INCLUDES EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR PREDICTING INITIAL EXCESS PORE PRESSURE CAUSED BY THE EMBANKMENT LOAD, PORE PRESSURE DISSIPATION, HORIZONTAL DEFORMATION, SETTLEMENT RATE AND AMOUNT, AND EMBANKMENT STABILITY. /BPR/ KW - Clay KW - Deformation KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Performance KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soft rock KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206395 AU - Bynum, D AU - Traxler, R N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THERMOVISCOELASTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TEMPERATURE ABUSED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PY - AB - AN INVESTIGATION WAS MADE TO OBTAIN THE VARIATION IN TRENDS OF THE THERMOVISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES BETWEEN A REGULAR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURE AND A TEMPERATURE ABUSED MIXTURE. THE SPECIMENS WERE TESTED IN UNIAXIAL TENSION AND UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION AT CONSTANT STRAIN RATES VARIED OVER 5 DECADES AND FOR TEMPERATURES BETWEEN -50 DEGREES AND 150 DEGREES F. THE ULTIMATE STRESS VARIED 2 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE WHILE THE ULTIMATE STRAIN VARIED BY A FACTOR OF ABOUT 3 FOR THE GIVEN EXTREMES OF TEST TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN RATES INVESTIGATED. THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL THERMOVISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES FOR EACH SET OF TESTS WERE SUMMARIZED ON A SINGLE GRAPH. SMITH FAILURE ENVELOPES SHOWED THAT THE MAXIMUM ULTIMATE STRESS INCREASED AND THE MAXIMUM ULTIMATE STRAIN DECREASED WITH INCRESED MIX TEMPERATURES. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Mixtures KW - Properties of materials KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Temperature KW - Tension tests KW - Thermal properties KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224935 AU - BOYD, J W AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DESIGN OF HIGHWAY TUNNEL VENTILATION-STATE OF THE ART BASED ON LITERATURE SEARCH PY - AB - A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE STATE OF THE ART OF VENTILATING LARGE VEHICULAR TUNNELS AND THE ORIGINS OF PRESENT METHODS OF DESIGNING THESE VENTILATION FACILITIES. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS, PRIMARILY CARBON MONOXIDE, HAVE BEEN STUDIED, AND RESULTS USED TO DETERMINE SAFE CONCENTRATIONS. OUTPUT OF CONTAMINANTS OF VEHICLES AND THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERING OPERATING CONDITIONS, GRADES AND ELEVATION HAVE BEEN ASSESSED. VARIOUS METHODS OF VENTILATING VEHICULAR TUNNELS, INCLUDING BOTH NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL (MECHANICAL) METHODS ARE DISCUSSED. LONGITUDINAL, TRANSVERSE AND COMBINED SYSTEMS ARE DESCRIBED. DERIVATIONS OF EQUATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTIONS OF PRESSURE IN TUNNEL SUPPLY AND EXHAUSE DUCTS, COMMONLY USED IN DESINGING TUNNEL VENTILATION SYSTEMS, ARE PRESENTED. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION IS INCLUDED OF OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN TUNNEL DESIGN AND OPERATIONS, SUCH AS HAZE, HEAT DISSIPATION, INSTRUMENTATION AND SIGNALLING. /BPR/ KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Contaminants KW - Cooling KW - Exhaust gases KW - Haze KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Instrumentation KW - Pressure KW - Signaling KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224933 AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INTERSECTION CAPACITY STUDY PY - AB - ACTUAL SERVICE VOLUMES OF 90 APPROACHES TO 53 INTERSECTIONS IN KANSAS CITY, ST. LOUIS AND SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI WERE MEASURED. THESE VOLUMES WERE COMPARED TO THE THEORETICAL VOLUME COMPUTED USING THE 1965 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL. VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERSECTION AND THE COMPUTED ERROR WERE ANALYZED IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY CORRECTIONS. PERCENT ERROR WAS INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH LOAD FACTOR. REVISED CALCULATION USING STANDARD LANE WIDTHS WAS GENERALLY FOUND TO DECREASE THE PERCENT ERROR. /BPR/ KW - Calculation KW - Characteristics KW - Computation KW - Errors KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersection census KW - Intersections KW - Load factor KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206396 AU - Liddle, W J AU - JONES, G M AU - Peterson, D E AU - Muir, D C AU - Utah State Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY ON UTAH HIGHWAYS, INTERIM REPORT 1969 PY - AB - THIS PUBLICATION IS THE FIFTH INTERIM REPORT OF A CONTINOUS PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE STUDY. PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEXES WERE DETERMINED FOR A 121 HIGHWAY PROJECTS CONSTRUCTED SINCE 1962. THE (PSI) IS A NUMERICAL RATING FROM 0-5; THE HIGHER VALUES CORRESPOND TO THE BEST PAVEMENTS. THE (PSI) DEFINES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A KNOWN NUMBER OF SPECIFIC AXLE LOADS AND THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCE FOR VARIOUS PAVEMENT DESIGNS. THE PAVEMENT CRITERIA FOR THIS EVALUATION ARE THE ROUGHNESS INDEX (RI) WHICH IS ROUGHNESS AS INCHES PER MILE OBTAINED BY PROFILOGRAPH TESTING, CRACKING AND PATCHING FROM VISUAL OBSERVATIONS, AND RUT DEPTHS MEASURED WITH A SPECIALLY DESIGNED RUT DEPTH GAUGE. THE PRECEDING PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEXES AND THE CURRENT PSI AND ALL SUBSEQUENT GRAPHICAL PLOTS FOR THE PSI WILL DEVELOP A CURVE REPRESENTING PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. THE TREND FOR THIS CURVE IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN INDICATOR FOR DESIGN ADEQUACY OR INADEQUACY. ONCE THE SERVICEABILITY TREND IS ESTABLISHED THE DESIGN ADEQUACY CAN BE PREDICTED IN ADVANCE BY PROJECTING THE TREND TO THE INTERSECTION POINT WITH THE TERMINAL LIFE LINE. THE PRECEDING EVALUATION RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF PROJECTS EXHIBITING A DECREASE IN ROUGHNESS AND CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN THE PSI RATING. THIS TEMPORARY SMOOTHING IS ACCEPTED AS A NATURAL RESULT FOR PAVEMENT WEAR AS EVIDENCED BY THIS RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATIONS WITH AGENCIES SPONSORING SIMILAR STUDIES. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT RESULTS SHOW A PREDOMINATE DESCENDING TREND FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE PROJECTS, THIS DECLINE IS EXPECTED. IT IS ANTICIPATED THAT PERPETUATING THIS RESEARCH WILL DEVELOP SIGNIFICANT SERVICEABILITY TRENDS THAT WILL BE VALID INDICATORS FOR DETERMINING DESIGN ADEQUACY. /BPR/ KW - Axle loads KW - Evaluation KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Highways KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Riding qualities KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204011 AU - Peterson, C H AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION IN HIGHWAY MEDIAN AND SIDE DITCHES PY - AB - THE EFFICACY AS ROADSIDE CHANNELS OF FOUR TYPICAL ALABAMA SOILS AND GRASS AND CONCRETE LININGS WERE INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT FLOWS AND SLOPES. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION WERE OBSERVED FOR THE CHANNELS TESTED. ALL OF THE SOILS TESTED WERE FOUND TO SILT AT THE UPPER END OF THE CHANNEL AND ERODE AT THE LOWER PORTION. THE GRASS LINED CHANNELS DID NOT ERODE BUT SILTED THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF CHANNEL AT ALL SLOPES AND FLOWS INVESTIGATED. THE CONCRETE CHANNELS SILTED AT THE LOW SLOPES FROM THE UPPER END TO NEAR THE LOWER END OF THE CHANNELS, BUT THE SEDIMENT WAS CARRIED AWAY AT THE STEEP SLOPES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Channel linings KW - Ditches KW - Erosion KW - Grasses KW - Hydraulics KW - Roadside KW - Scour KW - Sedimentation KW - Silts KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218052 AU - Furr, H AU - Ingram, L AU - Winegar, G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FREEZE THAW AND SKID RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE OF SURFACE COATINGS ON CONCRETE PY - AB - TESTS ARE SUMMARIZED WHICH WERE MADE ON SEVERAL MATERIALS USED TO PREVENT DETERIORATION AND THEREBY EXTEND THE SERVICE LIVES OF BRIDGE DECKS. CONCRETE SPECIMENS USING VARIOUS COATINGS OR SEALS WERE SUBJECTED TO FREEZE-THAW CYCLES AND THE PROTECTION RESULTING FROM THE SURFACE COATINGS WAS EVALUATED. VARIOUS CONDITIONS FOR MATERIALS AND TEMPERATURES WERE EXPLORED IN THE TESTS. QUANTITIES AND COST OF COATINGS WERE ALSO STUDIED. SKID RESISTANT TESTS WERE MADE ON SPECIMENS USING THE BRITISH PORTABLE TESTER. /BPR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Deterioration KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Prevention KW - Protective coatings KW - Skid resistance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201220 AU - Berry, H AU - Mcnece, E R AU - Urban Property Research Co AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VALUATION OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING SITES PY - AB - INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THE MANNER OF AN APPRAISAL MANUAL. THIS RESEARCH INVOLVES THE INVESTIGATION INTO: (1) THE CONTRIBUTION TO THE MARKET VALUE OF A PROPERTY MADE BY AN OUTDOOR ADVERTISING LEASE; (2) GENERAL LEASING PRACTICES OF THE OUTDOOR ADVERTISING INDUSTRY; (3) THE INFORMATION WHICH MUST BE ASSEMBLED TO APPRAISE THE CONTRIBUTION TO THE MARKET VALUE OF A PROPERTY MADE BY A PARTICULAR OUTDOOR ADVERTISING LEASE; AND (4) APPLICATION OF ACCEPTED APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES TO THE VALUATION PROBLEM. THE MANUAL PORTION HAS BEEN DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS, ONE CONTAINING AN OUTLINE OF MARKET PRACTICES AFFECTING OUTDOOR ADVERTISING SITES AND THE OTHER THE THEORY OF VALUATION. THE RESULTS OF SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS ARE GIVEN IN THE APPENDICES. THE SURVEY OF LANDOWNERS ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTION AN OUTDOOR ADVERTISING DISPLAY MAKES TO A PROPERTY'S VALUE PRODUCED A NUMBER OF INTERESTING FINDINGS: (1) MOST OWNERS DO NOT RELATE THE SIGN INCOME TO THE PROPERTY VALUE; (2) THE PROBABILITY OF A SIGN BEING THE BEST ECONOMIC USE OF A PROPERTY IS NOT RELATED TO THE RENTAL RECEIVED, EXCEPT FOR EXTREMELY HIGH RENTALS; (3) THE ADVERSE SIDE EFFECT OF SIGNS ON THE DOMINANT USE OF A PROPERTY IS NEGLIGIBLE FOR PARCELS HAVING SIGNS PRESENT; AND (4) A RENT OF $300 YEARLY WAS SUGGESTED AS THE RENT LEVEL AT WHICH A SIGN DEFINITELY CONTRIBUTED VALUE TO ITS LARGER PARCEL. /BPR/ KW - Appraisals KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Land use KW - Leasing KW - Manuals KW - Market value KW - Real property KW - Roadside advertising KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212069 AU - Larson, T D AU - Cady, P D AU - Browne, F P AU - Carrier, R E AU - Lowry, L L AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF HARDENED CONCRETE PY - AB - THIS RESEARCH WAS ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH SIX SEPARATE SUBSTUDIES, NAMELY: (1)"DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED LINEAR TRAVERSE DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE COMPONENTS OF HARDENED CONCRETE." THIS DEVICE, SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION, WAS FOUND TO HAVE THE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES OVER PREVIOUS DEVICES: RESOLUTION UP TO FIVE TIMES BETTER, SPEED AT LEAST EIGHT TIMES BETTER, COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF MANUAL OPERATION, REDUCED OPERATOR FATIGUE, AND REDUCED DATA PROCESSING TIME. (2) "DETERMINATION OF WATER/CEMENT RATIO." THE ANALYTICAL METHOD SUGGESTED BY AXON IS NOT RECOMMENDED, SINCE IT IS SHOWN THAT AT LEAST 40 SPECIMENS ARE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT VALUES OF THE WATER/CEMENT RATIO AND OF THE CEMENT FACTOR. (3)"AIR VOID STUDIES." DIFFERENT AIR- ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES WERE FOUND TO PRODUCE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT AIR VOID SYSTEMS. IT WAS ALSO SHOWN THAT TRAVERSE LENGTHS CAN BE GREATLY REDUCED. (4)"EFFECTIVENESS OF CURING COMPOUNDS." CURING COMPOUND APPLICATION RATES OF AS LITTLE AS ONE-HALF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS SPECIFICATIONS WERE SHOWN TO BE AS EFFECTIVE IN PROMOTING CURING AS WERE HEAVIER APPLICATIONS. A SIMPLE, INEXPENSIVE FIELD CURING-GAGE WAS DEVELOPED WHICH SHOWS WHETHER THE CONCRETE IS BEING PROPERLY CURED. (5)"PILOT STUDY ON DEICER SCALING MECHANISM IN HARDENED CONCRETE." THE STUDY SUPPORTS THE THESIS THAT ADSORPTION OF MOLECULAR DIPOLES (DEICER SALTS) MAY BE AT LEAST CONTRIBUTORY TO DEICER SCALING. (6) "MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION IN A PAVEMENT SLAB." BY THE USE OF REMOVABLE DISKS, CUT FROM A PAVEMENT, IT WAS SHOWN THAT MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION VARIED IN A PREDICTABLE MANNER. /BPR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Analysis KW - Concrete KW - Concrete composition KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete hardening KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Hardened concrete KW - Measuring instruments KW - Methodology KW - Scaling KW - Slabs KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219736 AU - Walton, N E AU - Rowan, N J AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES IN HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION - FINAL REPORT PY - AB - TWELVE INTERIM REPORTS GENERATED BY THIS STUDY ARE SUMMARIZED. THE FOLLOWING BROAD AREAS ARE COVERED: (1) CONVENTIONAL ROADWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS, (2) ROADSIDE SIGN VISIBILITY, (3) IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS, (4) DISABILITY VEILING BRIGHTNESS, (5) DESIGN OF A MULTI DIRECTIONAL SLIP BASE FOR BREAK-AWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS, (6) FATIGUE OF CAST ALUMINUM BASES, AND (7) HIGH MAST (100- 150 FOOT) LIGHTING. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE USEFUL FROM A LIGHTING SYSTEMS DESIGN STANDPOINT. /BPR/ KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Breakaway supports KW - Brightness KW - Cast aluminum alloys KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Height KW - Illuminating engineering KW - Illumination engineering KW - Lighting equipment KW - Posts KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222588 AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - Hazen, R E AU - Kimball, K A AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ACQUISITION OF DRIVING SKILL PY - AB - A POINT LIGHT SOURCE DRIVING SIMULATOR WAS USED IN AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SKILL OF NOVICE AND EXPERIENCED DRIVERS. THE PERFORMANCE OF THREE GROUPS OF DRIVERS WAS COMPARED: AN EXPERIENCED GROUP OF 11 PERSONS, A NOVICE GROUP OF 11 SUBJECTS WHO HAD MORE THAN 10 HOURS OF DRIVING EXPERIENCE, AND A NOVICE GROUP OF 12 SUBJECTS WITH LESS THAN 10 HOURS OF DRIVING EXPERIENCE. THE NOVICE DRIVERS APPEARED TO CONCENTRATE ON STEERING CONTROL, WHILE MAINTAINING A CONSTANT SLOW VEHICULAR SPEED. THE EXPERIENCED DRIVERS INTEGRATED THE STEERING AND SPEED CONTROL ASPECTS OF THE TASK AND THEY DROVE FASTER THAN THE NOVICES. THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES MANY OTHER SKILL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS GROUPS. /BPR/ KW - Acquisition KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Experience KW - Knowledge KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Property acquisition KW - Speed control KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207937 AU - Willems, N AU - Mahmood, S AU - University of Kansas, Lawrence AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE DECK SLABS PY - AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SKEW BRIDGE DECK SLABS OF VARIABLE RIGIDITY WITH OR WITHOUT EDGE BEAMS. THE SOLUTION IS FOUND BY EXPRESSING THE PLATE DEFLECTION IN TERMS OF A COMBINED SINGLE AND DOUBLE SUMMATION SERIES. THE NUMBER OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS IS CHOSEN SUCH THAT THEY EQUAL THE NUMBER OF EQUATIONS EXPRESSING THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND THOSE USED FOR MINIMIZING THE ERROR FUNCTION. THE ERROR FUNCTION IS MINIMIZED BY IMPOSING A SET OF ORTHOGONALITY CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE USED IN THE STANDARD GALERKIN METHOD. THE METHOD USED, HOWEVER, IS DIFFERENT FROM THE STANDARD PROCEDURE IN THAT THE ASSUMED EXPRESSION FOR THE DEFLATED SHAPE DOES NOT SATISFY THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS TERM BY TERM BUT EACH CONDITION IS SATISFIED BY DEVELOPING THE BOUNDARY EQUATION IN A SINGLE FOURIER SINE SERIES AND SETTING EACH FOURIER COEFFICIENT EQUAL TO ZERO. THREE COMPUTER PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED USING FORTRAN IV. PROGRAM A SERVES TO DETERMINE THE DEFLECTIONS, MOMENTS AND SUPPORT SHEARS DUE TO UNIFORM LOADING AS WELL AS THE EXTREME VALUES DUE TO TRUCK LOADING. PROGRAM B CALCULATES THE EXTREME VALUES OF DEFLECTION, MOMENTS AND SUPPORT SHEARS DUE TO LANE AND KNIFE EDGE LOADING. PROGRAM C IS FOR A SINGLE CONCENTRATED LOAD AND CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE THE EFFECTS OF A SINGLE SPAN LOADED UNIFORMLY. ALL PROGRAMS WERE DEVELOPED FOR ANY ANGLE OF SKEWNESS, ANY COMBINATION OF SPAN RATIOS AND COULD BE USED IN ITS PRESENT FORM FOR A 4-SPAN CONTINUOUS DECK SLAB. BY CHANGING THE COMMON DIMENSIONS, ANY NUMBER OF SPANS AND APPROXIMATIONS CAN BE USED. COMPARISON WITH EARLIER WORK DONE BY USING THE FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD AND SPECIAL CASES WITH CONTINUOUS BEAM ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT ACCURATE VALUES CAN BE OBTAINED WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF TERMS. /BPR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Continuous skewed slab bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Deflection KW - Fourier series KW - Length KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Shear stress KW - Skew bridges KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202575 AU - Colony, D C AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS IN RIGHT-OF-WAY OPERATIONS PY - AB - A PROCEDURE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR MAKING PROPERTY SURVEYS BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS USING THE NISTRI ANALYTICAL PLOTTER (AP/C). AN ANALYSIS IS MADE OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH DEED DESCRIPTIONS IN THE PROJECT. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING OWNERSHIP BOUNDATIES IN RURAL AREAS WERE OBTAINED FROM THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THESE WERE FOUND USEFUL IN ESTABLISHING THE PRELIMINARY LOCATION OF PROPERTY LINES. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IS MADE OF THE ACCURACY OF MEASURING THE LOCATION OF PROPERTY CORNERS WITH THE AP/C. FOR 1:12000 SCALE PHOTOGRAPHS THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE ERRORS FOR 28 POINTS TESTED WAS 0.549 FOOT. IT IS BELIEVED THAT GREATER ACCURACY COULD BE ACHIEVED BY USING SPECIAL OPTICAL REFLECTIVE DEVICES TO PREMARK PROPERTY CORNERS AND OTHER CRITICAL POINTS ON THE GROUND BEOFRE THE PHOTOGRAPHIC FLIGHT. INADEQUACIES IN OLD PROPERTY SURVEYS, RESTRICTED USE OF THE STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM, LACK OF TRAINED PERSONNEL, AND LACK OF RECOGNITION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR LAND SURVEYING BY THE COURTS, HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS THE REASONS FOR THE SLOW PROGRESS IN ADOPTING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY OPERATIONS. THE RECOMMENDATION IS MADE TO MODIFY BY LEGISLATION OHIO'S STATUTORY DEFINITION OF LAND SURVEYING TO INCLUDE PHOTOGRAMMETRY. A TENTATIVE PROCEDURE FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY PLAN PREPARATION BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY IS DESCRIBED. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Boundaries KW - Land KW - Land surveying KW - Ownership KW - Photogrammetry KW - Real property KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206397 AU - STEWART, C F AU - Gunderson, B J AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS, INTERIM REPORT NO 2 PY - AB - BRIDGE DECK CRACKING STUDIES ON FOUR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS HAVE BEEN EVALUATED. THE EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES, AIR ENTRAINMENT, CURING, AND WEATHER CONDITIONS ON DECK CRACKING IS DISCUSSED. DECK TEMPERATURES DURING THE FIRST 14 DAYS ARE GIVEN FOR TWO SLABS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air entrainment KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction management KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Temperature KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224936 AU - Fenton, R E AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE DRIVER-AUTOMATIC SYSTEM INTERFACE PY - AB - A DRIVER'S INABILITY TO DETECT SMALL RELATIVE VELOCITIES AND SMALL ERRORS IN HEADWAY IS A PRIMARY REASON FOR HIS POOR CAR-FOLLOWING PERFORMANCE. THIS CAN BE GREATLY IMPROVED IF HE IS GIVEN INFORMATION--HEADWAY AND RELATIVE VELOCITY-- CONCERNING THE STATE OF A LEAD CAR. THIS MAY BE PROVIDED VISUALLY, TACTUALLY, OR AUDIBLY. IN THE STUDY REPORTED A CONTROL STICK WITH A BUILT-IN KINESTHETIC TACTILE DISPLAY WAS TESTED IN A CAR-FOLLOWING SITUATION. PERFORMANCES WITH THIS DISPLAY WERE COMPARED TO THOSE OBTAINED WHEN NO AIDING WAS USED IN A SIMILAR SITUATION. SIZEABLE REDUCTIONS IN VELOCITY VARIANCE AND HEADWAY VARIANCE WERE OBTAINED FOR THE AIDED RELATIVE TO THE UNAIDED CASE. THESE WERE OBTAINED FOR HEADWAYS OF 23 FEET AT 30 MPH AND 33 FEET AT 40 MPH. THUS, THIS DISPLAY CAN BE EFFECTIVELY USED AT SHORT HEADWAYS. /BPR/ KW - Automatic control KW - Car following KW - Displays KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Headways KW - Information display systems KW - Interfaces KW - Personnel performance KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233725 AU - Hamel, J V AU - Flint, N K AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGHWAY CUTS IN ROCK: A SLOPE STABILITY STUDY ON INTERSTATE ROUTE 279 AND 79 NEAR PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA PY - AB - SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSES AND RELATED ENGINEERING GEOLOGY STUDIES WERE MADE ALONG INTERSTATE ROUTES 279 AND 79 A FEW MILES NORTHWEST OF PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA. BOTH ROUTES ARE LARGELY ON STEEP VALLEY SLOPES. THEY TRAVERSE ESSENTIALLY FLAT-LYING, COAL-MEASURE-TYPE STRATA CONTAINING A WEAK CLAY- STONE ZONE 55 FEET THICK THAT IS COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF THE PITTSBURGH REDBEDS. ANCIENT LANDSLIDES, RECOGNIZABLE TOPOGRAPHICALLY AS HILLSIDE BENCHES DEVELOPED AT THE HEAD OF THE SLIDES, ARE COMMON ALONG THE TWO HIGHWAYS WHERE THIS CLAYSTONE OCCURS. SEVERAL LANDSLIDES ENCOUNTERED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF I-279 RESULTED FROM UNDERCUTTING AND REACTIVATION OF UNRECOGNIZED ANCIENT SLIDE MASSES (COLLUVIUM) IN THE PITTSBURGH REDBEDS. TWO OF THESE ARE DESCRIBED AND ANALYZED IN DETAIL. SITES ALONG I-79 WHERE THE GEOLOGIC SETTING IS SIMILAR AND WHERE LANDSLIDING MAY DEVELOP DURING CONSTRUCTION ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. THESE PREDICTED PROBLEM SITES ON I-79 CAN BE USED TO TEST THE USEFULNESS OF THE GEOLOGIC MAPPING THAT IS RECOMMENDED AS A BASIS FOR LANDSLIDE PREDICTION. REPEATED DIRECT SHEAR TESTS ON 2 BY 2 IN. SPECIMENS OF CLAY FROM SEVERAL I-279 FAILURE SURFACES YIELDED VALUES FOR RESIDUAL SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS. FRICTION ANGLES OF 12.5 TO 15.5 DEGREES WERE CALCULATED FOR LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM OF THE FAILURE MASSES USING THE MORGERNSTERN-PRICE METHOD OF STABILITY ANALYSIS. THE AVERAGE SHEAR STRENGTH MOBILIZED ALONG THE FAILURE SURFACES OF THESE SLIDES WAS VERY CLOSE TO THE RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF FAILURE-SURFACE MATERIALS. THIS RESIDUAL STRENGTH CONDITION IS ATTRIBUTED TO SHEARING DISPLACEMENTS OF THE ANCIENT LANDSLIDES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Clay minerals KW - Claystones KW - Design KW - Design information KW - Engineering geology KW - Excavations KW - Failure KW - Failure surfaces KW - Landslides KW - Residual stress KW - Road construction KW - Rocks KW - Shear strength KW - Slope stability KW - Stability analysis KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230710 AU - Edgers, L AU - Tufts University AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A MODEL INVESTIGATION OF FRICTION PILE CAPACITIES IN SILT PY - AB - A SERIES OF MODEL WOOD PILES AND PILE CLUSTERS WERE DRIVEN INTO COMPACTED BINS OF VERMONT SILT. THE PILES WERE INSTALLED AT A SLOW CONSTANT RATE OF PENETRATION (CPR) WITH A CONTINUOUS RECORD OF PILE RESISTANCE VS. PENETRATION DEPTH DEPTH. LINEAR, TRIANGULAR AND RECTANGULAR GROUPS OF 2, 3, 4, AND 5 PILES WERE TESTED AT VARIOUS PILE SPACINGS. THEORETICAL METHODS WHICH CONSIDER THE STATIC EQUILIBRIUM OF THE PILE WITH WORKING LOADS AND ULTIMATE SOIL FORCES ARE USED FOR PREFICTING PILE CAPACITIES. THE RESULTS OF THIS MODEL PILE STUDY INDICATE THAT THIS THEORY, ALTHOUGH NOT WITHOUT ERROR, IS ACCEPTABLE FOR USE IN VERMONT SILT PROVIDED THAT EMPIRICALLY DETERMINED VALUES OF ADHESION, C SUB A, AND SIDE FRICTION COEFFICIENT, KTAN, ARE SELECTED FOR DESIGN. THE MODEL PILE GROUP TESTS INDICATE THE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OF GROUP SIZE AND GEOMETRY AND PILE SPACING. GROUP EFFICIENCIES GREATER THAN 100 PERCENT WERE OBSERVED. LINEAR PILE GROUPS DEVELOPED THE SMALLEST EFFICIENCIES. THE RECTANGULAR 5 PILE GROUP DEVELOPED LARGE EFFICIENCIES EVEN AT LARGE PILE SPACINGS. THE CAPACITY OF A TYPICAL FULL-SCALE WOOD PILE IN VERMONT SILT HAS BEEN CALCULATED USING THE THEORETICAL STATIC EQUILIBRIUM METHOD AND THE ADHESION AND SIDE FRICTION COEFFICIENT AS DETERMINED BY THE MODEL TESTS. THE INCREASE IN PILE CAPACITY DUE TO THE PLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT PRELOADS HAS ALSO BEEN CONSIDERED. /BPR/ KW - Adhesion KW - Capacity KW - Equilibrium methods (Structural analysis) KW - Equilibrium methods (Structural) KW - Friction KW - Friction piles KW - Model tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Pile friction KW - Pile groups KW - Pile spacing KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Silts KW - Spacing KW - Structural tests KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219735 AU - HAIGHT, F A AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - California Department of Transportation AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ACCIDENT LITERATURE INDEX, ABSTRACTS 1 - 328 INCLUDED PY - AB - THREE SEPARATE REFERENCE LISTINGS ARE INCLUDED: (1) SUBJECT INDEX, (2) AUTHOR INDEX AND (3) NUMERICAL LISTING OF FIRST AUTHORS. THESE LISTINGS HAVE BEEN UPDATED FROM THE PREVIOUS EDITION TO INCLUDE THE 100 ABSTRACTS SUBMITTED DURING THE PERIOD JULY 1, 1968 - JUNE 30, 1969. THE REFERENCE SYSTEM NOW INCORPORATES ABSTRACTS 1 - 328, INCLUSIVE. SEVERAL NEW MAIN ENTRIES HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE SUBJECT INDEX, BUT THE BASIC FORMAT REMAINS UNCHANGED. IN ALL, 328 ARTICLES ARE ABSTRACTED AND ALPHABETICALLY INDEXED BY SUBJECT AND CROSS-REFERENCED WITH AN AUTHOR INDEX. THE DOCUMENTS CONTAIN A COMPREHENSIVE COMPILATION OF ABSTRACTS PERTAINING TO ALL ASPECTS OF ACCIDENTS INCLUDING ACCIDENT PRONENESS, RATE, CASE HISTORIES, CAUSES, ANALYSES, TYPE AND RESEARCH LITERATURE FROM AS FAR BACK AS THE 1920'S TO CURRENT DAY AND FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES AS WELL AS THE UNITED STATES. EACH ABSTRACT CONTAINS THE TITLE, THE AUTHOR(S), DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION, LANGUAGE IN WHICH WRITTEN, THE PUBLISHED OR JOURNAL LIBRARY AT WHICH ORIGINAL ARTICLE MAY BE FOUND AND CALL NUMBER, ONE PARAGRAPH SUMMARY, AND PURPOSE OF PAPER, AND A MORE COMPREHENSIVE ABSTRACT OF THE PAPER TOGETHER WITH THE ABSTRACTOR'S NAME. /BPR/ KW - Abstracts KW - Accident proneness KW - Case studies KW - Compilation KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Information systems KW - Reviews KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204010 AU - Thorson, D A AU - SHIROLE, A M AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CONTROLLED SCOUR AND ENERGY DISSIPATION AT CULVERT OUTLETS USING ROCK AND A SILL PY - SP - 64 p. AB - CRITERIA ARE ESTABLISHED FOR THE EFFECTIVE DESIGN OF ROCK- BASIN ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR FLOW FROM CULVERTS WITHOUT OR WITH A TRANSVERSE SILL. DESIGN TABLES HAVE BEEN PREPARED ON THE BASIS OF LABORATORY STUDIES WITH CULVERT MODELS. MODELS OF STANDARD END FLARES WERE USED TO SIMULATE THE CULVERT OUTLET CONDITIONS. STABLE ROCK SIZES AND BASIN GEOMETRY CAN BE DETERMINED USING THE DESIGN TABLES DEVELOPED IN THE STUDY. THE DESIGN TABLES ARE APPLICABLE FOR ANGULAR ROCK AS WELL AS ROUNDED ROCK. WORKED EXAMPLES USE THE TABLES FOR DESIGN OF ROCK BASINS FOR NO-SCOUR SITUATIONS AND CONTROLLED DEPTHS OF SCOUR. /AUTHOR/ KW - Basins KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dissipation KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Geometry KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Outlets KW - Rocks KW - Scour UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230706 AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DETERMINATION OF DESIGN COEFFICIENTS FOR LIME-SOIL MIXTURES FOR USE IN THE ILLINOIS FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - AB - THE FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT IHR-76, "LIME STABILIZATION OF SOILS FOR HIGHWAY PURPOSES," CONDUCTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, IN COOPERATION WITH THE ILLINOIS DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS AND THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS, HAVE INDICATED THAT LIME-SOIL MIXTURES CAN BE USED EFFECTIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY AS QUALITY HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. THE WORK WAS UNDERTAKEN TO PERMIT APPLICATION OF THE FINDINGS OF IHR-76 IN PAVEMENT DESIGN BY DEVELOPING TENTATIVE STRENGTH COEFFICIENTS AND MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS FOR INCLUSION OF THE USE OF LIME-STABILIZED-SOIL MIXTURES AS BASE AND SUBBASE IN THE ILLINOIS FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Road construction KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Strength of materials KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217490 AU - Turner, D R AU - Zimpfer, W H AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LABORATORY STRENGTH TESTS-FLORIDA STATE ROAD DEPARTMENT TEST PIT MATERIALS PY - AB - STATIC AND REPEATED FREE-END TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS ARE COMPARED TO RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE FLORIDA LIMEROCK BEARING RATIO (LBR) AND TO CARBONATE CONTENTS OF SEVEN DIFFERENT LIMEROCKS. THE LBR AND CARBONATE CONTENT WERE NOT FOUND TO BE RELATED TO STRENGTH PARAMETERS DETERMINED BY EITHER THE STATIC OR REPEATED TRIAXIAL TEST. THIS INDICATES THAT THE PRESENT LIMEROCK FLORIDA SPECIFICATIONS ARE NOT RELATED TO STRENGTH PARAMETERS DETERMINED BY THE LABORATORY STRENGTH TESTS STUDIED IN THIS RESEARCH. NO ATTEMPT IS MADE TO RELATE THE LABORATORY STRENGTH TESTS TO PERFORMANCE. /BPR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Bearing capacity KW - Carbonates KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone KW - Repeated loads KW - Static tests KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230707 AU - Smith, T AU - Weber, W G AU - Shirley, E AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXPERIMENTAL SAND DRAIN STUDY NAPA RIVER PROJECT, MARE ISLAND PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF A SPECIAL STUDY, INVOLVING THE USE OF SAND DRAINS TO AID THE CONSOLIDATION OF WEAK COMPRESSIBLE SOILS, ARE PRESENTED. SETTLEMENTS, EXCESS HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES, STRENGTH AND MOISTURE CHANGES, INSTRUMENTATION, MOVEMENTS, AND FAILURES ARE DISCUSSED. IT WAS FOUND THAT ACTUAL CONSOLIDATION TIME LAGGED BEHIND THE THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS IN THE SAND DRAIN AREAS. THIS LAG COULD BE PREDICTED BY THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY THE DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF SAND DRAIN INSTALLATION. HIGH EXCESS HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES, CAUSED BY THE SAND DRAIN INSTALLATION CONTRIBUTED TO FAILURE OF THE EMBANKMENT IN THE SAND DRAIN AREA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compressibility KW - Consolidation KW - Consolidation time KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Moisture content KW - Sand drains KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210423 AU - Epps, J A AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Scott, W W AU - Seay, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPACTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - AB - A THORUGH LITERATURE REVIEW, A FIELD STUDY OF 15 SELECTED SITES AND A LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM WERE CONDUCTED IN AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE VARIABLES AFFECTING THE LONG-TERM DENSITY (UNDER TRAFFIC) OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. A MAJOR FINDING IS THAT DENSITIES OBTAINED IN THE FIELD ARE MUCH LOWER THAN THE DENSITIES OF LABORATORY COMPACTED SPECIMENS. IN CONTRAST TO LITERATURE REPORTING THAT STABILITY IS RELATED TO DENSITY, THE RESEARCHERS PRESENT DATA WHICH INDICATES THAT SUBSEQUENT DENSIFICATION UNDER TRAFFIC HAS LITTLE RELATIONSHIP TO FIELD COMPACTION EFFORT. TEST SECTIONS ARE RECOMMENDED AS PART OF PAVING CONTRACTS TO IMPROVE FIELD COMPACTION PROCEDURES. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Reviews KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201219 AU - Hall, J W AU - SAWHILL, R B AU - MATTESON, J H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - USER BENEFITS IN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METROPOLITAN FREEWAY PY - AB - AN EXTENSIVE TWO-PHASE STUDY OF HIGHWAY USER BENEFITS RESULTING FROM THE OPERATION OF THE SEATTLE FREEWAY IS ANALYZED FOR THE PURPOSE OF SIMPLIFYING THE DATA REQUIREMENTS AND THE METHODS OF CALCULATION. RESULTS OF THE DETAILED STUDY OF BENEFITS INDICATE THAT TRAVEL TIME SAVING AND ACCIDENT REDUCTION BENEFITS ARE THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF URBAN HIGHWAY USER BENEFITS. THE BASIC FORM OF THE TRAVEL TIME SAVING CALCULATION IS ANALYZED. USE IS MADE OF THE MINIMUM TRAVEL TIME RATIO (MTTR) TO EVALUATE TRAVEL TIME SAVINGS. IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MTTR AND HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS WILL FACILITATE ITS ESTIMATION. CALCULATIONS USING THESE RATIOS IN CONJUNCTION WITH COARSE TIME OF DAY SUBGROUPINGS AND A TRUCK FACTOR, TO ACCOUNT FOR THE DISPROPORTIONATE TRAVEL TIME BENEFITS ENJOYED BY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES, PRODUCE BENEFITS IN SUBSTANTIAL AGREEMENT WITH THE RESULTS OF MULTI- VEHICLE ANALYSIS. AN ANALAGOUS METHOD OF ACCIDENT REDUCTION BENEFIT CALCULATION IS PROPOSED. A RELIABLE METHOD OF FREEWAY AND ARTERIAL ACCIDENT COST ESTIMATION IS DESCRIBED. A SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE OF BENEFIT CALCULATION IS PRESENTED AND TESTED AGAINST THE RESULTS OF PREVIOUS ANALYSIS. AGREEMENT WITHIN TWO PERCENT IS ACHIEVED. THE SENSITIVITY OF THE CALCULATED TRAVEL TIME AND ACCIDENT REDUCTION BENEFIT TO ERRORS IN THE COMPONENT FACTORS IS EXAMINED. WITH ONE EXCEPTION, THE RESULTS ARE NOT OVERLY DEPENDENT UPON INDIVIDUAL ESTIMATES. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT A SIMPLIFIED METHOD CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE FREEWAY USER BENEFITS IN URBAN AREAS. A MINIMIZATION OF THE DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYSIS PURPOSES SHOULD FACILITATE FUTURE BENEFIT CALCULATION. SUPPLEMENTARY RESEARCH OF A LIMITED NATURE MAY BE NECESSARY IN THE EXTENSION OF THESE METHODS. /AUTHOR/ REFERENCES: VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL AND TRAVEL TIME ON URBAN ARTERIALS AND FREEWAYS, J.W. HALL, R.B. SAWHILL, J.H. MATTESON. ACCIDENT RATES AND COSTS ON URBAN ARTERIALS AND FREEWAYS, J.W. HALL, R.B. SAWHILL, J.H. MATTESON. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Prevention KW - Road construction KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200076 AU - Gallo, J C AU - Schilling, D J AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COMPUTER PROGRAMS TO DETECT COLLUSIVE BIDDING ON PUBLIC CONTRACTS PY - AB - THIS COMPUTER STUDY IS A VALUABLE ADDITION TO THE TOOLS AVAILABLE FOR ASSURING THAT BIDS TENDERED FOR GOVERNMENT WORK ARE FAIR AND HONEST. IT IS A SYSTEMATIC METHOD OF STORING DATA AND ANALYZING PATTERNS OF BIDDING. /BPR/ KW - Bids KW - Computer programs KW - Contractors KW - Contracts KW - Data analysis KW - Governments KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Public UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215913 AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - Mcmahon, J E AU - Legarra, J A AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A FLEXIBLE METAL CULVERT UNDER A DEEP EARTH EMBANKMENT USING METHOD B (BALED STRAW) BACKFILL PY - AB - VOLUME I DESCRIBES THE RESULTS OF A FULL SCALE TEST OF A 114-INCH STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE UNDER A 100 FOOT EMBANKMENT FOR 2 YEARS. SOIL PRESSURE-HEIGHT FUNCTIONS ARE NONLINEAR. PERIPHERAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS ON THE UPPER HALF OF THE PIPE UNDER 80 FEET OF FILL WERE SIMILAR TO THOSE OBSERVED ON A CONCRETE ARCH (SAN LUIS) WITH ONE-HALF THE EMBANKMENT DENSITY ACTING AT THE CROWN, HORIZONTAL DIAMETER AND LOWER QUADRANTS; 100 PCF AT THE UPPER QUADRANT POINTS; AND 166 PCF AT THE INSERT. GOOD CORRELATIONS OF QUASI-THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL INTERNAL STRESSES WERE OBTAINED. USING THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, PIPE WALL STRESSES WERE SHOWN TO BE EXTREMELY SENSITIVE TO SMALL ERRORS IN PREDICTED PRESSURES AND PIPE SHAPE. LARGE PRESSURE GRADIENTS AND ABOVE-YIELD STRAINS INDICATE NEED FOR CONSIDERATION OF WALL BENDING MOMENTS IN DESIGN OF CULVERTS. INITIAL INDICATIONS ARE THAT USING STRAW OVER THE CULVERT PRODUCES SUCH SEVERE PRESSURE GRADIENTS THAT THIS METHOD OF BACKFILLING MAY BE DETRIMENTAL TO FLEXIBLE CULVERT CONSTRUCTION. VOL. 2 CONTAINS SIX APPENDICES OF DATA, THEORETICAL ANALYSES AND CALCULATIONS OF CORRUGATED SECTION PROPERTIES. /BPR/ KW - Atmospheric pressure KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bending moments KW - Conduits KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flexible conduits KW - Flexible structures KW - Full scale specimens KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metals KW - Pipe culverts KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Pressure gradient KW - Specimens KW - Straw KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Testing KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206394 AU - Thomas, J J AU - Molinaro, T F AU - Clark, W H AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRUSHED GRAVEL COURSE AGGREGATE IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - AB - THE BUREAU OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATED THE PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS CONTAINING GRAVEL COARSE AGGREGATES TO ASCERTAIN IF CRUSHED GRAVEL PERFORMED ADEQUATELY IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE AS COMPARED TO CRUSHED STONE. A PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX WAS USED (I. E. ROUGHNESS, CRACKING AND PATCH, RUTTING) TO COMPARE 25 GRAVEL PAVEMENTS TO A GROUP OF PAVEMENTS DISTRIBUTED OVER THE STATE CONTAINING CRUSHED STONE AGGREGATES. A SURVEY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT GRAVEL PAVEMENTS WAS PERFORMED AND 31 PENNSYLVANIA PAVEMENTS CONTAINING GRAVEL (FROM NYS PITS) WERE VIEWED AND RATED TO ENHANCE THE STUDY. PAVEMENT SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM THE STATE GRAVEL PAVEMENTS TO COMPARE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAVEL MIXTURES TO THOSE OF CRUSHED STONE. IT WAS FOUND THAT (1) IN GENERAL THE CRUSHED GRAVEL PAVEMENTS WERE PERFORMING ADEQUATELY IN A SIMILAR MANNER AS THE CRUSHED STONE, (2) THE CRUSHED GRAVEL SHOWED SUPERIOR SKID RESISTANCE WHEN COMPARED TO CRUSHED STONE AGGREGATES, AND (3) ON THE BASIS OF MARSHALL TESTING, CRUSHED GRAVEL MIXES HAVE STABILITY VALUES EQUAL TO THOSE OF MIXES IN WHICH CRUSHED STONE IS USED. THESE FINDINGS SHOULD DISPEL DOUBTS ABOUT STABILITY, DURABILITY, SKID RESISTANCE, AND OVERALL PERFORMANCE FOR PAVEMENTS CONTAINING CRUSHED GRAVEL AGGREGATES PREPARED FROM SOURCES IN THE SOUTHERN TIER AND ADIRONDACK HIGHLAND REGIONS OF NEW YORK STATE. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Crushed gravel KW - Crushed rock KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Gravel KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Samples KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Skid resistance KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230685 AU - Korb, K W AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DYNAMIC AND STATIC FIELD TESTS ON A SMALL INSTRUMENTED PILE PY - AB - A PROCEDURE IS NEEDED WHEREBY THE BEARING CAPACITY OF AN AXIALLY LOADED PILE CAN BE DETERMINED FOR ANY COMBINATION OF SOIL AND DRIVING CONDITIONS. THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A SERIES OF FIELD TESTS WHICH WERE CONDUCTED WITH A SMALL INSTRUMETED PILE, 2,5 INCHES IN DIAMETER BY 24 INCHES LONG, INSERTED 8 INCHES INTO THE SOIL. TESTS WERE MADE IN SEVERAL SOILS, RANGING FROM HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAYS TO SILTY SANDS. SKIN FRICTION AND POINT BEARING MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN TO DETERMINE SOIL DAMPING CONSTANTS, ELASTIC SOIL DEFORMATION OR QUAKE, AND DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD BETWEEN SKIN FRICTION AND POINT BEARING IN THE SOILS TESTED, IN ACCORDANCE WITH E.A.L. SMITH'S MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION. TEST RESULTS IN COHESIVE FINE-GRAINED SOILS WERE REASONABLE. THEY WERE INCONCLUSIVE IN COARSER-GRAINED SOIL. ADDITIONAL TESTING WITH LONGER AND LARGER DIAMETER PILES IS RECOMMENDED. /BPR/ KW - Axial loads KW - Bearing piles KW - Cohesive soils KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic tests KW - Field tests KW - Fine grained soils KW - Load transfer KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Point bearing piles KW - Skin resistance KW - Soil deformation KW - Soils KW - Static tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227013 AU - Treiterer, J AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC DYNAMICS BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETERY TECHNIQUES PY - AB - RESEARCH CONDUCTED DURING THE FIRST THREE-YEAR PHASE OF THIS STUDY BY THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY IS DESCRIBED. THE MAJOR EFFORT WAS CENTERED AROUND TWO TOPICS: (1) ACQUISITION OF TRAFFIC DATA BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES, AND (2) VALIDATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY. THE WORK HAS BEEN GROUPED INTO FIVE CHAPTERS AS FOLLOWS: CHAPTER 1: DATA ACQUISITION BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. TECHNIQUES FOR DATA COLLECTION AND DATA REDUCTION ARE DESCRIBED IN DETAIL AND METHODS DISCUSSED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES. CHAPTER 2: INVESTIGATION OF KINEMATIC DISTURBANCE IN TRAFFIC FLOW. EXISTING THEORETICAL MODELS WHICH DEVELOP CRITERIA FOR THE STABILITY OF TRAFFIC FLOW WERE EXAMINED AND FOUND TO BE IN AGREEMENT WITH FINDINGS DERIVED FROM THE AERIAL SURVEYS OF TRAFFIC FLOW. CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ITS APPLICATIONS,. THE CONCLUSION IS REACHED THAT DETERMINATION OF THE VALUE AT CRITICAL SECTIONS APPEARS TO OFFER THE BASIS FUNCTION FOR FREEWAY TRAFFIC CONTROL. CHAPTER 4: THE DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICULAR HEADWAYS. OBSERVED HEADWAYS FOR SEVERAL FLOW LEVELS WERE FITTED TO THE LOGINOMAL DISTRIBUTION AND SUBJECTED TO THE KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST WITH GOOD RESULTS. CHAPTER 5: STUDIES OF TRAFFIC DYNAMICS. SEVERAL PILOT STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE A MULTILINEAR FUNCTION TO DESCRIBE THE SPEED-DENSITY BEHAVIOR, TO LOCATE THE POINT OF FULL ENERGY RECOVERY IN THE HYSTERESIS LOOP, AND TO EXAMINE THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY CHANGE AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Freeways KW - Headways KW - Kinetics KW - Photogrammetry KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214504 AU - Jorgenson, J L AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPING AND TRIAL USE OF ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PLANS FOR ASPHALT CONSTRUCTION PY - AB - PREVIOUS RESEARCH INDICATED THAT PRESENT ACCEPTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION DOES NOT MEET SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS. ALSO ON PROJECTS RESEARCHED EACH CONTRACTOR WAS PAID 100 PERCENT OF BID PRICE EVEN THOUGH THERE WAS A WIDE RANGE OF BELOW SPECIFICATION CONSTRUCTION BETWEEN JOBS. A SPECIFICATION DEVELOPED WILL ACCEPT CONSTRUCTION ON THE BASIS OF THE AVERAGE OF 5 TEST RESULTS PER LOT FOR (1) NOMINAL LARGEST SIEVE, #4 SIEVE, #30 SIEVE, #200 SIEVE, AC CONTENT, COMPACTION AND THICKNESS. ADJUSTMENT PRICE SCHEDULES ARE PROVIDED FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF BELOW STANDARD CONSTRUCTION. A NUCLEAR GAGE CORRELATION WITH DENSITIES OBTAINED FROM CORES IS INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Acceptance tests KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous construction KW - Compaction KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Density KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Sieve analysis KW - Specifications KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219733 AU - Mazelsky, B AU - Aerospace Research Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF AN ALUMINUM TOR-SHOK BARRIER PY - AB - A TOR-SHOK TYPE OF HIGHWAY BARRIER HAS BEEN DESIGNED USING ALUMINUM TUBING FOR THE OUTER "U" SHAPED RAILS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS DESIGN IS TO REDUCE THE BARRIER WEIGHT, AND THUS REDUCE THE INERTIA COMPONENTS OF THE BARRIER REACTING FORCE. TWO TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THESE BARRIERS. THE FIRST TEST INVOLVED A 2850 LB. VEHICLE IMPACTING THE BARRIER HEAD-ON AT A SPEED OF 52 MPH. VEHICLE STOPPING DISTANCE WAS 7-1/2 FEET GIVING AN AVERAGE DECELERATION OF 12 G. FAILURES OCCURRED IN SOME OF THE ALUMINUM TRUSS FITTINGS. THE SECOND TEST INVOLVED A 4250 LB. VEHICLE IMPACTING THE NOSE OF THE BARRIER AT 36 DEGREES AND 47 MPH. THE ALUMINUM TRUSS FITTINGS ALSO FAILED IN THIS TEST ALLOWING THE VEHICLE TO PASS IN FRONT OF THE SUPPORT POSTS FROM THE RIGHT TO THE LEFT SIDE, WITH A QUITE MODERATE DECELERATION OF AROUND 4.7 G. OWING TO THE FAILURE IN ELEMENTS OF THE BARRIER HOWEVER, NO INSIGHT WAS PROVIDED ON THE QUESTION OF THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH A VEHICLE WILL STRIKE A RIGID SUPPORT POST UNDER OBLIQUE IMPACT. /BPR/ KW - Aluminum KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Deceleration KW - Failure KW - Impact tests KW - Stopping distances KW - Trusses KW - Tubing KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230703 AU - Robnett, Q L AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONCEPTS FOR DEVELOPING STABILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SOILS OF AN AREA PY - AB - RECOMMENDATIONS WERE DEVELOPED FOR THE STABILIZATION OR BENEFICIATION OF MAJOR SOIL MATERIALS OF ILLINOIS, AND PROCEDURES AND CONCEPTS USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT ARE PRESENTED GIVEING A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS. THE INVESTIGATION INCLUDED CONSIDERATION OF LIME, CEMENT, BITUMEN, LIME-FLY ASH, COMBINATIONS, AND BLENDING AS STABILIZING TECHNIQUES. STABILIZATION OBJECTIVES WERE CHARACTERIZED AS (1) CONSTRUCTION EXPEDIENT, (2) SUBGRADE MODIFICATION, AND (3) STRENGTH AND DURABILITY IMPROVEMENT. THE RECOMMENDATIONS DEVELOPED ARE BASED ON THE PEDOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS AND THE RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS AND OTHER PUBLISHED RESEARCH DATA OF THE AUTHORS. ALTHOUGH THE REPORT IS SPECIFICALLY CONCERNED WITH ILLINOIS MATERIALS, OTHERS SHOULD BE ABLE TO UTILIZE AND ADAPT THE GUIDELINES AND CRITERIA IN DEVELOPING STABILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OTHER SOILS IN OTHER AREAS. /BPR/ KW - Bitumen KW - Blending KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement KW - Classification KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lime fly ash KW - Pedological classification systems KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230705 AU - Robnett, Q L AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STABILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS OF ILLINOIS SOILS AND MATERIALS PY - AB - AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY IS PRESENTED OF THE IMPORTANT LITERATURE ON SOIL AND AGGREGATE STABILIZATION WITH INORGANIC SALTS AND BASES PUBLISHED PRIOR TO 1965. IN ALL, APPROXIMATELY 70 REFERENCES OF THE 800 TO 1000 AVAILABLE HAVE BEEN REVIEWED AMONG WHICH ARE SEVERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES PROVIDING ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. FROM THE MORE INFORMATIVE REFERENCES THE AUTHORS HAVE ATTEMPTED TO SUMMARIZE INFORMATION ON STABILIZER PROPERTIES, MECHANICS OF STABILIZATION, PROPERTIES OF THE STABILIZED SOIL, CONSTRUCTION METHODS, FIELD RESULTS AND THE USE OF SECONDARY ADDITIVES. PARTICULAR ATTENTION IS DEVOTED TO STABILIZATION WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE, CALCIUM CHLORIDES AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE WHICH ARE THE ONLY SALTS AND BASES WHICH HAD BEEN EVALUATED SUFFICIENTLY TO PERMIT DRAWING MEANINGFUL CONCLUSIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium chloride stabilization KW - Construction management KW - Inorganic compounds KW - Inorganic salts KW - Properties of materials KW - Reviews KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium hydroxide KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230704 AU - Robnett, Q L AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STABILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ILLINOIS SOILS AND MATERIALS PY - AB - RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PRESENTED CONCERNING THE FEASIBILITY OF STABILIZING ILLINOIS SOIL MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY USE. SOIL MAPPING CONCEPTS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF ILLINOIS SOILS ARE DISCUSSED. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF STABILIZATION TECHNOLOGY ARE TREATED, AND PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED STABILIZATION GUIDELINES' AND CRITERIA ARE PRESENTED. THE DEVELOPMENT OF STABILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A GIVEN SOIL SERIES IS DESCRIBED, UTILIZING INFORMATION ON THE EXTENT AND VARIOUS OTHER PEDOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE SOIL SERIES, SOIL CLASSIFICATION DATA, PARTICLE SIZE DATA, PH AND ORGANIC CONTENT OF THE SOIL. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MAJOR SOILS OF ILLINOIS ARE DEVELOPED AND PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Organic content KW - Organic content (Soil) KW - pH value KW - Soil classification KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230702 AU - Kim, J B AU - Kindig, C H AU - Bhattacharya, S AU - Bucknell University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PILE GROUP FOUNDATIONS PY - AB - A METHOD HAS BEEN PROPOSED FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PILE GROUP FOUNDATIONS. LATERAL DEFLECTIONS OF THE FIFTEEN EXISTING FULL-SCALE TEST MONOLITHS OBSERVED BY FEAGIN (1937), FEAGIN (1953), VIERHELLER (1937), O'HALLORAN (1953) AND PECK AND IRELAND (1961) HAVE BEEN COMPARED WITH THE VALUES COMPUTED BY THE PROPOSED METHOD. THEY WERE IN FAIRLY CLOSE AGREEMENT. THE PROPOSED METHOD COMPUTES THE DISPLACEMENTS OF PILE GROUP FOUNDATIONS AND END ACTIONS IN EACH PILE AT THE BUTT. THE AXIAL STRESSES IN PILES AT THE BUTT HAVE BEEN COMPARED WITH THOSE COMPUTED BY THE MOVEMENT OF INERTIA METHOD. FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE DISPLACEMENTS AND END ACTIONS (AXIAL STRESSES, SHEAR AND MOMENT) IN EACH PILE, A COMPUTER PROGRAM HAS BEEN WRITTEN AND DOCUMENTED FOR IMMEDIATE USE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axial loads KW - Axial stress KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - End movements KW - Lateral movement KW - Moment of inertia KW - Moments of inertia KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227516 AU - Jameson, D C AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Tennessee Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TRAFFIC PHASE OF INTERSTATE 40 ECONOMIC STUDY PY - AB - THE RESEARCHERS UTILIZED TWO ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEYS ALONG A 35 MILE PORTION OF INTERSTATE 40 AND KINGSTON PIKE BETWEEN KNOXVILLE AND KINGSTON, TENNESSEE TO EVALUATE THE TRAFFIC CHANGES IN A CORRIDOR CONTAINING A FEDERAL AID PRIMARY HIGHWAY AND A PARALLEL SEGMENT OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY. ANALYSIS OF OVER 40,000 INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED IN 1961 AND 1967 INDICATED THAT THE MAJOR CHANGES IN TRAFFIC PATTERNS SUBSEQUENT TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIS SEGMENT OF THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM WERE: (1) LOCAL TRIPS INCREASED SHARPLY AS THE NUMBER OF SHOPPING TRIPS DOUBLED FROM 9 PERCENT TO 18 PERCENT OF TOTAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC, (2) THE PROPORTION OF RECREATION TRIPS BY MOTORISTS PASSING THROUGH THE STATE SHIFTED FROM 67 TO 74 PERCENT OF TOTAL THROUGH TRIPS, AND (3) ELIMINATION OF MOST OF THE LARGE TRUCKS AND THROUGH TRAFFIC RELIEVED CONGESTION ON KINGSTON PIKE. /BPR/ KW - Average daily traffic KW - Change KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Origin and destination KW - Recreation KW - Road construction KW - Shoppers KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118670 ER -