TY - JOUR AN - 01148012 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Capacity: Practical Applications of Research PY - 1949/10 VL - 25 IS - 10 SP - pp 201-234 AB - A rational and practical method for the determination of highway capacity is essential in the sound economic and functional design of new highways and in the adaptation of existing roads to present or future needs. The cooperative efforts of the Bureau of Public Roads, the Highway Research Board Committee on Highway Capacity and many state, county, and city engineers, intensively applied in many places and for a number of years, have resulted in a great number of field observations. This report uses the data collected in these field observations to offer a practical guide to highway capacity that can provide engineers designing a new highway or revamping an old one assurance that the resulting actual capacity will be calculated. This issue of Public Roads offers the first of a two-part report on highway capacity. Included in this issue is an introduction to the report, definitions, and sections on maximum observed traffic volumes, fundamentals of highway capacity and roadway capacities for uninterrupted flow. The second part, to be published in the December 1949 issue of Public Roads, will address signalized intersections, weaving sections and unsignalized cross movements, ramps and their terminals, and relating hourly capacities to annual average volumes and peak flows. KW - Definitions KW - Field studies KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway Research Board KW - Highways KW - Research projects KW - Traffic volume KW - U.S. Bureau of Public Roads KW - Uninterrupted flow UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31400/31403/Highway_Capacity_Manual_PR_v25_no10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/908190 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210870 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pauls, J T AU - Goode, J F TI - FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATION OF THE IMMERSION- COMPRESSION TEST PY - 1948/12 AB - THIS REPORT COVERS THE MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING THE IMMERSION-COMPRESSION TEST AND GIVES ADDITIONAL RESULTS OF ITS APPLICATION TO STUDIES OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESISTANCE OF BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURE TO THE ACTION OF MOISTURE. INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY WERE A NUMBER OF FILLER MATERIALS SUCH AS FLY ASH, LIMESTONE DUST AND TWO TYPES OF SILICA DUST. THE COMPARATIVELY HIGH RESISTANCE OF THE MIXTURES, CONTAINING FLY ASH AND THOSE CONTAINING LIMESTONE DUST, TO THE ACTION OF MOISTURE INDICATES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FILLER MATERIAL IN THE DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Compression tests KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Fly ash KW - Immersion compression tests KW - Limestone dust KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Silica UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95076 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210862 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lewis, R H AU - Welborn, J Y TI - THE EFFECT OF CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALTS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES PY - 1948/09 AB - LABORATORY TESTS ON A PARTICULAR BITUMINOUS MIXTURE AND A REVIEW OF OTHER INVESTIGATIONS OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES INDICATE THAT THESE PROPERTIES CAN BE CORRELATED BEFORE AND AFTER ACCELERATED WEATHERING WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTAINED BINDER. CHANGES OCCURRING IN THE BINDERS OF ASPHALTIC MIXTURES THAT INFLUENCE THE DURABILITY OF PAVEMENTS UNDER SERVICE CONDITIONS CAN BE MEASURED DIRECTLY BY TESTS ON THE BITUMEN RECOVERED FROM THE MIXTURES, OR INDIRECTLY BY THE CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MIXTURES. CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THIS STUDY THAT ARE APPLICABLE TO THE RESISTANCE TO CRACKING OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES ARE: (1) THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A GIVEN MIXTURE ARE DEPENDENT UPON THE CONSISTENCY OF THE ASPHALT AT THE TEST TEMPERATURE, (2) TEST DATA FROM OTHER INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT THERE ARE SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT WHICH CAUSE COMPARABLE MIXTURES PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT ASPHALT TO VARY IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EVEN WHEN THE CONTAINED ASPHALTS ARE OF THE SAME CONSISTENCY, (3) BITUMENS OBTAINED FROM PAVEMENTS OF THE TYPE THAT TEND TO CRACK USUALLY HAVE LOW PENETRATIONS AND DUCTILITIES AT 77 F, AND (4) THE DURABILITY OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS AS INFLUENCED BY THE CONSISTENCY OF THE ASPHALT DEPENDS UPON THE CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY ARE LOCATED. THE CRITICAL PENETRATION OF THE BITUMENS AT 77 F AT WHICH PAVEMENT CRACKING OCCURS IS HIGHER IN COLD CLIMATES THAN IN WARM CLIMATES. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Climate KW - Consistency KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Physical properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95072 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210943 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lewis, R H AU - Halstead, W J TI - BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALTS IN THIN FILMS PY - 1946/04 AB - THE REPORT COVERS THE RESULTS OF TESTS ON THE RESIDUES OF ASPHALTS FROM MANY SOURCES THAT WERE OBTAINED IN THE THIN- FILM OVEN TEST (50 GRAM SAMPLE, APPROXIMATELY 1/8 INCH THICK HEATED AT 325 F. FOR 5 HOURS IN THE STANDARD VOLATILIZATION OVEN). DUCTILITY, SOFTENING POINT AND PENETRATION TESTS WERE MADE AND ON THE BASIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE THIN-FILM OVEN TEST WERE SUGGESTED. KW - Asphalt KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Oven tests KW - Softening point KW - Softening point test KW - Soil penetration test KW - Specifications KW - Test results KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95107 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210851 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lewis, R H AU - Halstead, W J TI - BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALTS IN THIN-FILM OVEN TEST PY - 1946 AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE 60-70, 100-120, AND 120-150 PENETRATION ASPHALTS WERE STUDIED IN THIN-FILM OVEN TESTS. TEST RESULTS JUSTIFIED THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS: (1) THE RELATION OF THE DUCTILITY TO PENETRATION IS THE SAME FOR ALL PENETRATION GRADES REGARDLESS OF THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH A GIVEN PENETRATION OCCURS FOR ASPHALTS MANUFACTURED BY THE SAME REFINING PROCESS FROM THE SAME BASE PETROLEUM, (2) THE DUCTILITIES OF THE RESIDUES FROM THE THIN-FILM OVEN TEST SHOW A COMMON RELATION TO PENETRATION THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM THE RELATION FOR THE ORIGINAL ASPHALT, (3) A REQUIREMENT THAT THE SAMPLE SHALL HAVE A LOSS IN WEIGHT NOT GREATER THAN ONE PERCENT WHEN HEATED IN AN ONE-EIGHT INCH FILM FOR FIVE HOURS AT 325 F APPEARS TO BE SUITABLE FOR ALL PENETRATION GRADES OF ASPHALT FROM THE 50-60 THROUGH THE 120-150 GRADES, (4) A REQUIREMENT THAT THE RESIDUE FROM THE THIN-FILM OVEN TEST SHALL HAVE A PENETRATION AT 77 F OF AT LEAST FIFTY PERCENT OF THAT OF THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE APPEARS TO BE EQUALLY SUITABLE FOR ALL PENETRATION GRADES OF ASPHALT, AND (5) THE REQUIREMENTS THAT THE RESIDUE FROM THE THIN-FILM OVEN TEST SHALL HAVE A DUCTILITY AT 77 F OF NOT LESS THAN 40 CENTIMETERS FOR THE 50-60 AND 60-70 PENETRATION GRADES, AND NOT LESS THAN 100 CENTIMETERS FOR THE 85-100, 100-120, AND 120-150 PENETRATION GRADES GIVES COMPARABLE RESULTS FOR ALL THESE GRADES. KW - Asphalt KW - Ductility KW - Oven tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Refining KW - Samples KW - Test results KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Waste products KW - Weight volume relationships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95065 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210905 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Critz, P F AU - Goode, J F TI - ADDITIVES FOR BITUMINOUS MATERIALS PY - 1945/09 AB - TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON A NUMBER OF CHEMICAL AGENTS OFFERED COMMERCIALLY AS AIDS IN COATING WET AGGREGATE WITH BITUMENS AND IN RETAINING BITUMINOUS COATING ON AGGREGATES THAT OTHERWISE MIGHT BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY MOISTURE. THE TESTS WERE MADE TO OBTAIN DEFINITE INFORMATION ON THE FOLLOWING: (1) EFFECT OF ADDITIVES IN COATING WET AGGREGATES WITH BITUMEN, (2) EFFECT OF ADDITIVES IN REDUCING FILM STRIPPING, (3) EFFECT OF VARYING PERCENTAGES OF ADDITIVES, (4) EFFECT OF ADDITIVES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS WITH WHICH THEY ARE USED, (5) EFFECT OF ADDITIVES WHEN USED WITH DIFFERENT BITUMINOUS MATERIALS, (6) EFFECT OF ADDITIVES IN REDUCING LOSS OF STRENGTH OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES DUE TO WATER ACTION, AND (7) PERMANENCY OF BENEFIT OBTAINED BY THE USE OF ADDITIVES. SEVEN ADDITIVES WERE STUDIED AND THE FOLLOWING THREE DIFFERENT TESTS USED TO MEASURE THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITIVES; (1) A STATIC-IMMERSION STRIPPING TEST, (2) A MODIFICATION OF THE NICHOLSON STRIPPING TEST, AND (3) THE IMMERSION-COMPRESSION TEST. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT: (1) ADDITIVES ARE AVAILABLE THAT FACILITATE THE COATING OF WET AGGREGATE WITH LIQUID BITUMINOUS MATERIALS, (2) ADDITIVES ARE AVAILABLE THAT GREATLY INCREASE THE RESISTANCE OF BITUMINOUS FILMS TO STRIPPING IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE, (3) THE USE OF ADDITIVES WITH TAR DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE WARRANTED EXCEPT POSSIBLY WHEN MIXING MUST BE DONE UNDER PARTICULARLY ADVERSE CONDITIONS, SUCH AS DURING A RAIN OR IMMEDIATELY PRIOR THERETO, (4) ADDITIVES APPEAR TO HAVE NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECT UPON THE BITUMINOUS MATERIAL WITH WHICH THEY ARE USED, (5) ADDITIVES APPEAR TO HAVE NO MATERIAL EFFECT ON THE ORIGINAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES, (6) ADDITIVES ARE AVAILABLE THAT WILL REDUCE THE LOSS OF STABILITY OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES DUE TO THE DETRIMENTAL ACTION OF WATER, (7) THE BENEFITS AFFORDED BY ADDITIVES APPEAR TO HAVE CONSIDERABLE PERMANENCE BUT THE DEGREE OF PERMANENCE WAS NOT DISCLOSED BY THESE TESTS, AND (8) THE IMMERSION-COMPRESSION TEST PROVIDES A USEFUL MEASURE OF THE BENEFITS TO BE DERIVED FROM THE USE OF ADDITIVES. KW - Additives KW - Aggregates KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous materials KW - Chemicals KW - Coatings KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength KW - Immersion compression test KW - Static tests KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95086 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210869 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pauls, J T AU - Rex, H M TI - A TEST FOR DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF WATER ON BITUMINOUS MIXTURES PY - 1945/07 AB - THIS REPORT IS THE FIRST OF A SERIES OF REPORTS COVERING LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT STRIPPING OF ASPHALT FILM FROM THE AGGREGATE PARTICLES IN A BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURE. IN THIS ORIGINAL WORK A PROCEDURE OF TEST WAS DEVELOPED WHICH IN LATTER WORK WAS CHANGED IN A NUMBER OF RESPECTS PARTICULARLY AS TO TEMPERATURE AND PERIOD OF IMMERSION. THE FACTORS STUDIED AND THE RESULTS OBTAINED SHOWED THE FOLLOWING: /1/ FILLER MATERIAL HAD A MAJOR EFFECT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURE. IT WAS INDICATED THAT SATISFACTORY RETENTION OF STABILITY MAY BE DEVELOPED IN MIXTURES CONTAINING HYDROPHILIC AGGREGATE, PROVIDED SUITABLE FILLER MATERIAL IS USED. /2/ THE TEST MADE POSSIBLE THE SELECTION OF THE FILLER MATERIAL BEST SUITED FOR A PARTICLES MIXTURE. /3/ IT MADE POSSIBLE THE DETECTION OF AGGREGATES STRUCTURALLY UNSOUND IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE, AND /4/ THE TEST INDICATED THE USEFULNESS OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL ADDITIVES IN INCREASING THE RESISTANCE TO RESISTANCE TO STRIPPING OF THE BITUMINOUS FILMS FROM AGGREGATE PARTICLES IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Chemicals KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Laboratory studies KW - Moisture content KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95075 ER - TY - SER AN - 00205587 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Teller, L W AU - Sutherland, E C TI - THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS: PART 5 - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE WESTERGAARD ANALYSIS OF STRESS CONDITIONS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLABS OF UNIFORM THICKNESS PY - 1943/04 AB - STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURAL ACTION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLABS. THE OBSERVED STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF PAVEMENT SLABS OF UNIFORM THICKNESS SUPPORTED BY A SUBGRADE AND SUBJECT TO VERTICALLY APPLIED STATIC LOADS WERE COMPARED WITH THE BEHAVIOR INDICATED BY THE WESTERGAARD ANALYSIS. THIS ANALYSIS ASSUMES THAT THE SLAB ACTS AS A HOMOGENEOUS, ISOTROPIC, ELASTIC SOLID IN EQUILIBRIUM AND THAT THE REACTIONS OF THE SOIL ARE VERTICAL ONLY AND ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE DEFLECTIONS OF THE SLAB. THE RELATIONS BETWEEN APPLIED LOADS AND CRITICAL STRESSES ARE DEVELOPED ON THE BASIS OF ELASTIC THEORY FOR THE THREE CASES OF A WHEEL LOAD APPLIED ON THE SURFACE OF THE SLAB AT A FREE CORNER, AT AN INTERIOR POINT AND AT A FREE EDGE, RESPECTIVELY. THE STUDY OF THE ELASTIC ACTION OF THE SUBGRADE IS REPORTED IN DETAIL. DETERMINATION OF THE MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION MAY BE MADE BY: (1) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT TESTS IN WHICH LOADS ARE APPLIED AT THE CENTER OF RIGID CIRCULAR PLATES OF RELATIVELY SMALL SIZE, THE PRESSURE INTENSITY ON THE SOIL BEING UNIFORM OVER THE ENTIRE AREA OF THE PLATE, (2) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT OR LOAD-DEFLECTION TESTS IN WHICH THE LOAD IS APPLIED AT THE CENTER OF SLIGHTLY FLEXIBLE RECTANGULAR OR CIRCULAR PLATES OF RELATIVELY LARGE DIMENSIONS, AND (3) LOAD-DEFLECTION TESTS ON FULL-SIZE PAVEMENT SLABS IN WHICH THE LOAD-DEFLECTION DATA ARE OBTAINED BY MEASUREMENT AND USED IN THE WESTERGAARD DEFLECTION FORMULAS TO PROVIDE A VALUE FOR THE SOIL STIFFNESS COEFFICIENT OR MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION. THESE TEST METHODS ARE DESCRIBED. THE MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION IS A STIFFNESS COEFFICIENT WHICH EXPRESSES THE RESISTANCE OF THE SOIL STRUCTURE TO DEFORMATION UNDER LOADING POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH OF PRESSURE OF DEFORMATION. THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SEASONAL CHANGE IN SUBGRADE SUPPORT WILL VARY WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL MATERIAL AND WITH THE TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CHANGES THAT OCCUR. EXPERIMENTS WITH RIGID BEARING PLATES HAVE LED TO THE CONCLUSION THAT USEABLE VALUES FOR THE MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION AS USED IN THE WESTERGAARD EQUATIONS CAN BE OBTAINED BY MEANS OF LOAD-DISPLACEMENT TESTS WITH RIGID BEARING PLATES. THE WESTERGAARD EQUATIONS FOR LOAD-DEFLECTION AND LOAD-STRESS RELATIONS FOR PAVEMENT SLABS OF UNIFORM THICKNESS ARE PRESENTED AND DEVELOPED FOR THE THREE CASES OF LOAD POSITION. STUDIES WERE MADE OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE VARIOUS COEFFICIENTS AND OTHER QUANTITIES THAT APPEAR IN THE WESTERGAARD EQUATIONS. THE GENERAL CONCLUSION IS DRAWN THAT THE WESTERGAARD ANALYSIS EXPRESSES QUITE ACCURATELY THE RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD AND DEFLECTION AND BETWEEN LOAD AND CRITICAL STRESS FOR VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF PAVEMENT AND FOR VARIOUS SIZES OF BEARING AREA PROVIDED THE SLAB IS IN FULL CONTACT WITH THE SUBGRADE. KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Homogeneity KW - Isotropy KW - Load tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Slabs KW - Soils KW - Stiffness KW - Stress conditions KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Thickness KW - Westergaard formula KW - Westergaards theory UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46934/Structural_Design_of_Concrete_Pavements__Public_Roads_reprint_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97656 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210941 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lewis, R H AU - Welborn, J Y TI - THE PROPERTIES OF THE RESIDUES OF 50-60 AND 85-100 PENETRATION ASPHALTS FROM OVEN TESTS AND EXPOSURE PY - 1941/04 AB - IN RECENT YEARS THE VALUE OF THE STANDARD OVEN TEST FOR THE PREDICTION OF THE PROBABLE HARDENING OF ASPHALTS IN THE MIXING AND LAYING OPERATIONS AND UNDER SERVICE CONDITIONS HAS BEEN SERIOUSLY QUESTIONED. MANY INVESTIGATORS HAVE RESORTED TO OXIDATION TESTS TO STUDY THE HARDENING AND WEATHERING PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTS. SPECIFICATIONS ARE NOW IN USE THAT LIMIT THE LOSS IN PENETRATION AND DUCTILITY THAT AN ASPHALT CAN UNDERGO EITHER IN A LABORATORY MIXING TEST OR IN A PLANT-PREPARED HOT-MIX SURFACING SAMPLE IMMEDIATELY AFTER LAYING. THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF TESTS ON 50-60 AND 85-100 PENETRATION ASPHALTS MADE ON THE RESIDUES FROM THE STANDARD OVEN TESTS AS WELL AS ON THE RESIDUES FROM 50- GRAM SAMPLES EXPOSED TO THE SAME CONDITIONS IN FILMS APPROXIMATELY 1/8-INCH THICK. CHANGES IN THE PROPERTIES OF 85-100 PENETRATION ASPHALTS AFTER EXPOSURE IN 1/8 INCH FILMS FOR 15 WEEKS DURING THE HOT SUMMER MONTHS ARE ALSO SHOWN. ALTHOUGH THE RESIDUES FROM THE STANDARD OVEN TEST ARE NOT GREATLY ALTERED, THE RESIDUES FROM THE 1/8-INCH THIN FILM OVEN TESTS, ESPECIALLY IN THE CASE OF SOME 50-60 ASPHALTS, ARE HIGHLY ALTERED. RESULTS OF TESTS ON THE RESIDUES OF 50- 60 ASPHALTS FROM THE THIN-FILM OVEN TESTS, WHEN COMPARED WITH THE RESULTS OF TEST ON BITUMENS EXTRACTED FROM BOTH LABORATORY-PREPARED MIXTURES AND FROM MIXTURES FROM COMMERCIAL PAVING PLANTS, INDICATE THAT THE 1/8 INCH FILM OVEN TEST PRODUCES ALTERATIONS IN THE ASPHALTS SIMILAR TO THE CHANGES IN PROPERTIES THAT OCCUR DURING THE MIXING PROCESS. IT IS BELIEVED, THEREFORE, THAT A THIN-FILM OVEN TEST MAY PROVE OF VALUE IN PREDICTING THE PROBABLE BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALTS UNDER PROCESSING AND SERVICE CONDITIONS. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphalt tests KW - Bitumen KW - Ductility KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Oven tests KW - Ovens KW - Oxidation KW - Pendulum tests KW - Plant mix KW - Properties of materials KW - Specifications KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95105 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210861 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hillman, W O TI - BENDING TESTS ON BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1940/06 AB - RESULTS OF EARLY BENDING TESTS ON BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES SEEM TO INDICATE SOME RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STIFFNESS OF THE MIXTURE AND CRACKING OF THE PAVEMENT IN SERVICE. FOR LATER TESTS, A SELF-CONTAINED BENDING APPARATUS WAS DEVELOPED TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT VARIABLES UPON THE TEST RESULTS OBTAINED WITH LABORATORY SPECIMENS. WITH A CONSTANT RATE OF LOADING, THE MODULUS OF RUPTURE AND THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY BOTH INCREASE AS THE RATE OF STRESS INCREASES. THE VALUE OF THE MODULUS OF RUPTURE IS NOT GREATLY INFLUENCED BY THE RATIO OF SPAN LENGTH TO THE DEPTH OF THE TEST SPECIMEN. FOR A GIVEN SPAN LENGTH THE VALUE OF THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY DECREASES AS THE DEPTH OF BEAM INCREASES, AND THAT FOR A GIVEN DEPTH OF BEAM THE MODULUS INCREASES AS THE SPAN LENGTH IS INCREASED. THE MODULUS OF RUPTURE AND THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, CALCULATED BY USUAL FORMULAS, ARE SATISFACTORY MEASURES OF THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES. INCREASING THE DENSITY OF THE SPECIMENS BY INCREASED COMPACTION INCREASES THEIR STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS. DECREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF A MIXTURE INCREASES ITS STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS. INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF ASPHALT IN A MIXTURE UP TO THE AMOUNT REQUIRED TO FILL THE VOIDS INCREASES ITS STRENGTH BUT HAS LITTLE EFFECT UPON THE STIFFNESS OF THE MIXTURE. INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF DUST UP TO THE AMOUNT REQUIRED TO FILL THE VOIDS INCREASES BOTH THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF THE MIXTURE. THE INCREASE OF STIFFNESS WHICH FOLLOWS WITH THE INCREASE OF FILLER MATERIAL WOULD INDICATE THAT THIS FACTOR IS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF PAVEMENT CRACKING. KW - Bend tests KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Dust KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Pavement cracking KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Stress ratio KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95071 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210940 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lewis, R H AU - Welborn, J Y TI - REPORT ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM ASPHALTS OF THE 50-60 AND 85-100 PENETRATION GRADES PY - 1940/03 AB - STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS THAT WERE THOUGHT TO CONTROL ADEQUATELY THE QUALITY AND SERVICEABILITY OF EARLIER ASPHALT CEMENTS PRODUCED FROM RELATIVELY FEW BASE PETROLEUMS AND BY REFINING PROCESSES THAT WERE PRACTICALLY STANDARD HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED TO CONSIDERABLE QUESTIONING SINCE THE ADVENT OF MATERIALS PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT BASE PETROLEUMS AND WITH NEWER REFINING PROCESSES. AS A RESULT, THERE HAVE BEEN CHANGES IN SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS BY THE RESURRECTION OF OLD TESTS, OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TESTS IN AN EFFORT TO SECURE MORE SATISFACTORY AND MORE DURABLE MATERIALS. SAMPLES OF ASPHALTS OF THE 50-60 AND 85-100 PENETRATION GRADES FROM THE LEADING PRODUCERS WERE EXAMINED AND FOUND TO PASS, EXCEPT FOR SLIGHT DEVIATIONS, THE SPECIFICATIONS THAT HAVE GENERALLY BEEN CONSIDERED STANDARD. HOWEVER, MANY OF THE ASPHALTS FROM SOURCES THAT WERE THOUGH TO BE SATISFACTORY FAILED TO PASS MANY OF THE SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt tests KW - Chemical properties KW - Crude oil KW - Pendulum tests KW - Physical properties KW - Refining KW - Serviceability KW - Sources KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238463 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COMPILATION OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO FREEWAYS PY - 1939/12/31 AB - EARLY STATE LEGISLATION RELATING TO CONTROLLED ACCESS HIGHWAYS IS COMPILED. LAWS OF ELEVEN STATES ENACTED DURING THE PERIOD EXTENDING FROM 1935 TO 1939 ARE INCLUDED. TWO SEPARATE GROUPS OF LEGISLATION ARE INCLUDED. THE FIRST GROUP, RELATING TO FREEWAYS IN GENERAL, CONTAINS LEGISLATION OF THE STATES OF CALIFORNIA, CONNECTICUT, MAINE, NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, RHODE ISLAND, AND WEST VIRGINIA. THE SECOND GROUP CONTAINS LEGISLATION WHICH RELATES TO SPECIFIC HIGHWAYS. INCLUDED IN THIS GROUP ARE LAWS OF THE STATES OF ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TENNESSEE APPLYING TO THE NATCHEZ TRACE PARKWAY. ALSO INCLUDED ARE LAWS OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE WHICH APPLY RESPECTIVELY TO THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY AND THE NORRIS FREEWAY. THE APPENDIX CONTAINS COPIES OF TWO FORMS USED BY THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. THE LEGISLATION INCLUDED IN THIS PAPER DEALS IN GENERAL WITH CONSIDERATIONS SUCH AS DEFINITIONS OF THE TERM "FREEWAY", ACCESS LIMITATIONS, SERVICE ROADS, AUTHORIZATIONS FOR FREEWAYS AND LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURES. THE COMPILATION IS OF INTEREST AND IMPORTANCE AS IT REPRESENTS THE FOUNDATION OF OUR PRESENT BODY OF FREEWAY LEGISLATION. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Authority KW - Compilation KW - Definitions KW - Districts and authorities KW - Freeway laws and regulations KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Laws KW - Property acquisition KW - States KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239140 AU - Hoyt, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS IN AMERICAN CITIES PY - 1939 AB - CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION THE TECHNIQUE OF ANALYSIS THE STRUCTURE OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS IN AMERICAN CITIES THE GROUND PLAN OF CITIES THE SEGREGATION OF LAND USES IN AMERICAN CITIES AN ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUE IN THE ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS THE COMPOSITION OF URBAN AMERICAN DWELLINGS AND THEIR INHABITANTS THE PATTERNS OF RESIDENTIAL RENT AREAS IN AMERICAN CITIES THE GROWTH OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS IN AMERICAN CITIES THE INFLUENCE OF THE RATE OF CITY GROWTH ON NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH THE FORM OF CITY GROWTH CHANGES IN URBAN LAND USES THE PATTERNS OF MOVEMENT OF RESIDENTIAL RENTAL NEIGHBORHOODS. KW - City planning KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Dwellings KW - Housings KW - Land use KW - Leasing KW - Neighborhoods KW - Residential areas KW - Residential development KW - Urban areas KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131170 ER - TY - SER AN - 00234410 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Palmer, L A TI - PRINCIPLES OF SOIL MECHANICS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS AND BRIDGE ABUTMENTS PY - 1938/12 AB - IN A LARGE NUMBER OF EARTH PRESSURE AND FOUNDATION PROBLEMS THE STRESSES FOUND BY THE METHOD BASED ON ELASTICITY ARE INDEPENDENT OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS AND ARE CLASSIFIED AS PROBLEM OF PLANE STRAIN OR PLANE DEFORMATION. THESE ARE PROBLEMS INVOLVING TWO DIMENSIONS, AND IN THEIR SOLUTION AN ANALYSIS IS MADE OF THE STRESSES IN A VERTICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE EARTH EMBANKMENT OR SUPPORTING SOIL UNDER A FOUNDATION. THE LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYTICAL METHOD BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION OF THE CONDITIONS OF PLANE STRAIN ARE INDICATED IN THE CASE OF THE SUPPORTING SOIL UNDER ABUTMENTS, PIERS, AND RETAINING WALLS. THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPER-IMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF LOADING IS APPLIED TO PROBLEMS OF PLANE STRAIN IN DERIVING EXPRESSIONS FOR THE GREATEST SHEARING STRESS IN THE UNDERSOIL BELOW A SYMMETRICAL FILL AND A BRIDGE ABUTMENT. THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES AND THE EARTH PRESSURE AT REST, IN THE EARTH BACK OF RETAINING WALLS, ARE EASILY DETERMINED BY USING THE ANALYTICAL METHOD OF COULOMB AND THE GRAPHICAL METHOD OF MOHR. THE CONDITIONS OF PLANE STRAIN ARE ASSUMED IN THE APPLICATION OF BOTH METHODS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Bridge abutments KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Earth pressure KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Foundation problems KW - Foundations KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Plane deformation KW - Retaining walls KW - Shear stress KW - Soil mechanics KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123764 ER - TY - SER AN - 00205586 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Teller, L W AU - Sutherland, E C TI - THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS - PART 4 - A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURAL ACTION OF SEVERAL TYPES OF TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL JOINT DESIGNS PY - 1936/10 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY AND PRACTICE IN REGARD TO JOINT CONSTRUCTION IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IS TRACED. IT APPEARS THAT JOINTS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR INTENDED FUNCTION: (1) THOSE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE SPACE IN WHICH UNRESTRAINED EXPANSION CAN OCCUR, (2) THOSE DESIGNED FOR THE RELIEF OR CONTROL OF THE DIRECT TENSILE STRESSES CAUSED BY RESTRAINED CONTRACTION, AND (3) THOSE DESIGNED TO PERMIT WARPING TO OCCUR, THUS REDUCING RESTRAINT AND CONTROLLING THE MAGNITUDE OF THE BENDING STRESSES DEVELOPED BY RESTRAINED WARPING. IN STUDYING THE STRUCTURAL ACTION OF JOINTS IN THIS INVESTIGATION, EACH JOINT WAS SUBJECTED TO TESTS TO DETERMINE ITS RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OR: (1) PERMITTING UNRESTRAINED EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION, (2) PERMITTING UNRESTRAINED WARPING AT THE JOINT, AND (3) REDUCING THE STRUCTURAL WEAKNESS CREATED BY THE BREAK IN THE SLAB CONTINUITY AT THE JOINT. INSTALLATION AND DETAILS OF TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL JOINTS ARE DESCRIBED. EXPANSION JOINTS SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN NO GREATER INTERVALS THAN ABOUT 100 FEET IN ORDER TO KEEP THE JOINT OPENINGS FROM BECOMING EXCESSIVE. THE SPACING OF CONTRACTION JOINTS WILL BE DETERMINED BY THE PERMISSIBLE UNIT STRESS IN THE CONCRETE. IF THIS IS RESTRICTED TO A LOW VALUE, WHICH IS DESIRABLE, CONTRACTION JOINTS SHOULD BE PROVIDED AT INTERVALS OF ABOUT 30 FEET. JOINTS TO CONTROL WARPING SHOULD BE SPACED AT INTERVALS OF ABOUT 10 FEET. THE DOWELED TRANSVERSE JOINTS INVESTIGATED WERE QUITE EFFECTIVE IN RELIEVING STRESSES CAUSED BY EXPANSION, CONTRACTION, AND WARPING, BUT THEY WERE NOT PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE IN CONTROLLING LOAD STRESSES NEAR THE JOINT EDGE. THE DOWEL- PLATE JOINT TESTED HAS MERIT AS A MEANS FOR LOAD TRANSFER, THOUGH IT OFFERED MORE RESISTANCE TO EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION THAN IS DESIRABLE. AGGREGATE INTERLOCK AS IT OCCURS IN WEAKENED-PLANED JOINTS CANNOT BE DEPENDED UPON TO CONTROL LOAD STRESSES. EVEN WHEN JOINTS OF THIS TYPE ARE HELD CLOSELY BY BONDED STEEL BARS THERE IS WIDE VARIATION IN THE CRITICAL STRESS VALUE CAUSED BY A GIVEN LOAD. IT APPEARS NECESSARY, THEREFORE, TO PROVIDE INDEPENDANT MEANS FOR LOAD TRANSFER IN PLANE-OF-WEAKNESS JOINTS. TONGUE-AND-GROOVE JOINTS HELD TOGETHER BY BONDED STEEL BARS WERE FOUND TO BE THE MOST STRUCTURALLY EFFICIENT OF ANY OF THE JOINTS STUDIED. KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Building KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Tongue and groove joints KW - Transverse joints KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46934/Structural_Design_of_Concrete_Pavements__Public_Roads_reprint_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428452 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DRIVE SAFELY PY - 1936 SP - 3 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile driving KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/241152 ER - TY - SER AN - 00205585 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Teller, L W AU - Sutherland, E C TI - THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS - PART 3 - A STUDY OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT CROSS SECTIONS PY - 1935/12 AB - HISTORY IS REVIEWED OF THE DESIGN OF CROSS SECTIONS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. EDGE THICKENING AND LONGITUDINAL JOINTS HAVE BEEN GENERALLY ADOPTED AND THE PRESENT SLAB LENGTHS ARE MUCH LESS THAN THOSE FORMERLY USED. IF LOADS ALONE ARE CONSIDERED, THE MAXIMUM ECONOMY IN THE USE OF MATERIAL IS OBTAINED WITH A THICKENED-EDGE CROSS SECTION. INCREASED EDGE THICKNESS RESULTS IN A REDUCTION OF THE EDGE STRESSES FROM APPLIED LOAD BUT ALSO CAUSES AN INCREASE IN THE EDGE STRESSES UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS OF RESTRAINED WARPING. SINCE A BALANCED CROSS SECTION SHOULD IN ALL CASES BE DESIGNED ON THE BASIS OF COMBINED LOAD AND WARPING STRESSES, ECONOMY DEMANDS THAT THE STRESSES RESULTING FROM WARPING BE LIMITED TO LOW VALUES. THE MOST PRACTICAL WAY OF DOING THIS IS BY CONSTRUCTING SHORT PAVEMENT SLABS. IN SHORT SLABS THE CROSS SECTION MAY BE DESIGNED ON THE BASIS OF LOAD ALONE. A BALANCED CROSS SECTION FOR LOAD STRESSES IS OBTAINED WITH A DESIGN GIVEN. EDGE THICKENING STRENGTHENS SLAB CORNERS REGARDLESS OF THE LENGTH OF THE SLAB. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cross sections KW - Edges KW - History KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Slabs KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Thickness KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46934/Structural_Design_of_Concrete_Pavements__Public_Roads_reprint_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97652 ER - TY - SER AN - 00205584 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Teller, L W AU - Sutherland, E C TI - THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS - PART 2 - OBSERVED EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE SIZE, SHAPE, AND STRESS RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLABS PY - 1935/11 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED AND EFFECTS DISCUSSED OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE VARIATIONS ON THE SIZE, SHAPE, AND LOAD- CARRYING ABILITY OF PAVEMENT SLABS AS OBSERVED DURING THESE STUDIES. MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, THE EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF PAVEMENT SECTIONS, SUBGRADE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL SLAB MOVEMENT, WARPING, THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE WARPING ON LOAD STRESSES ARE DESCRIBED. THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIALS ARE OBSERVED AT THE EDGES OF THE TEST SECTIONS WERE: (1) FOR A SIX-INCH UNIFORM- THICKNESS SECTION, 23 F, (2) FOR A 9-INCH UNIFORM-THICKNESS SECTION, 33 F, AND (3) FOR A 9-6-9 THICKENED EDGE SECTION, 33 F. A CYCLIC VARIATION IN SLAB LENGTH WAS OBSERVED THAT IS ENTIRELY DISASSOCIATED FROM TEMPERATURE CHANGES. RESISTANCE IN THE SUBGRADE TO HORIZONTAL SLAB MOVEMENT APPEARS TO CONSIST OF TWO ELEMENTS, (1) AN ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE SOIL HORIZONTALLY THAT IS PRESENT FOR ALL DISPLACEMENTS OF THE SLAB, AND (2) A FRICTIONAL RESISISTANCE THAT DEVELOPS ONLY AFTER A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF ELASTIC DEFORMATION HAS OCCURRED. IN PAVEMENT SLABS OF MODERATE LENGTH THE TENSILE STRESSES RESULTING FROM CONTRACTION WILL NOT BE LARGE FOR SUBGRADE SOILS OF THE TYPE USED IN THE TESTS. THE CHANGES IN SHAPE OF THE PAVEMENT SLAB RESULTING FROM RESTRAINED TEMPERATURE WARPING DO NOT CAUSE LARGE CHANGES IN THE CRITICAL STRESSES FROM APPLIED LOADS. SINCE THE CRITICAL STRESSES RESULTING FROM RESTRAINED WARPING ARE OPPOSITE IN SENSE TO THOSE CAUSED BY APPLIED LOADS IN THE CORNER REGION OF A PAVEMENT, THICKENING THE EDGE OF THE SLAB MAY BE EXPECTED TO INCREASE THE LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE SLAB CORNER. THICKENING THE EDGE OF A LONG PAVEMENT SLAB WILL NOT TEND TO REDUCE TRANSVERSE CRACKING BUT WILL TEND TO REDUCE CORNER CRACKING. THE ANNUAL CYCLIC VARIATION IN MOISTURE CONDITIONS WITHIN THE CONCRETE PRODUCES A WARPING OF THE SLABS SURFACE SIMILAR TO THAT CAUSED BY TEMPERATURE. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Contraction KW - Elastic deformation KW - Expansion KW - Load tests KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Skin resistance KW - Slabs KW - Structural design KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature measurement KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Thickness KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46934/Structural_Design_of_Concrete_Pavements__Public_Roads_reprint_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97649 ER - TY - SER AN - 00205582 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Teller, L W AU - Sutherland, E C TI - THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS - PART 1 - A DESCRIPTION OF THE INVESTIGATION PY - 1935/10 AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO STUDY THE FOLLOWING: (1) THE EFFECTS OF LOADS PLACED IN VARIOUS WAYS ON PAVEMENT SLABS OF UNIFORM THICKNESS, (2) THE BALANCE OF DESIGN OR RELATIVE ECONOMY OF TYPICAL PAVEMENT SLAB CROSS-SECTIONS, (3) THE BEHAVIOR UNDER LOAD AND COMPARATIVE STRUCTURAL EFFECTIVENESS OF TYPICAL LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE JOINT DESIGNS, AND (4) THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND OF MOISTURE CONDITIONS ON THE SIZE, SHAPE, AND LOAD-CARRYING ABILITY OF PAVEMENT SLABS. A GROUP OF TEN FULL-SIZE CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLABS WERE CONSTRUCTED AS THE TEST SECTIONS. THE IMPORTANCE OF SUBGRADE UNIFORMITY IN ANY TEST OF THE STRUCTURAL ACTION OF PAVEMENT SLABS WAS RECOGNIZED. TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL JOINT DESIGNS INCLUDED IN THE INVESTIGATION ARE DESCRIBED. THE TEST PROCEDURE AND TEST METHODS ARE ANALYZED AND DISCUSSED. LOAD TESTS ON PAVEMENT SLABS WERE CONDUCTED WHICH FORMED THE BASIS OF: (1) THE EXAMINATION OF THE WESTERGAARD ANALYSIS, (2) THE STUDY OF THE PAVEMENT CROSS- SECTIONS, AND (3) THE DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF THE DIFFERENT JOINT DESIGNS. METHODS OF APPLYING LOADS ARE DESCRIBED. THE STRAIN GAGES, CLINOMETERS, THERMOCOUPLES AND MICROMETERS USED ARE DESCRIBED. AUXILIARY TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE: (1) THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBGRADE, (2) THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE, (3) THE THERMOPROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE, AND (4) THE EFFECTIVE MOISTURE CONDITIONS ON THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF THE CONCRETE. STRENGTH TESTS OF THE CONCRETE WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN COMPRESSION AND IN FLEXURE SO THAT SAFE WORKING STRESS LIMITS MIGHT BE FIXED. KW - Clinometers KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete tests KW - Cross sections KW - Experimental roads KW - Flexural strength KW - Load tests KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Micrometers KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Research KW - Slabs KW - Strain gages KW - Structural design KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surveying KW - Surveying instruments KW - Test sections KW - Thermal properties KW - Thermocouples KW - Thickness KW - Transverse joints KW - Ultimate strength KW - Westergaard formula UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46900/46934/Structural_Design_of_Concrete_Pavements__Public_Roads_reprint_.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97648 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00234431 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Terzaghi, C TI - THE MECHANICS OF SHEAR FAILURES ON CLAY SLOPES AND THE CREEP OF RETAINING WALLS PY - 1929/12 AB - THE THEORIES OF CURVED SLIDING SURFACES CAN BE APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF THE CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM OF SECTIONS WHERE SLIDES HAVE ALREADY OCCURRED OR TO THE DESIGN OF THE CROSS SECTION OF FILLS OR CUTS WHICH HAVE NOT YET BEEN CONSTRUCTED. THE COEFFICIENTS REQUIRED TO MAKE THE ANALYSIS CAN BE COMPUTED FROM THE DIMENSIONS OF THE MASS OF EARTH WHICH HAS MOVED OUT, AND FROM THE SHAPE OF THE SLIDING SURFACE. THE PROCEDURE ON OBTAINING THESE DATA ARE DESCRIBED. THE COEFFICIENTS REQUIRED IN COMPUTING THE DEGREE OF STABILITY OR THE FACTOR OF SAFETY OF SLOPES ARE THE COEFFICIENT OF INTERNAL FRICTION AND THE COEFFICIENT OF COHESION. A REVIEW OF PUBLISHED DATA CONCERNING FRICTION AND COHESION OF CLAY SOILS DISCLOSES THAT THE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION OF SUCH SOILS IS EXCEEDINGLY SMALL AS COMPARED WITH THE SLOPES OF CUTS AND FILLS, THEREFORE, THE STABILITY OF ALL CLAY FILLS AND CLAY CUTS DEPENDS ESSENTIALLY ON COHESION. IN COMPUTING THE FACTORS OF SAFETY OF A CUT OR FILL, THE CURVATURE OF THE SLIDING SURFACE MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. A GRAPHICAL PROCEDURE IS PRESENTED WHICH FURNISHES THE MEANS OF MAKING STABILITY COMPUTATION WITHIN A FEW HOURS. KW - Clay KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Coefficients KW - Cohesion KW - Creep KW - Curvature KW - Curved profiles KW - Excavations KW - Failure KW - Fills KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Internal friction KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Retaining walls KW - Safety factors KW - Shear failures KW - Sliding KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil mechanics KW - Surfaces KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477366 AU - Yarnell, David L AU - Nagler, Floyd A AU - Woodward, Sherman M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Flow of Water Through Culverts PY - 1926/06//Bulletin SP - 155p AB - This paper presents the results of 3,301 experiments on the flow of water through short conduits such as pipe and box culverts and sluiceways under levees. The experiments were conducted by the Bureau of Public Roads, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the State University of Iowa, Iowa City, at the University hydraulic laboratory. The investigations were undertaken primarily for the purpose of determining: 1. The quantity of water that will flow through culverts or sluiceways under levees of different materials, sizes, and shapes under conditions of actual use. 2. What conditions tend to increase or decrease such quantity. 3. What principles should be followed in design to secure the greatest discharging capacity for the least cost. The report describes the methods of making the tests and presents the experimental results together with the discharge formulas developed for the various culverts. KW - Box culverts KW - Hydraulics KW - Pipe culverts KW - Sluices KW - Streamflow KW - Water table UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46800/46813/The_Flow_of_water_through_culverts.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1245605 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00206778 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - WESTERGAARD, H M TI - STRESSES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS COMPUTED BY THEORETICAL ANALYSIS PY - 1926/04 AB - FROM ASSUMPTIONS OF THE CONDITIONS OF LOADING, SUPPORT, ETC., OF CONCRETE ROAD SLABS, WHICH CONFORM CLOSELY TO THE ACTUAL CONDITIONS, A METHOD BY WHICH THE STRESSES IN ROUND SLABS MAY BE COMPUTED HAS BEEN DEVELOPED BY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS. BY THE USE OF FORMULAS, CHARTS AND TABLES WHICH ACCOMPANY THE PAPER, THE METHOD CAN BE APPLIED CONVENIENTLY BY HIGHWAY ENGINEERS FOR THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE ROAD SLABS. IT ALSO OFFERS A MEANS OF COMPUTING THE CRITICAL STRESSES IN EXISTING PAVEMENTS, AND MAY BE USED TO FURNISH THE ANSWER TO THE QUESTION, OFTEN PROPOUNDED, AS TO THE POSSIBLE DECREASE IN THE THICKNESS OF A PAVEMENT IF THE OPERATION OF THE HEAVIER VEHICLES IS PROHIBITED, AND, VICE VERSA, WHAT ADDITIONAL THICKNESS IS REQUIRED BY A GIVEN INCREASE IN WHEEL PRESSURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Charts KW - Computing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Formulas KW - Highway engineers KW - Information processing KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Pressure KW - Slabs KW - Stresses KW - Tables (Data) KW - Theory KW - Thickness KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222553 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Towne, Robin M. & Associates Inc. TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC NOISE ON APARTMENT RENTS PY - 1926 AB - NOISE LEVEL AND RENTAL RATES OF 38 APARTMENTS LOCATED NEAR THE BANFIELD OR BALDOCK FREEWAYS IN THE PORTLAND URBAN AREA WERE INVESTIGATED. DATA ANALYSIS RESULTED IN THE CONCLUSION THAT FREEWAY TRAFFIC NOISE HAD LITTLE, IF ANY, EFFECT ON APARTMENT RATES. THE PRECISE EFFECT OF NOISE AND OTHER DETERMINANTS WAS MEASURED IN TERMS OF SIGNIFICANCE, AMOUNT, AND ACCURACY. FIFTEEN STEPWISE REGRESSIONS WERE MADE. NOISE HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT AS DETERMINED BY APARTMENT RENTALS AND UNITS ON THE FIRST STORY OR THE FIRST THREE FLOORS OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS. THE EFFECT WAS SMALL ON THOSE UNITS ABOVE. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED' /1/ APARTMENT OCCUPANTS MAY ENDURE THE TRAFFIC NOISE BECAUSE ITS EFFECT IS OFFSET BY THE UTILITY OF OTHER DETERMINANTS, /2/ FREEWAY TRAFFIC NOISE HAD SOME EFFECT ON RENT DIFFERENCES WHEN COMBINED WITH OTHER, SIGNIFICANT DETERMINANTS, /3/ NIGHTTIME TRAFFIC NOISE WAS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT FOR UNITS LOCATED IN STORIES 4 AND ABOVE. KW - Apartment buildings KW - Costs KW - Dwellings KW - Freeways KW - Leasing KW - Multifamily dwellings KW - Night KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444251 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - California. Department of Transportation TI - Rural COATS: California Oregon Advanced Transportation Systems SP - 1 CD ROM KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicle operations (CVO) KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Fleet management KW - Fleet management KW - Freight transport KW - Freight transportation KW - Geographic information system (GIS) KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobility KW - Mobility KW - Regional planning KW - Regional planning KW - Road safety KW - Rural area KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Tourism KW - Tourism KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443409 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - California. Department of Transportation TI - Rural COATS: California Oregon Advanced Transportation Systems SP - 1 CD ROM KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicle operations (CVO) KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Fleet management KW - Fleet management KW - Freight transport KW - Freight transportation KW - Geographic information system (GIS) KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mobility KW - Mobility KW - Regional planning KW - Regional planning KW - Road safety KW - Rural area KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Tourism KW - Tourism KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211217 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01398293 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Asset management: advancing the state of the art into the 21st century through public-private dialogue IS - FHWA-RD-97-046 SP - 16p KW - Asset management KW - Asset management KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Infrastructure KW - Infrastructure KW - Inventory KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance management KW - Performance indicators KW - Performance measurement KW - Private enterprise KW - Private sector KW - Public administration KW - Public administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01393019 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sarah J Siwek and Associates TI - Transportation planning and ITS: putting the pieces together IS - FHWA-PD-98-026 SP - 44p KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy KW - Policy KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1160786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01392876 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) TI - Good practices guide for bicycle safety education IS - FHWA/SA-02-001 SP - 68p KW - Benchmarking KW - Benchmarks KW - Bicycle KW - Bicycles KW - Case studies KW - Case study KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Financing KW - Funding KW - Highway safety KW - Road safety KW - Road user education KW - School KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/ee/bestguidedoc.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1160642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01392132 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) TI - Good practices guide for bicycle safety education IS - FHWA/SA-02-001 SP - 68p KW - Benchmarking KW - Benchmarks KW - Bicycle KW - Bicycles KW - Case studies KW - Case study KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Financing KW - Funding KW - Highway safety KW - Road safety KW - Road user education KW - School KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/ee/bestguidedoc.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1159898 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01388909 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Laboratory Assessment Program: 2003-2004: Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center IS - FHWA-HRT-05-032 SP - 12p KW - Activity report KW - Annual report KW - Annual reports KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research organization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1156675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01386146 AU - United States Bureau of Public Roads AU - American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) TI - AASHO road test SP - 1 DVD KW - AASHO road test KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement materials KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Road construction KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01385941 AU - United States Bureau of Public Roads AU - American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) TI - AASHO road test SP - 1 DVD KW - AASHO road test KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement materials KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Road construction KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1153701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074555 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Allegheny National Forest (N.F.), Lewis Run project : environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073676 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Project S-SG-1409 (101) Clay County KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073559 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pursuant to Section 102 (2) (c), P.L. 91-190: environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073553 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Broad Street Parkway, Project No. NRBD-5315(21) and 10040-A, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire: environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073550 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 54, Camden County, Job 5-P-54-309, Route 54/52 junction south and west to Grand Glaize Bridge: environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073549 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 67, Butler County, Missouri Job No. 10-P-67-20: environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073548 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Louisa-Fort Gay Bridge replacement project involvement with Fort Ancient Archaeological Site 15 La 302, Lawrence County, Kentucky: environmental impact statement KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832940 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01014583 AU - BROTEN, M AU - WADE, M AU - Queensland Department of Main Roads TI - How to sustain a pavement management system at a commercial-service airport PY - 2004/10 SP - 6P AB - At a commercial-service airport, an airport pavement management system (APMS) can provide great benefits to a variety of groups, such as the engineering, maintenance, operations, finance, and upper management divisions at an airport. Sustaining an APMS that meets the diverse needs of this broad range of users is a challenge, but one that must be planned for and addressed during the initial stages of its development for it to be successful. Often, the APMS is structured to meet the needs of the group within the agency charged with its implementation and little effort is made to determine how other groups within the agency can also benefit from the system. The key to long-term sustainability of an APMS is designing it from the outset to meet the needs of all potential users. This paper discusses the different groups within a commercial-service airport that can potentially use APMS information, and techniques and strategies that can be applied to design an APMS that provides useful information presented in a format appropriate for each user. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E212095. U1 - 6th International Conference on Managing Pavements: The Lessons, The Challenges, The Way AheadQueensland Department of Main RoadsARRB Group LimitedFRH GroupExor CorporationPavement Management ServicesFederal Highway AdministrationWorld HighwaysGHDBrisbane City CouncilTasmania Department of Infrastructure, Energy and ResourcesAustralian Road Federation (ARF)HansenCooperative Research Centre for Construction InnovationBrisbane,Queensland,Australia StartDate:20041019 EndDate:20041024 Sponsors:Queensland Department of Main Roads, ARRB Group Limited, FRH Group, Exor Corporation, Pavement Management Services, Federal Highway Administration, World Highways, GHD, Brisbane City Council, Tasmania Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources, Australian Road Federation (ARF), Hansen, Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation KW - Administration KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft KW - Airport KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design (overall design) KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Pavement KW - Pavement management system KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Runway UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/771302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451629 AU - Wortman, R H AU - Fox, T C AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DATA MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE FOR TRAFFIC OPERATIONS ANALYSIS AT INTERSECTIONS PY - SP - 61 p. AB - This study was undertaken for the purpose of developing intersection data collection methods and approaches which reflect the current needs of engineers and the state-of-the-art capabilities of available equipment. A literature review summarizes previous work which is pertinent to intersection studies and data collection. Interviews were conducted with personnel from city, county and state agencies to determine study equipment availability, desired equipment, personnel resources, types of studies thata are conducted, and general problems that are related to intersection data collection. A set of study method selection factors were developed. An evaluation focused on investigating the application of photographic and television equipment with studies to determine the time required for data reduction when using these approaches to data collection. For the conditions in Arizona, the ue of photographic and video equipment represents a feasible alternative to data collection methods which are more labor intensive. (Author) KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Intersections KW - Needs assessment KW - Photography KW - Television KW - Traffic counts KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450016 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOUNDATION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT REVIEWS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - SP - 20 p. AB - The foundation engineering practices of the State transportation agencies and the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Direct Federal Offices were reviewed during a 5-year period, 1977-1981. The review was performed by means of personal interviews with appropriate agency personnel. Due to the extensive survey period, all data was verified and appropriate modifications made in June 1981. The principal objectives of the survey were: 1. To determine current agency procedures related to the design and construction of structural foundations; 2. to assess the effectivenss of these procedures in constructing safe, economical, and environmentally acceptable facilities; 3. to document innovative foundation practices which could be transferred to other agencies, and; 4. to establish needs necessary to improve the foundation engineering capabilities of the reviewed agencies by providing followup technical assistance and technical training packages. The survey data has been compiled in two formates; a comprehensive Final Report and an Executive Summary. The Executive Summary highlights only the more important findings in each of the four major review categories; Organization, Subsurface Investigation, Design, and Construction and Training. Each category provides a comparison of FHWA recommended practice versus the existing practice as found from the review summaries. Each category is also provided with an example from a State transportation agency where the recommended practices are being used with substantial cost savings and/or increased operational efficiency. The final portion of the summary sets forth 21 recommendations for improvement of present practices. The final report is divided into three parts: Part I - Conclusions and Recommendations; Part II - Data Tabulations; and Part III - Question Summaries and Appendices. Summaries and Appendices. KW - Administration KW - Construction management KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geological surveying KW - State departments of transportation KW - Structural design KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265795 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00231389 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Willis, E A AU - AARON, H AU - Lindberg, R C TI - VOLCANIC CINDERS SUITABLE FOR USE IN BASE COURSE CONSTRUCTION PY - AB - VOLCANIC CINDERS, A FRAGMENTAL ASH DEPOSITED AS A RESULT OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, HAS BEEN USED FOR MANY YEARS IN CONSTRUCTING AND MAINTAINING LOCAL EARTH ROADS. RECENTLY IT HAS BEEN USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD SURFACES, BASE COURSES, AND SUBBASES ON STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS. A SURVEY WAS RECENTLY MADE TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ON THE SERVICE BEHAVIOR OF VOLCANIC CINDER ROADS IN ARIZONA AND TO CORRELATE THE ROAD CONDITION WITH THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CINDERS AS DETERMINED BY LABORATORY TESTS. LABORATORY AND CIRCULAR TRACK TESTS WERE MADE ON CINDERS FROM FIVE SOURCES IN ARIZONA AND ON 'TUFA' GRAVEL. THE RESULTS OF THESE STUDIES DISCLOSE THAT VOLCANIC CINDERS WILL PROVE SATISFACTORY FOR USE AS BASE COURSES FOR THIN BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS IF THEY MEET, WITH CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS, THE REQUIREMENTS OF A.A.S.H.O. SPECIFICATION M-56-38 FOR TYPE C STABILIZED BASE-COURSE MATERIALS. EVEN THOUGH THE MOST SATISFACTORY CINDERS ARE NONPLASTIC, ADEQUATE COMPACTION AND DENSITY OF BASE COURSES CAN BE OBTAINED BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF WATER DURING ROLLING. 'TUFA' GRAVEL WAS NOT SATISFACTORY AS A BASE COURSE BECAUSE OF AN EXCESS OF FINE-SIZE MATERIAL. 'TUFA' GRAVEL WITH A COARSER GRADATION WOULD PROBABLY SERVE SATISFACTORILY AS A BASE MATERIAL. THE INVESTIGATION PROVIDED A DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR TRACK TESTS AND FIELD SERVICE BEHAVIOR. IT ESTABLISHED THE FACT THAT SUITABLE BASE-COURSE MATERIALS WILL WITHSTAND CONCENTRATED TRAFFIC IN THE CIRCULAR TRACK WITH WATER 2 1/2 INCHES ABOVE THE TOP OF THE SUBBASE BUT THAT WATER 4 1/2 INCHES ABOVE THE TOP OF THE SUBBASE PROVIDES A CONDITION MORE SEVERE THAN CAN REASONABLY BE EXPECTED UNDER NORMAL SERVICE CONDITIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Compaction KW - Construction KW - Density KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Rolling KW - Slag KW - Stabilized materials KW - Subbase materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Volcanic deposits KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/122008 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00228751 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chaves, J R AU - SCHUSTER, R L TI - AERIAL COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS USE IN MATERIALS SURVEYS PY - AB - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF AERIAL COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING COLOUR FILM FOR AERIAL MATERIALS SURVEYS ARE DISCUSSED. RESEARCH FOR THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN BECAUSE OF INCREASING INTEREST IN THE USE OF COLOUR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR HIGHWAY MATERIALS SURVEYS. THE FULL POTENTIAL HAS NOT BEEN REALIZED AND THE MANY MISCONCEPTIONS THAT EXIST CONCERNING THIS USE OF COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY. /RRL/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Benefits KW - Color KW - Color photography KW - Material surveys KW - Materials KW - Surveying KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/120996 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00227743 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Walker, W P TI - TRENDS OF FACTORS USED IN DETERMINING THE 30TH HIGHEST HOURLY TRAFFIC VOLUMES PY - AB - WITHIN THE PAST TWO DECADES, HIGHWAY OFFICIALS HAVE ADOPTED THE POLICY OF DESIGNING HIGHWAYS TO MEET THE TRAFFIC LOAD OF THE 30TH HIGHEST HOURLY VOLUME OF THE YEAR FOR WHICH THE FACILITY WAS BEING BUILT. THE PRESENT ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC RECORDER DATA FOR RURAL HIGHWAYS REVEALS THAT THE 30TH-HOUR FACTOR EXHIBITS A TENDENCY TO DECLINE SLIGHTLY WITH THE PASSING OF TIME, RATHER THAN TO REMAIN STABLE AS PAST STUDIES HAVE INDICATED. RECORDS FOR 160 TRAFFIC RECORDER STATIONS IN CONTINUOUS OPERATION FROM 1946 THROUGH 1953 PROVIDED THE BASIC DATA FOR THE ANALYSIS. ALL CLASSES OF RURAL HIGHWAYS WERE REPRESENTED AND THE COVERAGE INCLUDED 26 STATES. THE AVERAGE FACTOR FOR THESE STATIONS DECLINED AT THE AVERAGE RATE OF 0.11 PER YEAR OVER THE PERIOD 1946-53, BUT A WIDE VARIATION IN THE RATE OF DECLINE WAS FOUND AMONG DIFFERENT STATIONS. GENERALLY SPEAKING, ROADS WITH VOLUMES OF MORE THAN 3,000 VEHICLES PER DAY EXPERIENCED A MORE RAPID RATE OF DECLINE IN THE FACTOR THAN THE ROADS WITH LESSER TRAFFIC VOLUMES. ALSO, 30TH-HOUR FACTORS OF 15 OR GREATER EXPERIENCED A MORE RAPID RATE OF DECLINE THAN FACTORS SMALLER THAN 15. TABULAR DATA RELATING THE ANNUAL CHANGE IN THE 30TH-HOUR FACTOR TO BOTH THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FACTOR AND THE AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES ARE INCLUDED IN THIS ARTICLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Average daily traffic KW - Design hourly volume KW - Highway design KW - Recording KW - Rural highways KW - Thirtieth highest annual hourly volume KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/120663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00227669 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Leisch, J E TI - CAPACITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS INSTALLMENT NO 1 PY - AB - A GRAPHIC PROCEDURE IS PRESENTED FOR THE CAPACITY ANALYSIS OF MOST SIGNALIZED STREET AND HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS. FULL DISCUSSION OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES IN THE APPLICATION OF THE CHARTS IN ADDITION TO SAMPLE PROBLEMS ARE PRESENTED. THE CURRENT SET OF CHARTS COMPRISES 2- NOMOGRAPHS. THE CHARTS PRESENTED ARE NOMOGRAPHS OF THE STEPPED VARIETY. THE CHARTS INCORPORATE ALL FACTORS AFFECTING INTERSECTION CAPACITY COVERED IN THE HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL OF 1965. KW - Analysis KW - Charts KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersections KW - Methodology KW - Nomographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/120621 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00229183 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mizroch, J AU - N/A TI - DETERMINATION OF CEMENT-CONTENT OF SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES PY - VL - 23 IS - 11 SP - p. 297-299 AB - A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE PERCENTAGE OF CEMENT IN SOIL- CEMENT MIXTURES IS DESCRIBED. DATA ARE PRESENTED GIVING THE RESULTS OF THE DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE OF CEMENT IN SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES BY THIS METHOD AND BY THE METHOD RECOMMENDED BY SUBCOMMITTEE NO. 2 OF THE PROJECT COMMITTEE ON 'STABILIZED ROADS' OF THE HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD AS A SUITABLE METHOD OF TEST. IN NEARLY HALF THE SAMPLES THE PERCENTAGES OF CEMENT FOUND BY THE TWO METHODS ARE IDENTICAL. IN THE REMAINING SAMPLES, THE VARIATION IS NOT GREATER THAN 0.2%. KW - Cement content KW - Soil cement KW - Soil cement tests KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/120154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230758 AU - Sherman AU - Matthews AU - Hannon AU - Spickelmire AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERLOADS ON EXPOSED CEMENT TREATED BASES PY - AB - THE EFFECTS OF OVERLOADS ON NEWLY CONSTRUCTED CEMENT TREATED BASES (CTB), WHICH ARE UTILIZED AS HAUL ROADS DURING PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC) PAVING WERE EVALUATED. TEN WHEEL DUMP TRUCKS WERE USED TO TRANPORT 8 CUBIC YARD BATCHES OF PLASTIC PCC. SINGLE AXLE LOADS UP TO 20 KIPS WERE PERMITTED ON A TRIAL BASIS. A NET LOSS OR GAIN IN STRENGTH OR A WEAKENING OF THE CTB AS A RESULT OF OVERLOAD HAULING WAS DETERMINED USING SURFACE DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE HAULING OPERATIONS. CONDITION SURVEYS WERE ALSO PERFORMED TO EVALUATE SURFACE DAMAGE AND CRACKING. EQUIVALENT 5,000 POUND WHEEL LOADS WERE DETERMINED FROM AXLE WEIGHTS AND DAILY TRUCK COUNTS. THESE DATA WERE COLLECTED ON FOUR PAVING PROJECTS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT OVERLOADS UP TO 20 KIPS PER AXLE ARE NOT DETRIMENTAL TO NEWLY PLACED CTB WHEN THE AVERAGE HAUL PERIOD IS FROM 3 TO 6 DAYS. RECOMMENDATIONS COVERING OVERLOAD HAULING ARE SUGGESTED FOR INCORPORATION IN A TENTATIVE SPECIFICATION. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Condition surveys KW - Load limits KW - Loads KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Strength of materials KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230692 AU - Kim, J B AU - Kindig, C H AU - Bhattacharya, S AU - Bucknell University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LATERAL STABILITY OF PILE GROUPS PY - AB - THE METHODS AVAILABLE FOR DESIGNING PILE GROUP FOUNDATIONS ARE HANDICAPPED BY THE LACK OF THEORY TO RELATE THE BEHAVIOR OF PILE GROUP FOUNDATIONS TO THAT OF AN ISOLATED SINGLE PILE AND ALSO BY LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF SOIL-PILE BEHAVIOR. ALTHOUGH A NUMBER OF MODEL AND FULL-SCALE TESTS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES HAVE BEEN MADE IN TERMS OF THE SOIL-PILE BEHAVIORS AND PILE GROUP BEHAVIORS, THERE HAS BEEN A NEED FOR A COMPARISON AND APPRAISAL OF THE STUDIES MADE TO DATE IN TERMS OF LATERAL AND VERTICAL STABILITY OF PILE GROUP FOUNDATIONS. THIS REPORT IS THE RESULT OF THE REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF PAST AND CURRENT RESEARCH ON LATERAL AND VERTICAL STABILITY OF PILE GROUP SYSTEMS AND SOIL-PILE BEHAVIOR. THE STUDY HAS BEEN CONDUCTED BY MEANS OF A LITERATURE SEARCH AND DIRECT INQUIRY TO ALL STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS AND OTHERS. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY ARE USEFUL IN PROVIDING INFORMATION ESSENTIAL TO DESIGN OF PILE GROUPS AND TO THE CONDUCT OF ADDITIONAL RESEARCH. /AUTHOR/ KW - Loads KW - Pile behavior KW - Pile design KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Questionnaires KW - Reviews KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Structural design KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230691 AU - Hamel, J V AU - Flint, N K AU - Lindahl, D C AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ROCK SLOPE STABILITY PY - AB - THIS ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY IS INTENDED TO SERVE AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS CONCERNED WITH THE STABILITY OF SLOPES IN ROCK. THE REFERENCES HAVE BEEN GROUPED INTO SEVERAL BROAD SUBJECT AREAS: GEOLOGIC PRINCIPLES, ROCK MECHANICS PRINCIPLES, SLOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES, CASE STUDIES, ROCK SHEAR STRENGTH, ROCK WEATHERING, ROCK BLASTING, AND ROCK SLOPE STABILIZATION. NO ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO INCLUDE ALL POSSIBLE REFERENCES IN THESE SUBJECT AREAS. THE EMPHASIS HAS BEEN PLACED ON SIGNIFICANT REFERENCES WHICH ILLUSTRATE THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ART IN EACH AREA AND ON REFERENCES DEALING WITH ASPECTS OF SLOPE STABILITY BELIEVED IMPORTANT FOR PENNSYLVANIA. /BPR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Rock mechanics KW - Rocks KW - Shear strength KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230690 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TREATMENT OF SWELLING SOILS WEST OF AGATE, COLORADO - FIRST INTERIM REPORT PY - AB - THE CONSTRUCTION, INSTRUMENTATION, AND INITIAL CONDITIONS OF A ROADWAY BUILT ON SWELLING SOILS IN EASTERN COLORADO ARE DESCRIBED. ONE SECTION OF THE ROADWAY WAS SUBEXCAVATED FOUR FEET DEEP AND BACKFILLED WITH A-6(12) SOIL. THE SECOND SECTION WAS SUBEXCAVATED TWO FEET DEEP AND BACKFILLED WITH A-2-4(0) SOIL. THE THIRD SECTION WAS AN A-7-6(19) SOIL, DISTURBED AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE AND PROVIDED WITH A MEMBRANE OF CATALYTICALLY BLOWN ASPHALT AT THE RATE OF 1.3 GALLONS PER SQUARE YARD. THE MEMBRANE COVERED THE SHOULDERS, CONTINUED THROUGH THE DITCH AND UP THE BACK SLOPE TO THE HEIGHT OF THE ROADWAY. FIVE MONTHS LATER, THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE BACKFILLED SUBGRADE AND THE MEMBRANE COVERED SUBGRADE APPEARED TO HAVE DROPPED FROM APPROXIMATELY 30% TO 25%. THE ROADWAY APPEARED STABLE, BUT IT IS BEING OBSERVED CAREFULLY FOR SIGNS OF DISTRESS AND MOISTURE CHANGE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Backfill soils KW - Catalytic blowing KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Road construction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230688 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MECHANICS OF FRACTURE AND CRACKING IN SOIL-CEMENT BASE PY - AB - THE CRACKING IN A SOIL-CEMENT BASE IS EXAMINED USING GRIFFITH'S THEORY OF BRITTLE FRACTURE. FLEXURAL TESTS ARE PERFORMED ON SOIL-CEMENT BEAMS WITH CRACK-SIMULATING NOTCHES TO DETERMINE THE CRITICAL STRAIN ENERGY-RELEASE-RATE ASSOCIATED WITH THE RAPID EXTENSION OF THE CRACK. MODEL STUDIES ARE MADE TO EVALUATE THE CRACK PROPAGATION IN A SOIL-CEMENT PAVEMENT BASE. THE VARIATIONS OF CRITICAL STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE-RATE ACCORDING TO SOIL TEXTURE, CLAY MINERAL PRESENT, AND THE TIME RATE OF LOADING, AS WELL AS ITS INDEPENDENCE OF THE NOTCH GEOMETRY INDICATE THAT THE CRITICAL STRAIN IS A ENERGY-RELEASE-RATE PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF THE CEMENT-TREATED SOIL. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, A FUNCTION OF THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K AND THE CRACK EXTENSION FORCE G, IN ACCORD WITH FRACTURE MECHANICS CONCEPTS, EXHIBITS AN INVERSE RELATION WITH THE RATE OF CRACK PROPAGATION. IN ADDITION, THE CRACK PATTERNS OBSERVED IN THE MODEL SLABS ARE IN KEEPING WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL POSTULATE OF GRIFFITH. IN SIMPLE AND SYMMETRICAL CASES, THE CEMENT BASE UPON CRACKING TENDS TO FORM A PATTERN OF HEXAGONS. WHEN THE MATERIAL IS MORE BRITTLE, THE CRACKS FORM RATHER POORLY DEFINED IRREGULAR RANDOM ORTHOGONAL POLYGONS, WITH THE VARIOUS CRACKS MEETING PRIMARILY IN THREE-WAY NODES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Beams KW - Clay minerals KW - Concrete tests KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Energy KW - Flexural strength KW - Flexure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading time KW - Model tests KW - Notch tests KW - Soil cement KW - Soil cement pavements KW - Soil cement tests KW - Soil texture KW - Soils KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural tests KW - Testing KW - Texture KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230687 AU - Ramsey, W J AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STABILIZATION OF PLASTIC SUBGRADE SOILS WITH HYDRATED LIME AND PORTLAND CEMENT PY - AB - A STUDY WAS MADE OF THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS FEATURING LIME, PORTLAND CEMENT AND A COMBINATION OF LIME AND PORTLAND CEMENT STABILIZATION OF PLASTIC SUBGRADE SOILS. MIXING OF SOIL-STABILIZERS WAS ACCOMPLISHED USING DISCS, SCARIFIERS, ROTARY-TILLERS AND MOTOR PATROL BLADES. LIME-CEMENT COMBINATION SECTIONS WERE CONSTRUCTED BY FIRST MIXING LIME, LOOSE CURING FOR 24 TO 48 HOURS, AND THEN ADDING CEMENT, AND MIXING AND COMPACTING. EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT WAS EVALUATED BY MEASURING THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CORES, BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS, MEASUREMENT OF PATCHING AND VISUAL OBSERVATIONS. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDED THAT HYDRATED LIME WAS MORE SUITABLE THAN PORTLAND CEMENT ALONE OR CEMENT-LIME COMBINATIONS FOR TREATING GLACIAL CLAY SOILS AND THAT IN GENERAL ALL THREE TYPES OF SUBGRADE TREATMENT WERE SATISFACTORY. /BPR/ KW - Benkelman beam KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay KW - Compressive strength KW - Disks KW - Glacial deposits KW - Mixing KW - Patching KW - Plastic soils KW - Portland cement KW - Roadbuilding machinery KW - Scarifiers KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilizers KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Subgrade treatments KW - Till KW - Unconfined compression tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230686 AU - Hill, W C AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF FRICTION PILE RESISTANCE PY - AB - A METHOD FOR CORRELATION OF THE STANDARD PENETRATION TEST, OREGON MINIATURE PILES, AND THE DYNAMIC DRIVING RESISTANCE R OF THE ENGINEERING NEWS PILE FORMULA AS USED IN OREGON ARE DISCUSSED. CHARTS SHOWING THE CORRELATIONS FOR VARIOUS SOIL TYPES AND PILE TYPES AS ENCOUNTERED IN OREGON ARE PRESENTED. A METHOD OF PILE LENGTH DESIGN USING THESE VALUES AND R IS DETAILED. /BPR/ KW - Design KW - Friction piles KW - Length KW - Pile driving KW - Pile length KW - Pile types KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230683 AU - Manz, O E AU - University of North Dakota AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - SOIL STABILIZATION STUDY PY - AB - A LABORATORY STUDY WAS MADE OF THE STABILIZATION OF SOILS FROM THE RED RIVER VALLEY AND SOUTHWESTERN NORTH DAKOTA. STABILIZING TREATMENTS WERE PORTLAND CEMENT, HYDRATED HIGH- CALCIUM AND DOLOMITIC LIME, HIGH CALCIUM LIME AND FLYASH, HIGH CALCIUM LIME AND MC-250 ASPHALT, AND A MIXTURE OF 3% HIGH CALCIUM LIME-MELLOWED 2 DAYS-PLUS CEMENT (3% LESS THAN OPTIMUM CEMENT CONTENT). UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS WERE DETERMINED FOR SOIL-STABILIZER MIXTURES AFTER 7 DAYS, 40 DAYS AND 1 YEAR OF CURING. OTHER TESTS INCLUDED: FREEZE- THAW BRUSH LOSS, FREEZE-THAW HEAVE TESTS, UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER FREEZE-THAW AND ATTERBERG LIMITS. IN GENERAL, THE 3 PERCENT LIME (FOLLOWED BY 2-DAY LOOSE CURING) PLUS 3 PERCENT LESS THAN OPTIMUM CEMENT ADDITION PROVED TO BE THE MOST PROMISING STABILIZER. THE LENGTH CHANGE COINCIDENT WITH FREEZING AND THAWING WAS FOUND TO BE A GOOD MEASURE OF DURABILITY. /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete curing KW - Dolomite KW - Dolomitic quicklime KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Portland cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilizers KW - Unconfined compression tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230682 AU - Hoover, J M AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Iowa State Highway Commission TI - FINAL REPORT, FACTORS INFLUENCING STABILITY OF GRANULAR BASE COURSE MIXES PY - AB - FIVE REPORTS ARE SUMMARIZED CONCERNING THE STABILITY AND STABILIZATION OF THREE CRUSHED LIMESTONE AGGREGATES. THE REPORT INCLUDES PHYSICAL AND MINERALOGICAL ANALYSES OF THE AGGREGATES. FOUR LABORATORY COMPACTION METHODS (AASHO, STATIC, VIBRATORY AND DROP HAMMER--MOLDING THE WHOLE SAMPLE BY HAMMERING ON TOP AND BOTTOM) WERE COMPARED CONCERNING THE RESULTANT DEGRADATION, SEGREGATION, UNIFORMITY, AND REPRODUCIBILITY AFFORDED BY EACH. VIBRATORY COMPACTION WAS FOUND MOST SATISFACTORY AND USED TO PREPARE SPECIMENS THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF THE STUDY. THE EFFECTS OF FRICTIONAL INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICLES AND THE VOID RATIO AND GRADATION (GEOMETRICAL CONSTRAINTS) ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH AND DEFORMATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF THE CRUSHED LIMESTONES ARE PRESENTED. THE DEFECTS OF LIME, CEMENT, EMULSIFIED AND PENETRATION ASPHALT, SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH AND PORE PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS WERE EVALUATED. ASPHALT AND CHLORIDES HAD NO EFFECT ON ANGLE OF SOLID FRICTION. ASPHALTS SLIGHTLY AFFECTED COHESION AND PORE WATER CHARACTERISTICS. CEMENT INCREASED STRENGTH BY INCREASING THE COHESION. LIME PRODUCED LITTLE EFFECT. FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF AGGREGATE-CEMENT MIXTURES WAS ALSO STUDIED. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement KW - Compaction KW - Crushed limestone KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Granular materials KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Pendulum tests KW - Pile hammers KW - Pore pressure KW - Shear strength KW - Soil stabilization KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230681 AU - Korfhage, G R AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION FIELD PROJECT, WADENA COUNTY PY - AB - THE FINAL REPORT IS PRESENTED OF A FIELD STUDY FEATURING STABILIZATION OF SANDY SUBGRADE SOILS WITH EMULSIFIED ASPHALT (SS-1) CUT BACK ASPHALT (MC-2) AND ROAD TAR (RT-6) TO UPGRADE THEM TO SERVE AS AN ADEQUATE BASE COURSE FOR LOW TRAFFIC DENSITY ROADS. THE SUBGRADE WAS STABILIZED TO A DEPTH OF 2 RO 4 IN. AND SURFACED WITH A 1 1/2 INCH BITUMINOUS MAT AND SAND SEAL COAT RESPECTIVELY. THE RESEARCH WAS RATHER INCONCLUSIVE PARTLY DUE TO SOMEWHAT POOR CONSTRUCTION CONTROL OF THE SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT AT THE TIME OF MIXING AND THE AMOUNT OF BITUMINOUS MATERIAL ADDED. LACK OF CONTROL RESULTED IN THE BASE MATERIAL REMAINING SOFT AFTER COMPACTION. ALTHOUGH CONSTRUCTION DIFFICULTIES AND THE ABSENCE OF FAILURES PRECLUDED EVALUATION OF DESIGN PROCEDURE USED BY OBSERVING THE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE VARIOUS SECTIONS SOME GENERAL CONCLUSIONS WERE DEVELOPED: (1) STABILIZATION OF SANDY SUBGRADES WITH BITUMINOUS MATERIALS AND SURFACING WITH A SEAL COAT OR BITUMINOUS MAT PROVIDES A SUITABLE ROADWAY FOR AREAS WITH SIMILAR SOIL AND TRAFFIC CONDITIONS, (2) A 4-IN. BASE AND SEAL COAT COMBINATION IS MORE ECONOMICAL THAN 2 IN. BASE 1 1/2-IN. BITUMINOUS MAT COMBINATION, AND (3) NO APPARENT BENEFITS RESULT FROM ADDITION OF MORE THAN 4 PERCENT BITUMINOUS MATERIAL. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Moisture content KW - Sand KW - Seal coats KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade materials KW - Tar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230680 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - I-95 EMBANKMENT, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS, SEPTEMBER 1965 - JUNE 1968 PY - AB - CRITICALLY NEEDED FUNDAMENTAL INFORMATION ON THE RELIABILITY OF TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING DEFORMATION (SETTLEMENT AND HEAVE) AND STABILITY OF HEAVY EMBANKMENTS PLACED ON THICK DEPOSITS OF SOFT SOILS. THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES PROGRESS FROM SEPTEMBER, 1965, THROUGH JUNE 30, 1968, CONCENTRATING ON DOCUMENTING THE DETAILS OF THE INSTRUMENTATION AND THE INITIAL READINGS. INSTRUMENTATION INCLUDES (1) OBSERVATION WELLS AND PIEZOMETERS TO MEASURE THE PORE WATER PRESSURES UNDER AND ADJACENT TO THE EMBANKMENT AT STATION 246, (2) INCLINOMETERS TO MEASURE LATERAL AND VERTICAL DEFORMATIONS AT THE SECTION, (3) SETTLEMENT RODS TO MEASURE THE VERTICAL DEFORMATIONS, (4) A DEEP BENCH MARK TO REFERENCE THE VERTICAL DEFORMATIONS, AND (5) TOTAL STRESS CELLS FOR MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL EMBANKMENT LOADING TO INVESTIGATE ARCHING IN THE FILL. EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION BEGAN IN DECEMBER, 1967, AND CONTINUED THROUGH JUNE, 1968. MOST OF THE INSTRUMENTATION WAS INSTALLED BY JUNE 30, 1968. /AUTHOR/ KW - Arching effect KW - Deformation KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Inclinometers KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measurement KW - Observation wells KW - Piezometers KW - Pore water pressures KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230678 AU - Chu, T Y AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STABILIZING SOILS FOR USE AS BASE MATERIAL ON SECONDARY ROAD PROJECTS PY - AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY TO DEVELOP METHODS FOR STABILIZING SOILS OF THE PIEDMONT REGION OF SOUTH CAROLINA TO MAKE THEM SUITABLE FOR USE AS BASES FOR SECONDARY ROAD PROJECTS. THE PREDOMINANT SOILS OF THE PIEDMONT IN SOUTH CAROLINA ARE OF THE CECIL SERIES. PORTLAND CEMENT, HYDRATED LIME AND PHOSPHORIC ACID WERE TRIED IN THE LABORATORY. PORTLAND CEMENT PROVED TO BE THE MOST ACCEPTABLE ADDITIVE. A FIELD EXPERIMENT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN JULY 1967 FEATURING CEMENT OR LIME STABILIZATION OF IN-PLACE MATERIAL. LIME WAS APPLIED AT RATES OF 4, 5, 6 AND 8 PERCENT, AND MIXED TO A DEPTH OF 5 IN. CEMENT WAS USED AT RATES OF 6 OR 9 PERCENT TO A DEPTH OF 4 OR 6 INCHES. FIELD OBSERVATIONS CONDUCTED OVER THE FIRST 15 MONTHS FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION INDICATE THAT THE PERFORMANCE OF SOME LIME-STABILIZED BASE SECTIONS WAS SOMEWHAT INFERIOR TO THAT OF THE SOIL-CEMENT SECTIONS. EVALUATION OF PROJECT IS CONTINUING. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Field tests KW - Phosphoric acid KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Secondary roads KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230677 AU - Selig, E T AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SOIL COMPACTION STUDY VOL. IV, ANALYSIS OF FIELD TESTS ON BASE COURSE MATERIAL PY - AB - A STUDY OF COMPACTION OF SOIL AND BASE COURSE MATERIALS IN THE FIELD WAS UNDERTAKEN TO OBTAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF FACTORS INFLUENCING FIELD COMPACTION AND METHODS OF MEASURING COMPACTION. THIS IS VOLUME IV OF A SERIES OF REPORTS PRESENTING THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE STUDY. IT DEALS WITH THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS ON THE BASE COURSE MATERIALS. THE PARAMETERS VARIED WERE MATERIAL TYPE, LIFT THICKNESS, COMPACTOR TYPE, COMPARATIVE EFFORT AND NUMBER OF COVERAGES. MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE OF MOSITURE CONTENT, DENSITY, CBR, PLATE LOAD AND SEISMIC VELOCITY. THE DATA WERE ANALYZED STATISTICALLY TO DETERMINE THE VARIABILITY OF THE MEASURED PROPERTIES, FACTORS SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCING THEM, AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THEIR EFFECTS. THE INDICATED TRENDS AND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PROPERTIES WERE THEN EXAMINED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California bearing ratio KW - Compaction KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Density KW - Elastic waves KW - Field tests KW - Lift thickness KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Plate bearing test KW - Soil compaction KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230676 AU - Lowery, L L AU - Finley, J R AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A COMPARISON OF DYNAMIC PILE DRIVING FORMULAS WITH THE WAVE EQUATION PY - AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO ESTABLISH WHETHER THE RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION (CAPACITY) FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF PILES AS PREDICTED BY THE VARIOUS COMMONLY USED PILE DRIVING FORMULAS AGREES WITH THAT OBTAINED FROM THE USE OF THE WAVE EQUATION. SINCE THE USE OF THE WAVE EQUATION REQUIRES A HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL COMPUTER, A CORRELATION OF WAVE EQUATION ANALYSES WITH THE COMMONLY USED FORMULAS WOULD ENHANCE THEIR USE AND APPLICATION IN THE FIELD. AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION WAS MADE OF 288 HYPOTHETICAL PILE DRIVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING A RANGE OF VARIABLES COVERING HAMMER TYPES, PILE TYPES, PILE MATERIAL SIZE AND LENGTHS, AND THE MAGNITUDE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOIL RESISTANCE. THE RESULTS OF THE SOLUTIONS WERE THEN INCORPORATED IN ELEVEN OF THE MORE COMMONLY USED DYNAMIC PILE DRIVING FORMULAS TO DETERMINE THE PREDICTED PILE CAPACITIES RESULTING FROM THE APPLICATION OF EACH. CORRELATIONS OF THE RESPONSES PREDICTED BY THE PILE DRIVING FORMULAS WITH THE RELATED RESULTS INVOLVING THE WAVE EQUATION WERE PLOTTED. THE RESULTING PLOTS INDICATE CLEARLY THE DEGREE AND CONSISTENCY OF VARIATION OF THE LOAD CAPACITY PREDICTIONS BY THE VARIOUS PILE FORMULAS OVER A TYPICAL RANGE OF PILE PARAMETERS AS COMPARED WITH THE WAVE EQUATION SOLUTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Digital computers KW - Hammers KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Pile types KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Resistance KW - Soils KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230674 AU - Hopkins, T C AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SETTLEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE APPROACHES AND EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS PY - AB - STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE FACTORS WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF THE PAVEMENT BEHIND BRIDGE ABUTMENTS AND TO EXPLORE WAYS AND MEANS OF ELIMINATING, OR MINIMIZING, THESE HAZARDOUS, COSTLY AND UNDESIRABLE ROAD DEFECTS. COMPLEMENTARY OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY ARE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERFECTION OF A MULTIPOINT, MERCURY-FILLED SETTLEMENT GAGE TO BE USED FOR MEASURING THE SETTLEMENT OF APPROACH EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS AND THE COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND OBSERVED TIME-SETTLEMENT RELATIONSHIPS OF SELECTED APPROACH EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS SO AS TO PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND DESIGN CRITERIA. INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT IS A DISCUSSION OF THE SETTLEMENT PROCESS (FROM A SOIL MECHANICS VIEWPOINT) AS RELATED TO THE SETTLEMENT OF APPROACHES BEHIND ABUTMENTS AND A COMPARISON OF THE OBSERVED AND PREDICTED TIME-SETTLEMENT CURVES AT FOUR BRIDGE CITES AND ONE OTHER EMBANKMENT SITE. ALSO PRESENTED IS A DISCUSSION OF THE THEORY, OPERATION, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF A MULTIPLE-POINT AND SINGLE-POINT, MERCURY FILLED SETTLEMENT GAGE. /BPR/ KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Embankment foundations KW - Ground settlement KW - Highway bridges KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mercury KW - Settlement rate KW - Soil mechanics KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230672 AU - Wassenaar, A AU - Handy, R C AU - Hoover, J M AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LIME OR CHLORIDE TREATMENT OF GRANULAR BASE COURSE MATERIALS PY - AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF TRIAXIAL TESTING OF THREE CRUSHED LIMESTONES TO WHICH EITHER HYDRATED HIGH-CALCIUM LIME, SODIUM CHLORIDE OR CALCIUM CHLORIDE HAD BEEN ADDED. LIME WAS ADDED AT RATES OF 1, 3, 10 AND 16 PERCENT, CHLORIDES WERE ADDED AT 0.5 PERCENT RATE ONLY. SPECIMENS WERE COMPACTED USING VIBRATORY COMPACTION APPARATUS AND WERE TESTED IN TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION USING LATERAL PRESSURES FROM 10 TO 100 PSI. TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS INDICATE THAT: (1) SODIUM CHLORIDE SLIGHTLY DECREASED THE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION AND INCREASED COHESION, (2) CALCIUM CHLORIDE SLIGHTLY INCREASED THE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION AND DECREASED COHESION, AND (3) LIME HAD NO APPRECIABLE EFFECT ON ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION BUT INCREASED COHESION, DECREASED DENSITY AND INCREASED PORE WATER PRESSURE. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Cohesion KW - Compression KW - Crushed limestone KW - Density KW - Granular materials KW - Pore water pressures KW - Sodium chloride KW - Triaxial compression KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Vibratory compaction UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17234 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230669 AU - Zube AU - Gates AU - Shirley AU - Munday AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION AND APPRAISAL OF THE PERFORMANCE OF CEMENT TREATED BASES AS USED IN COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS IN CALIFORNIA PY - AB - ONE HUNDRED SEVENTY-FIVE CLASS A AND CLASS B CEMENT TREATED BASE B (CTB) PROJECTS BUILT BETWEEN 1950 AND 1962 WERE EVALUATED. SIXTY-FOUR PERCENT ARE GIVING EXCELLENT SERVICE, SEVENTEEN PERCENT WERE RATED GOOD, EIGHT PERCENT FAIR AND ELEVEN PERCENT REQUIRED EXTENSIVE MAINTENANCE EARLY IN THEIR DESIGN LIVES. THE MAIN CAUSES OF FAILURE APPEARED TO BE: INSUFFICIENT CEMENT CONTENT, POOR MIXING OF CEMENT, EXCESSIVE TRIMMING OF THE COMPACTED CTB, INSUFFICIENT CTB THICKNESS, INADEQUATE CTB COMPACTION OR DEFICIENCIES IN THE AC SURFACING THICKNESS OR QUALITY. A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN THE PERFORMANCE OF CTB COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS WAS CAUSED BY: (1) EXTENDING THE CTB AT LEAST ONE FOOT INTO THE SHOULDER, (2) PLANT MIXING THE CTB, (3) BUILDING THE PROJECT IN A TEMPERATE CLIMATE, (4) INCREASING THE THICKNESS OF THE AC SURFACING, (5) LIMITING THE COMPACTED THICKNESS OF ANY ONE LAYER OF CTB TO 0.50 FOOT, (6) USING TYPE II CEMENT RATHER THAN TYPE I, (7) USING A MINIMUM CTB THICKNESS OF 0.50 FOOT, AND (8) PROVIDING A MINIMUM IN SITU CTB COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 500 PSI. FIELD SAMPLING OBSERVATIONS SHOWED THERE WAS GENERALLY VERY LITTLE BOND BETWEEN LAYERS OF CTB BUT THE AC WAS NEARLY ALWAYS WELL BONDED TO THE TOP OF THE CTB. EXCESSIVE TRIMMING OF A COMPACTED CTB WAS SHOWN TO CAUSE DISINTEGRATION OF A THIN LAYER AT THE TOP OF THE CTB WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY CAUSED EXTENSIVE PUMPING AND CRACKING OF THE AC SURFACING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Bonding KW - Cement content KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compaction KW - Composite pavements KW - Compressive strength KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance tests KW - Plant mix KW - Surface treating KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Trimming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230667 AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL SUMMARY REPORT - LIME STABILIZATION OF SOILS FOR HIGHWAY PURPOSES PY - AB - A BRIEF SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF THE INFORMATION DEVELOPED DURING THE EIGHT-YEAR DURATION OF THE STUDY. FACTORS AFFECTING LIME REACTIVITY ARE LISTED. THE EFFECTS OF LIME TYPE, LIME PERCENTAGE AND CURING TIME ON UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ARE DISCUSSED. TRIAXIAL SHEAR STRENGTH, FLEXURAL STRENGTH, FLEXURAL FATIGUE RESPONSE, CBR, SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH, STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS, FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY AND SHRINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES ARE DISCUSSED. A MIXTURE DESIGN PROCESS AND STRENGTH AND DURABILITY CRITERIA FOR LIME-SOIL MIXTURES ARE PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Deformation curve KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Mix design KW - Shear stress KW - Shrinkage KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Tensile strength KW - Triaxial shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230666 AU - Ramsey, W J AU - Lund, O L AU - State of Nebraska AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXPERIMENTAL LIME STABILIZATION IN NEBRASKA PY - AB - A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS ARE PRESENTED OF POST CONSTRUCTION OBSERVATIONS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT FEATURING LIME STABILIZATION OF PLASTIC SUBGRADE SOILS AND UPGRADING OF INFERIOR BASE COURSE MATERIALS BY LIME TREATMENT. THREE SECTIONS FEATURED SUBGRADE STABILIZATION BY 3, 6 AND 10 PERCENT LIME AND THREE OTHER SECTIONS FEATURED BASE COURSE STABILIZATION BY 2, 4 AND 7 PERCENT LIME. PERFORMANCE WAS EVALUATED BY BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS, RUT DEPTH MEASUREMENTS, CRACK SURVEYS AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CORES. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT LIME IS SATISFACTORY FOR STABILIZATION OF PLASTIC SUBGRADES, BUT THAT IN SOME CASES AS MUCH AS 10 PERCENT LIME MIGHT BE REQUIRED. RATES OF 4 TO 7 PERCENT ARE ALSO SATISFACTORY FOR UPGRADING SUBSTANDARD BASE MATERIAL. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cracking KW - Deflection tests KW - Performance tests KW - Plastic soils KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade materials KW - Unconfined compression tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230663 AU - Goble, G G AU - Tomko, J J AU - Rausche, F AU - Green, P AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DYNAMIC STUDIES ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES (VOLS 1&2) PY - AB - VOL. 1 DESCRIBES MOST OF THE WORK DONE ON THIS STUDY TO DATE. A PREVIOUS TWO VOLUME SET (JULY 1967) WAS CONCERNED WITH THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF THE PROJECT. THE PRESENT REPORT DESCRIBES THE PORTABLE TRANSDUCERS THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO MEASURE THE IMPACT FORCES IMPARTED TO THE PILES. ALSO DESCRIBED IS THE SPECIAL PURPOSE DIGITAL COMPUTER THAT IS USED TO INTERPRET ONE CHANNEL OF STRAIN AND TWO CHANNELS OF ACCELERATION INPUT TO COMPUTE THE PREDICTED STATIC RESISTANCE OF THE PILE (ALL WITHIN TWO MILLISECONDS AFTER EACH BLOW). THE LOGIC AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE COMPUTER ARE INCLUDED. THE MAJOR PART OF THE REPORT IS CONCERNED WITH EXPLAINING THE ASSUMPTIONS AND THEORY OF DERIVING STATIC BEARING PREDICTION FROM DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS. RIGID AND ELASTIC PILE MODELS ARE ANALYZED FOR THEIR THEORETICAL BEHAVIORS WHEN SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS PILE SOIL INTERACTIONS SUCH AS VARIABLE POINT BEARING, CONSTANT RESISTANCE, INCREASING RESISTANCE, AND VARIABLE RESISTANCE. THE SENSITIVITIES OF THE PREDICTIONS TO SOME OF THE ASSUMPTION ARE EXAMINED AND THE THEORETICAL CURVES ARE COMPARED TO THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS. VOL. 2 OF THE SET IS ESSENTIALLY AN APPENDIX AND CONTAINS THE GRAPHS FOR ALL PILE MEASUREMENTS TAKEN DURING THE FOUR YEAR STUDY. THIS EXTENSIVE COLLECTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS HAS BEEN DIGITIZED AND IS AVAILABLE ON PUNCHED CARDS. /BPR/ KW - Digital computers KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impacts KW - Model tests KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Portable equipment KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Static resistance KW - Static tests KW - Structural tests KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230661 AU - Reese, L C AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FIELD TESTING OF DRILLED SHAFTS TO DEVELOP DESIGN METHODS PY - AB - DRILLED SHAFTS ARE IMPORTANT FOUNDATION ELEMENTS WITH MANY PURPOSES, BUT THEY ARE USED PRIMARILY TO RESIST AXIAL LOADS. A PLAN OF RESEARCH IS DESCRIBED TO INVESTIGATE THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF SUCH SHAFTS BY FIELD TESTS INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING IMPORTANT STEPS: (1) DEVELOPING INSTRUMENTATION TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ON THE INTERACTION OF THE SOIL AND THE SHAFT, (2) PERFORMING LOAD TESTS ON A FULL SCALE DRILLED SHAFT, (3) DETERMINING SOIL PROPERTIES, (4) USING FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS TO DEVELOP A THEORY OF DRILLED SHAFT BEHAVIOR, (5) RUNNING ADDITIONAL FIELD TESTS TO VERIFY THE THEORY, AND (6) TRANSLATING THE THEORY INTO A PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN. A GENERAL DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN OF SOME PRELIMINARY TESTS CONDUCTED AT A SITE IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, AND DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND INSTRUMENTATION PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED. A PRELIMINARY METHOD OF EVALUATING SOIL STRENGTH, INCLUDING THE INTERACTION OF SOIL AND WET CONCRETE, IS PRESENTED. A TECHNIQUE FOR APPLYING THIS INFORMATION TO DESIGN IS DISCUSSED. A PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHOD WHICH COMBINES ALL THE INFORMATION DEVELOPED TO DATE IS PRESENTED FOR FURTHER STUDY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axial loads KW - Bearing capacity KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drilling KW - Field tests KW - Foundations KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Properties of materials KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230659 AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LIME TREATED SOILS FOR PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION PY - AB - PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES ARE DISCUSSED AND THE SUITABILITY DEMONSTRATED OF SUCH MIXTURES FOR USE IN PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. CRITERIA ARE PRESENTED FOR EVALUATING SOIL-LIME MIXTURES FOR USE IN MODIFIED SUBGRADES, SUBBASES AND BASE COURSES. THESE CRITERIA WERE DEVELOPED FROM BOTH LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS, AS WELL AS THEORETICAL STRESS COMPUTATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, IF A SOIL-LIME SUBBASE HAVING AN 8-INCH COVER IS TO BE CONSTRUCTED (BASE PLUS BITUMINOUS SURFACING = 8 INCHES), LABORATORY SPECIMENS OF THE SOIL-LIME MIXTURE, CURED IN A MANNER EQUIVALENT TO THAT EXPECTED IN THE FIELD AND THEN IMMERSED IN WATER FOR 8 DAYS, SHOULD RETAIN AN UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF AT LEAST 70 PSI. CURED SPECIMENS OF THE MIXTURE SUBJECTED TO 3, 7 OR 10 FREEZE-THAW CYCLES SHOULD RETAIN STRENGTHS OF 70, 110 OR 140 PSI, RESPECTIVELY. AFTER BEING IN SERVICE FOR ONE WINTER, THE ACTUAL SUBBASE SHOULD RETAIN A STRENGTH OF AT LEAST 40 PSI. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compressive strength KW - Liming of soils KW - Paving KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230658 AU - McDonald, E B AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LIME RESEARCH STUDY-INTERIM REPORT PY - AB - POST CONSTRUCTION OBSERVATIONS ARE REPORTED ON 16 RIGID PAVEMENT PROJECTS - 14 FEATURING LIME STABILIZATION OF SUBGRADE SOILS, AND 2 FEATURING DRILL-HOLE LIME STABILIZATION - TO DETERMINE IF THE EFFECTS OF LIME TREATMENT ARE PERMANENT AND IF LIME MIGRATION OCCURS. THE SUBJECT PROJECTS RANGE IN SERVICE IS FROM 4 TO 7 YEARS. THE FIELD OBSERVATIONS INCLUDE: HIGH SPEED ROUGHOMETER MEASUREMENTS, MODIFIED CBR AND PLATE LOAD TESTS, AND FIELD DENSITY AND MOISTURE DETERMINATIONS. THE LABORATORY TESTS INCLUDE: VOLUME CHANGE, LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTICITY INDEX AND PH. ANALYSIS OF THE TEST DATA INDICATES THAT THE EFFECTS OF LIME TREATMENT ARE PERMANENT. /BPR/ KW - Boreholes KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Field density KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Liquid limits KW - Moisture content KW - pH value KW - Plasticity index KW - Plate bearing test KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road meters KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230656 AU - Zube, E AU - GATES, C AU - Hatano, M AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDY OF LIME TREATED SECTIONS ON ROAD 10-SJ-580-132 PY - AB - AN INVESTIGATION IS DESCRIBED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIME FOR TREATING EXPANSIVE SOILS UNDER PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS TO MINIMIZE SLAB DISTORTION OR CURL CAUSED BY MOISTURE DIFFERENTIALS IN THE CLAY BASEMENT SOIL. SEVERAL SHORT EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS WERE CONSTRUCTED BY LIME TREATING THE TOP 6 INCHES OF THE EXPANSIVE CLAY SOIL AND REDUCING THE COVER REQUIREMENTS. THE MOISTURE CONTENT AT VARIOUS ELEVATIONS IN AND BELOW THE PAVEMENT SECTION WAS MEASURED PERIODICALLY BY NUCLEAR PROBES WHICH WERE INSTALLED DURING CONSTRUCTION. THE EXTENT OF DISTORTION OR CURL WAS MEASURED BY THE CALIFORNIA TRUCK- MOUNTED PROFILOGRAPH AND BY PROFILES WITH AN ENGINEER'S LEVEL OVER AREAS EXHIBITING HIGH ROUGHNESS INDEX VALUES. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT LIME TREATMENT IS A FEASIBLE METHOD OF MINIMIZING PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT CURL RESULTING FROM EXPANSIVE SUBGRADE SOILS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Concrete pavements KW - Expansive clays KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Slabs KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Subgrade treatments KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230655 AU - West Virginia State Road Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CHEMICAL SOIL SUBBASE STABILIZATION PY - AB - THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EVALUATION ARE DESCRIBED OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT FEATURING STABILIZATION OF SOIL SUBBASE BY CHEMICAL ADDITIVES. LIME, PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CO. STABILIZER (PDC), LIME PLUS PORTLAND CEMENT, PORTLAND CEMENT ALONE, HYDRAULIC LIME, AND LIME-FLYASH WERE USED TO STABILIZE 6 INCHES OF SELECTED SOIL SUBBASE MATERIAL (A-6 TO A-7-6 WITH A GROUP INDEX GREATER THAN 10). EACH OF THE SIX 750 FOOT TEST SECTIONS WAS STABILIZED WITH 5 PERCENT OF ONE OF THE AFOREMENTIONED STABILIZERS. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE STABILIZED SUBBASE WAS EVALUATED BY STRENGTHS OF CORE SAMPLES, BENKELMAN BEAM TESTS, PLATE BEARING TESTS AND SAMPLING AND OBSERVATION OF TRANSVERSE TRENCHES CUT DOWN TO THE SUBGRADE. PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND THE RESULTS OF EVALUATION TESTS INDICATE THAT 6 INCHES OF THIS PLASTIC SOIL--WHEN STABILIZED WITH 5 PERCENT LIME, 5 PERCENT PDC OR 2 1/2 PERCENT LIME & 2 1/2 PERCENT CEMENT -- WILL ADEQUATELY SERVE AS A SUBBASE CAPABLE OF REPLACING 8 INCHES OF CRUSHED AGGREGATE MATERIAL. WHEN 6 INCHES OF STABILIZED SOIL SUBBASE AND 4 INCHES OF CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE WERE USED IN LIEU OF 12 INCHES OF CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE A SAVINGS OF ABOUT $1.00 PER SQUARE YARD RESULTED. /BPR/ KW - Benkelman beam KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Lime fly ash KW - Pavement performance KW - Plastic soils KW - Plate bearing test KW - Portland cement KW - Sampling KW - Soil groups KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subbase materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230654 AU - Smith, T AU - Hirsch, A D AU - Frazier, C A AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SAND EQUIVALENT TEST - INVESTIGATION OF PROCEDURAL MODIFICATIONS PY - AB - AN EVALUATION OF TWO PROPOSED MODIFICATIONS TO THE SAND EQUIVALENT TEST PROCEDURE IS REPORTED. TESTS WERE RANDOMLY PERFORMED ON SAMPLES WITH VARYING MOISTURE CONTENTS AND CURING TIMES. TESTING WAS ALSO DONE ON IDENTICAL SAMPLES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT TEMPERATURE CHANGES AFFECT EACH MATERIAL DIFFERENTLY BUT THAT ALL MATERIALS ARE AFFECTED PREDICTABLY BY A STANDARDIZED MOISTURE CONDITION. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ASTM USE PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE LIMITS AND THAT ALTERNATE PREPARATION METHODS, MOIST OR OVEN-DRIED, BE INCLUDED IN THE TEST PROCEDURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete curing KW - Materials KW - Moist condition KW - Moisture content KW - Oven drying KW - Preparation KW - Sampling KW - Sand equivalent test KW - Soil sampling KW - Soils KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230653 AU - Zube, E AU - Hatano, M AU - GATES, C AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR DETERMINING LIME CONTENT OF TREATED SOILS PY - AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE LIME CONTENT OF SOIL-LIME MIXTURES BY MODIFYING EXISTING. CALIFORNIA TEST METHOD 338 FOR DETERMINING CEMENT CONTENT IN SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES IS DISCUSSED. METHOD 338 INVOLVES HYDROCHLORIC ACID TITRATION OF A SAMPLE USING PHENOLPHTHALEIN AS AN INDICATOR. THE MODIFICATION CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF A CORRECTION FOR CURING TIME OF THE LIME-SOIL MIXTURE AND THE USE OF A FLOCCULATING AGENT TO CLARIFY THE SOIL-LIME-WATER SUSPENSION SO THAT THE END POINT OF THE TITRATION CAN BE OBSERVED. DATA ARE PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT THE MODIFIED METHOD IS RELIABLE AND ACCURATE. IT IS CLAIMED THAT A PREPARED SAMPLE MAY BE TESTED IN 45 MINUTES. /BPR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement content KW - Concrete curing KW - Field tests KW - Hydrochloric acid KW - Soil cement KW - Soil cement tests KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Testing KW - Time KW - Volumetric analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230650 AU - Goble, G G AU - Scanlan, R H AU - Tomko, J J AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DYNAMIC STUDIES ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES (VOL. 1 & VOL. 2) PY - AB - VOL. 1 OF THIS TWO VOLUME SET DESCRIBES A SIMPLIFIED THEORY, BASED ON AN ASSUMED RIGID PILE AND THE UTILIZATION OF MEASUREMENTS TAKEN WHILE DRIVING A PILE, TO PREDICT THE ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE PILE. THE NECESSARY INSTRUMENTATION AND INSTRUMENT PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED AND THE FIELD TEST RESULTS FROM BOTH MODEL AND FULL SCALE PILES ARE EXAMINED. STRAIN AND ACCELEROMETER GAGES MOUNTED ON PILES WERE USED TO PREDICT THE BEARING CAPACITIES OF APPROXIMATELY 13 PILES AND THE RESULTS WERE COMPARED TO THE STANDARD MAINTAINED LOAD (ML) AND CONSTANT RATE OF PENETRATION (CRP) BEARING TESTS. RESULTS SHOW THAT ML AND CRP AGREE WITH ONE ANOTHER BUT THE DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS OFTEN VARY GREATLY FROM THEM. THE USE OF THE CRP IS RECOMMENDED OVER THE ML TEST. VOL. 2 PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A LITERATURE SEARCH AND THE DERIVATIONS OF SOME THEORETICAL MODELS FOR DESCRIBING PILE BEHAVIOR. THE COMMON FIVE TYPES OF GENERAL DRIVING FORMULAS ALONG WITH WAVE THEORY ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED. A COMPUTER NUMERICAL ANALYSIS TYPE OF SOLUTION BY SMITH IS USED TO DEVELOP ACCELERATION AND FORCE CURVES WHICH ARE MATCHED TO THE EXPERIMENTALLY DERIVED CURVES. THE COMPARISONS SHOW THAT MATHEMATICAL MODELS CAN BE USED TO SIMULATE PILE ACTION. THE BASIC EQUATION OF MOTION IS USED TO ANALYZE TWO THEORETICAL MODELS AND THE EXACT SOLUTIONS ARE OBTAINED FOR VARIOUS HYPOTHETICAL DRIVING FORCES. /BPR/ KW - Accelerometers KW - Bearing tests KW - Dynamic tests KW - Field tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Reviews KW - Soil penetration test KW - Strain gages KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230648 AU - Iddings, F A AU - Arman, A AU - Perez, A W AU - Kiesel, D W AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TECHNIQUES FOR NUCLEAR CEMENT DETERMINATION PY - AB - NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENT IN SOIL CEMENT AND CONCRETE HAVE BEEN STUDIED. ACTIVATION ANALYSIS APPEARS TO OFFER A METHOD, THROUGH DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM BY THE FORMATION OF RADIOACTIVE CA-49 OR THE DETERMINATION OF SILICON THROUGH THE FORMATION OF AL-28. EITHER TECHNIQUE IS RAPID AND SIMPLE, BUT THE CALCIUM IS A MORE DIRECT AND REPRODUCIBLE MEASUREMENT. ADDITION OF A STABLE TRACER, MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL RADIOISOTOPIC CONTENT, AND ISOTOPE DILUTION DO NOT APPEAR TO BE AS APPLICABLE AS ACTIVATION ANALYSIS. HOWEVER, UNDER SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES, THESE TECHNIQUES MAY BE USEFUL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Activation KW - Activation (Chemistry) KW - Aluminum KW - Calcium KW - Cement content KW - Concrete KW - Radioactivity KW - Radioisotopes KW - Silicon KW - Soil cement KW - Tracers KW - Tracers (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230645 AU - Lowery, L L AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Edwards, T AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS-SIMULATION OF HAMMERS, CUSHIONS, PILES, AND SOIL PY - AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED ON THE APPLICATION OF THE WAVE EQUATION TO THE ANALYSIS OF PILES FOR STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY DURING DRIVING AND LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY. CORRECT ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT MUST BE MADE AND ALL SIGNIFICANT PARAMETERS INCLUDED IN THE ANALYSIS TO OBTAIN A CORRECT AND ACCURATE SOLUTION OF THE WAVE EQUATION FOR PILE-DRIVING ANALYSIS. AN EVALUATION IS PRESENTED OF THE RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FOLLOWING MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT PARAMETERS THROUGH CORRELATIONS OF ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA: (1) DYNAMIC DAMPING OF IMPACT WAVES IN STEEL AND CONCRETE PILING, (2) DYNAMIC LOAD-DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF CUSHIONING MATERIALS, (3) THE ENERGY OUTPUT OF VARIOUS PILE DRIVING HAMMERS, (4) THE EFFECT OF RAM ELASTICITY ON PILING BEHAVIOR, AND (5) THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS METHODS OF DESCRIBING SOIL BEHAVIOR. THE PRACTICAL RANGES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF EACH OF THE PARAMETERS WERE IDENTIFIED AND A FORMULA IS PRESENTED WHICH ADEQUATELY DEFINES THE ENERGY OUTPUT FOR ALL TYPES OF PILE-DRIVING HAMMERS (STEAM AND DIESEL). A PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IS RECOMMENDED FOR OPTIMIZING PILE-DRIVING HAMMER EFFICIENCIES FOR FASTER DRIVING AND REDUCED DRIVING STRESSES. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Foundation soils KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Random access memory KW - Simulation KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Structural analysis KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230643 AU - Guertin, J D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - STABILITY AND SETTLEMENT ANALYSES OF AN EMBANKMENT ON CLAY PY - AB - THE DESIGN PROBLEMS OF LARGE EMBANKMENTS ON SOFT CLAY FOUNDATIONS ARE STABILITY AND LARGE SETTLEMENT. DETAILED ANALYSES ARE PRESENTED OF A 40 FOOT HIGH TEST SECTION OF INTERSTATE ROUTE 95 IN SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS. TOTAL AND EFFECTIVE STRESS STABILITY ANALYSES INDICATE A MARGINAL FACTOR OF SAFETY. THESE METHODS OF ANALYSIS INCLUDE: BEARING CAPACITY, FELLENIUS METHOD OF SLICES, BISHOP'S SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF SLICES, AND THE MORGENSTERN-PRICE METHOD. SETTLEMENT MAGNITUDE PREDICTION METHODS HAVE NOT CHANGED APPRECIABLY SINCE TERZAGHI FIRST PRESENTED HIS THEORY OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONDITIONS. THE SKEMPTON-BJERRUM METHOD EMPLOYING THE THEORY OF ELASTICITY TO PREDICT INITIAL SHEER SETTLEMENT AND THEN ASSUMING ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION OVER A RANGE OF VERTICAL STRESS THAT IS A FUNCTION OF PORE PRESSURE AND SURFACE LOAD GEOMETRY IS STUDIED. ALSO STUDIED IS THE LAMBE STRESS PATH METHOD, IN WHICH THE ESTIMATED FIELD EFFECTIVE STRESS PATH IS DUPLICATED IN A TRIAXIAL TEST. CONSOLIDATION RATE IS ESTIMATED USING AN APPROXIMATION THAT TAKES HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE INTO ACCOUNT. THE TOP 22 FEET OF THE EMBANKMENT IS A SURCHARGE. VERTICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE CENTERLINE THAT WILL OCCUR UPON SURCHARGE REMOVAL ARE ESTIMATED FOR VARIOUS TIME PERIODS FOLLOWING THE START OF CONSTRUCTION USING ONE-DIMENSIONAL THEORY. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Clay KW - Consolidation KW - Consolidation rate KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Embankments KW - Foundations KW - Method of slices KW - One dimensional consolidation KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Stability analysis KW - Structural analysis KW - Surcharge KW - Terzaghi's rule KW - Test sections KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230642 AU - Crory, F E AU - Alaska Department of Highways TI - PILES IN PERMAFROST FOR BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS PY - AB - UNDER JOINT RESEARCH PROJECT BETWEEN THE ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND THE U.S. ARMY COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY, COOPERATIVE FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND TESTS WERE CONDUCTED DURING AND FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION OF THE GOLDSTREAM CREEK BRIDGE, FAIRBANKS, ALASKA. THIS REPORT PRESENTS SITE INVESTIGATIONS AND BRIDGE FOUNDATION DESIGN OF THE ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, BRIDGE PILE INSTALLATION DATA, AND GROUND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS FOR THE SIX-MONTH PERIOD FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION. TWO TEST PILES AND THREE ANCHOR PILES WERE INSTALLED IN PROXIMITY TO THE SITE AND LOAD SETTLEMENT TESTS WERE PERFORMED. OBSERVATIONS OF BRIDGE PERFORMANCE WILL BE CONTINUED FOR A THREE-YEAR PERIOD AFTER CONSTRUCTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Anchor piles KW - Bridge foundations KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Loads KW - Permafrost KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Test piles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230641 AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - LIME SHAFT AND LIME-TILLED STABILIZATION OF SUBGRADES ON COLORADO HIGHWAYS PY - AB - THIS STUDY IS AIMED AT IMPROVING STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES IN SWELLING SOILS. THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE FINDINGS WITH TWO METHODS. SUBGRADES ON FIVE PROJECTS WERE TREATED WITH LIME SHAFTS. THESE CONSISTED MAINLY OF 12-INCH DIAMETER VERTICAL HOLES, 6 TO 8 FEET DEEP, FILLED WITH ABOUT ONE POUND OF LIME TO ONE GALLON OF WATER, FOLLOWED BY BACKFILLING WITH AN OPEN-GRADED SAND. OBSERVATIONS INDICATE THAT THE LIME DID NOT MOVE OUT INTO THE SOIL, BUT THAT THE WATER DID A GOOD JOB OF WETTING THE SOIL AND WAS EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING FURTHER DISTRESS. A FEW TESTS TO DETERMINE IF WATER ALONE WOULD WORK EQUALLY WELL INDICATED THAT IT DID NOT. THE LIME APPEARS TO ASSIST THE MOISTURE MIGRATION. SUBGRADES ON FOUR PROJECTS WERE STABILIZED BY SCARIFYING AND MIXING WITH 1 PERCENT TO 5 PERCENT HYDRATED LIME TO DEPTHS VARYING FROM 1 FOOT TO 3 FEET. RESULTS INDICATE A 1 FOOT DEPTH IS SATISFACTORY IN PREVENTING DRYING OF THE UNDERLYING LAYERS AND IN PROVIDING A FIRM WORKING PLATFORM. LESS THAN 1 FOOT WAS INADEQUATE. /BPR/ KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Capillarity KW - Capillary phenomena KW - Scarifying KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230640 AU - Weber, W G AU - California Division of Highways TI - PERFORMANCE OF EMBANKMENTS CONSTRUCTED OVER PEAT DEPOSITS PY - AB - THE PERFORMANCE OF THREE SECTIONS OF ROADWAY, CONSTRUCTED UPON A PEAT DEPOSIT, ARE COMPARED TO THE PREDICTIONS FROM ENGINEERING TESTS PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION. THE USE OF SAND DRAINS APPEARS TO INCREASE THE STABILITY OF THE FILL BUT HAS LITTLE OR NO EFFECT UPON THE RATE OF SETTLEMENT. THE LOADING SETTLEMENT WAS PREDICTED WITH REASONABLE ACCURACY FROM THE CONSOLIDATION TESTS. THE LONG-TERM SETTLEMENT RATES COULD NOT BE PREDICTED FROM THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE PEAT. THE RATE OF THE LONG-TERM SETTLEMENT WAS REDUCED BY THE USE OF OVERLOADS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Engineering soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Highways KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Peat soils KW - Sand drains KW - Settlement rate KW - Soil tests KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230637 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University TI - CRACKING IN CEMENT-TREATED BASES AND MEANS OF MINIMIZING IT PY - AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE CAUSES AND CONTROL OF CRACKING OF PAVEMENTS, WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO CEMENT-TREATED BASE. IN ORDER TO STUDY THE VARIABLES INFLUENCING CRACKING OF CEMENT-TREATED BASES -- OR ANY PAVEMENT FOR THAT MATTER - - ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS, FOR BOTH CRACK-SPACING AND CRACK- WIDTH, ARE DERIVED. THE VARIABLES IN THESE EXPRESSIONS ARE THE SOIL PROPERTIES AND THE COEFFICIENT OF SLIDING (SUBGRADE) FRICTION. THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THESE EXPRESSIONS AND RECOMMENDS PROCEDURES FOR CONTROL OF SHRINKAGE-CRACKING. A SIMPLE EXPEDIENT TO MINIMIZE CRACKING WOULD BE TO CONTROL THE SHRINKAGE OF THE CEMENT-TREATED SOIL. THE RESULTS CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF TRACE ADDITIVES OR PRETREATMENT ON SHRINKAGE ARE INCLUDED IN THE LATTER PART OF THE REPORT. SOME OF THE ADMIXTURES INVESTIGATED, AND FOUND BENEFICIAL, IN ORDER OF EFFECTIVENESS, ARE LIME, FLY ASH, SULFATES, EXPANSIVE CEMENT, POZZOLITH 8 , SODIUM HYDROXIDE, AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE, /AUTHOR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Control KW - Expansive cement KW - Fly ash KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pozzolan KW - Properties of materials KW - Shrinkage KW - Sliding friction KW - Sodium hydroxide KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Spacing KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Sulfates KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230633 AU - Van, HOUTEN FC AU - Utah State Department Highways TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPACTED EMBANKMENTS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO PROVIDE DATA FOR ESTABLISHING STATISTICAL PARAMETERS FOR PERCENT COMPACTION OF COMPACTED EMBANKMENTS USING THE PRESENT AND LATEST TECHNIQUES IN TESTING METHODS AND THE STANDARDIZED SANDCONE, THE PARAMETERS ARE TO BE USED IN EVALUATING EXISTING REQUIREMENTS AND DEVELOPING NEW SPECIFICATIONS. THREE DIFFERENT EMBANKMENT PROJECTS WERE SELECTED FOR TESTING BY THREE DIFFERENT TESTS METHODS. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED TO DETERMINE THE STATISTICAL PARAMETERS NORMALLY USED TO EVALUATE QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE THREE TESTS METHODS MAY BE USED INTERCHANGEABLY WITH COMPARABLE RESULTS. FACTORS CONCERNING SELECTION OF THE TESTING METHOD MUST DEPEND ON AVAILABILITY, ECONOMICS, ACCESSIBILITY OF WORK, SPEED OF TESTING AND VOLUME OF MATERIAL. SOME SKEWNESS OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION CURVES WAS OBSERVED FOR THE PORTABLE NUCLEAR AND ROAD-LOGGER TEST DEVICES, WHILE THE SAND-CONE METHOD PRODUCED LESS SKEWED CURVES. VARIATION IN CONDITIONS CAUSED THE RESULTS OF ONE PROJECT TO BE DIFFICULT TO CORRELATE. HOWEVER, THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE THREE METHODS WAS SO SIMILAR THAT THE CHOICE OF DEVICE MIGHT DEPEND ON THE ECONOMY OF THE CONDITIONS. THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT NEW SPECIFICATIONS SHOULD BE WRITTEN TO INCLUDE USE OF NUCLEAR TESTING DEVICES FOR DETERMINATION OF SOIL EMBANKMENT DENSITY AND MOISTURE. A FULL SCALE PROJECT SHOULD BE DESIGNATED TO TEST THE PARAMETERS INDICATED IN THIS REPORT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compaction KW - Embankment compaction KW - Embankments KW - Nuclear applications KW - Nuclear engineering KW - Nuclear tests KW - Percent compaction KW - Soil compaction KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230632 AU - Korfhage, G R AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - BASE STABILIZATION WITH CUT BACK ASPHALT AND CHLORIDES PY - AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A TEST ROAD IN NOBLES CO., MINNESOTA. THE TEST ROAD WAS DIVIDED INTO SIX EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS, EACH APPROXIMATELY ONE MILE LONG. SECTIONS 1 AND 2 FEATURED A 1 1/2 INCH AGGREGATE BASE COURSE STABILIZED WITH MC-2 CUT-BACK ASPHALT. SECTION 3 HAD A 3 INCH NA CL STABILIZED AGGREGATE BASE. SECTION 4 HAD 3 INCH CA CL2 STABILIZED AGGREGATE BASE. SECTION 5 FEATURED A 3 INCH UNTREATED BASE WITH THE BOTTOM 3 INCH OF THE 5 INCH SAND-GRAVEL SUBBASE STABILIZED WITH CA CL2. SECTION 6 WAS UNTREATED CONTROL (3 INCH AGGREGATE) BASE WITH 5 INCH SAND-GRAVEL SUBBASE). THE PERFORMANCE OF OF THE SECTIONS WAS EVALUATED BY PLATE BEARING, BENKELMAN BEAM, MOISTURE-DENSITY AND CHLORIDE CONTENT TEST AND VISUAL OBSERVATIONS. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT NO BENEFITS RESULTED FROM THE ADDITION OF CHLORIDES TO THE BASE OR SUBBASE AS THEY BEGAN MIGRATING OUT OF THE GRANULAR LAYERS A FEW MONTHS AFTER CONSTRUCTION. THE SECTIONS WITH 1 1/2 INCH MC-2 CUT- BACK ASPHALT TREATED BASE PERFORMED ABOUT AS WELL AS THE CONTROL SECTIONS WITH 3 INCHES OF UNTREATED BASE. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Calcium chloride KW - Chlorides KW - Experimental roads KW - Gravel KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Plate bearing test KW - Road tests KW - Sand KW - Sodium chloride KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Swelling index KW - Test sections KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230631 AU - Pederson, L P AU - Korfhage, G AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - A FIELD TEST FOR BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION OF SILTY SOIL PY - AB - A SILTY SOIL IN SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA WAS STABILIZED IN THE FIELD BY RT-6 AND MC-2. SIX 1000-FOOT TEST SECTIONS WERE TREATED WITH BITUMEN IN THE UPPER SIX INCHES WHILE TWO CONTROL SECTIONS WERE NOT TREATED. A GRAVEL BASE AND BITUMINOUS SURFACE WERE THEN PLACED ON THE ROADWAY. VARIABLES IN THE STABILIZED SECTIONS WERE THE BITUMINOUS TREATMENT (SIX AND NINE PERCENT RT-6 AND NINE PERCENT MC-2) AND THE THICKNESS OF THE GRAVEL BASE (THREE AND FIVE INCHES). THE CONSTRUCTION WAS COMPLETED IN THE FALL OF 1965. AN EXTENSIVE LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM HAD PRECEDED THE FIELD CONSTRUCTION. THIS PROGRAM WAS EXTENDED TO INCLUDE THE MATERIALS AND MIX PROPORTIONS OF THE TEST SECTIONS. SINCE CONSTRUCTION, THE HIGHWAY HAS BEEN EVALUATED BY CONDITION SURVEYS, PLATE BEARING TESTS, AND BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS. OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE IN THIS PROJECT WAS THE DEMONSTRATION THAT THIS TYPE OF SOIL CAN BE EFFECTIVELY STABILIZED BY MIXING WITH BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. THE PERFORMANCE OF SEVERAL TEST SECTIONS WAS POOR, BUT OF SEVERAL OTHERS WAS VERY GOOD. ONE SECTION (SIX PERCENT RT-6 AND FIVE INCHES OF GRAVEL BASE) HAS NOT SHOWN ANY CRACKING OR OTHER DISTRESS IN OVER TWO YEARS OF SERVICE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Deflection tests KW - Field tests KW - Plate bearing test KW - Silts KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230630 AU - McMahon, B K AU - Swaisgood, J R AU - Colorado School of Mines AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - FIRST ANNUAL RESEARCH REPORT ON ROCK SLOPE STABILITY AND HIGHWAY ROCK SLOPE DESIGN PY - AB - THE AIM OF THE PROJECT IS TO DEVELOP A METHOD FOR THE ENGINEERING DESIGN OF HIGHWAY ROCK SLOPES BASED ON A KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOLOGICAL FACTORS INVOLVED AND THE MECHANICS OF ROCK SLOPE FAILURE. PROGRESS DURING THE FIRST YEAR IS REPORTED. THIS INCLUDES MEASUREMENT SCHEMES FOR BOTH GEOLOGIC FACTORS, SUCH AS ROCK TYPE, FOLIATION, ROCK FRACTURE, JOINT PATTERNS AND GROUNDWATER, AND NON-GEOLOGIC FACTORS SUCH AS ALTITUDE, ASPECT OF THE SLOPE AND HEIGHT AND LENGTH OF SLOPE. MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES WILL BE USED TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF INTERRELATED FACTORS AND TO POINT OUT THE MAIN FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE MEASURED FOR A REASONABLE ANALYSIS. PROGRESS HAS ALSO BEEN MADE ON THE MODEL STUDY OF JOINTED ROCK SLOPES. PILES OF ALUMINUM, PLASTIC, OR WOODEN BARS WILL BE USED TO REPRESENT ROCK SLOPES IN THE STUDY OF FAILURE MECHANISMS. AN EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ROCK SLOPE STABILITY AND RELATED SUBJECTS IS INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Design KW - Failure KW - Geology KW - Groundwater KW - Highways KW - Jointing of rock KW - Model tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Regression analysis KW - Rock jointing KW - Rocks KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230629 AU - Zube, E AU - GATES, C AU - Hatano, M AU - California Division of Highways TI - INVESTIGATE USE OF LIME FOR TREATING CLAY SOIL FOR USE AS A BASE UNDER ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACING PY - AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A TEST ROAD IN YOLO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, WHICH WAS CONSTRUCTED UTILIZING THE NATIVE CLAY SOILS TREATED WITH LIME FOR BASE AND SUBBASE UNDER ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACING. THREE STRUCTURAL SECTIONS WERE STUDIED; (1) 5 IN. LIME-TREATED BASE (MIN. 72 R-VALUE) WITH 10 IN. LIME TREATED SUBBASE (MIN. 60 R-VALUE), (2) 6 IN. AGGREGATE BASE (MIN. 78 R- VALUE) WITH 12 IN. LIME TREATED SUBBASE (MIN. 60 R-VALUE), AND (3) 6 IN. AGGREGATE BASE (MIN. 78 R-VALUE) WITH 15 IN. AGGREGATE SUBBASE (MIN. 60 R-VALUE). ALL SECTIONS WERE SURFACED WITH 2 IN. OF ASPHALT CONCRETE. PERFORMANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS WAS EVALUATED BY BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS AND VISUAL OBSERVATIONS. AFTER 1 1/2 YEARS OF SERVICE, STRUCTURAL SECTIONS (2) AND (3) APPEAR TO BE IN EXCELLENT CONDITION, SECTION (1) HAS PATCHED AREAS REPRESENTING ABOUT 2 PERCENT OF THE ROADWAY AREA. AVERAGE DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS DECREASED FOR ALL SECTIONS OVER THE 1 1/2 YEAR PERIOD. LABORATORY TESTS OF LIME TREATED SOILS INDICATE THAT MIXING MOISTURE OVER OPTIMUM AND LOOSE CURING UNDER 24 HOURS MINIMIZED CRACKING CAUSED BY CONTRACTION AND EXPANSION. THE AUTHORS INDICATE THAT CONSIDERABLE EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO PREVENT DRYING OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES DURING AND AFTER MIXING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay KW - Deflection tests KW - Experimental roads KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230628 AU - Merrill, D C AU - Hoover, J M AU - Iowa State University, Ames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lternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement content KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Crushed limestone KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Freezing KW - Granular soils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Portland cement KW - Resistance KW - Soil cement KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230627 AU - FERGUSON, E G AU - Hoover, J M AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - IMPROVEMENT OF GRANULAR BASE COURSE MATERIALS WITH PORTLAND CEMENT PY - AB - THIS REPORT CONCERNS THE STABILIZATION OF THREE CRUSHED LIMESTONES BY THE ADDITION OF 0, 1 AND 3 PERCENT OF TYPE I PORTLAND CEMENT. SPECIMENS COMPACTED USING STANDARD PROCTOR OR VIBRATORY COMPACTION WERE CURED FOR 7 AND 28 DAYS AND TESTED BY CONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED, TRIAXIAL SHEAR METHODS, INCLUDING MEASUREMENT OF PORE WATER PRESSURES AND CHANGE OF VOLUME. MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE STRESS RATIO AND MINIMUM VOLUME CRITERIA WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS-COHESION AND ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION. THE PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS: (1) STRESS CONDITION AT POINT OF MINIMUM VOLUME RATHER THAN AT THE POINT OF MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE STRESS RATIO MORE CLOSELY SIMULATES FIELD CONDITIONS, (2) MECHANISM OF STABILIZATION IS INCONSISTENT WITH STONE TYPE AND CEMENT CONTENT I.E., IN SOME CASES INCREASES SHEAR STRENGTH RESULT FROM INCREASED ANGLE OF INTERNAL-FRICTION, IN OTHERS FROM INCREASE IN COHESION, (3) IN ALL CASES, CEMENT TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES PORE WATER PRESSURES, (4) THE AMOUNT OF AXIAL STRAIN AT FAILURE DECREASES WITH INCREASED CEMENT CONTENT AND LENGTH OF CURE, AND (5) ADDITION OF CEMENT REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF LATERAL EXPANSION PRIOR TO FAILURE. STABILITY OF CEMENT-TREATED MATERIAL IS THUS A FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL STRENGTH RATHER THAN THE AMOUNT OF LATERAL SUPPORT PROVIDED BY SURROUNDING SOIL. /BPR/ KW - Axial strain KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement content KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Cohesion KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Crushed limestone KW - Granular materials KW - Pore water pressures KW - Portland cement KW - Shear strength KW - Shear tests KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Vibratory compaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230626 AU - Whisler, J C AU - Hoover, J M AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - STABILITY OF GRANULAR BASE COURSE MATERIALS CONTAINING BITUMINOUS ADMIXTURES PY - AB - THIS REPORT CONCERNS THE STABILIZATION OF THREE CRUSHED LIMESTONES BY AN SS-1 ASPHALT EMULSION AND AN ASPHALT CEMENT, 120-150 PENETRATION. STABILIZATION IS EVALUATED BY MARSHALL STABILITY AND TRIAXIAL SHEAR TESTS. TEST SPECIMENS WERE COMPACTED BY THE MARSHALL, STANDARD PROCTOR AND VIBRATORY METHODS. STABILIZATION IS EVALUATED PRIMARILY BY TRIAXIAL SHEAR TESTS IN WHICH CONFINING PRESSURES OF 0 TO 80 PSI WERE USED. DATA WERE OBTAINED ON THE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION, COHESION, VOLUME CHANGE, PORE WATER PRESSURE AND STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREATED AND UNTREATED AGGREGATES. THE MOHR ENVELOPE, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION AND MODIFIED STRESS PATH METHODS WERE USED TO DETERMINE SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS AT FAILURE. SEVERAL SIGNIFICANT CONCLUSIONS DEVELOPED BY THE AUTHORS ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) THE VALUES FOR EFFECTIVE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION AND EFFECTIVE COHESION WERE SUBSTANTIALLY INDEPENDENT OF ASPHALT CONTENT, (2) STRAIGHT LINE MOHR ENVELOPES OF FAILURE WERE OBSERVED FOR ALL TREATED STONES, (3) BITUMINOUS ADMIXTURES DID LITTLE TO IMPROVE VOLUME CHANGE (DEFORMATION DUE TO LOAD) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE CRUSHED LIMESTONES, (4) WITH RESPECT TO PORE WATER CHARACTERISTICS (PORE PRESSURES AND SUCTIONS DUE TO LATERAL LOADING), BITUMINOUS TREATMENT NOTABLY IMPROVED ONLY THE BEDFORD STONE, AND (5) AT LOW LATERAL PRESSURES BITUMINOUS TREATMENTS INCREASED STABILITY BY LIMITING AXIAL STRAIN. THIS WOULD REDUCE RUTTING OF HIGHWAY BASES. AT HIGH LATERAL PRESSURES TREATED STONE WAS LESS STABLE THAN UNTREATED STONE. /BPR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Cohesion KW - Crushed limestone KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Granular materials KW - Internal friction KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Mohr circles KW - Mohr envelope KW - Pore water pressures KW - Proctor compaction test KW - Shear stress KW - Soil compaction test KW - Soil stabilization KW - Specimens KW - Triaxial shear KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230624 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EMBANKMENT SETTLEMENT AND STABILITY PY - AB - THE STUDY SITE ON PROJECT I-80-9 /46/ IS LOCATED ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF OAK CREEK, ACROSS SALT LAKE, ABOUT 2 MILES NORTHWEST OF LINCOLN. IN GENERAL, THIS AREA IS LOCATED IN THE GLACIAL DRIFT REGION OF EASTERN NEBRASKA. AN EMBANKMENT WAS CONDUCTED OVER A DRAINED LAKE AREA. THE LAKE BED IS A HETEROGENEOUS MASS OF CLAY, SILT, SAND AND GRAVEL. SOIL PROPERTIES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM A VARIETY OF LABORATORY TESTS, INCLUDING CONSOLIDATION AND TRIAXIAL TESTS TO PREDICT THE SETTLEMENT AMOUNT AND RATE AND TO ANALYZE THE SLOPE STABILITY. SAND BLANKETS WERE USED TO HASTEN THE SETTLEMENT RATE. TWO STAGE CONSTRUCTION OF THE EMBANKMENT WAS USED TO INSURE STABILITY. RESULTS INDICATE THAT A SUBSTANTIAL EMBANKMENT COULD BE BUILT OVER SILT-CLAY LAKE DEPOSITS IF ADEQUATE DRAINAGE AND TIME WERE ALLOWED. /BPR/ KW - Construction management KW - Drainage KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lake beds KW - Properties of materials KW - Settlement rate KW - Slope stability KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stage construction KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230623 AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - SOIL AGGREGATE MIXTURES FOR HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - AB - THIS STUDY INCLUDED A REVIEW OF THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE IN THE FIELD OF SOIL-AGGREGATE CONSTRUCTION. A COMPREHENSIVE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WAS PUBLISHED IN THREE PARTS. BASED ON INFORMATION OBTAINED IN PARTS ONE AND TWO OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY, A COMPREHENSIVE REPORT, MANUAL OF CURRENT PRACTICE FOR THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF SOIL-AGGREGATE ROADS WAS PUBLISHED IN 1959. THE INFORMATION DEVELOPED LATER IN THIS STUDY WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO REVISE THIS REPORT TO A MANUAL OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICE OR TO REVISE THE PRESENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR SOIL-AGGREGATE MIXTURES. THE LATER LABORATORY RESEARCH IS CONCERNED WITH THE EFFECTS OF /1/ AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS, /2/ AGGREGATE GRADATION, AND /3/ PLASTICITY INDEX ON THE DENSITY AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL AGGREGATE MIXTURES. THIS RESEARCH SHOWS THOSE AREAS OF THE PRESENT SPECIFICATION WHICH GIVE BEST RESULTS. THE LATER FIELD RESEARCH IS CONCERNED WITH THE CORRELATION OF IN-SITU SHEAR STRENGTH /BURGGRAF SHEAR APPARATUS/ WITH FIELD MOISTURE CONTENT, FIELD DRY DENSITY AND OTHER PROPERTIES. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Bibliographies KW - Density KW - Dry density KW - Field density KW - Field moisture equivalent KW - Field tests KW - Highway pavement KW - Insitu methods KW - Pavements KW - Plasticity index KW - Reviews KW - Shear strength KW - Soil aggregate mixtures KW - Soil aggregates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230621 AU - BEATON, J L AU - Sherman, G B AU - Walkins, R O AU - California Division of Highways TI - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PERCENT OF CEMENT IN CEMENT TREATED BASE PY - AB - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CEMENT CONTENT OF PLANT- MIXED CEMENT TREATED BASE IS REPORTED. THREE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF CALIFORNIA WERE SAMPLED AND THE TEST RESULTS ANALYZED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE CURRENT REQUIREMENTS OF THE CEMENT CONTENT ARE RESTRICTIVE AND ARE NOT BEING MET, HOWEVER, THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE MATERIALS AND, CONSEQUENTLY, THE QUALITY OF THE C T B IS ADEQUATE. REVISED CEMENT-CONTENT CONTROL LIMITS ARE PROPOSED AND A SPECIFIC FREQUENCY OF TESTING AND USE OF CONTROL CHARTS ARE RECOMMENDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement content KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compressive strength KW - Plant mix KW - Quality control KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230619 AU - LeFevre, E W AU - Manke, P G AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater TI - SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS - A PRELIMINARY STANDARDIZATION AND CALIBRATION PROCEDURE FOR NUCLEAR DEPTH MOISTURE/DENSITY GAGES /INTERIM REPORT III/ PY - AB - THIS IS THE THIRD INTERIM REPORT IN A STUDY THAT INVOLVES THE MEASUREMENT OF SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. THE REPORT CONCERNS THE CONSTRUCTION OF LABORATORY STANDARDS FOR USE IN PERIODIC CHECKING OF DEPTH NUCLEAR MOISTURE-DENSITY GAGES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TENTATIVE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE FOR THE GAGES. MATERIALS USED IN THE ADOPTED LABORATORY STANDARDS WERE' CRUSHED LIMESTONE, RIVER GRAVEL AND PERMIAN RED CLAY. BY PREPARING THESE STANDARDS AT VARIOUS DENSITIES AND MOISTURE CONTENTS, A CALIBRATION CURVE FOR MOISTURE AND ANOTHER FOR DENSITY WAS OBTAINED FOR EACH MATERIAL, AND REPRESENTED THE NORMAL MATERIALS TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN OKLAHOMA. THE DENSITY CALIBRATION CURVES FOR CRUSHED LIMESTONE AND RIVER GRAVEL WERE IDENTICAL, THEREFORE, DENSITY DATA FOR THOSE TWO MATERIALS AND THE PERMIAN RED CLAY WERE COMBINED IN A SINGLE GRAPH AND A RECOMMENDED MEDIAN DENSITY CALIBRATION CURVE WAS PREPARED FOR FIELD USE OF THE DENSITY PROBE. ALTHOUGH THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE SCATTER OF DENSITY POINTS IN THE COMBINED PLOT, THE VARIANCE WAS REPORTED TO BE LESS THAN CAN NORMALLY BE ANTICIPATED BY SO-CALLED CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF IN-PLACE DENSITY MEASUREMENT IN THE FIELD. IT WAS REPORTED THAT, FOR THE MEDIAN CURVE DEVELOPED FOR FIELD USE OF THE NUCLEAR GAGES IN THE RESEARCH STUDY, FOR A GIVEN PERCENT STANDARD COUNT THE WET DENSITY OF THE MATERIAL WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 4 PCF CAN BE DETERMINED FROM THE CURVE. THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE SCATTER OF MOISTURE DATA OBTAINED BY USE OF THE NUCLEAR PROBE IN THE VARIOUS MATERIALS, AND AT HIGHER MOISTURE CONTENTS THE MEDIAN CURVE VARIED GREATLY FROM CALIBRATION CURVES SUPPLIED BY THE MANUFACTURER. HOWEVER, A TENTATIVE CURVE HAVING REASONABLE RELIABILITY FOR WATER CONTENTS OF 5 TO 30 LB. PER CU. FT. OF SOIL WAS PRESENTED FOR FIELD USE IN THE STUDY, WITH A WARNING THAT CARE SHOULD BE EXERCISED IN EMPLOYING THIS CURVE FOR PERCENT STANDARD COUNTS LESS THAN 20 AND GREATER THAN 120. THE AUTHORS RECOMMENDED THAT THE CALIBRATION WORK BE EXTENDED TO A GREATER VARIETY OF OKLAHOMA SOILS, SO THE VARIANCE IN NUCLEAR RESPONSE OF BOTH THE MOISTURE AND DENSITY PROBES WITH CHANGE IN SOIL TYPE WILL BE DETERMINED. /BPR/ KW - Calibration KW - Clay KW - Crushed limestone KW - Gravel KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear applications KW - Nuclear engineering KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Red KW - Soil tests KW - Soil water KW - Standardization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230617 AU - Anderson, K E AU - Grimes, W W AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - INTERIM REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION' COMPREHENSIVE SETTLEMENT STUDY OF THE INTERSTATE FILL ACROSS THE JAMES RIVER PY - AB - THE STUDY, AS A WHOLE, CONCERNS THE STABILITY AND SETTLEMENT OF A LONG APPROACH FILL OVER THICK COMPRESSIBLE SOILS IN THE JAMES RIVER VALLEY, ONE MILE SOUTH AND TWO MILES EAST OF MITCHELL, SOUTH DAKOTA. THE REPORT INCLUDES A VERY BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AND ITS OBJECTIVES, PRECONSTRUCTION ANALYSES AND CALCULATIONS, AND CONSTRUCTION OBSERVATIONS. IT DESCRIBES FIELD INSTRUMENTATION AND PROBLEMS AND SUMMARIZES DATA OBTAINED THROUGH THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE. IT ALSO INCLUDES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE FILL STUDIES. /BPR/ KW - Fills KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Rivers KW - Settlement rate KW - Soils KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230615 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - STUDY OF EMBANKMENT SETTLEMENT AND STABILITY PY - AB - THE DESIGN SELECTED FOR STABILIZING THE EMBANKMENT FOUNDATION REQUIRED PORE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS WITHIN THE FOUNDATION SOIL DURING CONSTRUCTION. IN ADDITION TO PORE PRESSURE, THE RESEARCHERS MEASURED SETTLEMENT AND HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS. FOUNDATION SOIL SAMPLES WERE ALSO TAKEN AND TESTED FOR SHEAR STRENGTH. GENERALLY, THE STRENGTH OF THE FOUNDATION SOIL INCREASED WITH CONSOLIDATION AND THE ENGINEERS WERE ABLE TO MAINTAIN A STABLE CONDITION BY CONTROLLING THE RATE OF EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION. THE PREDICTED AMOUNT OF SETTLEMENT /UP TO 2.75 FEET/ AGREED CLOSELY WITH THAT MEASURED. /BPR/ KW - Consolidations KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Foundation soils KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Measurement KW - Pore pressure KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement KW - Sampling KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shear strength KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230614 AU - CHAN, P C AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A LABORATORY STUDY OF DYNAMIC LOAD-DEFORMATION AND DAMPING PROPERTIES OF SANDS CONCERNED WITH A PILE-SOIL SYSTEM PY - AB - DYNAMIC LOAD-DEFORMATION PROPERTIES AND DAMPING CHARACTERISTICS OF COHESIONLESS SOILS ARE DETERMINED UNDER IMPACT LOADING SIMILAR TO THAT FOUND DURING PILE DRIVING. THE EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES IS NECESSARY FOR PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS BY THE WAVE EQUATION. THE APPARATUS DEVELOPED FOR THE DYNAMIC TEST PROGRAM WAS A MODIFIED TRIAXIAL TESTING MACHINE, INSTRUMENTED TO RECORD LOAD, DISPLACEMENT AND PORE PRESSURE. LOAD WAS APPLIED BY A FALLING WEIGHT CONTACTING THE TRIAXIAL LOADING PISTON. THREE LOADING RATES REPRESENTATIVE OF PILE VELOCITIES DURING DRIVING WERE USED. RESULTS WERE CORRELATED WITH CONVENTIONAL TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS. SPECIMENS OF STANDARD OTTAWA SAND FROM VICTORIA, TEXAS WERE TESTED IN SATURATED AND DRY STATES. TEST RESULTS INDICATED IMPORTANT DYNAMIC EFFECTS. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH INCREASED WITH INCREASE IN LOADING RATES. THE INITIAL VOID RATIO OF THE SPECIMEN WAS MOST SIGNIFICANT. FOR SATURATED OTTAWA SAND, DYNAMIC STRENGTHS INCREASED 80 PERCENT AND 20 PERCENT OVER THE STATIC TEST FOR DENSE AND MEDIUM SPECIMENS RESPECTIVELY. NO INCREASE IN STRENGTH DUE TO RATE EFFECT WAS OBSERVED IN LOOSE SAMPLES. THE EFFECT OF THE CONFINING PRESSURE APPEARED SLIGHT. THE REPORT DISCUSSES CHANGES IN PORE WATER PRESSURE UNDER IMPACT TESTING. THE DYNAMIC LOAD-DEFORMATION CURVES FOR SANDS OBTAINED IN THE TESTS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT NON-LINEARITIES. RHEOLOGICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTING SOIL BEHAVIOR WERE COMPARED WITH TEST DATA IN AN ATTEMPT TO OBTAIN A MATHEMATICAL MODEL THAT WOULD SIMULATE THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE SOIL. A KELVIN-BODY MODEL WAS CHOSEN AS A ROUGH APPROXIMATION. THE SPRING CONSTANT AND RHEOLOGICAL DAMPING COEFFICIENT OF SANDS ARE TABLED FOR THE PARTICULAR RATES OF LOADING AND INITIAL VOID RATIOS USED IN THE TESTS. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Granular soils KW - Impacts KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Pile driving KW - Pore water pressures KW - Properties of materials KW - Rheology KW - Sand KW - Simulation KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230613 AU - Howe, D R AU - Leech, L R AU - California Division of Highways TI - MOVEMENT WITHIN LARGE FILLS, SAN LUIS RELOCATION PROJECT PY - AB - HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MOVEMENTS WITHIN TWO HIGH EMBANKMENTS WERE MEASURED. THIS INTERIM REPORT DESCRIBES THE INSTRUMENTATION, THE DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED, AND THE RESULTS OBTAINED DURING THE FIRST TWO YEARS. THE PROJECT IS LOCATED APPROXIMATELY 15 MILES WEST OF LAS BANOS, ADJACENT TO THE FUTURE SAN LUIS RESERVOIR. THE EMBANKMENT AT STATION 80.00 HAS A MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF ABOUT 260 FEET AT CENTERLINE, HAS 1.5' 1 SLOPES, AND IS 1000 FEET LONG WITH A BASE WIDTH OF APPROXIMATELY 1050 FEET. THE EMBANKMENT AT STATION 164 PLUS 50 HAS A MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF APPROXIMATELY 190 FEET AT CENTERLINE. LATERAL MOVEMENTS HAVE BEEN FAIRLY SMALL. FOR THE TWO-YEAR PERIOD, THE ACCUMULATED MOVEMENT AT STATION 164 PLUS 50 IS ABOUT 0.30 FOOT AND AT STATION 80 PLUS 00, 0.40 FOOT. IN THE YEAR AFTER CONSTRUCTION THE ACCUMULATED LATERAL MOVEMENT WAS APPROXIMATELY 0.06 FOOT AT STATION 164 PLUS 50 AND 0.07 FOOT AT STATION 80 PLUS 00. SETTLEMANTS RANGED UP TO 2 FEET AT STATION 164 PLUS 50 AND UP TO 3 FEET AT STATION 80 PLUS 00. /BPR/ KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Ground settlement KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230612 AU - Zeiler, B AU - California Division of Highways TI - A SURVEY OF LITERATURE-ELECTROOSMOSIS PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IS TO DETERMINE THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF USING ELECTROOSMOSIS TO STABILIZE SATURATED FINE GRAIN SOIL FOUNDATIONS FOR EMBANKMENTS. REPORTS DEALING WITH ELECTROOSMOSIS WERE REVIEWED WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FOLLOWING CONSIDERATIONS' /1/ LABORATORY AND FIELD GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS E.G., SHAPE, SPACING AND DEPTHS OF ELECTRODE PLACEMENT /2/ WAYS OF EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTROOSMOSIS, E.G., ENERGY CONSUMPTION, COMPARISON OF AMOUNTS AND RATES OF WATER DRAINAGE, CHANGES IN MOISTURE CONTENT WITH RESPECT TO TIME AND TREATMENT /3/ BENEFITS OF ELECTROOSMOSIS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER METHODS OF SOIL TREATMENT, E.G., SURCHARGES AND SAND DRAINS /4/ EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES ON THE EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROOSMOTIC TREATMENT AND /5/ REVIEW OF VARIOUS THEORIES WHICH CAN BE USED TO PREDICT THE INCREASE IN DRAINAGE RESULTING FROM ELECTROOSMOTIC TREATMENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Drainage KW - Economics KW - Electrodes KW - Electroosmosis KW - Embankments KW - Fine grained soils KW - Foundation soils KW - Location KW - Moisture content KW - Placement KW - Properties of materials KW - Reviews KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230611 AU - Vesic, A S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment TI - A STUDY OF BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE FOUNDATIONS PY - AB - LARGE SCALE MODEL EXPERIMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS IN SAND. CYLINDRICAL AND PRISMATICAL FOUNDATIONS OF VARIOUS SIZES RESTING AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS IN HOMOGENEOUS SAND MASSES OF DIFFERENT RELATIVE DENSITIES WERE LOADED STATICALLY TO FAILURE. SPECIAL LOADING CELLS PERMITTED SEPERATE REGISTRATION OF POINT AND SKIN LOADS THROUGHOUT THE TESTS. THE MODEL EXPERIMENTS WERE ACCOMPANIED BY STANDARD LABORATORY TESTS FOR DETERMINATIONS OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOILS USED. AN ANALYSIS OF SHEAR PATTERNS OBSERVED INDICATES THAT, DEPENDING ON RELATIVE DENSITY OF SAND, ALL THREE TYPES OF FAILURE PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED IN THE LITERATURE MAY OCCUR AT SHALLOW DEPTHS' GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE, LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE AND PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE. HOWEVER, AT GREATER DEPTHS ONLY PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE OCCURS, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE RELATIVE DENSITY OF SAND. THE UNIT POINT AND SKIN RESISTANCES OF THE FOUNDATION INCREASE LINEARLY WITH DEPTH ONLY AT SHALLOW DEPTHS. AT GREATER DEPTHS, BOTH REISTANCES SHOW A HYPERBOLIC INCREASE AND ASYMPTOTICALLY REACH CONSTANT FINAL VALUES. THESE FINAL VALUES ARE INDEPENDENT OF OVERBURDEN PRESSURE AND APPEAR TO BE FUNCTIONS OF RELATIVE DENSITY OF SANDS ONLY. THIS IS EXPLAINED BY THE ARCHING OF SAND ABOVE THE FOUNDATION BASE. ANALYSES OF OBSERVED ULTIMATE LOAD INDICATE THAT A FAIR ESTIMATE OF BEARING CAPACITY CAN BE MADE BY ASSUMING FAILURE SURFACES IN ACCORDANCE WITH OBSERVED SHEAR PATTERNS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Breaking loads KW - Depth KW - Failure KW - Failure surfaces KW - Laboratory tests KW - Model tests KW - Pile foundations KW - Sand KW - Shear pattern KW - Skin resistance KW - Specific gravity KW - Static loads KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230610 AU - PULEO, J AU - California Division of Highways TI - LIME-SOIL STABILIZATION STUDY, A SELECTED LITERATURE REVIEW PY - AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF LITERATURE SURVEY IN THE AREA OF LIME-SOIL STABILIZATION. EXCERPTS FROM 79 REFERENCES HAVE BEEN ASSEMBLED AND ORGANIZED ACCORDING TO THE FACET OF LIME STABILIZATION CONCERNED. THE REFERENCES ARE NOT LISTED SYSTEMATICALLY OR ANNOTATED, AND THE EXCERPTS ARE NOT CRITICALLY EVALUATED. THE SEVERAL TABLES AT THE END OF THE REPORT SUMMARIZE THE EFFECTS OF A VARIETY OF CHEMICALS ON SOILS AND THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN CHEMICALS WHEN USED AS TRACE ADDITIVES FOR LIME STABILIZATION. /BPR/ KW - Chemicals KW - Liming of soils KW - Reviews KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Trace elements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230608 AU - Dunn, K H AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - SANDSTONE ORIGIN SUBBASE MATERIAL STUDY PY - AB - EXCEEDING THE SPECIFICATION LIMITS FOR THE FRACTION OF MATERIAL PASSING THE NO. 100 SIEVE HAS BEEN AN OCCASIONAL PROBLEM WITH SOME SUBBASE MATERIALS IN WISCONSIN OBTAINED FROM SANDSTONE. IT HAS NOT BEEN UNCOMMON FOR THESE MATERIALS TO EXCEED THE SPECIFICATION LIMITS FOR THE FRACTION PASSING THE NO. 100 SIEVE BY FIVE TO EIGHT PERCENTAGE POINTS WHILE REMAINING WITHIN THE LIMITS FOR THE NO. 200 SIEVE. IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THESE SANDSTONE MATERIALS WOULD PERFORM SATISFACTORILY ALTHOUGH NOT ENTIRELY CONFORMING TO THE GRADATION SPECIFICATIONS. A LIMITED LABORATORY INVESTIGATION WAS INITIATED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF VARYING THE FRACTION OF MATERIAL PASSING THE NO. 100 SIEVE AND RETAINED ON THE NO. 200 SIEVE, BOTH INSIDE AND OUT OF SPECIFICATION LIMITS. THE TESTING PROGRAM INCLUDED DENSITY, PERMEABILITY, CAPILLARY RISE, DIRECT SHEAR AND PENETRATION DETERMINATIONS ON PREPARED SAMPLES OF SANDSTONE MATERIAL FROM TWO SOURCES. THE RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION INDICATED THAT INCREASING THE FRACTION OF MATERIAL PASSING THE NO. 100 SIEVE AND RETAINED ON THE NO. 200 SIEVE BY FIVE TO TEN PERCENTAGE POINTS WOULD NOT PRODUCE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS WITH RESPECT TO BEARING CAPACITY AND DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS. AS A CONSEQUENCE, THE WISCONSIN HIGHWAY COMMISSIONS STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRANULAR SUBBASE COURSE, GRADE 2, WERE AMENDED TO INCREASE THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE AMOUNT OF THE FRACTION PASSING THE NO. 100 SIEVE FROM 25 TO 30 PER CENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Capillarity KW - Capillary phenomena KW - Density KW - Drainage KW - Fractions KW - Pendulum tests KW - Permeability KW - Samples KW - Sandstones KW - Shear strain KW - Sieve analysis KW - Sieves KW - Specifications KW - Subbase materials KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230605 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - EMBANKMENT SETTLEMENT ON PROJECT NO. 1-80-9/37/ PY - AB - THE SETTLEMENT OF A 40-FT. EMBANKMENT WAS PREDICTED BEFORE CONSTRUCTION AND THEN MEASURED. ALL SIGNIFICANT SETTLEMENT WAS OBTAINED WITHIN THE FIRST TWO YEARS AFTER CONSTRUCTION BEGAN. SETTLEMENT MEASUREMENTS BEGAN AFTER COMPLETION OF THE EMBANKMENT AND EXCEEDED THAT ANTICIPATED. /BPR/ KW - Embankments KW - Forecasting KW - Ground settlement KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230604 AU - McDonald, E B AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - EXPERIMENTAL STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SHALE CLAY PY - AB - THIS REPORT CONCERNS THE PRECONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION AND POST-CONSTRUCTION TESTING ON AN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT IN LYMAN CO., SOUTH DAKOTA. THE 8.74-MILE PROJECT IS DIVIDED INTO 20 EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS, EACH OF A DIFFERENT DESIGN, FEATURING LIME STABILIZATION, LIME-ASPHALT STABILIZATION, PHOSPHORIC ACID PLUS FERRIC SULPHATE STABILIZATION AND PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY STABILIZER. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IS TO DEVELOP AN ECONOMIC METHOD FOR PREVENTING WARPING AND DISTORTION OF PAVEMENTS BY THE HIGHLY EXPANSIVE IN-PLACE SOILS OVER WHICH THESE PAVEMENTS ARE CONSTRUCTED. EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT IS MEASURED IN THE FIELD BY PLATE BEARING TESTS. FIELD CBR PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX, RIDEABILITY INDEX /HIGH SPEED RELATIVE ROUGHOMETER/, MULTIPLE LONGITUDINAL PROFILES, AND FROST PENETRATION MEASUREMENTS. UNDISTURBED CORES ARE TAKEN ANNUALLY FOR LABORATORY ANALYSIS TO INCLUDE CBR, VOLUME CHANGE MOISTURE- DENSITY VALUES, AND ATTERBERG LIMITS. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE TRENDS EVIDENT IN THE DATA THE AUTHOR FEELS THAT IT IS TOO EARLY TO MAKE ANY DEFINITE CONCLUSIONS. /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Concrete pavements KW - Distortion (Structural) KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Expansive clays KW - Experiments KW - Ferrites KW - Frost KW - Frost penetration KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Phosphoric acid KW - Plate bearing test KW - Prevention KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Shale KW - Soil stabilization KW - Sulfates KW - Swelling index KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230603 AU - Rostron, J P AU - South Carolina State Highway Department AU - Clemson University TI - ELASTICITY RELATIONSHIPS OF PIEDMONT SUBGRADES PY - AB - A CORRELATION WAS MADE BETWEEN ELASTICITY AND IGNITION LOSS TO EVALUTE THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE DEVELOPED IN SOUTH CAROLINA. IN ADDITION TO STANDARD CLASSIFICATION TESTS, THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY WAS DETERMINED BY REPEATED LOAD CONSOLIDATION TESTS, MICA CONTENT BY IGNITION LOSS, HYDRAULIC SEPARATION AND X-RAY DEFRACTION. COMBINATIONS OF COMMERCIAL MICA, KAOLINITE CLAY, QUARTZ SAND AND STONE DUST WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE AN EFFECT OF MICA ON ELASTICITY. A DEFINITE INCREASE IN ELASTICITY WAS NOTICED WITH INCREASED AMOUNTS OF MICA. THE ELASTICITY OF SUBGRADE SOIL OF THE PIEDMONT PROVINCE, AS EVALUATED BY THE REPEATED LOAD CONSOLIDATION TEST, CORRELATES REASONABLY WELL WITH FLEXIBLE DEFLECTIONS OVER THAT SOIL. THE RECOMMENDED PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE USES THE CORRECTED MODULUS OF ELASTICITY INSTEAD OF THE SUBGRADE IGNITION LOSS. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Ash content KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Determination KW - Diffraction KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hydraulics KW - Mica KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Repeated loads KW - Sampling KW - Soil classification KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil types KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230602 AU - Holman, F L AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - LIME AND LIME-FLY ASH SOIL STABILIZATION PY - AB - THE CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION IS REPORTED OF A 1.5 MILE TEST ROAD FEATURING LIME STABILIZATION OF THE SUBBASE AND LIME-FLY ASH STABILIZATION OF THE BASE COURSE. THE SIX-INCH SUBBASE WAS STABILIZED WITH 5 PERCENT HYDRATED LIME AND WAS COMMON TO ALL THREE OF THE 1/2-MILE EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS. ONE OF THE SECTIONS BASE WAS STABILIZED WITH 2 1/2 PERCENT LIME, THE SECOND WAS UNTREATED AND THE THIRD WAS STABILIZED WITH 3 PERCENT LIME AND 9 PERCENT FLYASH. TWO SOILS WERE USED FOR SUBBASE STABILIZATION WITH LIME. THE AUTHOR FOUND THAT SOIL-LIME MIXTURES CONTAINING MONTMORILLONITE AS THE PREDOMINANT CLAY MINERAL EXHIBITED ABOUT FIVE TIMES THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STREGTH OF THOSE MIXTURES CONTAINING PREDOMINANTLY VERMICULITE. BASED ON BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION DATA THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT THE STABILIZATION OF THE SUBGRADE SOIL HAD THE GREASTEST EFFECT IN INCREASING THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE TEST ROAD, AND THAT UNTREATED BASE. THE REPORT ALSO CONTAINS BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO SMALL FIELD STUDIES FEATURING STABILIZATION OF EMBANKMENT SOILS BY DRILL-HOLE LIME STABILIZATION. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Benkelman beam KW - Boreholes KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compressive strength KW - Embankments KW - Field studies KW - Lime fly ash KW - Montmorillonite KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Unconfined compression KW - Vermiculite UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230601 AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PLASTICITY AND STRENGTH OF LIME-SOIL PY - AB - THE INFLUENCE OF LIME TYPE, LIME PERCENTAGE, AND CURING PERIOD ON THE PROPERTIES OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES WAS INVESTIGATED. THIRTY-NINE REPRESENTATIVE ILLINIOS SOILS AND 3 LIME TYPES WERE INCLUDED IN THE EXTENSIVE LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM. PLASTICITY INDEX WAS REDUCED FOR ALL SOILS BY ALL COMBINATIONS OF LIME TYPE AND PERCENTAGE. LIME PERCENTAGE DID NOT GREATLY INFLUENCE THE PLASTICITY REDUCTION ACHIEVED, BUT THE FIRST INCREMENTS /3 PERCENT/ OF LIME ADDED WERE MOST BENEFICIAL. LIME TYPE PRODUCED SMALL BUT SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS. THE STRENGTHS OF THE CURED MIXTURES WERE INFLUENCED BY MANY FACTORS. SOIL TYPE WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT. FOR REACTIVE SOILS, GOOD STRENGTH INCREASES WERE OBTAINED WITH ALL LIME TYPES. ONLY IF IT IS ESSENTIAL TO MAXIMIZE STRENGTH TO SUCH FACTORS AS LIME TYPE AND LIME PERCENTAGE BECOME HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT. HIGHER STRENGTHS WERE OBTAINED BY INCREASING THE CURING PERIOD LENGTH. OPTIMUM LIME CONTENTS /PERCENT LIME FOR MAXIMUM STRENGTH/ WERE AFFECTED BY CURING PERIOD, LIME TYPE, AND SOIL PROPERTIES. THE STUDY INDICATED THAT THE PLASTICITY, SHRINKAGE, AND WORKABILITY PROPERTIES OF ANY FINE-GRAINED SOIL ARE SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVED BY LIME TREATMENT AND HIGH STRENGTH LIME-SOIL MIXTURES CAN READILY BE OBTAINED WHEN REACTIVE SOILS ARE STABILIZED WITH QUALITY LIME. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chemical reactivity KW - Concrete curing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lime requirement KW - Plasticity KW - Plasticity index KW - Properties of materials KW - Shrinkage KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soil properties KW - Soil shrinkage KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Time KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230598 AU - Swanson, T E AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - FLEXURAL FATIQUE STRENGTH OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES PY - AB - MEASUREMENT WAS CONDUCTED ON FLEXURAL FATIGUE RESPONSE OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES USING 2 IN X 2 IN X 7 IN SPECIMENS OF FOUR LIME REACTIVE SOILS MOLDED BY IMPACT COMPACTION AT OPTIMUM MOISTURE AND MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY. SPECIMENS WERE OVEN-CURED FOR 24 AND 48 HOURS AND SUBJECTED TO REPETITIVE FLEXURAL LOADING OF FROM 40 TO 95 PERCENT STRESS LEVEL /STRESS LEVEL IS EQUAL TO APPLIED STRESS DIVIDED BY STATIC FLEXURAL STRENGTH/ AT A RATE OF 730 OR 680 CYCLES PER MINUTE. LOADING WAS CONTINUED UNTIL 5 MILLION LOAD APPLICATIONS OR FAILURE OCCURRED. THE FLEXURAL FATIGUE RESPONSE CURVES DEVELOPED ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE REPORTED FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AND LIME-FLYASH-AGGREGATE MIXTURES. AUTHORS INDICATE THAT TEST CONDITIONS SUCH AS RANGE OF STRESSES APPLIED, FREQUENCY OF LOAD APPLICATION AND MAGNITUDE OF LOAD APPLIED ARE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE ENCOUNTERED IN THE FIELD WITH SOME LAB CONDITIONS BEING MORE SEVERE AND SOME LESS SEVERE THAN TRAFFIC LOADING. AUTHORS ALSO INDICATE THAT ACTUAL FATIQUE LIFE OF PAVEMENT WILL PROBABLY BE GREATER THAN THAT PREDICTED BY LABORATORY TESTS BECAUSE ULTIMATE STRENGTH WILL INCREASE DUE TO CURING. THEY SUGGEST INCREASING FATIQUE DESIGN STRESS LEVEL TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE INCREASE IN ULTIMATE STRENGTH OVER LONG CURING PERIODS. /BPR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Dry density KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flexural strength KW - Impacts KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Optimum moisture content KW - Ovens KW - Repeated loads KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Specimens UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230597 AU - Peyton AU - Kennedy AU - Lund AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks TI - STABILIZATION OF SILTY SOILS IN ALASKA-PHASE II PY - AB - PREVENTION OF FROST HEAVE AND OF STRENGTH LOSS ON THAWING OF SILT OR LOESS SOILS OF THE A-4 TYPE USED FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN ALASKA WERE STUDIED. EFFECTS OF PORTLAND CEMENT, TETRA SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE /TSPP/, CALCIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM HYDROXIDE, TRI SODIUM PHOSPHATE AND PLASTIC MEMBRANES ON HEAVE RATE, HEAVE RATIO, FROST PENETRATION, PERMEABILITY, AND AFTER THAW CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO WERE CONSIDERED. TSPP WAS THE ONLY CHEMICAL WHICH EFFECTIVELY REDUCED PERMEABILITY. TSPP AT 0.5% RATE AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE AT 0.3% RATE WERE MOST EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR FROST HEAVE CONTROL. TSPP TREATMENT COSTS ABOUT $2 PER CU YD AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE ABOUT $1.70 PER CU YD. PROVIDING A CLOSED SYSTEM BY USE OF A PLASTIC MEMBRANE ALSO PROVED SUCCESSFUL. KW - Additives KW - Alaska KW - California bearing ratio KW - Frost KW - Frost damage KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost penetration KW - Loess KW - Loess soils KW - Permeability KW - Road construction KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/report3phii.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230596 AU - Moore, L H AU - Grosert, T AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - AN APPRAISAL OF SAND DRAIN PROJECTS DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED BY THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS PY - AB - FOUR SAND DRAIN PROJECTS WERE INVESTIGATED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SAND DRAIN TREATMENT IN STABILIZING THE SOFT FOUNDATION SOILS AND IN REDUCING POST-CONSTRUCTION SETTLEMENTS. TWO SAND DRAIN INSTALLATIONS WERE MADE PRIMARILY TO STABILIZE SOFT MARL AND CLAY. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE DESIGN METHOD CORRECTLY PREDICTED PERFORMANCE. TWO INSTALLATIONS WERE MADE PRIMARILY TO STABILIZE DEEP DEPOSITS OF ORGANIC CLAY. IN THE FIRST CASE, WHERE A CLOSED END MANDREL /DISPLACEMENT/ METHOD WAS USED, POST-CONSTRUCTION SETTLEMENT OF 1.5 FEET FAR EXCEEDED THE DESIGNERS EXPECTATIONS. IN THE SECOND CASE, WHERE A HOLLOW- SHAFT FLIGHT AUGER /MINIMUM DISPLACEMENT/ METHOD WAS USED FOR INSTALLATION OF DRAINS, POST-CONSTRUCTION SETTLEMENT WAS SMALL AND WERE EQUAL TO DESIGN EXPECTATIONS. THE INVESTIGATION OF ALL FOUR SITES INDICATED THAT THE SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION, TESTING, AND FOUNDATION DESIGN METHODS USED BY THE DEPARTMENT TO PREDICT THE STRENGTH AND SETTLEMENT ARE REASONABLY ACCURATE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Construction control procedures KW - Construction management KW - Field tests KW - Foundation soils KW - Ground settlement KW - Sand drains KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Stabilized materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230594 AU - Thomas, R AU - Arman, A AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge TI - QUALITATIVE STRESS ANALYSIS FOR EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS PY - AB - THE UNCONVENTIONAL BEHAVIOR OF SOFT DEPOSITS DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO PURELY THEORETICAL STUDIES. THUS A STUDY WAS INITIATED BY THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS OF THIS RESEARCH PROJECT TO ANALYZE, WITH THE USE OF MODELS, THE BEHAVIOR OF MUCK--THE AIM BEING TO ESTABLISH GUIDELINES FOR PROTOTYPE STUDIES AND A WORKABLE DESIGN METHOD FOR EMBANKMENTS AND LEVEES. DURING THIS STUDY A THOROUGH REVIEW WAS MADE OF THE LITERATURE IN THE FIELDS OF EMBANKMENT DESIGN AND MODEL STUDIES. SEVERAL METHODS AND MATERIALS WERE STUDIED AS POSSIBLE MODELS REPRESENTING MUCK. IT WAS FOUND THAT GELATIN WAS THE MOST SUITABLE REPRESENTATIVE MATERIAL. A TECHNIQUE WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL MUCK AND MODEL EMBANKMENTS. ALL DIMENSIONS WERE CHOSEN TO REPRESENT GEOMETRIC AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOTYPE MUCK AND EMBANKMENT. EMBANKMENTS WITH AND WITHOUT BERMS WERE CONSTRUCTED IN DITCH OR GRADE SECTIONS. DURING THE TESTING PROCESS IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE OF THE EMBANKMENTS, AS WELL AS THE GEOMETRICS, AFFECTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRESSES IN MUCK. /AUTHOR/ KW - Berms KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Gelatin KW - Geometric design KW - Model tests KW - Reviews KW - Stress distribution (Soils) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230593 AU - Arman, A AU - Turk, D M AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - REVALUATION OF TEXAS TRIAXIAL TESTING & DESIGN METHOD PY - AB - THE STUDY WAS AIMED AT MODIFYING THE TEXAS TRIAXIAL PROCEDURE SO THAT REASONABLE RESULTS COULD BE OBTAINED FROM TESTS ON CERTAIN WEAK LOUISIANA SOILS. /THE MAXIMUM DEVIATOR STRESSES OBTAINED AT SUCCESSIVELY HIGHER CONFINING PRESSURES WERE GENERALLY TOO INCONSISTENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MOHR ENVELOPE, NEEDED TO OBTAIN A STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION FOR THE TEXAS DESIGN METHOD./ THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF TRIAXIAL TESTING AND STRESS DISTRIBUTION WITHIN SOILS ARE REVIEWED. LABORATORY TESTS ON TYPICAL PROBLEM SOILS WERE CONDUCTED BY STANDARD AND MODIFIED METHODS. IMPROVEMENTS INCLUDE THE ELIMINATION OF LAYERED COMPACTION, RAPID, UNIFORM WETTING BY USE OF VACUUM, REDUCTION OF FRICTION BETWEEN THE LOADING HEADS AND THE RUBBER MEMBRANE BY THE SUBSTITUTION OF POLISHED ALUMINUM HEADS FOR THE ROUGH POROUS STONES AND THE USE OF EQUAL AXIAL AND LATERAL PRESSURES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TEST INSTEAD OF ZERO AXIAL PRESSURE. TEST RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE MODIFIED PROCEDURE WERE REPRODUCIBLE AND APPEARED REASONABLE. THE MOHR STRENGTH ENVELOPES WERE SOMEWHAT LOWER THAN THOSE OBTAINED WITH THE STANDARD TEST PROCEDURE AND IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE CLASSIFICATION CHART FOR DESIGN BE REVALUATED. TYPICAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN CURVES, BASED SOLELY UPON THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SINGLE-LAYER AND TWO-LAYER SYSTEM ARE ALSO INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Evaluation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Methodology KW - Pavement course thickness KW - Pavements KW - Stress distribution (Soils) KW - Texas KW - Theory KW - Thickness KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial testing machine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230592 AU - Higgins, C M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - HIGH PRESSURE LIME INJECTION PY - AB - THIS SECOND INTERIM PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE STUDY DESCRIBES THE HIGH-PRESSURE INJECTION OF A LIME SLURRY INTO A HYDRAULIC FILL TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IN-PLACE LIME TREATMENT. SIX EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS WERE STUDIED' SECTIONS 1, 2 AND 3 WERE INJECTED WITH A 0.5 PERCENT OF LIME TO DEPTHS OF 5, 10 AND 20 FEET, RESPECTIVELY; SECTIONS 4, 5 AND 6 WERE INJECTED WITH 1.5 PERCENT OF LIME TO DEPTHS OF 5, 10 AND 20 FEET, RESPECTIVELY. SAMPLINGS WERE MADE BEFORE TREATMENT AND ONE MONTH AFTER THE LIME INJECTION. DATA ARE GIVEN FOR ATTERBERG LIMITS, VOLUMETRIC SHRINKAGE, PH VALUE, CALCIUM CONTENT, MOISTURE CONTENT AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT' /1/ THE LIME HAD BEEN SATISFACTORILY DISTRIBUTED, /2/ THERE WAS A TREND TOWARD LOWERING PI, /3/ STRENGTH WAS INCREASED LITTLE, IF ANY, AND /4/ ALL IN ALL, THE LIME TREATMENT HAD IMPROVED THE SOIL. /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Calcium KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compressive strength KW - Evaluation KW - Experiments KW - High pressure KW - Hydraulic fills KW - Injection KW - Moisture content KW - pH value KW - Pressure KW - Sampling KW - Shrinkage KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Test sections KW - Unconfined compression KW - Volume UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20017.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230591 AU - McDowell, C AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - COMPARISON OF AASHO AND TEXAS TEST METHODS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLEXIBLE BASE MATERIALS PY - AB - A COOPERATIVE STUDY OF FLEXIBLE BASE PERFORMANCE AND TESTING PROCEDURES WAS MADE BY THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT AND THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS TO COMPARE LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEX TEST RESULTS FOR A SUITABLE RANGE OF FLEXIBLE BASE MATERIALS USING THE WET AND DRY METHODS OF SAMPLE PREPARATION, AND TO CONDUCT A STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING FLEXIBLE BASE COURSES. FORTY-TWO SAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF FLEXIBLE BASE MATERIALS WERE COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF TEXAS AND PROCESSED BY SPLITTING EACH SAMPLE INTO TWO NEARLY IDENTICAL PORTIONS, ONE OF WHICH WAS SENT TO THE BPR LABORATORY IN WASHINGTON, D. C. AND THE OTHER RETAINED IN TEXAS. SMALL SAMPLES OF SOIL BINDER WHICH WERE OBTAINED BY EACH LABORATORY WERE EXCHANGED . EACH LABORATORY PERFORMED TEST FOR SOIL CONSTANTS AND SOME SIEVE SIZE ANALYSIS ON ALL SAMPLES. A STUDY OF THE RELATION OF SOIL CONSTANTS AND ROAD PERFORMANCE WAS ALSO MADE. RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION INDICATE THAT OPERATORS FROM THE LABORATORIES ARE IN REASONABLY CLOSE AGREEMENT ON LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEX VALUES SO LONG AS THEY ARE TESTING THE SAME MINUS NO. 40 MATERIAL. THIS WAS NOT FOUND TO BE THE CASE WHEN OPERATORS DID THEIR OWN PREPARATION AND TESTING. THE DIFFERENCE IN PLASTICITY INDEX PRODUCED BY USE OF TWO DIFFERENT PREPARATION METHODS /WET AND DRY/ CAN BE EXPECTED TO BE AS MUCH AS FOUR OR FIVE POINTS. THE DATA OBTAINED FROM ROADS OF KNOWN BEHAVIOR DO NOT SHOW ANY CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SOIL CONSTANTS AND PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Binders KW - Dry samples KW - Flexible base pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Liquid limits KW - Materials KW - Performance KW - Plasticity index KW - Preparation KW - Samples KW - Sieve analysis KW - Soil binder KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Test procedures KW - Texas KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230590 AU - Grubbs, E C AU - Roberts, F L AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - A CORRELATION STUDY OF CALIFORNIA R-VALUE AND AASHO GROUP INDEX FOR ARKANSAS SOILS PY - AB - THIS IS THE FINAL REPORT ON THE FIRST PHASE OF THE RESEARCH STUDY ENTITLED ADAPTATION OF THE AASHO ROAD TEST EQUATION TO ARKANSAS CONDITIONS. THE OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THIS PHASE OF THE STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITY OF OBTAINING THE AASHO SOIL SUPPORT VALUE FROM THE GROUP INDEX OF REPRESENTATIVE ARKANSAS SOILS. THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ARE /1/ TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN R-VALUE AND THE GROUP INDEX AND /2/ TO EVALUATE THE RELATIONSHIPS OBTAINED. THE AASHO CLASSIFICATION, THE GROUP INDEX AND THE R-VALUE AT 240 P.S.I. EXUDATION PRESSURE WERE OBTAINED FOR EACH OF 159 SAMPLES SELECTED AT RANDOM FROM 21 OF 75 COUNTIES. THE FOLLOWING ANALYSES WERE MADE' /1/ CORRELATIONS BETWEEN R-VALUE AND THE GROUP INDEX USING SEVERAL DIFFERENT MATHEMATICAL MODELS, /2/ CORRELATIONS BETWEEN R-VALUE AND CERTAIN GRADATION AND PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLASTIC SOILS, AND /3/ CORRELATIONS BETWEEN R-VALUE AND CERTAIN GRADATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NONPLASTIC SOILS. CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR THE R-VALUE-GROUP INDEX CORRELATIONS WERE DETERMINED. COMPARISONS OF THE ACTUAL /MEASURED/ R-VALUES WITH THOSE ESTIMATED FROM THE RELATIONS DEVELOPED FOR PLASTIC AND FOR NONPLASTIC SOIL ARE PRESENTED. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT THE GROUP INDEX IS NOT A RELIABLE PREDICTOR OF R-VALUE. THEY RECCOMMEND THAT USE OF THE GROUP INDEX AS A BASIS FOR DESIGN BE CONTINUED ONLY WITH EXTREME CAUTION AND THAT THIS PRACTICE CEASE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. /BPR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Arkansas KW - Bearing capacity KW - Confidence limits KW - Correlation analysis KW - Gradation KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonplastic soil KW - Plastic soils KW - Plasticity KW - Resistance KW - Sampling KW - Soil groups KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil support value KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230589 AU - Obannon, C E AU - Neise, D M AU - Boyle, W AU - Kuhn, J AU - Lee, V AU - Arizona State University, Tempe TI - STABILIZATION OF CHINLE CLAY BY ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TREATMENT PY - AB - IN AN EFFORT TO DEVELOP A METHOD FOR STABILIZING CHINLE CLAY THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS AND BASE EXCHANGE OF IONS, INITIAL STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN IN THE LABORATORY TO DEVELOP THE BEST ELECTRODES, CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS, ELECTRODE SPACINGS AND VOLTAGE. REDUCTION IN EXPANSION PRESSURE WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TREATMENTS. RESULTS INDICATE THAT /1/ STEEL AND ALUMINUM ELECTRODES ARE SUITABLE; /2/ A COMBINATION OF 25 PERCENT CALC2, 10 PERCENT MGCL2 AND 5 PERCENT ALCL3 OR A SATURATED SOLUTION OF KCL IS SUITABLE; /3/ OPTIMUM TREATMENT TIME APPEARS TO BE 260 TO 300 HOURS; AND /4/ VOLTAGE SHOULD BE ABOUT 2.0 VOLTS PER INCH OF DISTANCE BETWEEN ELECTRODES. FIELD STUDIES ALONG HIGHWAY I-40 NEAR HOLBROOK INDICATE THAT A SPACING OF 18 FEET BETWEEN ANODE AND CATHODE MIGHT BE ADEQUATE. ELEVATION READINGS ALONG A DISTRESSED SECTION OF I-40 ARE BEING MADE FOR USE IN FUTURE COMPARISON OF TREATED AND UNTREATED SECTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Aluminum KW - Base exchange KW - Chemicals KW - Chinle clay KW - Clay KW - Electric potential KW - Electrodes KW - Electroosmosis KW - Ions KW - Potassium chloride KW - Soil chemistry KW - Soil stabilization KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Spacing KW - Stabilization KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230587 AU - Higgins, C M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - TYPICAL MOISTURE-DENSITY CURVES - PART 2 - LIME TREATED SOILS PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY COVERED BY THIS REPORT WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE FAMILY OF CURVES DEVELOPED FOR UNTREATED SOILS /LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS RESEARCH REPORT NO. 16/, COULD BE USED FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM MOISTURE AND MAXIMUM DENSITY OF LIME TREATED SOILS. THIS INVESTIGATION WAS INITIATED BECAUSE OF THE EXTENSIVE USE OF LIME WITH PLASTIC CLAYS AND SILTY CLAYS TO REDUCE PLASTICITY AND INCREASE FRIABILITY. THE STUDY REVEALED THAT THE FAMILY OF CURVES DEVELOPED FOR UNTREATED SOILS IS SUITABLE FOR USE WITH LIME TREATED SOILS. APPROXIMATELY 93% OF THE CURVES FOR LIME TREATED SOILS THAT WERE CHECKED FIT THE FAMILY OF CURVES WITH REASONABLE ACCURACY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chemical reactions KW - Compaction KW - Determination KW - Friability KW - Lime soil water reaction KW - Liming of soils KW - Louisiana KW - Plasticity KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Swelling index UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20021.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230586 AU - Higgins, C M AU - Kemahlioglu, A S AU - Adam, V AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - A RAPID METHOD FOR SOIL-CEMENT DESIGN - LOUISIANA SLOPE VALUE METHOD, PART 2 EVALUATION PY - AB - A METHOD FOR RAPIDLY DESIGNING SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES CALLED THE LOUISIANA SLOPE VALUE METHOD ORIGINALLY PRESENTED IN RESEARCH REPORT NO. 11 OF THE LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS WAS EVALUATED. THE METHOD FOR DESIGN AND VARIOUS CHARTS AND TABLES NECESSARY FOR APPLICATION OF THE PROCEDURE IS REPORTED. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS ARE BASED ON DATA FROM 637 SAMPLES REPRESENTING NEARLY ALL MAJOR SOIL GROUPS USED FOR CEMENT STABILIZATION IN LOUISIANA' /1/ MORE THAN 92 PERCENT OF ALL CEMENT CONTENT RECOMMENDATIONS ARE WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 2 PERCENT OF THE CEMENT CONTENTS CALLED FOR BY THE WETTING-DRYING TEST CRITERION, /2/ SLOPE-VALUE METHOD IN MOST CASES HAS GREATER REPEATABILITY THAN THE WETTING- DRYING METHOD, /3/ TESTING TIME IS REDUCED TO EIGHT DAYS, OR ABOUT ONE-FOURTH THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE WETTING-DRYING TEST, AND /4/ TESTING FOR SLOPE VALUE METHOD IS EASY AND USE OF TABLES AND CURVES SIMPLE AND RAPID. KW - Cement content KW - Evaluation KW - Louisiana KW - Mix design KW - Sampling KW - Slope value method KW - Soil cement KW - Soil groups KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilization KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230584 AU - Demirel, T AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - CHEMICAL STABILIZATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS PY - AB - WORK CONCERNING /1/ THE USE OF ORGANIC CATIONIC WATERPROOFERS FOR STABILIZATION OF GRANULAR SOILS, /2/ SWELLING OF CLAYS DUE TO ADSORPTION OF WATER VAPOR AND /3/ THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EPOXY RESINS IS SUMMARIZED. THE MAJOR CONCLUSION FROM THE WATERPROOFER PHASE WAS THAT ARQUAD 2 HT SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF GRANULAR MATERIALS CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNTS OF CLAY. SUCH MIXTURES WERE MORE UNIFORM IN STRENGTH, AND IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THIS RESULTED FROM GREATER HOMOGENEITY WITH RESPECT TO FINES. THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED CONCERNING THE WATER VAPOR CLAY INTERACTIONS WERE /1/ EXPANSION OF CALCIUM MONTMORILLONITE OCCURS IN FIVE INCREMENTS AS OPPOSED TO THREE INCREMENTS FOR SODIUM MONTMORILLONITE, /2/ BET PARAMETERS FOR CALCIUM MONTMORILLONITE OBTAINED AT A RELATIVE PRESSURE RANGE OF 0-0.02 REFLECTS ADSORPTION ON EXTERNAL SURFACES ONLY AND THOSE FOR A RELATIVE PRESSURE RANGE OF 0.11 - 0.27 REFLECTS ADSORPTION ON TOTAL SURFACES, AND /3/ TOTAL FREE ENERGY OF IMMERSION OF CALCIUM MONTMORILLONITE IS 70 ERGS/SQCM, ALMOST TWICE THAT OF SODIUM MONTMORILLONITE. EPOXY RESINS PROVED TO BE THE ONLY PROMISING STABILIZER DURING SCREENING STUDIES. UREA FORMALDEHYDE, POLYSTYRENE- SPENT SULFITE LIQUOR AND RECLAIMED RUBBER WERE INEFFECTIVE. RESULTS WITH COMBINATIONS OF TWO EPOXIES INDICATED' /1/ EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EPOXIES VARIED INVERSELY WITH CLAY CONTENT, /2/ LIME WAS AN EFFECTIVE TRACE ADDITIVE FOR USE WITH EPOXY, /3/ EPOXIES REQUIRED VERY SHORT CURING TIME, AND /4/ AT EFFECTIVE APPLICATION RATES, EPOXY COMPARES UNFAVORABLY WITH OTHER STABILIZERS BECAUSE OF HIGH COST. KW - Adsorption KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chemicals KW - Clay KW - Epoxy resins KW - Granular soils KW - Physicochemical properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230582 AU - Craft, M AU - Hill, W C AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - A STUDY OF SPLIT TUBE AND OREGON PILE TEST BLOW COUNTS VS FRICTION PILE RESISTANCE, JULY 1965 PY - AB - DRIVING RESISTANCES OF BOTH TREATED TIMBER AND STEEL /10BP42/ PILING WERE OBTAINED FROM THE PILE DRIVING RECORDS FROM BRIDGE PROJECTS AS PLOTTED ON STANDARDIZED FORMS AND CORRELATED WITH THE PREPLANNING FOUNDATION DENSITY DATA OBTAINED FROM STANDARD SPLIT-BARREL PENETRATION VALUES AND FROM THE OREGON 5-FOOT TAPERED PILE TEST PENETRATION VALUES. ALSO, TO GIVE MORE MEANING TO THE OREGON TAPERED PILE TEST DATA, A ROUGH CORRELATION HAS BEEN OBTAINED BETWEEN THIS DATA AND THE ASTM SPLIT-BARREL PENETRATION N DATA. THE RESULTS OF THESE CORRELATIONS ARE PRESENTED IN GRAPHIC FORM THE GRAPHS ARE BEING USED BY THE FOUNDATION SECTION OF THE OREGON SHD TO ESTIMATE PILE PENETRATION DEPTHS. THE FEW AS BUILT DATA OBTAINED SINCE THE INITIATION OF THEIR USE INDICATE AVERAGE PILE PENETRATION LENGTHS WELL WITHIN 10 PERCENT OF THE RECOMMENDED DEPTHS OF PENETRATION. KW - Astm penetration data KW - Correlation analysis KW - Density KW - Depth KW - Foundations KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Oregon penetration data KW - Pendulum tests KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Resistance KW - Samplers KW - Split barrel samplers KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Timber KW - Timber piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230580 AU - Nacci, V A AU - Moultrop, K AU - Huston, M T AU - University of Rhode Island, Narragansett TI - STABILIZATION OF SILTY SOILS WITH PORTLAND CEMENT AND SODIUM SULFATE PY - AB - TEN CHEMICAL ADDITIVES /MOSTLY SODIUM SALTS/ WERE TESTED FOR EFFECTIVENESS IN IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF SOIL-CEMENT MADE FROM 18 GRANULAR SOILS HAVING SILT CONTENT RANGING FROM 20 TO 100 PERCENT. THE SODIUM COMPOUNDS INCREASED STRENGTH GENERALLY. ONE PERCENT OF SODIUM SULFATE WAS MOST EFFECTIVE THE EFFECT BEING AS HIGH AS A 15-FOLD INCREASE. THE EFFECT OF SODIUM SULFATE ON PERFORMANCE OF SPECIMENS IN DURABILITY TESTS VARIED FROM SOIL TO SOIL BUT WAS NOT NOTABLE AS IN THE CASE OF STRENGTH EFFECT. THE AUTHORS ATTEMPTED TO RELATE DENSITY AND GRADATION TO CEMENT REQUIREMENT BUT THE RELATIONSHIP WAS NOT STRONG. KW - Additives KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Cement KW - Chemicals KW - Density KW - Durability KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Gradation KW - Improvements KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Requirement KW - Salts KW - Silts KW - Sodium KW - Sodium sulfate KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230579 AU - Peyton, H R AU - Lund, J W AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks TI - STABILIZATION OF SILTY SOILS IN ALASKA, PART 2 PY - AB - THIS BRIEF INTERIM REPORT DESCRIBES A LABORATORY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS ON THE PERMEABILITY AND FROST HEAVE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ALASKAN SILT, AASHO CLASSIFICATION A-4 /8/, PRODUCED BY ADDING PORTLAND CEMENT, TETRA-SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE /TSPP/, TRI-SODIUM PHOSPHATE, CALCIUM CHLORIDE , AND SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE. FROST HEAVE TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO MEASURE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLYVINYL MEMBRANE TO PREVENT THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF FROST. TSPP /0.3 PERCENT/ CAUSED A LARGE DECREASE IN PERMEABILITY AND ALSO PROVED MOST EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING FROST HEAVE. PORTLAND CEMENT APPLIED AT RATES FROM 1 TO 3 PERCENT DID NOT GREATLY AFFECT PERMEABILITY AND, FOR THE SOIL TESTED, INCREASED FROST HEAVE. THE POLYVINYL MEMBRANE PREVENTED FROST HEAVE BUT CAUSED REDISTRIBUTION OF THE WATER TO THE TOP OF THE SPECIMEN INDICATING THE POSSIBILITY OF SERIOUS LOSS OF STRENGTH IN THE UPPER LAYERS OF THE PAVEMENT. /BPR/ KW - Alaska KW - Calcium compounds KW - Chemicals KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost protection KW - Highways KW - Laboratory studies KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Permeability KW - Phosphates KW - Polyvinyl KW - Polyvinyl acetate KW - Portland cement KW - Silts KW - Silty soils KW - Sodium compounds KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230577 AU - Redus, J F AU - Clark, Dietz, Painter & Associates TI - STUDY OF NATURAL VARIATIONS IN HIGHWAY MATERIALS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO OBTAIN AND ANALYZE DATA CONCERNING THE NATURAL VARIATIONS IN PERTINENT QUALITIES OF SOIL, BASE, AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MATERIALS WITH A VIEW TO ESTABLISHING SPECIFICATION LIMITS TO BE USED IN STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. THE DATA WAS OBTAINED FROM THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS, FROM PROJECTS CONSTRUCTED FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES, AS WELL AS AIRFIELD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. THE DATA ANALYZED INCLUDE DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF SUBGRADES; DENSITY, MOISTURE CONTENT AND GRADATION OF BASE COURSES; AND DENSITY AND AGGREGATE GRADATION OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENT. STATISTICAL PARAMETERS WERE COMPUTED AND A SAMPLE SPECIFICATION WRITTEN FOR USE IN THE CONTROL OF COMPACTION OF SUBGRADE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Airport runways KW - Analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Building materials KW - Compaction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Density KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Moisture content KW - Road construction KW - Statistical quality control KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230572 AU - Lavoie, R P AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - SELECTIVE LITERATURE SURVEY-RESPONSE OF PAVEMENT SUBGRADES PY - AB - THIS SURVEY IS CONCERNED WITH LITERATURE DISCUSSING THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS OF IDEALIZED HOMOGENEOUS COHESIONLESS PARTICLATE SYSTEMS /SAND/ WHICH WOULD BE USEFUL TO PREDICT THE RESPONSE OF PAVEMENT SUBGRADES. THE INTEREST IN THE SURVEY IS FOCUSED UPON DETERMINING WHAT FACTORS AFFECT THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS AND HOW, BUT NOT NECESSARILY WHY, THEY AFFECT. THREE STRESS-STRAIN THEORIES FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS ARE REVIEWED' THE ROWE THEORY, THE TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE THEORY, AND THE SHELLHAMNER THEORY. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 47 REFERENCES PERTAINING TO THEORETICAL DERIVATIONS, LABORATORY STUDIES AND FIELD STUDIES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Deformation curve KW - Forecasting KW - Granular materials KW - Response KW - Reviews KW - Sand KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230570 AU - Squires, B T AU - California Division of Highways TI - STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPACTED SOILS PY - AB - THIS RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO OBTAIN DATA ON THE STRENGTH OF SOILS CONSIDERED FOR USE AS EMBANKMENT MATERIAL UNDER 90% AND 95% RELATIVE COMPACTION AND MOISTURE CONTENTS RANGING FROM OPTIMUM TO A ZERO AIR VOIDS CONDITION, AS DETERMINED BY THE CALIFORNIA IMPACT TEST AND BY THE NEW CALIFORNIA SOIL MOISTURE DENSITY APPARATUS. RESULTS ATTAINED INDICATED THAT STRENGTHS AT RELATIVE COMPACTIONS OF 90% AND 95% AS DETERMINED BY THE CALIFORNIA IMPACT TEST WERE CONSISTENTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE DETERMINED BY THE CALIFORNIA SOIL MOISTURE DENSITY APPARATUS. EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON THE DETERMINATION OF EMBANKMENT HEIGHTS THAT COULD BE SAFELY CONSTRUCTED FROM SEVERAL MATERIALS UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF MOISTURE AND DENSITY. FIVE SOILS WERE TESTED FOR STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS AT VARYING DEGREES OF COMPACTION AND MOISTURE AND WERE FOUND THEORETICALLY ABLE TO SUPPORT EMBANKMENT HEIGHTS RANGING FROM FIVE TO OVER 1000 FEET. /BPR/ KW - California impact test KW - California soil moisture density appara KW - Characteristics KW - Compaction KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Height KW - Impact tests KW - Materials KW - Moisture content KW - Percent KW - Relative compaction KW - Soil densification KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230567 AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - LIME-REACTIVITY OF ILLINOIS SOILS PY - AB - THE LIME-REACTIVITY OF 38 ILLINOIS SOILS WAS STUDIED. LIME REACTIVITY IS DEFINED AS THE INCREASE IN THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CURED SPECIMENS OF LIME-TREATED SOIL OVER THAT OF SPECIMENS OF UNTREATED SOIL. THE RELATION OF LIME-REACTIVITY TO A NUMBER OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS WAS DETERMINED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT' 1. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER GREATLY RETARDS THE ACTION OF LIME. 2. A SOIL PH OF OVER 7 INDICATES GOOD REACTIVITY. 3. THE A HORIZON IS NOT REACTIVE WITH LIME. 4. B HORIZONS MAY BE EITHER NON-REACTIVE OR REACTIVE. 5. C HORIZONS ARE SATISFACTORILY REACTIVE. 6. GREATER REACTIVITY IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH /A/ GREATER CONTENTS OF MONTMORILLONITE PLUS MIXED-LAYER CLAY MINERALS, /B/ SLICK SPOTS, /C/ A LOW DEGREE OF WEATHERING. 7. THE FOLLOWING DO NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE REACTIVITY /A/ LL AND PI, /B/ GROUP INDEX, /C/ MINUS 2-MICRON CLAY CONTENT, /D/ CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY, TOTAL EXCHANGEABLE BASES, SPECIFIC EXCHANGEABLE BASES. /BPR/. KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chemical reactivity KW - Illinois KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil properties KW - Soil tests KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230566 AU - Grubbs, E C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville TI - A PRELIMIANARY STUDY OF SOIL STABILIZATION PROCEDURES PY - AB - A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON SOIL STABILIZATION IS GIVEN. TEST RESULTS AR REPORTED FOR THE STABILIZING EFFECTS OF THREE ADDITIVES' AN ALUMINUM PLANT BY-PRODUCTS, A PAPER MILL WASTE PRODUCT /LIGNIN LIQUOR/, AND AN ADDITIVE FOR CONCRETE. FOUR SOILS WERE USED IN THE TESTING. ALL THREE ADDITIVES WERE FOUND TO BE COMPLETELY INEFFECTIVE AS SOIL STABILIZERS. /BPR/ KW - Additives KW - Aluminum KW - Industrial plants KW - Lignin KW - Liquids KW - Methodology KW - Mills KW - Paper industry KW - Paper mills KW - Preliminary investigations KW - Reviews KW - Site investigation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Test results KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230565 AU - Arman, A AU - Dantin, T J AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge TI - THE EFFECT OF ADMIXTURES ON LAYERED SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTED WITH SOIL-CEMENT PY - AB - A METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A LAYERED SOIL- CEMENT SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED, UTILIZING UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH SPECIMENS PREPARED IN TWO 2-INCH LAYER, WITH A 20-DEGREE SLOPE AT THE TOP OF THE BOTTOM LAYER, TO WHICH A SET RETARDING ADDITIVE WAS ADDED. VARIOUS DELAYS BETWEEN PLACEMENT OF LAYERS AND VARIOUS CURING PERIODS WERE USED FOR EACH SOIL-CEMENT-RETARDER COMBINATION. OVER 2,000 SPECIMENS MOLDED WITH 26 LOUISIANA SOILS WERE TESTED. SOIL MECHANICS AND SOIL STABILIZATION THEORY, DEVELOPED BY OTHERS, IS DISCUSSED TO PROVE THE NEED FOR BONDING THE LAYERS. LITERATURE INDICATED THAT THE BOND MUST BE CAPABLE OF TRANSFERRING 70 PERCENT OF THE APPLIED PRESSURE TO THE LOWER LAYER, TO PREVENT FAILURE AT THE INTERFACE. THE AUTHORS ILLUSTRATE, BY A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE, THAT THE STRESS AT THE INTERFACE FOR PERFECTLY BONDED LAYERS IS APPROXIMATELY 1/3 THE STRESS DEVELOPED AT THE INTERFACE FOR UNBONDED LAYERS /FRICTIONLESS INTERFACE/. SHEAR STRENGTHS COMPUTED FROM UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DATA BY USING MOHRS CIRCLE OF STRESS DIAGRAM SHOW THAT THE SET RETARDING ADDITIVE PRODUCED BOND BETWEEN LAYERS AND INCREASED SHEAR STRENGTH /FROM 70 TO 180 PERCENT/ FOR A CERTAIN GROUP OF SOILS BUT NOT FOR THOSE IN ANOTHER GROUP. IDENTIFICATION OF A SOIL AS BELONGING TO A SPECIFIC GROUP WAS OBTAINED BY PLOTTING FOR EACH SOIL THE GAIN IN SHEAR STRENGTH AGAINST A SHEAR FACTOR /DIFINED AS PERCENT CLAY/ PERCENT SILT PLUS PERCENT SAND/. THE REPORT PROPOSES THAT WHETHER AN ADDITIVE WILL PRODUCE BENDING IN LAYERS OF SOIL- CEMENT PREPARED FROM A GIVEN SOIL CON BE DETERMINED FROM A GRADATION TEST AND THE SOILS SHEAR FACTOR. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE' /1/ BOND BETWEEN SOIL-CEMENT LAYERS IS NECESSARY WHEN THE THICKNESS OF THE UPPER LAYER IS LESS THAN 2 1/2 TIMES THE RADIUS OF THE LOAD CONTACT AREA, /2/ CALCIUM LIGNOSULFONATE AND HYDROXYLATED CARBOXYLIC ACID ARE EFFECTIVE IN CREATING BOND BETWEEN SOIL-CEMENT LAYERS, AND /3/ ADMIXTURES GENERALLY IMPROVE THE DURABILITY OF THE STABILIZED MATERIAL. THE AUTHORS RECOMMEND THE ADDITION OF SET RETARDERS TO THE LOWER LAYER OF A TWO LAYERED SYSTEM AT A CONCENTRATION OF 0.25 POUNDS PER BAG OF PORTLAND CEMENT WITH THE TIME LAPSE BETWEEN MIXING OF THE FIRST LAYER AND PLACING OF THE SECOND LAYER NOT TO EXCEED 7 HOURS. KW - Admixtures KW - Analysis KW - Bonding KW - Design KW - Development KW - Louisiana KW - Methodology KW - Pavement layers KW - Shear strength KW - Soil cement KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil stabilization theory KW - Soils KW - Specimens KW - Strength of materials KW - Systems KW - Two layer KW - Unconfined compression KW - Unconfined compression tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230559 AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - SOIL CEMENT ADMIXTURE STUDY PY - AB - SHEAR STRENTH TEST RESULTS ARE GIVEN FOR 22 SPECIMENS OF SOIL-CEMENT CONTAINING A RETARDING ADDITIVE. SHEAR STRENGTH WAS CALCULATED FROM DATA ON UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OBTAINED FROM SPECIMENS PREPARED IN TWO 6-INCH LAYERS, WITH A 20 DEGREE SLOPE AT THE TOP OF THE BOTTOM LAYER. RESULTS FOR CURING TIMES OF 7-DAYS AND 28-DAYS ARE REPORTED. THE AUTHOR INVOKES BOUSSINESQ THEORY, HOOKS LAW AND PUBLISHED WORK OF BERMISTER AND YODER TO PROVE THAT LAYERS MUST BE BONDED, THAT THE BOND MUST BE CAPABLE OF TRANSFER OF 70 PERCENT OF APPLIED PRESSURE TO THE BOTTOM LAYER, AND THAT OTHERWISE FAILURE WILL OCCUR AT THE INTERFACE. SHEAR STRENGTHS COMPUTED FROM UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BY MOHRS DIAGRAM WERE TABULATED TO SHOW THAT FOR ONE GROUP OF SOILS / INTEGRATED ZONE/ SHEAR STRENGTH WAS INCREASED IN VARYING DEGREES, WHILE FOR ANOTHER GROUP /SILT ZONE/ IT WAS NOT. IT IS STATED THAT SOILS OF THE INTEGRATED ZONE DEVELOP BOND WITH THE ADDITIVE BUT HAVE NONE WITHOUT IT. A SHEAR FACTOR, EQUAL TO PERCENT CLAY/ PERCENT SILT PLUS PERCENT SAND, WAS DEVELOPED TO CORRELATE SHEAR STRENGTH GAINS WITH GRADATION OF THE SOIL SO THAT ROUTINE GRADATION TEST VALUES MAY BE USED TO IDENTIFY BENEFITS FROM THE ADDITIVE. SOME DURABILITY TESTS WERE MADE, BUT THE RESULTS COULD NOT BE CORRELATED WITH STRENGTH RESULTS, AND THE AUTHOR BELIEVES THAT THE DURABILITY OF SPECIMENS WITH ADMIXTURE WILL INCREASE WITH TIME, ALTHOUGH NO REASON IS GIVEN. THE THE ADDITIVE USED IN THIS STUDY WAS A LIGNOSULFONATE. KW - Additives KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Boussinesq equation KW - Boussinesq formula KW - Concrete curing KW - Correlation analysis KW - Durability KW - Gradation KW - Hookes law KW - Mohr circles KW - Mohr diagram KW - Pavement layers KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Shear strength KW - Soil cement KW - Specimens KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Unconfined compression tests KW - Yoder UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230558 AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - LIME CONDITIONING STUDY PY - AB - THE REPORT STATES THAT LIME REDUCES THE PLASTICITY OR CONDITIONS SOIL AND ALSO CHANGES THE PH. IT IS PROPOSED THAT IF A KNOWN QUANTITY OF LIME CHANGES THE PH AND REDUCES THE PI, A TEST METHOD FOR OPTIMUM LIME CONTENT FOR MINIMAL PLASTICITY SHOULD BE POSSIBLE - I.E. PREDICTION OF THE BREAKING POINT IN THE CORRESPONDING PH VS. LIME CONTENT CURVE, MEASUREMENT OF PH BEING EASIER THAN MEASUREMENT OF PI CURVES AND TABLES ARE GIVEN FOR PART OF THE DATA FROM 1200 PI AND 400 PH MEASUREMENTS. IT IS CLAIMED THAT THERE IS A GOOD RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO BREAKING POINTS. PROCEDURE FOR A QUICK METHOD FOR LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF PH AND PH BREAKING POINT IS GIVEN, AND THE REPORT CONCLUDES THAT THE PH METHOD IS MORE CONSISTENT AND ACCURATE THAN THE NORMAL PROCEDURE /PRESUMABLY BY DETERMINATION OF PI AT VARIOUS LIME CONTENTS AND PLOTTING CURVE OF PI VS. LIME CONTENT./ IT IS ALSO CONCLUDED THAT THE PH METHOD OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY OF DETERMING PERCENTAGE OF LIME IN SOIL-LIME MIXTURES IN THE FIELD. /BPR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Development KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Percent KW - pH value KW - Plasticity KW - Plasticity index KW - Soil conditions KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soils KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230557 AU - Peyton, H R AU - Lund, J W AU - Alaska Department of Highways TI - STABILIZATION OF SILTY SOILS IN ALASKA, PART 1 PY - AB - THIS BRIEF REPORT STATES THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY /TO DETERMINE AN ECONOMICAL METHOD OF STABILIZING A-4 SILTY MATERIAL FOR USE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN ALASKA/ PRESENTS A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE /WITH REFERENCES/ DISCUSSES AND COMPARES VARIOUS POSSIBLE WAYS OF PREVENTING DAMAGING FROST HEAVE /STABILIZATION/ PROPOSES THREE TREATMENTS FOR LABORATORY INVESTIGATION AND SUBSEQUENT POSSIBLE FIELD STUDY. THE THREE TREATMENTS ARE' /1/ ADDITION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF CEMENT /1 TO 3 PERCENT/, WITH AND WITHOUT SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND A DISPERSING AGENT FOR INHIBITING THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER AND ENHANCING THE ACTION OF THE CEMENT, /2/ USE OF PHOSPHATE DISPERSANTS TO OBTAIN LESS PERMEABLE SOIL, THUS INHIBITING WATER MOVEMENT AND ATTENDANT HEAVE AND /3/ USE OF ASPHALTIC AND PLASTIC MOISTURE BARRIERS AND ENVELOPES. DESIGN INFORMATION IS GIVEN BASED ON A STANDARD DESIGN OVER THE CBR_3 SILT AS FOLLOWS' A WEARING COURSE, SIX INCHES OF D-1 BASE, 6 IN. OF TYPE II MATERIAL /CBR 80/ AND 16 IN. OF TYPE 1 MATERIAL /CBR 30/. THE PROPOSED DESIGN WOULD HAVE 22 IN. OF TREATED SILT /CBR 25/ IN PLACE OF THE TYPE I AND II LAYERS. PRESUMABLY EACH OF THE 3 TREATMENTS WOULD BE TESTED SEPARATELY IN THIS 22 IN. ZONE. COST INFORMATION IS GIVEN FOR VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE TREATMENTS. /BPR/ KW - Alaska KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cement KW - Dispersers KW - Economic analysis KW - Envelopes KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Methodology KW - Moisture barriers KW - Phosphates KW - Plastics KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Road construction KW - Silts KW - Sodium hydroxide KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228646 AU - Arman, A AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A DEFININTION OF ORGANIC SOILS (AN ENGINEERING IDENTIFICATION) PY - AB - CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN USED TO CORRELATE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A SOIL WITH ITS STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE. SINCE NO EXTENSIVE ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM EXISTS FOR ORGANIC SOILS, UNCERTAINTY REIGNS IN THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOUNDED ON THESE MATERIALS. IN THIS STUDY THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SOILS WERE EVALUATED BY AN EXTENSIVE TESTING PROGRAM AS A GENERAL APPROACH TO AN INGINEERING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. SEVERAL PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOILS WERE FOUND. FOLLOWING A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE SEARCH CONCERNING THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOILS, LABORATORY TESTING EVALUATED THEIR ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS. SOME OF THESE CHARACTERISTICS (STRENGTH, CONSOLIDATION, ETC.) DID NOT FOLLOW THE GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN USED BY ENGINEERS IN THE PAST. ONE OF THE CONCLUSIONS IS THAT SOILS WHICH CONTAIN AS MUCH AS 20 PER CENT ORGANIC MATERIAL MAY BE USED AS FOUNDATION MATERIAL WITHOUT ILL EFFECTS. A CORRELATION WAS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN WATER CONTENT, WATER ABSORPTION, AND PH OF ORGANIC SOILS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE PRESENT-DAY COMBUSTION METHODS OF DETERMINING ORGANIC CONTENT ARE IN ERROR; COMBUSTION AT 440 C IS RECOMMENDED. FROM AN ENGINEERING STANDPOINT, THE CHARACTER, SOURCE, OR ENVIRONMENT OF THE ORGANIC MATTER IN SOILS IS OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Foundation soils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Organic content KW - Organic content (Soil) KW - Organic soils KW - pH value KW - Physical properties KW - Reviews KW - Soil classification KW - Soil tests KW - Soil types KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228644 AU - Hoover, J M AU - Handy, R L AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SEISMIC WAVE VELOCITY AS A MEANS OF IN PLACE DENSITY MEASUREMENT - FINAL REPORT, PART II PY - AB - THE STUDY REPORTED INVOLVED A FAIR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION, EFFORT AND CREATIVENESS IN APPLYING A TOTAL FUNDING OF $25,990 IN THE EVALUATION OF A NEW THEORY AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION APPLIED TO A PRACTICAL HIGHWAY PROBLEM, THE MEASUREMENT OF THE DENSIFICATION OF COMPACTED SOIL LAYERS. FIELD LABORATORY TESTS AND IN-PLACE FIELD TESTS WERE MADE OVER 18 COMPACTED SOIL TYPES, SOME OF WHICH WERE PRIMED, AND 4 ASPHALT BASE MATERIALS LOCATED IN 18 COUNTIES WELL SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE STATE AND INVOLVING 189 SEISMIC TESTS AND 113 IN-PLACE DENSITY MEASUREMENTS. DISCUSSION OF THE TEST RESULTS AND EXAMINATION OF THE SEVERAL FIGURES INDICATED DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE FIELD LABORATORY TESTING WHEREIN COMPLETE OR PARTIAL FAILURE OF MANY OF THE SMALL TEST SPECIMENS (PROCTOR MOLD) OCCURRED. EXTREMELY LOW SEISMIC VELOCITIES OBTAINED FOR THE MOST PART IN THE LABORATORY TESTS, APPEARED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH SHEAR WAVE ENERGY RATHER THAN THE COMPRESSION WAVES AS ASSUMED. IN THE IN-PLACE FIELD TESTS, TWO SEISMIC LINES WERE USUALLY USED FOR EACH TEST LOCATION, ONE PARALLEL TO THE ROADWAY CENTERLINE, THE OTHER AT RIGHT-ANGLES. USING A RUBBER BALLOON DEVICE, DENSITY TESTS WERE MADE NEAR THE INTERSECTION OF THE TWO SEISMIC LINES. THE SEISMIC VELOCITIES USED IN THE 23 FIGUEES AND IN TABLE 4 WERE OBTAINED USING A CONTINUOUS LINEAR REGRESSION PROGRAM UTILIZING A COMPUTER AND AN AUTOMATIC PLOTTER. ADDITIONAL TESTS, 21 IN NUMBER, MADE IN THE LABORATORY USING A V-SCOPE APPARATUS PRODUCED BETTER TEST RESULTS THAN THOSE OBTAINED WITH THE MICRO-SEISMIC TIMER AND AT A FASTER RATE. CONCLUSIONS REACHED INDICATED THE TECHNIQUES UTILIZED FOR OBTAINING THE FIELD LABORATORY CONTROL CURVES WERE EXTREMELY TIME-CONSUMING AND REQUIRED CONSIDERABLE PATIENCE AND DEXTERITY ON THE PART OF ONE OR MORE TECHNICIANS. IT WAS INDICATED THAT NEITHER THE LABORATORY NOR THE FIELD PROCEDURES USED FOR DETERMINATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITIES WAS SATISFACTORY UNDER CONDITIONS OF TESTS NORMALLY ENCOUNTERED BY FIELD INSPECTORS. THE V-SCOPE TEST PRODECURE WAS RECOMMENDED FOR FURTHER STUDY IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD. /BPR/ KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Elastic waves KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Pavement layers KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil densification KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228643 AU - Hogan, J M AU - Handy, R L AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SEISMIC WAVE VELOCITY AS A MEANS OF IN-PLACE DENSITY MEASUREMENT, FINAL REPORT, PART I PY - AB - VELOCITY-DENSITY TESTS CONDUCTED IN THE LABORATORY INVOLVED SMALL 4-INCH DIAMETER BY 4.58-INCH-LONG COMPACTED SOIL CYLINDERS MADE UP OF 3 DIFFERING SOIL TYPES AND FOR VARYING DEGREES OF DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT, THE LATTER BEING VARIED WELL BEYOND OPTIMUM MOISTURE VALUES. SEVENTEEN SPECIMENS WERE TESTED, 9 WITH VELOCITY DETERMINATIONS MADE ALONG TWO ELEMENTS OF THE CYLINDER, 180 DEGREES APART, AND 8 ALONG THREE ELEMENTS, 120 DEGREES APART. SEISMIC ENERGY WAS DEVELOPED BY BLOWS OF A SMALL TACK HAMMER ON A 5/8-INCH DIAMETER STEEL BALL PLACED AT THE CENTER OF THE TOP OF THE CYLINDER, WITH THE DETECTOR PLACED SUCCESSIVELY AT FOUR POINTS SPACED 1/2-INCH APART ON THE SIDE OF THE SPECIMEN INVOLVING WAVE TRAVEL PATHS VARYING FROM 3.36 INCHES TO 4.66 INCHES IN LENGTH. TIME INTERVALS WERE MEASURED USING A MODEL 217 MICRO-SEISMIC TIMER IN BOTH LABOATORY AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS. FORTY BLOWS OF THE HAMMER WERE REQUIRED FOR EACH VELOCITY DETERMINATION, WHICH AMOUNTED TO 80 BLOWS ON 9 LABORATORY SPECIMENS AND 120 BLOWS ON THE REMAINING 8 CYLINDERS. THIRTY-FIVE FIELD TESTS WERE MADE OVER THE THREE SELECTED SOIL TYPES, ALL FINE-GRAINED, USING A 2-FOOT SEISMIC LINE WITH HAMMER-IMPACT POINTS AT 6-INCH INTERVALS. THE SMALL TACK HAMMER AND 5/8-INCH STEEL BALL WAS, AGAIN, USED TO DEVELOP SEISMIC WAVE ENERGY. GENERALLY, THE DENSITIES OBTAINED FROM THE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS WERE LOWER THAN THOSE MEASURED IN THE CONVENTIONAL FIELD TESTING. CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED THAT: (1) THE METHOD DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE USABLE FOR MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY OF ESSENTIALLY FINE-GRAINED SOILS WHEN THE MOISTURE CONTENT GREATLY EXCEEDS THE OPTIMUM FOR COMPACTION, AND (2) DUE TO A GRADUAL REDUCTION IN VELOCITY UPON AGING, APPARENTLY BECAUSE OF GRADUAL ABSORPTION OF PORE WATER INTO THE EXPANDABLE INTERLAYER REGION OF THE CLAY, THE SEISMIC TEST SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IMMEDIATELY AFTER SOIL COMPACTION TO OBTAIN A MEANINGFUL VELOCITY VALUE. /BPR/ KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Elastic waves KW - Field tests KW - Fine grained soils KW - Hammers KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil densification KW - Soil tests KW - Soil water KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228640 AU - Pagen, C A AU - Jagannath, B N AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EFFECT OF GYRATORY COMPACTION OF THE RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS PY - AB - A KAOLIN CLAY WAS COMPACTED AT FOUR LEVELS OF GYRATORY COMPACTION EFFORT OVER A RANGE OF 12 PERCENT MOISTURE CONTENT. AFTER CURING ONE WEEK, THE COMPACTED SPECIMENS WERE TESTED IN UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TO FAILURE AND IN UNCONFINED CREEP (CONSTANT LOUD, NONFAILURE). THERE IS GOOD CORRELATION BETWEEN FAILURE AND NONFAILURE TEST RESULTS ALTHOUGH THIS IS NOT EMPHASIZED IN THE REPORT. VISCOELASTIC STRENGTH PARAMETERS EVALUATED FROM THE CREEP TESTS INDICATE THAT KAOLIN HAS A LINEAR VISCOELASTIC RESPONSE AT STRESS LEVELS APPROXIMATING THOSE FOUND IN SUBGRADES UNDER STRUCTURALLY ADEQUATELY PAVEMENTS. /BPR/ KW - Clay KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Creep KW - Failure KW - Gyratory compaction KW - Kaolin KW - Moisture content KW - Rheological properties KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Unconfined compression tests KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228639 AU - Shen, C K AU - Arulanandan, K AU - PULEO, J AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ELECTRICAL DISPERSION AND LIME REACTIVITY OF SOILS PY - AB - DIELECTRIC AND CONDUCTIVITY DATA WERE OBTAINED IN THE LABORATORY FOR SIX SOILS, UTILIZING SOIL-WATER-LIME PASTES ALONG WITH SOIL-WATER PASTES AS A CONTROL. THESE DATA WERE COMPARED WITH UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DATA OBTAINED FROM CURED SPECIMENS OF SOIL-LIME MIXTURES PREPARED TO T-99 STANDARD DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE. IT WAS SHOWN THAT THE ELECTRICAL RESPONSE OF A SOIL HAS A GENERAL RELATION TO THE STRENGTH DEVELOPED, BUT THE RELATIONSHIP WAS NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO PROVIDE RELIABLE AND PRECISE PREDICTION OF ONE PROPERTY FROM THE OTHER. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chemical reactivity KW - Compressive strength KW - Conductivity KW - Data collection KW - Dielectric properties KW - Dielectric strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixtures KW - Pastes KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil tests KW - Soil water KW - Soil water mixtures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228638 AU - Norell, W F AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AIR PHOTO PATTERNS OF SUBSURFACE MINING IN OHIO PY - AB - THE MANUAL INCLUDES 50 STEREOSCOPIC PAIRS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING PHOTO PATTERNS WHICH INDICATED POTENTIAL FOUNDATION PROBLEMS FOR HIGHWAYS RESULTING FROM COAL MINING OPERATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO. THE MANUAL ALSO INCLUDES A REPORT GIVING A DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATION OF COAL AND HISTORY OF COAL MINING IN OHIO. VARIOUS COAL MINING METHODS ARE DESCRIBED. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Coal mines KW - Coal mining KW - Foundations KW - Highways KW - Manuals KW - Stereoscopic cameras KW - Stereoscopic photography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228635 AU - Lidel, P D AU - Grimes, W W AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COMPARISON OF OBSERVED RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS PY - AB - A PROGRAM WAS INITIATED IN SOUTH DAKOTA IN 1966 TO STUDY DATA IN THE FILES WITH REGARD TO THE RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION DERIVED FROM RESISTIVITY SURVEYS IN REGARD TO MATERIAL EXCAVATION ESTIMATES. OBJECTIVES INCLUDED A DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE ACCURACY AND COST OF THE METHOD AS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL DRILLING TECHNIQUES, AND CONSIDERATION OF POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS IN FIELD PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT AND IN DATA INTERPRETATION. RESISTIVITY DATA INVOLVED FOUNDATION STUDIES, GRAVEL LOCATION AND HARD ROCK ESTIMATION. THE TEST WAS FOUND TO BE EFFECTIVE IN ITS APPLICATION TO ALL THREE PROBLEMS. IN GENERAL, THE COST OF A RESISTIVITY SURVEY MAY VARY FROM 15 TO 75 PERCENT OF THAT INVOLVED IN DRILLING. THE WENNER FOUR-ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION AND THE MOORE CUMULATIVE CURVE TECHNIQUE FOR DATA INTERPRETATION WERE FOUND MOST USEFUL IN SOUTH DAKOTA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Cumulative distributions KW - Data analysis KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Drilling KW - Drilling methods KW - Electrodes KW - Estimates KW - Excavations KW - Foundation investigations KW - Foundations KW - Gravel KW - Location KW - Materials KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Resistivity method UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228633 AU - Smith, T W AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Shirley, E C AU - Barton, J E AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL SOIL PRESSURE CELLS PY - AB - THE INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE OF SEVERAL MAKES OF COMMERCIAL SOIL PRESSURE CELLS ARE REPORTED. THE CELLS VARIED IN SIZE AND TRANSDUCER TYPE AND WERE INSTALLED AT A DEPTH OF ABOUT 70 FEET AT THREE SITES IN EMBANKMENTS. VERTICAL PRESSURE ONLY WAS MEASURED. ONE MAKE OF CELL FAILED DUE TO A SEALING PROBLEM. HOWEVER, IT WAS A FIRST-RUN PRODUCT AND THE MANUFACTURER WAS NEW TO THE FIELD. THE OTHER PRESSURE CELLS ARE PROVIDING STABLE READINGS. EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE VALUE OF PROPER SPECIFICATIONS AND ACCEPTANCE TESTING. IT WAS FELT THAT AN AVERAGE OF READINGS OF SEVERAL CELLS WAS NECESSARY TO PROVIDE AN ACCURATE INDICATION OF PRESSURE AT A GIVEN SITE. CONTINUED READINGS WILL PROVIDE DATA ON LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Earth pressure KW - Evaluation KW - Load cells KW - Performance KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Specifications KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228630 AU - Bass, G W AU - Cryer, M M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - CORRELATION OF RAPID HYDROMETER ANALYSIS FOR SELECT MATERIAL TO EXISTING PROCEDURE PY - AB - THE LABORATORY RESULTS AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION ARE PRESENTED OF A RAPID HYDROMETER ANALYSIS AS COMPARED TO THE STANDARD METHOD OF TEST FOR MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Hydrometers KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Soils KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20029.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228629 AU - Horn, M E AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CLAYS IN ARKANSAS SOILS PY - AB - THE GENESIS, MORPHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CLAY MINERALS IN ARKANSAS SOILS ARE PRESENTED. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MINERALOGY OF CLAYS AND THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS ARE PRESENTED. REGRESSION EQUATIONS RELATING LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTICITY INDEX AASHO T-99 DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT AND GROUP INDEX TO CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY ARE DEVELOPED. A NOMOGRAPH REPRESENTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CLAY TYPE, CLAY CONTENT AND CATION EXCHANGE IS PRESENTED. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF GRANULAR MATERIALS IN ARKANSAS ARE LOCATED, DESCRIBED AND RATED AS TO THE QUALITY OF THE SOIL SERIES AS A HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. /BPR/ KW - Building materials KW - Cation exchange KW - Clay minerals KW - Dry density KW - Dry density (Soils) KW - Engineering soils KW - Exchange capacity KW - Genesis /soil structure/ KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Granular materials KW - Liquid limits KW - Mineralogy KW - Moisture content KW - Morphology KW - Nomographs KW - Optimum moisture content KW - Plasticity index KW - Regression analysis KW - Road construction KW - Soil series UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228627 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INTERIM REPORT ON ROCK RIPPABILITY STUDY PY - AB - USING A SINGLE-CHANNEL TERRA-SCOUT SEISMIC UNIT, FIELD INVESTIGATIONS TO DETERMINE THE RIPPABILITY OF THE EXCAVATION MATERIALS INVOLVED WERE MADE ON SIX PROJECTS ON INTERSTATE 70 SCHEDULED FOR CONSTRUCTION WITHIN SEVERAL YEARS TIME. ATTEMPTS TO USE AN ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNIT CONSTRUCTED BY THE COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES TO OBTAIN SUBSURFACE DATA SUPPLEMENTING THE SEISMIC RESULTS WERE TERMINATED DUE TO A HIGH RATE OF POWER CONSUMPTION AND LIMITED DEPTH CAPABILITY OF THE APPARATUS. RESISTIVITY TESTS WERE CONTINUED, HOWEVER, AFTER THE ACQUISITION OF A SOIL-TEST STRATA-SCOUT RESISTIVITY UNIT. THE RESULTS OF SOME 273 SEISMIC TESTS, TOGETHER WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF RESISTIVITY TESTS AND SOME CORROBORATING BORINGS, INDICATE A PREPONDERANCE OF RIPPABLE MATERIAL ON THE PROJECTS INVESTIGATED. CONFIRMATION OF THE PREDICTED RESULTS MUST AWAIT THE COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTION WORK UNDERWAY AND TO BE INITIATED IN 1968 OR IMMEDIATELY SUBSEQUENT YEARS. THE GEOLOGIC MATERIALS INVOLVED INCLUDED STEEPLY DIPPING CLAYEY TO SILTY SHALES, CLAYSTONES AND FRIABLE SANDSTONES OF THE LARAMIE AND DENVER FORMATIONS, SANDSTONES OF THE DAKOTA FORMATION, HIGHLY FOLDED SCHISTS AND GNEISSES OF THE IDAHO SPRINGS FORMATION AND BOULDERY GLACIAL TILL AND COLLUVIUM OVERLYING SEDIMENTARY BEDROCK AND GRANITE. ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC DATA OBTAINED WITH THE TERRA-SCOUT UNIT, DONE, IN PART, BY USE OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS, INDICATED A NEED FOR A LARGER SEISMIC UNIT (MULTI-CHANNEL APPARATUS) TO INVESTIGATE THE SUBSURFACE IN EXCESS OF 40 TO 50 FEET BELOW THE SURFACE. SINCE HIGHWAY CUTS IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN FREQUENTLY EXCEED 100 FEET IN DEPTH, THE MORE EFFICIENT SEISMIC APPARATUS WOULD BE REQUIRED FOR ROUTINE USE IN COLORADO TO PERMIT SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS TO BE CARRIED TO THE PROPOSED GRADE LEVEL IN MANY INSTANCES. /BPR/ KW - Clay KW - Clay minerals KW - Claystones KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Geological surveying KW - Measuring instruments KW - Resistivity method KW - Rock excavation KW - Rocks KW - Sandstones KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Shale KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Tearing KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228626 AU - Mintzer, O W AU - Struble, R A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TERRAIN INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAY ENGINEERS, APPENDIX 1 PY - AB - EACH CASE HISTORY DESCRIBES THE INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM EACH OF THE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES (I.E., PHOTO INTERPRETATION, GEOPHYSICAL, BORINGS), AND DISCUSSES THE VALUE OF EACH IN ARRIVING AT THE FINAL LANDFORM AND ENGINEERING SOILS MAP AND PROFILE ALONG THE SELECTED ROUTE. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC PATTERN ELEMENTS ENCOUNTERED IN EACH OF THE LANDFORMS PRESENT IN EACH CASE HISTORY IS ALSO INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Boring KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geological surveying KW - Highway engineers KW - Landforms KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil maps KW - Soil profiles KW - Studies KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Terrain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228623 AU - Horn, M E AU - Coston, W R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - CLAY MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED WASHINGTON COUNTY, ARKANSAS SOILS AND EFFECTS ON THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES - TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 4 PY - AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE MAJOR HORIZONS OF SEVEN PRINCIPAL SOIL SERIES OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, ARKANSAS /FROM SANDSTONE RESIDUUM AND FROM ALLUVIUM AND COLLUVIUM DERIVED FROM SANDSTONE, SHALES AND SILTSTONES OF THE BOSTON MOUNTAINS/ WERE TESTED AND ANALYZED IN THE LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CATION EXCHANGE RELATIONS, SURFACE AREA, MAXIMUM DENSITY-OPTIMUM MOISTURE, PH, ORGANIC MATTER, KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF CLAY MINERALS, ATTERBERG LIMITS, AMORPHOUS MATERIALS. THE DATA ARE USED TO PROVIDE QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS OF ENGINEERING USAGES AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Alluvium KW - Amorphous KW - Atterberg limits KW - Cation exchange KW - Clay minerals KW - Engineering soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maximum density (Laboratory tests) KW - Mineralogy KW - Moisture content KW - Optimum moisture content KW - Organic content KW - Organic content (Soil) KW - Particle size distribution KW - pH value KW - Properties of materials KW - Sandstones KW - Soil chemistry KW - Soil properties KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228622 AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES PY - AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF STUDIES EVALUATING SELECTED ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF LIME-TREATED, FINE-GRAINED ILLINOIS SOILS. RESULTS ARE REPORTED FOR 21 SOIL MATERIALS. UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS ATTAINED WERE AS HIGH AS 265 PSI FOR 28-DAY CURING. COHESION AND ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION WERE INCREASED BY LIME TREATMENT AND AN EQUATION WAS DEVISED FOR PREDICTING COHESION FROM UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. TENSILE STRENGTH WAS EVALUATED IN TERMS OF SPLIT-TENSILE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH, BOTH OF WHICH WERE SUBSTANTIAL. SPLIT-TENSILE STRENGTH IS CLOSELY RELATED TO LIME CONTENT, CURING PERIOD AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. THE RATIO OF FLEXURAL TO SPLIT-TENSILE STRENGTH IS ABOUT 2. CBR VALUES WERE APPRECIABLY INCREASED AFTER SHORT CURING PERIODS AND IN MANY CASES INCREASED WELL OVER 100 FOR CURED SPECIMENS. FOR ALMOST EVERY SOIL, LIME GREATLY REDUCED SWELL. FLEXURAL FATIGUE RESPONSES WERE SIMILAR TO THOSE OF SOIL-CEMENT AND SOIL-LIME FLYASH MIXTURES, AS WERE ALSO VALUES OF POISSONS RATIO. LIME INCREASES THE FAILURE STRESS AND DECREASES ULTIMATE STRAIN. STRAIN OF SOIL-LIME SPECIMENS WAS ABOUT 1 PERCENT REGARDLESS OF SOIL TYPE OR CURING PERIOD. /BPR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Cohesion KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Engineering soils KW - Fine grained soils KW - Flexural strength KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil properties KW - Soil swell KW - Soils KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - Tensile strength KW - Time KW - Ultimate strength KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228621 AU - Spalding, D R AU - Connecticut State Highway Department TI - CONNECTICUT AGGREGATE AVAILABILITY STUDY -- SUMMARY REPORT' HIGHWAY DISTRICT IV PY - AB - RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED OF AN AGGREGATE SURVEY OF SAND AND GRAVEL IN A HIGHWAY DISTRICT IN WESTERN AND NORTHWESTERN CONNECTICUT. THE PROCEDURE FOR MAKING THE SURVEY IS DESCRIBED. THE REPORT CONTAINS INFORMATION ON MATERIAL /LANDFORM, CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY OF THE MATERIAL/ ACREAGE AND DEPTH OF EACH DEPOSIT, QUANTITY OF SAND-GRAVEL /ACRE-FEET/ IN EACH DEPOSIT, PROPERTY STATUS /LAND USE, EXISTING PITS, ETC./ AND REMARKS ABOUT POTENTIALITY OF SOURCE AND ACQUISITION OR ACCESSIBILITY. THE MATERIALS SURVEYED ARE THOSE DERIVED PREDOMINANTLY FROM GLACIO-FLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF HARD METRAMORPHIC OR GRANITIC BEDROCK AND ARE OF EXCELLENT QUALITY. THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF SAND AND GRAVEL EXPLOITATION ARE DISCUSSED AND ALSO DEPLETION TRENDS DUE TO AGGREGATE USAGE. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT' /1/ SEEK LEGAL MEANS OF ASSURING AN ADEQUATE QUANTITY OF AGGREGATES FOR A LONG-RANGE HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, /2/ MOUNT A PUBLIC RELATIONS EFFORT TO IMPRESS ON THE PUBLIC AND ZONING OFFICIALS THE NEED FOR CONTINUED AVAILABILITY OF AGGREGATES, AND /3/ ENCOURAGE THE OPTIMUM USE OF LOWER QUALITY LOCAL AGGREGATES IN STRUCTURES NOT REQUIRING THE HIGHEST QUALITY AGGREGATES WHERE ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE. KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by source KW - Availability KW - Bedrock KW - Economic factors KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geological surveying KW - Glacial deposits KW - Granite KW - Gravel KW - Landforms KW - Legal factors KW - Metamorphic rocks KW - Road construction KW - Sand KW - Soils KW - Supply KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228620 AU - Rib, H T AU - Purdue University TI - AN OPTIMUM MULTISENSOR APPROACH FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING SOILS MAPPING PY - AB - THE POTENTIAL OF AVAILABLE TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS WAS INVESTIGATED FOR THE EVALUATION OF SOILS AND SOIL CONDITIONS TO DEVELOP AN OPTIMUM MULTISENSOR APPROACH FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING SOILS MAPPING. THE VALUE OF QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND IMAGERY WERE INVESTIGATED FOR ASSISTANCE IN INTERPRETATION AND A LIMITED STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE WHICH PARAMETERS WOULD BE OF VALUE TO MEASURE AT THE TIME OF FLIGHTS. THREE TEST SITES WERE SELECTED WHICH CONTAINED A VARIETY OF LAND FORMS AND SOIL UNITS. A TOTAL OF 9 FLIGHT PROGRAMS WERE OBTAINED OF THE TEST SITES. COVERAGE WAS OBTAINED WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF AERIAL FILMS /COLOR, COLOR-INFRARED, COLOR NEGATIVE, BLACK-AND-WHITE PANCHROMATIC AND BLACK-AND-WHITE INFRARED/, A MULTIBAND CAMERA, A RADAR SENSOR /K-BAND/, INFRARED SENSORS /FAR INFRARED/, AND A MULTICHANNEL SENSOR /ULTRAVIOLET THROUGH FAR INFRARED/. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS INCLUDED FIELD RADIOMETER READINGS, SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT MEASUREMENTS, AND RESISTIVITY SURVEYS. GROUND PHOTOGRAPHS AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA WERE OBTAINED DURING FLIGHTS. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT INCLUDED PERFORMING CONTINUOUS SCANS WITH REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION DENSITOMETERS TO DETERMINE IF TYPICAL DENSITY PATTERNS EXISTED FOR VARIOUS LAND FORMS. DENSITOMETERS WERE USED TO PREPARE NORMALIZED RESPONSE CURVES FROM MULTICHANNEL DATA. DETERMINATION WAS MADE OF MUNSELL COLOR NOTATION ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS BASED ON DENSITOMER READINGS WITH FOUR FILTERS. BASED ON THE COLOR MEASURING SYSTEM, A METHOD WAS DEVELOPED TO PREPARE ISOCHROMAL MAPS. THE OPTIMUM MULTISENSOR SYSTEM FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING SOILS MAPPING WAS CONCLUDED TO BE A MULTICHANNEL SENSOR. SPECTRAL RESPONSE CURVES OBTAINED BY NORMALIZING MULTICHANNEL DATA APPEAR TO HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL FOR DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN VARIOUS SOILS CONDITIONS AUTOMATICALLY. FIELD MEASUREMENTS FOUND TO BE OF GREATEST VALUE IN EVALUATING THE PHOTOGRAPHY AND IMAGERY WERE FIELD RADIOMETER READINGS, GROUND PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN AT THE TIME OF FLIGHT AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA. KW - Aerial photography KW - Densitometers KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Engineering soils KW - Evaluation KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Film KW - Imagery KW - Images KW - Isochrome KW - Measurement KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Resistivity method KW - Sensors KW - Soil conditions KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228619 AU - Horn, M E AU - Coston, W R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville TI - CLAY MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED CLEVELAND COUNTY, ARKANSAS SOILS AND EFFECTS ON THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES PY - AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE MAJOR HORIZONS OF THE FIVE PRINCIPAL SOIL SERIES OF CLEVELAND COUNTY, ARKANSAS /FROM MARINE AND NON-MARINE SANDS AND CLAYS OF THE GULF COASTAL PLAIN/ WERE TESTED AND ANALYZED. IN THE LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CATION EXCHANGE RELATIONS, SURFACE AREA, MAXIMUM DENSITY-OPTIMUM MOISTURE, PH, ORGANIC MATTER, KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF CLAY MINERALS, ATTERBERG LIMITS , AMORPHOUS MATERIALS. THE DATA ARE USED TO PROVIDE QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS OF ENGINEERING USAGES AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Amorphous KW - Atterberg limits KW - Cation exchange KW - Chemistry KW - Clay KW - Clay minerals KW - Engineering soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marine deposits KW - Maximum density/laboratory tests/ KW - Mineralogy KW - Moisture content KW - Optimum moisture content KW - Organic content KW - Organic content (Soil) KW - Particle size distribution KW - pH value KW - Sampling KW - Sand KW - Soil sampling KW - Soils KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228618 AU - Horn, M E AU - Coston, W R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - CLAY MINEROLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED CROSS COUNTY, ARKANSAS SOILS AND EFFECTS ON THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES PY - AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE MAJOR HORIZONS OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL SOIL SERIES OF CROSS COUNTY, ARKANSAS /ALLUVIAL SOIL DERIVED FROM LOESS, HARDPAN SOIL DEVELOPED IN LOESS, POORLY DRAINED SOIL DEVELOPED IN THICK LOESS/ WERE TESTED AND ANALYZED IN THE LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CATION EXCHANGE RELATIONS, SURFACE AREA, MAXIMUM DENSITY-OPTIMUM MOISTURE, PH, ORGANIC MATTER, KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF CLAY MINERALS, ATTERBERG LIMITS, AMORPHOUS MATERIALS. THE DATA ARE USED TO PROVIDE QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS OF ENGINEERING USAGES AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Alluvium KW - Amorphous KW - Atterberg limits KW - Cation exchange KW - Clay minerals KW - Engineering soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Hardpan KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loess KW - Mineralogy KW - Organic content KW - Organic content (Soil) KW - Particle size distribution KW - pH value KW - Soil chemistry KW - Soil series KW - Soil tests KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228617 AU - Smith, D D AU - California Division of Highways TI - SECONDARY MINERAL ALTERATION PY - AB - SAMPLES OF ROCK OR AGGREGATE WERE OBTAINED FROM 12 QUARRIES AND EXAMINED BY PETROGRAPHIC METHODS, X-RAY DIFFRACTION, AND DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS FOR PRESENCE AND ESTIMATION OF SECONDARY MINERALS. SERVICE RECORDS AND ENGINEERING TEST RESULTS OF AGGREGATES WERE OBTAINED. EXAMINATION METHODS WERE ONLY PARTLY SATISFACTORY, AND SERVICE RECORDS WERE SCARCE AND SKETCHY. ALMOST ALL SAMPLES CONTAINED SECONDARY MINERALS, OFTEN AS HIGH AS 50 PERCENT, MONTMORILLONITE PREDOMINATING. PRESENCE OF SECONDARY MINERALS DEFINITELY CORRELATES WITH POOR PERFORMANCE AND AGGREGATE DEGRADATION, BUT LACK OF EXACT DATA ON THE MINERALS AND SERVICE RECORDS PREVENTS PRECISE CORRELATIONS. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Differential thermal analysis KW - Diffraction KW - Geological surveying KW - Minerals KW - Petrographic investigations KW - Petrography KW - Rocks KW - Samples KW - Secondary minerals KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228616 AU - Milberger, L J AU - Dunlap, W A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - A GYRATORY COMPACTOR FOR MOLDING LARGE DIAMETER TRIAXIAL SPECIMENS OF GRANULAR MATERIAL PY - AB - A MECHANICAL GYRATORY COMPACTOR IS DESCRIBED WHICH WAS DEVELOPED FOR FABRICATING 6-INCH DIAMETER BY 12-INCH HIGH TRIAXIAL TEST SPECIMENS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS. THE APPARATUS WAS CONSTRUCTED AFTER A REVIEW OF EXISTING LABORATORY COMPACTION TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT WHICH INDICATED THAT SUITABLE, ECONOMICAL METHODS FOR THIS PURPOSE WERE NOT AVAILABLE. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPACTOR IS PRESENTED AS WELL AS A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THE COMPACTOR OPERATION. FABRICATION DRAWINGS OF THE COMPACTOR ARE NOT INCLUDED, BUT THEY ARE AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. IN PRINCIPLE, THE COMPACTOR IS A MECHANICAL MODIFICATION OF THE MANUAL GYRATORY COMPACTOR DEVELOPED IN THE EARLY 1940 S BY THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT FOR MOLDING ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SPECIMENS. THE EXCESSIVE FORCES REQUIRED TO GYRATE AND THEN LEVEL LARGE SPECIMENS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS NECESSITATED A UNIQUE GYRATORY MODEL, BUT THE COMPONENTS USED IN THE COMPACTOR ARE, FOR THE MOST PART, STOCK ITEMS WHICH ARE READILY AVAILABLE. OPERATION IS SEMIAUTOMATIC AND REQUIRES NO MANUAL EFFORT ON THE PART OF THE OPERATOR. AN IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THE COMPACTOR IS THE WIDE LATITUDE IN THE APPLIED COMPACTIVE EFFORT. IT CAN BE VARIED BY CHANGING THE MAGNITUDE OF THE VERTICAL PRESSURE, THE ANGLE OF GYRATION, THE SPEED OF GYRATION, AND THE NUMBER OF GYRATIONS. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR OBTAINING A MEASURE OF THE COMPACTIVE EFFORT IS INCLUDED ON THE COMPACTOR. IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP SPECIAL COMPACTION MOLDS--ONE BEING OF CERAMIC-LINED STEEL WHICH REPRESENTS A NEW AND POTENTIALLY VALUABLE CONCEPT IN COMPACTION MOLDS. A SUBSEQUENT PUBLICATION WILL STUDY THE ABILITY OF THE COMPACTOR TO PERFORM ITS DESIGN OBJECTIVES. AT THIS TIME, HOWEVER, CROSS-SECTIONS OF COMPACTED SPECIMENS SHOW NO PARTICLE SEGREGATION, AND DENSITIES OF REPLICATE SPECIMENS ARE VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compactors KW - Development KW - Forming KW - Granular materials KW - Gyratory compactors KW - Molding (Process) KW - Molds (Forming) KW - Specimens KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228615 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEATTLE SOILS PY - AB - A STRESS-METER TESTING APPARATUS WAS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TROUBLESOME SOILS ALONG THE SEATTLE FREEWAY. LATERAL STRESS COEFFICIENTS, SUBGRADE MODULI, AND PASSIVE FAILURE STRESSES WERE OBTAINED USING THE APPARATUS. HIGH-PRESSURE TRIAXIAL CELLS WERE DEVELOPED TO FIND PRECOMPRESSION STRESSES AND THE EFFECT OF LATERAL STRESS RELIEF ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES. PRECOMPRESSION PRESSURE FOR SEATTLE CLAYS WAS FOUND TO BE 375 PSI. NEUTRAL COEFFICIENTS OF EARTH PRESSURES FOR OVER-CONSOLIDATED SEATTLE SOILS WERE NOTED TO BE GREATER THAN UNITY AND TO INCREASE WITH SOILS INCREASING LIQUID LIMIT. AN EQUATION RELATING NEUTRAL COEFFICIENTS OF EARTH PRESSURES TO SOIL STRESS HISTORY AND SOIL PROPERTIES WAS PROPOSED. SUBGRADE REACTION MODULI WERE SHOWN TO INCREASE WITH INCREASING LIMIT OF SEATTLE CLAYS. NO DIRECT CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN PASSIVE FAILURE STRESS AND LIQUID LIMITS OF SEATTLE CLAYS, BUT AN AVERAGE VALUE WAS GIVEN FOR DESIGN PURPOSES. STRENGTH LOSS OF OVER- CONSOLIDATED SEATTLE CLAYS WAS ABOUT 23% DUE TO LATERAL STRESS RELIEF AND ABOUT 50% DUE TO CREEP. DESIGN STRENGTH OF ABOUT 27% OF THE SOILS INITIAL SHORT-TERM STRENGTH WAS RECOMMENDED FOR STABILITY CALCULATIONS OF UNRESTRAINED SLOPES. KW - Clay KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Creep KW - Earth pressure KW - Equations KW - Lateral stress KW - Liquid limits KW - Passive stress KW - Physical properties KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228614 AU - Mullen, W G AU - Gray, E W AU - Chen, C F AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - EXPLORATION OF METHODS TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM USE OF INDIGENOUS MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - AB - A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE VARIOUS SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS IS GIVEN AS WELL AS A REVIEW OF TERRAIN EXPLORATION METHODS. THE AASHO TEST METHODS ARE LISTED FOR MEASURING PHYSICAL AND STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF SOILS. METHODS OF ALTERING OR STABLIZING SOILS ARE BRIEFLY EXAMINED. SEVERAL PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH IN THE OPTIMUM USE OF INDIGENOUS MATERIALS ARE PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Exploration KW - Indigenous materials KW - Methodology KW - Optimization KW - Physical properties KW - Reviews KW - Road construction KW - Soil classification systems KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil types KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Terrain KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228613 AU - Kiefer, R W AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - WISCONSIN STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION TI - AIRPHOTO INTERPRETATION FOR SOIL STUDIES PY - AB - A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF AIRPHOTO INTERPRETATION /API/ IS PRESENTED AS WELL AS THE PRESENT DAY USE OF API IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING. THE USE OF API IN CONDUCTING SOIL STUDIES IN ONE COUNTY /ROCK COUNTY/ IN WISCONSIN IS PRESENTED IN DETAIL. TEST DATA FROM A NUMBER OF SAMPLING SITES IN THE COUNTY ARE ALSO PRESENTED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT API CAN READILY BE USED IN IDENTIFYING LANDFORMS BUT THERE ARE PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING PHOTO- INTERPRETATION KEYS IN ESTIMATING SOIL TEXTURE AND CLASSIFICATIONS. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR THE STATE TO /1/ MAKE MORE USE OF API, AND /2/ SPONSOR API RESEARCH AND TRAINING. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Air photointerpretation KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geological surveying KW - Highway engineering KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Landforms KW - Photointerpretation KW - Reviews KW - Sampling KW - Soils KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228610 AU - Mintzer, O W AU - Struble, R A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - COMBINED TECHNIQUES FOR TERRAIN INVESTIGATIONS PY - AB - THIS PAPER DEMONSTRATES HOW THE COMBINED TECHNIQUE METHOD WORKS, SEVERAL CASE HISTORIES ARE UTILIZED. ONE, AT THE WOOD COUNTY SITE, ILLUSTRATES THE PROCEDURES RECOMMENDED TO BE UTILIZED IN FLAT, THINLY GLACIATED TERRAIN AND THE OTHER TEST SITE IS LOCATED IN THE RESIDUAL TERRAIN OF GUERNSEY COUNTY TO ILLUSTRATE THE PROCEDURE FOR UPLAND RESIDUAL TERRAIN. ADDITIONAL TYPES OF TERRAIN ARE TREATED, BUT NOT IN DETAIL, TO SHOW HOW THE COMBINED TECHNIQUE PROCEDURE WOULD WORK ELSEWHERE. RESULTS OF APPLYING SPECIFIC TECHNIQUE COMBINATIONS IN VARIOUS TERRAIN CONDITIONS ARE DESCRIBED. THE COMBINED-TECHNIQUE APPROACH WORKED WELL IN GLACIATED AREAS AND THE UPLAND FLAT-LYING SEDIMENTARY ROCK REGIONS OF SOUTHEASTERN OHIO. IN THESE TYPES OF TERRAIN DIRECT SOIL INVESTIGATIONS ARE EXPENSIVE, ABOUT THREE TIMES THE COST OF THE COMBINED TECHNIQUE PROCEDURE. THE PORTABILITY OF GEOPHYSICAL EQUIPMENT MAKES THE PROCUREMENT OF THE NEEDED INFORMATION INEXPENSIVE. ALSO THE COMBINED-TECHNIQUE METHOD PERMITS THE SHIFTING OF THE PROPOSED BORINGS FROM TERRAIN OF HOMOGENEOUS MATERIALS TO SPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS WHERE THE PRELIMINARY DESIGNER WOULD REQUIRE MORE DETAILED SUBSURFACE INFORMATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Boring KW - Crash investigation KW - Drilling KW - Glacial deposits KW - Methodology KW - Photointerpretation KW - Refraction KW - Residual soils KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Seismic refraction KW - Seismicity KW - Studies KW - Terrain KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228606 AU - Buie, L D AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways TI - ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS PY - AB - THE STUDY, ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS, WAS INITIATED IN 1961 TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE ON HIGHWAY ENGINEERING RELATED TO GEOLOGIC MATERIALS IN OKLAHOMA. THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM WILL ASSIST PERSONNEL IN DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF HIGHWAYS. THE CLASSIFICATION METHOD IS SIMPLIFIED AS PERSONS WITH LITTLE OR NO UNDERSTANDING OF GEOLOGY MAY IDENTIFY THE GEOLOGIC MATERIAL OR GROUND CONDITION. GEOLOGIC MATERIALS ARE GROUPED INTO GEOLOGIC UNITS, RATHER THAN AGE, FORMATION, MEMBER, ETC. OF NORMAL GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTIONS. EACH UNIT REPRESENTS A SPECIFIC AREA OF LOCALE IN A COUNTY, AND FOR EACH UNIT, THE IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOLOGIC MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS ARE GIVEN. THE SOIL SERIES ASSOCIATED WITH GEOLOGIC MATERIALS ARE DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED, TOGETHER WITH THE FOLLOWING ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS' SEEPAGE CONDITION, MATERIAL SUITABILITY, RIPPABILITY, BLACKSLOPE INSTABILITY, AND LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY. A TABLE OF ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDES' GRAD- ATION, ATTERBERG LIMITS, AASHO SOIL CLASSIFICATION, OKLAHOMA SUBGRADE INDEX NUMBER, VOLUME CHANGE, POTENTIAL VERTICAL RISE, PERCENTAGE OF ASPHALT OR PORTLAND CEMENT FOR STABILIZATION, AND SUITABILITY FOR SUBGRADE MATERIAL. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - American Association of State Highway Officials KW - Asphalt KW - Atterberg limits KW - Charts KW - Classification KW - Engineering KW - Geological classification systems KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Gradation KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Index numbers KW - Materials KW - Oklahoma KW - Percent KW - Portland cement KW - Potential vertical rise KW - Reference charts and tables KW - Road construction KW - Soil series KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Subgrade materials KW - Utilization KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228603 AU - Thornburn, T H AU - Morse, R K AU - Liu, T K AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - ENGINEERING SOIL REPORT, LIVINGSTON COUNTY, ILLINOIS PY - AB - THIS REPORT SHOWS THE RELATION BETWEEN PEDOLOGIC SOIL TYPES, PARENT MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES. BY USING THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT, AND ENGINEER CAN PREDICT THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS OF ANY AREA IN LIVINGSTON COUNTY WITH A FAIRLY HIGH DEGREE OF ACCURACY. TEST DATA OBTAINED FROM SAMPLING SITES IN THE COUNTY ARE SUMMARIZED BY SOIL TYPES ON DATA SHEETS. IN ADDITION, EACH DATA SHEET CONTAINS A DESCRIPTION OF EACH SOIL PROFILE, ITS AVERAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND AN ENGINEERING ANALYSIS. THE GEOLOGY AND PEDOLOGY OF THE COUNTY ARE DESCRIBED AS WELL AS VARIOUS STATISTICAL CONCEPTS USED IN MAKING COMPARISONS OF THE SOIL MAPPING UNITS BY GRAIN SIZE, PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS, AND MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS. THE USES THAT CAN BE MADE OF THE TABULATED DATA ARE DISCUSSED WITH REGARD TO PRELIMINARY PLANNING FOR HIGHWAY LOCATIONS, PRELIMINARY RECONNAISSANCE, DETAILED SURVEYS AND CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS. THE REPORT IS DESIGNED TO BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH MAPS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AS A PART OF A UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT ENTITLED, LIVINGSTON COUNTY SOILS. /AUTHORS/ KW - Building sites KW - Classification KW - Collection KW - Data KW - Engineering KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Livingston County (Illinois) KW - Location KW - Parent materials KW - Pedological classification systems KW - Plasticity KW - Preliminary investigations KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soils KW - Swelling index KW - Test results KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228600 AU - Bastron, A F AU - Stapp, R R AU - Adsit, J H AU - Olson, E B AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SURVEY, INTERSTATE ROUTE 80, GRANGER JUNCTION TO FLAMING GORGE JUNCTION PY - AB - THIS IS ONE OF A SERIES OF MATERIALS SURVEY REPORTS THAT ARE BEING PREPARED TO COVER THE STATE OF WYOMING. IN THE INITIAL PHASES OF THIS PROJECT, THE MATERIALS SURVEYS ARE CONCENTRATED IN THE AREAS OF INTERSTATE ROUTES. THE MATERIAL SURVEYS ARE PERFORMED BY A STUDY OF REFERENCE LITERATURE AND MAPS, AN INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS, SAMPLING, LABORATORY TESTS OF THE SAMPLES, AND A SUMMARY COMBINING ALL MAPS AND REPORTS INTO INDIVIDUAL TOWNSHIPS. THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION FOR THE AREA THAT LIES 20 MILES ON EACH SIDE OF INTERSTATE 80 BETWEEN GRANGER JUNCTION AND FLAMING GORGE JUNCTION. THE REPORT INCLUDES DESCRIPTIONS OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS, TEST HOLE LOGS AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES. THE REPORT ALSO CONTAINS MAPS SHOWING LOCATIONS OF GEOLOGICAL FORM- ATIONS, TEST HOLES, EXISTING PIT SITES, AND POTENTIAL SAND AND GRAVEL DEPOSITS. SPECIFIC CONCLUSIONS CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WERE THAT WASATCH AND GREEN RIVER FORMATIONS HAVE LITTLE OR NO VALUE AS A SOURCE OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. A PORTION OF THE BRIDGER FORMATION, SAND DUNES, ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS, SANDSTONE LEDGES HAD SOME VALUE AND THE BISHOP CONGLOMERATE HAD THE MOST VALUE AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Building materials KW - Crash investigation KW - Electric potential KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geologic formations KW - Gravel KW - Interpretation KW - Interstate 80 KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maps KW - Material surveys KW - Materials KW - Pits KW - Potential KW - Reviews KW - Sampling KW - Sand deposits KW - Studies KW - Surveys KW - Test holes KW - Test pits KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228598 AU - Thornburn, T H AU - Liu, T K AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - A COMPARISON OF SOIL STRIP MAPS PY - AB - RESULTS OF A SUBSTUDY IN THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY, SOIL EXPLORATION AND MAPPING /IHR-12/ ARE PRESENTED GIVING A DETAILED COMPARISON OF TWO SOIL STRIP MAPS PREPARED FOR A 5- MILE SECTION OF PROPOSED INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT IN WOODFORD AND MCLEAN COUNTIES, ILLINOIS. ONE MAP WAS MADE BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION PROCEDURES UTILIZING 1'20,000 AND 1'9,600 SCALE PHOTOGRAPHY IN CONJUNCTION WITH AVAILABLE SOIL REPORTS, SOIL ASSOCIATION MAPS, AND GEOLOGIC INFORMATION. SUBSEQUENT TO THE COMPLETION OF THE AIRPORT MAP , A MAP WAS MADE BY A SOIL SCIENTIST USING STANDARD FIELD PROCEDURES OF AGRICULTURAL SOIL SURVEY. THE SURFICIAL DEPOSITS CONSIST OF GLACIAL TILL COVERED BY A LAYER OF LOESS OF VARIABLE THICKNESS. COMPARISON MAPS WERE PREPARED ON THE BASIS OF PEDOLOGIC SOIL SERIES, PROFILE DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS, GREAT SOIL GROUPS AND PARENT MATERIALS. THE DETAILED SOIL SURVEY STUDIES ON THE SELECTED ROUTE FOR HIGHWAY LOCATION AND PLANNING CONCLUDED' /1/ THE DETAIL SHOWN ON THE FIELD PEDOLOGIC MAP IS NOT NECESSARY, /2/ PARENT MATERIAL MAPS BY AIRPHOTO METHODS ARE GENERALLY ADEQUATE, BEING 75 TO 85 PERCENT ACCURATE WHERE THE GEOLOGY IS NOT EXCESSIVELY COMPLEX, AND /3/ THE AIRPHOTO MAPS COULD BE IMPROVED GREATLY BY A LIMITED AMOUNT OF FIELD WORK. KW - Aerial photography KW - Air photointerpretation KW - Alignment KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Geological surveying KW - Highway planning KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maps KW - Methodology KW - Parent materials KW - Pedologic maps KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil maps KW - Soil profiles KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228597 AU - Holmes, G W AU - Atherton, J AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - SURFICIAL GEOLOGY MAPS FOR THE CANAAN, BERLIN AND PITTSFIELD QUADRANGLES, MASSACHUSETTS PY - AB - THESE ARE U. S. GEOLOGICAL 7 1/2-MINUTE QUADRANGLE PREPARED AT A SCALE OF 1'24,000 AND A CONTOUR INTERVAL OF 10 FEET. THE MAPS SHOW VARIOUS TYPES OF DEPOSITS SUCH AS ALLUVIUM, ALLUVIAL FAN, OUTWASH, STRATIFIED DRIFT, TILL, SWAMP, LAKE-FLOOR AND ICE-CHANNEL. LOCATIONS OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL PITS ARE SHOWN ON THE MAPS WITH KEYED NUMBERS WHICH REFER TO ACCOMPANYING SURFICIAL DATA SHEETS. SOME OF THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE DATA SHEETS IS AS FOLLOWS' LOCATION, GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE, TEXTURAL DESCRIPTION, ESTIMATED ENGINEERING SOIL CLASSIFICATION /UNIFIED/, DIMENSIONS OF DEPOSIT AND PIT, LITHOLOGIC COMPOSITION AND ESTIMATED GRAIN SIZE. THE MAPS ARE CONSIDERED PRELIMINARY AND HAVE BEEN PREPARED SO AS TO MAKE THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO THE USER, IN PARTICULAR THE MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. EVENTUALLY, THE MAPS WILL BE PUBLISHED IN COLOR AFTER BEING EDITED FOR CONFORMITY WITH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY STANDARDS. /BPR KW - Alluvium KW - Building materials KW - Contours KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Drift KW - Engineering soils KW - Geologic mapping KW - Geological surveying KW - Geology KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Lake-floor KW - Lithography KW - Mapping KW - Massachusetts KW - Outwash KW - Pits KW - Preparation KW - Quadrangle KW - Scale KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Stratification KW - Stratified drift KW - Swamps KW - Texture KW - Topographic maps KW - Weighing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228595 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - ENGINEERING USES OF THE SOILS PY - AB - THIS IS ONE OF A SERIES OF COUNTY SOIL SURVEYS BEING PREPARED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. THIS IS PART OF AN OVERALL PROGRAM IN WHICH COUNTY OR AREA SOIL SURVEYS, GENERALLY CONTAINING AN ENGINEERING SECTION AND A PEDOLOGICAL MAP ON A PHOTO-MOSAIC BASE, WILL BE PREPARED FOR MOST OF THE COUNTIES OF THE UNITED STATES. THE LAFAYETTE COUNTY, WISCONSIN SOIL SURVEY CONTAINS AN ENGINEERING SECTION ENGINEERING USES OF THE SOILS WHICH CONSISTS OF A TEXT, ENGINEERING TEST DATA, A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MAPPED SOILS, THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND THE SUITABILITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOILS /BPR/ KW - Data collection KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Lafayette County (Wisconsin) KW - Maps KW - Pedologic maps KW - Photo-mosaic base KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228594 AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS PY - AB - THIS IS ONE OF A SERIES OF COUNTY SOIL SURVEYS BEING PREPARED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. THIS IS PART OF AN OVERALL PROGRAM IN WHICH COUNTY OR AREA SOIL SURVEYS, GENERALLY CONTAINING AN ENGINEERING SECTION AND A PEDOLOGICAL MAP ON A PHOTO-MOSAIC BASE, WILL BE PREPARED FOR MOST OF THE COUNTIES OF THE UNITED STATES. THE SOIL SURVEY REPORT FOR FOUNTAIN COUNTY, INDIANA CONTAINS AN ENGINEERING SECTION, ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS, WHICH CONSISTS OF A TEXT, ENGINEERING TEST DATA, A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MAPPED SOILS, THEIR ESTIMATED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND THE ENGINEERING INTERPRETATION OF THE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Counties KW - Engineering soils KW - Fountain County (Indiana) KW - Geological surveying KW - Indiana KW - Maps KW - Pedologic maps KW - Photo-mosiac base KW - Physical properties KW - Preparation KW - Soil profiles KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228593 AU - Hargadine, G AU - Johnson, D R AU - Kansas State Highway Commission TI - MATERIALS INVENTORY OF SUMNER COUNTY, KANSAS PY - AB - THIS IS ONE OF A SERIES OF STATE-WIDE COUNTY REPORTS THAT WILL PRESENT INFORMATION CONCERNING THE AVAILABILITY, LOCATION AND NATURE OF DEPOSITS OF MATERIALS FOR USE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND TO PROVIDE A GUIDE FOR MATERIALS PROSPECTING IN THE COUNTY. A DETAILED DISCUSSION IS GIVEN OF THE FOUR PHASES USED IN CARRYING OUT THE MATERIALS INVESTIGATION' /1/ RESEARCH AND REVIEW OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION, /2/ PHOTO INTERPRETATION, /3/ FIELD RECONNAISSANCE, AND /4/ CORRELATION OF DATA, MAP COMPILATION AND REPORT WRITING. A GEOLOGIC HISTORY IS GIVEN OF SUMNER COUNTY WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE VARIOUS STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS. A SECTION ON GEO-ENGINEERING GIVES MATERIALS USAGE CONSIDERATIONS, POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES AND POSSIBLE HYDROLOGY PROBLEMS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION. SIX FOLD-OUT PAGES OF COLORED MAPS DELINEATE THE VARIOUS SIGNIFICANT GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS, THE MAPS ALSO CONTAIN PLOTTED LOCATIONS OF THE MATERIAL SITES INVESTIGATED, CODED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON MATERIAL TYPE, ESTIMATED QUANTITY, GEOLOGIC UNIT AND DATA SHEET REFERENCES. A FOUR-PART APPENDIX CONSISTING OF 85 MATERIAL SURVEY REPORT FORMS GIVES INFORMATION ON PRESENTLY PRODUCING MATERIAL SITES AND POTENTIAL SITES. ENGINEERING TEST DATA ON MECHANICAL ANALYSIS, PLASTICITY, SOUNDNESS, SPECIFIC GRAVITY , WEIGHT/CU FT, L.A. WEAR, ADSORPTION AND STRENGTH RATIO, IS PRESENTED FOR 19 SITES. KW - Availability KW - Building materials KW - Correlation analysis KW - Counties KW - Data KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Field studies KW - Geologic investigations KW - Geological surveying KW - Hydrology KW - Inventory KW - Location KW - Mapping KW - Materials KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Photointerpretation KW - Plasticity KW - Pollution KW - Reconnaissance KW - Reports KW - Road construction KW - Soundness KW - Soundness test KW - Specific gravity KW - Stratigraphy KW - Sumner County (Kansas) KW - Supply KW - Technical writing KW - Water resources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228592 AU - Hartshorn, J H AU - Holmes, G W AU - Tuttle, C R AU - Oldale, R N AU - Cuppels, N P AU - Koteff, C AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - MATERIALS MAPPING AND SEISMIC STUDIES IN MASSACHUSETTS PY - AB - A MATERIALS MAPPING STUDY INVOLVING TWENTY-FIVE 7 1/2- MINUTE QUADRANGLES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS AND 6 IN THE EAST, IS REPORTED. SEVENTEEN QUADRANGLES INDICATED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES INVOLVING AN INITIAL 3-FOOT DEPTH OF MATERIAL AS FOLLOWS' 1/ GRAVEL IN 246 DEPOSITS INVOLVING 60,950,000 CU. YDS., 2/ SAND IN 138 DEPOSITS INVOLVING 112,930,000 CU. YDS., AND 3/ UNDIFFERENTIATED SAND AND GRAVEL IN 341 DEPOSITS INVOLVING 150,000,000 CU. YDS. MUCH OF THE SEISMIC STUDY WORK REPORTED DEALS WITH ROUTINE SEISMIC INVESTIGATIONS MADE TO ESTABLISH THE SUBSURFACE ROCK LINE AT 30 SITE LOCATIONS ON 12 DIFFERENT HIGHWAY ROUTES. ATTEMPTS MADE TO IMPROVE INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS INCLUDED MODIFICATIONS OF ANALYTICAL METHODS SUCH AS RECIPROCAL TIME, THE RELATED OLDER METHODS OF DELAY TIME, ABC METHOD, CRITICAL DISTANCE VS ARRIVAL TIME METHODS AND COMPUTING DEPTH-SHOT POINT OFFSETS. CHANGES IN INSTRUMENTATION INCLUDED GEOPHONES OF VARIOUS RESONANT FREQUENCY, CATHODE RAY TUBE AND COUNTING-TUBE TYPES OF INTERVAL TIMERS, AND REFLECTION SIESMOGRAPHS; AND CHANGES IN SEISMOMETER-TO-GROUND COUPLING, EXPLOSIVE VS NONEXPLOSIVE ENERGY SOURCES, AND ENERGY SOURCE-TO-GROUND COUPLING. NONE OF THESE DEVICES PROVIDED A SIMPLE UNIQUE METHOD OF IMPROVING PREDICTIONS AT PROBLEM SITES. MUCH OF THE CURRENT STUDY DEALS WITH ONE TEST SITE, SOUTHBOROUGH FAI 495, FOR WHICH THE INITIAL SEISMIC INTERPRETATIONS FOR DEPTH TO ROCK WERE GREATLY IN ERROR WHEN COMPARED TO CONDITIONS FOUND DURING CONSTRUCTION. ADDITIONAL SEISMIC TESTS AND A THOROUGH GEOLOGICAL EVALUATION FAILED TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM. KW - Abc method KW - Calculation KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Change KW - Computation KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Depth KW - Depth indicators KW - Geophones KW - Gravel KW - Improvements KW - Mapping KW - Massachusetts KW - Material sources KW - Material surveys KW - Materials KW - Materials by source KW - Measurement KW - Reciprocal time KW - Resonance frequency KW - Rock line profiles KW - Sand KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Seismometers KW - Studies KW - Surveys KW - Time intervals KW - Timers KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228591 AU - Connecticut State Highway Department TI - SURVEY OF AVAILABILITY OF SAND AND GRAVEL IN CONNECTICUT PY - AB - THIS SURVEY IS AN INVENTORY BY TOWNS OF THE AVAILABILITY OF SAND AND GRAVEL WITH A COMPILATION OF THE REGULATIONS REGARDING EXCAVATION OF THIS MATERIAL IN THE INDIVIDUAL TOWNS. THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF MATERIAL THAT IS AVAILABLE IN THE 170 LISTED TOWNS IS INDICATED. THE TABULATIONS ALSO GIVE THE NUMBER OF SOURCES IN EACH TOWN, THE PRICE RANGES PER CUBIC YARD AS OF DECEMBER, 1964, AND THE EXCAVATION REGULATIONS OF THE VARIOUS TOWNS. KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates by source KW - Availability KW - Cities KW - Connecticut KW - Excavation KW - Geological surveying KW - Gravel KW - Inventory KW - Material surveys KW - Materials KW - Prices KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Quantities KW - Regulations KW - Sand KW - Soils KW - Supply KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228590 AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF DISTRICT 9 PY - AB - THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT, IN DRAFT FORM, OF A SERIES OF STATE REPORTS FOR THE GEOGRAPHIC HIGHWAY DISTRICTS, WHICH WILL PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF PUBLISHED INFORMATION ON THE GEOLOGY, PHYSIOGRAPHY, STRUCTURE AND SOIL CONDITIONS AS THEY ARE APPLICABLE TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING IN THE DISTRICT. IN ADDITION TO A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOLOGY OF DISTRICT 9, THE REPORT CONTAINS DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS AND PEDOLOGICAL SOIL SERIES OCCURRING IN THE DISTRICT. THE REPORT CONTAINS A TABULATION OF THE SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRICT 9, GIVING INFORMATION ON DEPTH, STRUCTURE, ACIDITY, TOPOGRAPHY, PERCENT SLOPES, EXTERIOR DRAINAGE, INTERIOR DRAINAGE, EROSION AND ASSOCIATED SOILS. LIMITED ENGINEERING INFORMATION IS ALSO INCLUDED IN THE TABULATION FOR SOME SOIL SERIES REGARDING SHRINK-SWELL, AVAILABILITY OF GRAVEL, PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND PLASTICITY. SOME ENGINEERING TEST DATA FOR LOS ANGELES ABRASION, SOUNDNESS, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION ARE ALSO CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Abrasions KW - Absorption KW - Availability KW - Depth KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Evaluation KW - Geology KW - Gravel KW - Highway engineering KW - Los Angeles Abrasion Test KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Percent KW - pH value KW - Plasticity KW - Properties of materials KW - Reports KW - Shrink-swell KW - Slopes KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil conditions KW - Soil science KW - Soils KW - Soundness KW - Soundness test KW - Specific gravity KW - Supply KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tabulation KW - Topography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228589 AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - USE OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PY - AB - THIS IS ONE OF A SERIES OF COUNTY SOIL SURVEY REPORTS BEING PREPARED AS PART OF AN OVERALL PROGRAM IN WHICH COUNTY OR AREA SOIL SURVEYS WILL BE PREPARED FOR MOST OF THE COUNTIES OF THE UNITED STATES. THESE SURVEY REPORTS WILL CONTAIN AN ENGINEERING SECTION AND A PEDOLOGICAL MAP ON A PHOTO-MOSAIC BASE. THE SOIL SURVEY REPORT FOR TIPPAH COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI, CONTAINS AN ENGINEERING SECTION, USE OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING TEST DATA, A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MAPPED SOILS, THEIR ESTIMATED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND THE ENGINEERING INTERPRETATION OF THE SOILS. KW - Aerial photography KW - Counties KW - Data KW - Engineering KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Maps KW - Pedologic maps KW - Photo mosaic base KW - Physical properties KW - Preparation KW - Reports KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil maps KW - Soil profiles KW - Soils KW - Testing KW - Tippah County (Mississippi) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228588 AU - Hartronft, B C AU - Barber, I E AU - Buie, L D AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways TI - ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND RELATED SOILS-DIVISON ONE PY - AB - A SERIES OF REPORTS ARE BEING PREPARED FOR THE GEOGRAPHIC HIGHWAY DIVISIONS WHICH WILL PROVIDE AN ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS AND RELATED SOILS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED AND DEVOTED TO HIGHWAY PURPOSES. GEOLOGIC MATERIALS HAVE BEEN GROUPED INTO GEOLOGIC UNITS RATHER THAN BY THE NORMAL CATEGORIES OF AGE, FORMATION AND MEMBER. EACH UNIT IS REPRESENTATIVE OF A SPECIFIC AREA WITHIN A COUNTY. THE VARIOUS GEOLOGIC MATERIALS FOUND IN THE UNIT WITH THE ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS ARE DESCRIBED. FEATURES, IDENTIFIED WITH THE GEOLOGIC UNITS, SUCH AS THICKNESS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LANDSLIDES OR BACKSLOGE FAILURES, THE APPARENT MATERIAL SUITABILITY, SEEPAGE AND RIPPABILITY ARE PRESENTED IN TABULAR FORM. THIS INFORMATION IS BASED ON FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE. THE SOILS, CLASSIFIED PEDOLOGICALLY, ASSOCIATED WITH THE GEOLOGIC MATERIALS ARE DESCRIBED, THEIR GEOMORPHIC POSITIONS ARE ILLUSTRATED AND THE SOIL ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS ARE TABULATED. KW - Backslopes KW - Classification KW - Construction KW - Development KW - Engineering KW - Engineering soils KW - Experience KW - Failure KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geologic formations KW - Geomorphology KW - Knowledge KW - Landslides KW - Materials KW - Pedological classification systems KW - Rippability KW - Seepage KW - Slopes KW - Soils KW - Systems KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tear strength KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228587 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Bird, S J AU - Purdue University TI - AIRPHOTO INTERPRETATION OF ENGINEERING SOILS OF INTERSTATE ROUTE I-65 IN TIPPECANOE, CLINTON AND BOONE COUNTIES, INDIANA PY - AB - THIS STUDY PROVIDES AN ENGINEERING SOILS STRIP MAP ALONG A PROPOSED INTERSTATE ROUTE, THAT CAN BE USED FOR PLANNING A DETAILED SOIL SURVEY, FOR MATERIALS LOCATION, TO PREDICT CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS AND FOR OTHER USES RELATING TO HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. THIS IS PART OF AN OVERALL PROGRAM FOR PREPARING ENGINEERING SOIL MAPS ON A COUNTY BASIS. THE ENGINEERING SOILS MAPS PRESENTED WERE PREPARED BY AIRPHOTO INTERPRETATION METHODS ON A PHOTO MOSAIC BASE AT AN APPROXIMATE SCALE OF ONE INCH REPRESENTING 1500 FEET /1/18,000/. THE MAPPED SOIL AREAS ARE GENERALLY DESIGNATED BY LAND FORMS SUCH AS SAND DUNES, RIDGE MORAINES AND TERRACES. NO FIELD CHECKS OR SOIL EXPLORATIONS WERE MADE OF THE MAPPED AREAS. A DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN OF THE PHYSIOGRAPHY , TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF THE AREA AS WELL AS GENERALIZED PROFILES OF THE SOIL AREAS OUTLINED ON THE MAP. VARIOUS LAND FORMS AND ENGINEERING SOIL AREAS ENCOUNTERED ALONG THE ALIGNMENT ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. KW - Aerial photography KW - Air photointerpretation KW - Dune sands KW - Engineering soils KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geological surveying KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Indiana KW - Interstate 65 KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Location KW - Material sources KW - Materials by source KW - Moraines KW - Photo mosaic base KW - Photointerpretation KW - Physiography KW - Planning KW - Road construction KW - Soil formation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soils KW - Strip KW - Terraces KW - Topography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227660 AU - Tri-State Transportation Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Department of Housing and Urban Development TI - GOODS MOVEMENT-EXTERNAL TRUCK SURVEY-INTERVIEWING PROCEDURE MANUAL PY - AB - THIS SURVEY, TO GATHER COMMODITY, WEIGHT, AND LENGTH OF HAUL INFORMATION FOR TRUCKS ENTERING AND LEAVING THE TRI- STATE OF NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, AND CORDON AREA WILL CONSIST OF AT LEAST 3000 OBSERVATIONS IN EACH DIRECTION, ACCORDING TO A SYSTEM OF STRATIFYING ROADWAYS BY VOLUME AND TYPE OF TRUCK. THE MANUAL DESCRIBES THE VARIOUS PERSONNEL AND THEIR DUTIES. EXAMPLES OF FORMS AND REFERENCE GUIDES REQUIRED BY THE SURVEY ARE INCLUDED, TOGETHER WITH DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW AND FILLING IN THE FORM. THE TRAINING, SUPERVISION, AND GENERAL PERSONNEL POLICIES ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. PROCEDURES FOR FOLLOWING UP TO OBTAIN DATA NOT AVAILABLE AT THE TIME OF INTERVIEW ARE LIKEWISE OUTLINED. /TRI-STATE/ KW - Commodities KW - Data collection KW - Freight transportation KW - Haul distance KW - Interviewing KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Training KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227511 AU - Deacon, J A AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DETERMINATION OF TRAFFIC PARAMETERS FOR THE PREDICTION, PROJECTION AND COMPUTATION OF EWL'S PY - AB - ONE SIGNIFICANT MEANS FOR EVALUATING THE RELATIVE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF REPETITIVE VEHICULAR LOADING ON HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS IS THE EQUIVALENT WHEEL LOAD (EWL) CONCEPT. TO APPLY THIS CONCEPT TO DESIGN SITUATIONS, PROPER METHODS MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR MAKING VALID PREDICTIONS OF DESIGN EWL'S BASED UPON DATA GLEANED FROM TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNTS, VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION STUDIES, AND LOADOMETER SURVEYS. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF SUCH A PREDICTIVE METHOD FOR RURAL HIGHWAYS IN KENTUCKY. THE PROBLEM WAS TREATED AS THREE SEPARATE BUT YET INTERRELATED PARTS: (1) DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPER METHODOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF PERTINENT TRAFFIC PARAMETERS, (2) IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT LOCAL CONDITIONS WHICH SERVE AS INDICATORS OF THE COMPOSITION AND WEIGHTS OF THE TRAFFIC STREAM, AND (3) DEVELOPMENT OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE TRAFFIC PARAMETERS AND THE LOCAL CONDITIONS. PERCENTAGES OF THE VARIOUS VEHICLES TYPES AND THE AVERAGE EWL'S PER VEHICLE WERE SELECTED AS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT TRAFFIC PARAMETERS. THESE WERE EMPIRICALLY RELATED BY MULTIPLE-REGRESSION AND OTHER TECHNIQUES TO THE SET OF LOCAL CONDITIONS, WHICH INCLUDED ROAD TYPE, DIRECTION, AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF ALTERNATE ROUTES, TYPE OF SERVICE PROVIDED, TRAFFIC VOLUME, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE GROSS WEIGHT, GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND SEASON. THE RESULTANT METHODOLOGY WAS JUDGED TO BE SUFFICIENTLY ACCURATE, SIMPLE, REASONABLE, AND USABLE TO SATISFY THE PROBLEM REQUIREMENTS. IT IS RECOMMENDED FOR USE, HOWEVER, ONLY WHEN VALID, LONG- TERM VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AND WEIGHT DATA ARE UNAVAILABLE FOR THE ROUTE UNDER INVESTIGATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Highway pavement KW - Loadometers KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Repeated loads KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic volume KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227510 AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF NEW INTERSECTION TECHNIQUES PY - AB - A SPLIT-IMAGE CAMERA WAS DESIGNED AND TESTED FOR OBTAINING SIMULTANEOUS TRAFFIC DATA ON ALL APPROACHES OF AN INTERSECTION. A PROJECTION CONSOLE WAS BUILT AND TESTED FOR ANALYZING DATA COLLECTED BY A SPLIT-IMAGE CAMERA. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS PROGRAMED IN SCATRAN TO SIMULATE TRAFFIC FLOW AT AN INTERSECTION. THIS MODEL WAS TESTED WITH ACTUAL DATA COLLECTED AT ONE INTERSECTION. THE SIMULATION MODEL AGREED WELL WITH FIELD OBSERVATIONS. THE CAMERA RECORDS APPROXIMATELY NINE MINUTES OF TRAFFIC FLOW AT ONE FRAME PER SECOND. /BPR/ KW - Approach lanes KW - Cameras KW - Data analysis KW - Intersection approach KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Model tests KW - Photographic methods KW - Photography KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227507 AU - Dunning, W AU - Epstein, B E AU - Farber, E AU - Davey, C T AU - Price, J D AU - Silver, C A AU - Franklin Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONCEPTUALIZATION OF OVERTAKING AND PASSING ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS- VOLUME IV: INSTRUMENTATION PY - AB - A DETAILED TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION IS PRESENTED OF ROADSIDE AND VEHICLE-MOUNTED DATA COLLECTION AND RECORDING SYSTEMS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE SUCH PARAMETERS AS PASSING CAR SPEED AND POSITION RELATIVE TO THE ROAD AND TO OTHER VEHICLES, VARIOUS PASSING-CAR DYNAMIC PARAMETERS, LATERAL POSITION OF THE PASSING CAR ON THE ROADWAY, AND LONGITUDINAL POSITION DATA, WHETHER OR NOT THE DRIVER PASSED, VEHICLE SPEEDS, REACTION TIME, PASSING TIME, AND SAFETY MARGIN. INSTRUMENTATION INCLUDED SENSORS, TRANSDUCERS, A MAGNETIC- LOOP DETECTION SYSTEM, A PHOTOCELL SYSTEM USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A FIFTH WHEEL, EVENT RECORDERS, AND STOPWATCHES. AMONG THE DYNAMIC PASSING CAR VARIABLES CAPABLE OF BEING MEASURED BY THE DESCRIBED EQUIPMENT ARE STEERING WHEEL, THROTTLE, AND BRAKE PEDAL ACTIVITY, HEADING RATE, AND LATERAL AND LONGITUDINAL ACCELERATION. DESCRIBED ARE MEASUREMENT ACCURACY LIMITATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF STOPWATCHES AND MANUALLY-OPERATED RECORDER AND THE UNSUITABILITY OF AN EYE-MOVEMENT CAMERA TESTED FOR MEASURING WHERE A DRIVER IS LOOKING. /BPR/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Detectors KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Measuring instruments KW - Passing KW - Photocells KW - Reaction time KW - Rural highways KW - Sensors KW - Speed KW - Steering gears KW - Time KW - Transducers KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227506 AU - FERGUSON, W AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TRUCK SPEEDS IN VIRGINIA PY - AB - THIS STUDY ATTEMPTS TO EVALUATE THE ADEQUACY AND ADVISABILITY OF DIFFERENTIAL TRUCK-PASSENGER CAR SPEED LIMITS ON THE INTERSTATE AND PRIMARY SYSTEMS IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. IN GENERAL IT WAS FOUND THAT THE CURRENT POSTED TRUCK SPEED LIMIT ON INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS IS UNREASONABLY LOW, AND AS A RESULT TRUCK DRIVERS DISREGARD IT. WHETHER TO DIFFERENTIATE OR COMBINE VEHICLE CLASSES IN REGARD TO THE SPEED LIMIT IS INDETERMINABLE FROM THIS STUDY. BASED UPON THE OBSERVATIONS THE 85TH PERCENTILE SPEED FOR PASSENGER CARS LIES BETWEEN 65 AND 70 MPH ON THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM. THE SAME SPEED FOR TRUCKS LIES APPROXIMATELY BETWEEN 55 AND 60 MPH. SPEED DIFFERENTIALS EXIST ON THE PRIMARY SYSTEM BUT ARE NEITHER SO RECOGNIZABLE NOR CONSISTENT AS THOSE ON THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM. TRUCKS WERE FASTEST VEHICLES AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS WHERE GRADE (DOWNHILL) WAS OF OBVIOUS SIGNIFICANCE AND AT LOCATIONS WHERE, DUE TO HORIZONTAL CURVES, MAXIMUM SAFE SPEED SIGNING WAS PRESENT. WHILE THE QUESTION OF SPEED LIMIT DETERMINATION IS INTIMATELY RELATED TO MATTERS OF ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT AND SEVERITY, THERE APPEARS TO BE NO CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE UPON WHICH TO BASE A JUDGMENT. NEITHER IS THERE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT THE ABSENCE OF POSTED SPEED DIFFERENTIALS INCREASES RATES OF ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT OR SEVERITY. THERE APPEARS TO BE NO GOOD REASON TO ASSUME THAT SAFETY IS NOT BEST SERVED BY SPEED LIMITS WHICH EITHER REFLECT OBSERVED SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROADWAY OR ALLOW TRAFFIC TO ESTABLISH ITS OWN MOST REASONABLE SPEED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Speed limits KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227505 AU - Harvey, T N AU - Johnson, W F AU - Ruiter, E R AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Transportation Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT RESEARCH PY - AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE ABILITY OF MIT'S INCREMENTAL ASSIGNMENT PROGRAM TO SIMULATE TRAFFIC PATTERNS. TRIP DATA AND TRAFFIC COUNTS WERE PROCESSED AS A PART OF THE PREPARATORY PHASE. SEVERAL OTHER TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT METHODS WERE ALSO TESTED AND COMPARED WITH MIT'S PROCEDURE. IN GENERAL, THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE VARIOUS PROCEDURES WERE NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. THERE ARE ALSO DISCUSSIONS OF TOPICS SUCH AS LOADING NETWORKS BY VERY SMALL TIME INCREMENTS AND MATRIX METHODS OF FINDING MINIMUM PATHS. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Methodology KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227504 AU - Wagner, F A AU - Barnes, F C AU - Gerlough, D L AU - Planning Research Corporation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REFINEMENT AND TESTING OF URBAN ARTERIAL AND NETWORK SIMULATION PY - AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE WORK DONE ON PHASE II (JANUARY 1 TO NOVEMBER 30, 1967) OF A STUDY DEVOTED TO REFINEMENT AND TESTING OF THE TRANS DIGITAL COMPUTER MODEL OF TRAFFIC OPERATION AND CONTROL ON URBAN ARTERIALS AND NETWORKS. THE PHASE OF WORK REPORTED IS AN EXTENSION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS BEGUN IN JULY, 1963, AND REPORTED IN DECEMBER, 1966. A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF THE CALIBRATION PROPERTIES, VALIDITY AND SENSITIVITY OF THE SIMULATION MODEL WAS CONDUCTED THROUGH: (1) MORE RIGOROUS ANALYSIS OF PERTINENT DATA, (2) COLLECTION OF ADDITIONAL DATA ON TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, AND (3) REFINEMENT AND MORE EXTENSIVE EXERCISING OF THE SIMULATION MODEL. THE REALISM OF THE MODEL'S REPRESENTATION OF THREE TEST STREET NETWORKS IN THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES WAS INVESTIGATED. REFINEMENTS OF THE SIMULATION MODEL WERE FORMULATED AND INCORPORATED IN THE COMPUTER PROGRAM, INCLUDING (1) REFINEMENT OF PEDESTRIAN - VEHICLE INTERFERENCE AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS, (2) PLATOON DISPERSION LOGIC WHICH INCORPORATES VARIABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL VEHICLE SPEEDS AND PASSING BEHAVIOR, (3) REFINEMENT OF QUEUE DISCHARGE LOGIC BY REVISED DETERMINATION OF QUEUE STATUS AND INTRODUCTION OF SAFE-FOLLOWING CONSTRAINT, (4) TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE SIGNAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES, AND (5) MODIFIED SIMULATION INPUT/OUTPUT FORMAT. GENERALLY SPEAKING, THE SIMULATION MODEL WAS FOUND TO OPERATE WITH A RELATIVELY HIGH DEGREE OF REALISM. IN HALF OF THE EIGHT DATA SETS TESTED, NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS OF IMPORTANT TRAFFIC OPERATION VARIABLES WERE FOUND. THE NUMERICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMULATED AND MEASURED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REMAINING FOUR DATA SETS WERE GENERALLY SMALL. HOWEVER, THE REFINEMENTS IN THE FUNDAMENTAL TRAFFIC BEHAVIOR LOGIC DID NOT PRODUCE MARKED CHANGES IN THE OUTPUTS OF THE SIMULATION MODEL. /BPR/ KW - Arterial highways KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Digital computers KW - Highway operations KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Networks KW - Passing KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Queuing KW - Roadnet KW - Roads KW - Speed KW - Streets KW - Traffic KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227503 AU - Vogt Ivers & Associates TI - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING TRAVEL PY - AB - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING INTERCITY TRAVEL ARE DEFINED AND MEASURES OF RELATIONSHIPS ARE DEVELOPED IN PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS PRODUCED BY STEP-WISE MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES. EXTERNAL TRIP DATA FROM 22 URBAN AREA ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEYS AND CENSUS BUREAU'S SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DATA WERE ANALYZED. APPLICATION OF A FAMILY OF EQUATIONS IS DEMONSTRATED IN THE PREDICTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF INTERCITY TRIPS. /BPR/ KW - Administration KW - Economic factors KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Intercity transportation KW - Origin and destination KW - Regression analysis KW - Social factors KW - Travel KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227502 AU - Matthias, J S AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RECREATIONAL IMPACT OF MULTI-PURPOSE RESERVOIRS PY - AB - THIS STUDY DEVELOPED A MODEL THAT CAN BE USED TO PREDICT RECREATIONAL TRIPS TO NEW RESERVOIRS IN INDIANA. THE MODEL DEVELOPED UTILIZES ONLY ROAD DISTANCE, COUNTY POPULATION, AND THE INFLUENCE OF OTHER SIMILAR FACILITIES AS THE PARAMETERS AFFECTING ATTENDANCE. A TECHNIQUE WAS DEVELOPED ILLUSTRATING HOW THE MODEL CAN BE USED TO PREDICT FUTURE ATTENDANCE AND TRAFFIC VOLUMES. THREE PARKS, RACCOON STATE RECREATION AREA ON MANSFIELD RESERVOIR, LIEBER STATE PARK ON CAGLES MILL RESERVOIR, AND MONROE STATE PARK ON MONROE RESERVOIR, WERE USED IN THE STUDY. DATA WERE COLLECTED BY CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS OF TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF ARRIVING TRIPS AT THE PARK ENTRANCES. OVER 13,000 INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED OVER A TWO YEAR PERIOD. YEARLY DISTRIBUTIONS OF TRIPS BY TRIP PURPOSE AND FREQUENCY WERE INVESTIGATED. THE PREDICTION MODEL WAS DEVELOPED BY USING NON-LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS OF DISTANCE, POPULATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF OTHER PARKS, TWO EQUATIONS WERE DEVELOPED, ONE FOR THE CONDITION WHERE THERE IS NO OTHER PARK CLOSER TO A COUNTY THAN THE PARK UNDER CONSIDERATION AND THE OTHER FOR THE CONDITION WHERE THERE IS ANOTHER PARK CLOSER TO A COUNTY THAN THE PARK UNDER CONSIDERATION. TOGETHER, THE TWO EQUATIONS CONSTITUTE THE PREDICTION MODEL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Counties KW - Data collection KW - Distance KW - Forecasting KW - Interviewing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Parks KW - Population KW - Recreation KW - Regression analysis KW - Reservoirs KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227501 AU - Knight, D W AU - Calfornia Highway Patrol AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS AND MANPOWER DEPLOYMENT STUDY PHASE II-MOVING VIOLATION STUDY PY - AB - THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO UNCOVER RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRAFFIC VOLUME AND VIOLATION OCCURRENCE AND ACCIDENTS. DATA COLLECTED IN THIS STUDY REVEALED THE FOLLOWING RELATIONSHIPS: (1) NON-SPEEDING RISK VIOLATIONS ARE MODERATELY AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH VOLUME AND ACCIDENTS, (2) SPEEDING VIOLATIONS ARE WEAKLY AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH VOLUME AND ACCIDENTS, AND (3) THE PERCENTAGE, NON-SPEEDING RISK VIOLATIONS/TOTAL VIOLATIONS, WAS FOUND TO BE STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY THE DEGREE OF INTERDEPENDENCE OF VEHICLE MOVEMENT. IT HAS, THEREFORE, BEEN DEFINED AS A MEASURE OF MULTILANE TRAFFIC FLOW RESTRAINT. THE AUTHORS DEVELOPED EQUATIONS TO PREDICT NON-SPEEDING RISK VIOLATIONS AND SPEEDING VIOLATIONS FOR PASSENGER VEHICLES AND TRUCKS. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Equations KW - Hazards KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Multilane highways KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Trucks KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227500 AU - Pryor, C A AU - Heins, C P AU - Looney, CTG AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAVY TRUCK TRAFFIC FOR THE STATE OF MARYLAND PY - AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE TRUCK WEIGHT RECORDS IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND FOR THE YEARS 1955 THROUGH 1964. THE DATA IS PRESENTED IN VARIOUS WAYS, ACCORDING TO TRUCK TYPES, WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION TO AXLES, AND GROSS WEIGHT. COMPARISONS ARE MADE WITH PREVIOUS WORK BY OTHERS. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT OBSERVATION NOTED IN THE STUDY IS THE GENERAL INCREASE IN GROSS WEIGHTS OF TRUCKS OVER THE STUDY PERIOD, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF TRUCK 2S-1. BASED ON THE STUDY, SOME TYPICAL TRUCKS FOR EACH CLASSIFICATION ARE PROPOSED. /BPR/ KW - Axle loads KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Physical distribution KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Statistical analysis KW - Trucks KW - Types KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227499 AU - Thomas, C AU - Haney, D C AU - Stanford Research Institute TI - THE VALUE OF TIME FOR PASSENGER CARS' A THEORETICAL ANALYSES AND DESCRIPTION OF PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS - VOLUME I. THE VALUE OF TIME FOR PASSENGER CARS' AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMMUTERS VALUES - VOLUME II. PY - AB - THIS STUDY WAS DIRECTED TO THE DETERMINATION OF THE VALUE OF TRAVEL TIME SAVED THROUGH INVESTMENTS IN HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS. VOLUME I IS A SUMMARY OF THE SIX REPORTS THAT HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED SINCE THE INITIATION OF THE VALUE OF TIME STUDY BY STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH AS REPORTED IN VOLUME I INCLUDED' /1/ A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE VALUE OF TIME, /2/ A DISCUSSION OF THE THEORETICAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ESTIMATING VALUES OF PASSENGER CAR TRAVEL TIME, /3/ A REVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES LEADING TO ESTIMATES OF THE VALUE OF TIME, AND /4/ THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS THAT CAN BE USED TO DERIVE VALUE-OF-TIME ESTIMATES FOR SPECIFIC SITUATIONS. VOLUME II REPORTS ON THE RESULTS OF THE FINAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF ROUTE CHOICE IN TOLL PAYING SITUATIONS. ESTIMATES OF THE VALUE OF TIME WERE DERIVED ON THE BASIS OF DATA COLLECTED IN EIGHT AREAS. THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION TYPE MODELS DEVELOPED IN THIS PHASE CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE THE VALUE OF TIME IN SPECIFIC AREAS. ROUTE CHOICE MODELS FOR THE TOLL ROAD-FREE ROAD DECISION THAT USED MOTORIST-PERCEIVED DATA ON THE ROUTES YIELDED A VALUE OF TIME OF $3.82 PER PERSON-HOUR WHILE THOSE MODELS THAT USED TEST VEHICLE DATA ON THE ROUTES YIELDED A VALUE OF TIME OF $1.82 PER PERSON-HOUR. AN ANALYSIS OF ERRORS & BIASES IN THE MOTORIST--PERCEIVED AND TEST VEHICLE DATA SHOWS THAT THE TRUE VALUE OF TIME LIES SOMEWHERE BETWEEN THE TWO MIDPOINT VALUES GIVEN LEADING THE AUTHORS TO RECOMMEND $2.82 PER PERSON PER HOUR AS THE BEST ESTIMATE OF THE VALUE OF PASSENGER CAR TRAVEL TIME. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT THESE VALUES OF TIME APPLY ONLY TO PEAK HOUR COMMUTERS IN THE HOME-WORK TRIPS AND WHEN THE TRIP IS GREATER THAN 10 MINUTES AND 5 MILES. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical models KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Regression analysis KW - Route choice KW - Theory KW - Toll roads KW - Travel time KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227496 AU - Missouri State Highway Commission TI - SIXTH STREET FREEWAY TRAFFIC STUDY - PHASE II PY - AB - DURING THE SUMMER OF 1965, A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF PEAK PERIOD TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WAS CONDUCTED ON THE SIXTH STREET FREEWAY IN KANSAS CITY. THE PURPOSE OF THAT STUDY WAS TO ISOLATE THE CAUSES OF CONGESTION AND DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF CHANGES IN THE ROADWAY SYSTEM NECESSARY FOR THE ALLEVIATION OF THE CONGESTION. THE 1965 STUDY RESULTED IN A SERIES OF RECOMMENDATIONS CONSISTING OF SIGN REVISIONS, LANE STRIPING AND RAMP CLOSURES. A STUDY OF THE FEASIBILITY OF CLOSING THE PASEO OFF-RAMP WAS ALSO RECOMMENDED. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT IS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTED RECOMMENDATIONS AND TO REPORT ON THE FEASIBILITY OF CLOSING THE PASEO OFF-RAMP. ALL RECOMMENDATIONS WERE IMPLEMENTED DURING JUNE AND JULY OF 1966. NEWS RELEASES, SIGNING AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF CLOSURE HANDBILLS PRECEDED THE RAMP CLOSINGS . BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EACH RECOMMENDATION , SPEED AND VOLUME DATA WERE GATHERED AT LOCATIONS WHERE IT WAS FELT TRAFFIC OPERATIONS WOULD BE MOST AFFECTED BY THE PROPOSED CHANGE. ACCIDENT STATISTICS ARE BEING COMPILED IN ORDER TO STUDY THE IMPACT OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS UPON THE ACCIDENT RATE. IN ADDITION TO STUDIES ON THE FREEWAYS, STUDIES WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF DISPLACED TRAFFIC ON THE CITY STREET SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Change KW - Closing KW - Crash rates KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Freeways KW - Kansas City (Missouri) KW - Lanes KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Ramps KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Striping KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227495 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - 30TH PEAK HOUR FACTOR TREND - 1964 PY - AB - THE RELATIONSHIP OF DESIGN HOUR FACTORS TO ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC WAS DETERMINED. AN ADDITIONAL FOUR YEARS OF DATA HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE PREVIOUS TEN AND THE VALIDITY OF THE TREND BETWEEN DESIGN HOUR FACTORS AND ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC HAS GENERALLY CONTINUED THE SAME. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Design hourly volume KW - Future growth KW - New Jersey KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227494 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - RADIO CONTROLLED COUNTER RESEARCH STUDY PY - AB - A RESEARCH STUDY WAS MADE USING RADIO TRANSMISSION AS A MEDIUM TO CONVEY THE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC COUNT FROM A REMOTE TRAFFIC COUNTING STATION INTO THE STATE HEADQUARTERS OFFICE. THE VALUE OF USING RADIO TRANSMISSION FOR TRAFFIC COUNTING WAS DETERMINED IN TERMS OF DEPENDABILITY, ACCURACY, RANGE /DISTANCE FROM CENTRAL OFFICE/, AND REDUCTION OF PERSONNEL TIME IN FIELD SERVICE OF THE STATES COUNTING STATION. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM ARE DESCRIBED. TABULATION OF TRAFFIC COUNT FOR SEVERAL MONTHS OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM IS CONTAINED IN THE REPORT WITH AN ERROR PERCENTAGE CALCULATED FROM THE FIELD COUNT AND THE OFFICE COUNT. KW - Analysis KW - Highway traffic KW - Radio control KW - Radio transmission KW - Remote control KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tabulation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic counting stations KW - Transmission KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227493 AU - Donner, R L AU - Wilson, M E AU - California Division of Highways TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUCK CLASSIFICATION COUNTER PY - AB - A SPECIALIZED TRAFFIC COUNTER THAT WILL FACILITATE THE CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC BY COUNTING THE NUMBER OF AXLES ON A VEHICLE WAS DEVELOPED. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY SENSING THE PRESENCE OF A VEHICLE BY MEANS OF A LOOP DETECTION SYSTEM AND OBTAINING AN AXLE COUNT BY THE USE OF A PNEUMATIC TUBE LOCATED WITHIN THE LOOP AREA. THE SCHEMATICS, DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS INCLUDED IN THE REPORT ARE ADEQUATE FOR DUPLICATION OF THE EQUIPMENT. KW - Axles KW - Classification KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Development KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Loops (Electrical) KW - Pneumatic devices KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Traffic KW - Traffic counts KW - Trucks KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227492 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - CONGESTION ANALYSIS STUDY /BARDUR BOULEVARD/ PY - AB - DATA WERE COLLECTED ON THE PACIFIC HIGHWAY WEST, US99W, FROM THE TIGARD INTERCHANGE INTO PORTLAND, OREGON, BEFORE AND AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PACIFIC HIGHWAY FREEWAY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION OF A FREEWAY ON THE CONGESTION, TRAVEL TIME AND ACCIDENT RATES ON THE ROUTE PARALLELING THE FREEWAY. TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRAVEL TIMES, AND ACCIDENT RATES DURING PEAK PERIODS DECREASED ON PACIFIC HIGHWAY WEST AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF THE PACIFIC HIGHWAY FREEWAY. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Construction KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Pacific highway west us99w KW - Parallel routes KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227490 AU - Drake, Jennifer AU - Schofer, J AU - May, A AU - Chicago Area Expressway Surveillance Project TI - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SPEED-DENSITY HYPOTHESIS /A SUMMARY/ PY - AB - DATA WERE COLLECTED ON THE EISENHOWER EXPRESSWAY TO TEST AND EVALUATE SEVEN DIFFERENT SPEED-DENSITY MODELS' THE GREENSHIELDS, GREENBERG, UNDERWOOD, EDIE, 2-REGIME LINEAR, 3-REGIME LINEAR, AND BELL CURVE MODELS. STATISTICAL PROCEDURES WERE IMPLEMENTED TO DETERMINE BREAK-POINTS IN MULTI-REGIME REGRESSION ANALYSES. THE EDIE FORMULATION GAVE THE MOST SATISFYING ESTIMATES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS. THE STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST CONSISTENT STATISTICAL MEASURE FOR BOTH SINGLE- REGIME AND MULTI-REGIME HYPOTHESES. /BPR/ KW - 2-Regime linear KW - 3-Regime linear KW - Bell curve KW - Data collection KW - Density KW - Edie KW - Eisenhower Expressway KW - Evaluation KW - Greenberg KW - Greenshields, Bruce D. KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Regression analysis KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing KW - Underwood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227489 AU - Donner, R L AU - Wilson, M E AU - California Division of Highways TI - A REPORT ON INDUCTIVE LOOP TRAFFIC DETECTION UTILIZING A COMMON SLOT PY - AB - THE OBJECT OF THIS TESTS WAS TO CONDUCT A CONTROLLED TRAFFIC COUNT AT AN INDUCTIVE LOOP LOCATION TO DETERMINE IF INTERACTION WAS OCCURRING WHEN USING A COMMON SLOT FOR THE LEAD WIRES AND LOOPS. THE COMMON SLOT FOR LEAD WIRES AND LOOP WIRES WAS USED BECAUSE OF THE FEELING THAT A 2-FOOT OFFSET BETWEEN LEAD WIRE SLOTS AND LOOP SLOTS INCREASES THE POSSIBILITY OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT SPALLING. INTERACTION RESULTING IN EXTRA COUNTS WAS NOT OBSERVED ON THIS COMMON SLOT INSTALLATION DURING THE TEST. AN OVERALL SYSTEM ERROR NOTED FOR A FOUR HOUR COUNT WAS &2.2% THAT COMPARES FAVORABLY WITH SYSTEMS NOT HAVING A COMMON SLOT. /BPR/ KW - Common slot KW - Concrete pavements KW - Inductive reactance KW - Interaction KW - Lead wires KW - Loop KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Loops (Electrical) KW - Offsets (Traffic signal timing) KW - Prevention KW - Spalling KW - Testing KW - Traffic counting KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227486 AU - New York, New York TI - PERMANENT VEHICLE DETECTOR EQUIPMENT TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT PY - AB - IN THIS STUDY FIVE TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE TRAFFIC DETECTOR SYSTEMS ARE EVALUATED AFTER A NINE MONTH TEST PERIOD. IN AN ADDENDUM, TWO SYSTEMS USED IN TRANSMITTING THE TRAFFIC INFORMATION TO A CENTRAL STATION ARE EVALUATED. THE TEST SITE IS LOCATED ON THE EAST BOUND LANES OF THE LONG ISLAND EXPRESSWAY NEAR 173RD STREET IN QUEENS COUNTY, N.Y. TWO METHODS ARE USED TO OBTAIN AN EFFICIENCY VALUE FOR A DETECTOR SYSTEM. ONE METHOD USES A COMPUTER PROGRAMMED TO EDIT THE DATA FROM THE DETECTOR SYSTEM AND THEN COMPUTES AN EFFICIENCY VALUE ON THE BASIS OF CONTROL DATA STORAGE. IN THE OTHER METHOD THE DATA FROM THE DETECTOR SYSTEM IS COMPARED TO A MANUAL COUNT WITH A RESULTING EFFICIENCY VALUE COMPUTED. THESE TWO EFFICIENCY VALUES ARE AVERAGED TO MAKE THE FINAL EVALUATION. ALTHOUGH THE STUDY PRIMARILY DESIGNATED THE EVALUATION OF THE TRAFFIC DETECTOR SYSTEMS, NOTATIONS ON THE COSTS OF THE SYSTEMS ARE GIVEN. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Building sites KW - Centralized control KW - Centralized traffic control KW - Commercial KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Location KW - Manual traffic counts KW - Queens (New York, New York) KW - Systems KW - Testing KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227483 AU - Betz, M J AU - Supersad, J N AU - Kole, C P AU - Mulcahy, E J AU - Arizona State University, Tempe TI - A METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC DEMAND FOR EFFECTING A STAGGERED HOURS PROGRAM IN URBAN AREAS PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF STAGGERED WORK HOURS ON THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN QUANTITATIVE TERMS. THIS WAS TO BE ACCOMPLISHED BY DETERMINING THE EXTENT THAT TRAFFIC LOADS CAN BE DISTRIBUTED OVER A LONGER PERIOD AND HOW MUCH SPREAD OF HOURS WOULD BE NEEDED TO EFFECT ECONOMICS IN THE LEVEL OF SERVICE. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS DEVELOPED WHICH UTILIZE THE FOLLOWING BASIC DATA' /1/ WORK TRIPS--THEIR NUMBER, ORIGIN AND DESTINATION, /2/ INTERSECTIONS--CAPACITY AND ACTUAL DEMAND, AND /3/ EMPLOYMENT CENTERS--LOCATION, NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED, AND WORKING HOURS. THIS RESEARCH EFFORT HAS PRODUCED TWO METHODS OF SCHEDULING STAGGERED HOURS' ONE MANUAL, ONE COMPUTERIZED, TO ALLEVIATE CONGESTION DURING PEAK HOUR ACTIVITY. FURTHER, THE COMPUTER METHOD WAS APPLIED TO FOUR CASES CONSIDERING A DISPERSED AND A CONCENTRATED USE OF INDUSTRIAL LAND AND CONSIDERING EACH CASE WITH AND WITHOUT FREEWAY SYSTEMS. THIS METHOD APPEARS TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Centers KW - Computers KW - Development KW - Economics KW - Employment KW - Evaluation KW - Highway capacity KW - Hours of labor KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Level of service KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of central tendency KW - Methodology KW - Origin and destination KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Staggered hours KW - Staggered work hours KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban highways KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118643 ER - TY - SER AN - 00227683 JO - Transportation Research /UK/ PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Pipes, L A TI - CAR FOLLOWING MODELS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAM OF ROAD TRAFFIC PY - AB - THE DYNAMICS OF TRAFFIC FLOW WERE STUDIED TO DEVELOP A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW TO COPE WITH THE TREMENDOUS VOLUME OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC. A BRIEF REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF SEVERAL TYPES OF CAR-FOLLOWING MODELS AND THE TYPES OF FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAMS WHICH THEY IMPLY ARE DISCUSSED. ONE CAR-FOLLOWING MODEL IS BASED ON THE RATE OF CHANGE OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL VISUAL ANGLE OF THE IMAGE OF THE PRECEDING VEHICLE. THIS MODEL ASSUMES THAT A FOLLOWING DRIVER COULD IMPART TO HIS VEHICLE AN ACCELERATION PROPORTIONAL TO HIS PERCEPTION OF THE RATE OF CHANGE OF HIS VISUAL ANGLE ON THE PRECEDING VEHICLE. FOR THIS MODEL THE FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAM (FLOW RATE VERSUS VEHICLE DENSITY) IS A PARABOLA WHICH IS CONCAVE DOWNWARD. FOR THIS PARABOLIC FLOW DISTRIBUTION THE MAXIMUM FLOW RATE OCCURS WHEN THE TRAFFIC DENSITY EQUALS ONE-HALF THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE TRAFFIC DENSITY, I.E., A TRAFFIC JAM SITUATION. GREENBERG'S MODEL IS DIFFERENT IN THAT HE ASSUMES THE ACCELERATION IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE INVERSE OF THE HEADWAY INSTEAD OF THE SQUARE OF THIS INVERSE AS CONSIDERED IN THE PREVIOUS MODEL. BECAUSE OF THE LOWER POWER OF THE HEADWAY, IT APPEARS THAT GREENBERG'S MODEL IS LESS SENSITIVE TO SEPARATION DISTANCES THAN THE PREVIOUS MODEL. A GENERALIZATION OF GREENBERG'S FOLLOWING LAW IS PRESENTED BY ALLOWING THE EXPONENT OF THE HEADWAY TO BE A VARIABLE INSTEAD OF ONE OR TWO AS IN THE PREVIOUS TWO MODELS. OBVIOUSLY, THE HIGHER THE POWER OF THIS EXPONENT THE MORE SENSITIVE THE ACCELERATION OF THE FOLLOWING VEHICLE BECOMES. THE VARIOUS POSSIBLE FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAMS ARE DISCUSSED FOR SELECTED VALUES OF THIS EXPONENT. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Car following KW - Headways KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118041 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00227064 JO - Transportation Research /UK/ PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Warnshuis, P AU - System Development Corporation TI - SIMULATION OF TWO-WAY TRAFFIC ON AN ISOLATED TWO-LANE ROAD PY - AB - ONE OF THE OPEN PROBLEMS IN TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY IS TO DESCRIBE THE FLOW OF TWO-WAY TRAFFIC ON A TWO-LANE ROAD. THE PROBLEM OFFERS MANY NATURAL COMPLEXITIES SUCH AS HILLS, CURVES, INTERSECTIONS AND SPEED ZONES. ALTHOUGH SUCH FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT FROM AN APPLIED STANDPOINT, THEY TEND TO OBSCURE THE INTRIGUING ASPECT OF THE PROBLEM: THE MANNER IN WHICH THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE TWO LANES AFFECTS THE FLOW IN EACH. AS AN AID TO DEVELOPING A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF THIS INTERACTION, WE HAVE CONSTRUCTED A COMPUTER SIMULATION IN WHICH THE BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUAL CARS IS MODELED DIRECTLY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO DESCRIBE THIS SIMULATION AND TO PRESENT SONE NUMERICAL RESULTS OBTAINED WITH IT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computers KW - Highway traffic KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic simulation KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117043 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00227057 JO - Transportation Research /UK/ PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Ancker, C J AU - Gafarian, A V AU - System Development Corporation TI - A SIMPLE RENEWAL MODEL OF THROUGHPUT AT AN OVERSATURATED SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION PY - AB - THE EFFECT OF RANDOM HEADWAYS ON THROUGHPUT AT AN OVERSATURATED SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION IS STUDIED. THE MODEL ASSUMES AN INFINITE QUEUE OF CARS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE GO-PHASE. THE ENTRY TIME OF THE FIRST CAR INTO THE INTERSECTION, AFTER THE GO-PHASE IS INITIATED, IS ASSUMED TO BE A POSITIVE RANDOM VARIABLE X, AND ALL SUCCESSIVE ENTRY- TIME HEADWAYS (MINUS A MINIMUM TIME) ARE ASSUMED TO BE THE RANDOM VARIABLE X. FURTHERMORE, ALL THE RANDOM VARIABLES ARE ASSUMED TO BE MUTUALLY INDEPENDENT. ANALYTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE DERIVED FOR THE MEAN AND THE VARIANCE OF THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES THAT PASS THROUGH THE INTERSECTION DURING A GO- PHASE. SOME CALCULATIONS AND CURBS ARE GIVEN FOR THE SPECIFIC CASE OF AN ERLANGIAN DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF THE RANDOM VARIABLE X. IT IS SHOWN THAT A DETERMINISTIC (MEAN VALUE, MODEL IS QUITE ACCURATE FOR MEAN VALUE CALCULATIONS, BUT THAT VARIABILITY IN HEADWAYS DOES CAUSE SIGNIFICANT VARIANCE IN THROUGHPUT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Headways KW - Highway traffic KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mean (Statistical) KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Queuing KW - Randomization KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117042 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00227056 JO - High Speed Ground Transportation Journal AU - Mcshane, W R AU - Yagoda, H N TI - THE EFFECT OF VERTICAL GEOMETRY ON VEHICULAR STREAM DYNAMICS PY - AB - UPON EXAMINATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH THE HOLLAND TUNNEL DURING PERIODS OF DENSE FLOW , IT WAS NOTED THAT A MARKED SIMILARITY EXISTED BETWEEN THE CYCLIC FLOW PATTERNS FOR TRAFFIC AND THE OUTPUT OF A HIGHLY RESONANT SYSTEM THAT IS SUBJECTED TO A NOISE INPUT. BASED UPON THIS SIMILARITY, AN INVESTIGATION WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE DEPENDENCE OF A STREAM DYNAMICS UPON THE CHANGING LONGITUDINAL SLOPE OF THE TUNNEL ROADWAY. A DYNAMIC MODEL IS DEVELOPED WHICH RELATES THE BEHAVIOR OF THE NTH VEHICLE IN A STREAM TO THAT OF ALL N-1 PRECEDING VEHICLES. THE DERIVATION IS BASED ON TYPICAL KINEMATIC EQUATIONS FOR VERTICAL MOTION WITH THE INTERVEHICLE COUPLING PROVIDED BY A LINEAR CAR FOLLOWING RELATIONSHIP. THE LINEARIZATIONS USED ARE OF THE TYPE USUALLY ACCEPTED AS VALID APPROXIMATIONS, AND THE RESULTANT SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION IS ONE THAT IS COMMON IN ENGINEERING ANALYSIS. AS A RESULT, IF THE MODEL ADEQUATELY DESCRIBES THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM (AS IS BELIEVED IT DOES), A POWERFUL MODEL FOR WHICH EXHAUSTIVE ENGINEERING ANALYSIS IS POSSIBLE AND FOR WHICH EXTENSIVE UNDERSTANDING EXISTS, IS AVAILABLE FOR USE IN VEHICULAR TRAFFIC ANALYSIS. IN PARTICULAR, THE EFFECTS OF GEOMETRY AND CAR FOLLOWING ON STREAM DYNAMICS IS CLEARLY AND USABLY EXHIBITED. AS ONE OF THE RESULTS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A STREAM OF CARS ON THE ROADWAY OF THE HOLLAND TUNNEL CONSTITUTES A RESONANT SYSTEM IN WHICH RESONANCE IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ROADWAY GEOMETRY. THIS RESONANCE IS MOST APPARENT TO A STATIONARY OBSERVER DURING PERIODS OF DENSE TRAFFIC WHEN THE OBSERVED VARIATION IN STREAM VELOCITY IS THE DOPPLER-SHIFTED NARROW-BAND NOISE SIGNAL THAT EXISTS IN THE STREAM DUE TO THE TUNING INHERENT IN RESONANT SYSTEMS THAT ARE SUBJECTED TO BROAD-BAND NOISE INPUTS. THE MAGNITUDE AND PERIOD OF THE OBSERVED VARIATIONAL SIGNAL ARE BOTH DIRECTLY DEPENDENT UPON THE AVERAGE SPEED OF THE STREAM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Car following KW - Geometry KW - Highway traffic KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Overall travel speed KW - Slopes KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel patterns KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227010 AU - Abramson, P AU - Amster, G S AU - Airborne Instruments Laboratory AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TESTING AND EVALUATING DETERMINISTIC MODELS OF TRAFFIC FLOW PY - AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED BY AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTS LABORATORY TO EVALUATE DETERMINISTIC MODELS OF TRAFFIC FLOW. THE MODELS CONSIDERED REPRESENTED SOLUTIONS OF THE GENERALIZED CAR- FOLLOWING EQUATION WRITTEN AS EXPRESSIONS RELATING AVERAGE SPEED AND AVERAGE DENSITY. ONE OF THESE SOLUTIONS WAS FOUND TO BE A BEST FIT TO TWO DISTINCT SETS OF DATA--1224 VELOCITY -DENSITY PER-LANE VALUES AVERAGED FROM ALL THREE LANES OF THE JOHN LODGE FREEWAY. THIS BEST FIT WAS DETERMINED BY USE OF A NONLINEAR REGRESSION PROCESS APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE DATA. THE TECHNIQUE FOR SELECTING THIS BEST MODEL INCLUDED USE OF THE SUM OF RESIDUALS AS WELL AS A STATISTICAL TEST OF HYPOTHESIS BASED ON RANK-ORDERING. VALUES OF THE STANDARD PARAMETERS FREE SPEED AND MAXIMUM FLOW COMPARED CLOSELY WITH PREVIOUS ESTIMATES FOR THE SAME DATA, BUT THE EXPONENTS IN THE CAR-FOLLOWING EQUATION WERE HIGHER THAN IN ANY PREVIOUS MODEL. CONTINUOUS MULTIREGIME MODELS WERE CONSTRUCTED BY COMBINING MODELS FITTED TO THE LOW AND HIGH VEHICLE-DENSITY REGIONS. A LINEARLY WEIGHTED TRANSITION REGION, BETWEEN 45 AND 75 VPM, WAS DEFINED BY EXAMINATION OF A HIGH-ORDER POLYNOMIAL CURVE FIT. THESE MULTIREGIME MODELS WERE BETTER FITS THAN THE SINGLE-REGIME CASES, BUT WERE ANALYTICALLY MORE COMPLICATED. A MULTILANE EXPERIMENT INDICATED THAT THE BEST SINGLE-REGIME MODEL CLASS FITTED THE RIGHT-LANE DATA OF A TWO-LANE ROAD AS WELL AS IT FITTED THE TWO-LANE DATA ITSELF. ADDITIONAL LANE-BY-LANE DATA, COVERING THE FULL SENSITIVITY RANGE, IS INDICATED AS A NECESSARY REQUIREMENT TO FURTHER SUPPORT THIS CONCLUSION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Car following KW - Evaluation KW - Expressways KW - Mathematical models KW - Multilane highways KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227008 AU - Solomon, H AU - Brown, M AU - Srivastava, R C AU - Gani, J AU - Rizvi, M H AU - WOODWORTH, G G AU - Stanford University AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - California Division of Highways TI - FINAL REPORT, FUNDAMENTAL STATISTICAL RESEARCH IN TRAFFIC FLOW PY - AB - A NINETEEN MONTH STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN RESEARCH AREAS LEADING TO SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS IN EXISTING TRAFFIC METHODOLOGY. SIX TECHNICAL PAPERS WERE PREPARED AND INCLUDED IN THE FINAL REPORT. THESE PAPERS REFLECT RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED IN THREE PROBLEM AREAS, 'MODELS OF TRAFFIC FLOW AND ESTIMATION OF TRAFFIC FLOW PARAMETERS,' 'MODELS OF HIGHWAY CONGESTION,' AND 'NON-PARAMETRIC RANKING PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC METHODOLOGY.' IN ADDITION, THIS REPORT DESCRIBES CONTINUING WORK IN TWO ADDITIONAL PROBLEM AREAS, 'CAR FOLLOWING MODELS AND PLATOON THEORY,' AND 'CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS AND URBAN NETWORKS.' FOUR OF THE TECHNICAL PAPERS INVOLVE THE AREA 'MODELS OF TRAFFIC FLOW AND ESTIMATION OF TRAFFIC FLOW PARAMETERS.' TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1 STARTS WITH A SIMPLE MODEL OF THE HOMOGENEOUS POISSON PROCESS IN HIGHWAY TRAFFIC FLOW. EXTENSIONS OF RENYI'S MODEL ARE THEN MADE TO CASES INVOLVING MULTIPLE ENTRANCES. CARS TRAVELING RANDOM DISTANCES AND BATCH ARRIVALS ARE INDICATED TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 3. TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2 CONSIDERS THE PROBLEM OF ESTIMATING THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION (P.D.F.) OF VEHICLE VELOCITIES WHILE TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 4 EXTENDS RENYI'S MODEL TO THE ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS IN TRAFFIC FLOW INVOLVING MULTIPLE EXISTS AND ENTRANCES IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE P.D.F. OF VEHICLE VELOCITIES. IN THE PROBLEM AREA 'MODELS OF HIGHWAY CONGESTION, 'TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 5 DEVELOPS SIMPLE MODELS, DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC, FOR CONGESTION ALONG A SINGLE LANE ROAD, INVOLVING OPERATIONAL OCCUPANCY AS A PARAMETER. THIS IS EXTENDED TO THE TWO-LANE CASE, E.G., FAST AND SLOW LANES. A METHOD IS OUTLINED FOR FINDING THE STATIONARY PROBABILITIES OF THE NUMBERS OF VEHICLES IN BOTH LANES. IN THE PROBLEM 'NON-PARAMETRIC RANKING PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC METHODOLOGY, 'TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 6 CONCUDES THAT RECENT STATISTICAL PROCEDURES FOR RANKING AND SELECTION HAVE BEEN IN ERROR AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED OPTIMUM. SUCH PROCEDURES COULD PROVE USEFUL FOR SELECTING ROADS OR HIGHWAY CONFIGURATIONS WHEN EMPLOYING SUITABLE CRITERIA SUCH AS GAP ACCEPTANCE PROBABILITY. IN THE PROBLEM AREA 'CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS AND URBAN NETWORKS,' INDICATED RESEARCH IS DESCRIBED ON THE VEHICLE-ACTUATED TRAFFIC SIGNAL WHILE IN THE REMAINING PROBLEM AREA, 'CAR FOLLOWING MODELS AND PLATOON THEORY,' THE WORK ACCOMPLISHED HAS BEEN MINIMAL. /BPR/ KW - Car following KW - Gap acceptance KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Single lane traffic KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic simulation KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227007 AU - Mcneil, D R AU - Daley, D J AU - Smith, J T AU - Jacobs, D R AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - METHODOLOGY FOR TRAFFIC PROBLEMS PY - AB - A 17-MONTH STUDY WAS CONDUCTED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY WHICH WILL PROVE USEFUL IN IMPROVING AUTOMOBILE TRAFFIC RESEARCH TECHNIQUES BY OPTIMUM ESTIMATION METHODS FOR TRAFFIC FLOW PARAMETERS AND BY VALID STOCHASTIC DESCRIPTIONS OF MULTI-LANE TRAFFIC. AN EXTENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE WAS MADE AND RESEARCH REPORTS COMPLETED IN THREE WELL-DEFINED AREAS (1) ANALYSIS OF DELAYS AT INTERSECTIONS, (2) CONGESTION ON FREEWAYS, AND (3) ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF CITY TRAFFIC. IN AREA 1, THREE TECHNICAL REPORTS WERE PREPARED. REPORT 1 GIVES THE SOLUTION TO THE FIXED-CYCLE TRAFFIC LIGHT PROBLEM FOR COMPOUND POISSON ARRIVALS AND MAKES COMPARISON OF EXPECTED VEHICLE DELAYS WITH VALUES GIVEN IN F.V. WEBSTER'S FORMULA. REPORT 7 COMPARES MOTORIST DELAYS FOR DIFFERENT MERGING STRATEGIES ONTO A FREEWAY WHILE REPORT 4 IS A COMPLETE REVIEW STUDY OF THE LITERATURE ON THE DELAY AT A TRAFFIC SIGNAL. IN AREA 2, THREE TECHNICAL REPORTS WERE ALSO PREPARED. REPORT 2 PROVIDES A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR AN ANALYZES TRAFFIC JAM GIVING EXPRESSIONS FOR EXPECTED TOTAL DELAY, ITS VARIANCE AS WELL AS THE JAM DURATION FOR A SINGLE LANE. REPORTS 5 AND 6 ARE ALSO DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF TRAFFIC JAMS AND EVALUATES THE TOTAL WAITING TIME OF ALL VEHICLES INVOLVED IN THE HOLD- UP WHILE TREATING THE PROBLEM AS THE BUSY PERIOD OF A QUEUEING SYSTEM. IN AREA 3, REPORT 3 STUDIES THE DETERMINATION OF TRIP FREQUENCIES BETWEEN A GIVEN ORIGIN AND A GIVEN DESTINATION USING TRAFFIC COUNTS. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Multilane highways KW - Origin and destination KW - Queuing KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic research KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227006 AU - Thompson, W A AU - Serfling, R J AU - Shimi, I N AU - Meeter, D A AU - Hodgson, V AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO TRAFFIC PROBLEMS PY - AB - A SEVENTEEN-MONTH STUDY WAS CONDUCTED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF A PROBABILISTIC AND STATISTICAL NATURE THAT HAVE DIRECT APPLICATIONS FOR THE SOLUTION OF NETWORK FLOW, QUEUEING AND CONGESTION, SAFETY AND COST PROBLEMS. INVESTIGATIONS WERE MADE IN THE EXISTING LITERATURE ON TRAFFIC FLOW, APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS STATISTICAL THEORIES AND IN THE THEORY OF QUEUES FOR VEHICLES AT TRAFFIC SIGNALS, AT STOP-SIGNAL INTERSECTIONS AND APPROACHING FREEWAYS FROM ON-RAMPS. FIVE TECHNICAL PAPERS WERE PREPARED AND INCLUDED IN THE FINAL REPORT. THESE PAPERS REFLECT RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED IN THE THREE PROBLEM AREAS: TUNNEL PROBLEM, MERGING PROBLEM, AND THE NON-POISSON MODELS PROBLEM. THREE OF THE TECHNICAL PAPERS WERE WRITTEN IN THE TUNNEL PROBLEM AREA. THESE PAPERS ADVANCED RESPECTIVELY A SIMULATION MODEL, AN EXTREME VALUE DISTRIBUTION MODEL AND A QUEUEING MODEL. FOR THE MERGING PROBLEM, RENEWAL THEORY WAS APPLIED IN THE FORMULATIONS FOR MERGING PROBABILITIES AND EXISTENCE OF GAPS. IN THE NON-POISSON MODELS PROBLEM, A TECHNICAL REPORT WAS PREPARED THAT CONSIDERS THE MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS AND BASIC DEFINITIONS. IT THEN CONSIDERS THE DIFFERENTIAL-DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS APPROACH AND COMPARES THIS TO THE TRANSITION EQUATIONS APPROACH. RELATED TOPICS ARE FURTHER CONSIDERED. /BPR/ KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Merging traffic KW - Probability theory KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reviews KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227003 AU - Greenshields, B D AU - Dist of Columbia Dept Hwys & Traffic TI - MANUAL OF PROCEDURES FOR MEASUREMENT OF QUALITY OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC FLOW PY - AB - A METHOD OF PROCEDURE IS DESCRIBED FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF IMPEDANCE TO TRAFFIC FLOW. IT IS BASED ON THE LACK OF FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT BY THE VEHICLE AND IMPEDANCE IS MEASURED BY THE TIME AND EFFORT REQUIRED BY A DRIVER TO ACCOMPLISH HIS TRAVEL. AN EQUATION FOR THE "QUALITY OF TRAFFIC FLOW" IS DEVELOPED WITH THE PARAMETERS OF TIME, CHANGE OF VELOCITY, CHANGE IN DIRECTION AND DISTANCE TRAVELED AS FIRST ORDER TERMS. ON THE BASIS OF THIS EQUATION, A PORTABLE INSTRUMENT WAS DEVELOPED TO RECORD THESE PARAMETERS WHEN MOUNTED IN A VEHICLE. /BPR/ KW - Change KW - Direction KW - Distance KW - Electrical impedance KW - Highways KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Methodology KW - Portable equipment KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicular phase KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227002 AU - Oliver, R M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways TI - A STUDY OF TRAFFIC FLOWS IN TWO UNIDIRECTIONAL LANES PY - AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DEVELOP A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC ON FOUR-LANE DIVIDED HIGHWAYS. SPECIAL EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON THE LANE CHANGING MANEUVERS. EXPERIMENTAL TRAFFIC FLOW FIELD DATA WAS TAKEN AT FIVE LOCATIONS AND LANE CHANGING DATA WAS OBTAINED AT THREE LOCATIONS. USING THE LANE CHANGING MODELS, A SIMPLE FORMULATION OF TWO-LANE DELAYS WAS DEVELOPED WHICH MODELED THE DELAY CAUSED BY TRUCKS ON UPGRADE SECTIONS OF ROADWAY. /BPR/ KW - Change KW - Divided highways KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Four lane highways KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Mathematical models KW - Slopes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic simulation KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115194 ER - TY - SER AN - 00227065 JO - Plessey Communication Journal PB - N/A AU - Craft, M J AU - SMITH, J L AU - N/A TI - ROAD TRAFFIC SIMULATION PY - AB - THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS SIMULATION WORK IN THE ROAD TRAFFIC FIELD AND DISCUSSES A COMPUTER PROGRAM WHICH HAS BEEN WRITTEN TO SIMULATE TRAFFIC PASSING THROUGH A SEQUENCE OF LINKED TRAFFIC SIGNALS. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE INPUT PARAMETERS, A WIDE VARIETY OF TRAFFIC SITUATIONS CAN BE STUDIED. THE TIMING OF THE SIGNALS, THE NUMBER OF PHASES AND THE CORRESPONDING TRAFFIC MOVEMENTS, THE VOLUME OF THROUGH TRAFFIC AND OF TRAFFIC TURNING INTO AND OUT OF THE INTERSECTIONS, CAN ALL BE SPECIFIED BY THE USER, AS CAN THE SPEED DISTRIBUTIONS AND OTHER ASPECTS OF TRAFFIC BEHAVIOR. THE OUTPUT GIVES THE TRAFFIC FLOWS ACHIEVED AND THE DELAYS INCURRED AT EACH STOP-LINE. THE METHOD WAS TESTED BY COMPARISON WITH ACTUAL OBSERVATIONS OF A REAL-LIFE SITUATION, AND IT IS SHOWN HOW THE PROGRAM MAY BE USED TO COMPARE THE MERITS OF VARIOUS SIGNAL TIMINGS, AND TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN TRAFFIC BEHAVIOR. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219765 AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USES OF A HIGH SPEED COMPUTER FOR ACCIDENT STUDIES PY - AB - A SERIES OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND A COMPUTERIZED ACCIDENT FILE SYSTEM WERE DEVELOPED AND IMPLEMENTED. PROGRAMS FOR STORING, RETRIEVING AND ANALYZING ACCIDENT DATA PROVED TO BE PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE. THE COMPUTERIZED IS SYSTEM FOR THE STATE'S TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM AND IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES. A MANUAL WAS DEVELOPED WHICH DESCRIBES THE CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FILE. COMPUTER PROGRAM APPLICATIONS THAT WERE PARTICULARLY USEFUL ARE: HIGH SPEED ACCIDENT LOCATING, ACCIDENTS PER MILE ON SPECIFIED HIGHWAYS AND INVENTORY OF ACCIDENTS ON LIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAYS. /FHWA/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Digital computers KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201347 AU - Prest, A R AU - Turvey, R AU - Surveys of Economic Theory, Vol Iii Reso TI - COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: A SURVEY PY - AB - THE FIELD OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS SURVEYED FROM THE ECONOMISTS POINT OF VIEW. TWO CLEAR LIMITATIONS OF PRINCIPLE ARE STATED. THE SURVEY IS FURTHER LIMITED TO OPEN LITERATURE AND INCLUDES NO DISCUSSION OF PROGRAMMING, SIMULATION, GAME THEORY, ETC. SECTION II REVIEWS GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COST- EFFECTIVENESS METHODOLOGY. AMONG THE POINTS DISCUSSED ARE THE CHOICE OF INTEREST RATE, EXTERNALITIES, THE VALUATION OF COSTS AND BENEFITS, AND CONSTRAINTS. PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ARE DISCUSSED. THE MAJOR FIELDS OF APPLICATION COVERED ARE WATER PROJECTS, TRANSPORT PROJECTS, LAND USAGE, HEALTH, AND EDUCATION. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE BENEFIT SIDE POSES MANY MORE PROBLEMS THAN THE COST SIDE AND THAT THE TECHNIQUE IS MORE USEFUL IN THE PUBLIC UTILITY AREA THAN IN THE SOCIAL-SERVICES AREA OF GOVERNMENT. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NINETY ENTRIES IS PROVIDED. /BPR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bibliographies KW - Education KW - Health KW - Interest KW - Land use KW - Reviews KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Water distribution structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200048 AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT RESEARCH STUDY PY - AB - THIS WAS A GENERAL MANAGEMENT STUDY OF THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. PRIMARY AREAS OF INVESTIGATION INCLUDED ACCOUNTING, ORGANIZATION, DATA PROCESSING HARDWARE, MANPOWER CONTROLS, AND LEGISLATIVE CONSIDERATIONS. CONSIDERABLE EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON FISCAL MATTERS INCLUDING ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW DIVISION TO COORDINATE ALL ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL REPORTING ACTIVIEIES. /BPR/ KW - Accounting KW - Coordination KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Highway departments KW - Information processing KW - Laws KW - Management KW - Organizations KW - Personnel management KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Research KW - State highway departments KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90811 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00976138 TI - NATIONAL PAVEMENT PRESERVATION FORUM II: INVESTING IN THE FUTURE PY - SP - v.p. AB - The goal of "keeping good roads good" brought neatly 200 participants to the conference, held in San Diego, California, On November 6-8, 2001. The 3-day conference gave participants an opportunity to share success stories, detail challenges, and discuss the future of pavement preservation. The conference was sponsored by the Foundation for Pavement Preservation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The conference is available on CD-ROM and contains papers and presentations from the conference, containing such topics as introducing new products and techniques, establishing pavement preservation partnerships, integrating pavement preservation into pavement management systems and performing education and outreach. U1 - National Pavement Preservation Forum II: Investing in the FutureFederal Highway Administration, Foundation for Pavement Preservation, California Department of TransportationSan Diego, California StartDate:20011106 EndDate:20011108 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Foundation for Pavement Preservation, California Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Education KW - Partnerships KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Preservation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/703691 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924130 TI - 2001 WORLD STEEL BRIDGE SYMPOSIUM, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, OCTOBER 2-5, 2001 PY - SP - v.p. AB - This symposium brought together nearly 300 people from the United States, Europe and Asia. The presentations covered a wide range of topics on steel bridge design and construction throughout the world. There were workshops focused on the topics of seismic design of steel bridges, and paint and coatings issues. The Federal Highway Administration High Performance Steel Workshop provided valuable information and design examples for utilizing high performance steel. The Symposium Banquet included the 2001 Prize Bridge Awards recognizing the designers of outstanding steel bridges. These proceedings contain 27 conference presentations. U1 - 2001 World Steel Bridge SymposiumNational Steel Bridge Alliance; Federal Highway Administration; AASHTO; Transportation Research Board; American Road and Transportation Builders Association; International Iron and Steel Institute; Canadian Institute of Steel Construction; SBCEM (Brazil).Chicago, Illinois StartDate:20011002 EndDate:20011005 Sponsors:National Steel Bridge Alliance; Federal Highway Administration; AASHTO; Transportation Research Board; American Road and Transportation Builders Association; International Iron and Steel Institute; Canadian Institute of Steel Construction; SBCEM (Brazil). KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/708165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319400 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION USAGE FACTORS FOR LUMBER TIMBER PILING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND EXPLOSIVES 1976-77-78 PY - SP - 5 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Explosives KW - Lumber KW - Petroleum KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Road construction KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156122 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00795308 TI - NINTH AASHTO/TRB MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE, JUNEAU, ALASKA, JULY 16-20, 2000. PREPRINTS PY - SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains preprints of presentations made at the Ninth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management Conference. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance and the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Maintenance Committees organize and conduct conferences every three to four years to provide information on the state-of-the-practice and state-of-the-art in maintenance operations and management to professionals responsible for maintaining highways. Areas addressed include management, safety, pavements, structures, roadside, snow and ice control, equipment, research, and environmental concerns. U1 - Ninth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impacts KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Snow and ice control KW - State of the art UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210429 AU - California Division of Highways AU - Materials Research & Development Inc AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF ASPHALT: PHASE III, PREPARATION AND TESTING OF BLENDS OF COMPONENTS PY - AB - THE RELATION BETWEEN ASPHALT PROPERTIES AND ASPHALT COMPOSITION WAS DETERMINED BY THE ACID PRECIPITATION METHOD (MODIFIED ROSTLER-STERNBERG ANALYSIS). ASPHALTS WERE PREPARED BY BLENDING OF THE SEPARATED COMPONENTS AND TESTING THE "PREPARED" ASPHALTS TO DETERMINE: (1) WHETHER ORIGINAL PROPERTIES COULD BE ATTAINED BY RECONSTITUTING THE ORIGINAL ASPHALT FROM ITS COMPONENTS AND (2) WHETHER IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY COULD BE ACHIEVED BY CHANGING COMPOSITION. THE POSTULATE THAT THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTS DEPEND PRIMARILY ON THE PROPORTIONS OF THE FRACTIONAL COMPONENTS COMPRISING THEM, HAS BEEN CONFIRMED. BY RECONSTITUTING ASPHALTS STEPWISE FROM THEIR FRACTIONS IT WAS ESTABLISHED THAT ASPHALTS COULD BE REBLENDED FROM THE COMPONENT CONCENTRATES TO MATCH, WITHIN ACCEPTABLE LIMITS, THE PROPERTIES OF THE ORIGINAL ASPHALT, THUS ASSURING THAT THE COMPONENTS IN THESE CONCENTRATES HAD NOT BEEN APPRECIABLY ALTERED DURING THE PREPARATIVE PROCEDURES FROM THE COMPONENTS ORIGINALLY PRESENT IN THE ASPHALT. CROSSBLENDING OF THE FIVE COMPONENTS PRODUCED FROM FOUR ASPHALTS SHOWED THAT, WITH THE POSSIBLE EXCEPTION OF THE ASPHALTENES FRACTION, COMPONENTS FROM DIFFERENT ASPHALTS ARE SUFFICIENTLY SIMILAR IN PROPERTIES TO BE INTERCHANGEABLE. BY MATCHING THE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPONENTS EXISTING IN A DURABLE ASPHALT, AN ASPHALT OF GOOD DURABILITY COULD BE PRODUCED FROM COMPONENTS OF AN ASPHALT OF POOR DURABILITY. CONVERSELY, BLENDING COMPONENTS FROM AN ASPHALT OF GOOD DURABILITY TO THE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF AN ASPHALT OF POOR DURABILITY RESULTED IN AN ASPHALT OF POOR DURABILITY. THE DURABILITY OF AN ASPHALT, AS MEASURED BY EMBRITTLEMENT, HAS THUS BEEN SHOWN TO BE DEPENDENT ON THE PROPORTIONS OF FRACTIONAL COMPONENTS PRESENT, AND THE EFFECT OF THE SOURCE OF THE COMPONENTS WAS SHOWN TO BE MINOR. THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY DEMONSTRATE THAT ASPHALT QUALITY CAN BE IMPROVED BY BLENDING TO CHANGE THE PROPORTIONS OF MALTENES COMPONENTS TO DESIRABLE COMPOSITION RATIOS. CROSSBLENDING OF ASPHALTENES AND MALTENES FRACTIONS AMONG THE FOUR ASPHALTS STUDIED INDICATED THAT THE ASPHALTENES FRACTIONS ARE NOT EQUALLY AS INTERCHANGEABLE AS THE MALTENES COMPONENTS. ALTHOUGH THE DIFFERENCES BROUGHT ABOUT BY INTERCHANGING ASPHALTENES ARE SMALLER THAN THOSE RESULTING FROM DIFFERENCES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE MALTENES, THE OBSERVED DIFFERENCES INDICATE THAT THE EFFECTS OF BOTH THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE ASPHALTENES REQUIRE FURTHER STUDY TO PREDICT PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTS MORE CLOSELY FROM CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphaltene KW - Blending KW - Chemical composition KW - Durability KW - Maltenes KW - Materials selection KW - Mixtures KW - Preparation KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97755 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00784645 TI - PROCEEDINGS: TRB WORKSHOP ON NEW APPROACHES TO LIQUEFACTION ANALYSIS, WASHINGTON, D.C., JANUARY 10, 1999 PY - SP - v.p. AB - This CD-ROM includes the papers presented at the Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction Analysis. Also included are various other items, such as reference lists, workshop examples, reprints of technical reports, excerpts from papers, and lecture notes. U1 - Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction AnalysisTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationWashington, D.C. StartDate:19990110 EndDate:19990110 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Highway bridges KW - Liquefaction KW - Seismicity KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7500/7526/contents.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/638040 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00761204 AU - Huntington, D AU - McSwain, R TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT AND FACILITY PLANNING IN OREGON PY - AB - The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), like many other state transportation agencies, is looking to access management to improve the performance and longevity of its highway system. Our methods in the past have under-used regulatory authority and tended to treat access as a right of way issue. The result has been the predictable tendency for state highways to succumb to the demands of roadside development. This is changing as ODPT is looking to upgrade its approach to access management. A proposed system has been developed by consultants that would overhaul the current system. It is clear from their efforts that there is much to be gained from the pioneering work in a number of other states, most notably Colorado, Florida and New Jersey. U1 - First National Access Management ConferenceColorado Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and the Transportation Research BoardVail, Colorado StartDate:19930801 EndDate:19930804 Sponsors:Colorado Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and the Transportation Research Board KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Corridors KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Legal factors KW - Oregon KW - Roadside KW - State government agencies KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497821 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00761205 AU - Demosthenes, P TI - LINKING ENGINEERING TO REGULATIONS PY - AB - The importance of linking engineering and design standards into a regulatory environment created by State statue and some of the principles in development of standards to use in implementation of an access management program at the State level are discussed. U1 - First National Access Management ConferenceColorado Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and the Transportation Research BoardVail, Colorado StartDate:19930801 EndDate:19930804 Sponsors:Colorado Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and the Transportation Research Board KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Design engineering KW - Design standards KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497822 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00738812 TI - EIGHTH AASHTO/TRB MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE, SARATOGA SPRINGS, NEW YORK, JULY 13-17, 1997. PREPRINTS: VOLUMES I AND II PY - SP - v.p. AB - This publication, in two volumes, contains preprints of presentations to be made at the Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management Conference. The objective of this series of conferences is to provide a forum every three to five years for the exchange of new ideas and developments in the maintenance and operations management of transportation facilities. The conference has been integrated into the Annual AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance meeting and includes topics corresponding to the AASHTO Task Force areas of maintenance management, structures, pavements, roadside, equipment, environment, safety and research. The papers in Volume I are arranged according to the following topics: (A) Maintenance Research; (B) Roadside Maintenance; (C) Equipment Maintenance; (D) Bridge Maintenance; and (E) Maintenance Safety and Winter Operations. The papers in Volume II continue according to the following topics: (F) Maintenance Management; (G) Pavement Maintenance; and (H) Environmental Maintenance. Altogether there are 32 papers; each is entered separately in the TRIS data base. U1 - Eighth AASHTO/TRB Maintenance Management ConferenceAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration.Saratoga Springs, New York StartDate:19970713 EndDate:19970717 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Transportation Research Board; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Environmental quality KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574219 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00722615 TI - ELEVENTH EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP, SYRACUSE, NEW YORK, JUNE 23-26, 1996. PREPRINTS PY - SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains preprints of papers to be presented at the Eleventh Equipment Management Workshop, Syracuse, New York, June 23-26, 1996. The preprints are grouped according to the following topics: government regulations; international equipment technology; human resource management; safety; specialty equipment; purchasing and leasing; future equipment technology; equipment management systems; and reports from the regional equipment manager's meetings. U1 - Eleventh Equipment Management WorkshopTransportation Research Board Committee on Equipment Maintenance; New York State Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Syracuse, New York StartDate:19960623 EndDate:19960626 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Equipment Maintenance; New York State Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Construction equipment KW - Equipment KW - Equipment management KW - Fleet management KW - Foreign KW - Government regulations KW - Human resources KW - Human resources management KW - Leasing KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Management KW - Purchasing KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Specialty equipment KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206336 AU - Kofalt, J A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF ADDITIVE EFFECTS ON FJ-1 WEARING MIXTURES PY - AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA FJ- 1 SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURE. THIRTEEN ADDITIVES WERE INVESTIGATED, EACH AT THREE ASPHALT CONTENTS AND THREE PERCENTAGE LEVELS OF ADDITIVE IN THE STANDARD AGGREGATE MIX. THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MEASURED WERE MARSHALL STABILITY AND FLOW VALUE, PERCENT AIR VOIDS, MINERAL VOIDS, VOIDS FILLED WITH ASPHALT AND DENSITY. FOR THE ONE AGGREGATE GRADATION USED IT WAS FOUND THAT: (1) LIMESTONE FILLER PRODUCED LITTLE OR NO BENEFITS, (2) LIME-FLY ASH AND ASBESTOS PRODUCTS CONTRIBUTED TO IMPROVED MIXTURE QUALITIES AT THE ONE PERCENT LEVEL, (3) ASBESTENE FILLER IMPROVED QUALITIES AT ALL LEVELS (4) RUBBER ADDITIVES PRODUCED FROM LITTLE IMPROVEMENT TO DETRIMENTAL RESULTS, AND (5) POLYETHLENE ADDITIVES GREATLY IMPROVED THE PROPERTIES OF THE MIXTURE AND WARRENTS FURTHER STUDY. TESTS RESULTS ALSO DEMONSTRATE THAT AS THE FINENESS OF ASBESTENE INCREASED SO DID STABILITY AND FLOW VALUES. /BPR/ KW - Additives KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Air voids KW - Asbestos KW - Asbestos fillers KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Ethylene resins KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Lime fly ash KW - Limestone fillers KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Percent air voids KW - Physical properties KW - Polyethylene KW - Rubber KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204605 AU - Simon, A L AU - Rosenquist, H S AU - Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY SIGN AND BILLBOARD REGULATIONS PY - AB - THIS STUDY PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION ON MOTORIST ATTITUDES TOWARD COMMERCIAL BILLBORDS. THE FINDINGS ARE ON INTERVIEWS WITH NEARLY 2,200 MOTORISTS AT FOUR SITES ALONG INTERSTATE 90 IN OHIO AND PENNSYLVANIA. THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY ARE' /1/ SEVENTY-ONE PERCENT OF THE MOTORISTS INTERVIEWED EXPRESSED THE OPINION THAT COMMERCIAL BILLBOARDS SHOULD NOT BE PERMITTED ON I-90. /2/ OF THE 71 PERCENT WHO WERE OPPOSED TO BILLBOARDS, 90 PERCENT THOUGHT THEY MADE THE AREA LOOK CHEAP AND GAUDY, 88 PERCENT THOUGHT THEY OBSTRUCTED VIEWS OF THE SCENERY, AND 73 PERCENT FELT THAT BILLBOARDS DISTRACTED AND CONFUSED THE DRIVER, AND /3/ EIGHTY-ONE PERCENT OF THE 2,200 MOTORISTS INTERVIEWED PREFERRED THAT INFORMATION ON GAS, FOOD, AND LODGING BE PROVIDED ON OFFICIAL STATE SIGNS WHICH INCLUDED BRAND NAMES. IN COMPARISON, 7 PERCENT PREFERRED OBTAINING THIS INFORMATION FROM COMMERCIAL SIGNS. /BPR/ REPORTS ISSUED: COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY SIGN AND BILLBOARD REGULATIONS, FINAL REPORT, A.L. SIMON AND H.S. ROSENQUIST, AUGUST 1967. KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Food KW - Gasoline KW - Interviewing KW - Motels KW - Regulations KW - Roadside advertising KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99143 ER - TY - SER AN - 00203967 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company TI - DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRASONIC SCOUR METER PY - AB - THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN THE FEASIBILITY STUDY, INCLUDED IN THE REPORT AS APPENDIX A. CONSIDERATION WAS GIVEN TO HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS SUCH AS TURBULENCE, AIR BUBBLES, SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS. TRANSDUCER DIRECTIVITY PATTERNS WERE STUDIED, AND VARIOUS ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND MECHANICAL POSITIONING DEVICES FOR THE TRANSDUCER WERE CONSIDERED. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE UNITS PRODUCED DURING DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTRUMENT AND THEIR MECHANICAL PACKAGING. PLANT AND FIELD TESTS OF THE SCOUR METER ARE DESCRIBED, AND THE CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE EQUIPMENT ARE DISCUSSED. A COMPLETE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL IS INCLUDED AS APPENDIX B. /BPR/ KW - Air KW - Bubbles KW - Circuits KW - Development KW - Electric circuits KW - Electronics KW - Field tests KW - Hydraulics KW - Packaging KW - Positioning KW - Scour KW - Sediment concentration KW - Sediments KW - Temperature gradients KW - Transducers KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224882 AU - Fonda, R D AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN ANALYSIS OF SHORT TERM IMPLEMENTATION OF RAMP CONTROL ON THE DAN RYAN EXPRESSWAY, JULY 1967 PY - AB - A SHORT-TERM IMPLEMENTATION OF ENTRANCE RAMP CONTROL WAS MADE ON THE NORTHBOUND DAN RYAN EXPRESSWAY IN ORDER TO GAIN ADDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE THAT VARIOUS CORRIDOR ELEMENTS HAVE UPON RAMP CONTROL. AN INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE EXPRESSWAY AND FRONTAGE STREET RESULTED IN THE GENERATION OF EXCEEDINGLY HIGH ENTRANCE RAMP DEMANDS (1370 VPH) AT THE POINT WHERE THE EXPRESSWAY CURVES AWAY FROM THE FRONTAGE STREET. CONGESTION WAS TRIGGERED AND SUSTAINED BY THIS RAMP TRAFFIC OVERLOADING THE EXPRESSWAY MERGING SECTION. MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE RAMP METERING EQUIPMENT WAS USED ON FOUR SUCCESSIVE ENTRANCE RAMPS TO ADJUST THE MERGE DEMANDS TO A LEVEL WHICH COULD ACCOMMODATED WITHOUT SEVERE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE EXPRESSWAY. THE CONTROL PLAN RESULTED IN CONSIDERABLE TIME SAVINGS FOR EXPRESSWAY MOTORISTS BY DECREASING THE SEVERITY AND DURATION OF CONGESTED OPERATIONS. DELAYS INCURRED WERE AT THE EXPENSE OF VEHICLES WAITING IN QUEUES AT THE CONTROLLED RAMPS. THERE WAS NEGLIGIBLE DELAY TO SURFACE STREET TRAFFIC IN THE CORRIDOR ALTHOUGH DIVERSION FROM THE METERED RAMPS WAS QUITE SIZEABLE. THIS INITIAL STUDY POINTED OUT THE NEED TO EXTEND CONTROL TO ADDITIONAL UPSTREAM RAMPS AND TO ADJUST THE LEVEL OF CONTROL ON A TRAFFIC-ACTUATED BASIS IN ORDER TO FURTHER IMPROVE EXPRESSWAY OPERATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Control KW - Expressways KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway ramps KW - Frontage roads KW - Merging traffic KW - Metering KW - Portable equipment KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201178 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - A STUDY OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 45 ON HUNTSVILLE, TEXAS PY - AB - A STUDY CONDUCTED IN 1959 MEASURED THE EFFECT OF A SECTION OF INTERSTATE 45, WHICH BYPASSED THE TOWN OF HUNTSVILLE, ON BUSINESS ACTIVITY, LAND USE AND VALUE, AND TRAFFIC. THIS STUDY SHOWED' /1/ OVERALL ECONOMIC GROWTH IN HUNTSVILLE WAS NOT IMPAIRED, /2/ GROSS BUSINESS SALES WERE UP 49.0 PERCENT IN STUDY AREAS, UP 20.5 PERCENT IN HUNTSVILLE, AND UP 19.8 PERCENT IN TEXAS, /3/ PROBABLE HIGHWAY INFLUENCE OF $2,376 PER ACRE ON UNIMPROVED ACREAGE TRACTS IN STUDY AREA AND OF $2,105 ON IMPROVED ACREAGE TRACTS, /4/ UNIMPROVED SUBDIVIDED LAND WAS UP 53 PERCENT IN VALUE IN STUDY AREA WITH NO APPRECIABLE CHANGE FOR IMPROVED, AND /5/ TRAFFIC VOLUME WAS UP ABOUT 62 PERCENT IN INTERSTATE 45 AND THE SECTION OF OLD US 75 TRAVERSING THE TOWN, AND DOWN 51 PERCENT ON OLD US 75. TRAFFIC-SERVING BUSINESS SALES WERE UP 2.4 PERCENT ON THE OLD ROUTE /WITH 8.5 PERCENT LOSS FOR SERVICE STATIONS/ AND 29.0 PERCENT FOR OLD AND NEW ROUTES COMBINED. TRAFFIC VOLUME IN INTERSTATE 45 IN 1964 WAS MORE THAN 1,000 VEHICLES GREATER THAN THE VOLUME ON US 75 IN 1958. KW - Businesses KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Traffic KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91032 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00662950 AU - Chen, C-H AU - Chang, G-L AU - Santiago, A J TI - A DYNAMIC REAL-TIME INCIDENT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR URBAN ARTERIALS: FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY PY - SP - v.p. AB - Key features of the proposed arterial network incident detection system are an event-based simulation structure, a self-learning capability, and monitoring functions. These features enable the traffic control center to minimize response time and take action prior to the formation of congestion. Furthermore, the system can be integrated with adaptive traffic signal control and route guidance systems to maximize the operational capacity of a congested network. The proposed system consists of three principal components: a dynamic traffic flow prediction model, an incident identification model, and an incident monitoring module. The system is designed to not only detect incidents, but assess their severity in real time. Preliminary laboratory experiments show that this arterial network incident detection system can achieve an acceptable level of performance, thus indicating a promising future for further research of such systems. U1 - Large Urban Systems. Proceedings of the Advanced Traffic Management ConferenceFederal Highway AdministrationSt. Petersburg, Florida StartDate:19931003 EndDate:19931008 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Incident detection KW - Real time control KW - Real time operations KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215852 AU - Hiss, JGF AU - McCarty, W M AU - New York State Department of Public Works TI - GLASS BEADS FOR TRAFFIC PAINTS PY - AB - INTERMEDIATE INDEX OF REFRACTION /1.65 PLUS/ GLASS BEADS FOR TRAFFIC PAINT WERE FIELD TESTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE INCREASED COST OF THESE BEADS OVER STANDARD INDEX BEADS /1.53 TO 1.65 INDEX/ WAS JUSTIFIED OF THE BASIS OF INCREASED NIGHTTIME REFLECTIVITY DURING THE LIFE OF THE STRIPE. AS A RESULT OF PHOTOMETER READINGS AND BEAD COUNTS AT THE PAINT SURFACE IN TEST AREAS ON BITUMINOUS AND PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SURFACES, THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN' ON PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SURFACES, THE STRIPE WITH INTERMEDIATE INDEX BEADS CONSISTENTLY SHOWED GREATER REFLECTIVITY WHEN MEASURED WITH A PHOTOMETER, BUT VISUALLY THE DIFFERENCE WAS HARDLY NOTICEABLE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THERE WAS NO ADVANTAGE IN SPECIFYING INTERMEDIATE INDEX BEADS OVER STANDARD INDEX BEADS BECAUSE OF ITS INCREASED COST. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Beading KW - Economic analysis KW - Field tests KW - Glass KW - Night visibility KW - Photometers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflectivity KW - Refractivity KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204601 AU - Zak, J M AU - Bradakis, E J AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst TI - ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF ROADSIDE VEGETATIVE COVER IN MASS PY - AB - STUDIES WERE MADE ON VARIOUS PHASES OF ESTABLISHING AND MANAGING ROADSIDE VEGETATION IN MASSACHUSETTS. SEED MIXTURES, WITH RECOMMENDED VARIETIES, RATES OF SEEDING AND TIME OF SEEDING WERE EVALUATED AND COMPARED WITH STANDARD PRACTICE SHOWING DEFINITE ECONOMIC BENEFITS AS WELL AS GOOD TURF ESTABLISHMENT. MULCHING MATERIALS FOR EROSION CONTROL WERE EVALUATED. HAY, WOODCHIPS AND BARK FRAGMENTS GAVE BEST RESULTS. FERTILIZATION AND LIMING FOR IMPROVED TURF WERE INVESTIGATED. AFTER FIVE YEARS, PLOTS WITHOUT LIME OR FERTILIZER SHOWED SIGNS OF THINNING. MALEIC HYDRAZIDE /MH- 30/ WAS MORE EFFECTIVE WHEN APPLIED IN THE SPRING AND PRODUCED GREATER INHIBITION AT EIGHT POUNDS PER ACRE THAN AT THE FOUR POUND RATE. SEVERAL ECOLOGICALLY ADAPTED SPECIES OF PLANT MATERIALS /FRAGRANT SUMAC, TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, INDIGO BUSH, ETC./ WERE GROWN ON HIGHWAY ROADSIDES BY DIRECT SEEDING. SWEETFERN /COMPTONIA PEREGRINA/ WAS GROWN BY PLANTING OF RHIZOMES. DURING THE PERIOD OF THIS RESEARCH /1962-1966/ THERE WAS A DEFICIENCY IN PRECIPITATION WHICH AFFECTED THE TESTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Economic benefits KW - Erosion control KW - Establishing KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Ground cover KW - Liming of soils KW - Maintenance KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Precipitation KW - Roadside improvement KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200804 AU - HESS, R AU - California Division of Highways TI - THE IMPORTANCE OF LEAD TIME, PART 3 PY - AB - CALIFORNIAS RIGHT-OF-WAY CONTROL SYSTEM, A NEWLY DEVELOPED COMPUTER APPLICATION IS DESCRIBED. THE CONTROL SYSTEM DEALS WITH ROW PROBLEMS THAT OCCUR IN PLANNING OF NECESSARY WORK FORCE, SCHEDULING OF PARCELS THROUGH THE WORK ACTIVITIES, SCHEDULING OF EXPENDITURES, ACCOMMODATING CHANGE, AND MONITORING OPERATIONS. IT IS BASED ON CRITICAL PATH TECHNOLOGIES AND THE PREMISE THAT PARCELS WITH CRITICAL LEAD TIME MUST BE ACQUIRED FIRST. INPUT TO THE CONTROL SYSTEM IS THROUGH STANDARDIZED PUNCHED CARDS WHICH ARE DESCRIBED IN THE REPORT. THE REPORT ALSO DESCRIBES EIGHT DIFFERENT PRODUCTS OF THE SYSTEM WHICH ARE REPORTS THAT COVER' R/W PROGRAM PLANNING, MANPOWER PLANNING, PROJECT STATUS, PROJECT PARCELS, SPECIAL PARCEL, SPECIAL POST MILE LIMIT, SIMULATED RESULTS, AND VALIDITY OF SCHEDULE INTERVALS. THE R/W CONTROL SYSTEMS STARTS WITH ROUTE ADOPTION AND ENDS WITH A CERTIFICATION OF THE R/W FOR CONSTRUCTION. THE CONTROL SYSTEM DOES NOT ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR MANAGEMENT' RATHER, IT RELIES ON MANAGEMENT FOR DIRECTION. /BPR/ KW - Control systems KW - Critical path method KW - Finance KW - Financial programming KW - Highway planning KW - Information processing KW - Lead time KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Property acquisition KW - Punched cards KW - Right of way KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233690 AU - Armstrong, J C AU - Dunlap, W A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - THE USE OF PARTICULATE MECHANICS IN THE SIMULATION OF STRESS-STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS PY - AB - INVESTIGATIONS IN THE FIELD OF PARTICULATE MECHANICS HAVE SHOWN PROMISE IN EXPLAINING THE STRESS-STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF MASSES OF DISCRETE PARTICLES. ON THE BASIS THAT THE THEORY MAY BE CAPABLE OF DESCRIBING THE STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS, A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED ON THREE DIFFERENT ARRAYS OF ELASTIC EQUIRADII SPHERES. THE ANALYSIS INCLUDED /1/ A TWO- DIMENSIONAL LOOSE ARRAY SUBJECTED TO ONE DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION, /2/ A TWO-DIMENSIONAL DENSE ARRAY SUBJECTED TO TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION AND /3/ A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LOOSE ARRAY SUBJECTED TO BOTH ONE DIMENSIONAL AND TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION. DEFORMATION EQUATIONS WERE DEVELOPED FOR EACH OF THE THREE ARRAYS AND THEORETICAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES WERE COMPUTED FOR A RANGE OF PARAMETERS, ENCOMPASSING THOSE PARAMETERS WHICH MIGHT BE EXPECTED FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS. THE THEORETICAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES WERE COMPARED WITH THE ACTUAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF A CHERTY LIMESTONE GRAVEL SUBJECTED TO RAPID REPETITIVE LOADING. THE EXPLORATORY STUDY DID NOT INDICATE AN ACCEPTABLE AGREEMENT BETWEEN PARTICULATE THEORY ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. THE STUDY DID SHOW THAT /1/ THE THEORETICAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FOR THE THREE ARRAYS EXHIBITED A TENDENCY FOR THE SECANT MODULUS TO INCREASE WITH AN INCREASE IN LATERAL PRESSURE, A TENDENCY FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN GRANULAR MATERIALS AND /2/ THE THEORETICAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FOR TWO OF THE ARRAYS EXHIBITED THE TYPICAL REVERSE S SHAPE OBSERVED FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS SUBJECTED TO TRIAXIAL TESTS CONDUCTED AT CONSTANT LATERAL PRESSURE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE PARTICULATE THEORY SHOULD BE EXTENDED TO INCLUDE SUCH FEATURES AS ARRAYS OF SPHERES OF VARYING DIAMETER, ARRAYS THAT INCLUDE SHAPES OTHER THAN SPHERICAL, SLIDE AND COUNTER-SLIDE BETWEEN PARTICLES AND PORE PRESSURES. /BPR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Deformation KW - Deformation curve KW - Earth KW - Equations KW - Granular materials KW - Mass KW - Mechanics KW - Particles KW - Repeated loads KW - Simulation KW - Spheres KW - Stress-strain characteristics KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201179 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 10 ON A RURAL AREA EAST OF HOUSTON, TEXAS PY - AB - A 13 YEAR BEFORE AND AFTER STUDY IS BEING MADE OF LAND VALUES AND LAND USE ON A SEGMENT OF I-10 BEGINNING ABOUT 21 MILES EAST OF HOUSTON, TEXAS, CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AND EXTENDING NINE MILES FURTHER EAST. A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF BUSINESSES OPERATING IN 1958, THE LAST YEAR BEFORE THE NEW HIGHWAY WAS OPENED TO TRAFFIC, AND IN 1962, THE LAST YEAR OF THE STUDY. LAND VALUES INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY MORE IN THE STUDY AREA THAN IN THE CONTROL AREA, ESPECIALLY ON TRACTS ABUTTING I-10. THE NEW HIGHWAY AFFECTED THE EASTERN SECTION STUDY AREA LAND VALUES MUCH MORE THAN THOSE IN THE MORE HIGHLY DEVELOPED SECTION IN THE WESTERN HALF OF THE STUDY AREA NEARER HOUSTON. THE EXTENT OF CHANGES IN THE QUANTITY OF STUDY AREA LAND IN VARIOUS USES BETWEEN 1954 AND 1962 INDICATES A CONSIDERABLE HIGHWAY INFLUENCE ON LAND USE. THERE WAS APPROXIMATELY A 44 PERCENT DECREASE IN THE ACREAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND DURING THIS PERIOD AND A CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN THE COMMITMENT OF LAND USES. IN THE BUSINESS ACTIVITY PHASE OF THIS RESEARCH, FINDINGS INDICATE THAT COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY INCREASED BETWEEN 1958 AND 1962 IN THE STUDY AREA. A MAJOR PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY LOCATED ALONG I-10 AND IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT SIGN OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIC CHANGE. THE VOLUME OF GROSS SALES OF THE CO-OPERATING RETAIL BUSINESSES INCREASED DURING THAT PERIOD. FURTHER NEW DEVELOPMENT IS EXPECTED. KW - Agricultural land KW - Before and after studies KW - Business districts KW - Commercial districts KW - Economic development KW - Farming KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Land values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224885 AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF FREEWAY SIGN FORMATS PY - AB - AN ATTEMPT IS DOCUMENTED TO VALIDATE THE SIGN TESTER DEVELOPED DURING AN EARLIER PHASE OF THIS RESEARCH. THE VALIDATION STUDY CONSISTED OF COMPARING THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM A BEFORE AND AFTER FIELD STUDY OF A SIGN CHANGE WITH DATA OBTAINED FROM THE LABORATORY SIGN TESTER SIMULATING A SIMILAR SIGNING CHANGE. THE COMPARISON DID NOT VALIDATE THE DEVICE. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeways KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114772 ER - TY - SER AN - 00469127 JO - McTrans PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MCTRANS PY - AB - This is a quarterly publication, and is published by the Federal Highway Administration's national Center for Microcomputers in Transportation (McTrans) which distributes transportation software internationally and serves as a focus for information exchange. This publication highlights new products and updates, disseminates information on sources and resources, and provides other general information. It helps distribute software. KW - Documents KW - Information dissemination KW - Microcomputers KW - Publications KW - Software KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472757 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTPS TRAINING SESSION. VISUAL AIDS WORKSHOPS PY - SP - n.p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Training KW - Urban transportation KW - Visual aids KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461817 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT SEMINAR FOR CHIEF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS. HIGHWAYS - OUR COUNTRY'S LIFELINES PY - SP - n.p. AB - The complete set of slides and text are provided that were used in the Pavement Seminar for Chief Administrative Officers in San Diego, California. The seminar was presented in five sessions. The first session is introductory in nature and explains the importance of pavements and pavement management and related issues. The session also covers the conditions and issues leading to the need for the seminar. The second session on pavement management reviews what pavement management is all about and some of the problems associated with various aspects of managing pavements. The third session reviews several activites at the national level, the results of which will have impacts on the decision-making process at the state level. The objectives of these activities are discussed along with their status and pertinent findings. The fourth session presents data on the condition and performance of the nation's highways. The fifth session discusses the improvement and enhancement of the existing pavement management process. KW - Decision making KW - Evaluation KW - Federal government KW - Improvements KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - State government KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275651 ER - TY - SER AN - 00460251 JO - Pavement Newsletter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT NEWSLETTER PY - SP - n.p. AB - The Pavement Newsletter is published irregularly to disseminate current information of interest to individuals and organizations involved in highway pavements. The Newsletter publicizes the Federal Highway Administration's efforts in all areas related to pavement design, construction, maintenance, and management. New publications and manuals prepared by the FHWA are publicized in the Newsletter. KW - Documents KW - Highway pavement KW - Highways KW - Information dissemination KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Publications KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454825 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED HIGHWAY STATISTICS AND CHARTS 1984 PY - SP - 35 p. AB - Statistics are presented of the use of motor fuel, motor vehicle registrations, driver licensing, highway france, roadway mileage and highway travel, as well as miscellaneous data. The data are presented in the form of graphs and tables. KW - Charts KW - Driver licensing KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Soil deposits KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Transported soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395674 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON PUBLIC ROADS IN THE UNITED STTATES - HIGHWAY SAFETY PERFORMANCE - 1983 PY - AB - In response to the Congressional direction given in the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, this report provides motor vehicle traffic accident data which may be used, together with other relevant information, in evaluating and comparing the highway safety performance of the States. It is not the purpose of this report to present either a detailed analysis of the data or a completed evaluation or commmparison of State highway safety performance. The text of the report is primarily technical detail and background information which may assist those who analyze or interpret the statistical tables and graphs. (Author) KW - Compliance KW - Crash rates KW - Data KW - Fatalities KW - In place density KW - Laws KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396401 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONNECTICUT'S INTEREST FREE VANPOOL PROGRAM. FIRST YEAR REPORT PY - SP - 88 p. AB - The Interest Free Vanpool Program is an example of a joint public/private effort to further the development of cost-effective transportation through ridesharing. The program was developed and implemented as a cooperative effort of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT), and The Rideshare Company, an area-wide ridesharing agency in Hartford. The program was implemented in January 1983. Over the next 11 months, 27 vanpool were put into operation. Seventeen vans are being operated by individuals, while 10 vans are run by four Connecticut employers. The existing program carries approximately 286 persons per day, which removes about 189 automobiles from Connecticut roadways each workday. The program is highly cost-effective. KW - Brokerage KW - Connecticut KW - Financing KW - Leasing KW - Procurement KW - Ridesharing KW - State government KW - Vanpools KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395213 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UMTA/FHWA ACTIVITIES IN MICROCOMPUTER SUPPORT FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND TRANSIT OPERATIONS PY - SP - n.p. AB - An overview is given of current UMTA and FHWA activities in microcomputer support for transportation planning and transit operations. Included in this pamphlet are a listing of the objectives of the program, user support, training, information publications, research, and software development. KW - Information processing KW - Microcomputers KW - Needs assessment KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Planning KW - Software KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391669 AU - American Concrete Pavement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT. A TRAINING MANUAL PY - SP - v.p. AB - This course is intended to introduce inspectors to concrete and concrete paving and thus provide the knowledge needed to properly inspect the construction of a concrete pavement. Among the topics covered: the role of an inspector, concrete materials (aggregates, cement, water, admixtures), concrete fundamentals (properties of plastic concrete and hardened concrete), proportioning of concrete mixtures, plant sites (plant operations, plant inspection), paving sites (preparation prior to paving, subbase placement, concrete pavements), concrete pavement restoration, and concrete resurfacing and recycling. KW - Admixtures KW - Compliance KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Construction sites KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Inspectors KW - Manuals KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Physical properties KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Resurfacing KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391665 AU - Liddle, W A AU - Mahoney, J P AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SULPHUR EXTENDED ASPHALT PAVEMENT EVALUATION FOR THE BAKER RIVER HIGHWAY, WASHINGTON PY - SP - v.p. AB - The design, construction, and initial evaluation of the sulphur extended asphalt (SEA) pavement on the Baker River Highway near Concrete, Washington, is summarized in this paper. The initial design testing indicated that the resilient modulus of the SEA mixtures varies not only with SEA ratio but also with time after mixing and compaction. This resulted in using a 20/80 sulphur/asphalt binder ratio. A unique construction feature of this project was the manner in which sulphur was added to the hot-mix. Dry, bulk sulphur was introduced directly into the asphalt weigh bucket (batch plant) for melting. Other construction observations include no significant quantities of H2S or SO2 being detected at the plant or paver sites, but special attention is required to prevent elemental sulphur (or associated compounds) condensing on copper connectors of alternators, plugging copper radiators, etc. No noticeable differences were observed in placing and compacting SEA mix versus conventional hot mix. During the subsequent pavement evaluation period following construction, a white to yellow colored residue has appeared on the pavement surface in areas of moisture migration through the pavement. This residue is primarily a family of metallic sulphate compounds. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental roads KW - Mix design KW - Mixing plants KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pollutants KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321447 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BALTIMORE, MARYLAND TRAVEL DEMAND DATA SET PY - AB - Baltimore travel demand data set contains information needed to calibrate models in trip generation, mode choice, and route choice. Also contains detailed socio-demographic information about responding families. Appropriate factors to expand the data are also included. KW - Highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377345 AU - National Highway Institute TI - TECHNIQUES FOR PAVEMENT REHABILITATION (TRAINING COURSE) PY - SP - v.p. AB - The course objectives are: recognize and determine the causes of pavement distress; recognize the principles of pavement resurfacing and rehabilitation; design an overlay; recognize the importance of nonpavement-related factors in R-R-R design; and select the most cost-effective R-R-R alternative. Upon successful commpletion of the course the participant should be familiar with the technical concepts and information that must be considered or is needed in order to design and construct resurfaced, restored and rehabilitated pavement projects. The main blocks of this course are divided into Modules. Each module covers a special topic that must be considered in a R-R-R project. (Author) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Criteria KW - Decision making KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Resurfacing KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376911 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY DESIGN SYSTEM USER MANUAL PY - SP - v.p. AB - The FHWA Roadway Design System commonly referred to as "RDS" is one large integrated computer program which assists engineers in the design of highways. RDS contains over 350 integrated computer subroutines written in FORTRAN IV and four assembler language subroutines. RDS can be used in preliminary route location, design, and final design phases of highway engineering. It contains a comprehensive general bridge geometry process which allows the engineer to perform preliminary bridge designs. This user's manual begins with an overview of the system. Chapter II, "General Information and Design Terminology," defines pertinent roadway shape and geometry terminology, discusses the various RDS processes and identifies the particular station equation scheme by the RDS. Chapter III, "System Card and Project Tape," considers matters associated with the submittal of specific requests to the Roadway Design System and control of the project file. Chapters IV through XI discuss the individual processes which can be performed by RDS. Except for Chapter V, these processes have been grouped according to the specific aspects of roadway development to which they pertain. The processes included in Chapter V provides the capability to perform a number of specific geometric computations and plotting functions which could be helpful at any point throughout the design of a roadway. Job Control Language for executing RDS is given in Appendix A. A complete set of the RDS input forms is provided in Appendix B. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computer programs KW - Highway design KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321439 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1977 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SURVEY PY - AB - The 1977 NPTS was conducted by the Bureau of the Census under joint sponsorship of FHWA, NHTSA, UMTA and OST, as part of the expanded scope of the National Travel Program conducted every 5 years by the Bureau of the Census. The 1977 NPTS was designed to update the earlier study done in 1969 to provide comprehensive data on travel and transportation patterns in the United States. The 1977 study was designed to collect information on all trips taken during a designated 24-hour period (travel day) and some additional detail on trips of 75-miles-or-more during the preceeding 14-day period (travel period), along with related social-economic characteristics of the tripmaker. Ten reports have been published. These include: (1) Characteristics of Licensed Drivers and Their Travel; (2) Household Vehicle Ownership; (3) Purposes of Vehicle Trips and Travel; (4) Home-to-work Trips and Travel; (5) Household Vehicle Utilization; (6) Vehicle Occupancy; (7) Life Cycle of Travel by the American Family; (8) Urban/Rural Split Travel; (9) Household Travel; and (10) Estimates of Variances. KW - Highways KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Passenger transportation KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321435 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEM (HPMS) PY - AB - Each State's HPMS dataset includes universe data containing a small amount of information for each highway in the State, together with additional data on physical characteristics and performance for sample roadway sections within the State. The sample data are statistically valid for each functional classification for rural, small urban, and urbanized areas. Principal reports are the Biennial Report to Congress and the annual "Highway Statistics" publication. The data are also used to respond to questions raised by DOT, other government agenicies, and the private sector on the Nation's highway system. HPMS is the only available mileage-based dataset, providing data to meet the day-to-day needs of FHWA. KW - Highways KW - Passenger transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7100/7183/hpms.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321438 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1969 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SURVEY PY - AB - The Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey was designed to obtain up-to-date information on national patterns of travel. Earlier surveys, limited primarily to automobile and truck travel, were conducted in a number of States between 1930 and 1940 and more recently between 1951 and 1959. In April 1961, a survey was conducted to determine on a national basis characteristics of travel and ownership and use of automobiels. Data for the nationwide personal transportation survey were collected in 1969-1970 by the Bureau of the Census of the Department of Commerce for the Federal Highway Administration of the Department of Transportation. There are 11 reports: (1) Automobile Occupancy; (2) Annual Miles of Automobile Travel; (3) Seasonal Variations of Automobile Trips and Travel; (4) Transportation Characteristics of School Children; (5) Availability of Public Transportation and Shopping Characteristics of SMSA Households; (6) Characteristics of Licensed Drivers; (7) Household Travel in the United States; (8) Home-to-work Trips and Travel; (9) Mode of Transportation and Personal Characteristics of Tripmakers; (10) Purpose of Automobile Trips and Travel; and (11) Automobile Ownership. KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Passenger transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320020 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COUNTY CODE FILE PY - AB - This file gives the following information for counties in the United States: FHWA code; IBM identification code; and population center latitude and longitude. KW - Coding systems KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320013 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADDRESS CODING GUIDE PY - AB - This tape contains two files. The first file consists of common misspellings and abbreviations of geographic locations. The second file is a combination file of the American Trucking Association's Standard Point Location Code and the Census Geographic Area Code Index. The address coding guide is used to find a set of codes to fix locations geographically. KW - Coding systems KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320773 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE TRUCK COMMODITY FLOW STUDY, 1972-1973 PY - AB - Survey consists of a small sample of truck movements, covering a single day of operation of each sampled truck. Data on vehicle type, operating class, activity during specified 24-hr period including distance driven, initial origin, commodity type, quantity by commodity, type of business, destination addresses, trip purpose, etc. This data is from a stratified random sample of truck registrations. Stratification is by size and vehicle weight. Sample size is 100,000 trucks resulting in 307,ooo shipment records. KW - Commodities KW - Freight traffic KW - Zirconium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321223 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SURVEY PY - AB - The nationwide personal transportation survey was designed to obtain up-to-date information on national patterns of travel. Earlier surveys, limited primarily to automobile and truck travel, were conducted in a number of states between 1930 and 1940 and more recently between 1951 and 1959. In April 1961, a survey was conducted to determine on a national basis characteristics of travel and ownership and use of automobiles. Data for the nationwide personal transportation survey were collected in 1969-1970 by the Bureau of the Census of the Department of Commerce for the Federal Highway Administration of the Department of Transportation. There are 11 reports: 1) automobile occupancy: 2) annual miles of automobile travel: 3) seasonal variations of automobile trips and travel: 4) transportation characteristics of school children: 5) availability of public transportation and shopping characteristics of SMSA households: 6) characteristics of licensed drivers: 7) household travel in the United States: 8) home-to-work trips & travel: 9) mode of transportation & personal characteristics of tripmakers: 10) purpose of automobile trips & travel: 11) automobile ownership. The survey was based on a multi-stage probability sample of housing units located in 235 sample areas, comprising 485 counties and independent cities, representing every state and the District of Columbia. KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Passenger transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321199 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL AID HIGHWAY RELOCATION ASSISTANCE & PAYMENT STATISTICS PY - AB - Annual report for FY on the number of residential and business displacements that occurred as a result of federal-aid highway construction, and relocation costs. Data are shown by state. Contains 14 detailed tables. KW - Highways KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321150 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES: STATUS AS OF JAN. 1, 19-- PY - AB - Data on the administrative requirements and qualifications necessary to obtain drivers licenses in the 50 states and D.C. Contains narrative summary and 10 detailed tables showing the following data, by state: a. Administration, terms, and age requirements for regular licenses; requirements for classified licenses; and restrictions and qualifications for juveniles. B. Driver training requirement; license examination and renewal; drivers license reciprocity; items included on license; and nondriver identification card requirements. C. License fees; license suspension, revocation, and reinstatement provisions; and forms of applicants' names used on driver license and nondriver identification card. Copyright asi. KW - Highways KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240820 AU - Hartgen, D T AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL DESIGN OF A SURFACE TRANSIT SYSTEM PY - AB - A TECHNIQUE IS DEVELOPED FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM ROUTE STRUCTURE AND SERVICE FREQUENCY OF A TRANSIT SYSTEM, OPERATING UNDER FINANCIAL AND POLICY CONSTRAINTS. THE MODEL IS FORMULATED AS A LINEAR PROGRAM WHICH MAXIMIZES PROFIT, CONSTRAINED BY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POTENTIAL RIDERSHIP AND SERVICE FREQUENCY, THE COST OF VEHICLE OPERATION, OPERATING POLICIES, AND EQUIPMENT LEVELS. THE TECHNIQUE IS APPLIED TO TWO HYPOTHETICAL REGIONS SERVED BY TRANSIT. REASONABLE RESULTS ARE OBTAINED. THE USEFULNESS OF THE MODEL AS A PLANNING TOOL, HOWEVER, IS LIMITED BY THE UNAVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE DATA IN ACTUAL URBAN AREAS. /BPR/ KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Level of service KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Profits KW - Ridership KW - Routes KW - Service KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201225 AU - Hillegass, T J AU - Murphy, J L AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CASH FLOWS FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS; 2-THE PROGRAM "PROFIT" PY - AB - IN ORDER TO CONDUCT A REALISTIC ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, IT IS NECESSARY TO BEGIN WITH A CLEAR REPRESENTATION OF THE EXPECTED FLOWS OF CASH OVER TIME THAT ARE RELATED TO THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. THIS REPORT IS CONCERNED WITH TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, NOT PROJECTS. SYSTEMS ARE USUALLY PLANNED FOR ABOUT 20 YEARS AND ARE INTENDED TO BE BUILT OVER SUCH A PERIOD OF TIME. A PROJECT IS BUILT WITHIN A RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME. THE RESULT IS THAT A CASH FLOW FOR A SYSTEM IS QUITE DIFFERENT FROM THAT FOR A PROJECT. THERE IS MUCH WRITTEN CONCERNING PROJECT EVALUATION; THIS SUBJECT WILL NOT BE DISCUSSED HERE. VERY LITTLE HAS BEEN WRITTEN CONCERNING CASH FLOWS FOR SYSTEMS. THIS REPORT SHOWS EXAMPLES OF LOGICAL CASH FLOW ASSUMPTIONS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS AND EXPLAINS THEIR RATIONALE. THE SECTION ON PROFIT OF THE REPORT EXPLAINS THE OPERATION OF AN IBM 7090/94 PROGRAM FOR COMPUTING ROAD USER COSTS ON URBAN NETWORKS AND GIVES USER INSTRUCTIONS FOR SETTING UP AND RUNNING THE PROGRAM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cash flow KW - Costs KW - Digital computers KW - Economic analysis KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Travelers KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239749 AU - Bishop, A B AU - Oglesby, C H AU - Willeke, G E AU - Stanford University AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY FACTORS IN PLANNING URBAN FREEWAYS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE URBAN FREEWAY ROUTE LOCATION PROCESS IN TERMS OF (1) DESCRIBING FREEWAY PLANNING ROUTE LOCATION AS A PROCESS OF SOCIAL CIAL CHANGE, (2) SHOWING THE INTERACTIONS OF INTEREST GROUPS AND THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD THE PLANNING PROCESS, (3) IDENTIFYING THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROUTE LOCATION, AND (4) DEVELOPING A METHOD FOR COMPARING AND EVALUATING USER AND COMMUNITY CONSEQUENCES FOR DECISION MAKING AMONG ALTERNATIVES. AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISADVANTAGES OF SEVERAL PLANNING STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES IS PRESENTED, ALONG WITH THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF ATTITUDES OF COMMUNITY OFFICIALS AND CITIZENS TOWARD THE CURRENT CALIFORNIA PROCEDURES FOR ROUTE LOCATION. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSES OF POSSIBLE APPROACHES AND THE ATTITUDINAL SURVEY SHOW THAT (1) THE COORDINATOR-CATALYST APPROACH SEEMS MOST APPROPRIATE AND (2) CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS CAN BE GAINED BY INVOLVING LOCAL COMMUNITIES EARLY THROUGH COMPENSATION OF DISBENEFITS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, AND GETTING THE COMMUNITY TO DEFINE ITS GOALS. A METHOD IS PROPOSED THAT SEPARATES THE DIRECT ECONOMIC EFFECTS AND THE COMMUNITY EFFECTS, THE LATTER BEING ANALYZED THROUGH A GRAPHICAL FACTOR PROFILE PROCEDURE. IN ADDITION, TENTATIVE NUMERICAL MEASURES FOR QUANTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY FACTORS ARE SUGGESTED, ALONG WITH AN INDICATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE FACTOR OVERTIME. THE METHOD OF DECISION MAKING IS A SERIES OF PAIRED COMPARISONS, USING ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND FACTOR PROFILES. /BPR/ KW - Community consequences KW - Community values KW - Decision making KW - Economic factors KW - Freeway location (Selection) KW - Freeway planning KW - Freeways KW - Highway planning KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Location KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Social values KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227024 AU - Bruggemann, J F AU - Lieberman, E AU - Worrall, R D AU - PEAT MARWICK MITCHELL & CO AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NETWORK FLOW SIMULATION FOR URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (FINAL REPORT) PY - AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES AND DOCUMENTS THE DEVELOPMENT, CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF THE NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL UTCS-1, DESIGNED TO SERVE AS A MECHANISM FOR EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE TRAFFIC NETWORK CONTROL STRATEGICS. THE MODEL IS BASED ON THE "DYNET" NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL, AN EXTENSION OF THE "TRANS" MODEL, DEVELOPED MAINLY BY THE FHWA. THE UTCS-1 MODEL IS PROGRAMMED IN FORTRAN IV AND INCORPORATES THE FOLLOWING MAJOR FEATURES: (1) STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES BY TYPE, USING A SIMPLIFIED CAR- FOLLOWING MODEL WITH TIME-SCANNING PERIODS OF ONE SECOND; (2) CAPABILITY OF REPRESENTING A NETWORK OF, AT LEAST, 100 MODES; (3) A COMPLETE SET OF MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TRAFFIC SYSTEM IN THE OUTPUT; (4) DETAILED TREATMENT OF PEDESTRIAN/VEHICLE INTERACTION, BUS TRAFFIC AND INTRA-LINK FRICTION SUCH AS ILLEGAL PARKING AND TAXICAB STOPPAGES; (5) SIMULATION OF ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS; AND (6) REPLICATION OF ALL FORMS OF TRAFFIC CONTROLS INCLUDING REAL-TIME DYNAMIC SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS. THE MODEL WAS CALIBARATED AND VALIDATED FOR A TWENTY INTERSECTION NETWORK IN WASHINGTON, D. C. DATA FOR THIS PURPOSE WAS OBTAINED FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. VALIDATION EXERCISES SHOWED THAT THE MODEL REPRESENTS NETWORK FLOW WITH AN ACCEPTABLE DEGREE OF REALISM. HOWEVER, TREATMENT OF INTRA-LINK FRICTION STILL PRESENTS SOME DIFFICULTIES. /FHWA/ KW - Computers KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics (Traffic) KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Networks KW - Pedestrians KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Simulation KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320182 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT CRASH CHARACTERISTICS, AND TAPE RECORDED DATA SYSTEM PY - SP - n.p. AB - The system has over 200 different files of accident information. There are sample (percentage) accident files; accident files by county, state, and turnpike; and multi-disciplinary accident data files. A file can contain a record for each vehicle, each occupant, and each injury in an accident case. There are approximately 600 data elements for each of the four million cases. Some of the major data elements are location codes; dates of accident; precrash, crash, and postcrash circumstances; severity of injuries: and occupannt seating positions. Some data elements on the tape recorded data files are lateral and longitudinal forces, brake pressure, and speedometer reading. A statistical package activated over an interactive terminal is used to retrieve information from the files producing one-time and periodic reports in varying formats and degrees of complexity. (TSC) KW - Automobiles KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Data systems KW - Highways KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320191 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE SYSTEMATIC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ON SPECIFIC CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS (1972-1974) PY - SP - n.p. AB - Data were collected in Texas, Michigan, and Pennsylvania for various periods, 1972-1974, from reported accident records, interviews with samples of truck drivers involved in accidents, and interviews with trucking company maintenance personnel. The effects of trucking company maintenance quality and inspection practices on incidence of accidents invlving mechanical defects are assessed. Includes 18 charts, 9 tables, and extensive text statistics on distribution of accidents, by type of defect, cargo, day of week, and other vehicle and accident characteristics; company inspection, maintenance, and record keeping practices, by size and type of operation; and perceived appropriateness of various state and Federal regulations. (TSC) KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Highways KW - Inspection KW - Interviewing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320393 AU - Appleyard, D D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIVABLE URBAN STREETS: MANAGING AUTO TRAFFIC IN NEIGHBORHOODS, MONOGRAPH 24, 1970 AND 1974 PY - SP - n.p. AB - Narrative report of residential neighborhood auto traffic problems, and traffic management programs to protect neighborhoods, in the San Francisco Bay area, London, England, and other world cities, 1950-74. Contents: A) Traffic-related concerns of San Francisco area neighborhood residents; Analysis of 1970 and 1974 attitude surveys. B) Traffic management programs in 3 areas of London, other foreign countries, and San Francisco Bay Area; and study recommendations. C) Appendices, including detailed tabulations of 1974 San Francisco survey responses; and Bibliography. (TSC) KW - Attitudes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Residential areas KW - Residents KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Streets KW - Urban transit KW - Urban/mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320201 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVERS LICENSES PY - SP - n.p. AB - This is an annual report presenting data on the number, age and sex distributions of licensed drivers in the 50 states and Washington D.C. area. The content consists of 1 chart and 7 tables. The information includes the ratio of licensed drivers to population (and driving age population). (TSC) KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Highways KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320391 AU - Gurin, D B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL PATTERNS AND PROBLEMS OF SUBURBAN HIGH SCHOOL MALES-EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PHYSICAL MOBILITY OF POPULATION SUBGROUP, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS, 1974 PY - SP - n.p. AB - Report on travel characteristics, transportation mode choices, and attitudes of 50 white male students, ages 15-18, from Boston suburbs. Also discusses inclusion of teenage travel needs in transportation planning. Contains introduction and review of literature on travel theory and studies of teenager travel; description of study, data collection, and participant characteristics, with 4 tables; and discussion of survey findings, as follows--A) trip frequency, purposes, and costs, with 5 tables. B) transportation mode choices, with 9 tables. C) trip timing and variations, with 8 tables. D) transportation supply and use and automobile access and ownership, with 20 tables. E) modal preference and attitudes including walking, bus transit, paratransit and automobiles; and discussion of transportation planning. Appendices include references, bibliography, discussion of study methods and costs, and samples of materials used. Data were collected from group discussion sessions, questionnaires, and logs kept by volunteer panelists. KW - Attitudes KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Needs assessment KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transit KW - Urban/mass KW - User needs KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320390 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BALTIMORE, MARYLAND-ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEY, 1977 PY - SP - n.p. AB - Household survey technique: the metropolitan Baltimore area was selected as a stable, moderate-to-high transit use area. 1000 households were selected with respect to transit use percentage in the area. Origin-destination data was collected from the general household adults, but focus was on the disaggregate trip details from the primary respondent. Demographic information on the household and the primary individual, summary trip reporting by adult members, and trip details by the primary respondents. 970 primary respondents, 2700 in full sample. KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Households KW - Origin and destination KW - Public transit KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Urban transit KW - Urban/mass KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320215 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA--SANTA MONICA FREEWAY STUDY PY - SP - n.p. AB - This study assesses transportation attitudes and behavior before and after the implementation of a preferential lane for buses and carpools. It contains demographic data, transit information, attitudes, and trip summaries on various modes, including carpooling; responses to proposed transit plans. Data was obtained by a home interview study --1160 before and 500 after-- consisting of questionnaire formats for rating and ranking perceptions and preferences. Those interviewed were chosen from the group of central business district workers who live within two miles of the freeway and have a public bus available.(TSC) KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Carpools KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highways KW - Interviewing KW - Public transit KW - Questionnaires KW - Reserved lanes KW - Residents KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transit KW - Urban transportation KW - Urban/mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320608 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY AND FREIGHT MOVEMENTS, 1976 PY - SP - n.p. AB - Paper presenting method of interpretation of truck fuel consumption and performance data, for use in comparing fuel efficiency of trucks with that of other freight transportation modes. Includes analysis of fuel efficiency and consumption patterns for 6 hypothetical intercity and urban trucking operations, with 9 charts and 4 tables. (TSC) KW - Data analysis KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models and systems KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320537 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PASSENGERS BUREAU OF MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PY - SP - n.p. AB - Annual Bureau of Motor Vehicle Safety Report, on accidents involving busses operated by intercity passenger carrier companies. Presents data on driver, vehicle, and accident characteristics, for all accidents involving fatalities, injuries, or property damage over $2,000, as reported by all class I and other intercity carriers. Contents: A--Introduction and 2 tables on number of companies, busses, employees, and highway and vehicle miles covered in intercity bus industry, and summary accident statistics. B--Detailed accident statistics: unnumbered tables and interspersed charts. (TSC) KW - Accident costs KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Costs KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320620 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS, 1976 PY - SP - n.p. AB - Narrative report analyzing the social and economic effects of newly constructed highways and urban freeways on the communities and regions through which they pass. Covers relocation of persons displaced by right-of-way, proximity effects on property values, business, and community stability; accessibility effects; land use planning problems; and persons with transportation disadvantages. Contents: A. Narrative analysis. B. Abstracts of Federal-State Cooperative and Federal Highway Administration sponsored impact studies completed 1971-75; and brief descriptions of studies currently underway. C. Author and research organization, and subject indexes. (TSC) KW - Accessibility KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway statistics KW - Highways KW - Land use planning KW - Property values KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Social values KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320134 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF REDUCED SPEEDS, OCTOBER 1974 PY - SP - n.p. AB - The objective of this study is to determine the effects of energy conservation measures on travel, and accident and fatality rates. Regional/state/local govenment, city and state agencies can supply information on vehicle miles of travel and speed trends. Lack of knowledge concerning the relationships between certain energy control measures (reduced gasoline consumption, speed limits, traffic volume, increased number of small cars) and the resultant accident and fatality rates. KW - Crash rates KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Transportation KW - Travel patterns KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320136 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MONTHLY MOTOR GASOLINE REPORTED BY STATES PY - SP - n.p. AB - This paper is a monthly report presenting data from taxation reports on gasoline consumption by state. Data are current to 2-4 months preceding issue date, as state reports become available. The report contains a brief summary with chart showing daily average consumption (U.S.), 1974 to current year; and 1 table showing monthly gasoline consumption for 3-12 months and cumulative for the calendar year, and percent change from the same period of the previous year. Gasoline price information is issued monthly by BLS as part of the CPI. A annual summary is also available. (TSC) KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320147 AU - Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety TI - ACCIDENTS OF CLASS I MOTOR CARRIERS OF PASSENGERS PY - SP - n.p. AB - This paper contains data from accident reports from motor carries of passengers which operate in interstate or foreign commerce. The reports were filed for accidents resulting in death, injuries involving medical treatment away from the scene of the accident, or property damage greater than $2000. A class I motor carrier of passengers as defined by the interstate commerce commission is a carrier having an average annual gross operating revenue of $1,000,000 or more. Information on the number of accidents, fatalities, injuries, and property damage are shown in this report by type of operation, which are regular operations and charter operations. (TSC) KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger transportation KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320137 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATE OF MOTOR-FUEL USE PY - SP - n.p. AB - This paper is an annual report on motor fuel consumption. It consists of narrative highlights and 1 detailed table showing estimated per-vehicle and total fuel use by state, type of fuel, and use category (highway, non-highway). Table is issued in this form prior to inclusion in the Annual Report Highway Statistics. KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Tables (Data) KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320131 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANNUAL REPORT OF MOTOR FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - SP - n.p. AB - This report contains data from state excise tax returns. The data is reviewed for completeness, arithmetic accuracy, consistency with known state laws and regulations, previous and allied reports. Motor fuel consumption data is collected for states by month, year, and tax status. KW - Data collection KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Reviews KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320132 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF CARPOOLING, OCTOBER 1974 PY - SP - n.p. AB - The objective is to monitor effectiveness of carpooling by: determining extent of carpool usage, identifying area of high potential for carpooling, and determining detrements to carpooling. Geographic-State Metropolitan Area, Basic Analysis Unit-Household, Vehicle and Road Section. Fuel Use-Total. KW - Carpools KW - Effectiveness KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320143 AU - Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety TI - ACCIDENTS OF LARGE MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY PY - SP - n.p. AB - Accident reports are furnished because Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety Reg. requires a report when an accident involves a motor vehicle engaged in the interstate, foreign, or intrastate operations of a motor carrier subject to the Department of Transportation Act. Covers interstate motor carriers with annual operating revenues more than $200,000. Motor carriers of property fall into two broad categories--private carries and for-hire carriers. (TSC) KW - Commodities KW - Freight traffic KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319401 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION USAGE FACTORS FOR AGGEGATES PY - SP - 5 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Aggregates KW - Building materials KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319399 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION USAGE FACTORS FOR CEMENT, BITUMENS, CONCRETE PIPE AND CLAY PIPE 1976-77-78 PY - SP - 5 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Bitumen KW - Cement KW - Clay KW - Concrete pipe KW - Pipe KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311344 AU - Izatt, J O AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SULPHUR-EXTENDED-ASPHALT FIELD TRIALS MH 153 BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS, A DETAILED CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - SP - 84 p. AB - The subject report contains the most comprehensive published description to date of equipment, materials, quality control procedures, and construction procedures used during the construction of pavement sections with sulphur-extended-asphalt (SEA) binders. It also highlights design procedures and emissions control monitoring used for the project. The reports graphic account will provide useful information to the following class of highway professionals who plan to use SA binders in construction: administrators, materials engineers, construction supervisors, quality control specialists, pavement designers, maintenance engineers, and environmental control specialists. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Construction management KW - Field tests KW - Quality control KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158152 AU - Clemmens, J P AU - DIllman, R J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY STUDY ON RUBBER-TIRED SCRAPERS PY - SP - 72 p. AB - Field studies were conducted of forty-three rubber-tired scrapers of various types and sizes on eleven separate highway construction projects in order to determine the productive capabilities of the machines under various conditions. Supplementary pusher studies were also conducted to aid in evaluating the scraper operations. The types of scrapers studied included standard, elevating, twin-engine and push-pull (tandem). Heaped capacities of the machines studied ranged in size from 20 cubic yards (15 cubic metres) to 54 cubic yards (41 cubic metres). The materials excavated were categorized as either common earth or rock. Haul roads were classified according to overall condition and to percent of grade. Productive work time averaged 69 percent of the Total Work Time Studied (TWTS). The various components of the productive cycle were isolated and analyzed. The scraper "wait for pusher time," the largest minor delay type, was analyzed separately from the remaining minor delays. The amount of scraper wait for pusher time was found to be largely dependent upon the ratio of scrapers to pushers and the overall scraper productive cycle time. Repairs to the scraper units were by far the most time-consuming and frequently occurring type of major delay. Shutdown delays, delays where the work force was dismissed or transferred to another operation, accounted for approximately 75 percent of all major delays. In order to enable a contractor to analyze his own operations, a scraper field data collection sheet--along with an efficiency study form and a descripition of its has been included. KW - Construction equipment KW - Contractors KW - Data collection KW - Excavating equipment KW - Productivity KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Scrapers (Construction equipment) KW - Tires KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233739 AU - Wise, J R AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXAMINATION OF EXPANSIVE CLAY PROBLEMS IN TEXAS PY - AB - THE ECONOMIC LOSS DUE TO INCREASED AND MORE FREQUENT MAINTENANCE OF THE PAVEMENT OR STRUCTURE WHICH IS MADE NECESSARY BY THE HEAVING OF UNDERLYING SOILS IS DESCRIBED. THE FOLLOWING FACTORS THAT AFFECT A SOIL'S POTENTIAL OR CAPACITY TO SWELL ARE CONSIDERED: MOISTURE MOVEMENT IN THE SOIL; SOIL PROPERTIES SUCH AS PERMEABILITY, DENSITY, SUCTION, MOISTURE, AND ATTEBERG LIMITS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS CLIMATE, RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, EVAPORATION, SURFACE COVER, ABNORMAL LOCAL SOURCES OF MOISTURE, AND VEGETATION; GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS SUCH AS CLAY TYPE, CLAY MINERALOGY, PARENT MATERIAL, FOLDS IN GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE, AND THICKNESS OF CALY DEPOSIT. VARIOUS REMEDIAL TECHNIQUES CURRENTLY BEING ATTEMPTED ARE DISCUSSED ALONG WITH THEIR COST EFFECTIVENESS, TYPICAL USAGE, PRACTICALITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS IN PREVENTING SWELLING. A FIELD TEST CURRENTLY IN PROGRESS IS DESCRIBED; ITS PURPOSE IS TO STUDY THE MOISTURE- RELATIONSHIPS IN AN EXPANSIVE CLAY HIGHWAY SUBGRADE BY OBSERVING MOISTURE VARIATIONS AND VOLUME CHANGES WITH RESPECT TO DEPTH. A DESCRIPTION OF THE MEASURING EQUIPMENT, ALL DATA COLLECTED TO DATE, AND A PLAN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE STUDY ARE INCLUDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Costs KW - Environment KW - Expansive clays KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Heaving KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture movement KW - Motion KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00148862 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTALS OF AIR QUALITY PY - SP - 270 p. AB - This text which focuses on highway related air pollution and the procedures used in the highway air quality assessment process, discusses the problems as encountered through the world, and the passage of legislation as an attempt to mitigate the problem. The major highway related pollutants are classified and their possible sources and effects are discussed. The origin and discharge of motor vehicle emissions and the characteristics of the transportation network which affect microscale and macroscale air quality are discussed, as well as the procedures for the implementation of the Clean Air Act. The collection and use of meteorological information for input into mathematical models is reviewed, and mesoscale/microscale air pollution analyses and the concept of emission factors are outlined. Further chapters discuss air pollution modeling and the input required, and procedures for establishing the background concetrations of pollutants at a specific site with emphasis on site monitoring. The definition of objectives of such a monitoring program, the planning, design and the management of the program are also covered. The requirements for air quality assessment report in an environmental impact statement are presented. KW - Air pollution KW - Contaminants KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00138155 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLLISION PERFORMANCE AND INJURY REPORT PY - SP - 43 p. AB - This collision occurred at approximately 0745 EST on Friday, December 17, 1971 in Orange Country, North Carolina on U.S. Highway 15-501 Business, 0.1 mile north of the Chapel Hill city limits. The vehcile, a 1971 Plymouth Duster, was occupied only by the driver. The collision took place when the vehicle left the pavement and struck a power pole and two trees. The driver suffered only minor injuries; all classified AIS Code 1. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Fixed object KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Research KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130668 AU - Peterson, J L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING EMBANKMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE: PREDICTION OF AS-COMPACTED FIELD STRENGTH BY LABORATORY SEMULATION SN - JHRP-75-22 PY - SP - 106 p. AB - Three sources of soil compaction data were sought: published works, Indiana State Highway Commission construction files, and field and laboratory data generated by project personnel. The published and construction file data were categorized and statistical analysis of variance and regression techniques were used on suitable sets for evaluation. The expected trends in general were noted; however, due to the statistical characteristics of these data firm conclusions could not be made as to what are the sources of the exhibited variability and behavior of the compacted soil. Field data were obtained by sampling a local highway embankment. From bag samples taken at the fill, laboratory compaction tests were used to generate additional data. The field and laboratory data yielded an encouraging relationship between field and laboratory as-compacted compressive strength for the soil. Modeling water content appeared as the dominant factor in the strength prediction model. Additional investigation is continuing. A recommendation was made to develop a test embankment for future field investigation; this should allow isolation of the compaction variables which are most influential in producing the variability observed in the field data. /Author/ KW - Analysis of variance KW - Compressive strength KW - Data KW - Design KW - Embankment compaction KW - Embankments KW - Field strength KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Soil compaction KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00128798 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 37. DISCARDED TIRES IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - SP - 2 p. AB - This project will demonstrate the feasibility of using the rubber from discarded tires in various highway construction and maintenance operations. The project will include the following: a slide tape presentation explaining the general concept of the project; explanation of the project details and answering of pertinent questions; technical assistance for the construction of demonstration installations; and the negotiation of agreements for the construction of these installations with participating agencies. Laboratory and field tests have indicated that the performance of several asphaltic materials can be improved by incorporating proper amounts of recycled rubber. When these materials are applied at select locations, the overall improved performance should economically justify their use. The asphalt rubber materials which show the most promise include seal coats, joint and crack fillers and strain relieving interlayers. A rubberized seal coat can resist reflective cracking when placed over a fatigue cracked surface. The strain relieving interlayer is placed between an existing cracked surface and an overlay. It is primarily intended to reduce and delay the reflection of thermal cracking through thin bituminous concrete overlays. KW - Asphalt KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Cracking KW - Demonstration projects KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway maintenance KW - Joint fillers KW - Performance KW - Reclaimed rubber KW - Reflection cracking KW - Road construction KW - Seal coats KW - Thermal stresses KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00128799 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO 33 BRIDGE DECK EVALUATION TECHNIQUES PY - SP - 4 p. AB - In an effort to acquaint personnel with the latest evaluation techniques and procedures for concrete bridge decks, this project will discuss bridge deck deterioration, present a movie on the corrosion detection device, discuss and demonstrate evaluation techniques, evaluate a bridge deck and discuss the findings. Items to be demonstrated include the following: delamination detection, corrosion detection, concrete cover measuring, and concrete sampling and chloride analysis, and membrane testing. The delamination detector is an acoustical device in which the rebounding acoustical signal is recorded on a strip chart recorder. The rolling pachometer is a device that measures the depth of concrete over the top mat of reinforcing steel. The results are recorded on a strip chart recorder for permanent record. This device records data while being pushed at approximately 1 mph, thus decreasing the time for testing. A technique to obtain a pulverized concrete sample for chloride analysis will be demonstrated. The pulverized sample will then be subjected to a chemical analysis. A training film on the use of corrosion detection device will be presented and operation of the device will be demonstrated. The electrical resistivity technique for evaluating membranes will be discussed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chlorine compounds KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Delamination KW - Demonstration projects KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Deterioration KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Motion pictures KW - Pachometers KW - Resistivity KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00128800 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 34. CATHODIC PROTECTION PY - SP - 2 p. AB - In an effort to acquaint field personnel with the theory of cathodic protection and assist in the design, construction and operation of a cathodic protection system, a demonstration project is being offered which will include an introductory slide presentation, assistance in development of a work plan and work schedule, assistance in locating material sources, assistance in the electronic circuitry and system design, and assistance during construction and post construction evaluation periods. Cathodic protection involves the external application of a direct current to the surface of the top mat of steel in sufficient amounts to overcome the internal current flow between the anode and cathode. A sacrificial anode is provided and allowed to corrode and the reinforcing steel becomes the cathode. Cathodic protection (CP), has been used for many years to control corrosion of buried pipe lines and structures in salt water environments, to protect piers, pilings and other underground installations. Promising results have been obtained in test installations of CP systems on bridge decks to control corrosion of the reinforcing steel. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Building materials KW - Cathodic protection KW - Construction KW - Corrosion protection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Operations KW - Pipe KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Scheduling KW - Seawater KW - Systems engineering KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00128801 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 31. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR CULVERTS AND CHANNELS PY - SP - 2 p. AB - This project involves a one-day workshop which will present design methods, and demonstrate the operation of energy dissipators for culverts and channels. The following energy dissipator types can be used to minimize many erosion problems and thereby mitigate resultant impacts on the stream environment: hydraulic jump; impact basin; riprap basin; forced hydraulic jump; drop structure; and stilling well. The workshop will include a movie which will illustrate the hydraulic principles involved in dissipating energy and will review the various classes of dissipators. A slide lecture will be presented which covers the major topics in the Hydraulic Engineering Circular #14 (HEC 14). Erosion hazards, culvert outlet velocity, flow transitions, and specific designs are discussed and illustrated. A model demonstration and a model demonstration movie will be included and participants in the problem solving workshop will use the HEC 14 to design energy dissipators for an actual field problem. Optional workshops in culvert design and stable channel design are also offered. KW - Culverts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Dissipation KW - Ditches KW - Drainage basins KW - Erosion KW - Flow KW - Hydraulic jump KW - Hydraulics KW - Motion pictures KW - Problem solving KW - Riprap KW - Stilling basins KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126506 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Czoboly, E AU - Sandor, B I AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CYCLE-DEPENDENT SOFTENING IN NOTCHED STEEL SPECIMENS PY - VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 343-347 AB - The results of experiments on Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 1043 steel show that the cyclic stress-strain response in small regions of a notched specimen is not necessarily the same as that obtained in tests on smooth specimens of the same metal. At the roots of notches (two different notch radii were used) plastic flow occurs at the same cyclic lives as in unnotched spedimens, when the longitudinal total strains are similar. Cyclic plasticity develops in many fewer cycles near the notches than in smooth specimens under the same longitudinal total strains. The more sharply notched specimens soften more rapidly at locations near the notches. than the less severely notched ones under identical longitudinal strains. /AUTHOR/ KW - Deformation curve KW - Notch tests KW - Plastic flow KW - Softening point KW - Steel KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34945 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126508 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Idorn, G M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE PY - VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 355-358 AB - Session III-9 of the VI International Congress of the Chemistry of Cement (held in September 1974 in Moscow) dealt with cement-polymer materials, or, as it appears from the papers presented, with various types of composites using ordinary cements and organic monomers together as binding materials. Both the manufacture and the characteristics of these materials open up new potentials and problems to technology and construction development: potentials, because the excellent functional capabilities that can be attained with these composites will be much needed in further technical development; problems, because civil engineering has come to know ordinary cements and concrete quite well over a period of about 150 years' evolution, but is not as familiar as yet with these materials development based upon modern scientific research. This paper presents the "pros and cons" of this entirety, based upon the contents of the principal paper "Cement-Polymer Materials," by G. M. Idorn and Z. Fordos, presented to the above session of the Cement Chemistry Congress. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cement KW - Composite materials KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Polymers KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34947 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126510 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hasseem, H M AU - Durelli, A J AU - Parks, V J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - NEW MODEL MATERIAL FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS ANALYSIS PY - VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 368-373 AB - This paper describes the manufacturing of a family of epoxies, the Poisson's ratio of which at the critical temperature is on the order of0.4. The variation of Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio, shear fringe value, and critical temperature as a function of the amount of hardener the curing temperature' and the curing time for a large range of these variables are presented as parametric curves. Previously, epoxies used in three-dimensional analysis have all shown a Poisson's ratio of about 0.5, indicating incompressibility. The new compressible material has two advantages: (1) it is closer to the common engineering materials and (2) strains can be measured at interior points to supplement photoelastic analysis, or strain measurements can be used exclusively to obtain stresses throughout the body. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compressibility KW - Concrete curing KW - Epoxy resins KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Photoelasticity KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural analysis KW - Temperature KW - Three dimensional KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34949 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126511 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lieberman, A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AUTOMATIC PARTICLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND LIQUID-HANDLING TECHNIQUES FOR CLEANING LIQUIDS PY - VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 398-403 AB - This paper discusses some of the problems in handling liquids that are particularly clean. Practical solutions are provided for problems in volved in measuring contamination at low levels and empirically derived methods are given for liquid-handling systems and techniques to minimize artifact introduction. The problems of correlating results from one method to another are discussed. Procedures for calibration of automatic particle counters are considered. Some of the errors that can occur in terms of coincidence and system dynamic range are mentioned. Along with control of solid and liquid artifact introduction, procedures for batch and in-line samples are discussed to minimize bubble effects. The problems involved in sample acquisition and in sample handling are considered. /AUTHOR/ KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Liquids KW - Measurement KW - Sampling KW - Sieve analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126509 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Johnson, F A AU - Radon, J C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EVALUATION OF FRACTURE ENERGY OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS PY - VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 364-367 AB - The fracture toughnesses of some precipitation-hardened aluminum alloys have been evaluated, mainly by the use of precracked three-point bend specimens in instrumented impact testing. A recently developed interpretation of the specific surface energy method has been applied to calculate the initiation values of the critical value of stress intensity factor K sub Ic) and these values have been compared with those calculated using stress analysis equations. The value of unity thereby deduced for the geometrical constraint factor in these non-rate-sensitive materials may be appropriate of the type of fracture mode occurring in these alloys, that is, semiductile. The distinction in principle between fracture initiation toughness, expressed as G sub Ic equals w/eta A, and the average propagation toughness W/A has been noted and the latter used in studying crack tunnelling during semiductile crack propagation in thick sections of the sections of the alloys in the form of large, double-cantilever beam specimens. /AUTHOR/ KW - Age hardening KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Equations KW - Evaluation KW - Fracture KW - Fracture energy KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Geometry KW - Impact tests KW - Precipitation hardening KW - Structural analysis KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34948 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126505 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Orange, T W AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FRACTURE TESTING WITH SURFACE CRACK SPECIMENS PY - VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 335-342 AB - This paper is a report of ASTM Task Group E24.01.05 on Part-Through Crack Testing. It includes recommendations for the design, preparation, and static fracture testing of surface crack specimens based on the current state of the art. The recommendations are preceded by background information including discussions of stress intensity factors, crack opening displacements, and fracture toughness values associated with surface crack specimens. Cyclic-load and sustained-load tests are discussed briefly. Recommendations for further research are included. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cracking KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Loads KW - Materials tests KW - Structural analysis KW - Surface cracks KW - Surfaces KW - Sustained loading KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34944 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126507 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Jhansale, H R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EVALUATION OF DEFORMATION PHENOMENA OF METALS FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS PY - VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 348-354 AB - Simple calculations for estimating extremes in fatigue life of metals, with of without accounting for cycle-dependent hardening, softening, and mean stress relaxation, are presented. These calculations aid in assessing the importance of cyclic deformation properties in cumulative damage procedures. An SAE 1045 quenched and tempered steel is considered for illustration. In general, cycle-dependent deformation phenomena may be important only in intermediated and long life situations. The sensitivity of predicted life to cyclic hardening or softening depends on the degree of hardening or softening a material exhibits, whereas in the case of mean stress relaxation it depends on the shape of the cyclic stress-strain curve or the strain hardening exponent. However, the need for a proper accounting of cyclic history, recognized as the "cycle counting problem" in fatigue literature, is the most important requisite of a cumulative damage analysis. Two alternative approaches of dealing with the cycle counting problem are discussed /AUTHOR/ KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Concrete hardening KW - Cycles KW - Deformation KW - Deformation curve KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Hardness KW - Metals KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Softening point KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34946 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126325 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McKinnon, E A AU - Simpson, M C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FATIGUE OF FERROCEMENT PY - VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - p. 359-363 AB - Ferrocement is a composite of reinforcing wire and cement mortar that is used in thin shell construction. Several layers of wire are impregnated with the cement mortar, resulting in a material that behaves synergistically. Ferrocement is becoming widely used for private and commercial boat hulls because of its formability, economy, fire resistance, and low maintenance. In this study, several variations of ferrocement were fabricated and subjected to constant amplitude cyclic loads up to ten million cycles. Stress versus cycles-to-failure plots were developed and comparisons between the data for various ferrocement modifications were made. /Author/ KW - Data KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Ferrocement KW - Load tests KW - Repeated loads KW - Shell structures KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Stresses KW - Thinness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34840 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00097389 JO - Publication of: Dutch Touring Club ANWB PB - Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB AU - Motl, L C AU - Schimelfenyg, R C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLURRY SEAL PY - SP - p. 8-19 AB - The results are reported of two inspections of slurry seal projects in Ohio. The first was conducted to observe the condition and evaluate the performance of Slurry Seal on highway shoulders. Both inside and outside sealed shoulders were inspected after 4 winter seasons. The overall condition of the seal was considered at least as good as the results obtained with chip and seal and is expected to continue functioning without major maintenance. The method does not result in waste of aggregate, and surface drainage characteristics were good. The second inspection reports on the relatively new use of slurry seal on Ohio highways. Comments are made on the equipment and materials used, the work itself, field observations, and method of performance. The maintenance of quality control is covered, and the maintenance of traffic throught the project is described. KW - Aggregates KW - Building materials KW - Equipment KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Quality control KW - Road shoulders KW - Slurry seals KW - Surface drainage KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/40481 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00097388 JO - Publication of: Dutch Touring Club ANWB PB - Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB AU - Cechini, A F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT SCARIFYING WITH OSCILLATING SCREED PY - SP - p. 1-7 AB - No Abstract. KW - Asphalt KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Oscillators KW - Scarifying KW - Screeds KW - Signal generators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/40480 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00097392 JO - Publication of: Dutch Touring Club ANWB PB - Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB AU - Larsen, D E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REMOVING OF PETRO-SET BY FLAME TREATMENT PY - SP - p. 60-63 AB - An attempt is described to oxidize the pavement surface (after application of Petro-Set AT Geotechnic Emulsion) with a flame treatment to reduce its slippery condition. The treatment consisted & about 10 passes by a moderately hot flame. Of thirteen 1-mile sections treated with Petro-Set, 6 sections were flame treated and 1 section was used as a control. Skid tests were made on the 7 sections to evaluate effectiveness of the treatment. The results (tabulated) show that skid resistance has not been improved by the flame treatment process; a majority of sections indicate a reduction in skid number. This section of the highway will, however, be monitored by skid testing to further evaluate the problem. KW - Crude oil KW - Flames KW - Oxidation KW - Pavements KW - Removal KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Slipperiness KW - Thermometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/40483 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00097390 JO - Publication of: Dutch Touring Club ANWB PB - Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB AU - Carter, D B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BIGGS-RUFUS SECTION COLUMBIA RIVER HIGHWAY PY - SP - p. 20-27 AB - Chemical grouting was employed to correct a situation in which wave action has leached out embankment fines through the voids in the rock embankment. A total of seven sites where settlements have occurred were grouted. The areas to be grouted were approximately 20' x 20' with grout holes spaced 4' - 5' centers. Sites 1 through 5 were drilled and grouted in one stage. The 3-stage drilling and grouting was done to minimize the subsidence which resulted from the loss of material through the rock embankment as a result of water generated by the drilling operation. It was determined that 50 gallons of grout could be pumped at one setting. The typical grout mix was 75 lbs. Cynamid AM-9 and 10 lbs. DMAPN per 50 gallon drum of water. The catalyst was 4 lbs calcium chloride put into a second 50 gallon barrel of water. The mixture was applied at a ratio of 1:1. Terranier C (typical mix proportions are given) was used at one site. The problems encountered are mentioned. The cost of the grouting was $3.50 per foot of drill hole. The corrective work appears successful. KW - Calcium chloride KW - Catalysts KW - Chemical grouts KW - Costs KW - Cyanides KW - Drilling KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Leaching KW - Rocks KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Subsidence (Geology) KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Wave action KW - Wave motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/40482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080822 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION USAGE FACTORS FOR CEMENT, BITUMENS, CONCRETE PIPE AND CLAY PIPE PY - SP - 7 p. AB - Tables are presented of usage factors in terms of units of the various materials per million dollars of construction cost, which when multipled by the number of millions of dollars for either a Federal-aid or non-Federal-aid highway construction program, will result in accurate estimates of material requirements. Of the various materials of highway construction, steel and aggregates constitute the largest elements of cost, amounting to 44 and 48 percent of all materials and supplies and between 19 and 22 percent of the total construction cost. Comparable percentages for the materials discussed here are tabulated. Estimated national average secondary road factors are shown as well as estimated construction expenditures for all public highways. KW - Aggregates KW - Bitumen KW - Building materials KW - Cement KW - Clay KW - Concrete pipe KW - Federal aid highways KW - Road construction KW - Secondary roads KW - Steel KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262476 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM MANUAL. VOLUME 13: TRAFFIC ENGINEERING SERVICES (TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES) PY - SP - 76 p. AB - The purpose of the Traffic Engineering Services Standard is to ensure the full and proper application of modern traffic engineering principles and uniform standards for traffic control in order to reduce the likelihood and severity of traffic accidents. Standard 13 (Appendix A) covers items which are essential for effective traffic engineering services, including the design, installation, and maintenance of traffic control devices. Specific objectives are: (1) To provide the needed traffic engineering expertise to develop traffic control plans and programs in all jurisdictions. (2) To identify both the short-term and long-range need for traffic control devices. (3) To apply warrants for the application of traffic control devices. (4) To peridocially upgrade existing traffic control devices on all streets and highways to conform with standards issued or endorsed by the Federal Highway Administrator. (5) To ensure that the need for new traffic control devices has been determined by adequate traffic engineering studies. (6) To periodically inspect and maintain all traffic control devices. (7) To devise methods for correcting hazardous roadway dificiencies and for installing improved features when modifications to the roadway are made. (8) To provide the necessary authority, personnel, equipment, and facilities for carrying out these efforts. (9) To evaluate the safety adequacy of the roadway, including its capacity and efficiency. These standards are Standard 13, entitled "Traffic Control Devices" was issued June 27, 1976. It was revised and retitled "Traffic Engineering Services" and reissued on November 19, 1971. KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Laws KW - Standards KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic warrants KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206530 AU - Rept No Hpr 63 Final Rpt TI - SHRINKAGE COMPENSATED CEMENT IN CEMENT STABILIZED BASE COURSE PY - SP - 30 p. AB - THIS INTENT OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS HIGHWAY STRUCTURES, ARE OFTEN SUBJECTED TO BOTH AXIAL AND STABILIZATION TO REDUCE PAVEMENT SURFACE CRACKING IN A BITUMINOUS PAVED ROAD. THE PERFORMANCE OF ROADWAY SECTIONS THIS STUDY, CURRENTLY AVAILABLE CRITERIA FOR PREDICTING THE THE UPPER FIVE INCHES OF A SOIL AGGREGATE BASE COURSE WAS II PORTLAND CEMENT IN A SIMILAR MANNER. THE ROADWAY LOAD RESPONSE OF STIFF CLAYS. A FULL-SCALE INSTRUMENTED YEARS. FOR VISUAL OBSERVATIONS, THERE APPEARED TO BE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ROADWAY SECTIONS WITH REGARD TO SURFACE CRACKING. IT WAS CONCLUDED REPETITIVE LOADING IN LABORATORY TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS. IN REDUCING SURFACE CRACKING WHEN USED FOR BASE STABILIZ- CORRELATED. /NTIS/ ECTIONS WERE KEPT UNDER SURVEILLANCE FOR APPROXIMATELY TWO KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cracking KW - Expansive cement KW - Pavement cracking KW - Portland cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Surface cracks KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237236 AU - Teng, T C AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - A STUDY OF ACTIVE CLAYS AS RELATED TO HIGHWAY DESIGN. PY - SP - 307 p. AB - APPENDIX CONTAINS LABORATORY AND FIELD DATA FOR THE RESEARCH PROJECT. /FHWA/ KW - Active clays KW - Clay KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway design KW - Laboratories KW - Soil chemistry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202587 AU - Myers, L D AU - Kansas State Highway Commission TI - SOIL IDENTIFICATION BY REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN KANSAS, PART I PY - AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO DESCRIBE THE REMOTE SENSING PROGRAM CONDUCTED BY THE STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION OF KANSAS IN COOPERATION WITH THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, AND TO PRESENT RESULTS OF VISUAL INTERPRETATION WHICH WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY THE STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION OF KANSAS. METHODS OF COLLECTION AND TYPES OF DATA ARE DESCRIBED INCLUDING FREQUENCY AND TYPE OF GROUND OBSERVATION DATA. DATA COLLECTED ON MAGNETIC TAPE TO BE REDUCED AND ANALYZED BY COMPUTER ARE DESCRIBED; HOWEVER, RESULTS OF THIS PORTION OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM WILL BE RELEASED BY THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION. ENGINEERING SOIL MAPS COMPILED BY VISUAL INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES WERE EVALUATED BY USE OF SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE DATA AND AN EXTENSIVE FIELD SAMPLING AND TESTING PROGRAM. MAJOR ENGINEERING SOIL GROUPS CAN BE MAPPED IN KANSAS BY USING COMBINATIONS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR USE IN LOCATION STUDIES AND PRELIMINARY SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF INFORMATION; HOWEVER, NFRARED IMAGERY (8- TO 14-MICROMETER RANGE) PROVIDED UNIQUE INFORMATION CONCERNING DEPTH TO BEDROCK AND GROUND-WATER, BUT MORE WORK HAS TO BE ACCOMPLISHED TO DETERMINE THE "REPEATABILITY" OF THE DATA. COLOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY WAS THE BEST SINGLE SOURCE OF DATA FOR ENGINEERING SOIL MAPPING; HOWEVER, THE FULL POTENTIAL OF COLOR INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY WAS NOT FULLY REALIZED DUE TO THE POOR QUALITY OF PHOTOGRAPHY. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Data collection KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Infrared photography KW - Landforms KW - Remote sensing KW - Site investigation KW - Soil classification KW - Soil tests KW - Soil types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230782 AU - Puerto Rico Department Public Works AU - Res Div TI - STABILIZATION PROCEDURES FOR PUERTO RICO LOW-GRADE SOILS PY - SP - 81 p. AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE PROCEDURE USED IN PUERTO RICO FOR STABILIZATION OF LOW-GRADE SOILS. THE PROCEDURES ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO BROAD CATEGORIES--DENSIFICATION AND CHEMICAL STABILIZATION. COMPACTION, DEWATERING AND PRELOADING ARE DISCUSSED AS TECHNIQUES FOR DENSIFICATION. CHEMICAL STABILIZATION BY THE ADDITION OF ASPHALT, CEMENT, LIME AND A COMBINATION OF LIME AND CEMENT IS ALSO DISCUSSED. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Compaction KW - Densification KW - Dewatering KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117836 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00215618 JO - Highway Focus AU - Tuz, N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPORARY EROSION CONTROL CHECK DAMS PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 31-4 AB - A SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE CONSTRUCTION TREATMENT FOR THE PREVENTION OF STREAM POLLUTION BY SOIL EROSION IS DESCRIBED. THE PROJECT CONTRACT WHICH COVERS GRADING, DRAINAGE, PAVING, AND STRUCTURES, WAS DESIGNED TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE TEMPORARY PROJECT WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROVISION. THE PROPOSED METHOD CALLS FOR TEMPORARY DITCHING TO DIRECT SURFACE RUNOFF FROM THE CONSTRUCTION AREAS TO THREE SEDIMENT BASINS LOCATED AT SEPARATE POINTS OUTSIDE THE HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY. TWO SMALL CHECK DAMS MADE OF CRUSHED STONE WERE INSTALLED ACROSS THE TEMPORARY DIVERSION CHANNEL FOR A BROOK. THEY WERE LOCATED NEAR THE END OF THE EXISTING STREAM CROSSING OF THE CONSTRUCTION UNDERWAY. THE APPROXIMATE BOTTOM THICKNESS WAS 5 FEET AND THE TOP (SPILLWAY) ABOUT 1.5 FEET. RAINFALL IMMEDIATELY AFTER INSTALLATION CAUSED FAILURE OF THE STONE CHECK DAMS, WHICH WERE THEN REPAIRED AND SUBSEQUENTLY FUNCTIONED SATISFACTORILY. EXPERIENCE WITH HEAVY RAINFALL, AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES THAT MAY BE APPLIED ARE RECOUNTED. TOTAL COST OF THE ORIGINAL DAMS, AND REMEDIAL WORK, AND REMOVAL OF TRAPPED SEDIMENTATION IS ESTIMATED AT $400.00. PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING THE CHECK DAMS ARE PRESENTED. KW - Check dams KW - Construction sites KW - Costs KW - Dams KW - Ditches KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Photographs KW - Rainfall KW - Remedies KW - Soils KW - Stream pollution KW - Streams KW - Structures KW - Temporary KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218095 AU - Spottheim, D AU - Pennsylvania Transportation and Traffic Safety Center TI - TOWARD THE DERIVATION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION MODELS FOR ESTIMATING WINTER MAINTENANCE COSTS IN PENNSYLVANIA PY - AB - DUNLAY'S THEORETICAL MODEL IS COMPOSED OF TWO SYSTEMS OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS. HIS CALIBRATED MODEL, HOWEVER, SHOWED UNUSUALLY HIGH "STUDENT T" RATIO THE ESTIMATED PARAMETERS. THIS PROMPTED US TO RE-EXAMINE HIS 1968-69 MODEL. THE EXAMINATION UNCOVERED A MISTAKE IN THE COMPUTATION MANUAL WHICH PRODUCED A SET OF MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS RATHER THAN A SYSTEM OF INTERDEPENDENT EQUATIONS. THEREFORE DUNLAY'S THEORETICAL MODEL WAS RECALIBRATED AND SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES WERE ALSO CALIBRATED, USING 1968-69 AND 1969-70 WINTER SEASON DATA. THE CONSISTENCY TESTS AND THE VALIDATION DISCUSSIONS ARE CONFINED TO THE PARAMETERS OF THE RECALIBRATED DUNLAY'S QUADRATIC FORM MODEL, BUT NO VALIDATION, DISCUSSIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES BECAUSE THEY ARE REDUNDANT OF THE FORMER VALIDATION. THE VALIDATION TESTS SHOW THAT INCONSISTENCIES EXIST IN THE VALUE OF THE ESTIMATED PARAMETERS FOR THE TWO WINTER PERIODS. THESE INCONSISTENCIES COULD BE ATTRIBUTED PARTIALLY TO AUSTERITY POLICIES IN EFFECT DURING THE WINTER OF 1969-70 AND PARTIALLY TO EX REME DIFFERENCES IN THE SEVERITY OF THE TWO WINTERS. THE 1968-69 AND 1970-71 DATA ARE RECOMMENDED AS APPROPRIATE DATA FOR DEVELOPING AND CALIBRATING WINTER MAINTENANCE MODELS FOR PENNSYLVANIA. THE PERIUODS REPRESENT A MILD AND A SEVERE WINTER RESPECTIVELY, WITH NO AUSTERITY POLICY CONSTRAINTS. KW - Economics KW - Equations KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228696 AU - Obermeier, S F TI - SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH PY - SP - 37 p. AB - THE VANE DEVICE OFFERS A SIMPLE MEANS FOR TAKING SHEAR STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF WEAK OR SENSITIVE CLAYEY SOILS. SO THE ENGINEER COULD BETTER DETERMINE HOW TO INTERPRET THE TEST DATA, THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO CLARIFY THE INFLUENCE OF TESTING VARIABLES AND OF IN-SITU STRESS AND STRAIN CONDITIONS ON VANE SHEAR STRENGTH DATA. THE DATA CLEARLY SHOWED THAT THE MEASURED SHEAR STRENGTH OF A CLAY SOIL IS DEPENDENT ON THE TEST SPEED. THIS DEPENDENCE IS PROBABLY A FUNCTION OF TWO INDEPENDENT VARIABLES -- EFFECTIVE STRESSES AND SHEAR STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL THE VANE SHEAR STRENGTHS OF CLAY SOILS TENDED TOBE GREATER THAN THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION SHEAR STRENGTHS, WITH THE RATIO OF THE UNCONFINED VANE TO UNCONFINED COMPRESSION SHEAR STRENGTHS VARYING FROM 0.8 TO 1.4. THE DIFFERENCES IN THE TWO TYPES OF STRENGTHS ARE QUITE SMALL WHEN VIEWED IN TERMS OF THE LARGE INFLUENCE OF SAMPLING DISTURBANCE ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOFT CLAY SOILS. AS A MEANS TO INVESTIGATE THE IN-SITU SHEAR STRENGTH, ARTIFICALLY SLURRIED SOILS WERE CONSOLIDATED AND TESTED IN A CONSOLIDOMETER TYPE OF DEVICE, AND REFERRED TO AS TRIAXIAL VANE TESTS. TRIAXIAL VANE SHEAR STRENGTHS WERE TAKEN FOR A RANGE OF CONSOLIDATION STRESSES OF NORMAL INTEREST IN FIELD TESTING. THE TRIAXIAL VANE SHEAR STRENGTH ENVELOPE OF A HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAY WAS SIMILAR IN SHAPE TO A TYPICAL TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION SHEAR STRENGTH ENVELOPE, BUT THE VANE SHEAR STRENGTH ENVELOPES FOR A LOW AND A MEDIUM PLASTICITY SOIL APPEARED TO DIFFER CONSIDERABLY FROM TYPICAL TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION SHEAR STRENGTH ENVELOPES. A POSSIBLE FIELD USE FOR THE LABORATORY TYPE OF VANE APPARATUS IS SET FORTH. KW - Clay soils KW - Deformation curve KW - Shear strength KW - Soil tests KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237238 AU - Arman, A AU - Thornton, S I AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge TI - COLLAPSIBLE SOILS IN LOUISIANA PY - AB - IN SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA, SOME SURFACE SILTS (UP TO 3 FEET DEEP) COLLAPSE UNDER LOAD AFTER MOISTURE IS ADDED. THESE SOILS WERE INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM NEARBY NORMAL SILTS THROUGH ROUTINE TESTS. THE DEPOSITS OCCUR AS LOW, GENTLY-SLOPING RIDGES. VERY SIMILAR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS WERE FOUND IN THE WELL-KNOWN PIMPLE MOUNDS OF THE AREA. IN THE STABLE SILTS, VERMICULITE IS THE DOMINANT CLAY MINERAL; IN THE COLLAPSIBLE SILTS, MONTMORILLONITE. KAOLINIT AND ILLITE ARE ALSO PRESENT. MOISTURE IS HELD IN THE PORES OF COLLAPSIBLE SILTS BY ELECTROCHEMICAL FORCES. WHEN COLLAPSIBLE SILTS WERE REMOLDED WITH WATER OR ETHYLENE GLYCOL (BOTH POLAR LIQUIDS), NO WATER PASSED THROUGH UNDER 2 METERS OF HEAD. IN SETTLED MIXTURES OF COLLAPSIBLE SILTS AND A SOLUTION OF CALGON, THE SUPERNATANT LIQUID WAS BLACK. THE COLOR CHANGE IS ATTRIBUTED TO LIGNITES. FOUR CRITERIA WERE ESTABLISHED FOR IDENTIFYING COLLAPSIBLE SILTS: AN IN-PLACE UNIT WEIGHT LESS THAN 80 LBS CU.FT.; A MAXIMUM DRY UNIT WEIGHT LESS THAN 104 LBS/CU FT; A BLACK LIQUID AFTER THE SOIL SOLIDS HAVE SETTLED OUT IN A 3% SOLUTION OF CALGON; AND A TOTAL STRAIN OF AT LEAST 15% IN THE COLLAPSE TEST (A MODIFIED CONSOLIDATION TEST OF AN OVEN-DRIED, UNDISTRUBED SAMPLE THAT IS THEN SATURATED UNDER PRESSURE TO 16 TONS/SQ FT). KW - Collapse KW - Illites KW - Kaolinite KW - Moisture content KW - Montmorillonite KW - Silts KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212133 AU - YAMAMOTO, Y AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETARDERS FOR CONCRETE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SETTING TIME AND SHRINKAGE PY - SP - 181 p. AB - SIXTY-FIVE PURE CHEMICALS AND THREE PROPRIETARY RETARDERS WERE TESTED IN THE PENETRATION TEST FOR SETTING TIME AT CONCENTRATIONS AT OR AROUND 0.1% OF THE CEMENT. THE MOST EFFECTIVE RETARDERS HAD SEVERAL, CLOSELY-GROUPED OXYGEN ATOMS IN HYDROXYL, CARBOXYL, OR CARBONYL GROUPS. SOME OF THE RETARDERS WERE USED IN THE FABRICATION OF 0.2 X 0.2 X4-IN. BARS OF CEMENT PASTE, WHICH WERE SUBSEQUENTLY OVEN-DRIED AND THE SHRINKAGE, NON-EVAPORABLE WATER CONTENT, AND SPECIFIC SURFACE OF THE PASTE WAS DETERMINED. THE RETARDERS CAUSED A CHANGE IN THE SHRINKAGE THAT WAS PARALLELED BY A CHANGE IN THE SPECIFIC SURFACE OF THE PASTE. /FHWA/ KW - Cement KW - Chemicals KW - Concrete KW - Microstructure KW - Pastes KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228438 AU - French, A AU - Page, W J AU - Liston, L L AU - Sherrer, R W AU - Gauthier, C L AU - Svercl, P V AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAVEL FORECASTS RELATED TO ENERGY REQUIREMENTS PY - SP - 13 p. AB - A STUDY WAS MADE OF TRAVEL FORECASTS AND HOW THE ENERGY SITUATION WILL AFFECT THEM. COMPUTATIONS WERE DONE OF HIGHWAY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY AREAS HAVING GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR FUEL SAVINGS. THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED WERE THAT THESE AREAS ARE: IMPROVED GAS MILEAGE FOR PASSENGER CARS; IMPROVED UTILIZATION RESUTING FROM GREATER VEHICLE OCCUPANCY; USE OF MASS TRANSIT; AND IMPROVEMENT OF INTERCITY FREIGHT AND SCHOOL BUS EFFICIENCY. KW - Automobiles KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mileage KW - Occupancy KW - Public transit KW - School buses KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117421 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00217299 JO - Highway Focus AU - BLOW, P W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL MACHINE FOR LAYING MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 54-9 AB - A ROOF FELT LAYING MACHINE WAS USED IN AN EXPERIMENT IN LAYING DOWN MEMBRANCE WATERPROOFING. SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEMBRANCE WATERPROOFING IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ARE DISCUSSED. DIMENSIONS OF THE RECTANGULAR TANK AND PROCEDURAL DETAILS ARE DESCRIBED. THREE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE, AND THEIR RESULTANT SIDE EFFECTS ARE OUTLINED. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS ARE SUGGESTED. IT IS NOTED THAT THE MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING PLACED BY THIS MACHINE DURING THE EXPERIMENT WAS NOT ACCEPTABLE TO THE DISTRICT DUE TO UNEVEN APPLICATION OF THE ASPHALT AND FABRIC AND USE OF OIL TO KEEP THE TIRES OF THE MACHINE CLEAN. MODIFICATIONS TO THE MACHINE TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS ARE PLANNED. KW - Asphalt KW - Experiments KW - Laying KW - Machines KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Specifications KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109612 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00219040 JO - Highway Focus AU - Kasper, W L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEATER-REMIXER METHOD OF BITUMINOUS SURFACING PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 42-7 AB - THE SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE SURFACING OF 4.7 MILES OF ROADWAY WITH AN AVERAGE WIDTH OF 80 FEET, REQUIRED THE USE OF A SELF-PROPELLED HEATER-REMIER FIRED BY BUTANE AND CAPABLE OF COVERING 3000 SQUARE YARDS PER HOUR, WHILE HEATING THE EXISTING BITUMINOUS SURFACE TO THE EXTENT THAT IT COULD BE SCARIFIED AND REMIXED TO A DEPTH OF NOT LESS THAN 0.75 OF A INCH. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE IS DETAILED. THE BITUMINOUS SURFACING WAS APPLIED IN SEVEN ADJACENT PASSES AND REQUIRED 12 WORKING DAYS. THE CONTRACTORS' EFFORTS MEET PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS ARE DESCRIBED. THE APPLICATION OF THE ASPHALT REJUVENATING AGENT AND THE SPECIFICATIONS THAT IT IS REQUIRED TO MEET ARE OUTLINED. THE APPLICATION OF THE 0.75-INCH PLANT-MIX BITUMINOUS SEAL IS DESCRIBED. PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE OPERATION ARE PRESENTED AND COMMENTS ARE MADE ON THE COST AND SOME PROCEDURAL PROBLEMS THAT HAVE BEEN ENCOUNTERED. KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Construction management KW - Heaters KW - Maintenance KW - Mixers KW - Photographs KW - Plant mix KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Specifications KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214546 AU - Roberts, J E AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF CURING AND FALSEWORK SUPPORT PERIODS ON DEAD LOAD DEFLECTIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGES PY - SP - 74 p. AB - LARGE VARIATIONS IN ULTIMATE DEAD LOAD DEFLECTIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES HAVE BEEN OBSERVED. A RESEARCH PROJECT WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF TWO PARAMETERS ON THE DEFLECTION OF SLAB TYPE BRIDGES. QUARTER-SCALE MODELS OF TWO IDENTICAL THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGE PROTOTYPES WERE CONSTRUCTED AND TESTED WITH VARIABLE CURING TIMES AND FALSEWORK SUPPORT PERIODS. INCREASING THE CURING PERIOD FROM 7 TO 21 DAYS AND/OR SUPPORTING THE SPANS FROM 7 TO 10 DAYS HAD INSIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON DEFLECTIONS; WHEREAS, THE DIFFERENCE IN DEFLECTIONS BETWEEN 10 AND 21 DAY SUPPORT PERIODS WAS SIGNIFICANT. AN "EFFECTIVE MODULUS" OF 500,000 PSI SHOULD BE USED IN CALCULATING ULTIMATE DEFLECTIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUPPORTED ON FALSEWORK FOR ONLY TEN DAYS. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete curing KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Plastic deformation KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Slabs KW - Static loads KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00217286 JO - Highway Focus AU - Cox, D O AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED MATERIAL FOR AGGREGATE BASE PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 1-7 AB - THE MATERIAL IS SUPPLIED BY A CRUSHING PLANT ON THE PROJECT SITE WHICH CRUSHES PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE RUBBLE AND ASPHALT CONCRETE (AC) RUBBLE. THE RELATIVELY SIMPLE OPERATION IS ILLUSTRATED BY A DIAGRAM AND PHOTOGRAPHS. AFTER INITIAL CRUSHING, THE RUBBLE (WHICH CONSISTS OF CHUNKS OF CONCRETE AND AC FROM DEMOLISHED STRUCTURES, PARKING LOTS AND ROADS), IS SCREENED. ALL MATERIAL NOT PASSING THE LINCH SCREEN IS CARRIED OFF BY A CONVEYOR BELT TO BE RECYCLED THROUGH THE CONE CRUSHER. REMOVAL OF THE REINFORCING STEEL AND WOOD IN THE RUBBLE WAS DONE BY A DOZEN OPERATORS WHOSE EFFORTS WERE COMPLIMENTED BY 2 MEN ALONG THE BELTS. THE FINISHED PRODUCT MUST MEET SPECIFICATIONS OF EITHER CLASS 2 OR 3. TYPICAL TEST RESULTS ARE TABULATED. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH THE SAND EQUIVALENT TEST ARE DISCUSSED. FEATURES POINTED UP IN THE COST ANALYSIS IS REPORTED. ALTHOUGH ACCURATE EQUIPMENT COSTS ARE NOT AVAILABLE, OTHER INFORMATIVE COST FACTORS ARE PRESENTED. KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by source KW - Asphalt KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Crushing KW - Materials tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Rubble KW - Specifications KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109604 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00219041 JO - Highway Focus AU - O'neil, P E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT GROOVING PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 60-5 AB - No Abstract KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00215619 JO - Highway Focus AU - Kinder, W G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CURING PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENTS PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 70-5 AB - EXPERIMENTS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED FOR CURING I-BEAM SECTIONS WITH ELECTRIC HEAT. THE INVESTIGATION INVOLVED CASTING AND CURING ELEVEN 8 TO 10 FEET LONG TEST SPECIMENS WHICH HAD 18 THERMOCOUPLES IMBEDDED WITHIN THE SECTION. FOUR MORE SENSORS WERE USED TO MEASURE EXTERNAL CONCRETE TEMPERATURE AND OTHERS TO RECORD AIR TEMPERATURE AND INTERNAL TEMPERATURE OF A TEST CYLINDER. A FIGURE ILLUSTRATES A TYPICAL TIME- TEMPERATURE CURVE. DURING THE RESEARCH, 72 TEST CYLINDERS WERE CAST AND CURED IN INSULATED BOXES WHICH CLOSELY SIMULATED ACTUAL CURING CONDITIONS OF THE GIRDER. TIME- TEMPERATURE CURVES ARE PRESENTED WHICH ILLUSTRATE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN VALUES FOR THE TEST CYLINDERS AND THOSE OF THE BEAM TAKEN AT HOLD DOWNS. THE SCHMIDT CONCRETE TEST HAMMER WAS USED TO TAKE REBOUND READINGS AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS OF KNOWN TEMPERATURE ON THE GIRDER. THE PROVISION OF THE ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENTS FOR CURING IS DESCRIBED. TESTS WERE ALSO CONDUCTED ON 90- FOOT SECTIONS OF 50 I-BEAMS IN CITY AND COUNTRY. THE SUCCESS OF THE RESEARCH HAS LED TO THE APPROVAL BY STATE AUTHORITIES OF THE ELECTRIC HEAT METHOD OF CURING PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS. THE ADVANTAGES OF THIS METHOD OVER OTHER CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS ARE LISTED. KW - Beams KW - Casting KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete tests KW - Electric heating elements KW - Electrical equipment KW - Girders KW - Heaters KW - I beams KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Rebound KW - Research KW - Temperature measurement KW - Testing KW - Thermocouples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109459 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00217295 JO - Highway Focus AU - Schell, H A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATEX PAINTING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES (OREGON) PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 13-9 AB - THE HISTORY, APPLICATION, PROBLEM, SPECIFICATIONS AND COSTS INVOLVED IN PAINTING CONCRETE SURFACES WITH LATEX EMULSION PAINTS ARE REPORTED. THE APPLICATION OF THE PAINT TO CONCRETE IS DETAILED. THE SURFACE MUST BE CURED, CLEANED, AND MOISTENED PRIOR TO PAINTING AND TEMPERATURES MUST BE ABOVE 50 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. TWO COATS OF LATEX EMULSION PAINT IS NEEDED. CONVENTIONAL EQUIPMENT (PREFERABLY ROLLER) MAY BE USED. THIRTY MINUTES TO TWO HOURS IS TO BE ALLOWED FOR DRYING BETWEEN COATS THE TOTAL COST OF MATERIALS AND APPLICATION IS ABOUT $0.05 PER SQUARE FOOT. MAINTENANCE OF THE SURFACE AFTER PAINTING IS PRACTICALLY NONEXISTENT. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ARE DISCUSSED. THE STATE'S GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR APPLICATION OF LATEX EMULSION PAINT TO CONCRETE SURFACES IS LISTED. THESE COVER SURFACE FINISH SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMULA, COMPOSITION AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS. KW - Concrete structures KW - Costs KW - Drying KW - Emulsions KW - Formulas KW - Latex KW - Materials selection KW - Paint KW - Painting KW - Requirement KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215991 AU - Missouri State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF PAINTS AND GLASS BEADS USED IN TRAFFIC DELINEATION MARKINGS-PHASE 3 PY - SP - 76 p. AB - THE WHITE TRAFFIC DELINEATION PAINTS WHICH WERE INDICATED AS HAVING THE BEST WEAR RESISTANCE PROPERTIES FROM PHASE 1, COLD APPLIED PAINTS, AND PHASE 2, HOT APPLIED PAINTS, WERE USED TO TEST THE PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS TYPES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF REFLECTIVE GLASS BEADS IN PHASE 3. THE EVALUATION OF LONGITUDINAL CENTERLINE STRIPES WAS BASED ON DAYTIME AND NIGHTIME OBSERVATIONS AS DESCRIBED IN ASTM. THE RESULTS RECONFIRM THESE PAINTS AS BEING LONGER WEARING THAN THE MISSOURI DISPERSION RESIN-VARNISH PAINT. A TYPE II "FLOATING" BEAD WAS SHOWN TO RANK HIGH IN PERFORMANCE. AN ALTERNATE RATING SYSTEM FOR MEASURING THE NIGHT VISIBILITY OF EACH STRIPE WAS FOUND TO COMPARE VERY WELL WITH THE SUBJECTIVE RATING GIVEN IN THE ASTM METHOD. /FHWA/ KW - Center lines KW - Evaluation KW - Glass KW - Glass beads KW - Night visibility KW - Paint KW - Performance KW - Reflective beads KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP72-8_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105944 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00209822 JO - Highway Focus AU - Oconnor, D S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYANMIC PILE STUDIES IN OHIO PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-12 AB - THIS ADVANCED TECHNIQUE FOR PREDICTING THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILES MAKES USE OF DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS TAKEN DURING THE PILE DRIVING OPERATION. WITH THE AID OF SPECIALLY DESIGNED PILE ATTACHMENTS AND A PORTABLE SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER, PREDICTIONS OF STATIC BEARING CAPACITY ARE PRODUCED ALMOST INSTANTANEOUSLY. THE APPLICATION OF A SIMPLIFIED WAVE ANALYSIS AND THE COMPUTATION OF THEORETICAL SOIL RESISTANCE USING A GIVEN EQUATION IS DESCRIBED. RESULTS DERIVED FROM ELASTIC WAVE THEORY WERE USED TO VERIFY THE AVERAGING PROCEDURE AND FURTHER REFINE THE PREDICTION METHOD. THE USE OF A TRANSDUCER TO MAKE FORCE MEASUREMENTS IS DESCRIBED. LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF THIS DYNAMIC METHOD AT ITS PRESENT STATE OF DEVELOPMENT ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE PROSPECT OF USING DYNAMIC TEST EQUIPMENT UNDER ROUTINE TEST CONDITIONS IS GOOD. KW - Computers KW - Dynamic tests KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Pile driving KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Portable equipment KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Sound KW - Sound KW - Structural tests KW - Transducers KW - Wave mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222624 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Bailey, S N AU - Spring, R J AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF BROOM TEXTURE ON MOTORCYCLE RIDEABILITY PY - SP - 22 p. AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE IF THE SAFETY OF THE MOTORCYCLIST WAS IMPAIRED BY THE BROOM TEXTURE OF THE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE ROADWAY SURFACE LOCATED ON STATE HIGHWAY 50 NEAR SACRAMENTO. THREE MOTORCYCLES WERE ACQUIRED FOR THE TEST STUDY. THE SMALLEST OF THE THREE WAS 250 CC'S, THE SECOND WAS 500 CC'S, AND THE THIRD WAS A STANDARD HIGHWAY PATROL BIKE. THE EVALUATION WAS MADE BY THREE EXPERIENCED MOTORCYCLISTS. THE BROOM TEXTURE TESTED IN THIS STUDY DID NOT PRESENT A HAZARDOUS RIDING CONDITION TO THE MOTORCYCLIST. IN GENERAL, THE 250 CC BIKE WAS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE SURFACE TEXTURE THAN THE OTHER TWO BIKES. THIS WAS EVEN MORE EVIDENT WITH THE ADDITION OF SEMI-KNOBBY TIRES TO BOTH THE FRONT AND BACK WHEELS. /FHWA/ KW - Hazards KW - Motorcycles KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Safety KW - Texture KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222620 AU - WOJCIK, C K AU - Allen, R W AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - Calif Business & Transportation Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL ROAD GEOMETRY: LANE DROP STUDY PY - SP - 32 p. AB - THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO STUDY AND MEASURE DRIVER'S PERFORMANCE IN A LANE DROP SITUATION. THE STUDY WAS FOCUSSED ON COMPARISON OF THE LEFT LANE DROP VERSUS THE RIGHT LANE DROP. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN THE UCLA DRIVING SIMULATOR. A SLIGHTLY LARGER NUMBER OF FAILURES IN MERGING WITH MOVING TRAFFIC IN ADJACENT LANE WAS OBSERVED IN THE CASE OF THE RIGHT LANE DROP. HOWEVER, THIS RESULT MUST BE VIEWED WITH CAUTION BECAUSE OF THE SMALL SAMPLE OF FAILURE STATISTICS COUPLED WITH THE HIGH FAILURE RATE OF ONE SUBJECT. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Lane drops KW - Personnel performance KW - Simulation KW - Studies KW - Study analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206500 AU - Jelokhani, A R AU - Kalb, M AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SATELLITE TESTS ON THE NORTHEASTERN EXPRESSWAY I-95 (JOHN F. KENNEDY MEMORIAL HIGHWAY) VOL II APPENDICES TO FINAL REPORT PY - VL - ii AB - THE PRINCIPAL FINDINGS WERE PRESENTED IN VOLUME I. VOLUME II CONTAINS ADDITIONAL DATA INCLUDING PAVEMENT CROSS SECTIONS, SOIL AND PAVEMENT MATERIALS TEST RESULTS, SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS, PERFORMANCE DATA, CALCULATIONS, GRAPHS, AND PROCEDURES. /FHWA/ KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Cross sections KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210485 AU - Hudson, S B AU - Higgins, F T AU - Bowery, F J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF STATISTICAL PARAMETERS FOR BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PY - SP - 228 p. AB - THIS REPORT DOCUMENTS A RESEARCH PROJECT CONDUCTED TO OBTAIN RELIABLE INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR THE PREPARATION OF REALISTIC SPECIFICATIONS FOR BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURES AND PAVEMENTS. THE WORK INVOLVED THE STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF DATA FROM TWO SOURCES: (1) HISTORICAL DATA CONSISTING OF ABOUT 4600 MEASUREMENTS OF RANDOM SAMPLINGS OF PAVING MIXTURES AT THE JOB SITE DURING 1968 AND 1969 AND (2) DATA OBTAINED FROM A SERIES OF STATISTICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS AND A RELATED INSPECTOR'S SAMPLING PROGRAM, INVOLVING ABOUT 6600 MEASUREMENTS OF NORMAL MATERIALS AND ROUTINE CONSTRUCTION. A STATIC CALLED THE CONFORMAL INDEX WAS COMPUTED FROM THE HISTORICAL MEASUREMENTS OF THE ASPHALT CONTENT AND THE PERCENTAGES PASSING ALL SPECIFICATION SIEVES FOR BOTH WEARING AND BINDER COURSES. THIS STATISTIC IS A MEASURE OF PROCESS CAPABILITY AND WAS EMPLOYED TO ESTIMATE THE SIZE AND INCIDENCE OF DEVIATIONS FROM THE APPROVED JOB-MIX FORMULA OF PAVEMENTS NOW IN SERVICE. DATA FROM THE DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS AND INSPECTOR'S SAMPLING PROGRAM WAS PRINCIPALLY USED TO ESTIMATE THE RELATIVE SIZES OF THE COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE OF MEASUREMENTS FROM THEIR AVERAGE. MEASUREMENTS INVESTIGATED INCLUDED THE ASPHALT CONTENT AND GRADATION OF WEARING AND BINDER COURSE MIXTURES MARSHALL PROPERTIES AND PAVEMENT DENSITY. SUMMARIES OF THE RESULTS OF THE VARIOUS ANALYSES WERE UTILIZED IN THE DETERMINATION OF REALISTIC NUMERICAL LIMITS AND IN THE PREPARATION OF A NEW TYPE SPECIFICATION WITH AN ASSOCIATED STATISTICAL SAMPLING PLAN. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Experimental data KW - Gradation KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Pavement design KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218085 AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE SCHEDULING AND REPORTING PY - SP - 102 p. AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES MOST OF THE FIELD PROCEDURES OF THE ARKANSAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT'S MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. THE MATERIAL IS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR AREA FOREMEN AND JOB SUPERINTENDENTS. INCLUDED ARE: WORK SCHEDULING, MANAGEMENT TOOLS, PROCEDURES AND REPORTING. THE FORMAT IS SUITABLE FOR USE AS A SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT. /FHWA/ KW - Education KW - Field strength KW - Handbooks KW - Hours of labor KW - Management KW - Methodology KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Scheduling KW - Supervision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206502 AU - Jelokhani, A R AU - Kalb, M AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SATELLITE TESTS ON THE NORTHEASTERN EXPRESSWAY I-95 (JOHN F. KENNEDY MEMORIAL HIGHWAY) VOLUME I PY - SP - 106 p. AB - THE PRIMARY PRUPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO OBTAIN BASIC DATA WHICH WOULD BE USEFUL IN THE APPLICATION OF THE AASHO ROAD TEST EQUATIONS TO PAVEMENT DESIGN IN THE MARYLAND-DELAWARE AREA. BASIC DATA WAS OBTAINED FROM FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENT TEST SITES ON I-95. PAVEMENT MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE PERIODICALLY FROM 1963 UNTIL 1970 AND INCLUDED ROAD ROUGHNESS, PRESENT SERVICE-ABILITY INDEX (PSI) DETERMINATION, BENKLEMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS, AND SKID RESISTANCE. THE PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ARE PRESENTED IN VOLUME I, AND ADDITIONAL DATA IS GIVEN IN VOLUME II, APPENDICES TO THE FINAL REPORT. THE ROUGHNESS RESULTS SHOW THAT THE RIDEABILITY OF MOST OF THE I-95 TEST SITES WAS SATISFACTORY. RESULTS OF THE PSI SURVEYS INDICATE THAT THE PSI VALUES TEND TO DECREASE AS TIME (AGE) OF THE PAVEMENT INCREASED. HOWEVER, THE LAST PSI VALUES OBTAINED IN 1970 REMAINED AT HIGH LEVELS. DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS ON THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT TEND TO INCREASE AS TIME OF THE PAVEMENT INCREASED. SKID RESISTANCE VALUES ON I-95 TEND TO DECREASE AS TIME OF THE PAVEMENT INCREASED. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOW THAT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST SITES HAS REMAINED AT HIGH LEVELS, THUS MAKING PERFORMANCE ANALYSES DIFFICULT. IT WAS THEREFORE NOT QUITE POSSIBLE TO ATTAIN ALL OF THE DESIRED RESEARCH OBJECTIVES. /FHWA/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Artificial satellites KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Rigid pavements KW - Satellite program KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210484 AU - Mikkelsen, V V AU - Wolters, R O AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Minnesota Local Road Research Board TI - EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS SURFACES USING FINER AGGREGATES PY - IS - 629 SP - 22 p. AB - THIS INVESTIGATION IS BEING CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE, UNDER LOW TRAFFIC VOLUMES, OF BITUMINOUS SURFACES CONSTRUCTED WITH FINER AGGREGATES THAN THOSE PERMITTED UNDER MHD SPEC. 2331. PROJECTS WERE CONSTRUCTED ON LOW-TRAFFIC VOLUME ROADS IN KOOCHICHING, PINE AND WASECA COUNTIES IN 1969 AND 1970. THE PERFORMANCE OF THESE PROJECTS OVER THE FIRST YEAR OR TWO HAS BEEN SATISFACTORY. USE OF FINER AGGREGATES CAN RESULT IN SIGNIFICANT COST REDUCTION IN AREAS OF GRAVEL SCARCITY. IT IS INDICATED BY THE STUDY THAT FINER AGGREGATES OF GRADATION SUCH AS USED ON THESE PROJECTS CAN PROVIDE ADEQUATE SERVICE PERFORMANCE UNDER CONDITIONS OF LOW TRAFFIC DEMANDS. OBSERVATIONS WILL BE CONTINUED FOR FURTHER LONG-TERM EVALUATION. /FHWA/ KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Evaluation KW - Fine aggregates KW - Gravel KW - Surface treating KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218082 AU - Scrimsher, T AU - JOHNSON, M H AU - Sherman, G B AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAY PY - SP - 48 p. AB - THIS REPORT DISCUSSES THE CONSTRUCTION AND FIRST YEAR'S PERFORMANCE OF TWO COLD ASPHALT EMULSION MIXTURES PLACED IN A 1 INCH OVERLAY ON AN EXISTING ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT. THIS OVERLAY IS THE FIRST PROJECT IN A STUDY TO DETERMINE IF COLD MIXED ASPHALT CONCRETE CAN REDUCE PARTICULATE AND AEROSOL EMISSIONS AND AT THE SAME TIME PROVIDE A DURABLE ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT. DETAILS OF MIXING AND PLACING AS WELL AS CONDITION SURVEYS OF THE PAVEMENT ARE DISCUSSED. AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE MIXTURES ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. THE DOWNWIND DUST FROM THE PLANT WAS THE SAME FOR COLD MIX AS THE HOT MIX OPERATION. THE PARTICULATE AND AEROSOL EMISSIONS OF THE COLD MIX WERE LESS THAN HOT MIX OPERATIONS. HOWEVER, PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE HAS NOT BEEN EQUIVALENT TO ADJACENT HOT MIX PAVEMENT OVERLAYS. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Placing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230778 AU - Yee, W S AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL RESISTANCE AND DEFLECTION OF PILES - FINAL REPORT PHASE I PY - AB - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CURRENT THEORETICAL SOLUTIONS FOR LATERALLY LOADED PILES AND FULL-SCALE FIELD TESTS OF LATERALLY LOADED VERTICAL PILES IN TWO BRIDGE EMBANKMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED SHOWING THAT THE EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED VALUES OF K (COEFFICIENT OF SOIL MODULUS VARIATION IN THE EXPRESSION E EQUALS KX) CAN BE USED WITH EITHER THE REESE AND MATLOCK EXPRESSIONS OR THE FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS TO GIVE RELIABLE PREDICTIONS OF BENDING MOMENTS AND STRESSES IN LATERALLY LOADED PILES IN BRIDGE ABUTMENTS. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE THEORETICAL AND MEASURED BENDING MOMENTS SHOW THAT A LINEAR VARIATION OF THE SOIL MODULUS E, WITH DEPTH X, BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE (E EQUALS KX) IS A GOOD APPROXIMATION. THE RESULTS ALSO SHOW THAT THE MAJOR SUPPORT FOR THE LATERALLY LOADED PILES WAS PROVIDED ALMOST ENTIRELY BY THE 12 TO 20-FT. UPPER STRATUM OF EMBANKMENT MATERIAL. THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNDERLYING NATURAL DEPOSIT, CLAY OR SAND, IS PRACTICALLY NEGLIGIBLE. /FHWA/ KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Coefficients KW - Equations KW - Field tests KW - Finite differences KW - Forecasting KW - Lateral stress KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Piles (Supports) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215992 AU - Ekstrom, D H AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL WELD DEFECTS ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED CONNECTIONS PY - SP - 90 p. AB - THE OBJECT OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL FLAWS ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF BUTT-WELDED CONNECTIONS IN MILD STRUCTURAL STEEL, THE INITIATION OF FATIGUE CRACKS FROM THESE FLAWS AND THE PROPAGATION RATES OF THESE CRACKS IN THE CONNECTIONS. SINCE INTERNAL FLAWS OCCUR IN MANY WELDS IT IS ESSENTIAL TO OBTAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BEHAVIOR OF FLAWED CONNECTIONS SO THAT ADEQUATE, YET REALISTIC, CODE REQUIREMENTS CAN BE ESTABLISHED. THE STUDY IS LIMITED TO TWO MAJOR TYPES OF DEFECTS, POROSITY AND INCOMPLETE PENETRATION. THE POROSITY WAS FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES BASED ON THE SEVERITY OF THE DEFECT. THE SPECIMENS WITH INCOMPLETE PENETRATION WERE MADE WITH AN INITIAL 3/16" CENTRALLY LOCATED CRACK THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SPECIMEN. THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF THE CONNECTIONS WITH THE DEFECTS IS COMPARED WITH THAT OF SOUND WELDS TO OBSERVE THE EFFECTS OF THE DEFECTS ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF THE CONNECTIONS. THE DATA ARE COMPARED WITH RESULTS OF SIMILAR STUDIES FOUND IN THE LITERATURE AND ALSO WITH THE AASHO 1970 SPECIFICATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. THREE OF THE SPECIMENS WITH INCOMPLETE PENETRATION WERE EXAMINED RADIOGRAPHICALLY DURING THE FATIGUE TESTING TO DETERMINE WHEN INITIATION OF THE FATIGUE CRACKS OCCURRED, AND HOW RAPIDLY THEY PROPAGATED. THE RESULTS OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION TESTS ARE COMPARED WITH SIMILAR RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOPED FOR HIGH STRENGTH STEELS. A RELATIONSHIP THAT BETTER FITS THE DATA FOR MILD STEEL HAS BEEN DEVELOPED IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO THAT USED FOR THE HIGH STRENGTH STEELS. /FHWA/ KW - Butt welds KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Pendulum tests KW - Porosity KW - Structural steel KW - Weld defects KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208079 AU - Abdelraouf, M R AU - Matlock, H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE DECKS PY - SP - 141 p. AB - A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE DECKS TREATED AS SHELL-TYPE STRUCTURES. THE METHOD CAN BE USED SUCCESSFULLY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A WIDE VARIETY OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES SUCH AS SLAB-TYPE BRIDGES, BEAM SLAB BRIDGES, BOX GIRDER BRIDGES, AND CURBED BRIDGES. THE DECK IS DISCRETIZED AS AN ASSEMBLAGE OF FLAT TRIANGULAR ELEMENTS. FOUR DIFFERENT ELEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR USE IN THE ANALYSIS. TWO OF THESE ARE IN THE FORMS OF A NEW, REFINED TRIANGULAR ELEMENT AND A NEW, REFINED NON-PLANAR QUADRILATERAL ELEMENT, AND THE OTHER TWO ELEMENTS ARE A TRIANGULAR ELEMENT AND A QUADRILATERAL ELEMENT WITH LESS REFINEMENT OF STIFFNESS EVALUATION. THE REFINED ELEMENTS ARE SUITABLE FOR USE IN COARSE MESHES TO ANALYZE DECKS WITH SIMPLE GEOMETRY WHILE THE OTHER TWO ELEMENTS MAY BE USED IN FINE MESHES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DECKS WITH COMPLEX GEOMETRY. A SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM NODAL POINT DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM IS USED IN THE ANALYSIS. SUCH A SYSTEM IS ENOUGH FOR COMPLETE REPRESENTATION OF THE SHELL PROBLEM AND AT THE SAME TIME PERMITS MESH REFINEMENT FOR REPRESENTATION OF STRUCTURES WITH COMPLEX GEOMETRIES. ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES AS WELL AS ELASTIC SUPPORTS ARE CONSIDERED. THE METHOD OFFERS CONSIDERABLE FLEXIBILITY IN EXPRESSING PRACTICAL CASES OF LOADS AND SUPPORT CONDITIONS TOGETHER WITH SIMPLICITY OF THE INPUT DATA. A CONTINUOUS FIVE GIRDER BRIDGE AND A CONTINUOUS BOX GIRDER BRIDGE WERE ANALYZED, AND THE RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH FOUR EXISTING SOLUTIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Bridge decks KW - Continuous structures KW - Curbs KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Orthotropic KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214544 AU - Hudson, S B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK OF APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS TO THE HIGHWAY INDUSTRY - PART II - ACCEPTANCE PLANS PY - SP - 144 p. AB - THIS IS PART II OF A THREE-PART HANDBOOK DEALING WITH PRACTICAL CONCEPTS IN THE FIELD OF STATISTICS AND WITH THEIR APPLICATIONS IN THE CONTROL OF MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS PART IS TO POINT OUT AND ANALYZE THE RISK, OR EXPECTED LOSS, THAT MAY RESULT WHENEVER AN INSPECTOR OR ENGINEER MAKES A WRONG DECISION BY ACCEPTING OR REJECTING A LOT OF MATERIAL OR CONSTRUCTION. THE CONCEPTS AND PROCEDURES DESCRIBED IN PART I ARE APPLIED TO THE DESIGN OF STATISTICAL ACCEPTANCE PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS. THE CONCEPT OF GOOD AND POOR LOTS CHARACTERIZED BY ASSIGNED AVERAGE VALUES IS INTRODUCED. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE AMOUNT OF RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION OF A PARTICULAR LOT DEPENDS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE AVERAGES, ON THE VARIABILITY OF THE MEASURED VALUES, AND ON THE NUMBER OF TESTS ON WHICH A DECISION IS BASED. THE DESIGN OF ACCEPTANCE PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS, THE CONSTRUCTION OF ASSOCIATED OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS CURVES, AND METHODS OF APPLYING REDUCTIONS IN PRICE FOR MATERIALS OR CONSTRUCTION OF MARGINAL QUALITY, ARE ILLUSTRATED BY FULLY WORKED OUT EXAMPLES. /FHWA/ KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Operations KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224307 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR DIGITAL COMPUTER CONTROL OF A SAFETY WARNING SYSTEM FOR URBAN FREEWAYS PY - SP - 89 p. AB - A CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR DIGITAL COMPUTER CONTROL OF A SAFETY WARNING SYSTEM FOR URBAN FREEWAYS WAS DEVELOPED AND EVALUATED. TRAFFIC ENERGY WAS USED AS THE CONTROL VARIABLE. COMPUTER LOGIC WAS DEVELOPED CENTERED ABOUT CRITICAL ENERGY AS THE CONTROL PARAMETER. THE ABILITY OF THE CRITICAL ENERGY PARAMETER TO DETECT STOPPAGE WAVES WAS STUDIED AND EVALUATIONS WERE MADE OF THE PERFORMANCE, RELIABILITY, STABILITY, AND SENSITIVITY OF THE CONTROL LOGIC. BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH, REVISED CONTROL PROGRAM WAS STRUCTURED AND LATER IMPLEMENTED TO AUTOMATICALLY CONTROL THREE PROTOTYPE SAFETY WARNING SYSTEMS ON THE GULF FREEWAY. /THD/ KW - Behavior KW - Control devices KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Information processing KW - Safety KW - Shock waves KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201242 AU - Studer, R AU - Buboltz, C AU - Bootsma, E AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF INTERSTATE 80, GRINNELL, IOWA PY - AB - THIS STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF INTERSTATE 80 WHICH BYPASSES GRINNELL, IOWA (POPULATION 8,400) WAS CONDUCTED OVER 10 YEARS IN THREE PHASES: 1960-1962 (BEFORE THE INTERSTATE), 1963-1964 (I-80 PARTIALLY OPENED) AND 1965-1969 (AFTER CONSTRUCTION). DATA ON BUSINESS, EMPLOYMENT, LAND USE, ZONING, TAX BASE, AND ACCIDENTS WERE COLLECTED AND COMPARED FOR GRINNELL AND THE SURROUNDING AREA. A PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY WAS ALSO CONDUCTED. RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATED THAT TRAFFIC ALONG IOWA 146 INCREASED SINCE IT HAD BECOME THE MAJOR ACCESS ROUTE TO INTERSTATE 80. RETAIL SALES INCREASED BY 78 PERCENT OVER THE 10 YEAR PERIOD COMPARED TO 69 PERCENT FOR THE AVERAGE OF 10 SURROUNDIONG COMMUNITIES AND 75 PERCENT FOR THE STATE OF IOWA. RESULTS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN GRINNELL AND THE 10 SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES OF POWESHIEK COUNTY ARE USED FOR CONTROL PURPOSES. ALTHOUGH 8 SERVICE STATIONS CLOSED ON U. S. 6, THE ROUTE NEARBY THAT I-80 PARALLELS, THOSE WHICH REMAINED CHANGED THE EMPHASIS OF THEIR OPERATION TO ATTRACT LOCAL CUSTOMERS. INCREASED COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GRINNELL WAS LARGELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO INTERSTATE 80. FOR EXAMPLE, SPOKESMEN OF THREE OF THE FOUR NEW INDUSTRIES IN GRINNELL STATED THAT ACCESSIBILITY TO INTERSTATE 80 WAS A MAJOR DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE SELECTION OF THEIR PRESENT LOCATION. ALSO THE TAX BASE IMPACT ON THE COUNTY WAS POSITIVE, SINCE INCREASED TAX COLLECTIONS RESULTING FROM THE INCREASED COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT MORE THAN OFFSET LOSSES FROM THE ACQUISITION OF I-80 RIGHT-OF-WAY. IN ADDITION, THE STATE REIMBURSED THE COUNTY FOR TEMPORARY LOSS OF SCHOOL TAXES FROM INTERSTATE RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION. ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT DATA INDICATED THAT THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY REDUCED THE ACCIDENT RATE IN THE GRINNELL AREA BY MORE THAN 30 PERCENT. FINALLY, THE GENERALLY FAVORABLE EFFECTS OF INTERSTATE 80 ON GRINNELL WERE SUBSTANTIATED BY THE RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY WHERE MORE THAN 90 PERCENT OF THE RESPONDENTS INDICATED THAT I-80 WOULD BE PERSONALLY BENEFICIAL AND NEARLY TWO-THIRDS OF THE RESPONDENTS INDICATED THAT THE ENTIRE CITY WOULD BENEFIT. THE LOWER PROPORTION OF FAVORABLE RESPONSES FOR CITY-WIDE BENEFITS MAY BE A RESULT OF THE RECOGNITION OF ANTICIPATION OF SOME ECONOMIC LOSSES BY TOURIST-ORIENTED BUSINESSES. /FHWA/ KW - Business development KW - Crash rates KW - Economic development KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Public opinion KW - Tax receipts KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205398 AU - Schafer, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM COMPUTER PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - SP - 199 p. AB - THIS REPORT GIVES THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM FPS-9 USED FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN SYSTEM. THIS DOCUMENTATION IS ALSO IN MACHINE READABLE FORM TO MAKE POSSIBLE A CONTINUING DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR UPDATES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM (FPS) SERIES OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS. INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT ARE: (1) CROSS REFEREBCE TABLES, (2) INPUT DATA FORMATS, (3) FLOWCHARTS, (4) DOCUMENTATION OF MATHEMATICAL AND USER COST FORMULAS, (5) RESULTS OF TIMING TESTS FOR COMPUTER CPU TIME ON EXAMPLE DATA, (6) A VARIABLE NAME DICTIONARY, (7) DOCUMENTATION AIDS, INCLUDING "TEXLIS" A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PRINTING A BODY OF THE REPORT. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programming KW - Costs KW - Dictionaries KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Input KW - Optimization KW - Pavement design KW - Systems analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210488 AU - Molinaro, T F AU - Clark, W H AU - Thomas, J J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRUSHED GRAVEL COARSE AGGREGATE IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - SP - 62 p. AB - THE FIELD PERFORMANCE OF A GROUP OF NEW YORK STATE ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED WITH CRUSHED GRAVEL COARSE AGGREGATE WAS COMPARED TO THAT OF A SIMILAR GROUP OF PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED WITH CRUSHED STONE. ALSO COMPARED WAS THE PERFORMANCE OF GRAVELS FROM THE ADIRONDACK HIGHLANDS WITH GRAVELS FROM THE SOUTHERN TIER. LABORATORY STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON CORES TAKEN FROM THE CRUSHED GRAVEL PAVEMENTS TO ASCERTAIN THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND THOSE OF SELECTED GROUPS OF SAMPLES FROM CRUSHED STONE PAVEMENTS. SURVEYS WERE PERFORMED ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT PAVEMENTS IN NEW YORK AND ON PENNSYLVANIA STATE HIGHWAYS CONSTRUCTED WITH CRUSHED GRAVEL FROM NEW YORK STATE SOURCES. NEW YORK ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED WITH CRUSHED GRAVEL WERE FOUND (1) TO BE PERFORMING SIMILARLY TO CRUSHED STONE PAVEMENTS WITH RESPECT TO ROUGHNESS, RUTTING, AND CRACKING AND PATCHING (COMPONENTS OF THE PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX OF PSI); (2found TO HAVE GOOD SKID RESISTANCE; AND (3) TO BE COMPARABLE TO A SELECTED GROUP OF CRUSHED STONE MIXES IN MARSHALL STABILITY. PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED WITH CRUSHED GRAVEL FROM SOURCES IN THE ADIRONDACK HIGHLANDS AND THE SOUTHERN TIER WERE FOUND TO BE PERFORMING SIMILARLY ON THE BASIS OF RESULTS OF THIS STUDY WERE USED IN DEVELOPING NEW STATE SPECIFICATIONS PERMITTING THE USE OF CRUSHED GRAVEL IN ASPHALT CONCRETE WHEN IT MEETS THE SAME QUALITY REQUIREMENTS AS CRUSHED STONE OR SLAG. /FHWA/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Crushed gravel KW - Crushed rock KW - Field performance KW - Gravel KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226634 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Biggs, R G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF A SAFETY WARNING SYSTEM PROTOTYPE FOR THE GULF FREEWAY PY - AB - THIS REPORT DISCUSSES THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SAFETY WARNING SYSTEM FOR URBAN FREEWAYS. THE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO ALERT MOTORISTS OF FREEWAY STOPPAGES WHICH OCCUR DOWNSTREAM OF OVERPASSES. THE DESIGN FEATURES OF A PROTOTYPE SYSTEM INSTALLED ON THE GULF FREEWAY ARE DISCUSSED. KW - Information systems KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208078 AU - Douglas, T R AU - University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - IS - 66 SP - 181 p. AB - AN INVESTIGATION WAS MADE TO DETERMINE THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGES UNDER EITHER DEAD OR LIVE LOADS. EXPERIMENTAL DATA WERE COLLECTED FROM THREE SUCH BRIDGES LOCATED IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, AND CORRELATED WITH RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THEORETICAL ANALYSES. THE FOLLOWING ARE ALSO DISCUSSED: (1) STRESSES, DEFLECTIONS, AND ROTATIONS CALCULATED BY EACH OF THE TWO THEORETICAL ANALYSES USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION; (2) PROCEDURES FOR FIELD TESTING THE THREE BRIDGES TO OBTAIN EXPERIMENTAL VALUES FOR STRESSES, DEFLECTIONS, AND ROTATIONS; (3) COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALUES FOR STRESSES, DEFLECTIONS, AND ROTATIONS; AND (4) DETAILED COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE TWO THEORETICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Loads KW - Rotation KW - Stresses KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222625 AU - Woods, D L AU - Young, M F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC NOISE REDUCTION PY - SP - 67 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY, DOCUMENTS THE EXECUTION OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM, AND PRESENTS RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING STUDY OBJECTIVES: (1) TO EVALUATE AND RECOMMEND THRESHOLD NOISE LEVELS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LAND USE ACTIVITIES; (2) TO EVALUATE AND RECOMMEND EQUIPMENT FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC NOISE; (3) TO RECOMMEND A PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC NOISE POTENTIAL ASSOCIATED WITH A NEW HIGHWAY LOCATION WITH A SPECIFIC DESIGN CONFIGURATION; (4) TO ESTABLISH THE DEGREE OF TRAFFIC NOISE NEAR URBAN HIGHWAYS IN TEXAS; AND (5) TO RECOMMEND TRAFFIC NOISE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR USE ON EXISTING TRAFFIC FACILITIES. /FHWA/ KW - Highway design KW - Land use KW - Measuring instruments KW - Traffic noise KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215993 AU - Rooney, H A AU - Shelly, T L AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COATINGS AND PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS PY - SP - 42 p. AB - THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS HAS CONTINUED EVALUATION OF ZINC RICH PRIMERS FOR USE ON STRUCTURAL STEEL. THE ORGANIC VEHICLE TYPE DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT HAS PROVEN IN LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS TO BE ESSENTIALLY EQUAL IN DURABILITY TO THE INORGANIC VEHICLE TYPE, WITHOUT THE SOPHISTICATION IN APPLICATION AND LIABILITY TO EARLY FAILURE CAUSED BY FAULTY APPLICATION OF THE LATTER. FORMULATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE FOR 20-30 SECOND DRY TO NO PICK-UP HEATED TRAFFIC PAINTS, AND SPECIFICATIONS OF A PERFORMANCE TYPE ARE BEING PREPARED. FORMULATIONS FOR FOUR TYPES OF CONCRETE CURING COMPOUNDS AND A RAPID DRY HEAVY EQUIPMENT AND TRUCK ENAMEL ARE DISCUSSED. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete curing KW - Curing agents KW - Enamels KW - Equipment KW - Road marking materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Zinc KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208081 AU - Hayes, C O AU - Matlock, H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY LOADED PLANE FRAMES USING A DISCRETE ELEMENT MODEL PY - SP - 383 p. AB - A DISCRETE ELEMENT ANALYSIS WHICH CONSIDERS GEOMETRIC, MATERIAL, AND SUPPORT NONLINEARITIES OF STATICALLY LOADED PLANE FRAMES IS DEVELOPED. A COMPUTER PROGRAM HAS BEEN WRITTEN TO IMPLEMENT AND VERIFY THE ANALYSIS. FRAME GEOMETRY, LOADS, CROSS SECTIONS, AND SUPPORTS (NONLINEAR CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED SPRINGS) CAN BE SUFFICIENTLY GENERAL TO WORK PRACTICAL FRAME PROBLEMS. THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS BASED ON AN ITERATIVE PROCEDURE CALLED THE TANGENT STIFFNESS METHOD. UNBALANCED NODAL POINT FORCES ARE APPLIED TO A TEMPORARILY LINEAR STRUCTURE WHOSE POSITION DEPENDENT STIFFNESS MATRIX IS THE TANGENT STIFFNESS MATRIX OF THE STRUCTURE. LOAD-DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS FOR AN INDIVIDUAL DISCRETE ELEMENT ARE DERIVED WHICH ARE VALID FOR LARGE DISPLACEMENTS. A NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE IS USED TO DETERMINE THE FORCE-DEFORMATION RESPONSE OF A CROSS SECTION WITH NONLINEAR STRESS-STRAIN CURVES. LOADS AND NONLINEAR SUPPORTS ARE INPUT IN NORMAL ENGINEERING TERMS AND CAN BE REFERENCED EITHER TO THE STRUCTURE OR TO THE MEMBER AXES. WHEN NECESSARY, THE LOADS AND NONLINEAR SUPPORTS ARE INTERNALLY TRANSFORMED TO MEMBER COORDINATES AND DISCRETIZED TO CONCENTRATED VALUES AT THE NODAL POINTS. CASTIGLIANO'S FIRST THEOREM IS APPLIED TO DEVELOP MATRIX EXPRESSIONS FOR THE STIFFNESS MATRIX OF A GENERAL DISCRETE ELEMENT AND THESE EXPRESSIONS ARE USED TO OBTAIN THE STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR THE SPECIFIC DISCRETE ELEMENT USED IN THE FRAME SOLUTIONS. A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS ARE WORKED AND COMPARED WITH EXISTING ANALYTICAL OR EXPERIMENTAL SOLUTIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Discrete element method KW - Discrete systems KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Frames KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208083 AU - Emanuel, J H AU - Best, J L AU - Hulsey, J L AU - Senne, J H AU - Thompson, L E AU - University of Missouri, Rolla AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STRESSES INDUCED BY SEMI-INTEGRAL END BENTS: PHASE 1 FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - IS - 72-9 SP - 208 p. AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING A RATIONAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES WITH SEMI-INTEGRAL END BENTS. THE STUDY CONSISTED OF FIVE MAJOR PARTS: (1) A LITERATURE SEARCH AND EVALUATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING BRIDGE BEHAVIOR, WHICH INDICATED THE MAJOR PARAMETERS TO BE CONSIDERED ARE THERMAL EFFECTS, HUMIDITY, AND CREEP AND SHRINKAGE: (2) A SURVEY BY QUESTIONNAIRE OF CURRENT DESIGN PRACTICE, WHICH ESTABLISHED THAT THERE IS NO SIMPLE, RATIONAL DESIGN CRITERIA CURRENTLY AVAILABLE THAT THERE IS A WIDE VARIANCE IN METHODS, IF ANY, USED FOR CONSIDERATION OF SUCH STRESSES, AND THAT BRIDGE DESIGN ENGINEERS WOULD WELCOME A SIMPLE, RATIONAL CRITERIA; (3) FIELD INSPECTION OF THE BEHAVIOR PATTERNS OF SELECTED BRIDGES; (4) THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL MAGNITUDES OF STRESSES AND MOVEMENTS INDUCED BY TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIALS; THESE STRESSES APPROACHED 20 PERCENT OF THE DEAD AND LIVE LOAD STRESSES FOR THE RESTRAINED STRUCTURE, WHICH WHEN COMBINED WITH OTHER FACTORS COULD CAUSE A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN STRESSES AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS; AND (5) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INSTRUMENTATION OF A PROTOTYPE BRIDGE. THE STUDY INDICATES THAT IF THE THEORETICAL APPROACH CAN BE SUBSTANTIATED BY EXPERIMENTATION, THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE AND USABLE RATIONAL DESIGN CRITERIA WOULD BE BOTH FEASIBLE AND DESIRABLE. /FHWA/ KW - Behavior KW - Bents KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Humidity KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206513 AU - Wouter, G AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT FAULTING STUDY EXTEND AND SEVERITY OF PAVEMENT FAULTING IN GEORGIA PY - SP - 83 p. AB - THE REPORT OUTLINES THE PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT THAT WERE USED TO OBTAIN FAULTING DATA ON NEARLY 1,200 LANE MILES OF CONCRETE INTERSTATE PAVEMENT DURING THE SUMMER OF 1971. IT DESCRIBES THE EXTENT AND SEVERITY OF FAULTING ON EACH INTERSTATE ROUTE IN TERMS OF A FAULTING INDEX; THE MAGNITUDE OF FAULTING ON THE INSIDE LANE IS COMPARED TO THE OUTSIDE LANE. CORRELATIONS ARE PRESENTED INDICATING THE EFFECT OF TRUCK TRAFFIC ON FAULTING. COMPARISONS ARE MADE ON THE PROGRESSION OF FAULTING FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF SUBBASE COURSES. EQUATIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR ESTIMATING THE FAULTING INDEX AT ANY LEVEL OF ACCUMULATIVE AVERAGE ANNUAL TRACTOR SEMITRAILER TRAFFIC. REMAINING SERVICE LIFE WITH RESPECT TO FAULTING FOR SOME OF THE MORE SEVERLY FAULTED PROJECTS HAS BEEN CALCULATED AND IS TABULATED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT ALL INTERSTATE PROJECTS OF PLAIN CONCRETE PAVEMENT EXHIBIT FAULTING; (2) SEVERITY IS RELATED TO THE TYPE OF SUBBASE USED ON THE PROJECT AND TO TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER COMBINATION TRAFFIC; (3) FAULTING AT THE INSIDE PAVEMENT EDGE IS VIRTUALLY NON- EXISTANT AND IS UNRELATED TO THAT AT THE OUTSIDE EDGE; (4) GRADIENT DID NOT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON FAULTING; (5) NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND IN FAULTING BETWEEN 9 AND 10 INCH PAVEMENT; (6) PLAIN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED ON A CEMENT-STABILIZED SUBBASE TEND TO HAVE LESS FAULTING THAN THOSE CONSTRUCTED ON A BITUMINOUS STABILIZED OR SOIL-CEMENT SUBBASE FOR THE SAME TRAFFIC PARAMETER; (7) FOR A JOINT FAULTING OF 9/32 INCH, ONE OUT OF EVERY THREE SLABS MEASURED ON 9 INCH PAVEMENT WAS CRACKED ON I-85. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Durability KW - Faulting KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205397 AU - Swift, G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EMPIRICAL EQUATION FOR CALCULATING DEFLECTIONS ON THE SURFACE OF A TWO-LAYER ELASTIC SYSTEM PY - SP - 14 p. AB - THE EQUATION PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO COMPUTE THE DEFLECTIONS ON THE SURFACE OF A TWO-LAYER ELASTIC SYSTEM VERY RAPIDLY AT LOW COST. USE OF THIS EQUATION IS ALSO ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE FOR PERFORMING THE LARGE NUMBER OF COMPUTATIONS INVOLVED IN SOLVING THE REVERSE PROBLEM, WHICH IS THAT OF DETERMINING THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF A STRUCTURE FROM KNOWLEDGE OF ITS SURFACE DEFLECTIONS. THE EQUATION PRESENTED WILL BE OF INTEREST PRIMARILY TO RESEARCHERS ENGAGED IN THE STUDY OF LAYERED ELASTIC STRUCTURES. HOWEVER, THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL METHODS OF INTERPRETING DEFLECTION DATA OBTAINED ON PAVEMENT STRUCTURES MAY BE FURTHERED BY USE OF THIS EQUATION IN APPROPRIATE COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES. /FHWA/ KW - Computing KW - Deflection KW - Development KW - Elastics KW - Equations KW - Information processing KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208084 AU - Wallace, M R AU - California Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LILAC ROAD OVERCROSSING STUDY PY - SP - 42 p. AB - LILAC ROAD OVERCROSSING, A 695' LONG CONCRETE ARCH BRIDGE WITH BOX-SHAPED RIBS AND SUPERSTRUCTURE, WAS DESIGNED USING SEVERAL CROSS-SECTIONAL CONFIGURATIONS OF VARIABLE DEPTHS. ONE OF THE BOX SECTIONS EMPLOYED CONSISTED OF TOP AND BOTTOM SLABS WITH A MIDDLE, OR STIFFENER SLAB, WHICH TRAVERSES BETWEEN THE THREE GIRDERS. THIS SECTION, OF VARIABLE DEPTH, WILL BE USED NEAR THE CENTER OF THE BRIDGE. THE DESIGNER REQUESTED ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES INTO THE MIDDLE SLAB UNDER DEAD, LIVE, AND AXIAL LOADING CONDITIONS. FOR EXPEDIENCY AND SIMPLICITY OF ANALYSIS, A SIMPLY SUPPORTED 100' SPAN WITH DIAPHRAGMS AT 25' INTERVALS WAS ASSUMED. AXIAL LOADS WERE APPLIED AT BOTH ENDS WITH THE INTENT OF REPRESENTING THE ARCH ACTION. A PROGRAM CALLED MUPDI, WHICH IS BASED ON A DIRECT STIFFNESS APPLICATION OF THE GOLDBERG-LEVE EQUATIONS FOR FOLDED PLATES, WAS USED FOR THE DEAD AND LIVE LOADING CONDITIONS. A PROGRAM CALLED FINPLA, WHICH IS BASED ON THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE DIRECT STIFFNESS METHOD, WAS UTILIZED TO PRODUCE AXIAL LOADING SOLUTIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Arches KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Loads KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods (Structural) KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228687 AU - Smith, T AU - McCauley, M AU - Mearns, R AU - Baumeister, K AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITIES WITH EARTHWORK FACTORS PY - SP - 29 p. AB - THIS STUDY WAS MADE TO DETERMINE WHETHER SEISMIC DATA CAN BE USED TO OBTAIN SATISFACTORY DESIGN EARTHWORK FACTORS FOR ROADWAY EXCAVATION. THE STUDY SHOWS AN APPARENT CORRELATION BETWEEN SEISMIC VELOCITY AND EARTHWORK FACTOR FOR THE THREE TYPES OF ROCK STUDIED. IT PRESENTS AN OBJECTIVE METHOD OF UTILIZING SEISMIC DATA TO YIELD DESIGN EARTHWORK FACTORS WHICH AGREE CLOSELY WITH THE FIELD EARTHWORK FACTOR. /FHWA/ KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Earthwork KW - Excavations KW - Rock mechanics KW - Seismic properties KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214547 AU - Allen, W L AU - Price, J L AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DRYER-DRUM MIXING PROCESS FOR PRODUCING ASPHALT MIXTURES IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON PY - SP - 29 p. AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE DRYER-DRUM PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT MIXTURES. DAMP OR WET AGGREGATES AND ASPHALT ARE INTRODUCED INTO A DRYER DRUM. DRYING THE AGGREGATE AND COATING IT WITH ASPHALT ARE ACCOMPLISHED AS THE MATERIALS PASS THRU THE DRYER. NO FURTHER MIXING IS REQUIRED. RESULTS OF TESTS, I.E., PENETRATION LOSS, COMPACTION, EXTRACTION, ETC., ARE GIVEN. PRACTICALLY ALL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS ARE ELIMINATED. SUBSTANTIAL COST REDUCTIONS ARE ENVISIONED. /FHWA/ KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Costs KW - Driers (Devices) KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230779 AU - Mikkelsen, V V AU - Hale, J C AU - Holm, L J AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL LIME STABILIZATION PROJECT - NORMAN COUNTY PY - SP - 52 p. AB - THIS STUDY COMPARES THE PERFORMANCE OF A CONVENTIONAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (BITUMINOUS SURFACE WITH GRANULAR BASE AND SUBBASE OVER UNTREATED SOIL) WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENT DESIGNS INCORPORATING LIME STABILIZED SOILS. INCLUDED IN THE PROJECT WERE SEVEN EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS, EACH 1/4 MILE LONG, HAVING VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF BASE AND SUBBASE AND PERCENTAGES OF LIME INCORPORATED INTO THE EMBANKMENT SOIL. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE SOILS, TESTING, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROJECT. THE LIME STABILIZED TEST SECTIONS COST MORE AND HAD MORE CRACKING AND LOWER PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEXES THAN THE CONTROL SECTIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Soil stabilization KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222629 AU - Weir, D H AU - HOH, R H AU - Heffley, R K AU - Teper, G L AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF BUS-INDUCED AERODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES ON ADJACENT VEHICLE CONTROL AND PERFORMANCE PY - SP - 153 p. AB - THE STUDY COMPRISED FULL SCALE EXPERIMENTS, WIND TUNNEL TESTS AND DRIVER/VEHICLE/DISTURBANCE RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSES. THE RESULTS ARE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF OVERALL DRIVER/VEHICLE SAFETY PERFORMANCE, WITH EMPHASIS ON STEERING CONTROL AND SIDE TO SIDE DEVIATIONS OF THE DISTURBED VEHICLE'S PATH ALONG THE ROADWAY. THE BASIC SITUATIONS STUDIED INVOLVE A STATION WAGON AND AN INTERCITY BUS, A TWO LANE ROAD, OVERTAKING AND PASSING AND VEHICLE-BUS ONCOMING, WITHIN THIS FRAMEWORK THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS WERE VARIED: BUS WIDTH AND SHAPE, LATERAL SEPARATION AND LANE WIDTH, AMBIENT WIND MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION, VEHICLE-BUS SPEEDS, AND DRIVER SKILL AND ALERTNESS. SEVERAL OTHER DISTURBED VEHICLES INVOLVING DIFFERENT AERODYNAMIC SHAPES AND HANDLING PROPERTIES WERE CONSIDERED, ALSO. SPECIFIC ATTENTION WAS GIVEN TO THE EFFECT OF INCREASING BUS WIDTH FROM 96 TO 102 INCHES. THE RESULTS ARE INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF POSSIBLE ACTIONS AND REMEDIAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE AREAS OF ROADWAY DESIGN, BUS SIZE AND CONFIGURATION, AND DRIVER/VEHICLE HANDLING DYNAMICS AND CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS. /FHWA/ KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Buses KW - Drivers KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203755 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE HIGHWAY 71, FROM THE FAYETTE-COLORADO COUNTY LINE TO INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 10 NEAR COLUMBUS, AND POSSIBLE FUTURE EXTENSION TO FIVE MILES SOUTH OF COLUMBUS, COLORADO COUNTY, TEXAS PY - SP - 50 p. AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE PROPOSAL FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF STATE HIGHWAY 71 IN COLORADO COUNTY, TEXAS, FROM THE FAYETTE-COLORADO COUNTY LINE TO INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 10 NEAR COLUMBUS. TOTAL LENGTH IS 12.1 MILES. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ARE DISCUSSED. /NTIS/ KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205400 AU - Al-rashid, N I AU - Lee, C E AU - Dawkins, W P AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DYNAMIC HIGHWAY LOADING PY - SP - 315 p. AB - MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF FIVE REPRESENTATIVE CLASSES OF HIGHWAY VEHICLES HAVE BEEN FORMULATED AND VERIFIED BY EXTENSIVE FIELD EXPERIMENTATION. GOOD AGREEMENT WAS FOUND BETWEEN COMPUTED AND MEASURED WHEEL FORCES FOR ALL VEHICLE TYPES, VEHICLE SPEEDS (10 TO 60 MPH), AND ROAD SURFACE ROUGHNESS PATTERNS INVESTIGATED. THESE MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION MODELS WHICH DESCRIBE REALISTIC DYNAMIC LOADING PATTERNS CAN NOW BE USED DIRECTLY FOR DESIGN OF PAVEMENTS AND BRIDGES AND FOR RESEARCH ON IMPROVED STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCEDURES. THE PAVEMENT LOADING EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE COMPLEX INTERACTION BETWEEN A MOVING VEHICLE AND A ROAD SURFACE PROFILE WITH IRREGULARITIES LESS THAN 3/4-INCH HIGH RESULTED IN DYNAMIC WHEEL LOADS THAT WERE UP TO DOUBLE THE STATIC WEIGHTS. SIMILARLY, AN INVESTIGATION OF A THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE INDICATED THAT EVEN THOUGH THE SMALL TOTAL DEFLECTION OF THE STRUCTURE (ABOUT 0.1-INCH MIXIMUM IN A 50-FOOT SPAN) HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE TEST VEHICLE, ROAD SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON THE APPROACH PAVEMENT OR ON THE BRIDGE DECK PRODUCED IMPACT WHEEL LOADS MORE THAN 100 PERCENT GREATER THAN STATIC WEIGHT. THE INERTIA OF MASSIVE STRUCTURES ATTENUATES THE EFFECTS OF THESE DYNAMIC WHEEL LOADS, BUT PAVEMENT SURFACES AND BRIDGE DECKS EXPERIENCE THE FULL IMPACT. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA SHOWED THAT A SINGLE PAIR OF DYNAMIC SCALES INSTALLED FLUSH WITH THE PAVEMENT SURFACE CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE STATIC WHEEL LOADS AND GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHTS WITH ACCURACY ACCEPTABLE FOR TRAFFIC SURVEY PURPOSES WITH THE ADVANTAGES OF SAFETY, CONVENIECNE, AND ECONOMY TO BOTH THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT AND THE ROAD USERS. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Dynamic loads KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Mathematical models KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Statistical analysis KW - Structural design KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic surveys KW - Vehicles KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230774 AU - EVANS, J R AU - Hummel, P L AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL LOADS ON PILES PY - SP - 56 p. AB - VERTICAL PILES AND PILES LOADED AGAINST THE BATTER EXHIBIT ABOUT THE SAME ALLOWABLE LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY WHETHER THE CRITERIA FOR SELECTION BE DEFLECTION, MAXIMUM MOMENT OR ULTIMATE CAPACITY. THE SOIL-PILE CAPABILITY OF PILES LOADED WITH THE BATTER IS LESS THAN THE CAPACITY OF THE TWO CASES LISTED ABOVE BUT WOULD HAVE AN ADVANTAGE WHEN VERTICAL LOADS ARE ACTING DUE TO THE MORE FAVORABLE RELATIONSHIP OF THE COMPONENTS NORMAL TO THE PILE. PILES DRIVEN IN GROUPS CAN EFFECTIVELY DEVELOP TWICE THE CAPACITY OF SINGLE PILES, AT THE SAME DEFLECTION AND SMALLER VALUES OF MAXIMUM MOMENT, FOR CUSTOMARY PILE SPACING, PROVIDED THAT ADEQUATE REINFORCEMENT IS AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE PILE BUTT ROTATION /FHWA/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Criteria KW - Deflection KW - Loads KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Pile groups KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225015 AU - Bechhofer, R AU - Brown, M AU - Dafermos, S AU - Eisner, M AU - Little, J FEB AU - Nemhauser, G AU - Stidaum, S AU - Prabhu, U AU - Cornell University TI - ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND OPTIMAL CONTROL IN URBAN TRAFFIC NETWORKS VOLUMES 1, 2, 3 & 4 PY - VL - 1-4 SP - 287 p. AB - VOLUME I SUMMARIZES THE ACTIVITIES, SCOPE, AND RESEARCH EFFORT, TOGETHER WITH AN ABSTRACT FOR EACH OF THE 26 TECHNICAL REPORTS WHICH ARE CONTAINED IN VOLUMES II, III, AND IV. SUBJECT AREAS DISCUSSED INCLUDE: TRAFFIC PROBLEMS AT INTERSECTIONS AND TRAFFIC LIGHTS, TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION IN A NETWORK GIVEN ORIGIN- DESTINATION DEMAND DATA, TRAVEL COST AS A FUNCTION OF FLOW, URBAN TRAFFIC SIMULATION, A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION, A SURVEY OF RECENT TWO-LANE TRAFFIC MODELS, AND THE TREATMENT OF LOW DENSITY TRAFFIC FLOW AS STOCHASTIC PROCESSES. KW - Highway operations KW - Physical distribution KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Velocity KW - Velocity distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112762 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00217914 JO - Highway Focus AU - Cox, D O AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED MATERIAL FOR AGGREGATE BASE PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 1-7 AB - ONE OF THE BID ITEMS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A MAJOR LOS ANGELES FREEWAY INTERCHANGE ENTAILS PLACEMENT OF 61,000 TONS OF CLASS 2 AND 3 AGGREGATE BASE. THE CONTRACTOR IS USING AN ON-SITE CRUSHER FOR PCC AND AC RUBBLE FROM DEMOLISHED STRUCTURES, PARKING LOTS, AND ROADS. MUCH OF THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR SEGREGATION FALLS ON THE DOZER OPERATOR AND TWO MEN PLACED ALONG THE FEED BELT. AFTER ITS INITIAL CRUSHING THE RUBBLE UNDERGOES A SINGLE SCREENING WITH A ONE- INCH MESH. THE ESTIMATED COST OF PROCESSING WAS 80--90found PER TON, COMPARED WITH AN AVERAGE BID PRICE OF $2.30 FOR CLASS 3 AGGREGATE BASE IN CALIFORNIA IN 1969. IN ADDITION, THE METHOD HAS AN ENVIRONMENTAL SIDE BENEFIT. KW - Aggregates KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Crushing KW - Paving KW - Rubble KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00215583 JO - Highway Focus AU - Schell, H A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATEX PAINTING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES (OREGON) PY - VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - p. 13-9 AB - THIS REPORT DISCUSSES THE HISTORY, APPLICATION, PROBLEMS, SPECIFICATION, AND COST INVOLVED IN PAINTING CONCRETE SURFACES WITH LATEX EMULSION PAINTS IN LIEU OF THE LIME- CEMENT FINISH NORMALLY USED. ROUGH COSTS ARE GIVEN TO GUIDE THE READER IN COMPARING OTHER FINISHING METHODS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete KW - Latex KW - Paint KW - Painting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204045 AU - Meshgin, K AU - Moore, W L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - DESIGN ASPECTS AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIAL FLOW ENERGY DISSIPATORS PY - SP - 158 p. AB - THE RADIAL FLOW ENERGY DISSIPATOR INCORPORATED A VERTICALLY CURVED DROP SECTION WHICH INDUCED RADIAL SUPERCRITICAL FLOW IN A RAPIDLY FLARED BASIN WHERE AN ARC OF A CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC JUMP WAS FORMED. HIGH PRESSURES WERE DEVELOPED WHEN THE FLOW IMPINGED ON THE BEGINNING OF THE BASIN FLOOR, THUS FORCING THE FLOW TO SPREAD LATERALLY AND STAY IN CONTACT WITH THE FLARED WINGWALLS OF THE STILLING STRUCTURE. BASED ON THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND A SEMI-ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RADIAL FLOW BASIN, A DESIGN PROCEDURE WAS DEVELOPED WHICH MAY BE FOLLOWED FOR THE SELECTION OF THE IMPORTANT DIMENSIONS OF A RADIAL FLOW DISSIPATOR UNDER A GIVEN SET OF FIELD CONDITIONS. A SIMPLIFIED FORM OF THE CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC JUMP EQUATION WAS OBTAINED WHICH WAS THE BASIS FOR THE DESIGN PROCEDURE. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Dissipation KW - Equations KW - Flow KW - Hydraulic jump KW - Radial flow KW - Radials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217503 AU - Majidzadek, K AU - Salaam, U AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - A STUDY OF TESTING VARIANCE IN SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE PY - AB - THREE DIFFERENT COARSE AGGREGATES WERE SUBJECTED TO SIEVE ANALYSIS IN 15 LABORATORIES, WITH TWO OPERATORS IN EACH LABORATORY EACH MAKING THREE DETERMINATIONS ON EACH MATERIAL. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT: (1) MATERIAL TYPE, OPERATORS, AND LABORATORY/MATERIAL INTERACTION DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECT THE RESULTS: (2) RESULTS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT IN DIFFERENT LABORATORIES; (3) OVER-ALL VARIANCE IN THE LABORATORY STUDY IN ONE LABORATORY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER THAN WHEN THE SAME AGGREGATES WERE SAMPLED AT PLANT, STOCKPILE, AND JOB SITE, FOR THE MATERIAL PASSING THE ONE-HALF- INCH SIEVE; (4) WITHIN A LABORATORY THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENT BATCHES FROM THE SAME STOCK-PILE; (5) WITHIN A BATCH, BOTH INHERENT AND SAMPLING VARIANCES WERE SIGNIFICANT COMPONENTS OF THE OVER-ALL VARIANCE; AND (6) THE TESTING VARIANCE WAS SMALL COMPARED TO THE OVER-ALL VARIANCE FOR PERCENTAGE PASSING THE ONE-HALF-INCH SIEVE, BUT INCREASED RAPIDLY FOR THE PERCENTAGE PASSING SIEVE SIZES NO. 4 AND NO. 8. /FHWA/ KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Sieve analysis KW - Size KW - Statistical analysis KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200083 AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - STATE HELIPORT SYSTEM, FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - SP - 23 p. AB - EXISTING HELIPORTS AND ADDITIONAL HELIPORTS NEEDED TO SUPPORT SHORT HAUL AND COMMUTER REQUIREMENTS ARE CONSIDERED. ALSO THE FEASIBILITY OF ESTABLISHING AN EMERGENCY HELIPORT SYSTEM IS STUDIED. CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO POPULATION DENSITY AND AREA REQUIREMENTS FOR V/STOL OPERATIONS. IN CONCLUSION, IT IS STATED THAT THERE IS AN IMMEDIATE DEMAND FOR COORDINATION WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FOR COMPATIBILITY AND APPLICATION. /FHWA/ KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Heliports KW - Population KW - V/STOL aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228674 AU - Wingard, N E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Michigan Department of State Highways TI - EVALUATION OF AGGREGATE SOURCES OF GLACIAL ORIGIN PY - AB - THE PROGRAM SEEKS TO DETERMINE PETROGRAPHIC VARIABLES THAT CAN BE RELATED TO THE GEOLOGY OF THE DEPOSITS AND TO PERFORMANCE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, AND TO USE THIS INFORMATION TO DEVELOP AN EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR A STATEWIDE SURVEY OF GRAVEL AGGREGATE SOURCES. ON THE BASIS OF GLACIAL AND POSTGLACIAL HISTORY, A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED THAT CONSISTS OF FIVE TYPES OF SURFACE DEPOSITS. FINDINGS OF THE PROGRAM WERE THAT (1) NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION EXISTS BETWEEN SPECIFIC GEOLOGICAL OR ENGINEERING TESTS AND THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM; (2) ENGINEERING TESTS CORRELATED BEST WITH THE CONTENT OF DELETERIOUS ROCK TYPES; AND (3) WITH THE EXCEPTION OF IRON-CLAY CONCRETIONS, MOST OF THE DELETERIOUS ROCK TYPES CAN BE REMOVED OR GREATLY REDUCED BY HEAVY MEDIA SEPARATION. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Forecasting KW - Geology KW - Glacial deposits KW - Gravel KW - Performance KW - Soil classification systems KW - Soil types KW - Soils KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230744 AU - Veress, S A AU - Degross, G E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - DETERMINATION OF MOTION AND DEFLECTION OF RETAINING WALLS: PART II, TECHNICAL APPLICATION PY - AB - THIS STUDY WAS DIVIDED INTO (1) THE STUDY OF THE THEORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DEFORMATION AND (2E EXPERIMENTATION AND APPLICATION OF THE METHOD. EXPERIMENTATION WAS PERFORMED ON A SIMULATED RETAINING WALL, CONSISTING OF A MATRIX OF 28 MOVABLE TARGETS. THE RESIDUAL ERROR DUE TO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DEFORMATION WAS FOUND TO BE PLUS OR MINUS 0.05 INCHES, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE CAMERA, AND THE MINIMUM DETECTABLE DEFLECTION OF A RETAINING WALL IS ABOUT THREE TIMES THAT OF THE RESIDUAL STANDARD ERROR OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM OR PLUS OR MINUS 0.15. THE RESEARCH CONCLUDES THAT THE DETECTION AND MONITORING OF THE DEFLECTION OF RETAINING WALLS IS POSSIBLE AND ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS. THREE APPROACHES WERE USED NAMELY, ANALOGICAL, SEMIANALYTICAL, AND FULLY ANALYTICAL. THE LATTER PROVIDED THE BEST RESULTS. THE PRESENT METHOD IS RECOMMENDED FOR IMPLEMENTATION ON RETAINING WALLS UP TO 300 FEET LONG AND FOR SLIDE AREAS OF 300 X 600 FT. IN SIZE. A PHOTO THEODOLITE AS WELL AS A MODIFIED AERIAL CAMERA WERE USED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cameras KW - Deformation KW - Photogrammetry KW - Retaining walls KW - Simulation KW - Standard error UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230747 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - A PROGRAMMED FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY TESTING UNIT FOR EVALUATING PAVEMENT MATERIALS PY - AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAMMED TESTING UNIT IS DESCRIBED FOR USE IN THE RATIONAL EVALUATION OF THE FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF PAVING MATERIALS. THE TESTING UNIT CONSISTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL CABINET, A SEPARATE CONTROL PANEL AND RECORDERS. THE CABINET MAY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR ABOUT $3,500 AND THE WHOLE UNIT FOR ABOUT $12,000. THE UNIT PROVIDES TEST SPECIMENS WITH CLOSELY CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS WHICH ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF ACTUAL FIELD CONDITIONS. PERFORMANCE HAS BEEN DEPENDABLE, WITH VERY LITTLE MAINTENANCE. /FHWA/ KW - Costs KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Materials KW - Pavements KW - Temperature control KW - Testing equipment KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228672 AU - Frazier, C A AU - Ross, J A AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOIL PRESSURE CELLS PY - AB - DURING THE SUMMER OF 1968, A TOTAL OF 81 SOIL PRESSURE CELLS WERE INSTALLED IN TWO HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS LOCATED IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. A DESCRIPTION OF THE CELL DESIGN, COMPLIANCE TESTS PERFORMED ON EACH CELL, AND METHODS OF INSTALLING THE CELLS IN THE EMBANKMENT ARE DESCRIBED. EVALUATION OF CELL PERFORMANCE, BASED ON THE CELL DATA ACQUIRED DURING AND SUBSEQUENT TO CONSTRUCTION OF EACH EMBANKMENT, IS PRESENTED. THE METHODS USED TO INDICATE CERTAIN TYPES OF CELL FAILURE AFTER INSTALLATION AND INTERPRETATION OF CELL DATA ARE DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Embankments KW - Load cells KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230743 AU - Bransford, T L AU - Auburn University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - SYNTHETIC AGGREGATE FROM SOIL-CEMENT PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF AN INVESTIGATION ON THE FEASIBILITY OF PREPARING A SYNTHETIC AGGREGATE BY CRUSHING SOIL- CEMENT ARE PRESENTED. THE SYNTHETIC SOIL-CEMENT AGGREGATE IS TO BE BLENDED WITH EXISTING SOILS AND USED FOR SOIL-AGGREGATE BASE IN SOUTHEAST ALABAMA WHERE NATURAL AGGREGATES ARE NOT AVAILABLE. TWO SOILS, THE COGDELL AND THE MITYLENE, WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY. THE COGDELL WAS MIXED WITH 8, 10, 12, 14 AND 16 PERCENT CEMENT AND TESTED IN COMPRESSION TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM CEMENT CONTENT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A SATISFACTORY SOIL-CEMENT SYNTHETIC AGGREGATE. THE SYNTHETIC AGGREGATE WAS MIXED WITH THE MITYLENE SOIL IN VARIOUS PERCENTAGES AND TESTED FOR CBR TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYNTHETIC AGGREGATE AS A STABILIZER. THE RESULTING SOIL AGGREGATE MIXES WERE FOUND TO BE SATISFACTORY FOR USE AS BASES IN PRIMARY ROADS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cement content KW - Soil aggregate mixtures KW - Soil aggregates KW - Soil cement KW - Soils KW - Stabilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225018 AU - Seymour, W M AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR MAINTENANCE ON HIGH SPEED HIGHWAYS PY - AB - OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE AT LANE CLOSURES ON INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS WHERE YELLOW WARNING SIGNS WERE ERECTED ROUTINELY IN CONJUNCTION WITH CONTRACT WORK. LATER DATA PROVIDED DIRECT COMPARISON BETWEEN NEW YELLOW AND NEW ORANGE SINGS. ONE SIGN SCHEME WAS USED THROUGHOUT THE STUDY. DRIVER OBEDIENCE IMPROVED WHEN NEW SIGNS OF EITHER COLOR WERE USED, WHICH IMPLIES THAT SIGNS SHOULD ALWAYS BE MAINTAINED IN GOOD CONDITION. ORANGE SIGNS WERE SLIGHTLY MORE EFFECTIVE THAN YELLOW SIGNS IN REDUCING TRAFFIC CONFLICTS AND MERGES NEAR THE TRAFFIC CONES. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY TEND TO SUPPORT THE ADOPTION OF ORANGE AS THE STANDARD COLOR FOR SIGNING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE SITES. HOWEVER, THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO COLORS WERE RATHER SMALL. DRIVER PREFERENCE POLLS SUPPORTED THE ORANGE SIGNS MORE STRONGLY. A DEGREE OF DRIVER INSENSITIVITY TOWARD SIGNING WAS SHOWN. IN GENERAL, VARIABLES SUCH AS SHORT SIGHT DISTANCES, HIGH VOLUMES, POOR CONDITION OF SIGNS, AND DRIVER INSENSITIVITY PRODUCED UNSAFE SITUATIONS AT LANE CLOSURES. /FHWA/ KW - Automobile drivers KW - Color KW - Highway maintenance KW - Road closings KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic sign observance KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222610 AU - Neuhardt, J AU - ROCKWELL, T AU - Herring, G AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - DEMONSTRATION OF A TEST-DRIVER TECHNIQUE TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF ROADWAY GEOMETRICS AND DEVELOPMENT ON SPEED SELECTION PY - AB - THE THREE PRIMARY GOALS ARE: (1) TO DEVELOP A DRIVER- BASED SPEED SELECTION TECHNIQUE, (2) TO APPLY THE TECHNIQUE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF ROADWAY DEVELOPMENT AND GEOMETRICS ON DRIVER-BASED SPEEDS, AND (3) TO COMPARE THE DRIVER-BASED MODELS WITH NORMAL HIGHWAY USER SPEEDS. THIS WAS ACCOMPLISHED IN FOUR PHASES: METHODOLOGY AND HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT, ESTIMATION OF ROADWAY EFFECTS ON SPEED SELECTION, REPETITION OF PHASE 2 USING DIFFERENT DRIVERS AND A DIFFERENT SECTION OF ROAD, AND RELATING TEST DRIVERS' RESULTS TO SPEED DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE HIGHWAY. THESE EMPIRICAL MODELS, FOR CERTAIN SETS OF ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS, ARE CAPABLE OF PREDICTING:(1) THE SPEED SELECTION OF THE AVERAGE DRIVER, (2) THE INTERACTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL DRIVER'S SPEED SELECTION AND ROADWAY FACTORS, AND (3) THE VARIATION IN THE DRIVERS' SPEED SELECTION DUE TO INTER-DRIVER AND INTRO- DRIVER VARIABILITY. /FHWA/ KW - Drivers KW - Geometric design KW - Speed KW - Test drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222609 AU - Case, H W AU - HULBERT, S F AU - Beers, J AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JUDGEMENT OF VEHICLE SPEEDS AND TRAFFIC PATERNS-PHASE IV PY - AB - DRIVERS' SPEED ESTIMATIONS TAKEN IN THE UCLA DRIVING SIMULATION LABORATORY INDICATED LARGE UNDER-ACCELERATIONS (OVERESTIMATIONS) FROM ENGINE SPEED ALONE AND NO CORRELATION BETWEEN THESE AND OTHER ESTIMATIONS; MEDIUM ACCURACY AND CORRELATION WITH OTHER ESTIMATIONS FROM VISUAL CUES ALONE; A HIGH LEVEL OF ACCURACY IN INSTRUCTED SPECIFIC SPEEDS AND "FREE" DRIVING ESTIMATIONS WHEN DRIVING NORMALLY; A POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN SPECIFIC AND "FREE" SPEED ESTIMATIONS; AND LITTLE ACCURACY OR CORRELATION FOR PROPORTIONAL ESTIMATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Drivers KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230126 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE CRITICAL TERRAIN AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES BY REMOTE SENSING FIELD EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES PY - VL - 4 SP - p. 103-5 AB - AVAILABLE FIELD REMOTE SENSING DEVICES SUCH AS GEOPHYSICAL EQUIPMENT, MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS, SPECTROMETERS, INFRARED PROFILER, SONIC AND NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT WILL BE EVALUATED FOR CAPABILITY TO DEFINE PERTINENT SOIL AND TERRAIN FEATURES -- SUBSURFACE CAVITIES, POTENTIAL STABILITY OF SLOPE, SEEPAGE ZONES, ETC. COMPUTER ANALYSIS AND QUANTIFICATION TECHNIQUES WILL BE DEVELOPED CONCURRENTLY. KW - Future KW - Future research KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geological surveying KW - Information processing KW - Landforms KW - Remote sensing KW - Research KW - Slope stability KW - Subsidence (Geology) KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Terrain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204647 AU - Cook, G W AU - Jensen, I B AU - Coltharp, G B AU - Larson, E M AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEEDING METHODS FOR UTAH HIGHWAYS PY - AB - THE RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE HIGHWAY SEEDING STUDY ARE SUMMARIZED. TOPSOILING TO A 6-INCH DEPTH WAS FOUND TO BE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT TO OBTAINING SATISFACTORY GRASS STANDS ON HIGHWAY SLOPES. FERTILIZERS APPLIED AT THE TIME OF PLANTING HAVE SHOWN NO BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. NITROGEN APPLIED DURING THE FALL FOLLOWING THE FIRST GROWING SEASON PRODUCED A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN THE VIGOR OF SEEDLINGS INCREASING THEIR SURVIVAL AND ESTABLISHMENT. METHODS, RATES, TIMES, AND SPECIES OF SEEDLING ARE DISCUSSED AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VARIOUS CONDITIONS ARE MADE. SEVERAL MULCHES WERE TRIED UNDER DIFFERENT EXPOSURE SITUATIONS. THE MULCHES CONSERVE MOISTURE BY REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM THE SOIL AND HELP MINIMIZE EROSION. MOST MULCHES WHEN PROPERLY APPLIED, GIVE ADDED BENEFITS IN GETTING GRASS ESTABLISHED ON CUTS AND FILLS. WEED CONTROL IS CONSIDERED IMPORTANT BECAUSE ANNUAL WEEDS AND GRASSES COMPETE WITH THE PLANTED SEEDLINGS AND MAY PREVENT ESTABLISHMENT OF A GOOD STAND. A COMBINATION OF PRE-EMERGENT AND POST EMERGENT HERBICIDES IS GENERALLY RECOMMENDED. ONLY LIMITED MOWING SHOULD BE DONE BY MAINTENANCE FORCES AND CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN NOT TO MOW TOO CLOSE TO THE CROWN OF THE PLANT. ALLOWING THE PLANT TO PRODUCE SEED IMPROVES THE VIGOR OF THE EXISTING PLANT AND AIDS IN SEEDING FOR NEW GROWTH. /FHWA/ KW - Grasses KW - Herbicides KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Topsoil KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230125 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE CRITICAL TERRAIN AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES BY REMOTE SENSING AERIAL EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES PY - VL - 4 SP - p. 100-2 AB - NEW AERIAL SENSOR SYSTEMS AND MULTISENSOR SYSTEMS ARE BEING EVALUATED TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS AND TERRAIN FEATURES AND LOCATION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. AT PRESENT, COOPERATIVE PROJECTS EMPLOYING MULTIBAND PHOTOGRAPHY, INFRARED IMAGERY AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY ARE UNDERWAY. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Material surveys KW - Materials KW - Photogrammetry KW - Research KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227026 AU - Bechhofer, R AU - Brown, M AU - Dafermos, S AU - Eisner, M AU - Little, J AU - Nemhauser, G AU - Stidhaum, S AU - Prabhu, U AU - Cornell University AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY & OPTIMAL CONTROL IN URBAN TRAFFIC NETWORKS, VOL I-IV PY - SP - 822 p. AB - THIS FOUR-VOLUME REPORT REPRESENTS THE WORK OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY UNDER CONTRACT TO THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION SUMMARIZING THE ACTIVITIES, SCOPE, AND RESEARCH EFFORT TOGETHER WITH AN ABSTRACT FOR EACH OF THE TWENTY-SIX TECHNICAL REPORTS. THESE REPORTS MAY BE CATEGORIZED BY SUBJECT AREAS AS FOLLOWING; (1) TRAFFIC AT INTERSECTIONS AND STOP LIGHTS; (2) TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT AND NETWORK CONTROL MODELS; (3) URBAN TRAFFIC SIMULATION; (4) TRAFFIC ON HIGHWAYS. KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210475 AU - Inghram, D AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUCLEAR TEST EQUIPMENT INVESTIGATION - ASPHALTIC CONCRETE DENSITY GAUGES PY - IS - 5 AB - THE THREE PIECES OF EQUIPMENT INVOLVED WERE A NUCLEAR- CHICAGO MODEL 5846 DENSITY GAUGE, A LANE-WELLS ROAD LOGGER, AND A SEAMAN MODEL 75 MOISTURE/DENSITY GAUGE. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT NONE OF THESE UNITS WOULD BE SATISFACTORY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ABSOLUTE DENSITY, BUT THAT THEY MIGHT BE USED IN SOME MANNER TO MEASURE RELATIVE DENSITY. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE MOST PRACTICAL USE WOULD BE TO COMPARE THE AVERAGE DENSITIES OF SECTIONS OF SURFACE WITH THE DENSITY OF A CONTROL SECTION. THE LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED TO MAKE A MEANINGFUL DETERMINATION WITH THE TWO PORTABLE GAUGES, AND THE DEPTH OF PENETRATION OF THE ROAD-LOGGER ARE CONSIDERED SERIOUS DRAWBACKS. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214530 AU - Weaver, R E AU - Freeman, R J AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF FIELD PRESTRESS GROUTING PROCEDURES PY - AB - A STUDY WAS MADE TO DETERMINE WHAT PROCEDURES WERE USED FOR MIXING AND PLACING GROUT IN PRESTRESSED, POST-TENSIONED STRUCTURES, AND WHAT PROBLEMS MIGHT BE ENCOUNTERED. A NUNBER OF FIELD GROUTING OPERATIONS WERE OBSERVED AND MIXING AND PLACING DATA WERE GATHERED. ITEMS GIVEN PARTICULAR ATTENTION FOR THIS REPORT WERE CEMENT LUMPING, CONDUIT TYPE, AND TEMPERATURE. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT FIELD PROBLEMS COULD BE EXPECTED TO BE REDUCED BY AT LEAST ONE HALF IF SPECIFICATIONS WERE STRICTLY ADHERED TO. OBVIOUSLY, LUMPY OR PARTIALLY HYDRATED CEMENT SHOULD NOT BE USED, GROUT VOID VOLUME WAS ABOUT 20 % GREATER FOR THE RIGID (SOLID) DUCT THAN FOR THE FLEXIBLE DUCT, AND THAT AN "END PRODUCT" SPECIFICATION RATHER THAN LIMITS WOULD BE DESIRABLE IN REGARD TO GROUT TEMPERATURE. KW - Concrete KW - Conduits KW - Corrosion protection KW - Grouting KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressing KW - Steel KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227536 AU - Alexander, M M AU - Graves, R A AU - Georgia State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF THE LANAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRUCK TRAFFIC ON FREEWAY FACILITIES PY - SP - 107 p. AB - A STUDY WAS MADE OF VARIOUS TRAFFIC AND GEOMETRIC FACTORS WHICH COULD INFLUENCE THE LANAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRUCKS ON FREEWAY FACILITIES IN AN EFFORT TO DETERMINE A STATISTICALLY VALID METHOD OF PREDICTING LANE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR USE IN STRUCTURAL PAVEMENT DESIGN. AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS SET UP AND FOLLOWED DURING THE DATA COLLECTION PHASE WHICH INVOLVED NUMEROUS VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION COUNTS BY LANE ON FOUR AND SIX LANE URBAN AND FOUR LANE RURAL FREEWAYS. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES INVOLVING ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS WERE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE THE DATA. ANALYSES INDICATED THAT TRAFFIC VOLUME WAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FACTOR AFFECTING TRUCK LANAL DISTRIBUTION ON FOUR LANE URBAN AND FOUR LANE RURAL FREEWAYS AND BOTH TRAFFIC VOLUME AND PERCENT TRUCKS WERE SIGNIFICANT ON SIX LANE URBAN FREEWAYS. EQUATIONS INVOLVING THESE FACTORS WERE DEVELOPED FOR PREDICTING LANE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Lane distribution KW - Pavement design KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230761 AU - Lambe, T W AU - D'appolonia, J D AU - Karlsrud, K AU - Kirby, R C AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FOUNDATION UNDER A HIGH EMBANKMENT PY - SP - 40 p. AB - THE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO DEVELOP IMPROVE METHODS FOR PREDICTING THE DEFORMATION AND STABILITY OF HEAVY EMBANKMENTS PLACED OVER THICK DEPOSITS OF SOFT SOIL. THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE MEASURED PERFORMANCE OF THE "NE TEST EMBANKMENT," BUILT IN 1957 AS A RESEARCH EFFORT PRIOR TO INTERSTATE CONSTRUCTION IN THE AREA NORTH OF BOSTON. THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THE MEASURED PERFORMANCE WAS THE LARGE DIFFERENCE IN SETTLEMENT AMONG THE THREE CLOSELY SPACED SETTLEMENT PLATFORMS. GENERALLY, THE DATA AVAILABLE FROM THE EXPLORATION AND FIELD TESTING PROGRAM WERE INSUFFICIENT TO EXPLAIN THIS BEHAVIOR. THE DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCES PREDICTED BY SEVERAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, RANGING FROM SIMPLE TO VERY SOPHISTICATED, WERE SMALL COMPARED TO THE DIFFERENCES IN MEASURED PERFORMANCES. THE KEY TO IMPROVED PREDICTIONS IS MORE COMPLETE EXPLORATION DATA INCLUDING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND SOIL PROPERTIES. KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Foundation soils KW - Ground settlement KW - Initial settlement KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement forecast reliability KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225013 AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT ON FREEWAY CONTROL AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS PY - AB - A STUDY OF URBAN TRAFFIC OPERATIONS WAS CONDUCTED ON THE GULF FREEWAY IN HOUSTON. THE STUDY INVESTIGATED THOSE AREAS THAT GIVE GREATEST PROMISE FOR IMMEDIATE IMPLEMENTATION TO RELIEVE TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND TO IMPROVE SAFETY FOR THE LARGEST NUMBER OF URBAN MOTORISTS. THE MAJOR AREAS OF STUDY WERE: TRAFFIC CONTROL; DETECTION AND CLEARANCE OF DISABLED VEHICLES; AND DRIVER COMMUNICATIONS. ALTHOUGH NOT ALL OBJECTIVES WERE COMPLETED, A REVIEW OF THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE STUDIES IS PRESENTED, WITH REFERENCE TO THE 13 REPORTS, 6 PAPERS, AND OTHER MATERIAL PREPARED DURING THE COURSE OF THE PROJECT. /FHWA/ KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Relieving KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230760 AU - Chu, T Y AU - Humphries, W K AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATIONS OF SUBGRADE MOISTURE CONDITIONS IN CONNECTION WITH THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES PY - IS - 523 AB - THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE SUBGRADE MOISTURE CONDITIONS UNDER PAVEMENTS AND TO DEVELOP A RELATIVELY SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR TREATING SOIL SPECIMENS IN ORDER TO SIMULATE ANTICIPATED FIELD MOISTURE CONDITIONS. FIELD SUBGRADE MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE AT 32 SITES OVER A TWO YEAR PERIOD. CORRELATION OF THE WETTEST MOISTURE CONTENT WITH PLASTIC LIMIT, OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT AND AN ESTIMATED MOISTURE CONTENT, BASED ON THE DEPTH TO GROUND WATER TABLE, WAS NOT AS GOOD AS WITH AN ESTIMATED EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT, DETERMINED FROM CAPILLARY SOAKING TO A MOISTURE TENSION OF 3 FEET. THE SOAKING PROCEDURE IN CURRENT USE RESULTS IN MUCH WETTER TEST SPECIMENS. A SUGGESTED LABORATORY TEST PROCEDURE FOR SUBGRADE EVALUATION IS INCLUDED. KW - Field measurements KW - Field moisture equivalent KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Plastic limit KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208045 AU - Ekstrom, D H AU - Munse, W H AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL WELD DEFECTS ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED CONNECTIONS PY - SP - 90 p. AB - THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF BUTT WELDED JOINTS IN A36 STEEL WAS STUDIED. THE TESTING PROGRAM INCLUDED WELDS WITH POROSITY GREATER AND LESS THAN ALLOWABLE IN THE AWS BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS AND JOINTS WITH LACK OF PENETRATION. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT LARGE CLUSTERS OF POROSITY AND LACK OF PENETRATION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE FATIGUE LIFE FROM THAT OF SOUND WLEDS OR WELDS WITH SMALL POROSITY. ULTRASONIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION METHODS WERE UNABLE TO DETECT THE LACK OF PENETRATION DEFECTS. THE CRACK GROWTH RATE FROM THE LACK OF PENETRATION WAS DETERMINED. THE CRACK LENGTH WAS DETERMINED FROM RADIOGRAPHS OF THE JOINT. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT A LARGE PORTION OF THE FATIGUE LIFE WAS CONSUMED IN INITIATING THE CRACK. /FHWA/ KW - Butt welds KW - Defects KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Penetration resistance KW - Porosity KW - Weld defects KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210476 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTION CRACKING N BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS PY - SP - 48 p. AB - NINE DIFFERENT TREATMENTS TO THE PAVEMENT WERE INCLUDED IN THE DESIGN OF AN INTERSTATE PROJECT IN COLORADO TO FIND A METHOD OF REDUCING OR ELIMINATING REFLECTION CRACKING THROUGH BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS. EACH TREATMENT IS REPRESENTED BY TWO 1,000-FOOT-LONG SECTIONS; TWO STANDARD SECTIONS WILL BE USED AS A BASIS FOR COMPARISONS. THE NONE TREATMENTS USED TO REDUCE REFLECTIVE CRACKING ARE: (1) ASPHALT REJUVENATING AGENT; (2) POLYPROPYLENE FABRIC; (3) ASPHALT EMULSION SLURRY; (4) SQUEEGEE SEAL; (5) HEATER BLADE SACRIFIER, (6) PLANT MIX SEAL; (7) HAND POURED CRACK FILLING; (8) RUBBERIZED ASPHALT CEMENT; AND (9) RUBBER EMULSION. PRE-AND-POST CONSTRUCTION EVALUATIONS AS WELL AS DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSTRUCTION METODS ARE INCLUDED. ON COMPLETION OF THIS STUDY, THE MOST FAVORABLE SYSTEM FOR REDUCING REFLECTIVE CRACKING CAN BE IMMEDIATELY IMPLEMENTABLE. /FHWA/ KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflection cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204646 AU - Chan, F J AU - Harris, R W AU - Leiser, A T AU - Paul, J L AU - Fissel, R E AU - California Division of Highways AU - University of California, Davis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF WOODY PLANTS BY DIRECT SEEDING IN CALIFORNIA PY - AB - MORE THAN 50 SPECIES OF WOODY PLANTS WERE SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED UNDER NONIRRIGATED CONDITIONS BY DIRECT SEEDING AT ONE OR MORE OF 23 LOCATIONS. AN ANNUAL RAINFALL OF 10 INCHES OR MORE, WELL DISTRIBUTED DURING THE RAINY SEASON IS NEEDED TO ASSURE ADEQUATE STANDS OF ADAPTED SPECIES. MAN AND OTHER ANIMALS WERE THE CAUSE OF HALF THE LOSSES. SPOT SEEDING (A 4-INCH-DEEP HOLD WITH FERTILIZER) WAS THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD TESTED. BROADCASE SEEDING (HYDROMULCH SEEDING) WAS SUCCESSFUL FOR A LIMITED NUMBER OF SPECIES IN ROUGH AND LOOSE SURFACE SOIL. SEEDS OF MANY SPECIES MUST BE TREATED TO OVERCOME VARIOUS SEED DORMANCIES TO INSURE GERMINATION THE FIRST SEASON. WEED CONTROL (HERBICIDE OR MULCH) REDUCED COMPETITION FOR MOISTURE, NUTRIENTS, AND SUNLIGHT, AND LOSS FROM FIRE. IRRIGATION INCREASED THE NUMBER OF SPECIES THAT COULD BE GROWN AT A LOCATION, AND THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF ADAPTED SPECIES (1.5 QUARTS AT SEEDING AND ONCE EACH SUMMER MONTH AT THE SEED SPOT). COST ESTIMATES RANGED FROM $.25 TO $3.60 PER SEED SPOT FOR SEEDING AND MAINTENANCE THROUGH ONE GROWING SEASON. THIS IS 5 TO 70% OF THE ESTIMATED COST OF PLANTING AND MAINTAINING A 1-GALLON PLANT. KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Shrubs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225012 AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSING AID SYSTEM, MAINE SYSTEM DESIGN PY - AB - SUCCESSFUL EVALUATIONS OF THE PASSING AID SYSTEM (PAS I AND PAS II) ENGINEERING MODE SYSTEM RESULTED IN THE DECISION OF THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION TO UNDERTAKE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A FULL-SCALE (15- MILE) PASSING AID SYSTEM - PAS II (EXPERIMENTAL MODEL) CAPABLE OF OPERATION OVER THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL RANGES OF A TWO-LANE HIGHWAY CAPABLE OF TRAFFIC IN EXCESS OF 2000 ADT. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL PAS II AND IS DIVIDED INTO TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME I DISCUSSES THE OVERALL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF PAS II AND DESCRIBES THE ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM. VOLUME II IS DEVOTED TO THE SOFTWARE DESIGN AND IS A THOROUGH TREATMENT OF THE SYSTEM LOGIC. /FHWA/ KW - Equipment KW - Highway capacity KW - Traffic aids KW - Traffic flow KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212120 AU - Brunauer, S AU - Yudenfreund, M AU - Odler, I AU - Hanna, K M AU - Skalny, J AU - Mikhail, R S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Clarkson College of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HARDENED CEMENT PASTES OF LOW POROSITY PY - AB - TYPE I AND TYPE II PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER WERE GROUND TO BLAINE SURFACE AREAS OF 6800 TO 8500 SQ CM/G, USING FOUR DIFFERENT GRINDING AIDS. THE AMOUNT OF GRINDING AID WAS 0.5% OF THE WEIGHT OF THE CLINKER. THE GROUND CLINKER WAS DRY- MIXED WITH 1.0% CALCIUM LIGNOSULFONATE FOR THE TYPE I AND 0.5% FOR THE TYPE II CEMENT. POTASSIUM CARBONATE, 0.5% OF THE WEIGHT OF THE CLINKER, WAS DISSOLVED IN THE MIX WATER. WITH THE HELP OF THE THREE ADDITIVES, PASTES OF EXCELLENT CONSISTENCY OR WORKABILITY WERE OBTAINED WITH WATER-CEMENT RATIOS (W/C) AS LOW AS 0.2. MOST OF THE EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH PASTES PREPARED WITH W/C=0.2, BUT IN A PART OF THE EXPERIMENTS 0.3 WAS EMPLOYED. SUCH PASTES WERE DESIGNED AS LOW-POROSITY PASTES, IN CONTRAST WITH NORMAL PASTES OF 0.4 AND HIGHER. THE LOW-POROSITY PASTES HAD MUCH HIGHER COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS THAN NORMAL PASTES. WITH W/C=9.2, THE MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OBTAINED WERE 36,400 AND 40,000 PSI AT HYDRATION TEMPERATURES OF 25 AND 50C, RESPECTIVELY, AND WITH W/C=0.3, THE MAXIMUM VALUE AT 25 C WAS 29,000 PSI. DIMENSIONAL CHANGES WERE DETERMINED ONLY FOR LOW-POROSITY PASTES OF W/C=0.2, HYDRATED AT 25 C. THE LENGTH CHANGES WERE ONE-THIRD TO ONE-HALF AS LARGE AS THOSE OF PASTES MADE FROM THE SAME CEMENT WITH W/C=0.4, AND ONE- FOURTH TO ONE-THIRD AS LARGE AS THOSE OF PASTES WITH W/C=0.6. THE EFFECTS OF THE TYPE OF CEMENT, THE SURFACE AREA OF THE CEMENT, THE NATURE OF THE GRINDING AID, THE AMOUNT OF THE CALCIUM LIGNOSULFONATE, THE WATER-CEMENT RATIO, AND THE TEMPERATURE OF HYDRATION ON THE DEGREE OF HYDRATION, ON THE EXPANSION OF THE PASTE DURING HYDRATION, ON THE TOTAL POROSITY, AND ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS WERE DETERMINED AT AGES RANGING FROM 1 HOUR TO 180 DAYS. PORE STRUCTURE ANALYSES WERE MADE FOR 25 LOW-POROSITY PASTES BY WATER-VAPOR ADSORPTION AND, FOR 8 OF THE 25 PASTES, BY NITROGEN ADSORPTION. THIS INCLUDED DETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE AREAS AND PORE VOLUME OF THE PASTES, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE AND VOLUME IN PORES OF DIFFERENT WIDTHS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Additives KW - Carbonates KW - Cement paste KW - Clinkers KW - Compressive strength KW - Expansion KW - Hydration KW - Pastes KW - Pore space KW - Porosity KW - Portland cement KW - Potassium KW - Potassium carbonate KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208027 AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - B. E. S. T. PILOT STUDY PY - AB - A PROTOTYPE INTEGRATED BRIDGE DESIGN SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED ON A BURROUGHS 5500 COMPUTER SYSTEM. THE ACRONYM B. E. S. T. STANDS FOR "BRIDGE ENGINEERING SUBSYSTEMS FOR T. I. E. S.." THIS SUBSYSTEM WAS ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED UNDER A FORMER PROJECT CALLED TOTAL INTEGRATED ENGINEERING SYSTEM (T. I. E. S.) THE COMPUTATIONAL PART OF THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING SEVEN PROGRAMS: (1) CONTROL GEOMETRY, (2) FRAMING PLAN, (3) REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB DESIGN, (4) BEAM AND GIRDER DESIGN, (5) BRIDGE BEARING DESIGN, (6) ABUTMENT AND RETAINING WALL DESIGN, AND (7) PIER DESIGN. THE SYSTEM ALSO INCLUDES CALCOMP DRUM PLOTTER PROGRAMS FOR PLOTTING: (1) GENERAL PLAN OF BRIDGE, (2) FRAMING PLAN, (3) TRANSVERSE SECTION, (4) BEAM AND GIRDER SCHEDULES, (5) ABUTMENT DETAILS, (6) PIER DETAILS, AND (7) SLAB BAR PLAN FOR STRAIGHT BRIDGES. THE SYSTEM ALSO CONTAINS A MASTER CONTROL PROGRAM WHICH ALLOWS FOR THE EXECUTION OF THE PROGRAMS IN A PREDETERMINED ORDER. THE CONTROL PROGRAM USES DISK STORAGE AS A MEANS OF PASSING NEEDED DATA FROM ONE COMPUTATIONAL PROGRAM TO ANOTHER IN THE SYSTEM. THE PRESENT SYSTEM IS LIMITED TO THE FOLLOWING: (1) BRIDGE OVER ONE OR TWO ROADWAYS, (2) A MAXIMUM OF FOUR SPANS, (3) A MAXIMUM OF 10 BEAMS PER BRIDGE, (4) STRUCTURE OF CONSTANT WIDTH, TANGENT, OR CIRCULAR CURVE ALIGNMENT, AND (5) SIMPLE SPANS OF COMPOSITE ROLLED BEAM OR WELDED PLATE GIRDER CONSTRUCTION. /FHWA/ KW - Abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Framed structures KW - Frames KW - Framing KW - Geometric design KW - Information processing KW - Plotting KW - Retaining walls KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208029 AU - Shoukry, Z AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - South Dakota State University, Brookings AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REPORT ON BRIDGE GIRDER WEBS SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL LOADS PY - AB - IN CONSTRUCTION OF PLATE GIRDERS, WHEN NO GROUND SUPPORTED FALSEWORK IS USED, METAL BRACKETS BOLTED TO THE WEB OF THE EXTERIOR GIRDERS ARE USED TO SUPPORT CONSTRUCTION LOADS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE WEB STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS WHICH OCCUR AS A RESULT OF USING TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION BRACKETS. FOUR BRACKET TYPES WERE STUDIED EXPERIMENTALLY UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS; A MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION WAS ESTABLISHED FOR A SIMPLIFIED BRACKET TO PREDICT THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF THE WEB UNDER LATERAL LOADS; AND FINALLY, WEB STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS DUE TO TEMPORARY BRACKET LOADS WERE DETERMINED FOR AN ACTUAL BRIDGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION. SUCH STRESSES WERE COMPARED WITH LABORATORY TESTS TO AID IN ACCURATELY DETERMINING THE BEHAVIOR OF A GIRDER WEB WHEN SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL LOADING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Brackets KW - Bridge engineering KW - Construction management KW - Deflection KW - Horizontal loads KW - Lateral loads KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Plate girders KW - Stresses KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203173 AU - California Department of Public Works AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED PLOTTER NEEDS STUDY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS 1970-1975 PY - AB - THE STUDY INDICATED THAT WHILE THE PRESENT COMPUTERIZED PLOTTING EQUIPMENT CAN COPE WITH THE NORMAL GROWTH OVER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS, IT WILL NOT SATISFY USER NEEDS RESULTING FROM DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PROGRAMS NOR PROVIDE ADDITIONAL PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES REQUESTED BY POTENTIAL USERS. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW COMPUTER GRAPHICS PROGRAMS AND PROCUREMENT OF ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT WHEN JUSTIFIED ARE RECOMMENDED AS A MEANS OF SATISFYING THESE NEEDS. IF THE RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE ADOPTED, IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE APPROXIMATE SAVINGS TO BE REALIZED OVER A FIVE- YEAR PERIOD COULD APPROACH $7 MILLION. THE COST TO ACHIEVE THESE SAVINGS IS ESTIMATED TO BE $761,000 FOR NEW PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, MORE EQUIPMENT TO SUPPORT AN EXPANDED PROGRAM, AND OPERATIONAL COSTS TO MAINTAIN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Economic benefits KW - Future growth KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Information processing KW - Plotting KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239752 AU - Colony, D C AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - University of Toledo AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION PY - AB - THIS STUDY ANALYZES THE DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS ON HOUSEHOLDS REQUIRED TO VACATE RESIDENCES LOCATED ON THE RIGHTS-OF-WAY ACQUIRED FOR I-90 AND I-71 IN CLEVELAND, OHIO. THE FINDINGS ARE BASED ON DATA FROM STATE FILES AND PERSONAL INTERVIEWS WITH 228 HOUSEHOLDS SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF A RESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLE FROM APPROXIMATELY 2,300 DISPLACED HOUSEHOLDS. MOST OF THESE HOUSEHOLDS HAD BEEN RELOCATED BEFORE THE 1968 HIGHWAY ACT PROVIDED FOR ADDITIVE RELOCATION HOUSING PAYMENTS. THE FINDINGS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) MONTHLY HOUSING EXPENSES INCREASED AFTER RELOCATION. (2) DISPLACED PEOPLE TEND TO SELECT RESIDENCES CLOSE TO THEIR OLD HOMES. (3) THE PROPORTION OF HOMEOWNERS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER DISPLACEMENT. (4) ELDERLY, POOR, AND LESS EDUCATED PEOPLE WERE MOST LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND OTHER PROBLEMS AS A RESULT OF RELOCATION. (5) RELOCATION AFFECTED THE LIVES OF WIVES AND CHILDREN MORE THAN THAT OF MALE HOUSEHOLD HEADS. (6) UNFAVORABLE ATTITUDES ATTENUATE WITH THE PASSAGE OF TIME. (7) MANY DISPLACED PERSONS WERE CONCERNED WITH NONFINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS. (8) THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN TRAVEL TIME AND DISTANCE TO JOBS AND TO SHOPPING AND RELIGIOUS FACILITIES; BUT RELOCATION HAD ONLY A SLIGHT EFFECT ON CHANGES IN EMPLOYMENT. (9) DATA FROM A LOW-INCOME AREA NEAR I-90 SHOWED THAT 20 PERCENT OF THE DISPLACED PERSONS NEEDED SOME TYPE OF SPECIAL ASSISTANCE. /FHWA/ KW - Aged KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Environmental impacts KW - Gender KW - Highway planning KW - Interstate highways KW - Low income groups KW - Property acquisition KW - Psychological aspects KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Social factors KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202584 AU - Stoeckeler, E G AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR ENHANCED COLOR BALANCED AERIAL TESTING PRINTS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE WAS TO DETERMINE IF A SMALL PHOTO LABORATORY, CONTAINING RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT, COULD BE USED TO DETERMINE THE PROPER COLOR BALANCE DESIRED BY THE USER. ONCE THIS IS DETERMINED, THEN THE COMPLETE JOB COULD BE CARRIED OUT BY A COMMERCIAL FACILITY BASED ON THE CHOSEN COLOR BALANCE. TWO METHODS OF PROCESSING WERE INVESTIGATED: THE WHITE LIGHT METHOD AND THE TRICOLOR METHOD. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATED THAT FOR LARGE PROJECTS THE ADDED COST OF DETERMINING THE PROPER COLOR BALANCE PRIOR TO COMMERCIAL PRINTING WAS JUSTIFIED; IT WAS NOT ECONOMICAL FOR SMALL JOBS. EITHER PROCESSING METHOD PRODUCED ACCEPTABLE RESULTS. FOR OPTIMUM INTERPRETATION, HOWEVER, THE REPORT INDICATED THAT TRANSPARENCIES WERE CONSIDERABLY BETTER THAN COLOR PRINTS. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Color photography KW - Costs KW - Photographic equipment KW - Photography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200081 AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER SYSTEMS-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & PROGRAMMING FOR ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT & INVENTORY SYSTEMS - FINAL REPORT PY - AB - THIS PROJECT PROVIDED THE MEANS BY WHICH THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS COULD UNDERTAKE, IN CONNECTION WITH ENGINEERING PROBLEMS, CERTAIN AUTOMATION STUDIES TO DEVELOP MATERIAL UPON WHICH TO BASE HARDWARE NEEDS (E.G., THE PLOTTER NEEDS STUDY); TO DETERMINE COMPARATIVE COSTS (E.G., THE COST COMPARISON STUDY); AND TO DETERMINE TYPES OF PROJECTS TO INVESTIGATE (E.G., THE HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS SUBSTUDY). IN ADDITION, SYSTEMS WERE DEVELOPED AND MANY INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMS WERE WRITTEN TO SOLVE ENGINEERING PROBLEMS. ALL THE SUBPROJECTS ARE SUMMARIZED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automation KW - Computer programming KW - Costs KW - Data plotters KW - Engineering systems KW - Hydraulics KW - Information processing KW - Inventory control KW - Systems analysis KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218071 AU - Winters, F AU - Sasor, S R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT HEATING - AUGUST 1971 PY - AB - TO DEVELOP MORE ECONOMICAL MEANS OF MELTING SNOW AND ICE BY PAVEMENT HEATING, A 3200 SQ FT EXPERIMENTAL HEATED PAVEMENT, DESIGNED TO UTILIZE LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT AVAILABLE IN THE EARTH, WAS CONSTRUCTED. HEAT WAS EXTRACTED FROM THE EARTH BY MEANS OF THREE HEAT EXCHANGERS EACH CONSISTING OF 2000 FEET OF 1 1/4" DIAMETER WROUGHT IRON PIPE BURIED 3 TO 13 FEET IN THE EARTH. BY MEANS OF A CIRCULATING ETHYLENE GLYCOL SOLUTION, HEAT WAS TRANSFERRED FROM THE HEAT EXCHANGERS TO A GRID OF PIPES EMBEDDED IN THE TEST PAVEMENT. RESULTS OF OPERATION FOR THE WINTER OF 1970-1971 INDICATED BEST SNOW MELTING ON A SECTION OF THE TEST PAVEMENT CONTAINING 3/4" AND 1 1/4" WROUGHT IRON PIPES SPACED ON SIX INCH CENTERS. HEAT DISSIPATION ON THIS SECTION OF THE TEST PAVEMENT WAS APPROXIMATELY 100 BTU'S PER SQUARE FOOT OF SURFACE AREA PER HOUR, PRODUCING A SNOW MELTING RATE OF 1/2" PER HOUR PER SQUARE FOOT. DURING THE SUMMER OF 1970, THE HEAT TRANSFER CYCLE WAS REVERSED IN ORDER TO STORE HEAT IN THE EARTH FOR LATER USE DURING THE WINTER. SUMMER OPERATION RESULTED IN A MAXIMUM AVERAGE TEMPERATURE INCREASE OF 13 F IN THE EARTH OF THE TEST SITE ABOVE THE NORMAL EARTH TEMPERATURE. RAPID LOSS OF HEAT DURING THE FALL REDUCED THIS TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE TO 3 F BY MID-DECEMBER. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT STORAGE OF HEAT RESULTING FROM OPERATING THE SYSTEM DURING THE SUMMER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Heat exchangers KW - Heating KW - Melting KW - Pavements KW - Snow and ice control KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204645 AU - Hyde AU - Troll AU - Zak AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME OF ROOT CUTTING FOR SWEET FERN PROPAGATION PY - AB - SWEET FERN, COMPTONIA PEREGRINA, IS AN IMPORTANT NATIVE GROUND COVER AND EROSION CONTROL SHRUB IN NEW ENGLAND AND SOME MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. PROPAGATION FROM SEED IS DIFFICULT AND COMPARATIVELY INEFFICIENT. ROOT CUTTINGS, 1/8" TO 1/4" IN DIAMETER, TAKEN DURING THE PERIOD FROM FEBRUARY 24 TO MAY 1, PRODUCED 80 PERCENT ROOTED CUTTINGS. ROOT SECTIONS TAKEN LATER (AFTER LEAF EMERGENCE) PRODUCED POOR RESULTS. THE ROOTED CUTTINGS SHOULD BE COVERED WITH APPROXIMATELY 1 IN OF SOIL, PLANTED ON 6 TO 8 FOOT CENTERS, AND PROTECTED WITH 2 IN OF WOOD CHIP MULCH IN ORDER TO PROVIDE FOR PERMANENT SHRUBBY COVER ON ROADSIDE SLOPES. /FHWA/ KW - Erosion control KW - Establishing KW - Ground cover KW - Plant cover KW - Plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206473 AU - Bransford, T L AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Auburn University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM REPORT COVERING 1970 SKID-TRAILER DATA PY - AB - RESULTS OF A STATEWIDE SURVEY OF THE SLIPPERINESS OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS ARE ANALYZED. THE TESTS WERE RUN USING A TWO WHEEL SKID TRAILER MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF ASTM SPECIFICATION E-274-65T AND EQUIPPED WITH TIRES MEETING ASTM SPECIFICATION E-249-66. ALL DATA INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT WERE OBTAINED BY LOCKING THE LEFT WHEEL ONLY. ABOUT 3500 TESTS WERE RUN ON 22 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAVEMENT SURFACES. THE DATA WERE SEPARATED ACCORDING TO TYPE, SPECIFICATION NUMBER, AND COARSE AGGREGATE INVOLVED. TRAFFIC COUNTS FOR EACH SECTION TESTED WERE COMBINED WITH YEARS-OF-SERVICE TO DEVELOP FOR EACH TEST SITE A WEAR FACTOR, DEFINED AS THE ADT MULTIPLIED BY YEARS-OF-SERVICE DIVIDED BY 1000. WEAR FACTORS WERE PLOTTED AGAINST SKID NUMBERS, DEFINED AS THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE PAVEMENT SURFACE MULTIPLIED BY ONE HUNDRED, TO SHOW THE DECREASE IN SKID NUMBER THAT ACCOMPANIED AN INCREASE IN WEAR FACTOR. THIS IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED AS AN INDICATION OF THE RATE OF POLISHING. THE PAVEMENTS TYPES WERE ANALYZED ON THE BASIS OF THREE CRITERIA ADOPTED BY THE ALABAMA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT: (1) A PAVEMENT WITH A SKID NUMBER OF 34 OR BELOW IS DANGEROUSLY SLIPPERY AND NEEDS ATTENTION. (2) A PAVEMENT WITH A SKID NUMBER BETWEEN 35 AND 43 INCLUSIVE REQUIRES CAUTION ON THE PART OF THE DRIVER WHEN THE PAVEMENT IS WET. (3) A PAVEMENT WITH A SKID NUMBER ABOVE 43 IS RELATIVELY SAFE EVEN WHEN WET. THE ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED FIRST FOR THE CONDITION OF THE PAVEMENT AT THE TIME IT WAS TESTED, REGARDLESS OF THE TRAFFIC LOAD THAT IT HAD BEEN SUBJECTED TO; AND SECOND IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER PAVEMENTS HAVING THE SAME WEAR FACTORS. THE REPORT INCLUDES A COMPARISON OF PAVEMENT TYPES AT SPECIFIC WEAR FACTOR. /AUTHOR/ KW - Average daily traffic KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Evaluation KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skid trailers KW - Skidding KW - Slipperiness KW - Wear KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208032 AU - Chan, J H AU - Matlock, H AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DISCRETE-ELEMENT METHOD FOR TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS OF BEAM- COLUMNS RESTING ON LINEARLY ELASTIC OR INELASTIC SUPPORTS PY - AB - A DISCRETE-ELEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF BEAM COLUMNS RESTING ON LINEARLY OR NONLINEARLY-ELASTIC, OR NONLINEARLY-INELASTIC, SUPPORTS IS PRESENTED. THE APPLIED FORCES INCLUDE STATIC FIXED LOADS AND TIME-DEPENDENT DYNAMIC LOADS. THE PROGRAM IS AN EXTENSION OF PROGRAMS BMCOL 43 (RESEARCH REPORT NO. 56-4) AND DBC1 (RESEARCH REPORT NO. 56-8) TO COVER INELASTIC SUPPORTS AND TIME-DEPENDENT AXIAL THRUSTS. TWO MULTI-ELEMENT MODELS ARE USED TO SIMULATE THE INELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPPORTS, ONE OF WHICH ALLOWS THE BEAM TO LIFT OFF THE SUPPORT WHEN IT DEFLECTS, UPWARD OR DOWNWARD, AND THE OTHER WHICH CONSIDERS THE RESISTANCE TO EITHER UPWARD OR DOWNWARD DEFLECTION. AN INTERNAL DAMPING FACTOR, WHICH IS RELATED TO THE FIRST DERIVATIVE WITH RESPECT TO TIME OF THE CURVATURE OF THE BEAMS, HAS BEEN INCLUDED, IN ADDITION TO THE CONVENTIONAL EXTERNAL VISCOUS DAMPING FACTOR. THE METHOD IS BASED ON AN IMPLICIT DIFFERENCE FORMULATION OF THE CRANK-NICOLSON TYPE. A COMPUTER PROGRAM HAS BEEN WRITTEN TO CHECK THE VALIDITIES OF THE PROPOSED MULTI-ELEMENT MODELS OF TRACING THE LOADING PATHS OF THE NONLINEARLY-INELASTIC SUPPORTS AND OF THE IMPLICIT FORMULATION OF THE CRANK-NICOLSON TYPE. THE RESULTS COMPARE WELL WITH THE THEORETICAL RESULTS AND WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Elastic deformation KW - Simulation KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural models KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225009 AU - Ellis, N C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER EXPECTANCY CHECKLIST PY - AB - GOOD DRIVER COMMUNICATION IS ONLY ACHIEVED BY PROPER COORDINATION AMONG ALL ROADWAY AND TERRAIN FEATURES AND THE DEVICES USED TO GUIDE, WARN, DIRECT, REGULATE OR CONTROL TRAFFIC OPERATIONS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT GOOD ROADWAY COMMUNICATION CAN GENERALLY BE ACHIEVED WITHIN THE CURRENT RULES AND REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO DESIGN AND OPERATION; PROVIDED THEY ARE ADEQUATELY COORDINATED AND PROPERLY INTERPRETED. DRIVER EXPECTANCY ALSO PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN DRIVER COMMUNICATION. THE DRIVER USES THE GEOMETRIC CONFIGURATION, DELINEATION, MARKINGS, RAILING, INTERSECTIONS, AND OTHER ROADWAY ELEMENTS, AS WELL AS THE NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES SURROUNDING THE ROADWAY TO DEVELOP AN EXPECTANCY AS TO WHAT LIES AHEAD AND HOW HE SHOULD REACT TO THE SITUATION. WHEN THE CONDITION EXISTS AS HE EXPECTS, THE ROAD HAS COMMUNICATED WELL WITH THE DRIVER. THIS CHECKLIST, PROPERLY USED, WILL ASSURE INTEGRATION OF DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL FEATURES OF THE ROADWAY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Control devices KW - Coordination KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Reaction time KW - Road markings KW - Terrain KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228681 AU - Hoskins, E R AU - Hammerquist, D W AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF TERRESTRIAL AND LOW ALTITUDE AERIAL INFARED PHOTOGRAPHY AS AN AID IN DETERMINING WATER TABLE DEPTHS AND BURIED GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES IN THE PIERRE SHALE IN WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA PY - AB - AN INVESTIGATION HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT TO IDENTIFY FAULTS, JOINTS AND WATER TABLE DEPTHS IN ROAD CUTS IN THE PIERRE SHALE FROM TERRESTRIAL AND LOW ALTITUDE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. OVER 1,200 PHOTOGRAPHS WERE TAKEN DURING THE STUDY. THREE SITES ON INTERSTATE 90, EAST OF RAPID CITY, RECEIVED REPEATED, MONTHLY, MULTISPECTRAL PHOTOGRAPHIC COVERAGE FOR ABOUT ONE YEAR. BLACK AND WHITE PANCHROMATIC, NATURAL COLOR, AND INFARED COLOR FILMS WERE USED. THE NEGATIVES AND TRANSPARENCIES WERE THEN ENLARGED AND PRINTED ONTO BOTH COLOR AND BLACK AND WHITE PAPER, WITH VARIOUS FILTERS ON THE ENLARGER TO ATTEMPT TO ENHANCE THE DATA PRESENTATION. IT IS POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY VISUALLY THE SMALL FAULTS AND JOINTS PREVIOUSLY CORRELATED WITH PAVEMENT DISTRESS FROM NEARLY ALL THE COMBINATIONS OF FILMS AND FILTERS AND PRINTING TECHNIQUES THAT WERE TRIED. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE MOST USEFUL AND EASIEST TO INTERPRET DISPLAY OF INFORMATION COMES FROM THE LOW ALTITUDE (500 TO 1,000 FEET) AERIAL COLOR INFARED PHOTOGRAPHS, PRINTED IN COLOR. IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO PREDICT QUANTITATIVELY THE DEPTH OF THE WATER TABLE FROM THE PHOTOGRAPHS ALONE /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Altitude KW - Color photography KW - Fault location KW - Infrared photography KW - Interpretation KW - Jointing of rock KW - Rock jointing KW - Shale KW - Water table UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240822 AU - VOORHEES, A M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Washington State Highway Commission TI - BLUE STREAK BUS RAPID TRANSIT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - AB - THE BLUE STREAK PROJECT PROVIDES PEAK PERIOD EXPRESS BUS SERVICE FOR THE I-5 CORRIDOR NORTH OF SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. SEVEN EXISTING BUS ROUTES WERE REROUTED TO USE THE I-5 FREEWAY AND ONE NEW ROUTE WAS ESTABLISHED FROM A PARK-RIDE LOT EIGHT MILES NORTH OF THE SEATTLE CBD. THE BUSES OPERATE IN MIXED TRAFFIC ON THE FREEWAY AND ARE GRANTED THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE LAST EXIT RAMP ON THE FREEWAY. THE BUSES CIRCULATE IN THE CBD ON A CLOCKWISE LOOP IN THE AM PEAK AND A COUNTERCLOCKWISE LOOP IN THE PM PEAK. /FHWA/ KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Express buses KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Peak periods KW - Rapid transit KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203172 AU - American Public Works Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF UTILITY TUNNELS IN URBAN AREAS PY - AB - THE FEASIBILITY OF THE UTILITY TUNNEL CONCEPT IN URBAN AREAS IN ASSOCIATION WITH TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS WAS STUDIED. THE RESEARCH INCLUDED A STUDY OF PAST UTILITY TUNNEL PRACTICES IN THE UNITED STATES, CANADA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES; AN EXAMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF UTILITY AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS; AN ANALYSIS OF LEGAL, REGULATING, FINANCING AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS; AND OTHER MATTERS PERTINENT TO THE FEASIBILITY OF UTILITY TUNNEL SYSTEMS. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THERE ARE TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UTILITY TUNNEL CONCEPT BUT THAT THEY CAN BE RESOLVED WITH CURRENT TECHNOLOGY; THAT SEWERAGE SYSTEMS CANNOT GENERALLY BE INCLUDED IN UTILITY TUNNELS; THAT ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION IS UNLIKELY EXCEPT FOR HIGH DENSITY URBAN AREAS; AND THAT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS REQUIRED RELATIVE TO TRAFFIC DELAYS, STREET MAINTENANCE AND RECONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS, AND OTHER UNQUANTIFIABLE BENEFITS, BEFORE RIGOROUS ECONOMIC ANALYSES COULD BE PERFORMED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Economic factors KW - Public utilities KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Tunnels KW - Urban areas KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204038 AU - Sternberg, Y M AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN TO SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FOR HIGHWAYS PY - AB - THE STUDY PRESENTS A REALISTIC REVIEW OF THE AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE ON THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE, AND AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMON PROBLEMS IN HIGHWAY SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE. QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES TO THE DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL DRAINS FOR A HIGHWAY WITH PAVED OR UNPAVED SHOULDERS, CROSS DRAINS AT A LOW POINT OF A LONG VERTICAL CURVE, AND LOWERING AND REMOVAL OF WATER IN THE LOCATION OF HIGH WATER TABLES ARE RECOMMENDED, BASED ON SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE. /FHWA/ KW - Agricultural drainage KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drains KW - Geometric design KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Water table UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208028 AU - Lavelle, F H AU - Greig, R A AU - Wemmer, H R AU - University of Rhode Island, Narragansett AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CUGAR I - A PROGRAM TO ANALYZE CURVED GIRDER BRIDGES PY - AB - AN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CURVED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES IS PRESENTED. THE METHOD IS BASED UPON A GRID ANALOGY OF THE STRUCTURE WHICH EMPLOYS THE STIFFNESS METHOD OF ANALYSIS. A COMPUTER PROGRAM HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR THE ANALYSIS. THE REPORT CONSISTS OF ONE VOLUME FOR USERS OF THE PROGRAM AND ANOTHER VOLUME CONTAINING SYSTEMS INFORMATION USEFUL FOR AIDING IN THE INSTALLATION OF THE PROGRAM ON VARIOUS COMPUTER SYSTEMS. SEVERAL EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING INPUT DATA ARE PRESENTED. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Curvature KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods (Structural) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217501 AU - Ku, C C AU - Byus, C AU - Chow, C H AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST PROCEDURES FOR QUALITY OF BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS PY - AB - THE STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO ESTABLISH A RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE QUALITATIVE DETERMINATION OF BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS. A COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM WAS CARRIED OUT AND TEST RESULTS WERE ANALYZED. A STRENGTH TEST WAS USED RATHER THAN A GRADATION TEST. THE FINDINGS FAVOR THE USE OF TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST FOR QUALITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF AGGREGATES. BASED ON THE TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST RESULTS, TENTATIVE STANDARDS FOR QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Subbase materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212116 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PATCHING AND GROUTING MATERIALS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - AB - A STANDARD SERIES OF TESTS FOR EVALUATING CONCRETE PATCHING COMPOUNDS WAS DEVELOPED. NINTEEN COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS WERE EVALUATED AS COMPARED TO TYPE III CEMENT MORTAR AND TESTED FOR THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES: SET TIME, EXPANSION WHEN SOAKED 24 HOURS, DRYING SHRINKAGE, PERCENT CHLORIDES, PERCENT SULPHATE, ABRASION RESISTANCE, AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT ONE HOUR, 4 HOURS, ONE DAY, 3 DAYS, AND 28 DAYS. THESE PRODUCTS HAD FAST SETTING AND EARLY STRENGTH GAIN CHARACTERISTICS. SEVERAL PRODUCTS WERE TESTED FOR CORROSION PROPERTIES WHEN USED IN CONTACT WITH REINFORCING STEEL. IN ADDITION, 15 OF THE PRODUCTS WERE PLACED IN A FIELD INSTALLATION IN THE WHEEL PATH IN THE HEAVILY TRAVELED LANE WHERE THEY WERE SUBJECTED TO FREEZING- THAWING, SNOW, TIRE-CHAIN TRAFFIC, AND SUMMER TRAFFIC. INDUSTRY NEEDS TO PRODUCE A MORE UNIFORM PRODUCT. PRODUCTS MARKETED CHANGE OFTEN AND MATERIALS TESTED ARE OFTEN NOT WHAT IS MARKETED LATER. MATERIALS SHOULD BE DEFINED FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS AND APPROPRIATE SPECIFICATIONS SHOULD BE ADOPTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Grout KW - Materials tests KW - Patching KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204035 AU - Barter, E F AU - Sherrill, J S AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION OF THE MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCIES OF FLOODS IN MICHIGAN PY - AB - THE FIRST PORTION PROVIDES A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE TOTAL RESEARCH EFFORT RELATED TO SURFACE RUNOFF PROCESSES. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY AN OUTLINE OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ART INCLUDING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF OTHER METHODS OF APPROACHING THE PROBLEM. THE AMOUNT OF EFFORT REQUIRED TO GATHER DATA FROM SMALL URBANIZED AREAS IS DISCUSSED AND THE PROCEDURES DEVELOPED TO ANALYZE RAINFALL HYETOGRAPHS AND RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS TO DETERMINE THE SURFACE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH AND INFILTRATION CAPACITY ARE DESCRIBED. METHODS OF COMPUTING INFILTRATION CAPACITY AND ITS VARIATION WITH TIME AND LOCATION ARE DISCUSSED. PROGRESS IN LEARNING ABOUT THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SURFACE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH SHAPE IS PRESENTED IN SOME DETAIL. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A MATHEMATICAL WATERSHED MODEL IS ALSO REFERRED TO IN THE DISCUSSION. CURRENT AND FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS WHICH ARE BEING PLANNED TO IMPROVE THE NEW TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED BRIEFLY. THE FINAL SECTION PRESENTS THE WORKING METHOD INCLUDING THE MOST RECENT INPUTS OF NEW DATA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Floods KW - Hydrographs KW - Infiltration KW - Magnitude KW - Mathematical models KW - Runoff KW - State of the art studies KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206474 AU - Mcnaughton, E L AU - Rand, D W AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER AND THE CAUSES OF PAVEMENT DEPRECIATION IN MAINE PY - AB - THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER IS AN ELECTRONICALLY ORIENTED INSTRUMENT DEVELOPED AT THE AASHO ROAD TEST THAT MEASURES THE SMOOTHNESS OF A ROAD. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT IS TWO- FOLD, FIRST TO EXPLAIN THE PROBLEMS THAT OCCURRED WITH A PROFILOMETER PURCHASED BY THE MAINE STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION. IT ALSO DESCRIBES HOW THE DATA WAS OBTAINED AS WELL AS THE METHOD USED IN THE OFFICE TO PROCESS THE INFORMATION. THE MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE EQUIPMENT AND THE METHODS USED ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. THE SECOND PART OF THE REPORT PRESENTS AN ATTEMPT USING PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEXES, TO DIFFERENTIATE IN TERMS OF CHLOE THE INFLUENCES CAUSED BY (1) SEASONAL VARIATIONS (FROST ACTION), (2) CLEAN AND DIRTY SUBGRADE MATERIALS, (3) PAVEMENT DEPRECIATION WITH RESPECT TO TIME, (4) PAVEMENT DEPRECIATION WITH RESPECT TO TOTAL 18 KIP EQUIVALENT AXLE APPLICATIONS. ALTHOUGH THE EFFECT OF THESE VARIABLES UPON THE RESULTS ARE NOT CLEARLY ISOLATED, THEY SHOW THAT A "DIRTY" SUBGRADE SOIL PERMITS GREATER RANGES IN SERVICEABILITY TO OCCUR THAN DO "CLEAN" SUBGRADES. THIS WIDE SERVICEABILITY RANGE ALSO APPEARS TO HAVE A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP IN CAUSING THE PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY TO DROP WITH RESPECT TO TIME AND TRAFFIC. THESE RESULTS ALSO INDICATE THAT PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED ON A "CLEAN" SUBGRADE, OR A SUBGRADE THAT REMAINS IN A UNIFORM STRENGTH CONDITION THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, WILL LAST LONGER AND BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND APPROXIMATELY TWICE AS MUCH TRAFFIC (AXLE LOADS) AS A "DIRTY" SUBGRADE SUBJECTED TO SEVERE STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS CAUSED BY SEASONAL CHANGE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Frost action KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Serviceability KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208035 AU - Sithichaikasem, S AU - Gamble, W L AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF DIAPHRAGMS IN BRIDGES WITH PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-SECTION GIRDERS PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE NUMBER, STIFFNESS, AND LOCATIONS OF DIAPHRAGMS IN MULTI-BEAM, SIMPLY SUPPORTED, RIGHT HIGHWAY BRIDGES ARE PRESENTED. THE PARAMETERS STUDIED ALSO INCLUDED THE RELATIVE GIRDER STIFFNESS, H, THE RATIO OF GIRDER SPACING TO SPAN, B/A, THE GIRDER TORSIONAL STIFFNESS, THE GIRDER SPACING, AND THE LOCATION OF THE LOADS RELATIVE TO THE EDGE GIRDERS OF THE STRUCTURE. THE BEHAVIOR OF THE BRIDGES IS EVALUATED FOR SEVERAL TYPES OF LOADINGS, INCLUDING SINGLE LOADS AND GROUPS OF LOADS. THE BRIDGES STUDIED WERE DIVIDED INTO THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO THE UNIFORMITY OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION TO THE GIRDERS, AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING DIAPHRAGM ARRANGEMENTS AND STIFFNESSES MADE. IN MOST STRUCTURES IN WHICH THE OUTER LINE OF WHEELS CAN FALL DIRECTLY OVER THE EDGE GIRDERS, DIAPHRAGMS SHOULD NOT BE USED, AS THEY WILL INCREASE THE CONTROLLING MOMENT IN THE BRIDGE. IN OTHER CASES, DIAPHRAGMS MAY BE EITHER HELPFUL OR HARMFUL, AND CRITERIA ARE DEVELOPED FOR DESIGN PURPOSES. THE INFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF DIAPHRAGMS WAS STUDIED, AND THE EFFECTS OF A SINGLE MIDSPAN DIAPHRAGM AND TWO DIAPHRAGMS LOCATED NEAR MIDSPAN WERE ABOUT THE SAME, STRUCTURALLY, THOUGH THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SINGLE DIAPHRAGM IS BETTER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridge structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design KW - Design combinations KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215978 AU - Everson, H E AU - Wang, D S AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF COMPOUNDS IN DUAL ROLE OF CURING AGENT AND PROTECTIVE TREATMENT OF CONCRETE PY - AB - MATERIALS THAT COULD PERFORM AS A CURING COMPOUND AND ALSO AS A PROTECTIVE AGENT TO THE SURFACE OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE WERE EVALUATED BY LABORATORY TESTS AND BY FIELD APPLICATIONS. THE MAJOR CONCLUSIONS WERE: (1) ALL LABORATORY SPECIMENS THAT WERE COVERED WITH LINSEED OIL BASE COMPOUNDS APPLIED FOUR HOURS OR LESS AFTER MOLDING TENDED TO HAVE A SURFACE THAT WAS SOMEWHAT SOFTER THAN THE REMAINDER OF THE SPECIMENS. (2) LABORATORY SPECIMENS COVERED WITH CHLORINATED RUBBER COMPOUNDS APPLIED AFTER THE WATER HAD DISAPPEARED FROM THE MORTAR SURFACE GENERALLY PERFORMED BETTER THAN OTHER AGENTS UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS. (3) ALL COMPOUNDS PERFORMED SATISFACTORILY ON THE FIELD TEST SECTIONS FOR TWO WINTERS. TRAFFIC WEAR APPEARED TO BE THE LIMITING FACTOR FOR THE EFFECTIVE LIFE OF EACH COMPOUND. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete KW - Curing agents KW - Durability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Protective coatings KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217500 AU - Sherman, G AU - Hamilton, R AU - SMITH, R AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DURABILITY OF AGGREGATES PY - AB - CALIFORNIA'S DURABILITY TEST WAS EXAMINED FOR POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS THROUGH MODIFICATION OR PROCEDURAL CHANGE. PAST PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST PROCEDURE HAS BEEN EVALUATED BY MEANS OF A FIELD SAMPLING PROGRAM, ACCELERATED DEGRADATION TESTS IN THE LABORATORY, AND CORRESPONDENCE TO DETERMINE EXPERIENCE THROUGHOUT CALIFORNIA'S ELEVEN HIGHWAY DISTRICTS. A DISCUSSION ON EXTENDED USE OF THE DURABILITY TEST IS INCLUDED, AND A REVIEW HAS BEEN MADE OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATE DURABILITY TESTS. THE GENERAL CONCLUSION WAS REACHED THAT CALIFORNIA'S DURABILITY TEST HAS BEEN VERY EFFECTIVE AND NO MAJOR MODIFICATIONS WERE RECOMMENDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Materials tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228680 AU - Smith, T AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITIES WITH EARTHWORK FACTORS- INTERIM REPT NO 2 PY - AB - THIS STUDY WAS MADE TO DETERMINE WHETHER SEISMIC DATA CAN BE USED TO OBTAIN SATISFACTORY DESIGN EARTHWORK FACTORS FOR ROADWAY EXCAVATION. THE STUDY SHOWS AN APPARENT CORRELATION BETWEEN SEISMIC VELOCITY AND EARTHWORK FACTOR FOR THE THREE METAMORPHIC ROCK TYPES STUDIED. APPLICATION OF THIS RELATIONSHIP WILL YIELD DESIGN EARTHWORK FACTORS THAT TEND TO AGREE MORE CLOSELY WITH FIELD EARTHWORK FACTORS THAN THOSE ATTAINED BY PREVIOUS METHODS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Correlation analysis KW - Design KW - Design information KW - Earthwork KW - Excavation KW - Metamorphic rocks KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203170 AU - White, F S AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAJOR INTERCHANGE DESIGN AND OPERATIONS--BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - AB - THIS SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 27 ABSTRACTS ON MAJOR INTERCHANGE DESIGN AND OPERATIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204040 AU - Chang, F F AU - KARIM, M AU - South Dakota State University, Brookings AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF REDUCING SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS USING PILES PY - AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF PLACING ROUND PILING UPSTREAM FROM BRIDGE PIERS IN AN EFFORT TO REDUCE SCOUR. LABORATORY MODELS AND A FIELD PROTOTYPE WERE USED. IN THE LABORATORY, THE CONDITIONS WERE VARIED AS TO THE NUMBER AND PLACEMENT OF PILING, THE SHAPE OF PIERS, AND THE ANGLE AND AMOUNT OF FLOW. THE DEPTH OF SCOUR WAS MEASURED UNDER THE VARIED FLOW CONDITIONS WITH AND WITHOUT THE CLUSTERS OF PILING IN PLACE. THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN SCOUR UNDER THESE LABORATORY CONDITIONS, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE FLOW WAS DIRECTLY AT THE PIER AND THE TOPS OF THE PILING WERE SUBMERGED. THE RESULTS OF THE FIELD PROTOTYPE STUDIED WERE DISAPPOINTING, AS THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT FLOWS DURING THE TWO SEASONS OF STUDY. THE MEASUREMENTS TAKEN UNDER THE EXTREMELY LOW VELOCITIES AND DEPTHS ARE MEANINGLESS EVEN THOUGH THERE WAS AN INDICATION OF A REDUCTION IN SCOUR. NO DEFINITE CONCLUSIONS CAN BE MADE WITHOUT FURTHER STUDY. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge piers KW - Flow KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prototype tests KW - Scour KW - Streamflow KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204041 AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Schiller, R E AU - Rose, J G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF RAINFALL INTENSITY, PAVEMENT CROSS SLOPE, SURFACE TEXTURE, AND DRAINAGE LENGTH ON PAVEMENT WATER DEPTHS PY - AB - THIS REPORT CONTAINS AN EQUATION WHICH CAN BE USED TO PREDICT THE WATER DEPTH A PAVEMENT WILL HAVE WHEN THE TEXTURE DEPTH, DRAINAGE PATH LENGTH, RAINFALL INTENSITY, AND CROSS SLOPE ARE KNOWN. EQUATIONS THAT RELATE THESE VARIABLES AND THEIR RELATIVE EFFECTS TO WATER DEPTH ARE DEVELOPED. RESULTS ARE PRESENTED IN BOTH TABULAR AND GRAPHIC FORM. BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND PERTINENT PAST RESEARCH PERTAINING TO HYDRAULICS OF WATER FLOW OVER PAVED SURFACES ARE GIVEN. NINE DIFFERENT TYPE SURFACES WERE TESTED. THE SURFACES WERE PLACED ON INDIVIDUAL 28' X 4', DOUBLE TEE, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS. RAINFALL OF UNIFORM INTENSITY WAS APPLIED TO THE SURFACE. WATER DEPTH MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN AT REGULARLY SPACED DRAINAGE LENGTHS FOR VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF RAINFALL INTENSITY AND PAVEMENT CROSS SLOPE. MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE BEST FIT OF THE DATA. PAVEMENT CROSS SLOPE WAS FOUND TO AFFECT WATER DEPTHS SIGNIFICANTLY. FOR A RAINFALL INTENSITY OF 1.5 IN/HR, A SURFACE TEXTURE OF 0.03 IN., AND A DRAINAGE LENGTH OF 24 FT., INCREASING THE CROSS SLOPE FROM 1/16 IN/FT (1:192) TO 1/4 IN/FT (1:48) DECREASED WATER DEPTHS BY 62 PERCENT IN THE OUTSIDE WHEEL PATH. CORRESPONDINGLY, INCREASES IN SURFACE TEXTURE DECREASED WATER DEPTHS; WHEREAS, INCREASES IN RAINFALL INTENSITY AND DRAINAGE LENGTH INCREASED WATER DEPTHS. /FHWA/ KW - Drainage KW - Drainage rate KW - Equations KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Observations KW - Pavements KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Slopes KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208024 AU - Spannagel, D W AU - Boyd, D W AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Public Works AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT OF CONTINUOUS, TROUGH-SHAPED CONCRETE RAILROAD STRUCTURES PY - AB - TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR TROUGH-SHAPED, CONTINUOUS, 2-SPAN, CONCRETE RAILROAD STRUCTURES WERE STUDIED. THE EFFECTS OF THREE SPAN, CONCRETE RAILROAD STRUCTURES WERE STUDIED. THE EFFECTS OF THREE SPAN LENGTHS, THREE WEB SLOPES, TWO LIVE LOADINGS AND THREE VALUES OF POISSON'S RATIO WERE CONSIDERED. EFFECTS OF LONGITUDINAL PRESTRESSING FORCES WERE ALSO STUDIED. DEAD AND LIVE LOAD STRESSES WERE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF A COMPUTERIZED FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM. THEORETICAL RESULTS INDICATED NEED FOR AT LEAST TWO PATTERNS OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT, A VARIATION FROM THE GENERAL PATTERN BEING REQUIRED FOR ONE-EIGHTH OF THE SPAN LENGTH ON EITHER SIDE OF THE INTERIOR SUPPORT. A THIRD PATTERN MAY BE REQUIRED BY LOCALIZED HIGH PRESTRESSING FORCE IN THE VICINITY OF THE END SUPPORTS. CHARTS ARE PRESENTED FOR CONVENIENT DETERMINATION OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH PARAMETRIC CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE STUDIED. A SAMPLE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT PARAMETRIC CONDITIONS IS ALSO PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridge structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design KW - Design combinations KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Parameters KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208026 AU - Yoo, C H AU - Heins, C P AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF CURVED I-GIRDER BRIDGES PY - AB - THE SERIES OF DESIGN CHARTS AND EQUATIONS PERMIT PLASTIC OR LOAD FACTOR ANALYSES OF STRAIGHT GIRDERS TO BE READILY APPLIED TO THE DESIGNING OF CURVED GIRDERS. THE DESIGN TECHNIQUES ARE APPLICABLE TO SINGLE AND MULTI-SPAN GIRDERS. THE PLASTIC DESIGN OF CURVED GIRDERS GIVES UNIFORMITY TO THE GIRDER STRENGTH AND A SAVING IN MATERIAL. THEREFORE, THE DESIGN DATA PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT SHOULD BE ADVANTAGEOUS IN DEVELOPING CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Design methods KW - Design tools KW - Girders KW - Structural design KW - Ultimate load design KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230756 AU - Su, H AU - Prysock, R H AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SECONDARY COMPRESSION IN EMBANKMENT FOUNDATION PY - AB - LONG TERM SETTLEMENTS OF HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS DUE TO SECONDARY COMPRESSION IN COMPRESSIBLE FOUNDATION SOILS ARE INVESTIGATED. LABORATORY CONSOLIDATION TESTS ARE PERFORMED AND FIELD SETTLEMENT DATA ARE REVIEWED. IN THE LABORATORY INVESTIGATION, IT IS FOUND THAT THE RATE OF SECONDARY COMPRESSION IS INDEPENDENT OF VOID RATIO OR PRESSURE- INCREMENT RATIO IN A NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY AND IS GREATLY REDUCED IN AN OVER-CONSOLIDATED CLAY. MODIFIED THEORIES OF CONSOLIDATION, CONSIDERING BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COMPRESSIONS, ARE STUDIED FOR THEIR APPLICABILITY IN SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS. IT IS FOUND THAT THE APPLICABILITY OF THESE METHODS IN PREDICTING THE FIELD TIME-SETTLEMENT RELATIONSHIP DEPENDS SOLELY ON HOW CLOSELY THE FIELD LOADING CONDITIONS ARE SIMULATED IN THE LABORATORY. COMPARISONS OF FIELD SETTLEMENT DATA AND LABORATORY CONSOLIDATION DATA INDICATE THAT AN ACCURATE EVALUATION OF FIELD CONDITIONS IS AS IMPORTANT AS, IF NOT MORE THAN, THE CHOICE OF METHOD OF SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS. HOWEVER, IT IS FOUND THAT THE RATE OF SETTLEMENT DUE TO SECONDARY COMPRESSION MAY BE PREDICTED FROM LABORATORY STUDY. A CLOSE REPRODUCTION OF LOADING CONDITIONS IS REQUIRED TO PREDICT THE OVERALL TIME- SETTLEMENT RELATIONSHIP, INCLUDING BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COMPRESSIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Consolidation KW - Consolidation theory KW - Embankments KW - Forecasting KW - Ground settlement KW - Secondary consolidation KW - Settlement rate KW - Soil consolidation test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230757 AU - Yee, W S AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL RESISTANCE AND DEFLECTION OF VERTICAL PILES-INTERIM REPORT NO. 1 PY - AB - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CURRENT THEORETICAL SOLUTIONS FOR LATERALLY LOADED PILES AND FULL-SCALE FIELD TESTS OF LATERALLY LOADED VERTICAL PILES IN A BRIDGE EMBANKMENT HAVE BEEN MADE. AN EXTENSIVE LITERATURE SEARCH WAS MADE, AND TWO CURRENT APPROACHES, THE REESE AND MATLOCK NONDIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS AND THE FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS, WERE SELECTED FOR COMPARISON WITH ACTUAL FIELD PERFORMANCE. THREE FULL- SCALE LATERAL LOAD TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON 6 STEEL PIPE PILES (10 3/4-INCH O.D., FILLED WITH CONCRETE) FOR ABUTMENT NO. 3 AT THE OCCIDENTAL DRIVE OVERCROSSING IN SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. IN ADDITION, A SPECIAL TEST WAS CONDUCTED ON TWO 10-INCH SQUARE PRESTRESSED PILES. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED SHOWING THAT THE EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED VALUE OF K (THE COEFFICIENT OF SOIL MODULUS VARIATION IN THE EXPRESSION E=KX) CAN BE USED WITH EITHER THE REESE AND MATLOCK EXPRESSIONS OR THE FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS TO GIVE RELIABLE PREDICTIONS OF BENDING MOMENTS AND STRESSES IN LATERALLY LOADED PILES IN BRIDGE ABUTMENTS. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE THEORETICAL AND MEASURED BENDING MOMENTS SHOW THAT A LINEAR VARIATION OF THE SOIL MODULUS, E WITH DEPTH, X, BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE (E=KX) IS A GOOD APPROXIMATION. THE RESULTS ALSO SHOW THAT THE MAJOR SUPPORT FOR THE LATERALLY LOADED PILES WAS PROVIDED ALMOST ENTIRELY BY THE 12 FT UPPER STRATUM OF EMBANKMENT MATERIAL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge abutments KW - Field tests KW - Formulas KW - Loads KW - Pile formulas KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil support value KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212117 AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MORTAR STRENGTH OF PCC SANDS PY - AB - ACCELERATED MORTAR STRENGTH TESTS WERE INVESTIGATED. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE VARIATIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DIFFERENT METHODS. THE PROCEDURE INCLUDES THE USE OF A MODIFIED SAND GRADING, CONSTANT WATER-CEMENT RATIO FOR THE CONTROL MORTAR, AND THE USE OF TYPE III CEMENT WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE ADDED. THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE SPECIMENS, AFTER 24 HOURS OF CURING, IS APPROXIMATELY THE SAME AS THE 7 DAY CURE TEST AND THE RANKING OF THE SANDS REMAIN THE SAME. THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE TEST IS POOR BY EITHER METHOD BUT NO SIGNIFICANT LOSS IS EVIDENT IN THE USE OF THE 24 HOUR CURE METHOD. CONCURRENT TESTING BY THE TWO METHODS IS RECOMMENDED TO INSURE CONSISTENCY UNTIL NEW SPECIFICATIONS, BASED ON ACCELERATED TEST RESULTS, ARE DEVELOPED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Accelerating (Process) KW - Accelerating agents KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208031 AU - Hays, C O AU - Matlock, H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - (PARTS 1 & 2) A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY LOADED PLANE FRAMES USING A DISCRETE ELEMENT MODEL PY - AB - A DISCRETE ELEMENT ANALYSIS THAT CONSIDERS GEOMETRIC, MATERIAL, AND SUPPORT NONLINEARITIES OF STATICALLY LOADED PLANE FRAMES IS DEVELOPED. A COMPUTER PROGRAM HAS BEEN WRITTEN TO IMPLEMENT AND VERIFY THE ANALYSIS. FRAME GEOMETRY, LOADS, CROSS SECTIONS, AND SUPPORTS (NONLINEAR CONCENTRATED AND DISTRIBUTED SPRINGS) CAN BE SUFFICIENTLY GENERAL TO WORK PRACTICAL FRAME PROBLEMS. THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS BASED ON AN ITERATIVE PROCEDURE CALLED THE TANGENT STIFFNES METHOD. UNBALANCED NODAL POINT FORCES ARE APPLIED TO A TEMPORARILY LINEAR STRUCTURE WHOSE POSITION DEPENDENT STIFFNESS MATRIX IS THE TANGENT STIFFNESS MATRIX OF THE STRUCTURE. THE FRAME MEMBERS ARE DIVIDED INTO A NUMBER OF DISCRETE ELEMENTS WHOSE STIFFNESS MATRIX IS OBTAINED BY APPLYING CASTIGLIANO'S FIRST THEOREM. VALID LOAD-DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS FOR AN INDIVIDUAL DISCRETE ELEMENT ARE DERIVED FOR LARGE DISPLACEMENTS. A NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE IS USED TO DETERMINE THE FORCE-DEFORMATION RESPONSE OF A CROSS SECTION WITH NONLINEAR STRESS-STRAIN CURVES. LOADS AND NONLINEAR SUPPORTS ARE INPUT IN NORMAL ENGINEERING TERMS AND CAN BE REFERENCED EITHER TO THE STRUCTURE OR TO THE MEMBER AXES. WHEN NECESSARY, THE LOADS AND NONLINEAR SUPPORTS ARE INTERNALLY TRANSFORMED TO MEMBER COORDINATES AND DISCRETIZED TO CONCENTRATED VALUES AT THE NODAL POINTS. A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS ARE WORKED AND COMPARED WITH EXISTING ANALYTICAL OR EXPERIMENTAL SOLUTIONS. THESE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS DEMONSTRATE THE ABILITY OF THE ANALYSIS TO PREDICT THE GENERAL LOAD-DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE OF (1) MEMBERS THAT UNDERGO LARGE DISPLACEMENTS, (2) STEEL FRAMES, (3) REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES, (4) CONTINUOUS PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS, AND (5) FRAMES INVOLVING SOILSTRUCTURE INTERACTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Deformation curve KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Frames KW - Simulation KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208040 AU - Culver, C AU - McManus, P AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL BUCKING OF CURVED PLATE GIRDERS PY - AB - THE LATERAL BENDING BEHAVIOR OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED PLATE GIRDERS IS STUDIED ANALYTICALLY. A SECOND ORDER MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING RADIAL BENDING EFFECTS IS DERIVED. USING THIS MODEL, THE ELASTIC AND INELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF CURVED GIRDERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING AND TORSION IS STUDIED. THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS, SUCH AS THE CURVATURE AND GEOMETRIC PROPORTIONS OF THE GIRDER, ON THIS BEHAVIOR IS ILLUSTRATED. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LATERAL BRACING SPACING AND BRACING REQUIREMENTS FOR CURVED PLATE GIRDER BRIDGES ARE ALSO PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Bracing KW - Bridge members KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Plate girders KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205389 AU - Kher, R K AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM FPS2 PY - AB - FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM FPS2 IS A DESIGN CONCEPT FORMULATED INTO A COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT ANALYZES FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS BY UTILIZING AN OVERALL SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM. THE PROGRAM USES 45 DIFFERENT TYPES OF INPUTS IN THE BROAD CATEGORIES OF DESIGN CONSTRAINTS, DESIGN VARIABLES, AND COST VARIABLES. THE DESIGN ALTERNATIVES ARE ANALYZED BY USING ECONOMIC CONCEPTS. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PERFORMED TO ESTABLISH THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND COST SENSITIVITIES OF THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES OF THE SYSTEM, STUDY CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURAL DESIGNS GENERATED DUE TO CHANGES IN THE VARIABLES VALUES, AND COMPLETELY DEBUG THE PROGRAM TO FIND ANOMALIES AND PROBLEM AREAS. AN EXPERIMENT IS ESTABLISHED TO OBTAIN THE REQUIRED INFORMATION. THREE BASIC SOLUTIONS ARE OBTAINED AT THREE BASIC LEVELS OF THE VARIABLES; LOW, AVERAGE, AND HIGH. THE SENSITIVITY OF EACH VARIABLE IS STUDIED AT EACH OF THESE THREE BASIC LEVELS BY CHANGING THE VALUE OF THE PARTICULAR VARIABLE TO THE OTHER TWO LEVELS. A TOTAL OF OVER 400 PROBLEMS IS SOLVED FOR THIS ANALYSIS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT FPS2 GENERALLY GIVES REASONABLE SOLUTIONS; THE VARIABLES ARE SENSITIVE TO VARIOUS DEGREES WITH RESPECT TO COSTS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGNS, AND THE TRAFFIC AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT PARAMETERS OF THE SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design combinations KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Economic factors KW - Pavement design KW - Sensitivity KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214526 AU - Briscoe, O E AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF LONGITUDINAL JOINT CONSTRUCTION IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - AB - IT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT LONGITUDINAL JOINTS BETWEEN SEPARATELY PLACED LANES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE HAVE BEEN VERY VULNERABLE TO THE EFFECTS OF WATER, WEATHER, AND TRAFFIC CONDITIONS. THIS PROJECT WAS UNDERTAKEN TO STUDY AND EVALUATE SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF JOINT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES TO AID IN THE FUTURE CONSTRUCTION OF MORE DURABLE JOINTS. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS STUDY ONLY COLD FACE JOINT CONSTRUCTION WAS USED, WITH THE ROLLING TECHNIQUE VARIED IN THE SECOND PLACED LANE TO GIVE THREE METHODS OF JOINT CONSTRUCTION, THE LAP JOINT, THE PINCHED JOINT, AND THE FORCED JOINT. THE EVALUATION SHOWS THAT, AS APPLIED IN THIS STUDY, THERE IS NO SUPERIOR ROLLING METHOD; ALL APPEAR TO BE EQUAL IN THE APPLICATION OF END RESULTS. TEST RESULTS SHOWED VARIATIONS IN THE DENSITY WITHIN EACH LANE OF EACH TEST SITE. IN ALL CASES, THE IMMEDIATE JOINT AREA REFLECTED LOWER DENSITY PROPERTIES THAN ADJACENT AREAS. THERE IS EVIDENCE, HOWEVER, THAT THE CONSTRUCTION DURING AND AFTER RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION AND DIRECTION WAS SUPERIOR TO THE QUALITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION PRIOR TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS PROJECT. THEREFORE, IT MAY BE SAID THAT IMPROVED JOINT CONSTRUCTION MAY BE OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF ADDITIONAL CARE IN THE FIELD. IT IS ALSO FELT THAT PRESENT TEST METHODS ARE NOT TRUE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE LONGITUDINAL JOINTS, AS VISUAL EXAMINATION OVER PERIODS OF EXPOSURE UP TO FIVE YEARS REFLECT SATISFACTORY CONSTRUCTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction management KW - Density KW - Durability KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Rolling pattern UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214527 AU - Church, C D AU - Copple, F AU - Zepata, C A AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM PY - AB - THE OVERALL ACCEPTANCE TESTING PROGRAM FOR MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION WAS REVIEWED FOR PURPOSES OF DEVELOPING PRACTICAL AND MEANINGFUL SPECIFICATION LIMITS AND CONTROLS FOR IMPROVED ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING. SPECIAL EMPHASIS WAS GIVEN TO MODULUS OF RUPTURE CONCRETE FLEXURAL TESTS, PREFORMED NEOPRENE JOINT SEALANTS, CLASS III GRANULAR MATERIAL AND 22A AGGREGATE GRADATION. /FHWA/ KW - Construction control procedures KW - Construction management KW - Materials tests KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214528 AU - Cady, P D AU - Carrier, R E AU - Bakr, T AU - Theisen, J AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES ON DURABILITY - PART I PY - AB - IN ORDER TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES ON THE DURABILITY OF BRIDGE DECKS, SEVEN CONCRETE DECKS WERE OBSERVED DURING CONSTRUCTION. EACH DECK WAS THEN EXAMINED ANNUALLY FOR 5 YEARS, AND EVIDENCE OF DETERIORATION RECORDED UNDER FOUR HEADINGS: SURFACE MORTAR DETERIORATION (SMD), TRANSVERSE CRACKING, FRACTURE PLANES, AND SPALLING. THESE WERE RELATED TO SEVEN CONSTRUCTION FACTORS: FORM TYPE, SLUMP, AIR CONTENT, PLACEMENT TIME, FINISHING TIME, DELAY IN CURING, AND DEPTH OF CONCRETE COVER. ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT THE THREE DECKS BUILT WITH CONVENTIONAL REMOVABLE FORMS EXHIBITED HIGHER RATES OF CRACKING AND LOWER RATES OF SMD THAN THE FOUR DECKS BUILT WITH STAY-IN-PLACE (SIP) FORMS. THOSE SECTIONS HAVING AVERAGE SLUMPS GREATER THAN 3 IN. SHOWED A HIGHER FREQUENCY OF DEEP SMD THAN THOSE HAVING AVERAGE SLUMPS LESS THAN 3 INCHES. AN UNEXPLAINED ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HIGH AIR CONTENT AND SIP FORMS PRECLUDED ANY MEANINGFUL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF AIR CONTENT AND THE RATE OF DETERIORATION. DELAYS IN PLACEMENT AND FINISHING TIMES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RATES OF CRACKING. DELAYS IN START OF CURING WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RATES OF SMD. SPANS OF DECKS HAVING LESS THAN 1.5 INCHES OF COVER OVER TOP STEEL EXHIBITED FRACTURE PLANES AND/OR SPALLS. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete placing KW - Construction management KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Field observation KW - Field studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203169 AU - Nordlin, E AU - Stoker, R AU - Doty, R N AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF AN ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIER EMPLOYING SAND- FILLED PLASTIC BARRELS PY - AB - THIS REPORT VALIDATES RESEARCH ON ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIERS EMPLOYING SAND-FILLED FRANGIBLE PLASTIC BARRELS, AS TESTED IN VARIOUS STATES AND BY THE MANUFACTURER. THE TEST BARRIERS WERE COMPOSED OF AN ARRAY OF 15 TO 17 FRANGIBLE PLASTIC CYLINDERS, CONTAINING SAND IN VARYING AMOUNTS. THE BARRIERS WERE 21' AND 25' LONG AND TAPERED FROM A 3' WIDTH AT THE NOSE TO A 9' WIDTH AT THE REAR. THE BARRIERS WERE DESIGNED FOR PLACEMENT IN FRONT OF FIXED OBJECTS LOCATED IN FREEWAY GORES. TWO SEDANS, WEIGHING APPROXIMATELY 4700 LBS., STRUCK THE NOSE OF THE BARRIER HEAD-ON AND AT A 15 DEGREES ANGLE. A SMALL, SEDAN WEIGHING ABOUT 1900 LBS., STRUCK THE NOSE OF THE BARRIER HEAD-ON. ALL VEHICLES HAD IMPACT VELOCITIES SLIGHTLY LESS THAN 60 MPH. THE DRIVER DUMMY IN EACH VEHICLE WAS RESTRAINED WITH A LAP BELT. RECORDED AVERAGE, LONGITUDINAL, VEHICULAR, PASSENGER COMPARTMENT DECELERATIONS, FOR THE HIGHEST 50 MILLISECOND PERIOD, RANGED FROM 7.9 TO 10.7 G'S. IN GENERAL, THESE VALUES WERE CONSIDERED TOLERABLE FOR LAP-BELTED PASSENGERS AND WOULD HAVE RESULTED IN NO MORE THAN MODERATE INJURIES IN MOST CASES. HOWEVER, THE COMPUTED GADD SEVERITY INDEX (FROM HEAD DECELERATIONS) FOR THE LAP-BELTED DUMMY DRIVER IN THE LIGHT SEDAN INDICATED FATAL HEAD INJURIES WERE INCURRED. FULLY RESTRAINED OCCUPANTS (LAP BELT AND SHOULDER HARNESS) WOULD PROBABLY HAVE SUSTAINED LITTLE OR NO INJURY. THE BARRIER WAS JUDGED ACCEPTABLE IN THE AREAS OF COST, EASE OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE, AESTHETICS, SIMPLICITY AND VERSATILITY AND IS RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN OPERATIONAL TRIAL INSTALLATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Constraints KW - Containers KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Impact tests KW - Roadside structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203171 AU - White, F S AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LANE CONTROL STUDIES--BIBLIOGRAPHY - INTERIM REPORT PY - AB - THIS SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 38 ABSTRACTS ON LANE AND TRAFFIC CONTROL. /FHWA/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230755 AU - Landrum, H W AU - Jordan, G W AU - Patrick, R L AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PACZYME AS A STABILIZING AGENT FOR UNPAVED SECONDARY ROADS PY - AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PACZYME, A COMMERCIALLY MANUFACTURED AND MARKETED CHEMICAL ENZYME MATERIAL, IN STABILIZING THE SURFACE AND SUBGRADE OF UNPAVED, SECONDARY ROADS. FIVE TEST SECTIONS WERE SELECTED ON FOUR PROBLEM ROADS THAT WARRANTED STABILIZATION BECAUSE OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OR THE EFFECTS OF ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS. THESE ROADS INCLUDED BOTH SILTY SOIL AND CLAY SOIL TYPES. TEST SECTIONS WERE PREPARED ACCORDING TO RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PACZYME DISTRIBUTOR AND/OR THE MANUFACTURERS' REPRESENTATIVE. AFTER OBSERVING THESE SECTIONS OVER A SEVEN TO NINE MONTH PERIOD, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT PACZYME STABILIZATION IS OF NO APPARENT BENEFIT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Chemical compounds KW - Clay KW - Environmental impacts KW - Enzyme KW - Silts KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilizers KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade treatments KW - Surface treating KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215977 AU - Keane, J D AU - Shoemaker, T L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Steel Structures Painting Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF PAINT FILM THICKNESS ON STRUCTURAL STEEL PY - AB - THIS PROJECT WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE MOST EFFECTIVE DEVICES AND PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING THE DRY FILM THICKNESS OF PAINT ON STRUCTURAL STEEL SURFACES. A STATE-OF- THE-ART SURVEY, REPORTED SEPARATELY, IDENTIFIED CERTAIN MAGNETIC GAGES AND WET FILM THICKNESS GAGES AS THE MOST PROMISING CURRENT INSTRUMENTS FOR THESE FILMS AND SUBSTRATES. AN EXPERIMENTAL SEARCH RESULTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSCOPY AND OTHER TECHNIQUES, WHICH COULD BE USED EFFECTIVELY AS REFERENCE CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING INSTRUMENTAL THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS. BASED ON THESE REFERENCE CRITERIA, IT WAS POSSIBLE TO SHOW THE RIGHT AND WRONG TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES TO BE USED IN THE MEASUREMENT OF PAINT FILM THICKNESS WITH SUCH COMMONLY USED MAGNETIC GAGES AS THE ELCOMETER, THE MIKROTEST, THE INSPECTOR, THE G. E. TYPE B GAGE, OR THE MINITECTOR. THESE FINDINGS ARE SUFFICIENTLY DETAILED TO PERMIT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN SSPC SPECIFICATION FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PAINT THICKNESS ON STRUCTURAL STEEL. THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF MEASUREMENTS ON EACH TYPE OF INSTRUMENT WERE EVALUATED BY A ROUND ROBIN OF OPERATORS IN SIX SEPARATE LABORATORIES. AN APPRAISAL WAS ALSO MADE OF SUCH ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AS LAYERS OF MILL SCALE, PROXIMITY TO EDGES, STEEL THICKNESS, TEMPERATURE, STRAY FIELDS, AND TILT OF INSTRUMENT HEAD. THE PROCEDURES ARE BASED UPON A THOROUGH ANALYSIS OF BOTH THE THEORETICAL OPERATION OF THE INSTRUMENT AND THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS OF THE ROUND ROBIN. THESE FINDINGS SHOW THAT SOME OF THE PROCEDURES IN COMMON USE DO LEAD TO SERIOUS ERRORS IN MEASURING PAINT THICKNESS AT EACH IMPORTANT STAGE: IN SETTING STANDARD SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW PRODUCTS; IN DETERMINING AND ENFORCING PRIMER THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS OVER BARE STEEL IN THE FABRICATING SHOP; IN DETERMINING THICKNESSES OF INTERMEDIATE AND FINISH COATS IN FIELD PAINTING BY CONTRACTORS; AND IN MAINTENANCE PAINTING. EQUALLY IMPORTANT ARE SOME OF THE BY- PRODUCTS OF THIS STUDY. BY THE USE OF THE SPECIAL VARIATIONS OF THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE, IT IS POSSIBLE FOR THE FIRST TIME TO VIEW REALISTICALLY WIDE VARIATIONS IN SURFACE HOLES, CAVES, LAYERS, AND FRACTURES IN BLAST CLEANED SURFACES, WHICH CAN BE EXPECTED TO AFFECT THE PROBLEM OF PROTECTING THESE SURFACES FROM CORROSION WITH COATINGS. "LOSSES" OF PAINT IN SURFACE VALLEYS CAN BE MORE READILY ESTIMATED. A PROMISING METHOD HAS BEEN INDICATED FOR ESTIMATING DRY FILM THICKNESS SHORTLY AFTER APPLICATION OF WET PAINT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Corrosion protection KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Microscopy KW - Paint KW - Steel KW - Steel protection KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208039 AU - GARCIA, I AU - Daniels, J H AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLES AFFECTING THE NEGATIVE MOMENT BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS PY - AB - SIX COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE BEAMS WERE TESTED UNDER NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENTS (SLABS IN TENSION). THE PURPOSE WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CHANGING: (1) THE PERIMETER RATIO (R) OF THE LONGITUDINAL REINFORCING BARS. (RATIO OF PERIMETER TO AREA OF ALL BARS IN THE SLAB CROSS-SECTION); (2) THE REINFORCEMENT RATIO (P) OF THE SLAB. (RATIO OF AREA OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT TO THE AREA OF THE SLAB CROSS- SECTION); AND (3) THE FREE SLAB LENGTH (D'/D). (RATIO OF THE LENGTH OF SLAB WITHOUT SHEAR CONNECTORS TO THE LENGTH BETWEEN THE DEAD LOAD POINTS OF INFLECTION). RESULTS SHOWED THAT PARAMETER (1) WAS NOT IMPORTANT, BUT THAT PARAMETERS (2) AND (3) CAUSED MARKED DIFFERENCES IN SLAB CRACKING BEHAVIOR. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete bridges KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203174 AU - Durnford, R F AU - Knox, J L AU - Montana State Highway Commission AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF UNDERGROUND ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES FOR HIGHWAY CROSSINGS PY - AB - THE INTENT IS TO PROVIDE CURRENT COST INFORMATION TO SERVE AS A GUIDE TO HIGHWAY PLANNERS WITH REGARD TO THE PLACING OF ELECTRICAL UTILITY LINES UNDERGROUND. UNDERGROUND CABLE INSTALLATION PROCEDURES AND METHODS ARE DESCRIBED AND DATA IS PRESENTED TO AID IN EVALUATING COSTS THAT ARE EXPECTED TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN THE INSTALLATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cables KW - Costs KW - Electric utilities KW - Highway planning KW - Underground KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204039 AU - Reich, B M AU - Jackson, D R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLOOD PREDICTION METHODS FOR PENNSYLVANIA HIGHWAY CROSSINGS PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLE METHODS FOR HYDROLOGIC DESIGN OF CULVERTS AND BRIDGES FOR PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHEDS IN THE SIZE RANGE FROM ONE AND ONE- HALF TO 200 SQ. MILES. ANNUAL SERIES DATA FOR PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHEDS IN THIS RANGE, SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FROM SURROUNDING STATES, FLOOD HYDROGRAPH AND RAINFALL DATA, QUADRANGLE MAPS, AERIAL PHOTOS, AND SOILS AND GEOLOGIC MAPS WERE USED. FOR THE ANNUAL SERIES DATA, GUMBEL ANALYSIS WAS BEST, THE SLOPE OF THE GUMBEL LINE BEING NEARLY CONSTANT FOR ALL WATERSHEDS. REGRESSION METHODS WERE USED TO OBTAIN PREDICTION EQUATIONS FOR THE MEAN ANNUAL FLOOD. THE HYDROGRAPH DATA WAS ANALYZED BY REGRESSION AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING TECHNIQUES IN AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP FLOOD VOLUME AND FLOOD HYDROGRAPH PREDICTION METHODS. MANY OF THE WATERSHEDS WERE VISTIED TO ASCERTAIN LOCAL FACTORS INFLUENCING FLOOD RESPONSE. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WAS GIVEN TO THE EFFECTS OF SOILS AND GEOLOGY. THE FINAL RESULT IS A DESIGN METHOD BY WHICH FLOODS FOR EXPECTED RETURN PERIODS OF 2.33 THROUGH 500 YEARS MAY BE PREDICTED IN WATERSHEDS FROM 1 1/2 TO 200 SQ. MILES. A MAP DENOTES THOSE PARTS OF PENNSYLVANIA WHERE VARIOUS CHARTS SHOULD BE APPLIED IN THIS DESIGN PROCESS. RESULTS OF THE METHOD ARE COMPARED TO OBSERVED FLOODS AND TO THE BPR AND THE USGS METHODS PREVIOUSLY USED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridges KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Design flood KW - Drainage basins KW - Floods KW - Hydrologic data KW - Hydrologic phenomena KW - Regression analysis KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225007 AU - Loutzenheiser, R C AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF ENTRANCE RAMP CLOSURE ON FREEWAY OPERATION DURING MORNING PEAK PERIODS PY - AB - THE TELEPHONE ROAD ON-RAMP OF THE GULF FREEWAY IN HOUSTON WAS BARRICADED FOR TWO WEEKS DURING THE 7:00 - 8:00 AM IN- BOUND PEAK IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ON-FREEWAY OPERATIONS AT A DOWNSTREAM BOTTLENECK. BECAUSE OF THE CHANGE TO DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME DURING THIS STUDY AND EXAMINATION WEEK AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, THE DATA OBTAINED SHOW NO CONCLUSIVE BENEFITS FROM THE RAMP CLOSURE. IT IS NOTE-WORTHY THAT NO ADVERSE PUBLIC REACTION WAS RECEIVED DURING THE RAMP CLOSURE PERIOD. /FHWA/ KW - Barricades KW - Bottlenecks KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway operations KW - On ramps KW - Public opinion KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208033 AU - Alani, A F AU - Breen, J E AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERIFICATION OF COMPUTER SIMULATION METHODS FOR SLAB AND BRIDGE SYSTEMS PY - AB - TYPICAL ORTHOTROPIC SLAB AND GIRDER BRIDGES WERE STUDIED AND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN REPORTED TEST RESULTS AND COMPUTERIZED ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS EVALUATED. EMPHASIS WAS GIVEN TO A DISCRETE ELEMENT SIMULATION PROCESS DEVELOPED IN PROJECT 3-S-63-56. THE RANGE OF APPLICATION OF THE PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED COMPUTER PROGRAMS WAS EXPLORED. THREE TYPES OF SLAB AND GIRDER BRIDGE SYSTEMS WERE STUDIED: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, REINFORCED CONCRETE, AND BOTH COMPOSITE AND NONCOMPOSITE STEEL GIRDERS WITH CONCRETE SLABS. BRIDGES WITH BOTH SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS SPANS AND NORMAL AND SKEW CROSSINGS WERE INCLUDED. THE MOST IMPORTANT PARAMETERS STUDIED WERE THE FLEXURAL AND TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF THE GIRDERS. THE COMPUTER SIMULATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SLAB AND GIRDER BRIDGE SYSTEMS WERE PRESENTED AND DETAILED PROCEDURES OUTLINED TO OBTAIN GOOD MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE PHYSICAL SYSTEMS. A COMPUTER PROGRAM TO GENERATE REALISTIC CURVATURE RELATIONSHIPS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS WAS DEVELOPED. THIS PROGRAM TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE EFFECT OF CRACK FORMATION ON THE BEHAVIOR OF MEMBERS. THE STUDY OF CRACK FORMATION SHOWS THAT THE STEEL PERCENTAGE PRESENT IN THE SECTION HAS A LARGE INFLUENCE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CONCRETE MEMBERS. THIS REPORT INCLUDES THE COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS FOR THIRTEEN REPRESENTATIVE SLAB AND GIRDER BRIDGES. THE PARAMETERS OF THE BRIDGES WERE EVALUATED ACCORDING TO THE METHOD RECOMMENDED IN THE STUDY. IN GENERAL, THE CORRELATION WITH PHYSICAL TEST RESULTS WAS EXCELLENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge members KW - Computer programs KW - Girder bridges KW - Orthotropic KW - Parameters KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208034 AU - Culver, C AU - Mozer, J AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILITY OF CURVED BOX GIRDERS PY - AB - THE RESULTS OF A SERIES OF STATIC TESTS ON HORIZONTALLY CURVED STEEL BOX GIRDERS ARE PRESENTED. A TOTAL OF 13 TESTS ON TWO CURVED BOX GIRDERS WAS CONDUCTED IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE BEHAVIOR OF THESE SPECIMENS IN THE ELASTIC RANGE. ONE BOX WITH A RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION AND ONE WITH A TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS SECTION (INCLINED WEBS) WERE TESTED. THE OVERALL LOAD-DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPECIMENS, THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE FLANGES AND WEBS, THE INFLUENCE OF INTERIOR INTERMEDIATE DIAPHRAGMS OR CROSS- FRAMES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CROSS SECTION, AND THE BEHAVIOR OF LONGITUDINAL FLANGE STIFFENERS WERE INVESTIGATED. THE TEST RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED, AND CURRENT DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR BOX GIRDER BRIDGES ARE EVALUATED USING THESE RESULTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Box girders KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Design KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204037 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Stoker, J R AU - Page, B G AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLOTTED CORRUGATED METAL PIPE DRAINS PY - AB - THE APPLICATION OF A SLOTTED CORRUGATED METAL PIPE DRAIN IS BENEFICIAL TO EFFECTIVE DRAINAGE DESIGN. THE ABILITY OF AN 18-INCH DIAMETER SLOTTED PIPE TO CARRY LEGAL WHEEL LOADS IS INVESTIGATED IN THIS PROJECT. ALSO, THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF SLOTTED CORRUGATED METAL PIPE DRAINS AS USED ON CALIFORNIA HIGHWAYS ARE DISCUSSED. BOTH 14-GAGE AND 16- GAGE CORRUGATED METAL PIPE, 18 INCHES IN DIAMETER, WERE INVESTIGATED. BASED UPON PIPE DEFLECTION DATA UNDER HEAVY WHEEL LOADS, THE SLOTTED DRAIN PIPE, FABRICATED TO STANDARDS SPECIFIED IN CALIFORNIA STANDARD PLANS, JANUARY, 1971, WITH PROPER BACK-FILLING IS CAPABLE OF CARRYING OCCASIONAL LEGAL HIGHWAY WHEEL LOADS. HOWEVER, A SERIES OF FATIGUE ENDURANCE TESTS SHOULD BE PERFORMED ON SLOTTED PIPE DRAINS IF FREQUENT REPETITIVE LOADS ARE ANTICIPATED. THE CALIFORNIA STANDARD PLANS ARE INCLUDED IN THE REPORT APPENDIX. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Corrugated pipe culverts KW - Drains KW - Fatigue tests KW - Repeated loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210472 AU - ZDEB, M S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSIDERATIONS IA ADOPTING A VISCOSITY SPECIFICATION FOR ASPHALT CEMENT IN NEW YORK STATE PY - AB - VARYING OPINIONS CONCERNING THE BEST WAY TO CONTROL CONSISTENCY WERE EXAMINED. LIMITS OF THE NEW AASHO VISCOSITY SPECIFICATION (DESIGNATION M226-70) WERE COMPARED TO THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CEMENTS USED IN THE NORTHEAST IN RECENT YEARS AND ALTERNATIVES PROPOSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Specifications KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225008 AU - White, F S AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAD-IN, ANGLE, AND PARALLEL PARKING--BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - AB - THIS SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 26 ABSTRACTS ON HEAD- IN, ANGLE, AND PARALLEL PARKING. /FHWA/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Parking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219762 AU - MCHENRY, R R AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL AIDS FOR MINIMIZATION OF SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, (VJ-225I-V-10) PY - AB - THIS IS A SUMMARY OF THE ENTIRE RESEARCH EFFORT AND THE PRECEDING NINE TECHNICAL REPORTS, VJ-2251-V-1 THROUGH 9, WHICH DESCRIBE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGHWAY-VEHICLE-OBJECT SIMULATION MODEL (HVOSM) AND SOME OF THE USES OF HVOSM TO DATE. THE USE OF HVOSM HAS MANY APPLICATIONS TO FIELD HIGHWAY DESIGN, BOTH IN THE EVALUATION AND/OR ESTABLISHMENT OF GENERAL CRITERIA AND THE OPTIMIZATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA IN SPECIFIC LOCATIONS WHICH CANNOT BE READILY REMEDIED BY STANDARD CRITERIA DUE TO SAFETY, OPERATIONAL, OR ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Energy conversion KW - Highway design KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222611 AU - Piziali, R A AU - Calspan Corporation TI - BRAKE APPLICATIONS - VALIDATION OF A COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - AB - THE BRAKING ASPECTS OF THE HIGHWAY-VEHICLE-OBJECT SIMULATION MODEL (HVOSM) ARE VALIDATED BY MEANS OF FULL-SCALE VEHICLE EXPERIMENTS. EXCELLENT CORRELATION IS ACHIEVED IN THE DETAILS OF THE VEHICLE RESPONSE TO BOTH STRAIGHT AHEAD BRAKING AND COMBINED CORNERING- BRAKING MANEUVERS. THREE REPEAT RUNS OF EACH BRAKING MANEUVER WERE MADE AND ARE PRESENTED TO ESTABLISH THE REPEATABILITY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. THE REPEATABILITY WAS FOUND TO BE VERY GOOD. THE HVOSM WAS USED TO PREDICT THE VEHICLE RESPONSES DURING EACH BRAKING MANEUVER AND THESE ARE COMPARED WITH THE CORRESPONDING MEASURED RESPONSES. THE DETAILS OF THE CORRELATION ARE INDICATED AND DISCUSSED. THE CORRELATION IS FOUND TO BE EXCELLENT. THIS MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE PARAMETERS, THE INSTRUMENTATION INSTALLED IN THE VEHICLE, AND TEST PROCEDURES ARE DESCRIBBED IN DETAIL. A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE SENSITIVITY OF THE COMPUTED VEHICLE RESPONSES TO A FEW OF THE INPUT PARAMETERS WAS MADE AND IS PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Braking KW - Computers KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Simulation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206471 AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS FOR REDUCING FRICTION BETWEEN CONCRETE SLABS AND CEMENT-TREATED SUBBASES PY - AB - SEVENTEEN SLABS, 4' X 4' X 1/2', AND FOUR SLABS OF SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT DIMENSION, WERE CAST UPON SMOOTH, MEDIUM, AND ROUGH TEXTURED CEMENT-TREATED SUBBASES (CTS) WITH VARIOUS BOND-BREAKING MEDIUMS BETWEEN THE SLABS AND THE SUBBASE. THE MEDIUMS HAD NO CURING COMPOUND (CC); WITH CC; CC AND 1/16" THICK SAND SKIN (SS); CC WITH SS AND SIMPLE POLYETHYLENE SHEETING (PS); CC AND 1/4" SS; CC WITH 1/4" SS AND PS; AND CC WITH DOUBLE PS. WHERE BOND DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE SLABS AND THE SUBBASE, VALUES OF THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION RANGED FROM 8 TO GREATER THAN 51. THE SLABS WITH THE POLYETHYLENE SHEETING GAVE RESULS BETWEEN .6 AND .8. SAND BY ITSELF IS NOT RECOMMENDED SINCE BOND CAN OCCUR AT BARE SPOTS. /FHWA/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bonds KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Concrete KW - Curing agents KW - Ethylene resins KW - Polyethylene KW - Sand KW - Skin resistance KW - Slabs KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212119 AU - Pauw, A AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - University of Missouri, Columbia TI - TIME-DEPENDENT DEFORMATIONS OF CONCRETE PY - AB - RESEARCH EFFORTS ON A MISSOURI COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT INITIATED IN 1959 TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE ON THE DEFLECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES ARE SUMMARIZED. THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PHASE ARE RECOUNTED AND COMPARED WITH THEORIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF OTHER RESEARCHERS. METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS BASED ON ASSUMED LOAD HISTORY AND ELASTIC AND TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ARE ALSO PRESENTED. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS ARE SUMMARIZED FOR ESTIMATING MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND FOR CALCULATING TIME- DEPENDENT STRESSES AND STRAINS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS AND COLUMNS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Deformation KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Physical properties KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Time KW - Time factor UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP71-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237228 AU - Ahmed, S AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A COMPACTED CLAY PY - AB - THE PRIMARY INDEPENDENT VARIABLES STUDIED WERE MOLDING WATER CONTENT AND TYPE OF LABORATORY COMPACTION. IN ADDITION TO COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS AND PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS, UNDRAINED STRENGTH DATA WERE ALSO OBTAINED AND INTERPRETED IN THE LIGHT OF PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS. THE CLAY USED WAS THE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ILLITE CLAY CALLED GRUNDITE. THE METHODS OF COMPACTION WERE IMPACT, KNEADING, AND STATIC. THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASURES REQUIRE DRY SAMPLES. CONVENTIONAL OVEN DRYING IS UNSUITABLE SINCE THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IS MODIFIED BY THE SHRINKAGE CAUSED BY THE EVAPORATIVE DRYING. REMOVAL OF THE WATER AT ESSENTIALLY CONSTANT VOLUME IS POSSIBLE BY FREEZE DRYING AND SUITABLE EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES FOR THIS PROCESS WERE DEVELOPED. PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS WERE OBTAINED BY MERCURY POROSIMETRY. PORE VOLUME IS MEASURED BY THE QUANTITY OF MERCURY INTRUDED UNDER EACH OF A SERIES OF INCREMENTS OF PRESSURE, WHILE THE PORE DIAMETERS ARE CALCULATED FROM THE WASHBURN EQUATION (48) FOR EACH OF THE PRESSURES. THE MERCURY POROSIMETRY TECHNIQUE IS THOUGHT TO BE A RELIABLE, FAST AND SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS. PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES WERE OBTAINED FOR A DIAMETER RANGE OF ABOUT 600/U TO ABOUT 0.016/U. THEY INDICATE A STRONG INFLUENCE OF THE MOLDING WATER CONTENT, BUT ONLY A SECONDARY INFLUENCE OF THE METHOD OF COMPACTING TO A GIVEN MOISTURE-UNIT WEIGHT CONDITION. SAMPLES POSSESSING THE SAME TOTAL POROSITY, BUT COMPACTED AT TWO DIFFERENT WATER CONTENTS WOULD USUALLY HAVE DIFFERENT PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS. UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS WERE PERFORMED AND CORRELATED WITH THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION. SAMPLES COMPACTED ON THE DRY SIDE SHOWED BRITTLE FAILURE AT LOW STRAINS, APPARENTLY DUE IN PART TO THE BREAKDOWN OF LARGE PORES, WHICH ARE PRESENT IN LARGE NUMBERS IN DRY SIDE COMPACTED SAMPLES. SAMPLES COMPACTED ON THE WET SIDE OF OPTIMUM CONTINUED TO DEFORM AT HIGH STRAINS WITHOUT APPARENT FRACTURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Mercury KW - Moisture content KW - Pore space KW - Porosimeters KW - Porosity KW - Soil compaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222613 AU - White, F S AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST EMISSIONS--BIBLIOGRAPHY - INTERIM REPORT PY - AB - THIS SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 134 ABSTRACTS ON AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Bibliographies KW - Exhaust gases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227535 AU - Crandell, D R AU - Graves, R A AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION SAMPLING PROCEDURES FOR CONTINUOUS COUNT LOCATIONS-FINAL REPORT PY - AB - DETERMINATION OF A SAMPLING PROCEDURE WHICH CAN BE USED TO OBTAIN THE MANUAL CLASSIFICATION COUNTS WITH LESS TOTAL EFFORT, BUT WITH AN ACCEPTABLE DEGREE OF ACCURACY, IS DESCRIBED. /FHWA/ KW - Measurement KW - Sampling KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218069 AU - White, F S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL OF SAND DRIFTS ON HIGHWAYS-BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - AB - THIS SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 33 ABSTRACTS ON CONTROL OF SAND DRIFTS ON HIGHWAYS. /FHWA/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Erosion control KW - Highways KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215976 AU - Rushing, H B AU - Burt, J O AU - Leblane, K J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - AB - FOUR REPRESENTATIVE TYPES OF MARKERS WERE CHOSEN FOR STUDY. THESE WERE INSTALLED ON HEAVILY TRAVELED ROADS IN BATON ROUGE, LA. TRAFFIC WEAR AND BREAKDOWN PROPERTIES OF THESE MARKERS WERE CAREFULLY OBSERVED AS WAS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS LAYOUT PATTERNS ON THE ROADWAY. LABORATORY ATTEMPTS WERE MADE TO DUPLICATE THE WEAR AND ABUSE OBSERVED ON THE ROADWAY INSTALLATIONS. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT SUPPLEMENTING PAINTED LINES WITH RAISED MARKERS AT 40-FOOT CENTERS IS VERY EFFECTIVE AND PRACTICAL. A REFLECTIVITY MEASUREMENT SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED AS A RESULT OF THIS STUDY AND THIS IS NOW A ROUTINE TEST IN THE DEPARTMENT. THE SIX DIFFERENT TYPES OF EPOXIES STUDIED FOR BONDING MARKERS TO THE ROADWAY ALL GAVE SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE WITH ALL MARKER TYPES TESTED. HOWEVER, ONLY TWO MARKERS, THE STIMSONITE AND RAY-O-LIGHT, STAND UP WELL UNDER TRAFFIC AND PROVIDE ADEQUATE REFLECTIVITY RETENTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Performance KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210474 AU - Godwin, H F AU - McNamara, R L AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT-POST CONSTRUCTION, MATERIALS AND SURVEY REPORT (BROOKSVILLE) PY - AB - THE FEASIBILITY OF USING LIMEROCK SCREENINGS AS A ROADWAY BASE MATERIAL IN FLORIDA IS REPORTED. THREE EXPERIMENTAL ROADWAY BASE SECTION DESIGNS WERE CONSTRUCTED. THEY ARE: (1) ONE HUNDRED PERCENT LIMEROCK SCREENINGS, (2) SAND AND LIMEROCK SCREENINGS, AND (3) HOT ASPHALTIC CONCRETE AND LIMEROCK SCREENINGS. THE ROADWAY MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, INITIAL TEST RESULTS, AND IN-SERVICE RESULTS TO DATE ARE REPORTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Experimental roads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inservice KW - Limestone KW - Pavement design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214524 AU - Hudson, S B AU - Bowery, F J AU - Materials Research & Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND METHODS TO THE CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OF HIGHWAY MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PY - AB - THE PROBABLE COST OF A STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM WAS ESTIMATED BY PROJECTION OF CURRENT COSTS OF CONTRACTORS AND PRODUCERS WHO ARE CURRENTLY MAINTAINING VOLUNTARY TESTING PROGRAMS. ESTIMATES BASED ON DATA OBTAINED INDICATE THAT THE COST OF AN ACCEPTABLE DEGREE OF QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGHWAY MATERIALS OR CONSTRUCTION BY THE CONTRACTOR OR PRODUCER WOULD AVERAGE ABOUT 4 PERCENT OF CONTRACT PRICE. COMPARISONS OF RELATIVE COSTS INDICATE THAT THE OPTIMUM QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM WOULD BE QUALITY CONTROL BY THE CONTRACTOR WITH ACCEPTANCE TESTING BY THE STATE AGENCY. THE DOLLAR COST OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 20 PERCENT LESS THAN THAT OF CURRENT PROCEDURES. THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS IN TERMS OF THE DEGREE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE OBTAINED BY THIS SYSTEM AS COMPARED TO THE EXISTING SYSTEM ARE ESTIMATED TO BE EVEN MORE FAVORABLE. A STUDY OF THE SIZE OF BUYER'S AND SELLER'S RISKS WAS COMPARED TO THOSE WHICH WOULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH REVISED SPECIFICATIONS AND STATISTICAL SAMPLING PLANS. THE LOWEST RISKS FOR THE SAME LEVEL OF TESTING EFFORT WOULD BE REALIZED WHEN A STATE OF STATISTICAL CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES WAS OBTAINED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Building materials KW - Economic analysis KW - Highways KW - Road construction KW - Statistical quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227534 AU - Telluron AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE MINIATURE MAGNETOMETER VEHICLE SENSOR PY - AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENGINEERING MODEL OF A MINIATURE MAGNETOMETER VEHICLE DETECTOR WHICH CAN BE INSTALLED IN A SINGLE SLOT 1/4 " X 2", CUT IN THE PAVEMENT SURFACE IS DISCUSSED. THE MAGNETIC SIGNATURES OF A VARIETY OF VEHICLES, INCLUDING MOTORCYCLES AND TRUCKS, WERE MEASURED WITH THE DETECTOR. THE SLOPE OF THE MAGNETIC SIGNATURES WAS ANALYZED TO DETERMINE IF VEHICLE SPEED COULD BE CALCULATED FROM THE RATE OF SLOPE CHANGE. A SPEED CORRELATION ON THE ORDER OF 10 PERCENT WAS OBTAINED FOR FRONT-ENGINE PASSENGER CARS PASSING DIRECTLY OVER THE BURIED DETECTOR. POOR SPEED CORRELATION WAS OBTAINED FOR VOLKSWAGENS, TRUCKS, AND LATERALLY DISPLACED VEHICLES. /FHWA/ KW - Magnetometers KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Sensors KW - Speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219763 AU - MARTINEZ, J E AU - Stocker, A J AU - Lewis, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH WHEEL SPIN-DOWN AND HYDROPLANING PY - AB - AN EVALUATION OF THE WET WEATHER PROPERTIES OF A PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND A GRAVEL SEAL COAT PAVEMENT IS PRESENTED. THE STUDY USES WHEEL SPIN-DOWN AS THE CRITERION AND CONSIDERS THE EFFECT OF WATER DEPTH, TIRE INFLATION PRESSURE, TIRE TREAD DEPTH AND WHEEL LOAD. A HYDROPLANING TROUGH 800 FT. LONG, 30 IN. WIDE AND 4 IN. DEEP WAS USED IN OBTAINING THE DATA. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE GRAVEL SEAL COAT PAVEMENT REQUIRES A CONSIDERABLY HIGHER GROUND SPEED TO CAUSE SPIN-DOWN THAN THE CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FURTHER EVEN THOUGH A SINGLE CRITICAL SPEED DOES NOT EXIST FOR THE RANGE OF VARIABLES SELECTED, A REDUCTION OF SPEED TO 50 MPH IS RECOMMENDED FOR ANY SECTION OF HIGHWAY WHERE WATER CAN ACCUMULATE TO DEPTHS OF 0.1 INCH OR MORE DURING WET WEATHER PERIODS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Gravel KW - Hydroplaning KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Seal coats KW - Spinning KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219764 AU - Case, H W AU - HAIGHT, F A AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT LITERATURE PY - AB - THE REPORT CONSISTS OF 548 ABSTRACTS ON ACCIDENT DISTRIBUTION. /FHWA/ KW - Crashes KW - Documents KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218070 AU - White, F S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES--BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - AB - THIS SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 261 ABSTRACTS ON MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES. /FHWA/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Maintenance practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208041 AU - Goodpasture, D W AU - Goodwin, W A AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Tennessee Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF BRIDGE VIBRATION AS RELATED TO BRIDGE DECK PERFORMANCE PY - AB - THIS INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION WAS MADE IN TWO PHASES: (1) A SUMMARY AND (2) THREE ASPECTS OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK CONSTRUCTION AND BEHAVIOR AS RELATED TO DETERIORATION. FIVE BRIDGES WERE OBSERVED UNDER CONSTRUCTION WITH CERTAIN MEASUREMENTS BEING MADE INCLUDING THE THICKNESS OF THE DECK, COVER OVER REINFORCING BARS, TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND WIND VELOCITY. TWO TYPES OF PACHOMETERS WERE COMPARED. SIX WERE OBSERVED WHILE SUBJECT TO NORMAL TRAFFIC FOR A PERIOD OF NINE MONTHS. ALL OF THE BRIDGES EXPERIENCED AN INCREASE IN TRANSVERSE CRACKING DURING THIS PERIOD BUT ESSENTIALLY NO CHANGE IN THE FREQUENCY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL MODE OF VIBRATION WAS NOTED. AN INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF TRANSVERSE CRACKING WAS SIGNIFICANTLY NOTED IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS. THE REMAINING SIX BRIDGES STUDIED WERE SUBJECTED ONLY TO CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC. FROM THIS OBSERVATION, CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC HAD A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON SEVERAL OF THE BRIDGES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Deterioration KW - Pachometers KW - Traffic KW - Transverse cracking KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227025 AU - Brill, E A AU - Gani, J AU - Stanford University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL STUDIES IN TRAFFIC FLOW PROBLEMS AN NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - AB - SIX REPORTS, DOCUMENTING RESEARCH ON THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT FH-11-7698, RELATE TO THE AREAS OF URBAN INTERSECTION ANALYSIS, TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION MODELS. IN THE AREA OF URBAN INTERSECTION ANALYSIS, TECHNICAL REPORTS 23, 24, AND 25 STUDY THE LOSS OF TIME DUE TO CONGESTION AT INTERSECTIONS. REPORT 23 OBTAINS THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FIRST EMPTINESS TIME, T, (FOR INDEPENDENT AND FOR MARKOVIAN QUEUE INPUTS) AND RELATES WITH THE TOTAL VEHICLE HOURS, W, LOST DUE TO CONGESTION. REPORT 24 DERIVES THE CONDITION NECESSARY FOR STABILITY WITH REGARD TO INPUTS INTO THE NORTH AND EAST QUEUES AT THE SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION OF TWO ONE-LANE STREETS. REPORT 25 IS CONCERNED WITH THE JOINT ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTION OF T AND W. IN THE AREA OF TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS, TECHNICAL REPORT 22 DEVELOPS A SET OF THEOREMS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF INTERSECTIONS OF RANDOM LINES WITH A FIXED LINE AND RELATES THESE TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF VEHICLE OVERTAKINGS UNDER LOW DENSITY TRAFFIC AND LONG STRETCHES OF HIGHWAY. IN THE AREA OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION MODELS, TECHNICAL REPORT 21 STUDIES COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS OF REACTION TIMES FOR CAR SPEEDS TO PREVENT COLLISION ALONG A HIGHWAY. TECHNICAL REPORT 26 STUDIES EFFECT UPON CONGESTION OF THE AVAILABLE NUMBER OF PARKING SPACES FOR VEHICLES ON A LOT AND DEMAND. A MEASURE OF PARKING EFFICIENCY IS DEVELOPED. THE RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH IN THEIR CURRENT FORM WILL BE OF LITTLE INTEREST OR OF PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION FOR TRAFFIC SYSTEM ENGINEERS. THE RESULTS WERE ADDRESSED TO A VERY RESTRICTED AUDIENCE OF MATHEMATICIANS KNOWLEDGEABLE IN STOCHASTIC PROCESSES INVOLVING PROBABILITY, QUEUING AND STORAGE THEORY. THE NONTECHNICAL SUMMARY DOES NOT ADD TO THE LAYMAN'S UNDERSTANDING. /FHWA/ KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Parking KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219759 AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE JERICHO TURNPIKE LIGHTING STUDY PY - AB - STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED AT TWO LOCATIONS TO EVALUATE CHANGES IN DRIVER BEHAVIOR AND ACCIDENTS RELATED TO A HIGHWAY LIGHTING INSTALLATION. THE "BEFORE-AFTER" COMPARISON TECHNIQUE WAS USED. DUE TO THE RESTRICTIVE NATURE OF THE FIELD STUDIES AND LACK OF AN ACCIDENT PROBLEM, NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WERE DETERMINED AFTER THE INSTALLATION. THE RESULTS SHOULD NOT BE USED TO EVALUATE OR PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF OTHER LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225004 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Dist of Columbia Dept Hwys & Traffic AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - ADVANCED CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS BUS DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT PY - AB - THE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS, BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS AND EVALUATION ARE DISCUSSED OF A BUS DETECTOR SYSTEM DEVELOPED FOR USE IN THE URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) NOW BEING INSTALLED IN WASHINGTON, D. C. THE BUS DETECTOR SYSTEM MAKES POSSIBLE THE SENSING OF BUSES ON THE APPROACH TO AN INTERSECTION SO THAT PREFERENTIAL GREEN EXTENSIONS WILL FAVOR THEIR MOVEMENT OVER PRIVATE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC. THE SYSTEM INCLUDES BUS-MOUNTED TRANSMITTERS, LOOP ANTENNAS BURIED IN THE ROAD AND CURBSIDE RECEIVERS. PRESENCE PULSES GENERATED BY A RECEIVER WHEN A BUS PASSES OVER THE LOOP ARE TRANSMITTED OVER LEASED TELEPHONE LINES TO THE UTCS CONTROL SITE. HERE, A CENTRAL COMPUTER PROCESSES BOTH BUS AND SEPARATELY SUPPLIED VEHICULAR DATA IN ACCORDANCE WITH A BUS PRIORITY ALGORITHM TO DETERMINE WHEN GREEN EXTENSIONS ARE TO BE GRANTED. FUNCTIONALLY, THE BUS DETECTOR MUST BE CAPABLE OF SENSING ALL BUSES APPROACHING AN INTERSECTION AT SPEEDS OF 1 TO 40 MPH. DETECTION COVERAGE MUST MINIMIZE FALSE DETECTIONS OF BUSES IN ADJACENT OPPOSING LANES AND ABORTED DETECTIONS OF SIDE-BY-SIDE OR NOSE-TO TAIL BUSES. DISTINCTION BETWEEN STOP AND THRU BUSES IS NECESSARY TO ACCOUNT FOR THEIR DIFFERENT INTERSECTION EXITING CHARACTERISTICS. ALL THIS MUST BE ACCOMPLISHED WITH RELIABLE EQUIPMENT WITH COST APPROXIMATING STANDARD VEHICLE LOOP DETECTORS. THE BUS DETECTOR CONFIGURATION DESIGNED TO MEET THESE REQUIRMENTS UTILIZES NEAR-FIELD RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSMISSIONS, A BURIED SINGLE-TURN LOOP ANTENNA, AND A STANDARD RADIO RECEIVER CIRCUIT DESIGN. LOW FREQUENCY NEAR-FIELD RADIO TRANSMISSION (APPROXIMATELY 175 KHZ) WAS SELECTED BECAUSE ITS COVERAGE PATTERN IS CONFINED SHARPLY TO A VERY LOCALIZED VICINITY AND IT OPERATES AT RELATIVELY LOW POWER LEVELS. THE 175 KHZ FREQUENCY RANGE DOES NOT REQUIRE FCC LICENSING AT THE OPERATING POWER LEVELS USED. THIS FREQUENCY RANGE IS RELATIVELY FREE OF EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE BECAUSE VERY LARGE ANTENNAS ARE NECESSARY FOR EFFECTIVE FAR FIELD TRANSMISSION. THE SINGLE TURN LOOP CONFORMS CLOSELY WITH CONVENTIONAL VEHICLE DETECTOR LOOPS, THEREBY SIMPLIFYING STREET INSTALLATION. USING STANDARD RADIO CIRCUITRY PERMITS THE USE OF A WELL-ESTABLISHED COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY THUS ASSURING A RELIABLE AND LOW COST PRODUCTION UNIT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Antennas KW - Buses KW - Circuits KW - Computers KW - Electric circuits KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Green interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Loop antennas KW - Radio receivers KW - Radio transmitters KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214518 AU - Manz, O AU - Jorgenson, J AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - University of North Dakota AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - A STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPLETED RESEARCH PY - AB - PREVIOUS RESEARCH USING THE STATISTICAL APPROACH TO QUALITY CONTROL, HAS PROMPTED THE DESIRE TO CONSTRUCT A TEST ROAD WHICH CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A SATELLITE TO THE ONE CONSTRUCTED AT OTTAWA. THE GENERAL INTENT IS TO CORRELATE PAVEMENT DESIGN TO PERFORMANCE. THE PROPOSED TEST ROAD CRITERIA, THE TEST SECTIONS, CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS, EVALUATION OF TEST SECTIONS AND ESTIMATED COSTS ARE INCLUDED. /FHWA/ KW - Applications KW - Development KW - Experimental roads KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Statistical quality control KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206448 AU - Dougan, C E AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION ON REINFORCEMENT EXPERIMENTAL SELF-STRESSING CONCRETE PAVEMENT, ROUTE 2, GLASTONBURY PY - AB - THIS IS AN ADDENDUM TO THE FINAL REPORT (JANUARY 1971). THE PAVEMENT WAS PLACED IN 1963 AND CONTAINED NO. 7 DEFORMED STEEL BARS IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION AND 1/2-INCH DIAMETER 7-WIRE STRAND IN THE LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION. EIGHT CORES WERE TAKEN TO CUT BOTH THE TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STEEL AND THE STEEL WAS EXAMINED FOR CORROSION. FOUR CORES WERE TAKEN AT TRANSVERSE CRACKS. ONE CORE SHOWED RUSTING OF A NO. 7 BAR WHERE THE TRANSVERSE CRACK WIDTH WAS GREAT ENOUGH TO ALLOW WATER TO PENETRATE. THE FOUR CORES THROUGH THE LONGITUDINAL TENDONS SHOWED SLIGHT ORANGE DISCOLORMENT OF THE STRAND WHICH MIGHT HAVE BEEN CAUSED BY MOISTURE AT THE TIME OF PAVING. MOVEMENTS AT VARIOUS CRACKS WERE TABULATED. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE PAVEMENT RECEIVES 26 TONS OF NACL PER YEAR PER 2 LANE MILE. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Corrosion KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214525 AU - Shaw, S C AU - Melancon, J L AU - Hirschmann, J J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL STRIP STUDY PY - AB - THIS REPORT IS CONCERNED WITH THE APPLICATION OF THE "CONTROL STRIP" TECHNIQUE USING NUCLEAR DEVICES FOR COMPACTION CONTROL OF CERTAIN BASE COURSES AND ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACE COURSES. THE TECHNIQUE, EVALUATED HERE, CONSISTS OF APPLYING INCREASINGLY COMPACTIVE EFFORT TO A SMALL SECTION (300 FEET) OF THE MATERIAL TO ESTABLISH THE OPTIMUM ROLLING PATTERN FOR THAT MATERIAL. NUCLEAR TESTING WAS USED TO DETERMINE BOTH THE MAXIMUM DENSITY AND DESIRED ROLLER PATTERN IN THE "CONTROL STRIP." THE ENSUING CONSTRUCTION WAS THEN TESTED IN SEGMENTS (2000 FEET) BY NUCLEAR MEANS TO CHECK FOR CONFORMANCE TO A CERTAIN PERCENTAGE OF THE "CONTROL STRIP" DENSITY. THE DATA COLLECTED AND THE FIELD EXPERIENCE GAINED INDICATED (1) THAT THE "CONTROL STRIP" TECHNIQUE USING NUCLEAR DEVICES OFFERED A QUICK AND FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO THE COMPACTION CONTROL OF BASE AND ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACE COURSES; (2) THAT THE VARIABILITY OF DATA USING THESE PROCEDURES WAS NORMALLY WITHIN THE MAGNITUDE OF VARIATION ENCOUNTERED WITH THE CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF DENSITY DETERMINATIONS; (3) THE VARIATION IN THE LEVEL OF COMPACTION FROM ONE SECTION TO ANOTHER WAS MUCH MORE PRONOUNCED FOR CEMENT STABILIZED BASE COURSES THAN UNSTABILIZED BASES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Measurement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20059.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217499 AU - Underwood, J P AU - Carana, E AU - Baskins, K AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE POLISHING CHARACTERISTICS: THE BRITISH WHEEL TEST AND THE INSOLUBLE RESIDUE TEST PY - AB - A BRITISH WHEEL AND A BRITISH PORTABLE TESTER WERE PURCHASED. THE BRITISH SPECIFICATION BS:812 WAS MODIFIED FOR USE IN TEXAS. THE INSOLUBLE RESIDUE TEST WAS ALSO STUDIED AND COMPARED TO THE BRITISH WHEEL TEST. RESEARCH EFFORT WAS DIRECTED TOWARD OBTAINING THE VARIATIONS EXPECTED IN PERFORMING THE TESTS, VARIATIONS EXPECTED IN THE SOURCES, OBTAINING THE POLISH CHARACTERISTICS OF A SAMPLE OF APPROXIMATELY 100 SOURCES IN TEXAS, AND STUDYING THE "RATE OF POLISH" BY COMPARING FIELD POLISH TO LABORATORY POLISH CHARACTERISTICS. RECOMMENDATIONS WERE MADE TO SPECIFY THE BRITISH WHEEL "POLISH VALUE" IN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS, AND AN EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTION JOB WAS REPORTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Contracts KW - Insolubility KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Solubility KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208012 AU - Ruth, E AU - Purr, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - TORSIONAL STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS PY - AB - THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT TYPE B PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE THEIR TORSIONAL STRENGTH. APPLIED TORQUE, ANGLE OF TWIST AND STRAINS IN THE CONCRETE WERE DETERMINED. THE THEORETICAL STRENGTH AND TORQUE-ROTATION RELATIONSHIPS WERE CALCULATED BY CLASSICAL ELASTIC THEORY. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL TORQUE-ROTATION RELATIONS WERE FOUND TO AGREE VERY CLOSELY. THE THEORETICAL TORSIONAL STRENGTH WAS ON THE AVERAGE ABOUT 75% OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED TORSIONAL STRENGTH. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridges KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Girders KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208015 AU - WEGMULLER, A W AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - SLAB BEHAVIOR OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAM BRIDGE-BARTONSVILLE BRIDGE PY - AB - THE TEST STRUCTURE WAS A MULTI-SPAN, SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE CONSISTING OF A CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE SLAB SUPPORTED BY FIVE PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAMS LATERALLY SPACED AT 8 FEET. THE TEST SPAN WAS 68 FEET 6 INCHES IN LENGTH. THE TESTING PROGRAM CONSISTED OF THE CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF SURFACE STRAINS AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS ON THE SLAB, AS THE TEST VEHICLE WAS DRIVEN OVER THE SPAN AT VARIOUS SPEEDS. THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVE WAS TO DEVELOP INFORMATION ON THE MAGNITUDE OF SLAB STRAINS PRODUCED BY LIVE LOADS SIMULATED BY THE AASHO STANDARD TRUCK. THE MEASURED STRAINS WERE USED TO COMPUTE STRESSES AND MOMENTS IN THE SLAB. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE SLAB MOMENTS DERIVED FROM THE FIELD MEASUREMENTS WERE SUBSTANTIALLY SMALLER THAN THOSE USED IN THE DESIGN OF THE SLAB, AND THAT THE STRESSES PRODUCED WERE CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN THOSE ANTICIPATED IN THE DESIGN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - I beams KW - Live loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205383 AU - Busching AU - Roberts AU - Rostron AU - Schwartz AU - Clemson University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - South Carolina State Highway Department TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT COMPONENTS PY - AB - THE PRIMARY PURPOSE WAS TO DETERMINE THE COEFFICIENTS OF RELATIVE STRENGTH FOR BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THESE COEFFICIENTS ARE OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE FOR THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE WHICH IS BASED ON THE "AASHO INTERIM GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES." PROTOTYPE PAVEMENT MODELS WERE CONSTRUCTED IN 8 FT X 12 FT TEST PITS. TWENTY-FOUR COMBINATIONS OF BASE, SUBBASE AND SUBGRADE WERE INCLUDED IN THE TESTING PROGRAM. TWO THICKNESSES OF EACH OF THE BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS WERE USED AND EACH MODEL WAS CONSTRUCTED OVER TWO SUBGRADES. THE SUBBASE MATERIALS TESTED WERE BITUMINOUS STABILIZED MACADAM, TYPE 2 MACADAM (CRUSHED GRANITE-GNEISS), SAND-ASPHALT, SOIL STABILIZED AGGREGATE, FOSSILIFEROUS LIMESTONE, AND A CRUSHED LIMESTONE SIMILAR TO THAT USED IN THE AASHO ROAD TEST. THE AASHO LIMESTONE WAS TESTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF CORRELATING RESULTS WITH THE AASHO ROAD TEST. ALL PAVEMENTS MODELS WERE SURFACED WITH A 3-INCH LAYER OF TYPE 1 ASPHALTIC CONCRETE. THE PAVEMENT MODELS WERE TESTED REPETITIVE APPLICATIONS OF LOAD BY DUAL 10 X 20 IN. TRUCK TIRES ACTUATED WITH A HYDRAULIC CYLINDER AND REACTION BEAM. THE LOADS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A DEFLECTION OF 0.01" AND 0.02" WERE MEASURED AND RECORDED AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF CYCLES. EACH PAVEMENT MODEL WAS TESTED AT FOUR DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE. THE TWO TEMPERATURE LEVELS WERE 90 F. (HOT) AND 60 F. (COLD) AS MEASURED AT THE MID-DEPTH OF THE 3-INCH SURFACE COURSE; WHILE THE TWO LEVELS OF MOISTURE WERE ESTABLISHED AS DRAINED (DRY) AND SATURATED (WET) WITH THE WATER TABLE RAISED TO THE TOP OF THE BASE COURSE. BASED ON THE AASHO ROAD TEST VALUE 0.34 FOR BITUMINOUS TREATED BASE, THE RELATIVE STRENGTH COEFFICIENTS OF EACH BASE MATERIAL WERE COMPUTED BY COMPARING THE STIFFNESS MODULUS (CHANGE IN LOAD CAPACITY PER INCH OF THICKNESS PER INCH OF DEFLECTION) OF EACH MATERIAL WITH THE AVERAGE STIFFNESS MODULUS OF THE BITUMINOUS STABILIZED MACADAM. THESE CALCULATIONS WERE MADE ON THE BASIS OF LOADS MEASURED AT 0.01" AND 0.02" AND RESULTS IN COEFFICIENTS WHICH ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OR STIFFNESS, AT LIMITED DEFLECTION, FOR ANY PARTICULAR TEST SECTION OR CONDITIONS FOR ANY MATERIAL TESTED. THE RELATIVE STRENGTH COEFFICIENT OF UNBOUND GRANULAR BASE MATERIALS WHICH HAD NO CEMENTING CHARACTERISTICS DECREASED WITH THE THICKNESS OF THE LAYER WHILE THE CEMENTED MATERIALS GENERALLY SHOWED AN INCREASE IN STRENGTH WITH THICKNESS. VARIATIONS WERE ALSO NOTED FOR REASONS OF ENVIRONMENT AND SUPPORT. THE RELATIVE STRENGTH VALUES FOR ALL BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS WERE INTERPOLATED FOR VARIOUS THICKNESSES AND APPLICATIONS AND THE VALUES REPRESENTING THE BEST JUDGEMENT OF THE INVESTIGATORS WERE RECOMMENDED FOR DESIGN PURPOSES. THE RECOMMENDED VALUES ARE BASED ON ELASTIC DEFLECTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Base KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Coefficients KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loads KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Prototypes KW - Strength of materials KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228679 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Guirguis, H R AU - Joseph, G S AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT, FUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL COMPACTION PY - AB - LABORATORY COMPACTED SPECIMENS WERE PREPARED USING VARIOUS COMPACTION EFFORTS, METHODS AND MOISTURE CONTENTS. STRENGTH RESPONSE PARAMETERS (CREEP MODULUS, COMPLEX MODULUS, RESILIENT MODULUS, SHEAR STRENGTH AND PERMANENT DEFORMATION AT FAILURE) OF THE LABORATORY SPECIMENS WERE COMPARED TO THOSE MEASURED ON UNDISTURBED SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM FIELD EMBANKMENTS COMPACTED BY REGULAR SHEEPS FOOT ROLLERS AND PROOF ROLLING STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS ON LABORATORY SPECIMENS PREPARED BY 700 LB. GYRATORY COMPACTION, COMPARED CLOSELY TO THE FIELD COMPACTED SOILS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compaction KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Moisture content KW - Soil compaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118985 ER - TY - SER AN - 00214519 JO - Ohio State Univ Eng Exp Sta Commun Dev PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mailer, H AU - Golis, M J AU - McMaster, R C AU - Raab, T J AU - Hayes, L R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - FIELD TEST OF THE OSU/ODH ULTRASONIC PAVEMENT THICKNESS GAGE PY - AB - THE OSU/ODH GAGE MEASURED THE THICKNESS OF HIGHWAYS IN OHIO TO WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 2% AT 50% OF THE TEST LOCATIONS. AN ACCURACY OF PLUS OR MINUS 3% WAS ACHIEVED AT 78% OF THE TEST LOCATIONS. THE USE OF ONE CORED SAMPLE FROM EACH SECTION OF HIGHWAY TO CALIBRATE THE GAGE WOULD RESULT IN THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS ACCURATE TO WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 3% OF 94% OF THE TEST LOCATIONS. LABORATORY RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED DURING AND AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE FIELD TESTS. THIS WORK RESULTED IN IMPROVED TECHNIQUES OF ACOUSTIC VELOCITY MEASUREMENT WHICH COULD IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF THE GATE BY AS MUCH AS 1%. THIS WOULD RESULT IN AN ACCURACY OF PLUS OR MINUS 2% AT 78% OF THE TEST LOCATIONS WITHOUT THE USE OF A CALIBRATION CORE. THE GATE WAS DEVELOPED FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. DURING THE LABORATORY PHASE OF THIS PROGRAM, THE GAGE WAS EVALUATED ON A TEST BLOCK OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE OSU/ODH GAGE CAN MEASURE THE THICKNESS OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS, ALTHOUGH ATTENUATION PROBLEMS BECOME VERY SEVERE AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE 100 F. /AUTHOR/ KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Speed of sound KW - Thickness KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212112 AU - Furlong, R W AU - Ferguson, P M AU - Ma, J S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SHEAR AND ANCHORAGE STUDY OF REINFORCEMENT IN INVERTED T-BEAM BENT CAP GIRDERS PY - AB - BEAMS CONSTRUCTED WITH A CROSS SECTION IN THE FORM OF AN INVERTED T POSSES ON EACH SIDE OF THE WEB FORM A SHELF THAT PROVIDES A CONVENIENT SUPPORTING SURFACE FOR PRECAST MEMBERS. INVERTED T-BEAMS ARE FINDING FREQUENT USE AS BENT CAP BEAMS TO SUPPORT STRINGERS. THE APPLICATIONS OF LOAD TO THE LOWER PORTIONS OF CONCRETE BEAMS CREATE TENSILE FORCES NOT ORDINARILY ENCOUNTERED IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. REINFORCEMENT FOR THE FLANGES OF THE T PRESENTS SPECIAL PROBLEMS REGARDING THE SHEAR STRENGTH, THE ANCHORAGE OF BARS, AND THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR IN THE FLANGE OR SHELF. TWENTY-FOUR LOAD TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON SIX INVERTED T-BEAM SPECIMENS, IN ORDER TO STUDY REINFORCEMENT DETAILS, BEHAVIOR, AND MODE OF FAILURE. THE RESULTS OF THESE TESTS HAVE BEEN COMPARED WITH APPROPRIATE GENERAL THEORIES AND ANALYTIC ESTIMATES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE FOR THE DESIGN OF SUCH MEMBERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Anchorages KW - Bents KW - Flanges KW - Flexural strength KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear strength KW - T beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214523 AU - Kersten, M S AU - Skok, E L AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BACKFILLING TRENCH EXCAVATIONS PY - AB - ON THE BASIS OF PAST STUDIES IT WAS DECIDED THAT ADDITIONAL STUDIES SHOULD BE MADE TO DETERMINE WHERE THE SETTLEMENT OR CONSOLIDATION OCCURS IN A TRENCH AND ALSO TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE DENSITY ON SETTLEMENT. THE NUMBER OF DUMMY TRENCHES WAS STUDIED INCLUDING INSTALLING MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS, AND MAKING THE NECESSARY OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS. A SECTION OF BITUMINOUS SURFACED COUNTY ROAD WITH A PLASTIC SUBGRADE WAS SELECTED AS THE SITE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF 17 DUMMY TRENCHES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Backfilling KW - Excavations KW - Trenches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228675 AU - Salig, E T AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - State University of New York, Buffalo TI - SOIL COMPACTION EVALUATION WITH STRAIN MEASUREMENTS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE USE OF A NEW SOIL STRAIN MEASURING SYSTEM FOR OBSERVING COMPACTION OF EARTH MATERIALS IN THE FIELD. THE SENSORS CONSISTED OF DISK-SHAPED COILS EMBEDDED IN THE MATERIAL WITH THE DISTANCE BETWEEN ADJACENT PAIR DETERMINED BY INDUCTANCE COUPLING. A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF PORTIONS OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY AND THE SOUTHERN TIER EXPRESSWAY IN NEW YORK STATE AND IN A A SPECIAL TEST SECTION AT THE WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION IN VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. THE RESULTS ESTABLISHED THE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE METHOD, AND TECHNIQUES FOR SENSOR INSTALLATION WERE DEVELOPED. NEW INFORMATION ON COMPACTION WAS OBTAINED IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING THE INSTRUMENTATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Earth materials KW - Engineering soils KW - Soil compaction KW - Strain measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228676 AU - Smith, T AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITIES WITH EARTHWORK FACTORS (INTERIM REPORT) PY - AB - THIS RESEARCH PROJECT IS INTENDED TO DETERMINE IF SEISMIC VELOCITIES CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF DESIGN EARTHWORK FACTORS. THE PROCEDURES USED BY THE CONTRACTOR FOR EARTHWORK CONSTRUCTION WERE INVESTIGATED. DENSITIES WERE TAKEN IN THE CUT AREAS AT FINISHED GRADE. THESE VALUES WERE COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE COMPACTED IN-PLACE DENSITIES OF THE FILLS AND THE DIFFERENCE IN VOLUME WAS CALCULATED. FINAL CUT AND FILL SLOPE ANGLES WERE MEASURED AND COMPARED TO THE DESIGNED SLOPE ANGLES AND THE DIFFERENCE IN VOLUME WAS CALCULATED. THE TOTAL VOLUME OF BOULDERS PROTRUDING FROM THE CUT FACES WAS ESTIMATED. THE TOTAL VOLUME OF BOULDERS THAT ROLLED DOWN SLOPES AND OUT OF THE EMBANKMENT AREAS WAS ESTIMTED. A TOTAL OF FORTY-TWO SEISMIC REFRACTION LINES WERE OBTAINED FROM THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE PROJECT. FIELD EARTHWORK FACTORS, DETERMINED AFTER CONSTRUCTION, WERE COMPARED TO DESIGN EARTHWORK FACTORS AND TO THE SEISMIC VELOCITITES OBTAINED IN THE CUT AREAS. A TABLE WAS DEVELOPED COMPARING SEISMIC VELOCITIES TO EARTHWORK FACTORS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Boulders KW - Correlation analysis KW - Density KW - Earthwork KW - Excavations KW - Fills KW - Refraction KW - Seismic refraction KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Slopes KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208008 AU - Bouwkamp AU - Scordelis AU - Wasti AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Division of Highways TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL VOLUME 1 PY - AB - A DETAILED STUDY OF THE INSTRUMENTATION, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF A LARGE SCALE TWO SPAN, FOUR CELL REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL IS PRESENTED. THE SELECTION OF THE MODEL SCALE, THE CHOICE AND LOCATION OF INSTRUMENTATION, AND THE SYSTEM OF DATA ACQUISITION ARE DISCUSSED. A LOADING SCHEDULE INCORPORATING THE VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING, SUPPORT CONDITIONS AND STRESS LEVELS IS DESCRIBED. RESULTS OF CONTROL TESTS ON STEEL AND CONCRETE ARE GIVEN. THE TWO MAIN THEORIES FOR ANALYZING BOX GIRDER BRIDGE BEHAVIOR, THE FOLDED PLATE AND FINITE ELEMENT METHODS, ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED WITH REFERENCE TO THE BRIDGE MODEL OF THE PRESENT STUDY. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE TEST DATA FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ARE NOT TREATED IN THIS VOLUME, BUT WILL BE PRESENTED IN VOLUME II. /AUTHOR/ KW - Data collection KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Folded plates KW - Girder bridges KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219758 AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY ACCIDENTS AND LEVELS OF SERVICE PY - AB - THE PURPOSE IS TO MEASURE THE RELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF SERVICE TO FREEWAY ACCIDENTS. IT WAS IMPORTANT TO DETERMINE WHETHER INCREASES TIN DENSITY RESULTED IN CONCURRENT INCREASES OF ACCIDENT POTENTIAL; IF REAR-END ACCIDENTS INCREASED AS HEADWAY DECREASED; AND IF RUN OFF OF THE ROAD ACCIDENTS INCREASED AS HEADWAY INCREASED; A FOUR MILE SECTION OF THE MARK TWAIN EXPRESSWAY IN ST. LOUIS WAS USED IN MEASURING THE CORRELATION OF (1) ACCIDENT RATES TO LEVELS OF SERVICE, AND (2) TYPES OF ACCIDENTS TO LEVELS OF SERVICE. NO EVIDENCE COULD BE FOUND TO INDICATE THAT ACCIDENT COLLISION RATES HAVE ANY RELATION TO TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AS COVERED BY THIS STUDY. /FHWA/ KW - Crash rates KW - Freeways KW - Headways KW - Level of service KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219760 AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY PROVISIONS FOR SUPPORT STRUCTURES ON OVERHEAD SIGN BRIDGES PY - AB - THE CONCEPT EMPLOYS A FRANGIBLE SLIP BASE COLUMN SUPPORT WITH A ROTATING, PIN-JOINTED UPPER SUPPORT WHICH ALSO INCLUDES A FRANGIBLE-BOLT TOP ANCHOR. A 140 FOOT SIGN BRIDGE REPRESENTING A MAXIMUM LIKELY SIZE EMPLOYING 26 1/2 FOOT TAPERED H SECTION T-1 STEEL COLUMNS WITH THE ABOVE-MENTIONED BREAKAWAY FEATURES IS DESIGNED, ANALYZED, BUILT, AND TESTED TO DEMONSTRATE ITS FEASIBILITY. THE TEST PROGRAM RESULTS UTILIZING FULL SCALE VEHICLE CRASH TESTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE PROTOTYPE STRUCTURE WITH INDEPENDENT BREAKAWAY COLUMNS HAS SATISFACTORY IMPACT BEHAVIOR AT SPEEDS OF 21 MPH UP TO 72 MPH AND AT ANGLES UP TO 15 DEGREES. /FHWA/ KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Safety KW - Structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233743 AU - LEWIS, K H AU - Igharo, P AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - ANALYSIS OF PLANE STRAIN CONSOLIDATION IN SATURATED CLAYS BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD PY - AB - THE PURPOSE IS TO DEVELOP A NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE, BASED ON FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATIONS, FOR SOLVING THE INITIAL-BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS IN THESE THEORIES, SO AS TO FACILITATE THEIR USE IN ANALYSING A WIDER VARIETY OF PLANE STRAIN CONSOLIDATION PROBLEMS. A SYSTEMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORIES OF BIOT AND VERIGIN IS GIVEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE LINEAR MECHANICS OF SATURATED, DEFORMABLE, POROUS MEDIA. NUMERICAL APPROXIMATIONS OF THE INITIAL-BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS IN THESE THEORIES WERE THEN OBTAINED FROM THEIR VARIATIONAL CHARACTERIZATION BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. THE BIOT SOLUTION FOR CONSOLIDATION OF A SEMI-INFINITE CLAY LAYER SHOWED GOOD AGREEMENT WITH THE PUBLISHED CLOSED FORM SOLUTION FOR THE SAME PROBLEM. THE SOLUTION TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED IS THEN APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF PLANE STRAIN CONSOLIDATION IN SATURATED CLAY DEPOSITS OF FINITE DEPTH. THE BIOT SOLUTIONS IN CONTRAST TO THOSE OF VERIGIN, EXHIBIT THE EXPECTED MANDEL-CRYER EFFECT AT SMALL TIMES BUT THE DEFORMATIONS AND PORE PRESSURE PROGRESS AT A FASTER RATE THEREAFTER. COMPARISON BETWEEN VERIGIN'S SOLUTIONS FOR LAYERED AND HOMOGENEOUS DEPOSITS SHOW THAT LAYERING SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCES THE DEFORMATIONS AND PORE PRESSURES IN THE CONSOLIDATING SOIL AND IN CERTAIN CASES LEADS TO A BUILD UP OF PORE PRESSURES IN SOME ZONES OF THE SOIL AT THE EARLY STAGES OF THE CONSOLIDATION PROCESS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Consolidation KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Pore pressure KW - Saturated soils KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soils KW - Stratification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230753 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - PRELIMINARY FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON RETAINING WALLS PY - AB - THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE TOTAL EARTH PRESSURE CELLS, AND SELECT THE TYPE OF PRESSURE CELL WHICH IS BEST SUITED FOR MEASURING LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES ON TYPICAL CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS. THE PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION FOR NINE TYPES OF TOTAL EARTH PRESSURE CELLS ARE DESCRIBED. FOUR TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE CELLS, NAMELY, GEONOR VIBRATING WIRE, CARLSON UNBONDED STRAIN GAGE, TERRA-TEC PNEUMATIC, AND GLOETZL HYDRAULIC, WERE OBTAINED FOR INSTALLATION IN A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING FURTHER RESEARCH ARE: (1) DISCONTINUE USE OF THE GLOETZL CELL. (2) EXPAND USE OF GEONOR VIBRATING WIRE CELLS AND TERRA TEC CELLS. (3) CONTINUE READINGS OF THE CARLSON CELLS IN USE, BUT DO NOT EXPAND USAGE OF THIS TYPE OF CELL AS LONG AS ANY QUESTION OF ACCURACY REMAINS. (4) IMPROVE METHODS FOR CALIBRATING EARTH PRESSURE CELLS. (5) DETERMINE AN ACCURATE METHOD FOR SMALL BUT EXTREMELY SIGNIFICANT DEFLECTIONS OF THE WALL, WHICH OCCUR BOTH DURING AND AFTER BACKFILL. (6) TAKE LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE READINGS AS THE BACKFILL MATERIAL IS BEING PLACED; ADD SURCHARGE LOADS AND INVESTIGATE THEIR EFFECT ON THE EARTH PRESSURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Earth pressure KW - Load cells KW - Retaining walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200080 AU - Whitman, I L AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION AND THE QUALITY OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT PY - AB - IN ITS ANALYSIS OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF INFORMATION RELATING HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION TO QUALITY OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, BATELLE INSTITUTE LISTED FIVE CATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: ECOLOGICAL FACTORS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, AESTHETIC FACTORS, HUMAN INTEREST, AND ACCESS. THESE ARE TO BE APPLIED TO FOUR STAGES OF THE HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS--SYSTEM DESIGN, CORRIDOR AND ROUTE LOCATION, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, AND USE AND MAINTENANCE. RESEARCH NEEDS WERE EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND THE NEEDS OF HIGHWAY PLANNERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Ecology KW - Environment KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Pollution KW - Routes KW - State of the art studies KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204029 AU - Mcleane, R W AU - Price, B E AU - Middleton, G W AU - Allen, R M AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - URBAN HYDROLOGIC STUDIES PHASE I AND II PY - AB - AN ANALYTICAL MODIFICATION OF THE RATIONAL METHOD IS PRESENTED IN PHASE I TO DETERMINE VALUES FOR RAINFALL INTENSITY AND RUNOFF COEFFICIENT FOR DETERMINATION OF PEAK DISCHARGE FROM SMALL URBAN DRAINAGE BASINS. LOUISIANA WAS DIVIDED INTO CLIMATOLOGICALLY SIMILAR REGIONS AND RAINFALL FACTORS FOR EACH OF THE REGIONS WERE DETERMINED RELATIVE TO SHREVEPORT. THE WATER-BUDGET THEORY, USING SURFACE DETENTION AND INFILTRATION AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAINFALL AND RUNOFF, WAS USED AS THE BASIS FOR DETERMINATION OF THE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT. NOMOGRAPHS AND TABLES ARE PRESENTED TO DETERMINE SURFACE DETENTION AND INFILTRATION FOR USE IN THE WATER-BUDGET THEORY. NOMOGRAPHS ALSO WERE DEVELOPED TO DETERMINE THE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT AND PEAK DISCHARGE. A COMPUTER PROGRAM IS PRESENTED TO FACILITATE COMPUTATION OF THE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT AND PEAK DISCHARGE, IF THE MONOGRAPHS ARE NOT USED. THE AIMS ARE PRESENTED OF PHASE II, I.E., TO DEVELOP AND TEST INSTRUMENTS ENABLING EFFICIENT COMPUTERIZED RECALL OF RAINFALL AND RUNOFF DATA FOR SMALL, RELATIVELY FLAT, URBAN AREAS. INSTALLATION IS TO BE TESTED UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. THE REPORT DETAILS THE DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED WITH INSTALLATION, EQUIPMENT SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND OPERATIONS; SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS ARE LISTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Coefficients KW - Computer programs KW - Discharge KW - Drainage basins KW - Hydrology KW - Instrumentation KW - Nomographs KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204030 AU - Ragan, R M AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NOMOGRAPH BASED ON KINEMATIC WAVE THEORY FOR DETERMINING TIME OF CONCENTRATION FOR OVERLOAD FLOW PY - AB - THE APPROACH AND PROCEDURES ARE PRESENTED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NOMOGRAPH THAT WILL ACCURATELY DETERMINE THE TIME OF CONCENTRATION IN THE RATIONAL FORMULA. THE KINEMATIC WAVE THEORY WAS USED IN THE ANALYSIS AND IZZARD'S AND THE CORPS OF ENGINEER'S DATA WERE USED TO DERIVE THE RESULTS. THE RESULTS SHOULD BE APPLIED ONLY TO CONCRETE AND TURF SURFACES. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Instruments for measuring time KW - Kinetics KW - Nomographs KW - Rational formula KW - Rational formula (Hydraulics) KW - Storm sewers KW - Time measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205385 AU - Mcchee, K H AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT ON PHASE C-EXPERIMENTAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - AB - A PROGRAM OF CONSTRUCTION AND THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THREE MAJOR VIRGINIA EXPERIMENTAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IS REPORTED. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS INCORPORATING NEW OR TIMELY DESIGN CONCEPTS AND TO ASSESS THE FEASIBILITY OF THESE CONCEPTS FOR FURTHER USE. AMONG THE MAJOR FINDINGS ARE: (1) A RESILIENT SELECT BORROW MATERIAL USED OVER A RESILIENT SUBGRADE DOES NOT ENHANCE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. WHEN USED BETWEEN A CEMENT STABILIZED SUBGRADE AND A CRUSHED STONE BASE, THE RESILIENT SELECT MATERIAL MAY, IN FACT, IMPAIR PERFORMANCE. THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT RESILIENCY IS REDUCED AFTER A SUBSTANTIAL NUMBER OF WHEEL LOADS, WITH AN IMPROVEMENT IN SUBSEQUENT PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. (2) PAVEMENTS HAVING CEMENT TREATED CRUSHED STONE UNDER A THIN (3 IN.) BITUMINOUS STRUCTURE HAVE PERFORMED VERY POORLY. (3) TRANSVERSE SHRINKAGE CRACKS REFLECT FROM A CEMENT TREATED STONE SUBBASE THROUGH 3 INCHES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE IN AS LITTLE AS 18 MONTHS, AND THROUGH 7 INCHES IN LESS THAN 5 YEARS. (4) WHERE CEMENT STABILIZED STONE SUBBASES ARE USED AND WHEN TRUCK TRAFFIC IS NORMALLY CHANNELED INTO THE OUTER LANES, ADVANTAGE MAY BE TAKEN OF THE OMISSION OF THE STABILIZATION FROM STONE SUBBASES UNDER INNER OR PASSING LANES. (5) SHRINKAGE CRACKING ASIDE, 4 INCHES OF CEMENT TREATED AGGREGATE BASE, 4 INCHES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE, AND 6 INCHES OF UNTREATED CRUSHED STONE BASE (ALL UNDERLAYING 7 INCHES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE) GIVE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL PERFORMANCE AFTER 5 YEARS UNDER HEAVY TRAFFIC CONDITIONS. HIGHER DEFLECTIONS AND GREATER CRACKING ON THE PAVEMENT INCORPORATING THE UNTREATED STONE SUGGEST THAT THE PERFORMANCE MAY NOT BE EQUAL AFTER MANY LOAD APPLICATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Borrow KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Cracking KW - Crushed rock KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206454 AU - PETERSON, G AU - Shepard, L W AU - Keane, E G AU - Utah State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF DEFLECTIONS AND DEFLECTION BASINS TO CONSTRUCTION CONTROL, PAVEMENT DESIGN, AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS-FINAL REPORT PY - AB - THERE IS A NEED TO DEFINE NOT ONLY THE MAGNITUDES OF THE DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS BUT TO USE ALSO THE SHAPE OF THE DEFLECTION BASIN. FOR THIS REASON, THREE PARAMETERS ARE USED TO DESCRIBE THE BASIN CURVE. THEY ARE: DYNAFLECT MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (DMD), THE NUMERICAL VALUE OF THE DYNAFLECTS FIRST SENSOR; SURFACE CURVATURE INDEX (SCR), THE NUMERICAL BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND SENSORS; AND BASE CURVATURE INDEX (BCR), THE NUMERICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FOURTH AND FIFTH SENSORS. BY OBSERVING THE DMD, SCI, AND BCI, A TOTAL PICTURE IS AVAILABLE OF THE STRUCTURAL CAPABILITY OF THE MEASURED PAVEMENT STRUCTURE. COMPUTER PROGRAMS UTILIZED THE IBM 360 COMPUTER AND CALCOMP PLOTTER IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE DEFLECTION BASIN SHAPE AS WELL AS IN THE TEMPERATURE AND LAYER EQUIVALENCY STUDIES. IN THE TEMPERATURE STUDY CONDUCTED, IT WAS THE OBJECTIVE TO FIND A TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTOR FOR USE IN ELIMINATING TEMPERATURE AS A VARIABLE IN DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS. LITERATURE WAS REVIEWED AND A DATA COLLECTION PLAN CONCEIVED AND IMPLEMENTED. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE DEFLECTION-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP COULD NOT BE SEPARATED FROM THE MANY OTHER VARIABLES INVOLVED. IT WAS ALSO INDICATED IN THE RESULTS THAT VARIABLES SUCH AS AGE AND SEASONAL VARIATION HAVE LARGE EFFECT ON THE TEMPERATURE-DEFLECTION CURVES. AN OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE WAS ESTABLISHED WHICH USED THE MEASURED DEFLECTION ON A WEAK PAVEMENT AND THE TRAFFIC INFORMATION FOR THAT ROAD SECTION TO FIND THE REQUIRED OVERLAY THICKNESS. THIS THICKNESS COULD ALSO BE CONVERTED TO A REQUIRED STRUCTURAL NUMBER AND THEN BASED ON LAYER EQUIVALENCY: OTHER MATERIALS COULD BE USED TO STRENGTHEN THE ROADWAY. IT WAS FOUND IN REGARD TO EMBANKMENT HEIGHT THAT THERE COULD BE FOUND IN AREAS OF WEAK SUBGRADE A MINIMUM EMBANKMENT FILL WHICH THE PROFILE DESIGNER COULD USE WITHOUT FEAR OF INADEQUATE SUPPORT. THE DYNAFLECT WAS FOUND TO BE INADEQUATE FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTROL. THE FACTORS, RESILIENCE, AGE OF SURFACING, DENSITY, MOISTURE, SOIL SUPPORT, AND VOLUME OF TRAFFIC, WERE TREATED BRIEFLY. RESILIENCE WAS FOUND NOT TO EXHIBIT THE STATE-WIDE VARIATION WHICH WAS ANTICIPATED AT THE TIME OF THE ORIGINAL PROPOSAL. FOR THIS REASON IT WAS NOT GIVEN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME OF THE OTHER FACTORS. AGE OF SURFACE, SOIL SUPPORT, AND VOLUME OF TRAFFIC ARE INCLUDED IN A FIVE YEAR STUDY IN WHICH NO DEFINITE CONCLUSIONS HAVE BEEN REACHED AT PRESENT. DENSITY WAS STUDIED QUALITATIVELY AS WAS MOISTURE. INDICATIONS THAT THESE FACTORS DO AFFECT DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS ARE PRESENT. HOWEVER, MORE WORK IS NEEDED IN THESE AND OTHER AREAS TO FIND MORE PRACTICAL USES FOR THE DYNAFLECT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Deflection KW - Density KW - Maintenance KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Reviews KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Sensors KW - Temperature KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208009 AU - Croce, C A AU - Beale, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Engineering Res & Dev Labs, Army /US TI - PREDEFLECTED STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE BRIDGE PY - AB - TO PERMIT VERIFICATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS AND ASSUMPTIONS GOVERNING "PREFLEX" BEAMS, FIELD TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON A SKEWED SIMPLE-SPAN BRIDGE TO DETERMINE THE MAGNITUDE OF INITIAL AND LONG-TERM DEAD LOAD DEFLECTIONS, AND THE EXTENT OF CRACKING (IF ANY) IN THE PRECOMPRESSED CONCRETE. VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS OF THE BEAMS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND UNDER SERVICE DEAD LOADS WERE COMPARED WITH THEORETICAL VALUES. ALTHOUGH THE MEASURED DEAD LOAD DEFLECTIONS WERE SLIGHTLY GREATER THAN DESIGN PREDICTIONS, THE STRUCTURE'S SHORT-TERM PERFORMANCE WAS FOUND TO BE SATISFACTORY. SURVEYS ARE TO CONTINUE FOR SIX YEARS SO THAT LONG TERM DEFLECTION BEHAVIOR CAN BE EVALUATED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Deflection KW - Precompression KW - Skew bridges KW - Static loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218068 AU - Biss, D J AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - BRIDGE DECK DEICING STUDY PHASE B-SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK AT TEST SITE ON INTERSTATE 80 PY - AB - THE BRIDGE SITE IS INSTRUMENTED WITH A COMPLETE WEATHER STATION AND THERMOCOUPLES TO MEASURE THE TEMPERATURE PROFILE BOTH IN THE BRIDGE DECK AND APPROACHWAY SURFACE. INSTRUMENTATION TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE ON THE BRIDGE DECK IS ALSO INSTALLED. EVIDENCE BASED ON ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPERATURE PLOTS DOES NOT SUPPORT THE GENERALLY ACCEPTED THEORY THAT PERIODS OF FREEZING OCCUR BECAUSE THE BRIDGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE FALLS MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE ADJOINING ROADWAY. INSTEAD IT IS CAUSED BY THE FACT THAT OVER SEVERAL DAYS OF GRADUAL AMBIENT COOLING, A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THE BRIDGE AND ROAD SURFACE DEVELOPS BECAUSE THE OVERALL AVERAGE BRIDGE TEMPERATURE DECLINES BELOW THAT OF THE APPROACHWAY. THERE ARE VERY FEW DAYS DURING THE WINTER WHEN THIS TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL DOES NOT EXIST. ANYTIME THE TEMPRATURE DIFFERENTIAL EXISTS AND THE APPROACHWAY IS NEAR 32 F, PREFERENTIAL FREEZING MAY OCCUR IF THE PROPER TYPE PRECIPITATION FALLS. FOR EXAMPLE, IF FREEZING RAIN FALLS, IT WILL FREEZE ON CONTACT WITH THE BRIDGE BUT MELT ON THE APPROACHWAY. IN ANALYZING THE DATA, A "PROBABILITY OF FREEZING" WAS ASSIGNED TO EACH DAY BASED ON AN EXAMINATION OF ALL DATA COLLECTED. THIS WAS NECESSARY AS NO METHOD OF RELIABLY DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF ICE REMOTELY IS PRESENTLY KNOWN TO EXIST. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Deicing KW - Freezing KW - Moisture content KW - Temperature KW - Thermocouples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206466 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL CRACKING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - AB - EXPANSION OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS WAS MEASURED AT A SERIES OF TRANSVERSE JOINTS. AMBIENT, SURFACE AND SURFACE-BASE COURSE INTERFACE TEMPERATURES WERE RECORDED. DATA WAS COLLECTED OVER THE PERIOD OF FEBRUARY, 1969, THROUGH FEBRUARY, 1970, EXCLUDING THE MONTHS OF MAY THROUGH AUGUST. AT VARIOUS TIMES, PAVEMENT SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED TO DETERMINE CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF THE AGING ASPHALT. THE DATA WAS EVALUATED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF PAVEMENT AGE AND EXPANSION IN THE INITIAL LATERAL CRACKING OF PAVEMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aging KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Expansion KW - Pavement cracking KW - Temperature KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208014 AU - Wu, Y C AU - SLUTTER, R G AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS PY - AB - A METHOD OF ANALYSIS WAS DEVELOPED FOR CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH INCOMPLETE INTERACTION. THE METHOD IS GENERAL AND CAN BE USED FOR ANY CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAM SYSTEM. THE ANALYSIS MAY INCLUDE THE ELASTIC AND INELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF ALL ELEMENTS OF THE CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAM, AS WELL AS THE EFFECT OF SHRINKAGE AND A PRESTRESSING FORCE IN THE CONCRETE SLAB. THE THEORETICAL RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS ON CONTINUOUS BEAMS. SATISFACTORY CORRELATION WAS OBTAINED BETWEEN THE ANALYSIS AND THE EXPERIMENTAL VALUES OF SLAB FORCE, SHEAR CONNECTOR LOADS AND STRAIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE CROSS-SECTION. RECOMMENDATION FOR THE NUMBER AND SPACING OF SHEAR CONNECTORS, AND THE AMOUNT AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE LONGITUDINAL REINFORCING STEEL IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BRIDGES ARE MAD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Fasteners KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Shrinkage KW - Slabs KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214517 AU - Obermuller, J C AU - Smith, T AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIVE COMPACTION STUDY PY - AB - THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN DETERMINING THE PERCENT OF RELATIVE COMPACTION WHEN USING A STATISTICAL AREA CONCEPT METHOD WERE INVESTIGATED. DATA WERE COLLECTED FROM FIVE PROJECTS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE FIELD USE OF THE WET METHOD AND COMPOSITE TEST MAXIMUM DENSITY IS GOOD. THE USE OF A STATISTICAL RANGE OF VALUES APPEARS FEASIBLE FOR UNIFORM MATERIALS. THE CORRELATION OF STANDARD LABORATORY AND FIELD METHODS OF CALIBRATION IS GENERALLY GOOD FOR DENSITY BUT NOT FOR MOISTURE. THE DIFFERENCE IN TEST VALUES DUE TO TESTING AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS IS POOR. DENSITY AND MOISTURE DETERMINATIONS FROM ONE ONE-MINUTE NUCLEAR GAGE READING ARE COMPARABLE TO THE DETERMINATION MADE FROM THE AVERAGE OF TWO ONE-MINUTE READINGS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compaction KW - Evaluation KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Relative compaction KW - Statistical analysis KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203167 AU - California Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Division of Highways TI - THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT FOR DEVELOPING THE ENGINEERING ESTIMATING AND PROGRESS PAY SUBSYSTEM PY - AB - THE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF A FHWA SPONSERED RESEARCH PROJECT THAT WAS ORGANIZED TO STUDY THE FEASIBILITY OF AUTOMATING THE ENGINEERING ESTIMATING (PHASE II) AND PROGRESS PAY (PHASE III) SUBSYSTEMS OF THE PISA SYSTEM ARE REPORTED ON. A STATEWIDE SURVEY IS PRESENTED INVOLVING OVER ONE HUNDRED INTERVIEWS OF POTENTIAL USERS IN CONSTRUCTION, DESIGN, ACCOUNTING, OFFICE ENGINEERS, BRIDGE AND OTHERS; THE ENGINEERING ESTIMATING (PHASE II) AND PROGRESS PAY (PHASE III) SUBSYSTEMS ARE ON THE AGENDA. THE BID OPENING SUBSYSTEM (PHASE I) IS OPERATING SUCCESSFULLY. COST BENEFITS ARE TO BE REALIZED IN DEVELOPING THESE SUBSYSTEMS. THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATION IS PRESENTED: DEVELOP THE TOTAL ENGINEERING ESTIMATING (PHASE II) AND PROGRESS PAY (PHASE III) SUBSYSTEMS, A STEP AT A TIME, BEGINNING WITH THE "BASIC MODULES" OF EACH SUBSYSTEM AS THE INITIAL STEPS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Data collection KW - Engineering KW - Estimating KW - Payment KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215974 AU - Nimeroff, I AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Bureau of Standards /US TI - INSTRUMENTAL COLOR MEASUREMENT OF RETROREFLECTIVE HIGHWAY SIGN MATERIALS PY - AB - THE COLORIMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SEVENTY-FOUR SAMPLES OF RETROREFLECTIVE HIGHWAY SIGN MATERIALS WERE OBTAINED BY VISUAL MEASUREMENTS OUTDOORS USING FIVE OBSERVERS HAVING NORMAL COLOR VISION, AND BY THREE PHOTOELECTRIC TRISTIMULUS COLORIMETERS AND A RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER. COOPERATIVE MEASUREMENTS BY TWO INDUSTRIAL COLOR LABORATORIES ARE ALSO REPORTED. THE RESULTS OBTAINED INDICATE THAT MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH FIVE COLORIMETERS HAVING 45 DEGREE, 0 DEGREE GEOMETRY ARE IN GENERAL AGREEMENT. MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH FIVE INSTRUMENTS HAVING DIFFUSE ILLUMINATION AND UNIDIRECTIONAL VIEWING GEOMETRY ARE ALSO IN GENERAL AGREEMENT; IN ADDITION, THESE MEASUREMENTS AGREE MORE CLOSELY WITH THE VISUAL COLOR EVALUATIONS THAN THOSE MADE WITH THE 45 DEGREE, 0 DEGREE GEOMETRY INSTRUMENTS. A DISCUSSION OF THE RESEARCH NECESSARY TO DEVELOP INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE COLOR OF RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIALS UNDER NIGHTTIME VIEWING CONDITIONS IS ALSO INCLUDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Colorimetry KW - Materials KW - Measuring instruments KW - Night KW - Retroreflectors KW - Spectrophotometers KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230751 AU - Perdue, G W AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS OF FRICTION AND BEARING CORRELATED WITH INSTRUMENTED PILE TESTS PY - AB - THE DEVICE WAS USED TO MEASURE SKIN FRICTION AND POINT BEARING DURING SOIL SAMPLING OPERATIONS. THE TEST PROCEDURE WAS ADAPTED FOR USE WITH A STANDARD CORE DRILLING RIG. THE SKIN FRICTION AND POINT BEARING MEASUREMENTS WERE COMPARED WITH VALUES OF SKIN FRICTION AND POINT BEARING OBTAINED FROM TWO FULL-SCALE INSTRUMENTED TEST PILES. ALL TESTS WERE CONDUCTED AT ONE TEST SITE IN A CLAY SOIL. TO CORRELATE IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS WITH THOSE FROM THE INSTRUMENTED PILES, IT WAS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP ADJUSTMENT FACTORS TO CORRECT FOR THE SIZE AND SHAPE EFFECTS. THE ADJUSTMENT FACTORS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE PLASTICITY INDEX OF THE SOIL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bearing piles KW - Clay KW - Drilling machines KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Plasticity index KW - Point bearing piles KW - Sampling KW - Skin resistance KW - Soil sampling KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230754 AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN CHARTS FOR MINOR SERVICE STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONS PY - AB - A SERIES OF DESIGN CHARTS ARE PRESENTED WHICH ALLOW AN ENTIRELY GRAPHICAL PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN SELECTING THE PROPER SIZE OF DRILLED SHAFT FOUNDATION FOR STANDARD TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT SIGNS. THE PROCEDURES USES A BORING LOG OF CONE PENETROMETER MEASUREMENTS AND A GRAPHICAL OVERLAY-SLIDE DEVICE THAT WAS DEVELOPED TO DETERMINE THE SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS. THESE DATA ARE USED TO SELECT ONE OF FIVE TYPICAL SOIL TYPES WHICH SPAN THE RANGE OF SOIL PROPERTIES NORMALLY ENCOUNTERED AND THIS DETERMINES THE FOOTING DESIGN CHART TO USE. THE FOOTING IS SIZED TO CARRY THE MOMENT FOR WHICH THE SIGN SUPPORT COLUMN IS DESIGNED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Charts KW - Design KW - Drilling KW - Footings KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Properties of materials KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Shear strength KW - Signs KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206449 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEVENTH INTERIM REPORT-EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT PROJECT PY - AB - NINE REPLICATED 500-FOOT TEST SECTIONS, LOCATED ON THE HEAVILY TRAVELED ROUTE I-80 AND I-95 IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY, ARE BEING STUDIED TO COMPARE THE PERFORMANCES OF SEVERAL TYPES OF BASE COURSE. REFINED DATA TABULATIONS, GRAPHS OF PERFORMANCE TRENDS, AND LIMITED PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ARE PRESENTED. THE DATA, ACCUMULATED DURING THE FIRST 5 YEARS OF THE PROJECT, INCLUDE: (1) TRAFFIC VOLUME AND WEIGHT, (2) BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS, (3) ROUGHNESS, (4) CONDITION SURVEY (CRACKING), AND (5) RUT DEPTH. AT THE END OF 1969, APPROXIMATELY 900,000 EQUIVALENT 18-KIP AXLE LOADS HAD BEEN APPLIED TO THE PAVEMENT. AVERAGE REBOUND DEFLECTIONS RANGE FROM ABOUT 0.005 TO 0.020 INCH, MEAN RUT DEPTHS RANGE FROM 0.2 TO 0.5 INCH. ALL SECTIONS, EXCEPT ONE, SHOW SOME SLIGHT EVIDENCE OF DISTRESS; HOWEVER, THE SERVICEABILITY OF THE PAVEMENT HAS NOT YET BEEN ADVERSELY AFFECTED. IT IS TOO EARLY TO MAKE DEFINITE CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE VARIOUS BASE COURSES. /FHWA/ KW - Axle loads KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Experimental roads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Test sections KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206469 AU - Behn, F E AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE OF OHIO PAVEMENTS /INTERIM REPORT NO 2/ PY - AB - THE SKID RESISTANCE DATA ACCUMULATED DURING THE FIRST TWO SEASONS ARE SUMMARIZED; THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF POTENTIAL SKID RESISTANCE PROBLEMS ARE DEFINED FOR OHIO PAVEMENTS. DUE TO PRIOR EXPERIENCE WITH THE STOPPING DISTANCE CAR AND PORTABLE PENDULUM TESTER WHICH DEMONSTRATED SERIOUS LIMITATIONS OF THESE METHODS FOR FIELD SKID RESISTANCE TESTING, THE ASTM E274 TOWED TRAILER HAS PROVEN TO BE RELATIVELY EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL. THE TEST RESULTS ARE APPLICABLE TO SKID RESISTANCE PROBLEMS OF PAVEMENT SURFACES. THE DATA ACCUMULATED INDICATE THAT NEW PAVEMENTS IN GENERAL HAVE ADEQUATE SKID RESISTANCE BEFORE THEY ARE OPENED TO TRAFFIC. PAVEMENT TYPES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED WHICH MAINTAIN THEIR INITIAL SKID RESISTANCE UNDER TRAFFIC AND THOSE WHICH LOSE INITIAL SKID RESISTANCE. DATA ALSO INDICATE THAT BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS ARE MOST EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMICAL FOR DESLICKING OF SLIPPERY PAVEMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Stopping distances KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217498 AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Moore, W M AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SYNTHETIC COARSE AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM-FINAL REPORT PY - AB - THE RECOMMENDED SYNTHETIC COARSE AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ARE GIVEN FOR PRESENTLY ENVISIONED USES WITHIN THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM DIVIDES THE MATERIAL INTO TWO CLASSES-BLOATED AND NON-BLOATED-AND EACH CLASS INTO SEVERAL GROUPS OF DESCENDING PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS. A FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF COARSE SYNTHETIC AGGREGATES IS ALSO PRESENTED, IN WHICH THE RECOMMENDED PERMISSIBLE COARSE AGGREGATE GROUP IS SHOWN FOR EACH HIGHWAY FUNCTION, FROM SURFACE TREATMENTS TO BASE MATERIALS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Classification KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Physical properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228673 AU - Bokum, S G AU - Walters, W C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC LOGGING AND GAMMA RAY DEVICE FOR BRIDGE BORING INTERPRETATION PY - AB - IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE ELECTRIC LOGGING AND THE GAMMA RAY LOGGING DEVICES HAVE LITTLE VALUE AS FIELD INSTRUMENTS FOR DETERMINING ENGINEERING PARAMETERS. LAYER THICKNESS CAN BE DETERMINED; HOWEVER, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP A CORRELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC LOGS AND OTHER ENGINEERING VALUES. THE RESULTS OF THE GAMMA RAY LOG STUDY PROVED IT TO BE OF NO USE FOR FOUNDATION PROBLEMS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Electrical equipment KW - Foundation engineering KW - Gamma rays KW - Logging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230749 AU - Bump, V L AU - Anderson, K E AU - Krause, K E AU - Gairk, P F AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF PILE BEARING CAPACITIES PY - AB - THE BASIC OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE A MORE ACCURATE, RAPID AND SIMPLE METHOD TO DETERMINE PILE BEARING CAPACITIES OTHER THAN THE "STANDARD" DYNAMIC FORMULAS. SEVERAL MINOR OBJECTIVES WERE ALSO STUDIED. DURING THE INVESTIGATION PILES OF VARIOUS TYPES WERE DRIVEN WITH SEVERAL TYPES OF HAMMERS. PILING WAS LOAD TESTED AT SEVEN SITES LOCATED IN VARIOUS SOIL TYPES AND FORMATIONS. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION AFFORDED AN EXCELLENT RECORD OF DYNAMIC FORCES OCCURRING WITHIN THE COMPLEX SOIL-PILE HAMMER SYSTEM. ALSO A PENETRATION-TIME RECORD WAS COLLECTED BY ELECTRONIC MEANS. ALL DRIVEN PILING WERE LOADED TO FAILURE OR JACK LIMIT AFTER DRIVING. FOUR TEST SITES CONTAINED CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILING WHICH WERE ALSO LOAD TESTED TO FAILURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cast in place structures KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Load tests KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Piles (Supports) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228678 AU - Wolfskill, L A AU - Soydemir, C AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - SOIL INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE I-95 MIT-MDPW TEST EMBANKMENT PY - AB - THE MAIN OBJECT IS TO DEVELOP IMPROVED METHODS FOR PREDICTING THE DEFORMATION AND STABILITY OF HEAVY EMBANKMENTS PLACED OVER THICK DEPOSITS OF SOFT SOIL. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE FIELD INSTRUMENTATION SCHEME USED AT THE STUDY SITE AND EVALUATES THE PERFORMANCE OF THE VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS USED. INSTRUMENTATION INCLUDED GEONOR A/S M-206 HYDRAULIC PIEZOMETERS AND GEONOR A/S VIBRATING WIRE PIEZOMETERS. A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF THE HYDRAULIC PIEZOMETERS FAILED WITHIN TWO YEARS PARTLY BECAUSE SETTLEMENT CAUSED PINCHING OF THE LEAD-OUT TUBING. THE ELECTRICAL PIEZOMETERS FAILED BECAUSE OF LEAKS AND A SHIFT IN ZERO FREQUENCY. THE SETTLEMENT ANCHORS (BORROS A/B), SETTLEMENT RODS, AND SETTLEMENT PLATFORMS ALL PERFORMED SATISFACTORILY. INCLINOMETERS, USED TO MEASURE VERTICAL MOVEMENTS AS WELL AS HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS, PERFORMED WELL. DRILLING THE HOLES PERFECTLY VERTICAL FOR THE INCLINOMETER WAS DIFFICULT FOR THE VERY LONG INSTALLATIONS (150 FEET); THE ECCENTRICITY MAY AFFECT THE ACCURACY OF THE MEASUREMENTS. THE TOTAL STRESS CELLS (GEONOR A/S) ALSO PERFORMED WELL. IN FUTURE INSTALLATIONS, PIEZOMETER SENSORS SHOULD NOT BE PLACED BELOW RIGID CASINGS WHERE LARGE SETTLEMENTS ARE EXPECTED. FOR HYDRAULIC PIEZOMETERS, DOUBLE TUBING SHOULD BE USED IN ALL CASES. /FHWA/ KW - Deformation KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Inclinometers KW - Instrumentation KW - Piezometers KW - Soft rock KW - Soil deformation KW - Soils KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208019 AU - Stingley, W M AU - Worley, H E AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PART I- A COMPARISON OF 77 UNCOVERED DECKS PY - AB - THE FIELD SURVEY OF THE CONDITIONS OF 777 UNCOVERED DECKS, REVEALED THAT SPALLING AND SCALING WERE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT TYPES OF DETERIORATION THAT NEEDED TO BE EVALUATED. DESIGN AND MATERIALS DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM THE PLANS AND PROJECT CONSTRUCTION FILES WERE ENTERED ON MACHINE SORT CARDS. A COMPOSITE CARD COMBINED ENOUGH INFORMATION FOR IDENTIFICATION AND DETERIORATION. TWENTY-FIVE FACTORS WERE CONSIDERED: BRIDGE TYPE AND DIMENSIONS; TYPES AND SOURCES OF MATERIALS; EQUIPMENT; AND PROCEDURES. A RATING SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED WITH ADJUSTMENTS FOR AGE AND TRAFFIC. A COMPUTER WAS USED TO CALCULATE A RATING FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL BRIDGE AND TO OBTAIN VALUES FOR EACH ITEM OF 25 FACTORS. THESE VALUES INCLUDED AVERAGE RATING, STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE RATING, AVERAGE PLUS AND MINUS ONE STANDARD DEVIATION AND UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF RATINGS. NO ONE SINGLE FACTOR WAS FOUND TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DETERIORATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Computers KW - Deterioration KW - Ratings KW - Scaling KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210470 AU - Britton, S C AU - Bynum, D AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - 127-4(F) "EVALUATION OF ASPHALT STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE" PY - AB - A METHOD OF FUNDAMENTAL EVALUATION OF ASPHALT CEMENT STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE WAS EXAMINED BY MEASUREMENT OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR (LOAD RESPONSE AND FAILURE) OF CANDIDATE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURES BY APPLICATION OF DIRECT UNIAXIAL TENSION AND COMPRESSION, SPLITTING TENSION, TRIAXIAL TENSION, AND DOUBLE LAP SHEAR TEST PROCEDURES. THE MIXTURES WERE MADE BY USING TWO DIFFERENT REPRESENTATIVE ASPHALT CEMENTS (UNMODIFIED AND MODIFIED BY THE ADDITION OF A SYNTHETIC ELASTOMERIC POLYMER). TEST RESULTS WERE EXAMINED WITH RESPECT TO RELIABILITY OF THE TEST PROCEDURES AND THEIR CAPABILITY OF DISTINGUISHING AMONG ASPHALT CEMENTS OF SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT RELIABLE TEST METHODS ARE AVAILABLE BUT REQUIRE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT TO MAKE THEM SUITABLE FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATION. THE RESULTS ALSO INDICATE THAT RELATIVE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE WILL VARY WITH STRESS AXIALITY AND THAT ADEQUATE EVALUATION OF ASPHALT CEMENT STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE REQUIRES MORE THAN UNIAXIAL TEST METHODS. THE VISCOELASTIC (TIME DEPENDENT) NATURE OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE WAS CONFIRMED AND IT WAS SHOWN THAT ADDITION OF ELASTOMERIC POLYMER WILL SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF AN ASPHALT CEMENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Shear tests KW - Tension KW - Test procedures KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230745 AU - Poplin, J K AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge TI - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF TEST PILE RECORDS FOR HIGHWAY STRUCTURES IN LOUISIANA PY - AB - DATA FOR 1655 TEST PILES REPRESENTED A WIDE VARIETY OF PILE MATERIALS, PILE DRIVERS AND SOIL CONDITIONS PREVALENT IN LOUISIANA. OF THESE PILES, 305 WERE LOADED TO FAILURE. THE DATA FROM LOAD-SETTLEMENT RECORDS, BLOW COUNT RECORDS, SOIL PROFILES AND PILE AND PILE DRIVER DESCRIPTIONS WERE DEEMED ADEQUATE AND SUITABLE FOR EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF PILE PERFORMANCE. A PILOT STUDY INVESTIGATION, USING DATA FROM APPROXIMATELY 100 14- AND 16-IN. SQUARE, NONTAPERED, PRECASE CONCRETE PILES, PROVIDED PRELIMINARY, BUT NOT NECESSARILY CONCLUSIVE, EVIDENCE OF PILE PERFORMANCE. THE ENGINEERING NEWS (EN) FORMULA FOR PREDICTION OF SAFE LOADS HAD A SAFETY FACTOR OF ABOUT TWO. THE RATIO OF PILE-HAMMER WEIGHTS HAD NO DISCERNABLE INFLUENCE ON THIS SAFETY FACTOR. A SYSTEM OF DESCRIBING PILE PERFORMANCE, BASED ON ZONES OF SIMILAR SOIL AND GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, SHOWED PROMISE. LOAD CAPACITY PREDICTIONS BASED ON THE SOIL-PILE INTERACTION OF 24 TEST PILES WERE FOUND TO BE AT LEAST AS RELIABLE AS EN FORMULA PREDICTIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Pile behavior KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Test piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215975 AU - Lanz, L J AU - Davis, J H AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - FIRST REPORT OF A CONTINUING TYPE B STUDY-AN EVALUATION OF ROAD MARKING MATERIAL PY - AB - SEVENTEEN COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC PAINT FORMULATIONS WERE SUPPLIED WHICH WERE EVALUATED ON THREE TYPES OF ROADWAY SURFACES WITH THE PRESENT STATE SPECIFICATION PAINTS AS A CONTROL. THE STATE PAINT WAS USED FOR STUDIES OF FILM THICKNESS AND APPLICATION RATES FOR BEADS. SOME SECTIONS OF TEST PAINTS HAVE BEEN IN PLACE FOR LESS THAN A YEAR, THEREFORE A COMPLETE EVALUATION WAS NOT ATTEMPTED. THE STUDY OF GLASS MARKING BEADS INDICATES BETTER REFLECTION IS OBTAINED WITH GLASS SPHERES HAVING A HIGH INDEX OF REFRACTION. SIX POUNDS OF BEADS PER GALLON AND FIFTEEN MILS WET FILM THICKNESS PROVIDED THE MOST DURABLE STRIPE. BISYMMETRIC BEADS PROVIDE BETTER INITIAL REFLECTANCE BECAUSE THEY DO NOT BECOME COVERED WITH PAINT DURING APPLICATION AS DO MOST OTHER BEADS. WHEN THE EXISTING STRIP IS MISSING OR VERY POOR THE FIFTEEN MIL FILM THICKNESS STRIPE SHOULD BE PLACED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Glass beads KW - Road marking materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208016 AU - Greig, R A AU - Lavelle, F H AU - University of Rhode Island, Narragansett AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation TI - ANALYSIS AND TESTS OF SMALL CURVED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES 5 & 6 PY - AB - THE FABRICATION, INSTRUMENTATION, TESTING, AND ANALYSIS OF TWO SMALL CIRCULAR-ARC STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES IS DESCRIBED. ONE BRIDGE IS A TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE WITH MIDSPAN SUPPORTS BEING RADIAL AND END SUPPORTS SKEWED SUCH THAT THE THREE SUPPORT LINES ARE PARALLEL. THE OTHER IS A SIMPLE SPAN STRUCTURE WITH THE SAME SUPPORT CONFIGURATIONS AS THE 2-SPAN. BOTH RADIAL AND NON-RADIAL DIAPHRAGMS ARE CONSIDERED. TEST RESULTS ALONG WITH COMPARABLE THEORETICAL RESULTS ARE REPORTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Continuous structures KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206470 AU - Behn, F E AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF SKID TEST TRAILER /INTERIM REPORT NO 1/ PY - AB - THE EXPERIENCES OBTAINED WITH THE SKID TRAILER DURING TWO YEARS OF TESTING IN THE FIELD, INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TEST EQUIPMENT, THE CONTROL SIGNAL AND CALIBRATION SYSTEMS, THE PERFORMANCE RECORD, COSTS, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL MAJOR AND NUMEROUS MINOR PROBLEMS WERE EXPERIENCED WITH THE DEVICE, THE AMOUNT OF DEFAULT HAS NOT BEEN EXCESSIVE; AND, IN GENERAL , THE AMOUNT OF TEST PRODUCTION IS VERY GOOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Skid resistance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204028 AU - Morrison AU - Kim, Moon Jeong AU - Ellerman AU - Chang AU - Liu AU - Dist of Columbia Dept Hwys & Traffic AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STORM WATER RUNOFF FROM AN URBAN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM PY - AB - THE PURPOSE WAS TO DEVELOP A BETTER METHOD THAN THOSE CURRENTLY USED FOR ESTIMATING URBAN RUNOFF IN DESIGNING URBAN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. AN UNDERPASS PUMPING STATION ON A DEPRESSED HIGHWAY WAS GAUGED FROM 1964 TO 1969 TO RECORD THE URBAN STORM RUNOFF INTO THIS STATION. EIGHTEEN OBSERVED SOTRM RECORDS WERE COMPARED TO THE COMPUTED RESULS BY THE RATIONAL METHOD, THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD, AND THE MODIFIED AREA-TIME METHOD. /FHWA/ KW - Drainage KW - Runoff KW - Urban areas KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230748 AU - Burt, W T AU - Mclancon, J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - INTERIM REPORT NO 1 PY - AB - SOIL-CEMENT BASE COURSE MATERIALS DESIGN IN LOUISIANA IS BASED UPON DURABILITY AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CRITERIA, WITH THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS BEING THE CONTROLLING FACTOR IN 95 PERCENT OF THE DESIGNS. THE FINDINGS TO DATA HAVE PROVIDED REASONABLE VERIFICATION THAT THE PREVIOUS DESIGN STRENGTH OF 300 PSI WAS BEING ACHIEVED IN THE FIELD ON-THE-AVERAGE. HOWEVER, DEFINITE INDICATIONS ARE THAT EXCESSIVE VARIABILITY EXISTED IN THE FORMER DESIGN SYSTEM, AND VARIABILITY EXISTS IN THE QUALITY OF THE FINAL PRODUCT IN THE FIELD. A SYSTEM FOR RECOMMENDING THE PERCENT OF CEMENT FOR SOIL-CEMENT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED WHICH VIRTUALLY ELIMINATES THE MAJORITY OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TESTING VARIABILITY. THIS VARIABILITY WAS INHERENT IN THE PROCEDURE AND NOT DUE TO CARELESS TESTING TECHNIQUES. IN ADDITION, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST REPRODUCIBILITY HAS BEEN IMPROVED BY STRICTLY CONTROLLING THE CEMENT USED FOR TESTING, SLAKING IN WATER OVERNIGHT JUST PRIOR TO MOLDING SPECIMENS, CLOSELY CONTROLLING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE INGREDIENTS DURING THE MOLDING OF SPECIMENS AND INCREASING THE NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER TEST. ACCORDING TO THE MEAN OF ALL THE DATA, THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS REASONABLY MET THE DEISN CRITERIA OF 300 PSI AT 28 DAYS; INDICATIONS SUGGEST THAT SOME PROJECTS ARE POOR IN QUALITY, BETTER QUALITY SOIL-CEMENT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED SINCE APPROXIMATELY HALF OF THE PROJECTS INVESTIGATED DEVELOPED PROPERTIES IN EXCESS OF, OR EQUAL TO, THE DESIGN CRITERIA. EXCESSIVE VARIABILITY IN CEMENT CONTENT FREQUENTLY EXISTS IN THE FINISHED SOIL-CEMENT. IT APPEARS THAT THE AVERAGE CEMENT CONTENT IN THE FIELD ENDS UP APPROXIMATELY 1 1/2 PERCENT LESS THAN THE DESIGN PERCENTAGE. IN ADDITION, THE PRESENT METHOD OF FIELD DENSITY CONTROL HAS SEVERAL UNDERSIRABLE FEATURES. WHEN USING THIS METHOD THERE IS AN IMPLICATION OF GREATER DENSITY THAN ACTUALLY ACHIEVED. A DIFFERENT METHOD OF FIELD DENSITY CONTROL SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. THE SPECIFICATIONS SHOULD DISALLOW THE USE OF OVERWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC AT ALL TIME. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement content KW - Compressive strength KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Durability KW - Field density KW - Mix design KW - Reproducibility KW - Soil cement KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214522 AU - Briscoe, O E AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF LONGITUDINAL JOINT CONSTRUCTION IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - AB - THE PURPOSE WAS TO STUDY AND EVALUATE SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF JOINT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES. ONLY COLD FACE JOINT CONSTRUCTON WAS USED, WITH THE ROLLING TECHNIQUE VARIED IN THE SECOND PLACED LANE, TO GIVE THREE METHODS OF JOINT CONSTRUCTION: THE LAP JOINT, PINCHED JOINT AND THE FORCED JOINT. THE EVALUATION OF THE TEST DATA SHOWS THAT THERE IS NO SUPERIOR ROLLING METHODS, AS ALL APPEAR TO BE EQUAL IN THE APPLICATION OF END RESULTS. TEST RESULTS SHOWED VARIATIONS IN THE DENSITY WITHIN EACH LANE OF EACH TEST SITE. IN ALL CASES DENSIFICATION PROPERTIES IN THE IMMEDIATE JOINT AREA REFLECTED LOWER DENSITY PROPERTIES THAN ADJACENT AREAS. THERE IS EVIDENCE HOWEVER, THAT THE CONSTRUCTION DURING AND AFTER RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION AND DIRECTION WAS SUPERIOR TO THE QUALITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION PRIOR TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS PROJECT. THEREFORE, IT MAY BE SAID THAT IMPROVED JOINT CONSTRUCTION MAY BE OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF ADDITIONAL CARE IN THE FIELD. IT IS ALSO FELT THAT PRESENT TEST METHODS ARE NOT TRUE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE LONGITUDINAL JOINTS AS VISUAL EXAMINATION OVER PERIODS OF EXPOSURE UP TO FIVE YEARS REFLECT SATISFACTORY CONSTRUCTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction joints KW - Longitudinal joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206462 AU - Galloway, B AU - Rose, J G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - MACRO-TEXTURE, FRICTION...MEASUREMENTS ON 41 TYPICAL TEXAS HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - AB - FRICTION TESTS OBTAINED AT 20, 40, AND 60 MPH WITH THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT RESEARCH SKID TRAILER, AND MACRO-TEXTURE TESTS UTILIZING FOUR DIFFERENT METHODS WERE CONDUCTED ON FORTY-ONE PAVEMENT SURFACES. THESE SURFACES EXHIBITED WIDELY DIFFERENT FRICTION LEVELS, FRICTION-SPEED GRADIENTS, DRAINAGE CAPABILITIES, MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES, AND TEXTURE CLASSIFICATIONS. MACRO-TEXTURE VALUES OBTAINED WITH THE FOUR METHODS ARE COMPARED. THE EFFECTS OF MACRO- TEXTURE TYPES AND MAGNITUDES ON FRICTION NUMBERS AND FRICTION-SPEED GRADIENTS ARE ANALYZED. STATISTICAL ANALYSES AND TYPICAL PLOTS ARE GIVEN. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL MACRO-TEXTURE MEASUREMENT METHODS WHICH HAVE OR ARE BEING USED BY VARIOUS AGENCIES IN THE U. S. AND OTHER COUNTRIES ARE PRESENTED. FOR THE TREADED TIRE AND 0.020-INCH WATER FILM THICKNESSES USED, TEXTURE WAS FOUND TO HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON FRICTION LEVEL, BUT DID APPRECIABLY INFLUENCE THE PERCENT DECREASE IN FRICTION WITH SPEED. PAVEMENT CROSS SLOPE AND WHEEL TRACK DEPRESSION MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN. CROSS SLOPE VALUES ARE COMPARED WITH RECOMMENDED AASHO GUIDELINES. ON THE AVERAGE, CROSS SLOPES ON THE TEXAS PAVEMENTS INCLUDED WERE FOUND TO BE FLATTER THAN THOSE RECOMMENDED BY AASHO. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cross slope KW - Drainage KW - Friction KW - Friction tests KW - Highway pavement KW - Mineralogy KW - Pavements KW - Slopes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208020 AU - Khosa, R L AU - Heins, C P AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - STUDY OF TRUCK WEIGHTS AND THE CORRESPONDING INDUCED BRIDGE GIRDER STRESSES PY - AB - EXAMINATION OF THE FIELD DATA, INDUCED GIRDER STRAINS, AND CORRESPONDING VEHICLE TYPE AND GROSS WEIGHT FROM FIVE SIMPLY SUPPORTED GIRDER SLAB BRIDGES HAS YIELDED A SERIES OF EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS RELATING INDUCED STRESSES AND VEHICLE GROSS WEIGHTS. THESE EQUATIONS ARE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH LINEAR DAMAGE THEORY AND ESTIMATED VEHICLE WEIGHT AND VOLUME DATA TO PREDICT THE FATIGUE LIFE OF THE FIVE SPANS TESTED. A WIDE VARIATION IN PROBABLE FATIGUE LIFE RESULTED FROM THIS ANALYSIS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Empirical equations KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Girders KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Gross weight KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208010 AU - Goble, G AU - De, SANTIS P AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - GIRDER: AUTOMATED DESIGN II (SUMMARY) PY - AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS IS DESCRIBED FOR THE DESIGN OF WELDED STEEL PLATE GIRDERS WITH VARIABLE DEPTH, AND MATERIAL AND SPAN FOR A HIGHWAY BRIDGE. IT INCLUDES COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN FORTRAN IV. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Steel plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212110 AU - Jones, H L AU - Furr, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF STRANDS IN PRESTRESSED PANEL SUBDECKS PY - AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE RESULTS OF FIELD AND LAB STUDIES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PANELS OF THE TYPE PROPOSED FOR USE IN A NEW METHOD OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION. TWENTY PANELS, UTILIZING TWO DIFFERENT STRAND SIZES, CONCRETE TYPES, AND PANEL LENGTHS WERE CONSIDERED. OBJECTIVES INCLUDED THE DETERMINATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF THE PRESTRESSING STRANDS SHORTLY AFTER FABRICATION AND THE EFFECT OF CYCLIC LOADING ON THIS DEVELOPMENT LENGTH. CHANGES IN PANEL STIFFNESS AS A RESULT OF FATIGUE LOADING WERE ALSO MONITORED. TEST RESULTS SHOWED THAT AN AVERAGE 22 IN. OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH WAS REQUIRED FOR 3/8 IN. DIAMETER, 7-WIRE STRANDS PRETENSIONED WITH A FORCE OF 13.75 KIPS. AN AVERAGE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF 34 IN. WAS REQUIRED FOR 1/2 IN. DIAMETER STRANDS PRETENSIONED WITH A FORCE OF 27.50 KIPS. CYCLIC LOADING WAS FOUND, TO HAVE NEGLIGIBLE EFFECT ON STRAND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OR ON PANEL STIFFNESS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway bridges KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208011 AU - WEGMULLER, A W AU - Van, HORN DA AU - Cordoba, G C AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - SLAB BEHAVIOR OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX-BEAMS BRIDGE- HAZELTON BRIDGE PY - AB - PART OF THE FIELD TESTING IS DESRIBED OF A BEAM-SLAB TYPE HIGHWAY BRIDGE CONSTRUCTED WITH PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX GIRDERS, AND SUBJECTED TO LOADING WITH A TEST VEHICLE APPROXIMATING AASHO HS 20-44 LOADING. THE OVERALL INVESTIGATION INCLUDES STUDIES OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SLAB, AND OF LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE VEHICLE LOADING. THE PURPOSE IS TO DESCRIBE THE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION PERFORMED ON THE BRIDGE SLAB. THE TESTING CONSISTED OF THE CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF SALB SURFACE STRAINS AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS AS THE TEST VEHICLE WAS DRIVEN OVER THE SPAN AT VARIOUS SPEEDS. INVESTIGATIONS ARE INCLUDED ON THE LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES IN THE SLAB, THE EFFECT OF SPEED ON STRESSES, AND LOCAL WHEEL LOAD EFFECTS. FINALLY, A COMPARISON OF MOMENTS OBTAINED EXPERIMENTALLY WITH THE DESIGN MOMENT SPECIFIED BY AASHO IS GIVEN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Box beams KW - Box girders KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs KW - Speed KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215960 AU - Lowden, P R AU - Stoker, J R AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RELATIVE EFFECT OF DEW FORMATION ON REFLECTIVE SIGN MATERIALS PY - AB - STILL AND MOTION PICTURES RECORDED THE EFFECTS OF SIMULATED DEW (STEAM) IN THE LABORATORY AS WELL AS ACTUAL DEW FORMATION IN FIELD TESTS. THREE SIGN MATERIALS WERE USED FOR COMPARISON THROUGHOUT THE TESTS. THE EFFECT OF DEW FORMATION WAS RECORDED USING TIME LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHY. ALL MATERIALS DARKENED GRADUALLY AS DEW FORMED ON THE SIGNS; NONE OF THE MATERIALS EXHIBITED CONSISTENTLY BETTER LEGIBILITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Dew KW - Legibility KW - Materials KW - Reflective signs KW - Time lapse photography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206455 AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF SUBGRADES AND/OR THE OVERLYING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - AB - THE STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT IS NOW CARRIED ON MOSTLY BY DEFLECTION MEASURING DEVICES SUCH AS THE DYNAFLECT OR BENKELMAN BEAM. THE OBJECT WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE PROPERTIES OF THE DEFLECTED BASIN MEASURED BY THESE DEVICES ON THE PAVEMENT SURFACES COULD ENABLE EVALUATION OF THE SUBGRADE AND ITS OVERLYING PAVEMENT SEPARATELY. THE PROPERTIES OF THE DEFLECTED BASIN MEASURED BY THESE DEVICES ON THE PAVEMENT SURFACES COULD ENABLE EVALUATION OF THE SUBGRADE AND ITS OVERLYING PAVEMENT SEPARATELY. THE PROPERTIES OF THE DEFLECTED BASIN ARE DEFINED BY THE MAXIMUM DEFLECTION AND THE SPREADABILITY, WHICH IS THE AVERAGE DEFLECTION PERCENT OF THE MAXIMUM DEFLECTION. A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THESE PROPERTIES ARE A FUNCTION OF THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF THE SUBGRADE, THE AVERAGE MODULUS OF EALSTICITY OF THE PAVEMENT OVER THE SUBGRADE, AND THE THICKNESS INDEX OF THE PAVEMENT. A GENERAL CHART WAS DEVELOPED WHICH CORRELATES MAXIMUM DEFLECTION AND SPREADABILITY WITH (1) THE SUBGRADE STRENGTH, (2) THE AVERAGE PAVEMENT STRENGTH, AND (3) THE THICKNESS INDEX OF THE PAVEMENT. THE CHART WAS TESTED FOR STRUCTURAL EVALUATIONS OF THE SUBGRADE AND/ OR OVERLYING PAVEMENT FOR STRUCTURAL EVALUATIONS OF THE SUBGRADE AND/OR OVERLYING PAVEMENT FOR SATELLITE PROJECTS IN VIRGINIA. TEN TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF THE SATELLITE PROJECTS ARE GIVEN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Structural analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Theory KW - Thickness UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37400/37421/70-R31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225005 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oregon State Highway Division TI - OREGON FOG HAZARD STUDY - INTERIM REPORT PY - AB - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNS IS INVESTIGATED IN CONTROLLING TRAFFIC ON AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY DURING PERIODS OF HAZARDOUS DRIVING CONDITIONS SUCH AS FOG, VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, OR CONGESTION. THE SIGNS, ARE BEING MEASURED QUANTITATIVELY BY USE OF ACCIDENT RECORDS, VEHICULAR SPEEDS, AND HEADWAYS BASED ON DATA AVAILABLE, INTERVIEWS WITH THE STATE POLICE, AND VISUAL OBSERVATION OF VEHICULAR OPERATIONS, IT APPEARS THAT THE SIGNS ARE EFFECTIVE IN CONTROLLING TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AND THEREBY PREVENTING ACCIDENTS DURING PERIODS OF REDUCED VISIBILITY DUE TO FOG. /AUTHOR/ KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Fog KW - Headways KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Signs KW - Speed KW - Traffic control KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114854 ER -