TY - RPRT AN - 01457525 AU - Schultz, Thomas Gordon AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Safety at Railroad Highway Grade Crossing PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 122p AB - The purpose of this research investigation was to analyze the effects of environment, topography, geometry, and highway and rail traffic patterns with respect to rail-highway grade crossing accidents in rural areas. The mathematical tools of factor analysis and regression analysis were used to develop models for predicting the relative hazard at a railroad grade crossing. These models are based on rail volume, highway volume, and roadside distractions, such as houses, businesses and advertising signs. To evaluate the proposed mathematical relationships, it was necessary to collect sufficient data on many variables deemed to have an influence on safety. Therefore, 56 variables were measured at the 239 accident locations and 23 variables at the 241 non-accident locations. Previous research efforts were concerned either with long period accident experience or with before- and- after studies of the various protection devices. In this research, locations which experienced accidents in a two-year period were compared to non-accident locations. The results of this study can be used to determine the type of protection which a crossing warrants. KW - Factor analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad safety KW - Regression analysis KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313672 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457020 AU - Brown, R H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Aluminum Pipe Culverts PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 38p AB - Although aluminum has been used extensively In the construction industry for several decades, its advent Into the culvert pipe market is relatively new. In general, engineers are not acquainted with the in-service behavior of aluminum as a culvert material, The performance of corrugated metal pipe (galvanized steel) and reinforced concrete culverts are understood relatively well. The structural, hydraulic and corrosive behavior of these long-used products under a given set of environmental conditions can be predicted with a certain degree of accuracy and confidence. Design policies and specifications for aluminum corrugated pipe were requested from eleven state highway departments and three Federal Government agencies. Their general practices, policies, opinions and specifications have been reviewed and the findings assimilated in this report. Each agency responded with a variety of information. The U.S. General Services Administration. U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. U.S. Forest Service (California Divisional Office) and the Raiser Aluminum Saler, Inc. supplemented the material received from the highway departments. KW - Aluminum KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Design KW - Pipe culverts KW - Specifications UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313687 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457018 AU - Kibbee, Gary Willard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measurement of the Dynamic Tire Forces of a Large Truck PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 176p AB - The study of the dynamic tire forces of a moving vehicle is a relatively new subject that is receiving increased attention from both automotive engineers and highway engineers. This investigation was part of a joint effort between these two groups. The primary concern of this investigation was the measurement of the dynamic tire forces of a large truck as it passed over an instrumented section of pavement. As a consequence of this investigation it was possible to obtain the dynamic tire force measurements that were of interest to those who were concerned with pavement behavior. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Pavement performance KW - Rolling contact KW - Tire forces KW - Tire pressure UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313684 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457016 AU - Schuster, James James AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Models For Trip Prediction Developed from Fourteen Urban Areas : Technical Paper PY - 1965/01 SP - 30p AB - The purpose of this research was to develop a method for synthesizing urban travel patterns through an evaluation of various factors which affected travel characteristics in 14 different urban areas. The study included an investigation of travel characteristics in standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs) less than one million in population. This population classification was chosen because of the possible homogeneity in the factors affecting transportation facilities. Statistical analyses of data from the 14 cities were made to evaluate correlations in urban travel characteristics. Urban vehicular trip patterns, truck trips, and traffic generation of the central business district were among the characteristics investigated. KW - Cities KW - Metropolitan statistical areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Truck traffic KW - Urban travel UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313679 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457013 AU - Sanborn, John Leonard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Experimental Analysis of Transient Vehicle Loads and Response of Flexible Pavements PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 142p AB - Many procedures are in current use for designing and evaluating flexible pavements. All of these procedures rely to some degree on empirical relations of pavement performance and vehicle loads. None of them take into account the effect of vehicle velocity on the wheel load or the dynamic response of the pavement to that load. The evaluation of pavement response has involved measurement of stress and of displacement, but not both simultaneously. Furthermore, the load used in analysis of data has generally been simply the static wheel (or axle) load. This report describes the development and application of equipment and techniques for measuring simultaneously the dynamic loads applied to a pavement by a moving vehicle, and the dynamic stresses and displacements induced by that load in a flexible pavement and its subgrade. Dynamic loads were measured by monitoring the fluctuations in tire inflation pressure. Dynamic calibration techniques were applied to obtain the force-pressure ratio for the tlre-vehicle combination as a function of frequency. Field measurements of tire pressure were resolved into frequency components, transformed to force and recombined to obtain the total force exerted on the pavement. Using fitted equations, predicted values of stress and displacement were obtained for particular values of load and vehicle position as a function of vehicle velocity. The ratios of average vertical stress to average vertical strain in the base course and in the subgrade were computed from predicted values of stress and displacement and the variation of these ratios with vehicle velocity is demonstrated. KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Rolling contact KW - Stresses KW - Tire pressure KW - Velocity UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313685 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457012 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Interstate Route I-64 between Scalesville and New Albany in Warrick, Spencer, Dubois, Perry, Crawford, Harrison and Floyd Counties, Indiana : Progress Report PY - 1965/01 SP - 41p AB - This report and series of aerial photographic strip maps represents the airphoto Interpretation of engineering soils for the section of Interstate 64 from Scalesville east to New Albany. The section includes parts of Warrick, Spencer, Dubois, Perry, Crawford, Harrison and Floyd Counties, Indiana. The aerial photographic strip map extends about one and one half mile on each side of the center line along the proposed route. Unrectified aerial photographs of a scale of 1/24,000 taken in April and May of 1958 by the Photronix, Inc. of Ohio were used in this study. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Indiana KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313686 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457011 AU - Quinn, Bayard Elmer AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Problems Encountered in Using Elevation Power Spectra as a Criteria of Pavement Condition : Information Report PY - 1965/01 SP - 59p AB - Elevation power spectra are calculated for sections of pavement for which Bureau of Public Roads roughometer ratings are available, and these ratings are compared with a criterion of pavement condition based on the computed elevation power spectra. In general, the criterion of pavement condition determined from the power spectrum is less reliable than the criterion of condition determined by the roughometer. Problems associated with the calculation of elevation power spectra from highway elevation measurements are discussed, and the effects of two different methods for obtaining elevation deviations are shown. The use of a running mean for this purpose is shown to yield more satisfactory results. Power spectra calculated from data obtained by other devices used to determine highway condition are also included. These devices give good results, although insufficient data are available to form a valid conclusion relative to the performance of these devices. KW - Condition surveys KW - Pavements KW - Power spectra KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313678 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457008 AU - Larson, Roy Hilton AU - Grecco, William Louise AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimating Axle Loadings on State Highways in Indiana : Technical Paper PY - 1965/01 SP - 29p AB - The state highway departments are charged with the responsibility of providing adequate facilities to meet the demands of motor vehicle transportation. In order to accomplish this assignment, a system must be designed which will consider traffic volumes, the types and weights of vehicles, and the frequency of load application as system loadings. Considerable emphasis by the Bureau of Public Roads and the various state highway departments has provided the highway planners with acceptable procedures for establishing traffic volumes on rural and urban highway systems. Equally important from the design standpoint is the magnitude and frequency of load application made on the roadway pavement. In the United States, all trucks represent only about sixteen percent of the total registered motor vehicle population. Including both private and for-hire trucks, in 1964 there were over fourteen million trucks registered and of these, only 35 percent contributed to the design consideration of the structural pavement. An even smaller percentage, or approximately eight percent, have axle loads which are significantly of concern. The structural design of pavements is dependent upon the weights of a relatively small number of the total motor vehicle population. It should be pointed out, however, that these heavier vehicles are more fully utilised and operated many more miles per year. These two important facts make statistical weight estimates more acceptable than if there were many different trucks operated over shorter distances per year. KW - Axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Indiana KW - State highways KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313682 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457004 AU - Rude, Ronald G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Formulation of a Technique for Evaluating Urban Highway Needs PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 221p AB - Needs studies of urban street systems are costly and time consuming and require a large number of personnel for their performance. Sampling techniques can be used to reduce the expenditure and time necessary to conduct these studies. Before a procedure could be developed using sampling techniques, it was first necessary to have a complete needs study. This needs study was conducted in West Lafayette, Indiana. The initial approach used in this study was the typical engineering analysis where each section of street and each intersection were thoroughly investigated. The study process followed in this research consisted of eight basic steps: 1. Classification of streets into systems according to the functions performed in serving traffic demands. 2. Development of design and tolerable standards. 3. Inventory of each street section and intersection to describe its physical characteristics and its traffic load. 4. Determination of present street and intersection deficiencies and those which are expected to develop within the 20-year study period. 5. Determination of the physical improvements needed to overcome the present and future deficiencies. 6. Estimation of the costs of needed improvements. 7. Establishment of priorities for improvements. 8. Application of statistical considerations to determine if reliable cost estimates can be obtained by sampling techniques. This investigation revealed a very high variability, in regard to improvement costs, in each group of street section and intersection classification. The highest variability was obtained for arterial street sections, and the lowest variation was noted for the intersection of collector streets. Graphs were prepared showing the percentage of sample size versus the standard error of the mean in terms of improvement costs for each classification of streets and intersections. From these graphs the expected variation in the costs of improving the urban street system, within known limits, can be determined for a given sample size in West Lafayette, Indiana. If sampling procedures similar to those applied to this study are used in a number of urban communities, it may be possible to develop graphs of the percentage of sample size versus the standard error of the mean, for various street and intersection classifications, which could be used as standards by cities for determining sample sizes in estimating their street system improvement costs. KW - Costs KW - Improvements KW - Needs assessment KW - Statistical sampling KW - Streets KW - Urban highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313688 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457002 AU - Peterson, Arvid O AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Analysis of Traffic Accidents on a High-Volume Highway: Technical Paper PY - 1965/01 SP - 59p AB - In the United States and in Indiana the population, the number of vehicle miles, the number of motor vehicle registrations, and the number of deaths from traffic accidents, 1953 to 1963, increased. However, the death rate per 100 million vehicle miles decreased substantially during this ten year period. Although successful steps have been taken to reduce motor vehicle accidents, the highway engineer is the first to admit that there is room for much improvement. The Joint Highway Research Project in 1964 initiated a traffic engineering demonstration project on the U. S. 52 By-Pass at Lafayette-West Lafayette, Indiana. One of the first phases of this was a study in depth of the traffic accidents which occurred on this facility, to develop recommendations for traffic engineering improvements which would reduce accidents on this facility, and information of value on other high volume urban highways. The Lafayette-West Lafayette By-Pass was the scene of 834 accidents between January 1, 1961, and December 31, 1963. A total of 374 injuries and ten deaths resulted from these accidents. These are the accidents which were investigated in this study. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - High volume roads KW - Highway safety KW - Indiana KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313683 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457001 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Current Highway Research at Purdue: the Joint Highway Research Project : Technical Paper PY - 1965/01 SP - 36p AB - The highway research program of the Joint Highway Research Project at Purdue University at any one time consists of 40 to 50 projects. These projects vary in size and complexity but typically a project will be performed by a principal investigator under the direction of an experienced research engineer and will be from one to three years in length. The selection of projects is one of the primary responsibilities of the Advisory Board of the Project and almost every idea for a research project originates with a Board member or some member of the Indiana State Highway Commission. This is as it should be for one of the primary purposes of the Joint Highway Research Project is to provide solutions to problems of the Indiana State Highway Commission. During this fiscal year 1964-1965, 51 research projects have been active and as of the present date, March 1965, 43 highway research projects are active. It has been the practice each year at the research session of the Road School to report in some detail on two to four of the projects. This year only one of the current researches will be reported in detail and the other 50 projects which have been or still are active this year will be briefly discussed. KW - Highways KW - Joint Highway Research Project (Purdue University) KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research projects KW - Research reports UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313681 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457000 AU - Smith, Thorold G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimization Model for Maintenance of Traffic Signals PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 145p AB - The purpose of this investigation was to develop a comprehensive traffic signal and flasher maintenance program, using systems analysis techniques, that was both economical and practical for the Crawfordsville maintenance district in the State of Indiana. All phases of the corrective and preventive maintenance operations were analyzed to determine the optimal maintenance program. The optimum lamp replacement program, involving the determination of the proper cycle lengths for the most economic group lamp replacements, was determined. The shortest route for preventive maintenance operations was ascertained for several maintenance alternatives, and the most economic option was revealed. An economic analysis was performed to compare the maintenance costs for work executed by State personnel and subcontractors, and recommendations were made concerning allocating additional maintenance responsibilities to subcontractors. Then the staff necessary for effective traffic signal and flasher operation was ascertained for the Crawfordsville maintenance district. The results of this study of the traffic signal and flasher maintenance in the Crawfordsville district indicates that preventive maintenance is advisable because it affords economic advantages and reduces the probability of failure, thereby improving traffic safety. The proposed maintenance program for the study district includes scheduling group lamp replacements at six-month intervals, using 6000-hr lamps, and allocating maintenance operations to subcontractors where there is a sufficient clustering of traffic signals and flashers. KW - Flashers KW - Maintenance KW - Optimization KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic signals UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313689 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206254 AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways TI - PRE-FIELD REPORT, CHLOE PROFILOMETER AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT PY - 1965/01 AB - STEPS TAKEN BY THE STATE TO MAKE A CHLOE PROFILOMETER FIELD OPERATIONAL ARE DESCRIBED. THIS CONSISTED OF A SHAKE-DOWN OF THE EQUIPMENT, THE CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSPORT TRAILER AND THE SELECTION OF A TOWING VEHICLE. THE SHAKE-DOWN INDICATED SEVERAL MALFUNCTIONS AND FABRICATION FLAWS INCLUDING /1/ FAULTY WIRING, /2/ LOOSE PLUG ON THE BACK OF THE COMPUTER, /3/ MISALINEMENT OF ROLLER CONTACT ON SWITCH PLATE, /4/ MISALIGNMENT OF THE SLOTTED DISK IN THE PHOTO-CELL HOUSING, /5/ UNINSULATED WIRES IN PHOTO-CELL HOUSING, /6/ DIODES TOUCHING CIRCUIT BOARDS, /7/ SCRATCHED PRINTED CIRCUITS AND /8/ EXCESS SOLDER THAT COULD CAUSE SHORTING. THE TRANSPORT TRAILER, A TWO-WHEEL DOLLY, WAS CONSTRUCTED OF STANDARD ITEMS. IN TRANSPORT, THE FRONT SECTION OF THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER IS STACKED ON TOP OF THE REAR SECTION. AN AUTOMOBILE WITH AN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION WAS THE TOWING VEHICLE. IT WAS SPECIALLY WIRED SO THAT ITS GENERATOR SYSTEM COULD BE USED TO CHARGE THE PROFILOMETER BATTERTIES AND TO PROVIDE POWER FOR THE PROFILOMETER COMPUTER. THE ENTIRE REAR SEAT WAS REMOVED AND A CUSTOM-BUILT DESK WAS INSTALLED TO ACCOMMODATE THE COMPUTER AND AN ELECTRIC CALCULATOR. KW - Chloe profilometers KW - Defects KW - Maintenance practices KW - Oklahoma KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Pre-field KW - Profilometers KW - Shake-down KW - Shakedown tests KW - Testing KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Transportation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206258 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES FOR A STATEWIDE RIGID PAVEMENT STUDY PY - 1965/01 AB - IN 1963 THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT INITIATED A STATEWIDE PERFORMANCE STUDY OF CONTINUOULSY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. THE STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO DEVELOP INFORMATION PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF FIVE PRIMARY VARIABLES NAMELY, SERVICEABILITY RATING, TRAFFIC, LOAD DEFLECTION, STEEL STRAIN AND EDGE DEPOSITS. EACH OF THESE VARIABLES IS BEING HANDLED AS AN INDIVIDUAL SUBSTUDY TO PROVIDE DATA FOR AN OVER OVERALL ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT, TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES RELATIVE TO THE COLLECTION OF THE LOAD-DEFLECTION DATA. SPECIFICALLY COVERED IS DEVELOPMENT OF /1/ METHOD OF OBTAINING THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE PAVEMENT, /2/ DEVICE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF THE PAVEMENT AS IT DEFLECTS UNDER LOAD, /3/ LOADED TRUCK CAPABLE OF CARRYING EQUIPMENT AND MOVING ABOUT THE STATE WITHOUT DIFFICULTY AND /4/ OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR BENKELMAN BEAM AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE MEASUREMENTS. THE STUDY INDICATED THAT' 1. TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIALS MEASURED IN SMALL AUXILIARY SLABS OF THE SAME THICKNESS AND CONCRETE AS THE HIGHWAY PAVEMENT WILL CLOSELY APPROXIMATE THOSE THAT EXIST IN THE HIGHWAY PAVEMENT. 2. A DEVICE, KNOWN AS THE BASIN BEAM, CONSISTING OF A 3/4- INCH WIDE, 2-INCH DEEP ALUMINUM BEAM WITH A FIXED REFERENCE POINTS 40 INCHES APART AND A 0.0001-INCH DIRECT READING DIAL GAGE AT MIDSPAN IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR PREDICTING THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF THE PAVEMENT UNDER APPLIED LOADS. /BPR/ KW - Collection KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data KW - Deflection KW - Development KW - Equipment KW - Loads KW - Methodology KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Studies KW - Temperature measurement KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238302 AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation TI - A NEW HIGHWAY CODE FOR VERMONT PY - 1965/01 AB - A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING VERMONT HIGHWAY LAWS WERE CONDUCTED TO INDICATE NEEDED LEGISLATIVE ADDITIONS AND REVISIONS VIA A SUGGESTED HIGHWAY CODE. THE SUGGESTED CODE FOLLOWS THE COLUMNAR FORM USED BY OTHER STATES IN THEIR LAWS REVISION STUDIES. THE SUBSTANTIVE HIGHWAY LAWS ARE ORGANIZED ACCORDING TO ACCEPTED TITLES. CERTAIN NEW SECTIONS HAVE BEEN ADDED SUCH AS DEFINITION OF TERMS AND DECLARATION OF LEGISLATIVE INTENT. THE SUGGESTED CHANGES IN THE LAW ARE BASED UPON A ONE-YEAR STUDY BY A SELECTED LEGISLATIVE STUDY STAFF. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Case studies KW - Change KW - Definitions KW - Highway law KW - Highway law uniformity KW - Law uniformity KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Legislation KW - Legislative intent KW - Surveys KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207740 AU - Payvar, K AU - Vasarhelyi, D D AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND THEIR WELDMENTS PY - 1965/01 AB - THE RELIABILITY OF THE RECENTLY INTRODUCED HIGH-STRENGTH STEELS AND THEIR WELDMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH REPEATED LOAD APPLICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED. STEELS CONSIDERED WERE A7, A36, A373, A242, A441, V50, V60, SSS, AND T1-A. THE VARIOUS STRUCTURAL STEELS AND THEIR WELDMENTS WERE EVALUATED FROM TWO VIEWPOINTS, FIRST, THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS IN QUESTION WERE COMPARED TO ESTABLISH STANDARD MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS, AND SECOND, THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF THE NEWLY INTRODUCED MATERIALS WERE COMPARED TO THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF THE STEEL KNOWN, USED AND PROVEN THROUGH A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. ALSO, THE PROPERTIES OF THE WELD METAL AND OF THE TRANSITION ZONE WERE COMPARED TO THE PROPERTIES OF THE BASE METALS. THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS GRADES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND THEIR WELDMENTS WERE EXAMINED IN COMPARISON WITH THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY SPECIFICATIONS AND STRESSES RECOMMENDED BY THE UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION FOR THEIR HEAT-TREATED STEELS. LOW CARBON, LOW-ALLOY HIGH-STRENGTH, AND PROPRIETARY GRADE V-STEELS MET THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWS SPECIFICATIONS FOR REPEATED STRESSES. COMPARABLE RECOMMENDED REQUIREMENTS FOR THE HEAT-TREATED STEELS APPEAR TO BE HIGH IN SOME CASES. IN GENERAL, FOR APPROXIMATELY THE SAME RATIO OF TEST STRESS LEVEL TO THE ULTIMATE STATIC STRENGTH, THE LOWER STRENGTH STEELS HAVE LONGER FATIGUE LIVES. WELDMENTS WERE FOUND TO HAVE AS LONG FATIGUE LIVES AS THE CORRESPONDING BASE METALS, EXCEPT FOR THE HEAT-TREATED STEELS. UNDERSTRESSING APPEARED TO REDUCE THE FATIGUE LIFE OF ALL SPECIMENS BUT HAD NO EFFECT ON THE STATIC PROPERTIES. INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT ARE APPENDICES WHICH DEAL WITH METHODS OF OBSERVING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE CRACKS, PREVIOUS TESTS OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND THEIR WELDMENTS, EVALUATION OF SPECIFIED MINIMUM FATIGUE REQUIREMENTS AND SUPPORTING TESTS, DETERMINATION OF FATIGUE STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR FOR NOTCHED SPECIMENS AND DERIVATION OF S-N CURVES FOR A36, A242, AND T1-A STEELS. KW - A242 steel KW - A36 steel KW - A373 steel KW - A441 steel KW - A7 steel KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Cracking KW - Establishing KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue life KW - High strength steel KW - Minima KW - Minimization KW - Properties of materials KW - Reliability KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Sss steel KW - Standards KW - Structural steel KW - T1-a steel KW - V50 steel KW - V60 steel KW - Weld metal KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242843 AU - International Road Federation TI - METHODOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXCHANGE PY - 1965/01 AB - NATIONAL HIGHWAY AGENCIES AND LABORATORIES, UNIVERSITIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS IN DENMARK, ITALY, SWEDEN AND WEST GERMANY WERE VISITED IN THE SUMMER 1964 AS PART OF A PILOT STUDY OF EFFECTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR OBTAINING INFORMATION ON CURRENT HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ABROAD. THE TENTATIVE METHODOLOGY DEVELOPED FOR THIS PURPOSE, THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS IN THESE COUNTRIES, AND MAJOR AREAS OF CURRENT INTEREST ARE DESCRIBED . IN ADDITION, ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS KNOWN TO BE ENGAGED IN HIGHWAY RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION ARE DISCUSSED. BASED ON EXPERIENCE GAINED IN THIS INITIAL STUDY, BASIC QUESTIONS WHICH NEED TO BE RESOLVED IN UNDERTAKING A MORE EXTENSIVE INVENTORY OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES ARE DELINEATED, THE METHODOLOGY DEEMED NECESSARY FOR THE EFFECTIVE CONDUCT OF SUCH AN INVENTORY IS DESCRIBED, AND A LIST OF THIRTY-ONE ADDITIONAL COUNTRIES IN EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, SOUTH AMERICAN AND AUSTRALIA IS RECOMMENDED FOR COVERAGE IN A PROPOSED SECOND STEP TOWARD AN ULTIMATE GOAL OF A WORLDWIDE INVENTORY AS A BASIS FOR INTERNATIONAL HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION EXCHANGE. /BPR/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Data communications KW - Denmark KW - Development KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Germany KW - Highways KW - Information dissemination KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Information systems KW - Inventory KW - Italy KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Studies KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228689 AU - Sherif, M A AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - FLOW AND FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF SEATTLE CLAYS PY - 1965/01 IS - 1 SP - 78 p. AB - SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SHEAR STRENGTH THEORIES OF SOILS THAT HAVE BEEN ADVANCED SINCE THE EARLY 1930'S ARE REVIEWED AND ANALYZED. THE SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF SEATTLE CLAYS CANNOT BE ANALYZED BY CONVENTIONAL STRENGTH THEORIES BECAUSE THE FAILURE STRESS DEPENDS ON TIME AND FAILURE STRAIN DEPENDS ON THE LEVEL OF STRESS. CONSEQUENTLY, A NEW SHEAR STRENGTH THEORY THAT CONSIDERS TIME EFFECTS AND DEFINES THE DESIGN STRENGTH OF A SOIL EXHIBITING TIME-DEPENDENT SHEAR BEHAVIOR AT THE CREEP LIMIT IS PROPOSED. FOR THE THREE TYPES OF SOILS TESTED, THE DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH (CREEP LIMIT) OF SEATTLE CLAYS IS FOUND TO BE CLOSE TO 50 PERCENT OF THEIR SHORT-TERM SHEAR STRENGTH. A SERIES OF PARAMETERS ARE OFFERED FOR IDENTIFYING THE DEFORMATION AND FLOW PROPERTIES OF SEATTLE SOILS. /FHWA/ KW - Clay KW - Deformation KW - Flow KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Shear strength KW - Slope stability KW - Soil deformation KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582526 AU - Ferguson, E G AU - Hoover, J M AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Highway Research Board AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Improvement of Granular Base Course Materials with Portland Cement PY - 1965///Special Report SP - 94p AB - A highway base course may be defined as a layer of granular material which lies immediately below the wearing surface of a pavement and must possess high resistance to deformation in order to withstand pressures imposed by traffic. A material commonly used for base course construction is crushed limestone. Sources of limestone, acceptable for highway bases in the state of Iowa, occur almost entirely in the Pennsylvanian, Mississippian and Devonian strata. Performance records of the latter two have been quite good, while material from the Pennsylvanian stratum has failed on numerous occasions. The study reported herein is one segment of an extensive research program on compacted crushed limestone used for flexible highway base courses. The primary goals of the total study are: 1. Determination of a suitable and realistic laboratory method of compaction; 2. Effect of gradation, and mineralogy of the fines, on shearing strength; and 3. Possible improvement of the shear strength with organic and inorganic chemical stabilization additives. Although the study reported herein deals primarily with the third goal, information gathered from work on the first two was required for this investigation. The primary goal of this study was the evaluation of various factors of stability of three crushed limestones when treated with small amounts of type I Portland cement. Investigation of the untreated materials has indicated that shear strength alone is not the controlling factor for stability of crushed stone bases. Thus the following observations were made in addition to shear strength parameters, to more adequately ascertain the stability of the cement treated materials: 1. Volume change during consolidation and shear testing; and 2. Pore pressure during shear. The consolidated-undrained triaxial shear test was used for determination of the above factors. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Crushed limestone KW - Granular bases KW - Iowa KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Mineralogy KW - Portland cement KW - Shear strength KW - Soil stabilization KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17269 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582525 AU - Tinoco, Fernando H AU - Handy, Richard L AU - Hoover, James M AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Iowa Highway Research Board AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Void Ratio and Shear Strength of Two Compacted Crushed Stones PY - 1965///Progress Report SP - 25p AB - Triaxial compression tests of two crushed limestones of differing highway service records indicate a fundamental difference in their shear strength - void ratio relationship. Analyses were based on stress parameters at minimum sample volume, i.e., before there was significant sample dilation due to shear. The better service record sample compacted to higher density, and had a high effective angle of internal friction and zero effective cohesion. Repeated loading-unloading cycles reduced the cohesion, apparently due to modification of the sample structure. Extrapolations of the results to zero void ratio agree with sliding friction data reported on calcite, or with triaxial parameters reported on carbonate rocks. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Cohesion KW - Compaction KW - Crushed limestone KW - Shear strength KW - Triaxial compression tests KW - Void ratios UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17235 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454144 AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Automobile Tire Hydroplaning: What Happens! (Video) PY - 1965 AB - This video shows how and why automobile tires lose contact with wet pavements and the relationship between speed, tire wear, and water depth. The dangers of hydroplaning are emphasized. KW - Highway safety KW - Hydroplaning KW - Rolling contact KW - Skidding KW - Tire performance KW - Wet conditions UR - http://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.AVA1295VNB1 UR - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdHwuBbyu74 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01390459 AU - Searcy, J K AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FWHA) TI - Design of roadside drainage channels PY - 1965 IS - 4 SP - 56p KW - Design KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Highway engineering KW - Road engineering KW - Roadside KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1158225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105857 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Division of Traffic and Planning TI - Highway-railroad grade crossing inventory PY - 1965 SP - ca. 80 leaves KW - Evaluation KW - Inventory KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105844 AU - Rapp, John AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Highway finance, taxation and cost allocation : theory and practices PY - 1965 SP - xii, 245 p. KW - Cost allocation KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway transportation KW - Roads KW - States KW - Taxation KW - Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105817 AU - Brackett, H R AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research TI - Experimental evaluation of signing for hazardous driving conditions : flashing beacons used in conjunction with speed reduction signing : evaluation of school warning sign PY - 1965 SP - 58 p. KW - Children KW - Evaluation KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Highway beacons KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00939977 AU - Davis, Raymond E AU - Kozak, John F AU - Scheffey, Charles F AU - California Division of Highways AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A BOX GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1965 SP - 73, [88] p. AB - This study describes a research program which had as its primary goal the study of the manner in which live loads are distributed transversely in a box girder. Secondary objectives included determining 1) dead load distribution; 2) influence of intermediate diaphragms on live load distribution; and, 3) influence of barrier curbs and railings on live load distribution. The principal experimental effort consisted of a field test of a new structure on the California State Highway system, the Harrison Street Undercrossing, in Oakland. Tests were conducted to evaluate physical properties of the component materials of the structure. Dynamic tests were conducted to measure the strains deflections, and the accelerations of the structure and test vehicle. Supplementary instruments were included within the structure to provide information regarding shears and temperature distribution. Extensive analytical studies were conducted, focusing on valuating the validity of using distribution factors determined experimentally for the structure in the design of box girders with differing configurations or proportions. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Deflection tests KW - Live loads KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Oakland (California) KW - Shear strain KW - Strain measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/731251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771855 AU - Roeca, William B AU - Todosiev, Ernest P AU - Thomas, W B AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THEORY AND DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1965 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This is a collection of papers and reports which deal with the automation of vehicles. The papers focus on the following subjects: information regarding the status of a lead car, block systems, the acceptable structures of an automatic system for vehicular control linear modes used for control systems, vehicle control theory automatic steering systems, and stranded vehicle detection. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Longitudinal control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771856 AU - Roeca, William B AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DESIGN OF AN AUTOMOBILE CONTROLLER FOR OPTIMUM TRAFFIC RESPONSE TO STOCHASTIC DISTURBANCES (APPENDIX II TO EES 202-2) PY - 1965 SP - 125 p. AB - This paper is concerned with the effects of random disturbances upon a queue (a platoon of closely spaced vehicles) of automatically controlled vehicles and the design of the linear mode so as to optimize performance of the queue dynamics. Random disturbances induced by manually controlled vehicles, control system noise, and wind and road-induced forces are considered. An optimum linear controller for individual vehicles is found, which minimizes headway disturbance and limits the mean squared values of velocity disturbances in the queue. The paper includes an example of the optimization of the linear controller based upon a representative disturbance power density spectrum. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Controllers KW - Longitudinal control KW - Traffic platooning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771818 AU - Cosgriff, Robert L AU - Rockwell, Thomas H AU - Treiterer, Joseph AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDY OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES AS TRAFFIC AIDS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1965 SP - 48 p. AB - The initial objectives of this research were directed toward the application of the latest developments in electronic technology to help solve problems of highway flow and safety. The traffic aids focused on in this study are principally those concerned with longitudinal control. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Longitudinal control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207843 AU - Turner, H T AU - Aguilar, R J AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE DECKS ON STEEL STRINGERS PY - 1965 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A FIELD AND ANALYTICAL STUDY INTO THE CAUSES OF CRACKING OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BRIDGE SLABS IN LOUISIANA. THE FIELD STUDY INVOLVED THE DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENT CONDITION OF 389 SIMPLY SUPPORTED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BRIDGE SLABS BUILT COMPOSITELY WITH STEEL STRINGERS. THIS INCLUDED A CRACK SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION STUDY AND A DETERMINATION OF REINFORCEMENT EMBEDMENT DEPTH. AVAILABLE CONSTRUCTION RECORDS WERE REVIEWED, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS TO WHICH THE STRUCTURES HAD BEEN SUBJECTED WERE STUDIES ALONG WITH THE TRAFFIC HISTORY OF EACH BRIDGE. THE ANALYTICAL STUDIES ATTEMPTED TO RELATE DESIGN CRITERIA, DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE STRUCTURE AND CONCRETE SHRINKAGE TO THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE BRIDGE. SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS PRESENTED WERE: (1) THERE APPEARS TO BE NO REASONABLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLAB DETERIORATION AND MOST OF THE VARIABLES INVOLVED IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. (2) IF THE CONCRETE COVER WAS LESS THAN 3/4 INCHES, THE CRACKS TENDED TO COINCIDE WITH REINFORCEMENT ORIENTATION. IF THE COVER WAS LARGER, NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRACKS AND REINFORCEMENT ORIENTATION EXISTED, (3) SHRINKAGE STRAINS AS ANALYTICALLY DETERMINED ARE AS GREAT AS THE APPROXIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE, (4) THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS POINTED TO THE SUPPOSITION THAT FOR SOME SPAN LENGTH AND LOADING COMBINATIONS, CRACK PROPAGATION IS CAUSED MAINLY BY OSCILLATIONS DUE TO MOVING VEHICLES. /BPR/ KW - Anchoring KW - Bridge decks KW - Climate KW - Composite construction KW - Concrete KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Depth KW - Embedments (Concrete) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Oscillation KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shrinkage KW - Slabs KW - Steel KW - Stringers KW - Structural analysis KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206264 AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE STUDY PY - 1965 AB - THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY WERE /A/ TO RELATE THE PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS TO THEIR DESIGN, LOADING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, AND /B/ TO CHECK THE VALIDITY OF THE DESIGN METHOD IN USE IN 1950. TWENTY-TWO PAVEMENT SECTIONS, RANGING IN LENGTH FROM 4 TO 26 MILES, WERE INCLUDED WHICH WERE CONSIDERED TO BE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DESIGNS, SOILS, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND TRAFFIC EXISTING WITHIN THE STATE. SAMPLING AND TESTING OF THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE COMPONENTS AND ROADBED MATERIALS WERE ACCOMPLISHED AT SEVERAL STATIONS IN EACH PAVEMENT SECTION. INITIAL DATE COLLECTED FOR EACH STATION INCLUDED' THICKNESSES OF COMPONENTS, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONS, LABORATORY CBR VALUES, R-VALUE OF UNTREATED COMPONENTS, AND VARIOUS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BITUMINOUS MIXES. IN ADDITION, DESIGN TRAFFIC DATA FOR EACH PAVEMENT SECTION WERE OBTAINED. SUBSEQUENTLY THE FOLLOWING DATA WERE COLLECTED' FIELD MOISTURE AND DENSITY, AND TRAFFIC VOLUME AND CLASSIFICATION FOR 1951 TO 1955, INCLUSIVE, CBR VALUES FOR 1951 AND 1952, ROUGHOMETER INDEXES FOR 1953 AND 1954 AND ANNUAL SUFFICIENCY RATINGS FOR 1953 TO 1962, INCLUSIVE. THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHOD ADOPTED IN 1947 IS DESCRIBED. ANALYSES OF THE PERFORMANCE OF 11 PAVEMENT SECTIONS DESIGNED BY THAT METHOD AND MODIFICATIONS ADOPTED IN 1955 ARE DISCUSSED. IT WAS FOUND /A/ THAT THE SUFFICIENCY RATING USED, TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER INFORMATION OBTAINED, IS A FAIRLY EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR DETERMINING THE ADEQUACY OF THE DESIGN METHOD, AND /B/ THAT 82 PERCENT OF THE PAVEMENTS USING THE DESIGN METHOD PERFORMED SATISFACTORILY. REFERECES' COLORADOS FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHOD. HRB BULL. NO. 126, 1956. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - California bearing ratio KW - Design KW - Environment KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Flexible pavements KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Performance KW - Physical properties KW - R-value KW - Roadbed material KW - Roughness coefficient KW - Samples KW - Subgrade materials KW - Swelling index KW - Testing KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238315 AU - Davenport, J D AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - NOISE LITIGATION STUDY PY - 1965 AB - A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF NOISE DAMAGE AND NOISE LITIGATION WERE CONDUCTED, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE RIGHTS OF THE PRIVATE LAND OWNER TO USE HIS PROPERTY WITHOUT UNREASONABLE INTERFERENCE FROM NOISE-PRODUCING OPERATIONS WHICH BENEFIT SOCIETY AS A WHOLE. OBSERVATIONS ARE MADE ON THE FACTORS OF USING SOUND-MEASURING DEVICES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FINDINGS AS TO HEARING DAMAGE RESULTING FROM VARIOUS LEVELS OF NOISE. /BPR/ KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Hearings KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Loss and damage KW - Noise KW - Physiological aspects KW - Sound level meters KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201155 AU - Christensen, A H AU - Hartronft, B C AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 35 ON BLACKWELL, OKLAHOMA PY - 1965 AB - THIS REPORT SHOWS THE EFFECTS OF INTERSTATE 35 ON BLACKWELL, OKLAHOMA, AND COMPARES IT WITH WOODWARD, OKLAHOMA, THE CONTROL CITY, WHICH IS NOT ON INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 35. BLACKWELL IS THE LARGEST CITY BETWEEN OKLAHOMA CITY AND WICHITA, KANSAS, BEING SERVED BY BOTH U.S. 177 AND INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 35. PRIOR TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERSTATE 35, TRAFFIC FLOWED THROUGH THE HEART OF THE TOWN AND A PORTION OF ITS RESIDENTIAL AREAS. INTERSTATE 35 IN ITS ENTIRETY WAS OPENED FROM WICHITA, KANSAS, TO OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA, ON JANUARY 11, 1963. THIS SEPARATED THE LOCAL TRAFFIC IN BLACKWELL FROM THE THROUGH TRAVELERS. THIS INTERIM REPORT IS A SUMMARY OF THE IMMEDIATE TRENDS OVER A 48 MONTH PERIOD, 1961-1962 BEING THE BEFORE PERIOD AND 1963- 1964 BEING THE AFTER PERIOD. ANOTHER INTERIM REPORT IS PLANNED PRIOR TO THE FINAL REPORT. THE FINAL REPORT, TO BE MADE AFTER 1972, EXPECTS TO PRONOUNCE ALL TRENDS, POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE, FOLLOWING THE COMPLETION OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM IN OKLAHOMA AND IN THE SURROUNDING SOUTHWESTERN STATES. IN SEVERAL WAYS, THIS OKLAHOMA STUDY COMBINES THE FEATURES OF MANY SIMILAR STUDIES DONE IN THE PAST. THE FINDINGS ALSO ARE SIMILAR TO FINDINGS FROM OTHER SIMILAR STUDIES--THAT BYPASSED BUSINESSES DID NOT SUFFER, THAT TRANSIENT TYPE BUSINESSES DEPEND ON LOCAL TRADE MORE THAN IS REALIZED, AND THAT TRAFFIC CONGESTION WAS ALLEVIATED, ETC. THE VARIETY OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND OTHER INDICATORS USED INCLUDED POPULATION, LAND USE, EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, SALES TAX DATA, GALLONAGES PUMPED, OPINIONS, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, POSTAL RECEIPTS, BUILDING PERMITS ISSUED, ETC. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Blackwell (Oklahoma) KW - Businesses KW - Bypasses KW - Cities KW - Construction scheduling KW - Control conditions KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Education KW - Interstate 35 KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Licenses KW - Population KW - Sales KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202565 AU - Stallard, A H AU - Hargadine, G D AU - Johnson, D R AU - Mahan, D P AU - Kansas State Highway Commission TI - AN EVALUATION OF COLOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES PY - 1965 AB - THIS REPORT INVESTIGATED WHETHER COLOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY PROVIDED ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR FACILITATED INTERPRETATION IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SURVEYS ABOVE AND BEYOND THAT PROVIDED BY CONVENTIONAL BLACK AND WHITE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY /MATTE AND GLOSSY PRINTS/, COLOR POSITIVE TRANSPARENCIES OBTAINED FROM KODAK EKTACHROME FILM, AND COLOR AND BLACK AND WHITE PRINTS OBTAINED FROM AGFACOLOR NEGATIVE FILM WERE EVALUATED. THE PHOTOGRAPHY, AT A SCALE OF 1'12,000, WAS ANALYZED AND THE MATERIALS INFORMATION THAT WAS OBTAINED WAS LATER COMPARED WITH DATA OBTAINED THROUGH FIELD CHECKING AND DRILLING. COLOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY WAS FOUND TO BE USEFUL ONLY IN AREAS OF ERRATIC GROUND CONDITIONS WHERE GROUND INFORMATION COULD NOT BE USED EFFECTIVELY, AND WHERE THE COLOR IMAGE OR A CHANGE IN THE IMAGE COLOR COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH A DESIRABLE TYPE OF MATERIAL. THE REPORT ALSO CONTAINED THE RESULTS OF A NON-HPR STUDY WHICH EVALUATED THE SAME TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY AT A SCALE OF 1'12,000 IN DETERMINING ITS USEFULNESS IN DETECTING HIGHWAY PAVEMENT STRAINS WHICH, IN KANSAS, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CRACKS AND SUBSEQUENT DISINTEGRATION. THE COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY WAS REPORTED TO HAVE A DISTINCT BUT LIMITED USE. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Agfacolor negative film KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Black and white photography KW - Color photography KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Disintegration KW - Field check KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highways KW - Kodak ektachrome film KW - Material surveys KW - Materials KW - Road construction KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200042 AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT FOR THE INDIANA STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION PY - 1964/12/21 AB - THIS REPORT PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT A GENERAL MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT STUDY OF THE INDIANA STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION. SUBJECT AREAS OF THE STUDY INCLUDED WORKLOAD PLANNING, ORGANIZATION, TRAINING, MANPOWER PROJECTIONS, AND HIGHWAY MANAGEMENT. EXTENSIVE USE WAS MADE OF EXHIBITS INCLUDING QUESTIONNAIRE FORMS, STATISTICAL CHARTS, BAR GRAPHS, ETC., WHICH GREATLY FACILITATED THE READING AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE NARRATIVE FORMAT. ONE OF THE MORE SIGNIFICANT AREAS RESEARCHED WAS THAT OF PERSONNEL. PERSONNEL RESEARCH INVESTIGATED A CAREER EMPLOYMENT POLICY PLAN, MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS, ADEQUACY OF EXISTING PERSONNEL AND TRAINING. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Bar graphs KW - Charts KW - Deployment KW - Improvements KW - Indiana KW - Labor KW - Labor unions KW - Management KW - Organization KW - Personnel KW - Planning KW - Questionnaires KW - State highway departments KW - Statistical analysis KW - Studies KW - Study analysis KW - Training KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203109 AU - NEWMAN, L AU - Moskowitz, K AU - California Division of Highways TI - EFFECT OF GRADES ON SERVICE VOLUME PY - 1964/12/10 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH WAS TO DEVELOP A LEVEL-OF- SERVICE CHART RELATING SERVICE VOLUME TO NUMBER OF TRUCKS AND STEEPNESS AND LENGTH OF GRADES FOR RURAL FREEWAYS WITH TWO LANES IN ONE DIRECTION. TRUCK SPEED DISTRIBUTIONS OBSERVED BY TIME-LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHY METHODS ON VARIOUS GRADES IN CALIFORNIA WERE USED TO CALCULATE RELATIVE NUMBER AND DURATION OF PASSING MANEUVERS. THE PREMISE IN DEVELOPING THE LEVEL-OF-SERVICE CHART IS THAT TRAFFIC IS AFFECTED BY GRADES IN THREE WAYS' /1/ LENGTH OF GRADE. /2/ STEEPNESS OF GRADE /SPEED OF TRUCKS/, AND /3/ FREQUENCY OF TRUCKS. EVIDENCE IS GIVEN THAT QUALITY OF FLOW FOR CARS PASSING A TRUCK OR SERIES OF TRUCKS WILL NOT BE SERIOUSLY-AFFECTED IF THE CAR FLOW RATE DOES NOT EXCEED 1200 TO 1500 VPH AND ALL TRUCKS OR SLOW VEHICLES STAY IN THE RIGHT LANE ONLY. HOWEVER, ALL TRUCKS DONT STAY IN THE RIGHT LANE. A TRUCK WILL PASS ANOTHER SLOWER TRUCK AS SOON AS HE CATCHES UP, REGARDLESS OF AUTOMOBILE VOLUME LEVELS. THE NUMBER OF TRUCK-PASSING-TRUCK MANEUVERS FOR A GIVEN AVERAGE TRUCK SPEED VARIES DIRECTLY WITH /1/ THE LENGTH OF GRADE AND /2/ THE SQUARE OF THE NUMBER OF TRUCKS. THE NUMBER AND DURATION OF PASSING MANEUVERS IS RELATED TO THE SPEED DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRUCKS. FROM THE FIELD OBSERVATIONS, A FAMILY OF CURVES WAS DRAWN SHOWING AUTOMOBILE AND TRUCK VOLUME FOR A CONSTANT LEVEL OF SERVICE AS THE LENGTH AND STEEPNESS OF GRADE ARE VARIED. THE EFFECT ON OPERATION BY PROVIDING A CLIMBING LANE CAN BE ASCERTAINED. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Calculation KW - California KW - Charts KW - Climbing lanes KW - Computation KW - Development KW - Freeways KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Highway operations KW - Length KW - Level of service KW - Passing KW - Physical distribution KW - Rural areas KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Steepness KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217997 AU - Mortenson, W G AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates TI - ORGANIZING FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE IN VIRGINIA PY - 1964/12 AB - THIS PART OF THE VIRGINIA STUDY OF MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF MAINTENANCE IN THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT DEALS PRIMARILY WITH ORGANIZING TO PERFORM MAINTENANCE. THE STUDY CONCERNS THE ACTIVITIES OF EACH MANAGEMENT LEVEL, THE ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITIES TO SPECIFIC POSITIONS, THE RELATIONSHIPS NEEDED BETWEEN POSITIONS, AND THE FRAMEWORK OF PERSONNEL POLICY AND ACTIVITY NEEDED TO COVER WAGES AND SALARIES, RECRUITING AND TRAINING. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR IMPLEMENTING FINDINGS OF THE STUDY. RISING MAINTENANCE COST TRENDS ARE SHOWN. VARIATIONS THAT ARE OCCURRING IN TERMS OF PRODUCTIVITY, COST PERFORMANCE, STAFFING AND ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE ARE DEMONSTRATED. IN THE ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS, IT WAS FOUND THAT THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF FIELD ORGANIZATION AND VARIATIONS BETWEEN MANAGEMENT UNITS. A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF MANAGEMENT IS SUGGESTED THAT INCLUDES PROVISION FOR ALL ASPECTS OF PLANNING, ORGANIZING, DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING THE MAINTENANCE FUNCTION. SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS MADE INCLUDE' 1/ CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE, 2/ ADDITION OF PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL AT THE HEADQUARTERS AND DISTRICT OFFICE LEVELS, 3/ UNIFORM ORGANIZATION FOR THE RESIDENCY OFFICE LEVEL, 4/ ASSIGNMENT OF SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL AND RESPONSIBILITY TO ENABLE POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENTS TO BE MADE QUICKLY AND EFFECTIVELY, AND 5/ ADJUSTMENT OF MAINTENANCE SALARIES TO REFLECT RECOMMENDED CHANGES IN RESPONSIBILITY. KW - Control KW - Labor unions KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Organization KW - Organization charts KW - Planning KW - Recommendations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207733 AU - Fisher, J W AU - Beedle, L S AU - Lehigh University TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BOLTED AND RIVETED STRUCTURAL JOINTS PY - 1964/12 AB - THIS REPORT CONTAINS ABSTRACTS OF MOST OF THE WORK THAT HAS BEEN PERFORMED DURING THE PAST TWO DECADES ON RIVETED AND BOLTED JOINTS. THE LAST MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THIS TOPIC WAS PREPARED BY DE JONGE AND COVERED MATERIAL PUBLISHED BEFORE 1944. ALTOGETHER 241 ABSTRACTS ARE INCLUDED. THE ABSTRACTS ARE PRECEDED BY HISTORICAL NOTES AND DISCUSSION WHICH COVER THE DEVELOPMENT OF FASTENERS, RELATED MATERIALS, RESEARCH EFFORTS AND SPECIFICATIONS. A SERIES OF GRAPHICAL SUMMARIES ARE ALSO PRESENTED FOR MANY OF THE ARTICLES ABSTRACTED. THESE PROVIDE A MEANS OF RAPIDLY ASSESSING THE TYPE OF JOINTS TESTED AND THE VARIABLES STUDIED. IN ADDITION TO THE ABSTRACTS SEVERAL LISTS ARE PROVIDED FOR THE USER. THESE INCLUDE THE SUBJECT AND AUTHOR INDEXES, A LIST OF RESEARCH COUNCIL WORK AND A LIST OF REFERENCES. /BPR/ KW - Abstracts KW - Author KW - Bibliographies KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - History KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Riveted joints KW - Rivets KW - Subject indexing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207736 AU - Wallaert, J J AU - Sterling, G H AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University TI - HISTORY OF TENSION IN BOLTS CONNECTING LARGE JOINTS PY - 1964/12 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN BOLT TENSION IN HIGH-STRENGTH A325 AND A490 BOLTS CONNECTING A440 AND CONSTRUCTIONAL ALLOY STEEL JOINTS. UNTIL MAJOR SLIP OCCURRED IN THE LARGE BOLTED JOINTS, HIGH -STRENGTH STEEL BOLTS LOST ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF THEIR INITIAL TENSION. THIS LOSS WAS DUE TO THE PLATE CONTRACTION CAUSED BY THE POISSON EFFECT. AFTER SLIP THE BOLTS CAME INTO BEARING, AND THE VARIATIONS IN BOLT TENSION BECAME MORE PRONOUNCED. FOR BOLTS WITH A 4 IN. GRIP THE BOLT TENSION DECREASED WITH AN INCREASE IN JOINT LOAD BEYOND THE SLIP LOAD. AS THE JOINT LOAD APPROACHED ITS ULTIMATE VALUE, HOWEVER, THE BOLTS AT THE LAP PLATE END BEGAN TO SHOW AN INCREASE IN TENSION. THIS WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE OUTWARD PRYING ACTION OF THE LAP PLATE. THESE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE LOAD TRANSFERRED BY FRICTION, AT THE ULTIMATE JOINT STRENGTH, WAS NEGLIGIBLE. FOR BOLTS WITH AN 8 IN. GRIP THE BOLT TENSION INCREASED AS THE JOINT WAS LOADED BEYOND THE SLIP LOAD. THIS INCREASE WAS CAUSED BY BENDING OF THE BOLTS, AND INDICATED THAT SOME LOAD WAS BEING TRANSFERRED BY FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE IN THE INTERIOR OF THE JOINT. HOWEVER, BECAUSE OF THE LAP PLATE PRYING PHENOMENON THERE WAS A CLEAR SEPARATION OF THE FAYING SURFACES NEAR THE JOINT END AND THE BOLT TENSION WAS NOT COMPLETELY INDICATIVE OF THE NORMAL FORCE ACTING ON THE FAYING SURFACE. FOR ALL JOINTS IT WAS FOUND THAT THE BOLTS AT THE LAP PLATE ENDS, BEING UNDER A HIGHER COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION LOADING THAN THE BOLTS AT THE MAIN PLATE END, WERE USUALLY THE FIRST TO FAIL. /AUTHOR/ KW - A325 bolts KW - A440 joints KW - A490 bolts KW - Alloy steel KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Construction joints KW - Contraction KW - Experiments KW - Friction KW - High strength bolts KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Tension KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217445 AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - INTERIM REPORT ON THE USE OF EXPANDED SHALE AND PRECOATED LIMESTONE AS COVERSTONE FOR SEAL COAT AND SURFACE TREATMENTS PY - 1964/12 AB - THE RESULTS OF LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES ON THE USE OF ONE PRODUCERS CALCINED SHALE AS THE COVERSTONE FOR SEAL COAT AND SURFACE TREATMENT CONSTRUCTION ARE PRESENTED. LABORATORY STUDIES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING' /1/ THE INVESTIGATION OF COVERSTONE RETENTION AS AFFECTED BY THE RATE OF APPLICATION OF THE CALCINED SHALE, AND OF THE BINDER. TEST BOARDS WERE PREPARED USING SELECTED RATES OF APPLICATION OF AGGREGATE AND BINDER AND ROLLED WITH A PNEUMATIC TIRE. THE PERCENTAGE OF AGGREGATE NOT IMBEDDED WAS THEN DETERMINED. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE PERCENTAGE OF AGGREGATE LOSS INCREASED WITH INCREASING RATES OF APPLICATION OF AGGREGATE AND DECREASED WITH INCREASING RATES OF APPLICATION OF BINDER. /2/ WINDSHIELD DAMAGE STUDIES WERE MADE WHERE AGGREGATE PARTICLES OF VARIOUS SIZES WERE SHOT FROM AN AIR GUN AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES TO DETERMINE THE COMPARATIVE DAMAGE TO AUTOMOBILE WINDSHIELDS. THESE STUDIES SHOWED THE CALCINED SHALE TO BE POTENTIALLY FAR LESS DAMAGING THAN THE PRECOATED LIMESTONE AGGREGATE. /3/ PHYSICAL TEST CHARACTERISTICS WERE DETERMINED FOR THE CALCINED SHALE AGGREGATE, AND INCLUDED LOS ANGELES ABRASION TESTS WITH MODIFICATIONS, FREEZE-THAW TESTS AND SOUNDNESS TESTS. LOSSES IN ALL TESTS WERE RELATIVELY LOW. AGGREGATE DEGRADATION STUDIES WERE MADE ON SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM PAVEMENTS PRESENTLY IN SERVICE AND CONSTRUCTED FOLLOWING NORMAL PROCEDURES. THE DATA REPORTED THAT TIME IN SERVICE WAS NOT A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN CHANGING THE GRADING OF COVER AGGREGATE BUT RATHER THAT DEGRADATION WAS CAUSED MAINLY BY ROLLING DURING CONSTRUCTION. PNEUMATIC ROLLING ONLY IS RECOMMENDED. KW - Aggregates KW - Air guns KW - Applications KW - Binders KW - Calcined shale KW - Calcines KW - Cover aggregate KW - Expanded shale aggregates KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Los Angeles Abrasion Test KW - Loss and damage KW - Particles KW - Physical tests KW - Precoated aggregates KW - Retaining KW - Retaining walls KW - Samples KW - Seal coats KW - Shale KW - Soundness test KW - Studies KW - Surface treating KW - Test boards KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01578511 AU - Roland, Harry L AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Nuclear Moisture-Density Evaluation PY - 1964/11 SP - 53p AB - This report constitutes the results of a field evaluation of one of the several portable nuclear gauges for measuring soil moisture and density, namely, the Troxler Soil Moisture and Density Gauge manufactured by the Troxler company of Raleigh, North Carolina. The emphasis here is on the device itself and the results obtained therefrom as compared with the results from the two accepted conventional methods used by the Louisiana Department of Highways, i.e., the volumeter and sand displacement methods. Consequently, very little space has been devoted to theory nor has any attempt been made to determine or compare the relative accuracies of the conventional methods. Further, the work was performed by and under the immediate supervision of laboratory technicians with only general guidance at the professional level, as is ordinarily done for all routine testing and inspection work. Operational characteristics have been described in some detail and calibration curves have been prepared utilizing the theory of least squares as processed by the LDH 1620 IBM Data Processing System. In addition a test method has been prepared for the use of this equipment as an aide to compaction control (LDH designation 424-64T, Appendix). This test method has been prepared as a guide to successful test results, but it should be emphasized that utmost care must be taken in the initial calibration of any of these devices. KW - Calibration KW - Nuclear gages KW - Operational characteristics KW - Soil density KW - Soil water KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224799 AU - Beers, J AU - Hulbert, S AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles TI - NIGHTTIME EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO TYPES OF REFLECTORIZED STOP SIGNS PY - 1964/11 AB - THIS STUDY PERTAINED TO THE RELATIVE NIGHTTIME EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO TYPES OF STOP SIGNS. ONE OF THE SIGNS WAS CONSTRUCTED OF REFLECTORIZED SHEETING WHILE THE OTHER WAS AN ENAMELED SHEETING WITH 7/8 INCH REFLEX REFLECTOR BUTTONS FOR THE MESSAGE. THE STOPPING EFFECTIVENESS WAS MEASURED IN TERMS OF STOPPING TIME AND STOPPING DISTANCE AS THE DRIVER-VEHICHLE APPROACHED THE DESIGNATED INTERSECTION. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT WHEN THE DRIVER UNEXPECTEDLY CAME UPON THE DESIGNATED INTERSECTION, THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE FAVORING EITHER TYPE OF SIGN AS HAVING MORE STOPPING EFFECTIVENESS THAN THE OTHER. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT THE LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE VEHICLE WAS NOT A FUNCTION OF THE TYPE OF SIGN PRESENT. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Enamels KW - Lateral placement KW - Materials KW - Night KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector buttons KW - Reflectorized sheeting KW - Sheathing KW - Stop signs KW - Stopping distances KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204590 AU - Hutchinson, J W AU - Lacis, J H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - AN EXPERIMENT WITH EVERGREEN TREES IN EXPRESSWAY MEDIANS TO IMPROVE ROADWAY DELINEATION PY - 1964/11 AB - SIMULATED MEDIAN PLANTINGS WERE INSTALLED ON SELECTED PORTIONS OF TWO CHICAGO EXPRESSWAYS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SUCH A MEANS OF PROVIDING ROADWAY DELINEATION WOULD SIGNFICANTLY REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF VEHICLE ENROACHMENT ON THE MEDIAN. A COMPLETE RECORD OF ENCROACHMENTS WAS OBTAINED DURING THE WINTER FOR COMPARISON WITH THE NUMBER OF ENCROACHMENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING THE SAME PORTION OF THE PREVIOUS YEAR. THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THE FREQUENCY OF ENCROACHMENT ON THE MEDIANS OF BOTH EXPRESSWAYS, WITH THE GREATEST REDUCTIONS OCCURRING ON OR NEAR CURVED ALIGNMENT WHERE THE HAZARD OF HEADLIGHT GLARE FROM OPPOSING VEHICLES HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN GREATEST. HOWEVER, NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO MEASURE THE RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF THE SEVERAL ROADWAY DELINEATION BENEFITS THAT WERE ASSUMED TO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE OBSERVED REDUCTIONS. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THE POSSIBILITY OF SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE SAFETY OF DIVIDED HIGHWAYS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF MEDIAN PLANTINGS APPROPRIATE TO THE NEEDS OF THE DRIVER UNDER THE VARIOUS CONDITIONS IMPOSED BY ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS, DRIVING CONDITIONS, AND SURROUNDING LAND USE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Characteristics KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Divided highways KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Encroachments KW - Evergreen trees KW - Expressways KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Land use KW - Medians KW - Planting KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201363 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAYS AND ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGES PY - 1964/11 AB - CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION REGIONAL ECONOMIC VARIATIONS EVALUATIONS OF HIGHWAY EFFECTS HIGHWAY INFLUENCE ON URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND LAND VALUES LAND DEVELOPMENT CHANGES IN LAND VALUES HIGHWAY EFFECTS ON INDUSTRY, COMMERCE, AND SERVICES HIGHWAY INFLUENCE ON INDUSTRY AND INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT COMMERCIAL AND SERVICE EFFECTS IMPACT OF HIGHWAYS ON RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS HIGHWAY EFFECT ON FARM OPERATIONS BENEFITS TO WAY OF LIFE EFFECT OF HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS ON RURAL LAND VALUES HIGHWAYS AND NATURAL RESOURCES EFFECT OF ROADS ON FOREST RESOURCES MINERAL RESOURCES HIGHWAYS AND RECREATION ADDITIONAL GROUPS BENEFITING FROM HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING ALONG HIGHWAYS PUBLIC SERVICES HIGHWAY INFLUENCES ON TAX VALUATIONS PUBLIC UTILITIES. KW - Business districts KW - Commercial districts KW - Development KW - Economic benefits KW - Economic impacts KW - Farms KW - Forests KW - Highway user services KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Mineral deposits KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Natural resources KW - Public utilities KW - Real estate development KW - Recreation KW - Residential areas KW - Residential development KW - Roadside advertising KW - Rural areas KW - Taxation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01578509 AU - Arena, Philip J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Service Temperature Study for Asphaltic Concrete PY - 1964/10 SP - 24p AB - The Service Temperature Study was undertaken to supplement a pilot study started in 1959 which indicated that service temperatures obtained on Louisiana highways are slightly higher than those used for testing purposes. Temperature recorders were installed in the northern, central and southern parts of Louisiana for hot mix wearing and binder course lifts. Results showed that the wearing course in southern Louisiana (Baton Rouge area) exceeded the hot mix testing temperature of 140°F during the months of May, June, July, and August for 1961 and 1962. It was also observed that the wearing course was at or above 140°F 17 percent of the time in July, 1962 with an average maximum peak, during the same month, of 150°F for 1961 and 1962. This percentage was based on the number of hours at which the wearing course was at or above 140°F divided by the total number of hours during the period of recording, which was generally seven days. The percentages of each period were then in turn averaged for each month. The binder course lift in this same area showed a maximum monthly peak of 130°F also in July, 1962. Temperature results for the central part of Louisiana, namely, the Alexandria area showed that the average maximum peak temperature was 144°F and occurred in the month of June, 1963. It should also be mentioned that during the months of July and August the hot mix testing temperature of 140°F was also exceeded with average maximum peak temperature of 141°F per each of these months. However, although the months of June, July, and August show average maximum peak temperature exceeding 140°F, the percentage of time at or above 140°F was only 6 percent for the month of June and 1 percent for July and August. The binder course lift for this area showed an average maximum peak temperature of 123°F also in June, 1963 which was below the hot mix testing temperature. Temperature results for the Shreveport area (north Louisiana) indicated that the wearing course had an average maximum peak temperature of 129°F in June, 1963 which is also below the hot mix testing temperature. The binder course showed an average maximum peak of 123°F also occurring in June, 1963. It should be noted that the binder and wearing course lifts for all these locations maintained their maximum temperature generally from 4 to 5 hours per day. Overall results showed that the average minimum and maximum temperatures ranged from 40 to 150°F respectively for the wearing course lift and from 14 to 130°F for the binder course. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Binder course KW - Louisiana KW - Surface temperature KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224792 AU - Wattleworth, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SYSTEM DEMAND-CAPACITY ANALYSIS ON THE INBOUND GULF FREEWAY PY - 1964/10 AB - THIS REPORT DEALS WITH STUDIES RELATED TO THE SYSTEMS PHASE OF THE LEVEL OF SERVICE PROJECT ON THE GULF FREEWAY IN HOUSTON, TEXAS. A SERIES OF DETAILED STUDIES WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE DETERMINATION OF PROBLEM AREAS AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF THESE FACTORS ARE ANALYZED. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO ESTABLISH CRITERIA AMENABLE TO OPERATIONAL CONTROLS THAT WILL YIELD OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS ON THE EXPRESSWAY. THE STUDY PROCEDURE INVOLVED MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH PREDETERMINED SUBSYSTEMS OF THE FREEWAY ENVIRONMENT. THE STUDIES WERE DESIGNED TO LOCATE CRITICAL BOTTLENECKS OF THE SYSTEM, ESTIMATE THE CAPACITY FLOW AT EACH AND TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT AND DURATION OF THE EXCESS OF DEMAND OVER CAPACITY. ANALYSES OF THE RESULTING DATA ESTABLISH AREAS AND DURATION OF RESTRICTIONS IN THE SYSTEM. CRITICAL VALUES OF EACH SUBSYSTEM AND THE COMPLETE SYSTEM UNDER STUDY ARE OUTLINED WHICH COULD BE USED AS A BASIS FOR THE DESIGN OF OPERATIONAL CONTROLS INTENDED TO IMPROVE THE LEVEL OF SERVICE AFFORDED BY THE FACILITY. /BPR/ KW - Control KW - Design KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Improvements KW - Level of service KW - Measurement KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222540 AU - Wright, J M AU - Tignor, S C AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROSS WEIGHTS AND HORSEPOWERS OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES OPERATING ON PUBLIC HIGHWAYS PY - 1964/10 AB - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GROSS WEIGHT AND NET ENGINE HORSEPOWER OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IS INVESTIGATED. THE DATA WERE USED TO UPDATE CURRENT INFORMATION ON WEIGHT-POWER RATIOS OF TRUCKS AND INVESTIGATE THE TREND IN THE RATIOS SINCE 1949. THERE IS A DEFINITE INCREASE IN THE WEIGHT-POWER RATIO AS THE NUMBER OF AXLES INCREASE, REGARDLESS OF VEHICLE TYPE. THERE IS AN OVERALL TREND TO LOWER WEIGHT-POWER RATIOS AS EVIDENCED BY A 12 PERCENT REDUCTION IN THE RATIO FROM 1949 TO 1955 AND A FURTHER REDUCTION OF 28 PERCENT FROM 1955 TO 1963. A PERFORMANCE REQUIRMENT OF 400 LB/NHP IS LIBERAL AND WOULD AFFECT ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL TRUCKS KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash investigation KW - Engines KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Gross vehicles weight KW - Highways KW - Horsepower KW - Net KW - Public roads KW - Studies KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Weight-power ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222541 AU - Tignor, S C AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLES AS FOUND OPERATING ON PUBLIC HIGHWAYS PY - 1964/10 AB - SINCE 1941 THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS HAS CONDUCTED A RESEARCH PROGRAM TO DETERMINE PERIODICALLY THE BRAKING PERFORMANCE LEVELS OF MOTOR VEHICLES OPERATING ON PUBLIC HIGHWAYS. THE RESEARCH IS USED TO PROMOTE IMPROVEMENT IN THE BENEFICAL LEVEL OF BRAKE PERFORMANCE FOR ALL TYPES OF VEHICLES, PROVIDE INFORMATION THAT MAY BE USED IN ESTABLISHING HIGHWAY DESIGN STANDARDS, AND SERVE AS A BASIS FOR REVISING BRAKE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS. THE MOST RECENT STUDY WAS COMPLETED IN NOVEMBER 1963. DURING THE STUDY IT WAS EXPLAINED TO EACH DRIVER THAT THE TESTS WERE VOLUNTARY AND NO PUNITIVE ACTION WOULD BE TAKEN REGARDLESS OF THE CONDITION OF THE VEHICLES BRAKES. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATED THAT THE BRAKING PERFORMANCE HAS GENERALLY IMPROVED REGARDLESS OF VEHICLE TYPE, WEIGHT OR CAPACITY. STUDY COVERED TESTS OF BRAKING PERFORMANCES OF BOTH PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES. /AUTHOR/ REFERENCES' BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLES AS FOUND OPERATING ON PUBLIC HIGHWAYS, SAMUEL C. TIGNOR, 1965 SAE TRANSACTIONS PP416-438, SAE PUBLICATION NO.937A. KW - Braking KW - Deceleration KW - Highway design KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Standards KW - Stopping distances KW - Types KW - Vehicles KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453899 AU - Buck, Alan D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Reaction Involving Non-Dolomitic Limestone Aggregate in Concrete : Informational Report PY - 1964/09/18/Informational Report SP - 74p AB - The presence of rims, indicating a chemical reaction, was noticed on the edges of limestone particles used as coarse aggregate in concrete cores taken from structures in Kansas and Nebraska. The rims were characterized by a color gradation and by being more soluble in dilute acid than the interior of the rock. The pieces were fine-grained, non-dolomitic limestone having a low absorption and a low acid-insoluble residue; the rock was about 98 per cent calcite. The characteristics of the reaction and of the rock indicated that this phenomenon was a previously unreported reaction of limestone in concrete. Seventeen limestones were used in a laboratory study to investigate the following questions: Can the reaction be produced in laboratory experiments? Is the reaction harmful? What is the mechanism of the reaction? KW - Aggregates KW - Chemical reactions KW - Concrete KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Kansas KW - Laboratory studies KW - Limestone KW - Nebraska UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313660 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947067 AU - DAWSON, ROBERT FRANK AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ON-RAMP CAPACITIES BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION AND QUEUING THEORY: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1964/09/18 AB - This research report is concerned with the analysis of the capacities of three different freeway on-ramp designs—namely, on- ramps with no acceleration lane and stop-sign control, on-ramps with no acceleration lane and yield-sign control, and on-rampswith an acceleration lane and no sign control. The study included the development of criteria for defining both possible and practical capacities, the development of a deterministic queuing model for predicting possible capacity, the development of a Monte Carlo simulation model for the study of ramp flow under varying traffic conditions, the evaluation of vehicle delays and queue lengths incurred by on-ramp vehicles for various combinations of ramp and shoulder-lane traffic volumes, and the evaluation of possible and practical on-ramp capacities for the three different ramp designs. Initial research efforts were concerned with the development of descriptors of the ramp situation. The distribution of headways between ramp vehicles was described by a hyper-exponential model. All ramp vehicles were assumed to enter the ramp system at a constant speed, controlled by the critical geometry of the area rather than by traffic. Ramp vehicle behavior in the system was defined by four factors—the spacing relationship with the preceding vehicle, acceleration-deceleration capabilities, the availability of gaps in the shoulder lane, and distributions describing gap-acceptance phenomena. Shoulder-lane headways were described by a shifted exponential model. Each shoulder-lane vehicle was assigned a speed upon entry into the system that was only dependent upon the volume of traffic in the shoulder lane. It was further assumed that the shoulder-lane vehicles proceeded through the ramp area at the speeds and headway spacing assigned at generation, without any interference from ramp traffic. The various traffic descriptors were expressed in the mathematical mode and assembled for analysis into two different types of models—a deterministic queuing model for the analysis of possible ramp capacity, and a Monte Carlo simulation model for the analysis of practical capacity. Because both models were constructed in the mathematical mode they were readily programmed for computer solution. The programs were coded in the FORTRAN IV and MAP languages for the IBM 7090/7094 System and were run on an IBM 7090. The results obtained from the queuing-model analysis were reported in graphical form. The possible capacities of each of the three ramp designs were plotted as functions of shoulder-lane volume. Delay and queuing characteristics for a wide range of ramp and shoulder-lane volume combinations were obtained from the simulator. Practical capacities were defined for each of the three rainp designs by analyzing the delay characteristics relative to the criteria established for practical capacity in the definition of the same. Queue storage requirements on the ramp were found by an analysis of queuing characteristics at practical-capacity volume levels. KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Queuing theory KW - Traffic flow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313661 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618696 AU - Gersch, B C AU - Texas Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Dynamic Test of P. & S. F. Railroad Overpass, El Paso, Texas PY - 1964/09//Final Report SP - 25p AB - In March and April of 1962 the Texas Highway Department Bridge Division and the Bureau of Public Roads Physical Research Division joined in a bridge testing program on the P & SF Railroad Overpass in El Paso, Texas. The overpass is on U. S. Highway 80 and carries a heavy volume of interstate truck traffic. This 1388 ft bridge is a combination of three, five, and six span steel I-beam units. Undue slab distress is evident in the form of longitudinal and transverse cracking, and heavy spalling of the bridge deck is visible down to the top reinforcing steel. The object of this test was to determine whether the slab distress mentioned above was caused by excessive stresses, deflections or vibrations. A study of the tabulated stresses and deflections indicates that the units are generally being worked within the allowable limits of the design specifications. While these figures give a very general view of the working unit, the recordings of the test runs show a number of other bridge characteristics normally not considered in design work. Of particular interest in this investigation was the possibility of resonant vibration in the structure. The results reported herein do not indicate that excessive stresses, deflections, or vibrations were the major factors in the initial distress of the bridge deck. But it is possible that the small amount of vibration that is present could be a contributing factor to additional slab distress. KW - Bridge decks KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic tests KW - El Paso (Texas) KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Overpasses KW - Spalling KW - Stresses KW - Transverse cracking KW - Vibration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60200/60229/26-1-THD.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1436216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613039 AU - Gersch, B C AU - Texas Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Dynamic Test of P & SF Railroad Overpass, El Paso, Texas: Final Report on Research Project. Part 1 of 2 PY - 1964/09//Final Report SP - 25p AB - In March and April of 1962 the Texas Highway Department Bridge Division and the Bureau of Public Roads Physical Research Division joined in a bridge testing program on the P & SF Railroad Overpass in El Paso, Texas. The overpass is on U. S. Highway 80 and carries a heavy volume of interstate truck traffic. This 1388 foot bridge is a combination of three, five, and six span steel I-beam units. Undue slab distress is evident in the form of longitudinal and transverse cracking, and heavy spalling of the bridge deck is visible down to the top reinforcing steel. The object of this test was to determine whether the slab distress mentioned above was caused by excessive stresses, deflections or vibrations. The results reported herein do not indicate that excessive stresses, deflections, or vibrations were the major factors in the initial distress of the bridge deck. However, it is possible that the small amount of vibration that is present could be a contributing factor to additional slab distress. KW - Bridge decks KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic tests KW - El Paso (Texas) KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Overpasses KW - Spalling KW - Stresses KW - Transverse cracking KW - Truck traffic KW - Vibration UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase1/26-1-THD.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01578506 AU - Arena, Philip J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Correlation of the Manual Compaction Hammer with Mechanical Hammers for the Marshall Method of Design for Asphaltic Concrete PY - 1964/09 SP - 40p AB - The Mechanical Marshall Hammer Correlation Study is an attempt to correlate a new, more easily operated, mechanical hammer with the standard manual hammer presently in use. The new device is designated as hammer No. 2 and the older, hammer No. 1. Briquettes molded of pugmill mixes on three separate projects located in different areas of the State of Louisiana show that when varying the number of blows with hammer No. 2 from 75 to 105 on Projects II and III the density and Marshall stability did not reach the values obtained using 75 blows of the manual hammer. Bituminous mixtures were also molded in the laboratory using aggregates from six different sources. Five of these were gravel mixes and the other expanded clay aggregate. In addition to hammers 1 and 2, another mechanical hammer (No. 3) was introduced into the study. The only noticeable difference between the design of hammers No. 2 and 3 was that hammer No. 3 had an improved lift mechanism. In attempting to correlate these three hammers, results indicated that the manual hammer gave the highest density and Marshall stability. Between the two mechanical hammers, No. 3 was far superior to No. 2. It operated more efficiently and trouble-free and the results showed a closer correlation to those obtained using the manual hammer. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Correlation analysis KW - Density KW - Hammers KW - Louisiana KW - Marshall mix design KW - Marshall stability (Pavements) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207725 AU - Yeginobali, A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - EVALUATION OF INSULATION MATERIAL TO REDUCE PREMATURE ICING OF BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1964/09 AB - THE RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED OF TESTS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSULATING MATERIALS IN PREVENTING PREMATURE ICE FORMATION ON BRIDGE DECKS. VARYING THICKNESSES OF SPRAYED URETHANE FOAM WERE APPLIED TO THE UNDERSIDE OF THE DECKS OF TWO FOUR-SPAN CONTINUOUS STEEL BEAM BRIDGES. RELATIONSHIPS ARE ESTABLISHED BETWEEN THE FREQUENCY OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES, PERCENT DURATION FROZEN, AND SEQUENCE OF FREEZING AND THAWING FOR THE APPROACH SLABS, CONTROL SECTIONS, AND INSULATED SECTIONS OF THE TWO BRIDGES. IN ADDITION, THE RELATIVE VALUE OF FIVE INSULATING MATERIALS HAVE BEEN STUDIED IN AN OUTDOOR LABORATORY PROGRAM UTILIZING 4-FOOT SQUARE BY 8-INCH THICK CONCRETE SLABS, SUPPORTED 4 FEET ABOVE THE GROUND. IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS OF THIS STUDY ARE' 1. THE APPROACH SLAB HAD THE GREATEST NUMBER OF FREEZE- THAW CYCLES, FOLLOWED BY THE CONTROL BRIDGE, THE INSULATED BRIDGE AND THE AMBIENT AIR, IN THE ORDER OF DECREASING NUMBER OF CYCLES. 2. THE LARGEST DURATION FROZEN PERCENTAGE WAS OBSERVED IN THE AMBIENT AIR, FOLLOWED BY THE CONTROL BRIDGE, THE APPROACH SLAB AND THE INSULATED BRIDGE. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Control structures KW - Deicing KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Evaluation KW - Foams KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Icing KW - Insulating materials KW - Laboratory tests KW - Metal bridges KW - Plastic foams KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Slabs KW - Steel bridges KW - Test sections KW - Underside KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453864 AU - Hooks, C C AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory Thermal Expansion Measuring Techniques Applied To Bituminous Concrete PY - 1964/08//Informational Report SP - 273p AB - A laboratory study was conducted to investigate several methods of measurement applicable to determining the thermal expansion and contraction of bituminous concrete. The primary objective was to select the test methods which would measure most adequately thermal expansion and contraction. Both linear as well as volumetric techniques were investigated over the temperature range of - 30 to 40° C. Three volumetric and three linear techniques were investigated in the course of this investigation. The best of the volumetric techniques was found to be a mercury- filled dilatometer, constructed of stainless steel and accommodating a standard size Marshall specimen. The best of the linear techniques investigated was an optical one, composed of two microscopes separated by a 10-inch gage length and mounted on a chassis which provided accurate positioning along two perpendicular lines in the horizontal plane. The linear specimens were 12-inch by 2 1/2-inch by approximately 2-inch beams. In an attempt to evaluate these methods more completely, variables were introduced into the linear and volumetric test specimens for the purpose of observing whether the measuring technique could distinguish adequately any change in the expansion resulting from the addition of these variables. The variables introduced included: type of aggregate, grade of asphalt cement, asphalt content and method of compaction. Although the variables were not introduced intentionally for the purpose of evaluating the effects they produced on the resulting mixture, certain general trends were observed. In most cases there existed a reasonable correlation between volumetric and linear coefficients of expansion for specimens of similar composition tested with the respective techniques. The results from both the volumetric and linear techniques demonstrated that a linear relationship existed between temperature and expansion over the temperature range of - 30 to 15° C Above 15° C, inconsistencies were observed in the expansion rates of replicate specimens, indicating an inadequacy in the establishment of a consistent temperature-expansion trend for higher temperatures. After subjecting specimens to a cyclic temperature change, the linear specimens exhibited differences between their original and final lengths which were subject to the conditions and limitations of the test technique involved. The coefficients of expansion for the mixes were found to increase with increasing asphalt content. On the basis of overall results, there was no appreciable difference in the measured coefficient of expansion between individual mixes composed of a single type aggregate mixed with the two different grades of asphalt cement used in this study. On the basis of the overall results, there was no appreciable difference in the measured thermal coefficient of expansion for individual mixes composed of the same grade asphalt and two different types of aggregate, a limestone and a gravel. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Contraction (Thermodynamics) KW - Measurement KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Thermal expansion UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313659 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453801 AU - Cobourn, Lee A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Accuracy of Photogrammetric Methods in Right-of-Way Determination PY - 1964/08//Final Report SP - 116p AB - Photogrammetry is being used more and more for cadastral surveys. Some work is now being done in determining right-of-way areas for proposed highways from aerial photographs. This research was conducted to determine if the accuracy required for right-of-way determinations could be accomplished using adapted second order stereoplotting instruments. A Kelsh Plotter with an attached coordinatograph was used in this project. Three areas on the Purdue University Campus were selected as test sites. In each test area distances and areas were determined from coordinates obtained using the Kelsh Plotter and attached coordinatograph. The values obtained in this manner were compared to results obtained by field survey methods. Methods are given for relating individual lots to the center-line of a proposed highway and for determining the areas taken by the right-of-way. This is done for both urban and rural areas. The results of this research indicate that large scale photography (1 inch represents 250 feet) can be used for determining right-of-ways for proposed highways. When points are well defined in urban areas, distances can be measured to an expected accuracy of + 0.25 feet. KW - Accuracy KW - Aerial photogrammetry KW - Cadastral information KW - Highway planning KW - Right of way (Land) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313658 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207727 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF TWO CANTILEVER TYPE, DECK STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1964/08 AB - A CONDENSED VERSION OF A 1960 REPORT ON FIELD STUDIES CONDUCTED COOPERATIVELY BY THE STATE AND THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS IS PRESENTED. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO MEASURE, AND COMPARE WITH DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS, THE DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION IN TYPICAL CANTILEVER TYPE BRIDGES PREVALENT IN NEBRASKA. STRAIN AND DEFLECTION GAGES AT CRITICAL POINTS WERE LOCATED SUCCESSIVELY ON TWO STRUCTURES AT WIDELY SEPARATED LOCATIONS IN THE STATE. ACCURATELY WEIGHED AND MEASURED TEST VEHICLES WERE DRIVEN ACROSS EACH OF THE BRIDGES OVER A BROAD RANGE OF SPEEDS AND LATERAL LANE POSITIONS WHILE THE SIMULTANEOUS DYNAMIC RESPONSES AT ALL GAGE POINTS ON THE BRIDGE WERE RECORDED. COMPARABLE LIVE LOAD STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS WERE LESS THAN CALCULATED DUE TO THE PARTIAL COMPOSITE ACTION USUALLY INDUCED IN NON-COMPOSITE DESIGN BRIDGES BY FRICTION BETWEEN SLAB AND GIRDER AND TRANSVERSE STIFFNESS. THE MAGNITUDE OF TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OBSERVED ON THE WIDER OF THE TWO BRIDGES INDICATED THAT A DANGEROUS RESONANT TORSIONAL RESONANCE MIGHT DEVELOP AT HIGHER VEHICLE SPEEDS THAN WERE ATTAINED IN THE TEST. IMPACT PERCENTAGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIGH VALUES OF LIVE LOAD STRAIN INDICATED THAT THE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS WERE ADEQUATE AT LEAST FOR THE SMOOTH ROADWAY CONDITION ENCOUNTERED IN THE TESTS. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cantilevers KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamic tests KW - Field studies KW - Friction KW - Girder bridges KW - Live loads KW - Measurement KW - Metal bridges KW - Nebraska KW - Speed studies KW - Steel bridges KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain gages KW - Strains KW - Studies KW - Testing KW - Torsion tests KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207777 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Sewell, T F AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - PARAMETERS INFLUENCING TERMINAL MOVEMENT ON CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1964/08 AB - IN 1960 THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT BEGAN CONSTRUCTING CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS WITH TERMINAL ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS IN AN ATTEMPT TO MINIMIZE LARGE END MOVEMENTS. THE FIRST ANCHORAGE SYSTEM CONSISTED OF A SERIES OF FIVE CONCRETE LUGS SPACED 15 FEET APART AND CAST MONOLITHICALLY WITH THE PAVEMENT. SUBSEQUENTLY, DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF LUGS WERE USED WITH PAVEMENTS OF DIFFERENT LENGTHS BUILT ON SEVERAL SUBBASE TYPES AND PERCENT GRADES. ABOUT TWO YEARS AGO A STUDY WAS INITIATED FOR THE PURPOSE OF EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF THESE VARIABLES ON TERMINAL MOVEMENT. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF END-MOVEMENT DATA OBTAINED FROM 48 END-ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS. THIS ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT THE END MOVEMENT OF A CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED PAVEMENT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO TEMPERATURE CHANGE AND SLAB LENGTH UP TO 1,000 FEET, AND INVERSELY RELATED TO NUMBER OF LUGS, PERCENT GRADE AND SUBBASE FRICTION. USING THE DATA OBTAINED IN THE STUDY, AN EMPIRICAL EQUATION WAS DEVELOPED WHICH ENCOMPASSES ALL THE ABOVE VARIABLES. IN ADDITION, A NOMOGRAPH WAS DERIVED THAT MAY BE USED AS A GUIDE FOR DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF LUGS REQUIRED FOR TERMINAL ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS FOR A GIVEN SET OF CONDITIONS. TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE STUDY ARE /1/ TERMINAL ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS ARE NOT REQUIRED FOR CERTAIN COMBINATIONS OF SUBBASE FRICTION AND PERCENT GRADE, AND /2/ THE DESIGN OF TERMINAL ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS USED BY THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT SHOULD BE REVISED TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROPER NUMBER OF LUGS FOR ANY GIVEN SET OF CONDITIONS. /BPR/ KW - Anchorages KW - Change KW - Concrete KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Empirical equations KW - End movement KW - Equations KW - Friction KW - Grade profile KW - Length KW - Lugs KW - Monoliths KW - Motion KW - Nomographs KW - Pavement design KW - Slabs KW - Statistical analysis KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Terminal anchorage systems KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453783 AU - Hestad, Erling AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Transient Excitations Useful for Determining Vehicle Characteristics : Progress Report PY - 1964/07/22/Progress Report SP - 90p AB - The vertical force from a tire of a moving vehicle on a highway can be described as a superposition of a constant static wheel load and a fluctuating dynamic load, F, introduced by unevenness of the highway pavement . The dynamic force F is determined by measuring the fluctuating pressure P in the tire. If it is desired to predict the dynamic force from the highway profile, the relationship between F and the input displacement X at the tread of the tire must be known. The possibility of determining the vehicle characteristics or calibration relationships F/X and F/P by using a steady state excitation or a transient displacement input to the wheel of the car was considered. Particular attention was devoted to the possibility of obtaining the dynamic characteristics F/P and F/X by using transient excitations. By using the Fourier transformation, the displacement, force and pressure relationships obtained in the time domain were transformed into the frequency domain where the significant characteristics could be studied. Since step and pulse displacement inputs have been the commonly used transient excitation inputs, an attempt was made to show how these inputs could be improved to give a better frequency spectrum for exciting the vehicle. The possibility of using a transient multiple pulse displacement input was considered. The experimental testing was performed on a passenger car, but the results obtained are also applicable to heavier vehicles. The investigation indicates that acceptable vehicle characteristics can be obtained by using the pulse and step displacement inputs. However, a greater degree of accuracy will require the use of a driving mechanism to produce special types of displacement excitations, such as a pulse displacement with a high amplitude and short time duration, or a multiple pulse. These transient excitations will be needed especially if an accurate determination of the vehicle characteristics in the higher frequency range is desired. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Excitation KW - Fourier transforms KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313655 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453814 AU - Schuster, James James AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Vehicular Trip Estimation in Urban Areas : Technical Paper PY - 1964/07//Technical Report SP - 49p AB - The paper is a summary of the research on travel pattern characteristics. The report gives nine regression models which were developed for use in synthesizing travel pattern studies in cities in standard metropolitan statistical areas of less than one million population, eight of which are in Indiana. KW - Highway travel KW - Indiana KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic estimation KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313657 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453780 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Interstate Route I-65: Newton, Jasper, White and Tippecanoe Counties, Indiana PY - 1964/07//Final Report SP - 35p AB - This report and series of photographic strip maps presents the airphoto interpretation of engineering soils for a section of Interstate 65 from the Kankakee River at the northern border of Newton County southeast to SR 43 about five miles north of Lafayette in Tippecanoe County. The section includes parts of Newton, Jasper, White and Tippecanoe Counties, Indiana. The photographic strip map portrays an area about one and one half miles wide on each side of the center line along the proposed route. Unrectified aerial photographs of a scale of 1/20,000 obtained the Fall of 1938 and Spring of 1939 by the United States Department of Agriculture were used in this study. The reader should be aware of the fact that many cultural or surface features in the area have made for this mapping study. However, available literature concerning this area was searched and used to complement the interpretation. Reference was made to the agricultural Soil Surveys for Newton' County Tippecanoe County and White County; The Formation, Distribution and Engineering Characteristics of Soil; and two airphoto Interpretation thesis (7,8). KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Indiana KW - Literature reviews KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313656 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206250 AU - White, O A AU - Oregon State Highway Commission TI - FATIGUE AND DEFLECTION OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1964/07 AB - THE STUDY DESCRIBED CONSISTED OF THREE PHASES HAVING RESPECTIVELY, THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES' 1/ TO CORRELATE THE MAGNITUDE AND NUMBER OF REPETITIONS OF DEFLECTION WITH PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE SO THAT A PERMISSIBLE DEFLECTION VALUE COULD BE ESTABLISHED, 2/ TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF REPETITIONS OF A GIVEN LOAD TO CAUSE FAILURE FROM TESTS ON BEAM SPECIMENS REMOVED FROM THE PAVEMENTS TESTED IN PHASE 1, AND 3/ TO ESTABLISH THE ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX DESIGN THAT WILL BEST WITHSTAND REPEATED DEFLECTIONS OF THE MAGNITUDE FOUND IN PHASE 1. THE GENERAL CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY ARE' 1/ THE BENKELMAN BEAM EFFECTIVELY EVALUATES THE SERVICEABILITY OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, 2/ THE DEFLECTION OF PAVEMENTS INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN TRAFFIC UNTIL FAILURE OCCURS, 3/ PAVEMENT DEFLECTIONS OF 0.020 INCH OR LESS UNDER MAXIMUM WHEEL LOAD /9 KIP/ INDICATE A SATISFACTORY CONDITION, 4/ DEFLECTIONS OF MORE THAN 0.020 INCH UNDER MAXIMUM LOAD MAY BE DECREASED TO A SAFE AMOUNT BY OVERLAYING WITH ASPHALT CONCRETE. THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE RESEARCH ARE BEING UTILIZED IN CURRENT PROCEDURES FOR DESIGNING BOTH NEW PAVEMENT AND OVERLAYS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Mix design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207729 AU - Zia, P AU - Byrd, E M AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE PRESTRESSED TILE BEAMS AND SLAB PY - 1964/06/30 AB - A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO OBSERVE THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF PRETENSIONED, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS STATICALLY LOADED INDIVIDUALLY AND AS COMPONENTS OF A SLAB SPAN WITH A CONCRETE TOPPING CAST IN- SITU. THE PRESTRESSED BEAMS WERE COMPOSED OF HOLLOW STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE UNITS MORTARED END TO END WITH A PRETENSIONED STRAND RUNNING LENGTHWISE THROUGH THE VOIDS. THE VOIDS THEN SERVED AS A FORM FOR THE ADDITION OF CONCRETE TO CREATE AN INTEGRAL BEAM. ALL TEST BEAMS WERE WITHOUT CONCRETE TOPPING AND FIVE WERE DESIGNED WITHOUT END BLOCKS FOR INDIVIDUAL TESTS. THESE DEVELOPED CRACKING AND SEPARATION WITH THE TRANSFER OF PRESTRESS. TEN BEAMS WERE INCORPORATED IN THE COMPOSITE SLAB AND WERE CAST WITH END BLOCKS AS WERE TWO OTHER SPECIMENS INTENDED FOR A STUDY OF PRESTRESS LOSSES. INDIVIDUAL BEAM TESTS CONSISTED OF PURE FLEXURE AND FLEXURE SHEAR LOADINGS RESULTING IN FAILURES THAT WERE SUDDEN AND BRITTLE. THEORETICAL MOMENT CAPACITY WAS DEVELOPED BUT ALL BEAMS TESTED IN FLEXURE-SHEAR FAILED TO DEVELOP THE THEORETICAL SHEAR CAPACITY CALCULATED FROM THE ACI CODE, POSSIBLY DUE TO CRACKING DEVELOPED AT TRANSFER DUE TO LACK OF END BLOCKS. THE SLAB SPAN CONSISTING OF TEN BEAMS PLACED SIDE-BY-SIDE WITH A 3-5/8 INCH REINFORCED DECK ADDED WITHOUT SHEAR CONNECTORS, BEHAVED ELASTICALLY BEFORE THE CRACKING LOAD AND EVIDENCED GOOD TRANSVERSE LOAD DISTRIBUTION. THE SYSTEM STUDIED WAS CONCLUDED TO HAVE MERIT AS A STRUCTURAL METHOD WITH PROPER END ANCHORAGE. FURTHER STUDY OF THE PRESTRESSED TILE UNITE BEHAVIOR UNDER REPEATED LOADING IS NEEDED BEFORE CONSIDERATION FOR BRIDGE MEMBERS. KW - Beams KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cast in place structures KW - Clay KW - Clay masonry KW - Composite construction KW - Concrete KW - Crash investigation KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Experiments KW - Flexure KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Masonry construction KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Shear strength KW - Slabs KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Studies KW - Testing KW - Tile KW - Topping KW - Transverse distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453884 AU - Solberg, Per AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of LAG and GAP Acceptances at Stop-Controlled Intersections PY - 1964/06/19/Final Report SP - 142p AB - The purpose of this research study was to investigate the lag and gap acceptances for drivers entering and crossing a major roadway from a stopped position. The driver-behavior evaluation included a determination of a lag-and-gap acceptance distribution for the side-street drivers, consideration of community influence on this distribution, and comparisons of driver time-interval acceptance for through, left-turn, and right-turn movements. The study was performed at right-angled intersections formed by two-way, two-lane urban streets. Four sites, selected in Lafayette and Indianapolis, were as identical as possible regarding geometry and adjacent land use. The data were collected at each of the four sites by means of a motion picture camera. The technique of probit analysis was employed in the statistical treatment of the observations. In addition to probit analysis, two other methods, one developed by Raff and the other by Bissell, were considered in this study of driver behavior. The analysis indicated that the acceptance distributions were well described by a linear relationship between the probit of acceptance and the logarithm of acceptance time. There were no significant differences between the median lag-acceptance and the median gap-acceptance times at the four intersections. Significant variations were found between right- and left-turning drivers and between drivers proceeding through the intersection and those making left turns. Right-turning drivers and those crossing the intersection were found to have statistically equal median acceptance times. Community size apparently has little effect on driver acceptance of time gaps. A general agreement was found to exist between the three methods of analysis investigated. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Indiana KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Probits KW - Right turns UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313651 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947066 AU - Schulman, Lawrence L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WEEKEND RECREATIONAL TRIPS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1964/06/19 SP - 130p AB - The object of the study was to define and determine a single exponent gravity model for the distribution of weekend recreational trips and then to test the accuracy of the evolved model in making the theoretical distribution. In this study, the state park was chosen as the recreational area and the residential area was defined as the county. The data were collected for a five week period by means of a license plate study o Presented in the text are an explanation of the mathematical procedures in the computer solution and a description of the procedures used in choosing the parameters and designing the study. In addition to determining the gravity model, there is presented a regression model which was evolved to predict the number of trips attracted to a recreational area based on its facilities. Also, presented are studies to determine the distance from which 90% of the weekend trips occur, the distribution of weekend arrivals, and the percent of trips arriving on the weekend. Lastly, there is a discussion of a distribution using the gravity model evolved, and some suggestions for future areas of research. KW - Automobile travel KW - Indiana KW - Recreation KW - Trip generation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313650 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453840 AU - Hanna, Steven John AU - Scholer, Charles F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Deck Scaling Survey PY - 1964/06//Technical Report SP - 29p AB - This investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining the condition of exposed bridge surfaces with respect to scaling of the Portland cement concrete. Bridges in the Indiana Primary, Secondary and Interstate Systems were investigated. The exposed surfaces checked were approaches, deck, curb, gutter and sidewalk areas. Bridges constructed from 1947 to the fall of 1963 were inspected. The year 1947 was chosen as a starting point since 1947 was the first year in which air-entrained concrete was in general usage. The tabulation of bridges in the State Highway System of Indiana compiled by the Bridge Department of the ISHC and dated June 30, 1962 was used as a basis for determining the number and location of bridges on the Primary and Secondary systems. Strip maps were used to locate Interstate bridges and hence the total count of Interstate structures could not be determined with the same accuracy. However, a large fraction of the total number of Interstate bridges was included in the survey. All bridges on record were located on a state map using map pins. Routes were then selected in a manner so as to give uniform coverage of the state. This investigation was not intended to inventory all structures in the state but rather to obtain a representative sample throughout the state so as to evaluate the magnitude of the scaling problem in Indiana. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Curbs KW - Indiana KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Scaling (Concrete) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313653 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453767 AU - Delleur, J W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch Bridges, Volume II PY - 1964/06//Final Report SP - 286p AB - This is the second volume of this report. The report contains all the photos and figures for Volume 1. KW - Arch bridges KW - Hydraulics KW - Rivers KW - Scour KW - Streamflow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313652 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207730 AU - Zia, P AU - Stevenson, J F AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - CREEP OF CONCRETE UNDER NON-UNIFORM STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON CAMBER OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1964/06 AB - A TEST PROGRAM WAS INITIATED TO GATHER DATA ON THE CREEP DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE OF THREE DIFFERENT CROSS SECTIONS /TEE, TRIANGULAR AND SQUARE/ SUBJECTED TO THE FOLLOWING FOUR STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS' 2000 PSI COMPRESSION UNIFORM, LINEAR DISTRIBUTIONS VARYING FROM 150 PSI TENSION TO 2000 PSI COMPRESSION AND FROM ZERO TO 2000 PSI COMPRESSION, AND A TRAPEZOIDAL DISTRIBUTION FROM 200 PSI TO 1200 PSI IN COMPRESSION. A REVIEW WAS MADE OF THE FOUR ACCEPTED THEORETICAL METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN CONCRETE AND AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CREEP WAS PREPARED. A RHEOLOGICAL MODEL WAS FORMULATED FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA TO PROVIDE A SIMPLE, WORKABLE ANALYSIS OF THE CREEP OF CONCRETE WHICH EXPRESSES THE OBSERVED BEHAVIOR MATHEMATICALLY. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE SPECIFIC CREEP FOR UNIFORM STRESS DISTRIBUTION DETERMINED FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS COULD BE SATISFACTORILY SIMULATED BY THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND THAT THE SPECIFIC CREEP FOR NON- UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION COULD BE CALCULATED BY MULTIPLYING THE UNIFORM STRESS VALUE BY AN EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED FACTOR. THE FACTORS VARIED WITH TIME AND A LONG TERM VALUE WAS SUGGESTED FOR DESIGN USE. THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH WERE APPLIED TO A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF CREEP ON CAMBER OF A PRECAST PRESTRESSED CHANNEL BEAM. THE CONSIDERATION OF THE NON- UNIFORM STRESS DISTRIBUTION RESULTED IN A CALCULATED UPWARD INCREASE OF CAMBER AT 100 DAYS OF 2.26 TIMES THE INITIAL CAMBER. KW - Beams KW - Bibliographies KW - Compression KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Creep KW - Cross sections KW - Curvature KW - Data collection KW - Deformation curve KW - Frames KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Rheology KW - Shape KW - Specimens KW - Standardization KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Structural shapes KW - Theory KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207731 AU - Zia, P AU - Wilson, W T AU - Rowan, W H AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - A STUDY OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE AND LAYERED TIMBER BRIDGE DECKS SUPPORTED BY MULTIPLE STRINGERS PY - 1964/06 AB - A THEORETICAL METHOD WAS DEVELOPED TO ANALYZE THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTISTRINGER BRIDGES, INCORPORATING THE STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD AND THE THEORY OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS. THE METHOD WAS QUITE ADAPTABLE TO ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION. TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON MODELS OF THREE DIFFERENTLY CONSTRUCTED TIMBER BRIDGE DECKS TO OBTAIN THEIR LOAD DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS FOR COMPARISON WITH THOSE OBTAINED FROM THE THEORETICAL METHOD. THE EXPERIMENTAL VALUES OBTAINED FOR THE INTERIOR STRINGERS ARE EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE PREDICTED VALUES, AND WHEN LISTED IN ASCENDING ORDER OF TRANSVERSE FLEXURAL STIFFNESS OF THE MODEL DECKS THE PERCENTAGES WERE APPROXIMATELY 88 PERCENT, 93 PERCENT, AND 95 PERCENT. THE AASHO DISTRIBUTION FACTORS APPEARED TO BE QUITE CONSERVATIVE BASED ON THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REPORTED. THIS CONSERVATISM SUGGESTED THAT THE LAYERED DECK BEING USED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION COULD SAFELY CARRY AN OCCASIONAL OVERLOAD OF ABOUT 50 PERCENT. THE SIMILARITY OF THE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS OBTAINED FOR THE THREE TYPES OF DECK TESTED INDICATED THAT THE SELECTION OF THE MOST DESIRABLE DECK SYSTEM WOULD PROBABLY BE CONTROLLED BY OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, SUCH AS MAINTENANCE OR UNIT COST. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Development KW - Fourier analysis KW - Load transfer KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Methodology KW - Model tests KW - Multistringer bridges KW - Pavement layers KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods (Structural) KW - Stringers KW - Structural design KW - Theory KW - Timber construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207728 AU - Uyanik, M E AU - Bramer, C R AU - Robinson, J C AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - MINIMUM REQUIRED SHEAR CONNECTORS BETWEEN SLABS AND STEEL STRINGERS IN COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION BRIDGES PY - 1964/06 AB - THE STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN IN ORDER TO DETERMINE IF SATISFACTORY COMPOSITE ACTION OF A CONCRETE SLAB ON STEEL BEAMS COULD BE OBTAINED WITH A LESSER NUMBER OF SHEAR CONNECTORS THAN REQUIRED BY AASHO SPECIFICATIONS. TWO ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES WERE USED' THE ELIMINATION OF SHEAR CONNECTORS AT THE ENDS OF THE BEAM OUTSIDE THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE SPAN WHERE THE MOMENT CAPACITY OF THE STEEL STRINGER ALONE WAS EXCEEDED, AND CONVERSELY, THE PROVISION OF SHEAR CONNECTORS ONLY NEAR THE ENDS OF THE SPAN TO RETARD END SLIPPAGE SUFFICIENTLY TO FURNISH COMPOSITE ACTION THROUGHOUT THE SPAN. THREE TEST BEAMS INCORPORATING EACH OF THE ABOVE TWO CONCEPTS WERE LOADED STATICALLY AT 2 POINTS NEAR MIDSPAN ALONG WITH 3 CONTROL BEAMS DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHO SPECIFICATIONS. THE LOADING WAS INCREASED FROM ZERO TO THREE INCREMENTS WITHIN THE ELASTIC RANGE IN TURN AND THENCE TO ULTIMATE. THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF OBSERVED DEFLECTION, STRAIN AND SLIP AT THE VARIOUS LOAD LEVELS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BEAMS WITH SHEAR CONNECTORS AT THE SPAN ENDS ONLY COMPARED FAVORABLY WITH THAT OF THE CONTROL BEAMS. IT WAS POINTED OUT, HOWEVER, THAT THE TEST PROGRAM WAS LIMITED TO STATIC TESTS AND THAT FATIGUE LOADING EFFECTS ON SIMILAR SPECIMENS SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED. /BPR/ KW - American Association of State Highway Officials KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridges KW - Composite construction KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Control KW - Deflection KW - Fasteners KW - Requirement KW - Samples KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Slabs KW - Slippage KW - Specifications KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Steel KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stringers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547277 AU - Bissett, J R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Landslide Studies PY - 1964/05//Final Report SP - 76p AB - The slide prone areas of Arkansas are the Ozarks of Northwest Arkansas and the embankments constructed from the soils of the Mississippi River Delta. There is a possibility of a slide on any highway constructed in the Ozarks of Northwest Arkansas. It can be expected that there will be many slipouts and failures of the backslopes on sidehill construction. These failures can be expected in any location where shales and other sedimentary rocks are interbedded. In all such locations provision should be made in the design for these slide conditions. The major factors causing the slides are a combination of groundwater and shales and clays. Flatter backslopes will alleviate some of the condition but there will still be some movements causing unsightly backslopes. The only complete answer is to intercept the seepage water before it approaches the surface of the backslope, or gets under the embankment. The most satisfactory method of intercepting the groundwater is by the use of horizontal drilling and installation of perforated pipe. This method has proved. effective in the prevention and stabilization of slides under conditions very similar to those encountered in Northwest Arkansas. KW - Arkansas KW - Backslopes KW - Clay KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Groundwater KW - Landslides KW - Perforated pipe KW - Shale KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453875 AU - Wilson, Clement Card AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Dynamic Force Measuring System: Progress Report PY - 1964/03/06/Progress Report SP - 150p AB - The study of the dynamic interaction between vehicles and pavements is a relatively new field which has received increased attention in the last few years. Particular interest has been focused upon the development of instrumentation to measure the dynamic forces which occur between the tires of a vehicle and the pavement on which the vehicle is traveling. One of the methods which has been used to give an Indication of dynamic force is the measurement of the tire inflation pressure. An important basic problem associated with using tire pressure as a measure of dynamic force is that of designing the pressure measuring system in such a manner that the dynamic effects of the measuring system do not obscure the signal caused by the dynamic force input. Only if these dynamic effects are minimized can the tire pressure serve as an accurate indication of dynamic tire force. In this investigation, a mathematical model was developed which identified the physical parameters controlling the dynamic behavior of the system. Conclusions as to the dimensions and the arrangement of various components of the pressure measuring system were obtained from the theory. On the basis of these conclusions, a pressure measuring system was designed and constructed. Experiments conducted with the system verified the theoretical considerations. Another basic problem associated with pressure measuring systems of this type is the elimination of gradual pressure changes which are not a function of the dynamic force. A comparison of two basically different methods of doing this was made. A continuous pressure equalization method was recommended and was therefore used in the pressure measuring system that was constructed. In order to calibrate a pressure measuring system for the measurement of dynamic tire force, dynamic calibration methods are essential. Several methods of dynamic calibration are discussed. As a measure of the adequacy of the calibration procedures, the result of applying a single calibration factor F/P (lb/psi) to pressure measurements is compared with the frequency dependent calibration relationship F/P(f). The differences between the two methods were small enough to indicate that the use of a single calibration factor gives satisfactory results. The pressure measuring system was used to measure dynamic forces in the pavement evaluation study of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP 1-2). Various methods of presenting dynamic tire force data from pavement tests are presented. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Tire pressure UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313649 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01578505 AU - Roland, Harry L AU - Kemahlioglu, Ali S AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A Rapid Method for Soil Cement Design: Louisiana Slope Value Method PY - 1964/03 SP - 90p AB - This report is concerned primarily with the development of a laboratory design procedure calculated to reduce the testing time for determination of minimum cement content for soil cement construction. The testing program covered some 274 different soil samples representing a major portion of the State. The samples selected were those materials which would be suitable for construction purposes without any previous treatment. A minimum compressive strength requirement could be established for various AASHO soil groups that would meet the Portland Cement Association criteria. However, this method would not be economically desirable in that it would lead to the use of excessive cement on a large portion of the samples tested. Consequently, a method which would make maximum use of compressive strength criteria as correlated with the Wetting-Drying Test (AASHO T 135-57) was devised. The Louisiana "Slope Value Method," as it is called, is based on the premise that there is a relationship between the durability of soil cement mixtures at selected cement contents and the slope of the unconfined compressive strength line at identical cement contents. A procedure for this method is given in the appendix. This method, in addition to reducing the testing time by approximately 70 percent, is at least as accurate as the Wetting-Drying Test and incorporates many of the virtues of the latter. The Louisiana "Slope Value Method" shall be evaluated with respect to the Wetting-Drying Method for a period of approximately one year in order to further observe its practicality. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement content KW - Compressive strength KW - Louisiana KW - Pavement design KW - Soil cement KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618844 AU - Ledbetter, William B AU - Thompson, J Neils AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Relationship Between Critical Mechanical Properties and Age for Structural Lightweight Concrete PY - 1964/02/25 SP - 137p AB - The necessity to use structural lightweight concrete has created a need for investigations into its critical mechanical properties that affect the design and performance of structures. The primary critical properties were found to be direct tensile stress-strain characteristics and the restrained volume changes. These two properties were experimentally determined and analyzed, along with the compressive, indirect tensile (split cylinder), and flexural strengths. With age as a fundamental variable, these properties were determined for several curing-condition and mix-design parameters. A primary finding from this study was the good correlation exhibited between direct tensile strength and both compressive strength and indirect tensile strength. A direct tensile test method was developed which yields consistently reliable results and from which valuable information on fundamental concrete tensile behavior can be obtained. Along with the concrete direct tensile properties, this test yielded information on the effects of restraining the concrete from changing in volume as a result of hydration and changes in moisture. This restraint was developed by the inclusion of a deformed bar through the specimen. The concrete stresses developed from this restraint yielded important clues toward a better understanding of concrete behavior. It was found that this type of structural lightweight concrete, when oven dried at 1l0F, attempts to shrink resulting in restrained tensile concrete stresses as high as 70 percent of the concrete's tensile strength. Additional primary results included the finding that the percent of 28-day compressive and indirect tensile strengths versus age relationship was constant over a wide range of mix designs, strengths, and curing conditions; indicating that a designer, by knowing the compressive or indirect tensile strength of a given concrete mix design at only one age, can determine, with a relatively high degree of confidence, the strength of that mix at any other age. Also, the study indicated, for the types of concrete and test parameters investigated, that an excellent correlation existed between indirect tensile strength and compressive strength, while almost no correlation existed between flexural strength and compressive strength. From these results, it was recommended that the indirect tensile strength test be used instead of the flexural strength test as a quality control test for structural lightweight concrete. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Compressive strength KW - Deformation curve KW - Flexural strength KW - Indirect tensile strength KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Mechanical properties KW - Quality control KW - Tensile strength KW - Volume changes UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase1/55-1-CHR.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60564/55-1-CHR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1439968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453756 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Interstate Highway Route 64 between U.S. 41 and Scalesville, Indiana PY - 1964/02//Final Report SP - 21p AB - This report completes a portion of the project concerned with engineering soils mapping of the Interstate system from aerial photographs. The soil mapping of 1-64 between US 41 and Scalesville was done entirely by airphoto interpretation techniques. To increase the value, the soils strip map was prepared on a photographic base with annotations to show soil areas. The generalized soil profiles were prepared from the available literature. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Indiana KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313647 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453744 AU - Farmer, Walter Joseph AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Model System for the Investigation of the Effect of Soil Particles on the Microbial Decomposition of Herbicides PY - 1964/02//Progress Report SP - 83p AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a method for investigating the effect of soil constituents on microbial decomposition of herbicides which is applicable to several herbicides and the organisms capable of decomposing them. Initial evidence of the microbial breakdown of the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, was provided by the soil percolation apparatus. The effective organism, tentatively identified as a Pseudomonas sp. , was isolated from the soil by the enrichment technique. The bacterial decomposition of 2,4-D was attributed to adaptive enzyme formation. Disappearance of the 2 ,4-D was foil-owed by spectrophotometric analysis and growth of the bacterium by viable counts and turbidity measurements. Particles selected to simulate soil particles were kaolinite, Microbeads, Dowex 50W-X12 and Dowex 1-X8. These were washed by sedimentation and decantation and ranged in particle size from 8 to 149 }i in diameter. Dowex 1-X8 adsorbed 2,4-D moderately up to the exchange capacity of the resin. None of the remaining particles demonstrated 2,4-D adsorption at pH 7.0. The bacterium was adsorbed by both Dowex 1-X8 and kaolinite. The presence of the particles had no effect on the rate of microbial decomposition of 2,4-D except with Dowex 1- X8. After 25 pprn 2,4-D was decomposed, there was a decrease in the rate when Dowex 1-X8 was present. KW - Biodeterioration KW - Decomposition KW - Herbicides KW - Sedimentation KW - Soil particles UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313648 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947065 AU - HUGHES, ROBERT E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF A GYRATORY TESTING MACHINE TO APPLY SIMULATED TRAFFIC TO BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PY - 1964/01/07 SP - 102p AB - This research study was proposed as a laboratory investigation of the stability properties of Indiana bituminous concrete mixtures under simulated traffic loadings. The gyratory testing machine was to be utilized as a traffic simulating device to test specimens fabricated in the kneading compactor. The upper roller of the gyratory machine, when used in conjunction with an air-filled pressure chamber, gives a constant force method of operation that is thought to simulate the effect of traffic and for this reason was selected for use in this study. The objectives of this investigation were three-fold initially. First, it was desired to establish a testing procedure for the use of the gyratory machine as a traffic simulating device. In order to accomplish this a study was conducted to determine how the gyratory machine variables influence the test specimen during operation. Variables studied were the vertical ram pressure, gyration angle and the upper roller air pressure. From this it could be determined what combination of variables would be most suitable to represent simulated traffic action. Once this was established, the amount of simulated traffic applied would vary directly with the number of revolutions in the gyratory machine. Secondly, it was desired to evaluate the resistance of Indiana bituminous concrete mixtures to traffic loadings by subjecting laboratory prepared specimens to simulated traffic in the gyratory testing machine and to determine values of Hveem stability for kneading compactor specimens that would indicate a bituminous mix of satisfactory stability as tested in the gyratory machine. The object here was to evaluate the Hveem design criteria with regard to what it represents in terms of future pavement stability performance. The final objective of the original purpose was to determine a procedure for fabricating laboratory specimens composed of both a surface-course mixture and a binder-course mixture such that they would better represent the bituminous concrete pavement in the field than do laboratory specimens composed solely of one type of mixture. It was anticipated that a comparison between the stability properties of the composite specimens and the stability properties of individual course specimens would be of some value in evaluating present design and testing procedures. However, after the research was partially completed it was decided that even if a composite specimen fabrication procedure was devised, which would be quite lengthy to obtain, the end result would not justify the means. That is, little ofpractical value could be derived from testing of composite specimens as compared to the testing of individual course specimens. Also encompassed in the study was a gradation analysis of aggregate which had been separated from the asphalt of specimens tested in the gyratory machine for variable numbers of revolutions. This was performed to provide a check on possible aggregate degradation during testing in the gyratory machine. The scope of the research included the study of three surface gradations and one binder gradation. Testing for variable asphalt content was performed with one surface gradation and the binder gradation, each for three asphalt contents. For the portion of the research dealing with study of gyratory testing machine variables, two duplicate specimens were usually prepared for each number of revolutions at which test results were desired. When testing at variable asphalt content, three duplicate specimens were prepared for each point. The total number of specimens fabricated for the research study was approximately 300. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Bituminous materials KW - Live loads KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Testing-machines UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313646 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454273 AU - Schulman, Lawrence L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report no. 78: Truck Speed-Weight Study : Progress Report PY - 1964/01 SP - 23p AB - This report is an analysis of the 1963 annual truck speed-weight study conducted during the months of August and September in conjunction with the Highway Planning Survey Unit of the Indiana State Highway Commission. The Unit makes annual studies of truck weights, size, material hauled and this year included an origin and destination study. Personnel of the Joint Highway Research Project observe the speeds of the trucks at some point along the road and by use of an identical method of classification match the truck weight and speed. Results show an observed decrease in the overall average speeds, for which there is no apparent explanation. KW - Indiana KW - Origin and destination KW - Progress reports KW - Reports KW - Speed measurement KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficspeedrepo00schu UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2795&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2795&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314446 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454272 AU - Hensen, Ronald Jerome AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Matthias, Judson Stillman AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Impact Studies: Impact of Lebanon By-Pass, 1950 to 1963 : Progress Report PY - 1964/01 SP - 90p AB - The purpose of this research was to determine the changes in land use, land values, and characteristics of highway travel caused by improvements to an urban By-Pass with complete access control . The 4.9 mile By-Pass section of 1-65 around Lebanon, Indiana was selected for this research. The results showed that only the property located within one-half mile of the By-Pass was appreciably affected by the reconstruction to interstate standards. Analysis of right-of-way costs showed that if access control and/or grade separation will ever be warranted, then all required right-of-way should be included In the original taking. Reconstruction of the By-Pass facility to Interstate standards was followed by a substantial reduction in the accident rate and in travel time around Lebanon. KW - Bypasses KW - Crash rates KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Land use KW - Lebanon (Indiana) KW - Progress reports KW - Reconstruction KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Travel time UR - http://archive.org/details/highwayimpactstu00hens UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2012&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2012&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313664 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454270 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Bird, S J. G. AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Interstate Highway Route I-65 in Tippecanoe, Clinton and Boone Counties, Indiana : Progress Report PY - 1964/01 SP - 31p AB - This report and series of photographic strip maps represents the airphoto interpretation of engineering soils for a section of Interstate 65 from SR 43, about five miles north of Lafayette, to the intersection of 1-65 with U.S. 52, near the northern limit of the town of Lebanon. The report is a continuation of the report submitted for the 1-65 section in Newton, Jasper, White and Tippecanoe Counties dated July, 1964. The engineering soil maps were prepared by airphoto Interpretation methods. The procedures used are similar to those employed in county mapping projects previously completed by the staff of the Joint Highway Research Project. No field checks or soil explorations were made for this mapping study. However, available literature concerning this area was searched and used to complete the interpretation. KW - Aerial photography KW - Boone County (Indiana) KW - Clinton County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Interstate highways KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Tippecanoe County (Indiana) UR - http://archive.org/details/airphotointerpre6428yehp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2011&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2011&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313663 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454225 AU - Scholer, Charles F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Investigation of the Bond between Portland Cement Mortar and Coarse Aggregate PY - 1964/01 SP - 116p AB - This investigation was concerned with examining and explaining factors contributing toward bond between coarse aggregate and portland cement mortar. In addition, the influence of mortar-aggregate bond strength on concrete was measured by flexural and compression tests of concrete. No relationship was found between aggregate grain size, chemical properties or physical properties, determined in the investigation, and the mortar-aggregate bond strength. For the conditions of no drying (i.e., constant saturation) of the mortar-aggregate bond specimens in this investigation, the surface finish of the coarse aggregate did not usually affect the bond strength. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compression tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://archive.org/details/investigationofb00scho UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2806&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2806&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314457 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454215 AU - Harvey, William N AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Diagonal Tension Failure In Reinforced Concrete Beams PY - 1964/01 SP - 140p AB - This research is an experimental study of the ultimate load behavior of reinforced concrete beams Which fail in shear. Specifically, the objectives of the investigation were 1) to compare the strengths and modes of failure of companion beams with and without shear reinforcement (vertical stirrups), and 2) to determine how the shear strength is affected when part of the longitudinal tension steel is terminated within the tension zone. Twenty beams of 6 M x 13" rectangular cross-section were loaded to simulate a portion of a continuous girder subjected to concentrated loads. The beams were designed so that the critical region for failure was the length between the point of zero moment and the point of maximum negative moment - commonly called the shear span. It was found that the location of the critical diagonal tension crack relative to the support had a large influence on the mode of shear failure and ultimate shear strength. The location of the critical diagonal crack, in turn, was dependent upon the length of shear span, the amount of web reinforcement, and upon local weakness induced by cutting off the longitudinal steel in the tension zone. Detailed discussion of the failure patterns and individual beam behavior are presented along with the summary of test results. KW - Beams KW - Diagonal cracking KW - Failure KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Girders KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams KW - Tension UR - http://archive.org/details/studyofdiagonalt00harv UR - http://archive.org/details/studyofdiagonalt00harv UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314454 UR - http://ia600409.us.archive.org/33/items/studyofdiagonalt00harv/studyofdiagonalt00harv.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454209 AU - Dawson, Robert Frank AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Freeway On-Ramp Capacities by Monte Carlo Simulation and Queuing Theory : Technical Paper PY - 1964/01 SP - 81p AB - This research paper is concerned with the analysis of the capacities of three different freeway on-ramp designs - on ramps with no acceleration lane and stop-sign control, on-ramps with no acceleration lane and yield-sign control, and on-ramps with an acceleration lane and no sign control. The study includes the development of criteria for defining both possible and practical capacities, the development of a deterministic queuing model for predicting possible capacity, the development of a Monte Carlo simulation model for the study of ramp flow under varying traffic conditions, the evaluation of vehicle delays and queue lengths incurred by on-ramp vehicles for various combinations of ramp and shoulder-lane traffic volumes, and the evaluation of possible and practical on-ramp capacities for the three different ramp designs. KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Highway traffic control KW - Monte Carlo method KW - On ramps KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic queuing KW - Yield signs UR - http://archive.org/details/analysisoffreewa00daws UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2805&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2805&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314456 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454208 AU - Williamson, T G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of Nuclear Moisture-Density Meters: Report on Field Study PY - 1964/01 SP - 58p AB - The purpose of the original study of this report was to investigate the use of a commercially available moisture-density meter for possible use by the Indiana State Highway Commission. In 1962 this plan was expanded to provide for the testing of three different commercial instruments and comparisons to be made in order to determine advantages and disadvantages of the various systems as would pertain to their use in highway construction. The work on this project has been carried out by personnel of the Soils Laboratory, Joint Highway Research Project. This report primarily summarizes the field work conducted during the summer of 1963, the purpose being to determine whether the instruments could be used as field devices to control compaction in much the same manner as the sand replacement method in current practice; however for comparative purposes, some of the data obtained in the laboratory study are included in this report. The results and conclusions at the end of the report are based upon the results of the combined laboratory and field studies. KW - Field studies KW - Moisture meters KW - Nuclear gages KW - Road construction KW - Soil compaction KW - Testing UR - http://archive.org/details/investigationofn00will UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2800&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2800&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314451 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454203 AU - Schuster, James James AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Travel Patterns In Major Urban Areas PY - 1964/01 SP - 190p AB - This research report is concerned with the development of travel patterns for urban areas by synthesis. To develop the necessary characteristics concerning vehicular trips, data were obtained for fourteen cities from the census and from recent transportation studies of these cities. Each of these cities is part of a standard metropolitan statistical area with a population of less than one million. The study cities were Charlotte (NC), Chattanooga (TN), Dayton (OH), Denver (CO), El Paso (TX), Huntsville (AL), Nashville (TN), New Orleans (LA), Omaha (NE), San Antonio (TX), Springfield (OH), Toledo (OH), Tucson (AZ), and Tulsa (OK). Urban vehicular trip prediction models were evolved from the data through the use of multiple regression procedures. The "tear-down" method of model evolution was utilized. Data, which included populations, areas, population densities, automobile ownership, public transportation usage, income, occupations, distances, school enrollment, workers, automobile usage, locations of employment, value of residence, and many interactions were used as independent variables in the development of the various models. Travel characteristics, including peak-hour travel, design hour volume, truck trips, and assignment of traffic to freeways, were also investigated. The latter included an analysis of freeway usage by time ratio, distance ratio, time differential, distance differential, and by a model using all four factors. KW - Charlotte (North Carolina) KW - Chattanooga (Tennessee) KW - Dayton (Ohio) KW - Denver (Colorado) KW - El Paso (Texas) KW - Huntsville (Alabama) KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Nashville (Tennessee) KW - New Orleans (Louisiana) KW - Omaha (Nebraska) KW - San Antonio (Texas) KW - Springfield (Ohio) KW - Toledo (Ohio) KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Tucson (Arizona) KW - Tulsa (Oklahoma) KW - Urban areas UR - http://archive.org/details/developmentoftra00schu UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2798&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2798&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314449 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454198 AU - Evans, Eugene G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 79 : Progress Report PY - 1964/01 SP - 48p AB - This report is another of the annual studies of speed which the Project has conducted for more than 20 years. The primary purpose of the studies is to provide data for speed trend information on the several types of state highways. The speeds are taken each year at the same locations if conditions at the sites have not changed. Speeds are recorded for only free-flowing vehicles. The data collected this year indicated that the trends of speeds for both automobiles and trucks on all types of facilities are increasing. Of particular interest is the finding that numerous trucks, especially heavy trucks on two-lane highways, are exceeding the legal speed limit. This report is an analysis of spot-speed observations made during July and August 1964. All observations were made on free-flowing vehicles (vehicles whose speed is not affected by other vehicles traveling in the same direction) on level tangent sections of rural highways during daylight and under favorable weather conditions. Speeds were recorded to the nearest mile per hour. Data were collected for three classifications of highways - two lane, four lane and interstate. KW - Annual reports KW - Automobiles KW - Field studies KW - Indiana KW - Progress reports KW - Speed data KW - Spot speed KW - State highways KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficspeedrepo00evan UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2807&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2807&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314458 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454197 AU - Delleur, J W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulics of Bridges : Informational Report : Progress Report PY - 1964/01 SP - 82p AB - The Task Force on Hydraulics of Bridges was created in January 1960 operating under the Committee on Hydraulic Structures. The Task Force has prepared a comprehensive outline to delineate in a systematic fashion the problems involved in the hydraulic design of bridges and to present an annotated bibliography summarizing the state of the art. This outline attempts to be more than a statement of the available knowledge; it should be a thoughtful discussion of the problems that have arisen and yet remain, together with some recommendations and suggestions for research. This informational report presents a draft of this outline. KW - Bridge design KW - Hydraulics KW - Progress reports KW - Reports KW - State of the art UR - http://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofbrid00amer UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2802&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2802&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314453 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454185 AU - Delleur, J W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulics of River Flow under Arch Bridges, v. 1 PY - 1964/01 SP - 300p AB - This research has provided information on the backwater effects and energy losses of arch bridge constructions with rigid boundaries. The information provided should be of great value to highway engineers in evaluating the problems associated with arch bridge crossings of streams. KW - Arch bridges KW - Backwaters KW - Highway engineering KW - Hydraulics KW - Streamflow KW - Streams UR - http://archive.org/details/hydraulicsofrive00dell UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/1306/ UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/1306/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314450 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454181 AU - Schulman, Lawrence L AU - Grecco, William Louise AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Some Characteristics of Weekend Travel to Indiana State Parks : Technical Paper PY - 1964/01 SP - 20p AB - This paper summarizes some of the material contained in a report titled, "Traffic Generation and Distribution of Weekend Recreational Trips." A regression model for the prediction of weekend trips to an Indiana State Park was developed and is included in this paper. The model contains ten variables found to be the most important in the prediction model. The variables are measures of the size, facilities and activities in the park and the population adjacent to the park. The results of this research provide considerable information on the traffic generation potential of an existing or proposed recreational area. Such information is vital in the planning of related transportation facilities in the area of the recreational site. KW - Indiana KW - Mathematical models KW - Parks KW - Recreational facilities KW - Recreational trips KW - Regression analysis KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation KW - Weekends UR - http://archive.org/details/somecharacterist00schu UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2801&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2801&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314452 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454179 AU - Wu, I-Pai AU - Delleur, J W AU - Diskin, M H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of Peak Discharge and Design Hydrographs for Small Watersheds in Indiana PY - 1964/01 SP - 135p AB - Two simple and practical equations are presented for the determination of the peak discharge of flow from small rural watersheds varying from 5 to 250 square miles. A simple method is presented for obtaining a design hydrograph of runoff from small rural basins varying from 3 to 100 square miles. The results obtained by the methods must be considered an aid to engineering judgment rather than proven figures. KW - Hydrographs KW - Indiana KW - Peak discharge KW - Reservoirs KW - Watersheds UR - http://archive.org/details/determinationofp00wuip UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2797&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2797&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314448 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454177 AU - Busching, Herbert William AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use Of Gyratory Testing Machine In Evaluating Bituminous Mixtures PY - 1964/01 SP - 130p AB - Bituminous mix design methods in current use attempt to relate design to the amount and type of traffic the pavement will be required to withstand. Because of the varying and unknown traffic loads to which a bituminous pavement, is subjected, design and construction criteria may have to be altered occasionally to provide a realistic correlation between the laboratory design and the in-service traffic conditions. The stability required for pavement at a signalized intersection on a primary truck route may be quite different from that required for a lightly traveled secondary highway. Rutting and shoving of bituminous resurfacing, particularly at signalized intersections, indicate that some bituminous mixtures are unstable in certain instances. This instability is sometimes evident even when present design methods predict the mixture should be stable. Evidently design methods in current use are not completely adequate. It has been found that currently used laboratory compaction methods have not been able to reproduce the in-service density of some bituminous mixtures without producing excessive degradation. Evidence has also been presented which shows that type of compaction is important to the strength that may be expected from a bituminous mixture. Researchers in bituminous mixture design methods have indicated a need for reproducing in laboratory test specimens the same properties that the pavement will acquire when used by traffic. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Mix design KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic loads UR - http://archive.org/details/useofgyratorytes00busc UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2796&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2796&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314447 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454163 AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Milhous, Robert T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appendices for the Report: Comparison of Different Methods of Measuring Pavement Conditions, NCHRP Project 1-2, later published in NCHRP Report 7 PY - 1964/01 SP - 97p AB - These are appendices that go with the report entitled, "Comparison of Different Methods of Measuring Pavement Conditions," which is summarized, as follows: This report presents the results of a field study of the precision of various roughometers and profilometers for predicting serviceability. Forty-five pavement sections of three types (flexible, rigid and overlay) were rated by a lay panel, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) Road Test panel and the Highway Research Board Committee on Pavement Condition Evaluation. These same pavements were evaluated using the roughness and profilometer equipment. Statistical relationships, following techniques adopted at the ASSHO Road Test, were developed between rating and objective measurements. The lay panel tended to rate the pavements higher than the professional panels. The results indicated little difference regarding the precision of the various instruments in so far as predicting serviceability is concerned. The data suggest that the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) type roughometer can be used successfully for predicting serviceability. Data from this study were combined with those from the AASHO Road Test and serviceability equations were developed for these combined data on the basis of the Slope Profilometer. Correlations between roughometers and the Slope Profilometer were presented. Equations are presented which should permit engineers who have past records of roughometer readings to interpret these data in terms of Present Serviceability Indices. KW - Field studies KW - Measurement of specific phenomena KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Serviceability UR - http://archive.org/details/appendicesforrep00yode UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2808&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2808&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314459 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453798 AU - Diamond, Sidney AU - Dolch, William Lee AU - White, Joe L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Isomorphous Substitution in Hydrothemal-Synthesized Tobermorite : Technical Paper PY - 1964/01//Technical Report SP - 33p AB - Tobenoorlte and substituted tobermorltes incorporating various contents of aluminum^ iron, or magnesium were prepared by hydrothermalsynthesis. Earlier observations of Kalousek on the effects of aluminum substitution were confirmed. The presumed location of aluminum in tetrahedral sites was demonstrated by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction disclosed several specific effects of the substituting ions, most prominent of which were marked reductions in intensity of the strong (002) and (222) reflections in iron- and magnesium-bearing tobermorltes. Electron microscopy revealed thin, platy crystals with sharp edges; iron-bearing tobermorite particles were distinctly elongated. A strong hlgh-temperature exothermic response occurred in the DTA of altimlnum-bearing tobermorite, but not with the other varieties, and is attributed to the probable formation of an amorphous aluminosilicate (spinel?) accompanying the conversion of tobermorite to wollastonlte. Infrared spectra of tobermorite showed distinct bands at 1207, 927 and 745 cm in addition to the strong Si-0 lattice vibration band at 965 cm and other bands attributed to water and adsorbed carbonate. Substitution of aluminum Induced a progressive shift to lower wave numbers in the 1207 and 745 cm bands. Iron and magnesium substitution had comparatively small effects. Only very weak and broad bands attributable to the hydroxyl stretching vibrations were observed. KW - Aluminum KW - Hydrothermal properties KW - Ions KW - Iron KW - Magnesium KW - Tobermorite UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313654 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453796 AU - Solberg, Per AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lag and Gap Acceptances at Stop-Controlled Intersections : Technical Paper PY - 1964/01//Technical Paper SP - 58p AB - The purpose of this research study was to investigate the lag and gap acceptances for drivers entering and crossing a major roadway from a stopped position. This driver-behavior evaluation included a determination of a lag-and-gap acceptance distribution for the side-street drivers, consideration of community influence on this distribution, and comparisons of time-interval acceptances by drivers making through, left-turn, and right-turn movements. The study was performed at right-angle intersections formed by two-way, two-lane, urban streets. Four sites, selected in Lafayette and Indianapolis, Indiana, were as identical as possible regarding geometry and adjacent land use. The data were collected at these sites by means of a motion picture camera. The technique of probit analysis was employed in the statistical treatment of the observations. In addition, two other methods, one developed by Raff and the other by Bissell, were considered in this evaluation of driver behavior at stop-controlled intersections. The acceptance distributions were well described by a linear relationship between the probit of acceptance and the logarithm of acceptance time. There were no significant differences between the median lag-acceptance and the median gap-acceptance times at the four intersections. However, significant variations were found between right- and left-turning drivers and between drivers proceeding through the intersection and those making left turns « Right-turning drivers and those crossing the intersection had statistically equal median acceptance times. Community size apparently has little influence on driver performance at intersection approaches controlled by "Stop" signs. A general agreement existed among the three methods of analysis investigated in this research study. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Indiana KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Probits KW - Right turns KW - Stop-controlled intersections UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313662 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219585 AU - Ernst, R AU - Chubb, G AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - STUDIES OF VELOCITY ATTAINMENT PY - 1964/01 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attainment KW - Studies KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219586 AU - Ernst, R AU - SNIDER, J AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF CAR FOLLOWING PY - 1964/01 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Experimental KW - Experiments KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01119964 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Division of Traffic and Planning TI - Charlottesville traffic and parking survey, 1963 PY - 1964 SP - xvi, 232 p. KW - Charlottesville (Virginia) KW - Parking KW - Streets KW - Traffic surveys KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947158 AU - WELTY, KENNETH H AU - HARRISON, LAWRENCE J AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR HYDRAULICS OF BRIDGE WATERWAYS. T2 - ELECTRONIC COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR HYDRAULICS OF BRIDGE WATERWAYS (BPR PROGRAM HY-4) PY - 1964 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Hydraulics KW - Waterways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772432 AU - Wolf, Robert A AU - MCHENRY, RAYMOND R AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - United States. Dept. of Commerce. Office of the Undersecretary for Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A PROJECTION OF TECHNOLOGY APPLICABLE TO THE FUTURE HIGHWAY SYSTEM OF THE BOSTON-WASHINGTON CORRIDOR PY - 1964 SP - xix, 256, [129] p. AB - This report describes the possible advances in highway transportation technology which may be applied to the Northeast Corridor (Boston to Washington, D.C.) from the period 1964 to 1980. Among the various technologies described is the automated highway concept. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Crash avoidance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219644 AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - MOTOR VEHICLE HEADLIGHT BEAM USAGE STUDY ON A SECTION OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 90 IN SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1964 AB - THIS REPORT EVOLVED FROM A LARGER STUDY TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF SHOULDER USE BY MOTOR VEHICLES. THE HEADLIGHT USAGE OF VEHICLES TRAVELING ON AN 18-MILE SECTION OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY WITH A DEPRESSED GRASS MEDIAN OF NEARLY CONSTANT WIDTH /46 FEET/ WAS RECORDED BY TRAINED DRIVERS OPERATING A VEHICLE IN THE OUTSIDE LANE WHILE CONTINUOUSLY DRIVING A COMPLETE CIRCUIT OVER THE STUDY SECTION. THE PATROL VEHICLE WAS OPERATED WITH HIGH BEAMS UNTIL AN OPPOSING VEHICLE CAME INTO VIEW. THE PATROL DRIVER THEN CHANGED TO LOW BEAMS. OPPOSING VEHICLES WERE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR BEAM USAGE WHEN FIRST SIGHTED AND AGAIN AT THE MOMENT OF RELATIVE COINCIDENCE. CLASSIFICATION WAS ALSO MADE ACCORDING TO WEATHER CONDITIONS' CLEAR, CLOUDY, AND PRECIPITATION. OF ALL VEHICLES OBSERVED, 67% WERE ON LOW BEAM WHEN FIRST SIGHTED, BUT THIS INCREASED TO 78% ON LOW BEAM AT THE MOMENT OF RELATIVE COINCIDENCE. FIVE PERCENT FEWER VEHICLES WERE USING LOW BEAMS WHEN FIRST SIGHTED DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE STUDY PERIOD FROM MIDNIGHT TO 3'00 A.M. DATA GATHERED DURING ANY FORM OF PRECIPITATION SHOWED AN INCREASE IN THE USE OF LOW BEAMS. /BPR/ KW - Clear KW - Cloudiness KW - Clouds KW - Data collection KW - Depressed KW - Grasses KW - Headlamps KW - High beam KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Low beam KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Medians KW - Motor vehicles KW - Patrol KW - Precipitation KW - Recording KW - Studies KW - Test sections KW - Utilization KW - Vehicles KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00844190 AU - STANBERY, HENRY VAN BEUREN AU - HERMANN, FRANK V AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS; A REPORT ON FORECASTING AND ESTIMATING METHODS. PY - 1964 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Population forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/545026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224789 AU - Dart, O K AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge TI - EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF ROADSIDE DELINEATOR PY - 1964 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH WAS TO DETERMINE IF POST- MOUNTED DELINEATORS ON INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS WERE VALUABLE ENOUGH TO WARRANT INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE. THE STUDY TECHNIQUES USED WERE SPOT SPEED AND PLACEMENT OF ALL VEHICLES, TEST-DRIVER MEASUREMENTS USING MOTION-PICTURE RECORDING AND CAR-FOLLOWING RECORDED BY MOTION PICTURES. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS THEN MADE COMPARING DELINEATORS AND EDGE-STRIPING AGAINST THE NON-DELINEATED CONDITION, BOTH DAY AND NIGHT, FOR TANGENT AND CURVE SECTIONS OF HIGHWAY. DRIVER INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED ALONG WITH THE TRAFFIC OBSERVATIONS. THE DATA ANALYSIS DID NOT SHOW SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES THAT WERE MEANINGFUL FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT. DRIVER INTERVIEWS DID YIELD CONCLUSIVE APPROVAL OF THE DELINEATION. THE TEST-VEHICLE AND CAR-FOLLOWING TECHNIQUES PROVIDED PLACEMENT PROFILES OF DRIVERS USING THE STUDY SECTION AND THE AUTHOR PROPOSES THE USE OF A PROFILE SMOOTHNESS INDEX DEVELOPED FROM ANALYSIS OF THIS DATA. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Car following KW - Data collection KW - Days KW - Delineator /traffic/ KW - Driver interviews KW - Drivers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Edge lines KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Location KW - Motion pictures KW - Mounting KW - Night KW - Placement KW - Posts KW - Spot speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Striping KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219569 AU - Adams, J R AU - Columbia University TI - MEASURING HAZARD JUDGEMENT BY A STIMULUS ACCRETION TECHNIQUE PY - 1964 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Hazards KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Stimulus accretion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219570 AU - Adams, J R AU - Columbia University TI - PROBLEM DRIVER TYPES AND REHABILITATION APPROACHES PY - 1964 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Approach lanes KW - Approaches KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Problem drivers KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219571 AU - Adams, J R AU - Columbia University TI - DRIVER VOCABULARY TEST PY - 1964 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Definitions KW - Drivers KW - Testing KW - Vocabulary UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219581 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Adams, J R AU - Columbia University TI - SAFETY COMMUNICATIONS STUDY PY - 1964 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Communications KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238306 AU - Maiolo, J R AU - Dansereau, H K AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PLANNING, ZONING AND INTERCHANGE PROTECTION: A REPORT ON LEADERSHIP ATTITUDES PY - 1964 AB - THE SURVEY REPORTED HERE IS PART OF A BROADER STUDY ON ATTITUDES IN INTERCHANGE COMMUNITIES TOWARD THE ADOPTION OF FORMAL CONTROLS FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT AT THE INTERCHANGES. THE SELECTED GROUP OF SMALL TOWN POLITICAL LEADERS CANVASSED IN THIS SURVEY GENERALLY FAVORED THE CONCEPT OF RATIONAL CONTROL OF LAND USE, BOTH IN THE COMMUNITY GENERALLY AND ALONG MAJOR HIGHWAYS, AND THE APPLICATION OF THIS CONCEPT BY LOCAL GOVERNMENT PLANNING COMMISSIONS AND ZONING BOARDS. /BPR/ KW - Attitudes KW - Communities KW - Control KW - Development KW - Formal KW - Interchanges KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Planning KW - Protection KW - Real estate development KW - Surveys KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01362748 AU - Martin, Brian V AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Minimum Path Algorithms for Transportation Planning PY - 1963/12//Reserch Report AB - This report discusses the results of a comparison of several minimum path algorithms that may be used in transportation planning. The algorithms considered include those of Moore, the Road Research Laboratory, Shimbel and a medication made by the author of the Road Research Laboratory algorithm. Each algorithm is discussed in detail, the operation being illustrated by use of flow charts and example computations. The results of running the algorithms on six different networks and two computers are also presented. The program and data storage requirements of each algorithm are given and the ease with which they may be used is indicated. An attempt is made to relate the most suitable algorithm to three characteristics of a network; the number of links, the number of nodes and the link-node ratio. In conclusion, the computer programs are described and the source statements listed together with details of an operational program that was subsequently developed based on the finding of this worked. KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programs KW - Links (Networks) KW - Networks KW - Nodes (Networks) KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1127531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456841 AU - Schulman, L L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 77 : Progress Report PY - 1963/09/27 SP - 46p AB - This report is an analysis of spot-speed observations made during June 1963. All observations were made of free-moving vehicles on level, tangent sections on rural highways during daylight hours and under favorable weather conditions. Speeds were recorded to the nearest mile per hour. Data were collected for three classifications of highway (two-lane, four-lane and interstate) and were classified by direction, state and type of vehicle. The findings indicate that speeds have increased and leveled off over the last 10 years. The 85th percentile speed has shown an apparent stabilization during recent years. The findings also show an 85th percentile speed of approximately 66 mph for four-lane and interstate facilities and 64 mph for two-lane facilities. Truck speeds showed a decrease in comparison with figures from the previous year. A comparison of the observed and allowable speed of heavy trucks indicated that approximately 30% of heavy trucks speed on interstate and two-lane facilities. However, approximately half the speeders are in excess by less than 3 mph. It is recommended that the general procedure of using four stations of each type facility and a sample size of 215 passenger cars and 35 heavy trucks be continued. It is further recommended that certain specific refinements be made to allow a better comparison of consecutive yearly data. These refinements include: 1) a better system of identification of each of the observation sites to guarantee use of the same site each year; and (2) the simultaneous recording of a volume count at the observation site to compare speed variations and the change in volumes at the times of observation. KW - Data collection KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Speed measurement KW - Speed volume relationships KW - Spot speed KW - Traffic counting stations KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314444 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483467 AU - Mullen, W G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Creep Of Portland Cement Paste PY - 1963/09//Final Report SP - 111p AB - The purpose of the investigation reported in this paper has been to contribute to knowledge of the basic creep mechanism associated with Portland cement concrete. Specific goals have been to contribute to the evaluation of the seepage and delayed elasticity theories of creep, the relation between creep and shrinkage and the role of water in creep. Included is a review of the literature and a restatement and discussion of the various theories of creep. KW - Cement paste KW - Creep KW - Moisture content KW - Portland cement KW - Shrinkage UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314443 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929489 AU - McCallum, W R AU - Department of Commerce AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAY BOND FINANCING: AN ANALYSIS 1950-1962 PY - 1963/09 SP - 46 p. AB - This publication contains a report on a study in which the borrowing practices of the States and, to a lesser extent, those of local governments were examined for an 11-year period. Some bond financing programs of 1961 and early 1962 were also presented. Highway debt is examined in terms of t magnitude and its relation to other types of debt. The comparative costs to the highway user of guaranteed and revenue bond financing are also discussed. The effects of constitutional limitations on the creation of debt were measured and evaluated. The development and impact of the authority device for financing highways with revenue bonds was also analyzed. Interest costs and scheduled maturities of revenue bonds were compared with those of other types of highway bonds, and the differential in financing costs of the various types of bonds were measured. Specific bond financing programs developed in selected States are also discussed. KW - Bonds KW - Debt KW - Federal government KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Revenues UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207751 AU - Varney, R F AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - DYNAMIC TESTS ON A ROLLED-BEAM COMPOSITE SIMPLE SPAN BRIDGE PY - 1963/09 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES FIELD STUDIES CONDUCTED COOPERATIVELY BY THE STATE AND THE /THEN/ PHYSICAL RESEARCH DIVISION OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO MEASURE ACTUAL DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION IN A TYPICAL SIMPLE SPAN COMPOSITE I-BEAM STRUCTURE AND TO COMPARE THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH COMPUTED THEORETICAL AND DESIGN VALUES. STRAIN AND DEFLECTION GAGES WERE LOCATED AT CRITICAL POINTS ON THE BRIDGE. ACCURATELY WEIGHED AND MEASURED TEST VEHICLES WERE THEN DRIVEN ACROSS THE BRIDGE OVER A WIDE RANGE OF CONTROLLED SPEEDS AND LATERAL LANE POSITIONS WHILE DYNAMIC RESPONSES WERE BEING RECORDED. OF SIGNIFICANCE WERE THE HIGH AMPLIFICATIONS OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION OBSERVED WHEN THE TEST VEHICLES PASSED THROUGH A DEPRESSION CREATED IN THE ROADWAY APPROACH TO THE SIMPLE SPAN THEREBY MEASURING THE ADVERSE EFFECT OF POOR MAINTENANCE ON SIMPLE SPAN APPROACHES. COMPARATIVELY HIGH STRAIN VALUES NOTED IN GENERAL ON THIS STRUCTURE MARK THE FINDINGS AS ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT FOR USE IN FUTURE STUDIES CORRELATING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SIMILAR STRUCTURES. THE FACT THAT TWO TEST VEHICLES OF WIDELY DIVERGENT CHARACTERISTICS WERE USED ON THIS STUDY ADDS MORE DEPTH TO THE STUDY. COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALUES UNDER TWO MODES OF LOADING ARE MADE AND THE GOOD COMPARISONS IN EACH CASE LEND ADDED VALIDITY TO THE FINDINGS . /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite materials KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Design KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamic tests KW - Dynamics KW - Field studies KW - I beams KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Rolled beam KW - Simple span KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain gages KW - Strains KW - Testing KW - Theory KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207752 AU - Hyde, D AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - DYNAMIC TESTS ON A ROLLED-BEAMED COMPOSITE CONTINUOUS SPAN BRIDGE PY - 1963/09 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES FIELD STUDIES CONDUCTED COOPERATIVELY BY THE STATE AND THE /THEN/ PHYSICAL RESEARCH DIVISION OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO MEASURE ACTUAL DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATIONS OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION IN A TYPICAL 3-SPAN CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE I-BEAM STRUCTURE AND TO COMPARE THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH COMPUTED THEORETICAL VALUES. STRAIN AND DEFLECTION GAGES WERE LOCATED AT CRITICAL POINTS ON THE BRIDGE. ACCURATELY WEIGHED AND MEASURED TEST VEHICLES WERE THEN DRIVEN ACROSS THE BRIDGE OVER A WIDE RANGE OF SPEEDS AND LATERAL LANE POSITIONS WHILE DYNAMIC RESPONSES WERE BEING RECORDED. THE THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS COMPARED FAVORABLY. AMPLIFICATIONS OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION NEVER EXCEEDED 30 PERCENT IN FULLY LOADED MEMBERS. ALL FINDINGS INDICATED THAT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE 3-SPAN CONTINOUS COMPOSITE TYPE OF STRUCTURE WERE ADEQUATE IN THIS INSTANCE. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite materials KW - Continuous structures KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamic tests KW - Dynamics KW - Field studies KW - I beams KW - Rolled beam KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain gages KW - Strains KW - Testing KW - Theory KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101730 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219602 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Keese, C J AU - Pinnell, C TI - THE CORRELATION OF TRAFFIC BEHAVIOUR AND FREEWAY RAMP DESIGN PY - 1963/09 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Freeway ramps KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218041 AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 'SURFACE TREATMENTS - SUMMARY OF EXISTING LITERATURE' PY - 1963/08 AB - A DETAILED SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF LITERATURE PUBLISHED PRIOR TO JANUARY, 1963. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY IS PRESENTED OF SELECTED ARTICLES WITH AN UNANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. THE APPENDIX INCLUDES DETAILS OF SEVERAL DESIGN METHODS. /BPR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Reviews KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204133 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS: CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND INSTALLATION PY - 1963/08 AB - THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE CULVERT REQUIRES CALCULATION OF THE PROBABLE MAXIMUM LOAD ON THE PIPE, DETERMINATION OF THE INHERENT STRENGTH OF THE PIPE, AND SELECTION OF A BEDDING FOR THE PIPE WHICH WILL INSURE THAT THE FIELD SUPPORTING STRENGTH OF THE COMPLETED STRUCTURE WILL BE ADEQUATE. THE FORMULAS AND LOAD COEFFICIENT DIAGRAMS NECESSARY TO MAKE SUCH CALCULATIONS ARE INCLUDED. CHARTS GIVE THE LOAD ON THE PIPE AT VARIOUS HEIGHTS OF FILL FOR THE FOUR CLASSES OF BEDDING IN COMBINATION WITH APPROPRIATE PROJECTION RATIOS AND PROVIDE A VISUAL COMPARISON OF THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF PIPE FOR THOSE COMBINATIONS. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Building KW - Charts KW - Criteria KW - Diagrams KW - Facilities KW - Fills KW - Formulas KW - Height KW - Installation KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Pipe culverts KW - Pipe laying KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01578502 AU - Adam, Verdi AU - Shah, S C AU - Arena, P J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Compaction of Asphaltic Concrete Pavement with High Intensity Pneumatic Roller Part 1 PY - 1963/07 SP - 67p AB - With a view to eliminate or minimize rutting of asphaltic concrete pavement, the need for improvement in production of mixes and rolling procedures seemed warranted. This project was initiated to study the effects of compactive efforts using a high intensity pneumatic roller on the asphaltic concrete pavement and further investigate the possibility of correlating different compactive procedures presently used in the laboratory with those in the field. While this project as a whole is incomplete in that periodic observations are to be made over a period of five years, the most important phase of the study, namely the field analysis and laboratory correlation analysis is complete. Also included in this report is the first periodic survey (six month). Based on the construction and six month results, it was found that on the average, contact pressures in excess of 75 psi give maximum percent of pavement compaction with less coverages than those with 75 and lower. Furthermore, the densification under traffic was the least after six months for sections showing optimum conditions during construction. The high intensity roller showed no detrimental effects to the base at any stage of the construction nor any surface irregularities after six months of traffic. No definite correlation was indicated at this early stage in the investigation between laboratory compaction and field compaction. Perhaps subsequent periodic surveys may help in better evaluation of this aspect. Another important finding from the study was the wide variation in results observed in spite of close control - particularly with respect to plant mixed specimens. Such variations, inherent or otherwise, necessitate a need for improved quality control study for establishing criteria limits and the number of samples necessary to ascertain that the specifications are met. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Compaction KW - Contact pressure KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Paving KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Quality control KW - Road rollers UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104935 AU - Adam, Verdi AU - Shah, S C AU - Arena, P J AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Compaction of Asphalt Concrete Pavement with High Intensity Pneumatic Roller, Part I PY - 1963/07 SP - 67p AB - With a view to eliminate or minimize rutting of asphaltic concrete pavement, the need for improvement in production of mixes and rolling procedures seemed warranted. This project was initiated to study the effects of compactive efforts using a high intensity pnuematic roller on the asphaltic concrete pavement and further investigate the possibility of correlating different compactive procedures presently used in the laboratory with those in the field. While this project as a whole is incomplete in that periodic observations are to be made over a period of five years, the most important phase of the study, namely the field analysis and laboratory correlation analysis is complete. Also included in this report is the first periodic survey (six month). Based on the construction and six month results, it was found that on the average, contact pressures in excess of 75 psi give maximum percent of pavement compaction with less coverages than those with 75 or lower. Furthermore, the densification under traffic was the least after six months for sections showing optimum conditions during construction. The high intensity roller shoed no detrimental effects to the base at any stage of the construction nor any surface irregularities after six months of traffic. No definite correlations was indicated at this early stage in the investigation between laboratory compaction and field compaction. Perhaps subsequent periodic surveys may help in better evaluation of this aspect. Another important finding from the study was the wide variation in results observed in spite of close control - particularly with respect to plant mixed specimens. Such variations, inherent or otherwise, necessitates a need for improved quality control study for establishing criteria limits and the number of samples necessary to ascertain that the specifications are met. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Compaction KW - Densification KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Rollers KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864730 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219599 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Drew, D R TI - DESIGN AND SIGNALIZATION OF HIGH-TYPE FACILITIES PY - 1963/07 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - High-type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219632 AU - Dillard, J H AU - Shelburne, T E AU - Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research TI - AN APPRAISAL OF SKID PREVENTION PY - 1963/05/18 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Appraisals KW - Prevention KW - Skids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203182 AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO HIGHWAY BARRIER DESIGN AND EVALUATION PY - 1963/05 IS - 63-2 AB - HIGHWAY BARRIERS ARE ERECTED TO DELINEATE THE ROADWAY LIMITS AND TO WARN THAT ABNORMAL HAZARDS EXIST OUTSIDE THOSE LIMITS. THEY ARE ALSO INTENDED PHYSICALLY TO RESTRAIN VEHICLES FROM ENTERING AREAS THEY CANNOT SAFELY TRAVERSE. A SUCCESSFUL BARRIER SHOULD BE DESIGNED SO THAT IF IMPACT OCCURS, (1) THE VEHICLE SHOULD NOT GO OVER OR UNDER THE BARRIER; (2) THE VEHICLE SHOULD NOT BE STOPPED ABRUPTLY; AND (3) THE VEHICLE SHOULD BE REDIRECTED SO AS NOT TO BECOME A HAZARD TO NEARBY TRAFFIC. THE PURPOSE OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO REVIEW EXISTING INFORMATION, VERIFY PREDICTED VEHICLE REACTIONS WITH FULL-SCALE TESTS. MATHEMATICAL MODELS WERE DEVELOPED TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APPLIED HORIZONTAL LOAD AND THE RESULTING LATERAL DEFLECTION OF THREE TYPES OF HIGHWAY BARRIERS. VEHICLE TRAJECTORY DURING IMPACT WITH A CARRIER WAS THEN PREDICTED BY A FOURTH MATHEMATICAL MODEL. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS APPERAR WARRANTED: (1) A METHOD HAS BEEN DEVELOPED THAT PERMITS THE EVALUATION OF MANY EXISTING BARRIERS, MODIFICATIONS TO THESE BARRIERS, AND PROPOSED BARRIER DESIGN. (2) CERTAIN FEATURES OF HIGHWAY BARRIERS RESULTING N UNSATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE HAVE BEEN DEFINED. (3) THESE FEATURES MAY BE ELIMINATED BY MODIFYING EXISTING BARRIERS, OR BY DESIGNING NEW ONES INCORPORATING CONCEPTS DEVELOPED IN THIS PROJECT. /FHWA/ KW - Barrier design KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01578504 AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Asphaltic Concrete Pavement Survey PY - 1963/04 SP - 54p AB - One of the assumptions made in the Marshall Method of asphaltic concrete mix design is that the laboratory compactive effort is comparable to the actual traffic loading. The observed behavior of excessive traffic densification and wheel path rutting of hot mix overlays in Louisiana led to the belief that the compactive effort was lower than that imposed by traffic subsequent to construction. An effort for a quantitative analysis of this problem was made by obtaining cores and measuring longitudinal grooves at tire paths of projects 4 to 12 years old and located in various sections of the State. Analysis of the density measurements of cores showed that, based on an annual average daily traffic volume of 5500, the compaction of the pavement increases rapidly for the first 6 million vehicles (approximately 3 years) and then becomes gradual to reach a peak during the next 4 million vehicles (about 2 years). Further increase in traffic actually decreases the compaction with evidence of flushing. No evidence was found to indicate that wheel path rutting is caused by the horizontal instability of the pavement until flushing occurs but rather by an additional compaction of the pavement. Surface conditions showed presence of raveling, cracking and, in some instances, flushing. It was also observed that excessive minus No. 40 material affects the densification of the pavement. Further analysis of the data showed road roughness to be related to stability and compaction. From the observed conditions, indications are that increased compactive effort in the laboratory and also in the field during construction would tend to lower the rate of traffic densification subsequent to construction. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Bleeding (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Pavement cracking KW - Roughness KW - Rutting KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Traffic volume UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report 009 B.pdf UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20009%20A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01578512 AU - Roland, Harry L AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Texas Triaxial - R Value Correlation PY - 1963/03 SP - 36p AB - The Testing and Research Section of the Louisiana Department of Highways, in cooperation with the Bureau of Public Roads, has been engaged in an effort to correlate Resistance Value (R-Value) with the Texas Triaxial Strength Class system which is the basis of the flexible pavement design method currently used in Louisiana. Parallel to this, an attempt was made to correlate R-Value with the Group Index Method. The materials selected for this project cover common Louisiana soils, plus artificially produced materials designed to fall within the range of Texas Triaxial Class 2. The test results were analyzed using statistical concepts which showed an apparently good correlation to exist between R-Value and Texas Triaxial Strength Classes. The correlation for R-Value and Group Index appeared to be fairly poor, as can be seen by the scatter arrangement of the variables. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Group index method KW - Louisiana KW - Pavement design KW - Resistance value KW - Triaxial strength UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01578508 AU - Rushing, Hollis B AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Lightweight Aggregate Abrasion Study PY - 1963/02 SP - 28 AB - The rapid increase in the use of lightweight aggregates in structural concrete has created a number of problems for the Materials Engineer in evaluating this type of aggregate. Exhaustive studies are being made of a number of properties of lightweight aggregates. This report covers only one phase of the nationwide search for information. The Los Angeles abrasion test, ASTM Method: C 131, does not make any provision for the density of aggregates in that it requires a certain sample size, by weight, regardless of the weight-volume relationship of the material. Consequently, when the aggregate is lighter, the resulting volume charged into the drum is larger. With very light aggregates, this may affect the results, due to the cushioning effect of the additional volume, giving an erroneous lower abrasion loss. Furthermore, all aggregates, during the abrasion test, will break to smaller sizes. This breakage does not necessarily increase the percentage of material passing a No. 12 sieve. Nevertheless, when two different aggregates are tested and one shows a higher breakage on larger sieves, both aggregates may show the same standard loss. Consequently, the value of this test in the evaluation of the wear characteristics of lightweight aggregate has been quite questionable. This investigation was designed to evaluate the behavior of different lightweight aggregates at various stages of the abrasion test and a charge corrected to furnish samples of approximately the same bulk volume. Additional tests were run to compare the results of the Los Angeles test with the Deval Abrasion Test. In addition to the lightweight aggregate, two reference gravels were also included. KW - Abrasion tests KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Los Angeles Abrasion Test KW - Micro-Deval Abrasion Test UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1371954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457021 AU - Witczak, Matthew W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Factors Affecting the Determination of Density and Moisture by Nuclear Radiation Techniques : Progress Report PY - 1963/01 SP - 105p AB - This report contains, a laboratory Investigation of various factors that Influence the determination of density and moisture by nuclear radiation techniques that utilize the backscatter principle. It was concluded that material type is a factor which influences nuclear density determinations. For the moisture unit, material type had no effect upon count readings for all materials tested. Grain size distribution influenced nuclear density readings for a given material type. Effect of moisture In the substrate material upon ienslty readings was considered negligible for the range In moisture quantities studied. KW - Backscattering KW - Density KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Laboratory studies KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313631 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457007 AU - Howes, William F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Photogrammetric Analysis of Traffic Flow Characteristics on Multilane Highways PY - 1963/01//Final Report SP - 191p AB - This research explored the applicability of various aerial photography techniques to the collection and analysis of highway traffic flow data. Specifically, time-lapse and continuous strip aerial photographs were investigated relative to their accuracy and efficiency in securing speed, volume, headway and other pertinent information for multilane highway facilities. The results were then compared with conventional ground techniques, as represented by a pneumatic tube-graphic recorder system. The aerial photography method, although impractical for the conventional fixed location traffic survey (e.g. a volume count or spot speed study), demonstrated a significant potential in the task of recording traffic phenomena over "space" as well as time. Time-lapse photography, with its ability to record a given driver's behavior in a series of exposures, was judged to be the most accurate and practical way to analyze acceleration, merging, diverging, weaving and passing patterns over extended lengths of the study route, KW - Aerial photography KW - Data collection KW - Multilane highways KW - Photogrammetry KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic flow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313629 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457006 AU - Wermers, Lyle G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Abbreviated Methods for Routine Soil Testing PY - 1963/01//Final Report SP - 121p AB - The utilization of soil as an engineering material has necessitated the development of soil classification systems. Classification is based upon soil properties determined by the performance of standard test procedures. Abbreviations of these standard procedures have been formulated and a study was conducted to determine the applicability of the abbreviated procedures. A one-point liquid limit method was shown to be reliable and economical. The squash method for determination of the plastic limit was shown to be reliable but to have little affect on the testing cost. A one-point compaction procedure was shown to be reliable and economical. The California Bearing Ratio was studied and a considerable amount of variability was shown to exist due only to experimental error. This experimental variability was shown to be greatest for granular soils and least for clay soils. Equations for estimating the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, and California Bearing Ratio were developed by the multiple regression technique. These equations were shown to be reliable estimators of the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density but were shown to be of questionable value as estimators of the California Bearing Ratio. KW - California bearing ratio KW - Dry density KW - Engineering soils KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Liquid limits KW - Moisture content KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313630 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456737 AU - Smith, Bob L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Application of Gravity Model Theory Using a Small Sample of Origin-Destination Data : Informational Report PY - 1963/01 SP - 173p AB - This thesis reports the results of a study concerned with an application of the gravity model in which the model parameters -- trip production, trip attraction and travel time factors -- were estimated using data obtained from a small sample of home interviews taken in a sample of origin-destination (O-D) survey zones. A gravity model was calibrated using the estimations of trip productions and attractions obtained from the small sample of O-D interviews. An additional model was calibrated using the productions and attractions obtained from the comprehensive O-D survey. The resulting distributions were compared with the distributions obtained from the comprehensive survey. Current zonal trip productions and attractions were adequately estimated from the mathematical models developed from the small sample of home interviews. Best estimates resulted for home-based trip productions, but estimates of non-home-based trip productions and all trip attractions appeared to be adequate for planning purposes. Travel time factors for the distribution of trips were satisfactorily estimated by calibrating the gravity model with trip length frequency data developed from the small sample of home interviews. The gravity model using trip productions and travel time factors developed from the small sample of home interviews distributed trips among all zones to give an adequate reproduction, for planning purposes, of the trip distribution obtained in the comprehensive O-D study. KW - Gravity models KW - Origin and destination KW - Travel surveys KW - Travel time KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313638 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456736 AU - Stover, Vergil G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Remainder Parcels Resulting from the Acquisition of Highway Rights-of-Way, Part 1: Analysis PY - 1963/01//Final Report SP - 142p AB - This research is concerned with the case histories of several remainder parcels that resulted from a highway right-of-way acquisition by the Indiana State Highway Commission between 1 January 1955 and 31 December 1961. The several right-of-way projects were divided into two groups - interstate routes and primary or secondary routes. Sample projects were then randomly selected from these two populations and all remainder parcels included therein were investigated. In all, 2,300 individual remainder parcels were investigated; 46 of these subsequently resulted in a case study. Of these, 16 were on primary or secondary routes and 30 were on interstate routes. The collection of case studies was then analyzed. It was found that the remainders on the primary and secondary routes and on the interstate routes sold for a total amount that exceeded their 'after' value. However, for both populations, relatively few remainders were greatly enhanced. Analysis of the damages paid and sustained was also made. These results indicated that the total of the damages paid exceeded the total damages sustained for the state as a whole. However, of more significance was the fact that many property owners received sizeable over payments for damages while others suffered uncompensated damages. Analysis of overpayment of damages was also made for landlocking, separation, and reduction in size. KW - Case studies KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Land use KW - Payment KW - Property acquisition KW - Property values KW - Right of way (Land) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313634 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456735 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Tippecanoe County, Indiana PY - 1963/01 SP - 40p AB - The engineering soils map of Tippecanoe County, Indiana, which accompanies this report, was compiled from 7-inch x 9-inch aerial photographs having an approximate scale of 1:20,000. Most of the aerial photographs were taken in the Fall of 1938 and the Spring of 1939 in connection with the United States Department of Agriculture program and were purchased from that agency. The text of this report largely represents an effort to overcome the limitation imposed by adherence to a standard mapping symbolism. An approach towards better utilization of engineering soil maps of Indiana has been attempted with the inclusion of soil profiles and laboratory engineering soil classification for the principle soils represented within this county. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Mapping KW - Symbols KW - Tippecanoe County (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314441 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456734 AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Dawson, Robert Frank AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Criteria for Balanced Geometric Design of Two-Lane Rural Highways PY - 1963/01 SP - 51p AB - This investigation was concerned with the development of numerical measures for the significant geometric-design elements of two-lane highways located in rural areas. A mathematical model for the modulus of geometric aspects was solved to evaluate the ease with which vehicular traffic traverses a highway section with a particular combination of geometric features. These geometric moduli are predicated on the approach speed of the traffic and on the speed reduction produced by the design elements. Solutions to a multiple linear regression equation provided a reasonable estimation of the speed parameters. The geometric-design variables evaluated for two-lane highways were degree of curve, gradient, minimum stopping sight distance, and lane width. In addition, percent of out-of-state cars, percent of truck combinations, number of commercial roadside establishments per mile, and total traffic volume constituted the controls necessary for functional geometric design. The statistical model used for the generation of approach speeds and speed reductions was developed from the multivariate analysis of traffic-flow conditions observed on two-lane, rural highways. Finally, criteria for different levels of balanced geometric design were developed for use by the design engineer. KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Mathematical models KW - Numerical analysis KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313645 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456733 AU - Dillard, David E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 76: Truck Weight-Speed Study : Progress Report PY - 1963/01 SP - 26p AB - The eighteenth annual truck weight-speed study was conducted during the months of August and September 1962 by the Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University in cooperation with the Highway Planning Survey Unit of the Indiana State Highway Commission. The Highway Planning Survey Unit makes annual studies of truck weights, size, material hauled, etc. at twenty permanent truck-weight stations located throughout the state. The truck weight-speed study matches the freight of a truck, obtained by the Planning Unit with portable loadometer scales, and the observed speed of the same vehicle as recorded at a nearby speed station. This provides the basis for a correlation of truck speeds with truck weights. KW - Indiana KW - Speed KW - Trucks KW - Weigh stations KW - Weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314436 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456732 AU - Stover, Vergil G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Remainder Parcels Resulting from the Acquisition of Highway Rights-of-Way: Appendix A (Continued), Part 2 : Case Studies PY - 1963/01 SP - 258p AB - This document presents case studies of rights-of-way acquired by the State Highway Department of Indiana. KW - Case studies KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Land use KW - Right of way (Land) KW - State highway departments UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314442 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456730 AU - Kask, Hans Richard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Studies of Deflection Due to Creep in Prestressed Concrete PY - 1963/01 SP - 134p AB - This research is concerned with the creep and shrinkage characteristics and their effects on the camber in prestressed concrete beams cast, cured, and stored in the field. Creep strains were measured on beams fabricated by the Concrete Products Division of the Martin-Marietta Company for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Non-prestressed specimens were made to differentiate between the creep and shrinkage strains. Strains in the prestressed and non-prestressed specimens were measured on the surface of the beams with a 10" Whittemore Strain Gage. The camber of the prestressed beams was measured with a surveyor's level and an ordinary leveling rod. The prestressing force in the beams was obtained by fifty-three Roebling 7-wire strands having a nominal diameter of 7/16 inches. The 10p foot prestressed beams were cast with high-early strength cement. The beams were steam cured continuously for sixteen to eighteen hours from the time of completion of casting to detensioning. The main conclusions for steam cured prestressed concrete beams manufactured with high-early cement are as follows: 1. Creep, shrinkage, and elastic shortening strains were less than anticipated. 2. Prestress losses were found to be only 65% of the nominal value used by designers. 3. Predicted modulus of elasticity ot concrete compares favorably with the measured modulus of elasticity. 4. An equation for predicting camber comes close to actual measured camber, the ratio of measured total to predicted total camber being 1.049. KW - Beams KW - Creep KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Steam curing UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313639 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456728 AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report on Investigation of Nuclear Moisture-Density Meters PY - 1963/01 SP - 86p AB - On August 9, 1961, the Joint Highway Research Project Advisory Board approved a plan of study entitled, "Investigation of Nuclear Density and Moisture Meter." The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a commercially available moisture density meter for possible use by the Indiana Highway Commission. It was proposed to compact soil samples in large containers in the laboratory and test these using the moisture-density meters. The use of the large containers was proposed to facilitate direct measurement of bulk density as well as density using the sand cone. KW - Bulk density KW - Cones KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Nuclear moisture gages KW - Sand KW - Soils UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314437 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456726 AU - McLemore, James Wilson AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Equipment for Determining Suspension Characteristics of Heavy Vehicles PY - 1963/01//Final Report SP - 69p AB - A tire of a moving vehicle will in general exert a fluctuating force upon the pavement. This force will consist of the static wheel component of force due to motions in the vehicle suspension system that are induced by irregularities in the pavement profile. This fluctuating force component is frequently referred to as the "dynamic force" and it can be determined by measuring the fluctuations in the air pressure of the tire as the vehicle moves along the highway. It is of course necessary to obtain the relationship between air pressure and tire force if measurements of air pressure are to be used to determine the dynamic force. This relationship can be obtained by simultaneously measuring the air pressure and the tire force as the tread of the tire is subjected to a sudden motion. A device for doing this with trucks, referred to as a truck calibrator, is described in this report. The motion of the tread of the tire is obtained by placing a wheel of the truck in the middle of a beam that is pivoted at one end and is held in the raised position at the other end with a latch. When the latch is released the beam rotates through a very small angle and is brought suddenly to a rest. Fastened to the beam is a force-measuring transducer upon which the tire rests. This transducer measures the force of the wheel upon the beam at all times and furnishes the force measurement previously mentioned. The air pressure measurement is made by a separate system and is not part of the calibrator. The design of the major components of the calibrator is outlined in this report. Predicted characteristics are checked experimentally to test the validity of the design theory that is employed. The truck calibrator is presently mounted in a pit near the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and is ready for service. KW - Design KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Suspension systems KW - Testing equipment KW - Tire forces KW - Tire pressure KW - Trucks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313633 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456724 AU - Hanna, Steven John AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Development of Precision Statements for Several ASTM Test Methods : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 137p AB - The purpose of this research is to study the applicability, accuracy and efficiency of using time-lapse vertical aerial photography to collect traffic flow data. The technique was investigated relative to its ability to detect and record volume, speed, vehicle spacing and lane use information. Consideration was also given its use in gathering density, acceleration, vehicle placement, minimum passing distance and other pertinent flow data. KW - Aerial photography KW - Data collection KW - Test procedures KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic flow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314440 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456723 AU - Stover, Vergil G AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Land Economic Studies In Indiana: Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 34p AB - This paper presents examples of the land economic studies which have been made during the past eighteen months of parcels of land involved in a right-of-way taking for a new highway location and also summarizes the findings which have been obtained from the studies to date. KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Indiana KW - Land use KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313637 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456722 AU - Eikeri, Oddvar AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulics of River Flow under Arch Bridges; Hydraulics of Submerged Arch Bridges : Progress Report No. 6 PY - 1963/01 SP - 213p AB - This report is part of a general program sponsored by the State Highway Department of Indiana and the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads at Purdue University on the Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch Bridges. The project has been conducted since 1958 and several reports on different phases of the study have been submitted. This report covers work done by the author from September 1962 to December 1963. This work was conducted in the large 64 foot by 5 foot by 2 foot tilting steel flume in the Hydraulics Laboratory at Purdue University. The measurement of flow velocity with the Prandtl tube was facilitated by the replacement of the usual fluid manometer by two pressure transducers and electric accessories. This gave a more sensitive reading of small velocities and a much faster response to small changes in the pressure differentials, A theoretical discharge equation for orifice type flow through semi-circular bridge openings was developed. An equation for the head loss due to the bridge constriction was also derived. Model studies for submerged bridge constrictions were made both for smooth and rough channel boundaries. Models of two and three dimensions with and without skew, with one and two openings, but having no eccentricity or entrance rounding were investigated. Through the theoretical and experimental analysis the following results were obtained: a) A dimensionless relationship between discharge and backwater elevation. b) A semi-empirical expression to distinguish between the occurrence of free surface flow and orifice type flow through the bridge constriction. c) Two types of graphical presentation of the test results for each geometry. In one presentation, the discharge is shown as a function of the ratio of the backwater depth to the arch span, in the other the ratio of the backwater to the normal depth is shown as a function of the Froude number of the unconstricted flow and of the channel opening ratio. d) Empirical generalized backwater equations derived for the several geometries from the second presentation discussed under c. e) Graphs giving the value of the constriction head loss coefficient as a function of the channel opening ratio for different test geometries. Finally, suggestions are made for further study of the submerged arch bridge constrictions. KW - Arch bridges KW - Backwaters KW - Constrictions KW - Hydraulics KW - Peak discharge KW - Streamflow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313644 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456721 AU - Bell, J Richard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measurement of Transient Moisture Gradients in Concrete Slabs PY - 1963/01 SP - 91p AB - The investigations summarized in this report are the results of a study sponsored jointly by the United States Bureau of Public Roads, the Indiana State Highway Department, and the Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University, to develop a moister meter suitable for measuring transient moisture gradients in concrete pavement by nondestructive means. Specifically, it was desired that a meter suitable for use in connection with investigations of moisture-volume relationship and the resulting warping of concrete investments be developed. KW - Concrete KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Slabs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314438 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456720 AU - Diamond, Sidney AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tobermorite and Tobermorite-Like Calcium Silicate Hydrates: Their Properties and Relationships to Clay Minerals PY - 1963/01//Final Report SP - 288p AB - Well-crystallized tobermorite was prepared hydrothermally from Ca(OH) and quartz, and was shown to have the characteristic x-ray and DTA patterns for this phase. The infrared spectrum was investigated using samples deposited on KBr plates; the appearance of several bands not previously reported was noted. Tobermorite disperses readily in water to primary particles, and it was observed that wetted tobermorite exhibits plastic properties similar to those of clays. The zeta potential of tobermorite in distilled water was about -30mv., but the sign of the charge was reversed in sufficiently concentrated Ca ++ or Al+++ solutions. KW - Calcium silicate KW - Clay minerals KW - Hydrates KW - Properties of materials KW - Tobermorite UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313635 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456719 AU - Busching, Herbert William AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stability Relationships Of Gyratory-Compacted Bituminous Mixtures PY - 1963/01//Final Report SP - 136p AB - A laboratory study was made of the stability relationships of bituminous mixtures compacted in the gyratory testing machine. Compaction in the gyratory testing machine was imposed on the bituminous mixtures in an attempt to simulate compaction that would be imposed by construction and traffic compaction. The study consisted, in part, of stability measurement of specimens compacted under varying levels of simulated construction and traffic compaction. Two aggregate gradations were used to study the effects of compaction on dense- and open-graded mixtures. Compactive effort was varied by changing ram pressure and number of revolutions as well as type of operation in the gyratory testing machine. Stability measurements were made with the Hveem stabilometer. Statistical analyses were used to evaluate the effect of each of the variables on specimen stability. The results of the study indicated that the load imposed on specimens during the course of the stabilometer test increased density and decreased voids in some compacted specimens. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Stability (Chemistry) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313636 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456718 AU - Jouzy, Neddy Costandy AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use and Design of Acceleration and Deceleration Lanes in Indiana : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 82p AB - This paper reports the speed and lateral placement of vehicles on acceleration and deceleration lanes of various designs as constructed in Indiana. It also correlates acceleration and deceleration lane design with traffic behavior and apparent driver requirements, and suggests acceleration lane and deceleration lane design (or designs) which appears to provide the most efficient and safe operation. KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Behavior KW - Deceleration lanes KW - Drivers KW - Highway design KW - Highway traffic UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314435 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456716 AU - Wright, John Martin AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation of Intersection Illumination : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 70p AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of illumination on certain traffic-stream characteristics at two rural intersections. The first part of this study compared the operational and safety characteristics of these intersections with and without highway illumination. The second part consisted of an economic analysis at both study locations to determine the economic feasibility of intersection illumination. The data seems to suggest that illumination is most desirable at one location, while there is less evidence in support of the illumination at the other location. However, this analysis did not take into account comfort, convenience, and ease of travel which may be benefits accruing from the addition of illumination. KW - Economic analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Rural highways KW - Street lighting UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313643 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456715 AU - Wright, John Martin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation of Intersection Illumination PY - 1963/01//Final Report SP - 102p AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of illumination on certain traffic-stream characteristics at two rural intersections. The first part of this study compared the operational and safety characteristics of these intersections with and without highway illumination. The second part consisted of an economic analysis at both study locations to determine the economic feasibility of intersection illumination. The data seems to suggest that illumination is most desirable at one location, while there is less evidence in support of the illumination at the other location. However, this analysis did not take into account comfort, convenience, and ease of travel which may be benefits accruing from the addition of illumination. KW - Economic analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Rural highways KW - Street lighting UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313632 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456714 AU - Quinn, Bayard Elmer AU - Wilson, Clement Card AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Can Dynamic Tire Forces Be Used as a Criterion of Pavement Condition : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 40p AB - A vehicle moving over a perfectly smooth pavement will in general exert only the static wheel loadings upon the highway, Unevenness in the pavement profile will, however, induce vertical motion in the vehicle and this will produce fluctuating force components that will be superimposed upon the static wheel loads. These fluctuating force components are referred to in this paper as the dynamic tire forces . The question is raised as to whether or not they can serve as a criterion of pavement condition. In this investigation the dynamic tire force was measured continuously as a test vehicle moved along the pavement and the resulting force records were analyzed to obtain the root mean square value of the dynamic tire force. In certain cases the frequency of occurrence of certain magnitudes of the force was determined. The effects of vehicle velocity and tire inflation pressure upon the dynamic force were briefly investigated. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Smoothness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tire forces UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313641 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456713 AU - Wu, I-Pai AU - Delleur, J W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design Peak Discharge for Small Watersheds in Indiana : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 54p AB - A study is made of the hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square miles in areas located in the State of Indiana for which flows are recorded by the U.S.C.S. A statistical frequency analysis of the peak flows was made by means of Gumbel's extreme value theory. A geomorphological study, involving the quantitative determination of five watershed characteristics, combined with the use of multiple correlation techniques serves to establish a formula for estimating the peak discharge of ungaged watersheds in Indiana. KW - Flow equations KW - Hydrology KW - Indiana KW - Peak discharge KW - Statistical analysis KW - Watersheds UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314439 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456711 AU - Diamond, Sidney AU - Dolch, William Lee AU - White, Joe L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Studies on Tobermorite-Like Calcium Silicate Hydrates : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 53p AB - Parallel studies were carried out on certain characteristics of CSH(l) synthesized at room temperature and on CSH(gel) produced by paste or bottle hydration. Instrumental methods employed included x-ray diffraction, DTA, infrared spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Surface areas of the CSH(l) samples were measured by water vapor adsorption and heats of adsorption were calculated. Both CSH(l) and CSH(gel) were shown to have a negative surface charge in the absence of Ca(OH)2. A method was devised to measure the cation exchange capacities of these materials, and the exchange capacities measured were the order of 5-20 meq/100g. The evidence suggests that CSH(gel) is a single, well-defined phase regardless of starting material or mode of hydration, and that CSH(l) has well-defined properties regardless of variations in composition. The two phases are difficult to distinguish by x-ray methods, but can be differentiated by the intensity of the high-temperature exotherm on DTA, by particle shape as revealed by electron-microscopic observation, and by the appearance of the main Si-0 vibration band region in infrared spectroscopy. KW - Adsorption KW - Calcium silicate KW - Cation exchange KW - Hydrates KW - Instruments for measuring specific properties KW - Tobermorite UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313642 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456709 AU - Diamond, Sidney AU - White, Joe L AU - Dolch, William Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transformation of Clay Minerals by Calcium Hydroxide Attack : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 46p AB - Calcium hydroxide was allowed to react with various clays and other silicates at slightly elevated temperatures for several months. The reaction products were examined by x-ray, DTA, and electron microscopy, and were shown to be poorly-crystallized calcium silicate hydrates of the tobermorite family and calcium aluminate hydrates. Quaternary phases were not detected, but some isomorphous substitution probably occurs. The extent of reaction was shown to be such that under appropriate conditions almost all of the clay mineral was decomposed. Electron micrographs of the reacted materials indicated that attack occurred from the edges of the particles, and in general the remaining unattacked portion of the clay did not suffer appreciable loss of crystallinity. It was postulated that the reaction involves progressive dissolution of the mineral at the 'edges of the particles in the strongly basic environment maintained by calcium hydroxide solution, followed by separate precipitation of the reaction products. In these experiments the calcium silicate hydrate generated by the reaction between lime and quartz was uniformly CSH(gel); reaction with kaolinite and montmorillonite produced either CSH(gel) or CSH(l) depending on the conditions of the reaction. At 60 C the alumina-bearing phase was tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate; at lower temperature the phase produced was a hexagonal material closely resembling 4CaO.Al203.3H20 but retaining a constant 7-6A. basal spacing regardless of its state of wetness or dryness. It was found that under appropriate conditions the formation of CSH(l) resulted in as effective a cementation as did the formation of CSH(gel). KW - Bonding KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium silicate KW - Clay minerals KW - Hydrates KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313640 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454229 AU - Jester, Lester R AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Various Factors On Vehicle Speeds: A Review of The Literature PY - 1963/01 SP - 137p AB - The subject of vehicular speed is highly controversial. It has occupied a prominent position in highway and traffic engineering literature, yet it is probably the least understood characteristic of traffic. Some of the factors affecting vehicle speeds are not stable with time; therefore, research has to be performed on a continuous basis in order to understand their current significance. Numerous individuals and organizations have made many studies, and many articles have been written concerning the characteristics of motor vehicle speed and the effects of conditions and controls on speed. The purpose of this study was to review, evaluate and summarize this published information relative to motor vehicle speeds and the effect of various factors on speed. The procedure was to study the available literature, evaluate the quality of the reported material based on the qualifications of the author, methods of data collection, methods of analysis, mathematical procedures, and date of study and to summarize the results obtained. The relationship of the following factors to speed as reported in over 400 technical papers, reports and articles are briefly summarized in this report: speed trends; road geometry; traffic stream characteristics; variation with time; weather conditions; speed control measures; roadside development; driver/vehicle/pneumatic road rube factors; and accidents. KW - Geometric design KW - Literature reviews KW - Periods of the day KW - Roadside improvement KW - Speed KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Weather conditions UR - http://archive.org/details/effectofvariousf00jest UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1973&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1973&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313625 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454223 AU - Sonntag, Ronald C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Some Traffic Flow Relationships on Two-Lane Urban Streets : Final Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 136p AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the interrelationships of traffic flow variables on two-way two-lane urban arterial streets. The major variables considered were the relationships of speed, volume and density, and the distribution of observed headways. The study was performed on several types of urban arterial streets relative to the parking conditions. Six sites, selected in Lafayette and Indianapolis, were as identical as possible regarding roadway geometry and adjacent land use. The data were collected at each of the six sites by means of a continuously operating, traffic-actuated recording device. The traffic flow relationships investigated were analyzed by means of a multiple linear regression analysis for each individual site, each type of site and for each group of sites located within a particular city where the data were collected. The analysis indicated a slight decrease in mean speed with an increase in volume and average density and also an increase in average density with an increase in volume. These relationships appear to be linear for the range of data obtained for free-flowing traffic conditions. When other variables -commercial vehicles, directional distribution, and turning movements at nearby intersections - were considered with the speed-volume relationship, volume was the only significant variable in explaining the variability in mean speed. In general, the proportion of explained variability was low. The relationships were not the same among site types located in different cities or among different site types located within the same city; however, the relationship was consistent among similar site types within the same city. A study of the observed headway distributions indicated that the volume of opposing traffic had very little influence upon the distribution of headways in a traffic stream, and then only when opposing volumes were very low. The observed distribution of headways for all volume levels indicated that more vehicles travel at shorter headways on rural highways than on the urban streets studied. The observed headway distributions were found to fit well in two theoretical distributions proposed in the literature. KW - Field studies KW - Headways KW - Indiana KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Opposing traffic KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban areas UR - http://archive.org/details/effectofvariousf00jest UR - http://archive.org/details/sometrafficflowr00sonn UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1972&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313624 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454210 AU - Haynes, John H AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Repeated Loading on Gravel and Crushed Stone Base Course Materials Used in the AASHO Road Test PY - 1963/01 SP - 33p AB - This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation of the behavior of the AASHO Road Test gravel and crushed stone mixtures subjected to repeated loading. Cylindrical specimens were stressed trivially to levels approximating those which would be found in the base course of a highway pavement. The repetitive loadings were applied with equipment developed in the laboratories of the School of Civil Engineering at Purdue University. The materials used in the study were obtained from the site of the AASHO Road Test. The gravel and crushed stone with grain size distribution equal to that used in the Road Test and compacted to the mean density levels found in the field were the subject of primary interest. Variation in percent fines and degree of saturation were considered to have a great effect on these basic gradations. Therefore, the percent passing the number 200 mesh sieve was varied so that three mixtures of each material were obtained. These three mixtures were tested at three levels of saturation. The effects of these variables on the deformation-rebound characteristics of the materials under repeated loads were studied. From these studies, the advantages and disadvantages of each material, concerning their value as base course materials, were found and are reported in detail. Also, a comparison between the laboratory and field performance of the two AASHO materials is presented. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Crushed rock KW - Field performance KW - Gravel KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance tests KW - Repeated loads UR - Effects of Repeated Loading on Gravel and Crushed Stone Base Course Materials Used in the AASHO Road Test UR - http://archive.org/details/effectsofrepeate00hayn UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1970&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313622 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454200 AU - Wu, I-Pai AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydrology of Small Watersheds in Indiana and Hydrodynamics of Overland Flow PY - 1963/01 SP - 238p AB - A study is made of the hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square miles in an area located in the State of Indiana for which flows are recorded by the United States Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.). A statistical frequency analysis of the peak flows was made by means of Gumbel's extreme value theory. A geomorphological study, involving the quantitative determination of five watershed characteristics, combined with the use of multiple correlation techniques, serves to establish a formula for estimating the peak discharge of ungaged watersheds in Indiana. The shape and the peak discharge of the synthetic hydrograph were determined for those areas where no stream gaging station is available. A mathematical expression for the hydrograph containing two parameters which can be correlated with readily obtainable watershed characteristics gives the theoretical basis for establishing the synthetic hydrograph. A complete procedure for the design of the storm hydrograph for small ungaged watersheds is presented. The basic mathematical expression for the hydrograph is considered appropriate for general application. The research concludes with a study of the hydrodynamics of overland flow based on the momentum and the continuity equations. A set of two partial differential equations of hyperbolic type was derived for the overland flow produced by the precipitation. The equations may be solved by the method of characteristics. Approximate solutions also were given for both the laminar and turbulent sheet flow. They are simple to calculate and the results compare well with Izzard's experimental measurements. KW - Flow KW - Frequency analysis KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Hydrology KW - Indiana KW - Overland flow KW - Peak flows KW - Statistical analysis KW - Watersheds UR - http://archive.org/details/hydrologyofsmall00wuip UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1976&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1976&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313628 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454195 AU - Moavenzadeh, Fred AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Aggregate Degradation In Bituminous Mixtures: Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 72p AB - It was the purpose of this investigation to evaluate the degradation characteristics of aggregates in bituminous mixtures and to analyze the factors which are effective in causing this degradation. In so doing, the following factors were investigated: (l) type of aggregate, (2) gradation of aggregate, (3) aggregate shape, (4) aggregate size, (5) asphalt content, and (6) compactive effort. KW - Aggregates by gradation KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Compactibility KW - Deterioration UR - http://archive.org/details/aggregatedegrada00moav UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1971&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1971&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313623 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454187 AU - Howes, William F AU - Miles, Robert Douglas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Aerial Photography Applied to Traffic Studies : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 50p AB - This paper reports on a study of the applicability of aerial photography to the collection and analysis of highway traffic flow data. Specifically, time-lapse aerial photographs were investigated relative to their accuracy and efficiency in securing speed, volume, headway and other pertinent information on vehicle movement. The aerial photographic method, although impractical for the conventional fixed location, limited scope traffic survey (e.g., a volume count or "spot" speed study), demonstrated a significant potential in the task of recording a wide variety of traffic phenomena over "space" as well as time. Time-lapse photography, with its ability to record a driver's behavior in a series of exposures, was judged to be the most accurate and practical way to analyze vehicle acceleration, merging, diverging, weaving, and patterns over an extended length of roadway. These are important traffic flow elements which are all but impossible to study by conventional ground methods. Among the most important assets of the aerial photographic method is its ability to pictorially record the environment in which traffic data are obtained. This attribute enhances the value of the data by affording the investigator with possible reasons for unusual traffic behavior. KW - Aerial photogrammetry KW - Highways KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic flow UR - http://archive.org/details/aerialphotograph00howe UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1975&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1975&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313627 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454186 AU - Lamb, Donald R AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Christian, John E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Asphalt-Aggregate Distribution in Bituminous Mixes by Autoradiography : Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 63p AB - Radioactive isotopes have not been used for basic research in the area of bituminous mixtures to any great extent. The determination of asphalt content in a bituminous mixture, the use of an isotope to determine the amount of stripping of asphalt from aggregate, the measurement of mixing efficiency using a radioactive isotope and some unpublished reports on density and asphalt content are the only bituminous research areas in which isotopes have been used. It is the object of this paper to illustrate how radioactive isotope techniques can be applied to the investigation of some of the fundamentals of the phase relationships in bituminous mixes. In the interest of brevity the authors have not reviewed the fundamentals of radioactivity and autoradiography. The reader is referred to basic texts in this area. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Autoradiography KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Phase transitions KW - Radioisotopes UR - http://archive.org/details/evaluationofasph00lamb UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1968&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1968&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313620 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454176 AU - Lewis, Russell Maclean AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Simulation of Traffic Flow to Obtain Volume Warrants for Intersection Control: Technical Paper PY - 1963/01 SP - 98p AB - The control of vehicular traffic at street intersections has been one of the most studied items in the traffic engineering field, yet much remains unknown. Intersections are the critical element of streets in that their characteristics determine the efficiency and capacity of the entire street system. Here one common area must accommodate the vehicular flow of two streets and the conflicting maneuvers of their several approaches. The purpose of this research was two-fold. The first phase of the study was the development of a model, whereby a traffic intersection could be simulated on a digital electronic computer. The particular intersection chosen for study was a four-legged, right-angled intersection of a high-volume major arterial street with a lower-volume minor arterial street. The major arterial had four lanes with parking prohibited, and the minor arterial had two travel lanes with parking permitted on both sides. Both arterials were operated as two-way streets. The intersection is typical of many intersections located in intermediate urban areas and in suburban areas. The second phase of the study was the operation of the simulated intersection under two appropriate types of traffic control; namely, the two-way stop sign and the semi-traffic-actuated signal. The purpose was to establish a realistic set of volume warrants for the given class of intersection. Such warrants were to indicate when, from the standpoint of delay, it would be advantageous to go from stop sign control to actuated-signal controls The major variables used were the traffic volumes carried by the two streets. KW - Arterial highways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersection control KW - Intersections KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://archive.org/details/simulationoftraf00lewi UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1969&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1969&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313621 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454167 AU - Sanborn, John Leonard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stress and Deflection in an Elastic Mass under Semiellipsoidal Loads : Informational Report PY - 1963/01 SP - 52p AB - A common problem in the design and evaluation of highway and airfield pavements is the estimation of theoretical stresses and deflections at points within the pavement due to applied wheel loads. Elastic stress distribution in a homogeneous mass is generally used for such estimates, but its application in this field has been limited to assumptions of concentrated load or of uniformly distributed circular loads. Formal integration of the expressions for stress and deflection for non-uniform loads is either impossible of impracticable. This report describes the application of numerical integration, by means of a high speed digital computer, to the solution of elastic stress and deflection equations for a semiellipsoidal load at the surface of a uniform, semi-infinite mass having a plane boundary. Normal stresses are computed by the Boussineeq equations, and the strain due to those stresses determined by accepted elastic theory. Integration is performed by Simpson's Rule. Three sets of curves representing stress and deflection on three planes normal to the surface are included. The curves were compiled from data developed, with the program described, on an IBM 7090 computer. The actual program, in 7090 Fortran language, and an example of the use of the curves are appended to this report. KW - Deflection KW - Design load KW - Elastic deformation KW - Elastic stress KW - Ellipses KW - Highway design KW - Numerical integration UR - http://archive.org/details/stressdeflection00sanb UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1974&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1974&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313626 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219593 AU - SNIDER, J N AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM TO MEASURE TRUE DRIVING PERFORMANCE PY - 1963/01 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Measuring instruments KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105945 AU - Anday, M C AU - Ralston, H H AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research TI - Nuclear measurement of soil properties PY - 1963 SP - 19 p. KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear tests KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947162 AU - TENNENT, RICHARD C AU - HERR, LESTER ABRAM AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CIRCULAR; TI - A FORTRAN PROGRAM FOR THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE-ARCH CULVERTS. T2 - FORTRAN PROGRAM FOR THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CM PIPE-ARCH CULVERTS PY - 1963 IS - NO. 8 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Information processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772136 AU - Pompei, Vincent AU - Keryeski, John M AU - National Proving Ground for Freeway Surveillance Control & Electronic Traffic Aids AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MEASURING THE BLIND AREAS IN TELEVISION SURVEILLANCE OF A FREEWAY AND A COMPARISON OF TWO CAMERA SYSTEMS PY - 1963 SP - 10 p., 6 folded plates AB - This report deals with locating and measuring the extent of the closed- circuit television system's blind spots on the shoulders and traffic lanes of the John C. Lodge Freeway in Detroit, Michigan. 14 television cameras send pictures by closed circuit into a central control room where they are monitored by observers. KW - Cameras KW - Closed circuit television KW - Freeways KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219643 AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - NORTH DAKOTA INTERSTATE SYSTEM ACCIDENT STUDY PY - 1963 AB - THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT WAS TO SHOW COMPARISONS OF ACCIDENT, INJURY, AND FATALITY RATES BETWEEN THE COMPLETED PORTIONS OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM AND EXISTING U. S. NUMBERED RURAL HIGHWAYS WITHIN NORTH DAKOTA. THE REPORT WAS PREPARED IN TWO PARTS. PART I CONSISTED OF A COMPARISON OF THE ENTIRE RURAL INTERSTATE MILEAGE OPENED TO TRAFFIC PRIOR TO JANUARY 1, 1962, WITH SIMILAR LENGTH SECTIONS OF NEARBY EXISTING HIGHWAYS. IN PART II, TWO SHORT SECTIONS OF INTERSTATE 94 WERE SELECTED AND COMPARED TO NEARBY EXISTING U. S. ROUTES. RATES WERE COMPUTED FOR THE EXISTING HIGHWAYS BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE CORRESPONDING INTERSTATE SECTIONS WERE OPENED TO TRAFFIC. THE ACCIDENT RATE ON THE INTERSTATE SYSTEMS WAS 15 PERCENT LOWER THAN THAT ON THE EXISTING ROUTES. THE RATES FOR INJURIES AND FATALITIES WERE RESPECTIVELY 54 AND 86 PERCENT LOWER ON THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM THAN ON THE EXISTING ROUTES. HEAD-ON COLLISIONS WERE FOUND TO BE NEARLY NON-EXISTENT ON THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Existing roads KW - Fatalities KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Interstate 94 KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Mileage death rate KW - North Dakota KW - Roads KW - Rural highways KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219622 AU - Baker, J S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS. CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219630 AU - Dillard, J H AU - Britton, W S AU - Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research TI - USE OF THIN SAND OVERLAYS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Sand KW - Thin KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108755 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219600 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Keese, C J AU - Wilshire, R L TI - EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ON FREEWAY OPERATION PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219567 AU - Adams, J R AU - Beamish, J J AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - DRIVING IMPROVEMENT COURSE OUTLINES PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Breakdown KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Education KW - Mechanical failure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219578 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - THE IMPAIRED DRIVER PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Drivers KW - Impaired UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219583 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - DRIVING AND CONNOTATIVE MEANINGS PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Connotation KW - Driving KW - Road markings KW - Significance KW - Significance (Statistics) KW - Word markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219584 AU - Chubb, G AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - DRIVERS ABILITY TO CONTROL THE VELOCITY OF AN AUTOMOBILE AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL VELOCITY AND EXTENT OF CHANGE PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Control KW - Drivers KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825835 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - NEWSLETTER OF THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING COMPUTER PROGRAM EXCHANGE GROUP.. PY - 1963 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Periodicals KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation UR - http://books.northwestern.edu/viewer.html?id=inu:inu-mntb-0005779868-bk UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01471078 AU - Tharp, Kenneth John AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Quantitative Evaluation of the Geometric Aspects of Highways PY - 1962/12/18/Final Report SP - 120p AB - This study is an investigation of a quantitative measure of the resistance to the flow of traffic as offered by geometric highway features. Under consideration is a mechanistic model resulting from the postulate that traffic reacts to a motivating pressure potential which in turn reflects the behavior of the traffic traversing a particular section of highway. When solved, the governing differential equation yields a parameter called the modulus of geometric aspects. This parameter is a measure of the ease with which traffic traverses the given roadway section. To evaluate the developed model and determine the reasonableness of the modulus of geometric aspects, a detailed study was undertaken of vehicle speeds on an actual highway curve. A procedure was developed whereby the spot speeds could be calculated from observations recorded by photographic means. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data and to determine the goodness of fit of the theoretical and observed speed distributions. The success of the results obtained from the study of the first highway curve indicated the advisability of extending the study to additional geometric highway features (other curves, merging conditions, etc.). Additional field experiments were conducted to provide a more generalized basis of evaluating the reliability of the developed modulus. The results of the study reveal that the mechanistic model as developed conforms closely to the observed speeds in the vicinity of geometric features except for special highway features requiring extreme speed changes. Subject to the same condition, the modulus of geometric aspects provides a reproducible quantitative rating of the geometric highway feature. KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Speed distribution KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313619 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453705 AU - Dillard, D E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 75 : Progress Report PY - 1962/12/18 SP - 43p AB - This report is an analysis of spot-speed observations made during July and August 1962. All observations were made of free-moving vehicles on level, tangent sections on rural highways during daylight hours and under favorable weather conditions. Speeds were recorded to the nearest mile per hour. Data were collected for three classifications of highway: two-lane, four-lane and interstate. Previous Traffic Speed Reports have indicated that four speed stations in each classification would provide a reasonable estimate of average speeds at a moderate cost. It is recommended that the minimum station sample size for future studies continue to be 215 passenger cars and 35 heavy trucks. It is further recommended that the four stations on each type of highway be continued in future studies. The techniques of securing speed data should be carefully and continuously reviewed by the observers in order to minimize observation effects that could cause a station-to-station variance. KW - Data collection KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Speed measurement KW - Spot speed KW - Traffic counting stations UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314433 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453710 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Noble County, Indiana PY - 1962/12/14 SP - 44p AB - The soils mapping of Noble County, Indiana was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. To increase the value of the county soil maps, the major soil types were sampled and tests were conducted in the soils laboratory. The soil tests performed include grain-size analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit, standard American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) compaction and the California Bearing ratio test. The soils were classified using both the unified soil classification system and the AASHO system. Generalized soil profiles of the major soil groups were included on the soil map. A print of the engineering soils map and a summary table of the engineering test data are included in the report. KW - Aerial surveying KW - Engineered materials KW - Noble County (Indiana) KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil classification KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314434 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219591 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - SOME EXPLORATORY RESEARCH ON RISK ACCEPTANCE IN A MAN- MACHINE SETTING PY - 1962/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Acceptance KW - Hazards KW - Machines KW - Research KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481645 AU - Johnson, Rodney Wendell AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Repeated Load Triaxial Test with Pore Pressure Measurement PY - 1962/10//Technical Paper SP - 61p AB - Examination of the literature concerned with the testing of soils reveals that the development of related equipment, methods and procedures has progressed parallel with the development and evolution of soil mechanics itself together with technological developments in areas quite unrelated to soil testing. This fact presents a great challenge to the laboratory investigator attempting to duplicate as realistically as possible the actual in situ conditions which represent the soil problem under investigation as well as a barrier in terms of complex equipment fabrication. As the amount of effort expended in soils research increases, the degree of complexity of unsolved problems mounts likewise, accompanied by a demand for better test equipment. This trend leads inevitably to a decision to break big problems down into smaller pieces and so approach a solution in a piecewise manner. No stigma attaches to this method by any standard of evaluation, providing the problem can be solved by this approach. Occasions arise however, when such techniques will not suffice due to a requirement to evaluate interrelated test data; in this case the test equipment becomes much more complex. A recently concluded program of research required rather complex test equipment which was not commercially available and which insofar as was then known had not been produced elsewhere in quite the same form. This paper describes the equipment designed and constructed as a part of the research program as well as methods and procedures developed to accompany the testing of certain soil specimens included in the program. KW - Pore pressure KW - Repeated loads KW - Soil tests KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313618 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219315 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219608 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Pinnell, C AU - Satterly, G T TI - SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR THE EVALUATION OF ARTERIAL STREET OPERATION PY - 1962/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Arterial highways KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Streets KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454372 AU - Miller, Forrest D AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of School Crossing Protection : Technical Paper PY - 1962/09/05 SP - 40p AB - The purpose of this research was to evaluate some effects of various devices used for school crossing protection at school crossings. For several traffic control signs the effect on speed was evaluated; for separated crossing structures, the use of the facility was investigated; and for pedestrian-actuated signals, the use by school children and the effect on vehicular traffic were studied. In the study of separated crossing structures, overpasses and underpasses, data were collected during two crossing periods of one day and then repeated at a later date. In the study of pedestrian-actuated signals, data were collected on two days during the afternoon crossing period when children were leaving school. For the study of traffic control signs, data were collected during each of the four time periods of days when children used the crossing. In order to eliminate the variable of the day of the week, data were collected for each sign condition on two week days which were picked at random for each series of speed studies. Details of the study, results, and conclusions and recommendations are presented. KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School children KW - School crossings KW - West Lafayette (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313613 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454368 AU - Nakamura, Velma Fumiko AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Serviceability Ratings of Highway Pavements : Technical Paper PY - 1962/09/05 SP - 43p AB - The purposes of this study were: 1) to determine the correlation of present serviceability ratings made by experts in the field of highway engineering with similar ratings made by typical road users; 2) to determine the correlation of roughometer measurements with present serviceability ratings; and 3) to attempt the development of a simple, economical evaluation procedure which would accurately rate the serviceability of highway pavements. It reports the findings of pavement serviceability rating (PSR) and the relationship between road roughness as measured by the roughometer and PSR. The research is an attempt to apply a rating method used in the AASHO Road Test in Illinois. KW - Indiana KW - Pavement performance KW - Ratings KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313612 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482537 AU - Lewis, R M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Simulation of Traffic Flow to Obtain Volume Warrants For Intersection Control PY - 1962/09//Final Report SP - 208p AB - This study develops suggested warrants for semi-actuated traffic signals and provides valuable information on the average delays sustained by traffic at two-way stop and actuated signalized intersections. The information was obtained by utilizing established quantitative values for traffic flow characteristics and simulating traffic flow through the controlled intersection on a 7090 IEM computer. The model developed was a new one and the results obtained appear to be realistic. The type of data obtained would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible, to obtain by any type of field study. The findings suggest that simulation of traffic flow on digital computers for answers to traffic flow problems offers great possibilities, with the major current restriction imposed by an absence of quantitative information on traffic flow characteristics.   KW - Computers KW - Intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313617 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482536 AU - Bell, J Richard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Measurement of Moisture Gradients in Concrete Pavement Slabs: Progress Report No. 4 PY - 1962/09 SP - 130p AB - The dielectric properties of one concrete and one mortar mix were measured by laboratory tests. The relative dielectric constant and dielectric conductivity-water content relationships were determined from permittivity measurements. The dielectric conductivity relationship was also obtained from resistance measurements. The samples were tested through ten cycles of drying and rewetting with distilled water. One half of the samples were cycled by drying to 105°C; the remainder were dried to only 60°C. Additional tests were conducted on selected samples to investigate the influence of increasing the salt content of the pore water. The results show that the relationships between the dielectric properties of concrete and water content are not constant. They are strongly influenced by many factors other than water content, including electrical frequency of the measurements, salt content of the pore fluid, ambient temperature and humidity, maximum drying temperature to which the concrete is subjected, and size of the test specimens. The results also show that large changes in these relationships result only from the extreme conditions of drying very thin samples to 105°C or from the samples being soaked in a concentrated NaCl solution. For thicker specimens dried to only 60°C and subjected to ten cycles of drying and rewetting with distilled water without the addition of salts, the relationships between the dielectric properties and water content exhibited only minor variations. It is concluded that the dielectric properties are capable of serving as accurate moisture indicators for many applications where extreme environmental conditions do not prevail and where large quantities of salts are not added to the pore water during the period of the test.   KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dielectric properties KW - Measuring methods KW - Moisture content KW - Slabs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313616 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481205 AU - Schenler, W W AU - Michael, H L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Sufficiency Rating Method for Urban Intersections PY - 1962/09//Technical Paper SP - 50p AB - The urban intersection is a major source of delay on urban streets. The adequacy of a major street is almost always determined by the adequacy of its intersections and the operational characteristics of such intersections. As a result, any evaluation of a major urban street must of necessity include an evaluation of the intersections on the street. This paper briefly describes the development of a sufficiency rating method for such intersections based on logical engineering procedures. Factors that were considered to influence the ability of an intersection to serve traffic were divided into two categories: physical factors and traffic factors. The physical rating of the intersection considers the physical factors of surface condition, rideability and skid resistance, as well as intersection geometrics, curb radius for right-turning vehicles, visual restrictions and lighting. The complete physical rating is a function of the intersection as a unit. The traffic rating uses average delay per vehicle as a measure of user satisfaction with the service provided, and a traffic rating is determined for each approach to the particular intersection being investigated. KW - Evaluation KW - Highway design KW - Intersections KW - Level of service KW - Pavement performance KW - Ratings KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Urban highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313615 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454364 AU - Wermers, Lyle G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Road Roughness of Flexible Pavements Using the Kentucky Accelerometer PY - 1962/07/13/Final Report SP - 20p AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate correlations which exist among the Pavement Serviceability Rating (PSR), Roughometer Roughness Index (RRl), and an Accelerometer Roughness Index (ARI), specifically for flexible highway pavements. It is an extension of the research reported in an earlier study titled "Serviceability Ratings of Highway Pavements". KW - Accelerometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Road meters KW - Roughness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313610 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454362 AU - Moavenzadeh, Fred AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Laboratory Study of the Degradation of Aggregates in Bituminous Mixes PY - 1962/07/13/Final Report SP - 226p AB - A laboratory study was performed on bituminous mixtures using a gyratory testing machine in order to determine the factors affecting degradation of aggregate in bituminous mixtures. The study was subdivided into three parts. In the first part tests were performed on one-sized aggregate; in the second part, a dyeing process was utilized to identify the separate fractions of each size in the grading in order to determine the influence of the presence of other sizes in the degradation of each size; and in the third part a detailed study of factors affecting degradation of aggregate was made. Three kinds of aggregates with different Los Angeles values were used. The aggregates were blended according to three different gradations ranging from an open gradation to a Fuller maximum density gradation. Four different asphalt contents ranging from zero to 6 percent were used for most of the gradations. Use of a gyratory testing machine made it possible to produce specimens having densities and structure similar to field pavement. The mechanism of the machine also made it possible to change the compactive efforts in two different ways: change in magnitude of load, and change in repetition of load. In order to study the effect of shape of particles on degradation, artificially rounded pieces were produced by subjecting angular pieces to a few thousand revolutions in the Los Angeles machine. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Aggregate tests KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Durability tests KW - Laboratory studies KW - Properties of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313611 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01481212 AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recent Developments in Aggregate Research PY - 1962/07 SP - 35p AB - This paper summarizes recent developments in the following areas of aggregate research: a) the influence of physical characteristics of aggregates on the frost resistance of Portland cement concrete; b) degradation of aggregate; c) chemical reaction of aggregate in Portland cement concrete; and d) the role of aggregate in the skid resistance of highway pavement surfaces. KW - Aggregates KW - Chemical reactions KW - Degradation (Hydrology) KW - Frost protection KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slip resistance UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313609 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219582 AU - SHOBEN, E J AU - Columbia University TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A CRITERION FOR DRIVER BEHAVIOR PY - 1962/06 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Behavior KW - Criteria KW - Development KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453697 AU - Hanna, S J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Development of Precision Statements for Several ASTM Test Methods PY - 1962/05/22 SP - 125p AB - Engineers have long been concerned with the precision of their so-called “standard” test methods. The inevitable question is, “within what limits can a person performing the standard test on the same material expect their results to fall?” Many tests methods have been devised but few of these give any indication of how well the results of repeated tests ought to agree. The problem of agreement between laboratories on the results from testing the same sample also arises. Many standard methods of test for concrete and concrete aggregates published by the ASTM contain no information that will give the user of the test method a quantitative indication of how well individual test results of a series ought to agree with each other or how well test results from different laboratories, on supposedly “identical” samples, ought to agree. A statement that gives this information might be called a “precision statement.” The objective of this work was to develop experimental designs with appropriate analyses from which these statements could be formulated. To facilitate this objective, several ASTM test methods were chosen for investigations (C 117-49, C 127-59 and C128-57). For each of these test methods, a sample of aggregate was tested a number of times by two operators acting independently. Prior to testing the variables associate with the test method were determined and a statistical model was written. After collecting the data, the results were analyzed. Using the results of the statistical analysis, confidence limits and control limits were determined at the 99 and 95% confidence levels. The precision statement was then formulated giving the plus and minus limits, the confidence levels at which these limits apply and the degrees of freedom associated with the limits. During the repeated performance of these tests, observations were made leading to suggestions for modification of the procedure. KW - American Society for Testing and Materials KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Precision KW - Test procedures UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314432 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01362950 AU - Carter, Arthur A AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Increasing the Traffic-Carrying Capability of Urban Arterial Streets: The Wisconsin Avenue Study PY - 1962/05 SP - 58p AB - The basic objective of this study was to estimate how great an increase in the traffic-carrying capability of an existing urban arterial street could be developed within existing right-of-way limits, if all known traffic-control techniques could be adopted, followed by new localized construction within those limits. It was not designed to develop entirely new techniques of traffic operations, but intended to predict the level of increased capacities that can be obtained by maximum utilization of existing procedures. The study had two basic parts. The first involved the development of a detailed outline of the many known traffic-control techniques already in use in various cities throughout the country. The second part involved the theoretical application of these tools to the study street, Wisconsin Avenue in the city of Washington, District of Columbia. The findings of the study are presented in the report. KW - Arterial highways KW - Highway capacity KW - Improvements KW - Streets KW - Theoretical studies KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban highways KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1131212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477134 AU - Lamb, Donald AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Asphalt-Aggregate Distribution in Bituminous Mixes By Autoradiography PY - 1962/04/11/Final Report SP - 171p AB - A laboratory study was performed to see if the radioactive tracer technique could be used in the evaluation of asphalt-aggregate distribution in bituminous mixtures. The measuring device used was the autoradiograph. Sample preparation and different types of photographic emulsions were investigated and compared. The effect of changes in viscosity of asphalt and changes in mixing time was also investigated. Sulfur-35 in elemental form dissolved in benzene was used to tag the asphalt. A radioactive mineral, Wyoming urananite, was used as an aggregate. These were the only radioactive materials incorporated into the bituminous mixes. A series of photographic emulsions was investigated. Because X-ray film proved sensitive and yet gave good definition it was used for most of the autoradiographs. Film thicknesses can be measured by the use of autoradiographs and can be delineated on aggregate particles not embedded in the asphalt-fine aggregate matrix. The evaluation of film thickness was investigated by coating small cylinders of pyrex glass, bakelite and limestone with different film thicknesses obtained by varying the viscosity of the asphalt. A series of mixes was prepared using different ratios of coarse to fine aggregate. In mixes where the coarse aggregate was predominate, relatively open gradations, the fines formed a mastic with the asphalt and coated the coarse aggregate. As the gradation became more dense the coarse particles had no discernible film. When selected-size fractions of the radioactive aggregate were mixed into the bituminous mixture, very even distribution throughout the mix resulted in each case. If there was any affinity of the asphalt for any one particular size range it did not appear during this investigation. When the aggregate was degraded in the compaction process, the liquid asphalt was forced into the resulting breaks. This was shown in the autoradiographs on aggregates that had colorations ranging from white to black. Thus when the aggregate and the asphalt have the same colorations the autoradiographs will show this phenomena. The effect on asphalt-aggregate distribution of viscosity and mixing time was investigated. The open mixes showed asphalt films on the aggregate pieces that lost their identity as the mixes became more dense. The observed films became thicker as the asphalt became more viscous. Tests using variable mixing time showed that even though there was not 100% coverage of the aggregate after mixing, the autoradiographs indicated that complete coverage was obtained after compaction. This study shows that autoradiographic technique is a useful tool with which to study asphalt-aggregate distribution in bituminous mixes. Using this technique and naturally occurring radioactive aggregates the asphalt does not show any affinity for a particular size. It also shows that asphalt films lose their identity in densely graded mixtures and complete coverage of the aggregate by the asphalt occurs during the compaction process. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Emulsions KW - Laboratory studies KW - Radiography UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313608 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01477140 AU - Burgers, Alfonso AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Nuclear Moisture-Density Measurements in Construction Control PY - 1962/04//Technical Paper SP - 36p AB - This paper summarizes research that has been done on nuclear moisture density measurement instruments and highlights the development work still to be done. The paper reports the literature study phase of the current research on these instruments. KW - Construction management KW - Literature reviews KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Nuclear moisture gages UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313606 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01473629 AU - Johnson, Rodney Wendell AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Physical Characteristics of Sand-Soil Mixtures Under Repeated Dynamic Loads PY - 1962/04//Final Report SP - 213p AB - A laboratory study was performed upon a series of soil-sand mixtures designed on the aggregate-binder principle for which the aggregate gradation was held constant and the binder content varied. The study was initiated to establish the effect of binder content on pore pressure behavior and strength properties of the test materials under conditions of repeated loading. Triaxial test equipment was designed and fabricated which permitted the deviator stress to be applied in a repetitive manner under varying intervals and duration of load as desired. Electronic pore pressure sensing and recording equipment was fabricated which permitted rapid and accurate measurement of pore fluid pressure in the failure zone of the sample. Volume change measuring equipment was also developed, based on change in volume of the cell fluid during the test. Graded sand samples containing binder contents (passing a No. 200 sieve) of 14%, 19%, and 29% were tested at varying confining pressures (30, 35 and 40 psi) and deviator stress to determine pore pressure, deformation, volume change, and elastic properties of the soil. The results showed that the total deformation and rebound experienced by the samples was related to the magnitude of deviator stress and binder content. Swell prior to test with attendant change in density acted to increase the total deformation whereas pre-test compression acted to decrease the total deformation. It was shown that a decrease in volume took place in the soil during repeated load testing. This decrease in volume with attendant change in soil structure acted to increase the strength of the soil above that for a soil with no repeated load application history. Increasing the number of load repetitions resulted in an increase in strength gain. The concept of a critical deviator stress level was substantiated, indicating the existence of a critical deviator stress in the repeated load test. The pore pressure behavior in partially saturated soils was explored in considerable detail. It was verified that pore pressure gradients existed in the soil prior to test, and that under the test conditions an equilibrium condition was reached after 1000 cycles at which time the pore pressures were redistributed. Pore pressures measured in the failure zone at equilibrium were average values for the entire sample. The results of this research program indicate that volume change can take place in soils compacted to high densities which in turn could cause rather high permanent deformations and eventual failure of the pavement. A definition of the strength of these soils and the mechanism of failure was postulated in terms of volume change and pore pressure KW - Aggregates KW - Binders KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pore pressure KW - Repeated loads KW - Sandy soils KW - Strength of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313607 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483589 AU - Nakamura, Velma Fumiko AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Serviceability Ratings of Highway Pavements PY - 1962/02/14/Final Report SP - 130p AB - Two simple methods of evaluating the present serviceability of highway pavements are studied. Present serviceability is defined as the adequacy of a section of pavement in its existing condition to serve its intended use. One method utilizes a rating panel and the second method utilizes roughometer measurements to obtain present serviceability ratings. The present serviceability of 19 rigid pavement sections, 19 flexible pavement sections, and 22 overlay pavement sections were rated by 3 ten-member rating panels and measured by the Indiana roughometer. Two of the panels were composed of people professionally associated with highway engineering. The third panel consisted of "laymen" who were assumed to be typical road users. Rating data were analyzed by an analysis of variance design. The serviceability ratings of the raters within each of the panels varied widely, but there was no significant difference between the mean serviceability ratings of the three panels. Information relative to the number of raters to use on a panel is also included. Although the number of members for the rating panel is determined by the "accuracy" required, it is shown that for priority ranking purposes as few as three raters on a single panel may be sufficient. Linear and exponential least-squares regression equations were calculated for each pavement type with roughometer measurements as the independent variable and the present serviceability ratings as determined by the thirty raters as the dependent variable. When compared to serviceability ratings obtained by a large rating panel, the serviceability ratings obtained by the use of roughness measurements were only fair approximations for overlay and flexible pavement sections but were almost exactly the same for rigid pavements. KW - Highways KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313603 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01482560 AU - Schenler, William Walter AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Urban Intersection Evaluation Utilizing Average Delay Per Vehicle PY - 1962/02/14 SP - 57p AB - This paper proposes the adoption of “average delay per vehicle” as a criterion to be used to evaluate user satisfaction with intersection traffic conditions, and describes the derivation of certain volume-delay relationships for use as appropriate. The research was performed in connection with the development of a sufficiency rating procedure for urban intersections for the Indiana State Highway Commission. KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban travel UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313604 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01471065 AU - Walker, Richard David AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Lowry, Robert AU - Spencer, Walter T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Significance Of Layer Deflection Measurements PY - 1962/02/14/Technical Paper SP - 57p AB - An understanding of pavement behavior is essential to the development of an effective method of pavement design. To this end, a system for evaluating the structural performance of existing pavements is required. One system of evaluation and its effectiveness is described in this paper. Data obtained from a test road located on U. S. 31 near Columbus, Indiana, were used to develop the evaluation methods. Procedures such as the analysis of existing crack patterns and wheel track rutting and their relationships to subgrade soil type were examined. Total surface deflections under load, measured with a Benkelman beam, were analyzed in an attempt to establish a relationship between deflection and cracking of the pavement surface. Failure to establish total deflection as an indicator of the pavement behavior led to the development of a method using the Benkelman beam to measure deflections of the individual layers of the pavement structure. Four inch holes were drilled to the interface of the different layers of the pavement, and the holes were cased with pipe. Steel rods were referenced at the bottom of each hole, extending upward to near the top of the pavement. Measurements were made under rear axle loads of 12,000, 18,000, 22,000 and 27,000 pounds. Relative modulus values using layer deflections were calculated to compare the relative deflection of one pavement layer with another. Theoretical stress distribution was used as a basis of the calculations. The important conclusions reached by this study were that total deflections were ineffective in establishing the cause of the flexible pavement cracking and that knowledge of the individual layer deflections was required in order to evaluate the pavement fully. KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indiana KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313600 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470901 AU - Moavenzadeh, Fred AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comparison of Stopping Distance, Towed Vehicle, and Static Methods for Measuring Skid Resistance PY - 1962/02/14/Progress Report SP - 40p AB - This report presents a research study on the correlation of three methods of measuring the skidding resistance of highway pavement surfaces. The three methods used were the skid test vehicle, the Tennessee skid test trailer, and the British portable skid tester. Five different sections of pavement with different anti-skid characteristics were used for the correlation and included many of the bituminous mixtures that have been placed in recent years in the research concerned with development of mixtures with good anti-skid characteristics. The results indicate that it is obvious that coefficient of friction for almost all of the sections decreases as speed increases. However, there could not be established a correlation between the trailer method and others. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skid trailers KW - Stopping distances UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314430 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01484479 AU - Hampton, Delon AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Burr, I W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Variability of Engineering Properties of Brookston and Crosby Soils PY - 1962/02//Technical Paper SP - 77p AB - Engineers have always assumed that soils derived from the same parent material and under the same environmental conditions would have similar engineering properties . To ascertain the extent to which this is true a study was conducted on two soils . These soils were obtained from Madison and Tipton Counties, Indiana and are pedologically classified as Brookston and Crosby. Twenty borings were obtained from each county - ten from Brookston soils and ten from Crosby soils. Samples of these soils were subjected to the following tests and the results analyzed statistically: Atterberg limits; standard AASHO compaction test; Hveem stabilometer and swelling pressure tests; California bearing ratio test; grain size distribution test; and unconfined compression test. X-ray diffraction tests were conducted on eight samples - four from the rises and four from the depressions. From the statistical analysis, utilizing analysis of variance techniques it was found that soil variability is a function of the property being measured. The variability of the soils, as defined by the parameters of these tests, was very large. The consequences of such variation as it pertains to pavement design were considered. Diagrams are presented which relate the number of borings required to predict the mean value, of a given test parameter, to a desired degree of precision. KW - Indiana KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Soil tests KW - Soils UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313601 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01484472 AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Flexible Pavement Deflections-Methods of Analysis and Interpretation PY - 1962/02//Technical Paper SP - 59p AB - The amount a flexible pavement deflects under load indicates, in part, its adequacy insofar as structural capacity is concerned. Repeated deflection may cause the pavement to crack and distort as a result, of fatigue, excessive bonding stresses, accumulated plastic deformation and other factors. The deflection of a flexible pavement is partly elastic on character, but it is also made up of plastic strains. Elastic strains are regained upon removal of an applied load whereas plastic strains are not. Thus, the accumulation of non-recoverable plastic strains with repeated applications of load can result in distortion of the paving surface. Many engineers use deflection measurements to evaluate the adequacy of existing pavements. Deflection measurements are but one tool that can be used by the researcher to formulate concepts regarding the behavior of flexible and rigid pavements. Deflections measurements are subject to many limitations and therefore must be considered to be a means towards an end rather than an end within themselves. The primary purpose of determining the deflection of an existing pavement, insofar as structural adequacy is concerned, is to obtain basic data, either by inference or direct measurement, relative to the stress-strain properties of the pavement materials. Mere measurement of gross deflection at the pavement surface may not yield the desired results. Such factors as radius of bending and the viscoelastic properties of the pavement components also have their effect. Several methods of analysis can be adopted: 1) measurement of gross deflection and correlation of same with performance; 2) measurement and analysis of gross deflection along with the deflection of each component layer of the pavement; 3) analysis of deflection profiles and contours; 4) determination of unit deformation of each layer; 5) determination of a constant or constants which define the stress-strain properties of the materials; and 6) analysis of the fundamental frequency responses of the system. The significance of numerical deflection values depends upon the properties of the pavement. Pavements which have high values of moduli of elasticity can tolerate less deflection, for a given load, than those with low moduli. Deflection patterns must be considered in some situations to get the most out of deflection measurements. KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Deformation curve KW - Flexible pavements UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313602 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470910 AU - Moavenzadeh, Fred AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bituminous Concrete Mixture Design: Field Sampling - 1961 PY - 1962/01//Progress Report SP - 38p AB - This report presents results obtained for core samples taken on several bituminous resurfacing projects in the summer of 1961. The purpose of this continuing study has been to provide data for the application of the kneading compactor and Hveem design procedure to bituminous concrete mixture design in Indiana. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Field tests KW - Indiana KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Resurfacing KW - Sampling UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314431 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217546 AU - Goode, J F AU - Lufsey, L A AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A NEW GRAPHICAL CHART FOR EVALUATING AGGREGATE GRADATION PY - 1962/01 AB - LABORATORY TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO TEST THE U.S. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS AGGREGATE GRADATION CHART. THE GRADATION CHART WAS FOUND TO BE MORE CONVENIENT THAN THE LOGARITHMIC CHART BECAUSE MAXIMUM DENSITY GRADATIONS ARE REPRESENTED BY A STRAIGHT LINE FROM A THEORETICAL 0 PERCENT PASSING 0 SIEVE SIZE TO 100 PERCENT PASSING THE EFFECTIVE MAXIMUM SIZE. THE MAXIMUM DENSITY LINE ACTS AS A DESIGN TOOL TO COMPARE OTHER GRADATIONS OR TO ADJUST GRADATIONS TO PROVIDE DESIRED VOIDS AND STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS. FOR GRADATIONS OF THE SAME TYPE OF AGGREGATE WHICH PLOT SMOOTH CURVES ENTIRELY ABOVE OR BELOW THE MAXIMUM DENSITY LINE, THOSE CLOSEST TO THE LINE YIELD THE LOWEST VOIDS IN THE COMPACTED MIXTURE. THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECT OF GRADATION HUMPS TO THE MIX IS DETERMINED AND SKIP GRADATIONS ARE INVESTIGATED. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by gradation KW - Evaluation KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Skip graded aggregate KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01120021 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Division of Traffic and Planning TI - Roanoke Valley regional area major arterial plan comprehensive planning study : stage 1, traffic data PY - 1962 SP - viii, 95 leaves KW - Evaluation KW - Roads KW - Roanoke (Virginia) KW - Streets KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban transportation KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947078 AU - MCKAIN, WALTER C AU - GROFF, WILLIAM H AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TOURIST FACILITIES ALONG THE CONNECTICUT TURNPIKE. PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Connecticut KW - Expressways KW - Motels KW - Recreation KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947079 AU - TAYLOR, PAUL N AU - STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,; AU - Connecticut State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE CONNECTICUT TURNPIKE AND LABOR MARKET RELATIONSHIPS. PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Connecticut KW - Expressways KW - Labor market UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00945220 AU - JOUZY, NEDDY C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION LANES: FINAL REPORT T2 - ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION LANES PY - 1962 SP - 175p AB - The speed and lateral placement of vehicles on the various designs of the acceleration and deceleration lanes of the Indiana Toll Road and the Interstate System of the State of Indiana were studied in order to correlate the acceleration and deceleration lane design design with traffic behavior and driver requirements and determine the acceleration and deceleration lane designs which provide the most efficient and safest operation. KW - Indiana KW - Interchanges KW - Management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314429 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00903511 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STANDARD PLANS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES.. PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bridges KW - Continuous bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Design KW - Footbridges KW - Specifications KW - United States KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/618394 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772019 JO - Engineering Experiment Station Report PB - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - STUDY OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES AS TRAFFIC AIDS : ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1962 SP - xv, 152 p. AB - Describes work accomplished under federal and state sponsorship during 1961 and 1962 at Ohio State University in Columbus. Included are descriptions of computer simulation of car following, simulation of the driving task, and work on an electronic warning system for minimizing rear- end collisions. KW - Car following KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Human factors KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00219598 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Cleveland, D E TI - ROADWAY SIGNS AND ROADWAY ILLUMINATION PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219631 AU - Dillard, J H AU - Mahone, D C AU - Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research TI - COMPARISON OF SEVERAL METHODS OF MEASURING ROAD SURFACE SLIPPERINESS--TAPPAHANNOCK, VIRGINIA-- PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Slipperiness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219633 AU - Mahone, D C AU - Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research TI - VARIATION IN HIGHWAY SLIPPERINESS CHARACTERISTICS WITH LOCATION PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Slipperiness KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108758 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00219610 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Rowan, Neilon J AU - Keese, Charles J TI - A STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING TRAFFIC SPEEDS PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Traffic speed KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219573 AU - Beamish, J J AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - A PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF VIOLATOR AND NON-VIOLATOR AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS IN THE 16 TO 19 YEAR AGE GROUP PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Adolescents KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Minors KW - Non-violators KW - Violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00827106 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AGGREGATE GRADATION FOR HIGHWAYS: AGGREGATE GRADATION, SIMPLIFICATION, STANDARDIZATION AND UNIFORM APPLICATION; AND, A NEW GRAPHICAL CHART FOR EVALUATING AGGREGATE GRADATION.. PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aggregates KW - Road materials KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/516596 ER - TY - SER AN - 00825684 JO - Publication of: BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS LIBRARY. PB - Bureau of Public Roads /US, Library AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US, Library TI - URBAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH AND PLANNING, CURRENT LITERATURE.. PY - 1962 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Periodicals KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201468 AU - Horn, J W AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH ON TRAFFIC GENERATION IN RURAL AREAS OF NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1962 AB - TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS EXAMINED ARE: (1) DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES BY PLACE OF RESIDENCE, RACE, SEX, AND MODE OF TRAVEL, AND (2) VEHICLE OCCUPANCY OF WORK TRIPS CLASSIFIED BY LIVING AREA, RACE, AND SEX. /BPR/ KW - Gender KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Residential areas KW - Rural areas KW - Travel KW - Trip generation KW - Urban growth KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457375 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Annual Report of The Joint Highway Research Project, 1960-1961 PY - 1961/12/20 SP - 60p AB - This report presents the activities of the Joint Highway Research Project in the past year. The project conducted research in its 7 established areas and in 4 special studies with 37 research projects being active. Of these studies, 8 were completed and 9 new projects were initiated. Twelve of the projects were conducted by staff members who also utilized the research in the preparation of a graduate thesis. A brief overview of the research projects and their area of study is included. Other information provided in this report includes: staff; equipment purchases; encumbrances; and publications. KW - Annual reports KW - Joint Highway Research Project (Purdue University) KW - Personnel KW - Research projects UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314428 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456865 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Dekalb County, Indiana, PY - 1961/12/20/Final Report SP - 30p AB - The engineering soils maps of DeKalb County, Indiana, which accompanies this report, was compiled from 7" x 9" aerial photographs having an approximate scale of 1:20,000. All of the airphotos were taken in 1939 in connection with the mapping program of the United States Department of Agriculture. The recessional moraine areas of the county had been mapped by Katsuyoshi Nishimura in his master's thesis entitled "Airphoto Pattern Study of the Erie Lobe Recessional Moraines in Indiana". Revisions and details were added to these morainic portions, and the remaining area of the county was mapped to complete the engineering soils map. Photo interpretation of the land forms and soil textures of the county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference. Field trips were made to the area for the ambiguous details, correlating airphoto patterns with soil texture, and to secure soil samples. KW - Aerial photography KW - Dekalb County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Moraines KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314427 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219350 ER - TY - SER AN - 00211009 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Goode, J F AU - Owings, E P TI - A LABORATORY-FIELD STUDY OF HOT ASPHALTIC CONCRETE WEARING COURSE MIXTURES PY - 1961/12 AB - RESULTS OF A LABORATORY-FIELD STUDY OF PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, RANGING IN AGE FROM 3 TO 12 YEARS, FROM SIX TEST SECTIONS OF MARYLAND ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ARE DESCRIBED. THE LOS ANGELES ABRASION WEAR LOSS FOR THE COARSE AGGREGATES USED IN THE TEST SECTIONS RANGED FROM 17 TO 39 PERCENT. COMPACTION FROM CONSTRUCTION AND TRAFFIC BOTH APPEARED TO HAVE CAUSED MINOR DEGRADATION OF THE AGGREGATES. THE DEGREE OF DEGRADATION WAS INSIGNIFICANT IN MOST INSTANCES AND IN NO CASE WAS SUFFICIENT TO AFFECT SERVICE BEHAVIOR OF THE PAVEMENTS. AIR VOIDS IN PAVEMENT FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION COMPACTION RANGED FROM 5.6 TO 14.5 PERCENT. TRAFFIC COMPACTION PRODUCED APPRECIABLE REDUCTIONS IN PERCENTAGE OF AIR VOIDS. PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND RATE OF ASPHALT HARDENING WERE RELATED TO THE AMOUNT OF AIR VOIDS. A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF AIR VOIDS RESULTED IN EARLY DETERIORATION OF THE PAVEMENT. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY TEND TO CONFIRM THAT THE 6 PERCENT AIR VOID CRITERION OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE IS SATISFACTORY. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compaction KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Percent air voids KW - Road construction KW - Test results KW - Test sections KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219618 AU - Baker, J S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - CASE STUDIES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1961/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Case studies KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457320 AU - Gaudette, Noel G AU - Moavenzadeh, Fred AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report on Bituminous Concrete Mixture Design: U.S. 52 at Lafayette PY - 1961/11/08 SP - 46p AB - This research was conducted as a continuance of the attempt to establish a suitable Hveem design procedure to be employed in the design of Indiana bituminous mixtures under heavy traffic conditions. Results of laboratory tests on core specimens taken from a bituminous resurfacing on U.S. 52 at Lafayette, Indiana, and the experience with this surface in the field are reported in this progress report. KW - Admixtures KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Hveem test KW - Indiana KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314426 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456887 AU - Tharp, Kenneth John AU - Petty, Donald F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 74 : Progress Report PY - 1961/11 SP - 47p AB - This report is an analysis of spot-speed observations made in June, July, and August 1961. All observations were made of free-moving vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural highways during daylight hours and under favorable weather conditions. Speeds were recorded to the nearest mile per hour. Because Interstate highways are becoming a vital portion of the highway system in Indiana, they have been added to the scope of the study. Thus, data were collected for three classifications of highway: two lane, four lane, and Interstate. A review of the previous reports formed the basis for a revision of the study. The earlier reports indicated that four stations in each classification would provide a reasonable estimate of average speeds at a moderate cost. To comply with this evidence the stations on four-lane highways were increased to four. The amount of data collected at each station was reduced considerably. The data from the previous studies indicated that 215 observations would allow an estimation of the average passenger car speed within plus or minus one mile per hour at a confidence level of 95%. Similarly, 35 observations of heavy trucks would permit an estimation of average truck speed within plus or minus two miles per hour at a confidence level of 90%. These minimum sample sizes were adopted for this and future studies. KW - Indiana KW - Interstate highways KW - Monitoring KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Spot speed KW - Summer KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314425 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456849 AU - Tharp, Kenneth John AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 73 : Truck-Weight Speed Study : Progress Report PY - 1961/11//Final Report SP - 18p AB - This report is of the annual study of the relationship between truck weights and truck speeds on Indiana highways. The weight and speed data contained in this report were taken during August 1961. A summarization of the results of previous years data and 1961 indicates that the trend of both single unit and multi-unit trucks has been one of gradually increasing speed and weight. The data for 1961 also indicated that the speeds of single unit trucks are dependent upon the weight of the vehicle but that the speeds of multi-unit trucks do not vary with the weight of the vehicle. KW - Indiana KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314424 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219347 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219597 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Cleveland, D E TI - DRIVER TENSION AND RURAL UNTERSECTION ILLUMINATION PY - 1961/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Driver tension KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Physical condition KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219621 AU - Baker, J S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1961/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219616 AU - Baker, J S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - EXPERIMENTAL CASE STUDIES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, PARTS 1 & 2 PY - 1961/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Case studies KW - Experimental data KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00945218 AU - MILLER, FORREST D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF SCHOOL CROSSING PROTECTION: FINAL REPORT PY - 1961/09/27/Final Report SP - 97p AB - The problem of providing school crossing protection is a highly sensitive one, even though school children are involved in very few accidents going to and from school as compared to other locations. Although national standards on school crossing protection exist, one finds that many state and local jurisdictions express their own individuality as to the type as well as the operation of traffic control devices at school crossings. Uniformity in the use of these devices, an important requirement for safety, certainly does not exist. The effect of various types of school crossing protection at school crossings was evaluated in this study. At one location the 85th percentile speeds obtained under each of fourteen different sign conditions in rural-suburban area were statistically analyzed to determine the effect on 85th percentile speed. They were also correlated with three other factors--1) the direction of travel, 2) the time of the day, and 3) the presence of children at the crossing. The effect of a pedestrian-actuated signal at a school crossing was studied at two locations by observing how the children used it and by a study of the delay to traffic as a result of the signal. The effect of overpass and underpass school crossings was studied at six locations by observing how children use these facilities. The seriousness of the school crossing problem in Indiana was evaluated by analyzing the pedestrian accidents of school children during the hours they go to and from school. The study indicated that different combinations of sign condition, direction of travel, time of day, and presence of children significantly affected the 85th percentile speed at the school crossing. The presence of children at the edge of the roadway significantly lowered the 85th percentile speed under each sign condition. It was also found that the use of any of the traffic sign conditions studies had a rather small effect on 85th percentile speed, with the several best sign conditions reducing the speed by a maximum of only five miles per hour. The study indicated that a pedestrian-actuated signal operated by an adult school guard was superior to one operated by children. The operation of the signal was also less efficient to vehicular traffic when operated by children because it resulted in more delay to them. Overpass and underpass school crossing were much more effectively used by elementary school children than high school children. Underpass school crossings were found to be less desirable than overpass school crossings because they have greater potential for nuisance use and even crime. Enforcement of use was found to be necessary to obtain maximum use from most underpasses or overpasses. KW - Children KW - School safety KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314423 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454370 AU - Walker, Richard David AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Some Concepts on The Use Of Deflection Measurements For Evaluating Flexible Pavements : Technical Report PY - 1961/09 SP - 28p AB - The amount a pavement deflects determines, to a major extent, the potential structural performance of the pavement. Highway engineers have been measuring pavement deflection under various loading conditions for many years. The purpose of this paper to present a discussion of the factors which effect analysis of deflection measurements. KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Pavement performance UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313599 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457321 AU - Scudieri, Philip F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Analysis Of Photogrammetry Applied To Right-of-Ways Surveys PY - 1961/08/09 SP - 65p AB - This report discusses the procedure of preparing photogrammetric maps and descriptions for the acquisition of highway right-of-way. A project area was selected that had previously been surveyed by conventional methods by the Indiana State Highway Commission (ISHC). The proposed highway right-of-way lines were obtained from the construction plans provided by the ISHC. The centerline of the proposed highway had been marked on the ground in a manner such that it could be accurately determined on the aerial photographs. This made it possible to photogrammetrically plot the existing property lines relative to the proposed highway right-of-way lines. The results showed that the photogrammetric determination of the various parcel areas to be acquired was in close agreement with the parcel areas determined by the ISHC methods. This project also indicated a close agreement between the photogrammetric and ISHC determinations of data on which the right-of-way descriptions were based. KW - Aerial photogrammetry KW - Highway engineering KW - Indiana KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Surveying UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314422 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457319 AU - Bell, J Richard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Measurement of Moisture Gradients in Concrete Pavement Slabs : Progress Report No. 3 PY - 1961/08/09 SP - 28p AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a practical non-destructive test method and the necessary instrumentation to measure moisture gradients in hardened Portland cement concrete pavements under non-steady state conditions. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slabs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314421 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454379 AU - James, Wesley P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Classification of Wisconsin Ground Moraine by Airphoto Interpretation PY - 1961/08/09/Final Report SP - 102p AB - This thesis reports the difference in airphoto patterns and engineering properties of the three substages of the Wisconsin ground moraine in Indiana. The research was part of the soil mapping program of the Joint Highway Research Project, Purdue University. The engineering properties of the soils were determined by laboratory testing of soil samples taken in each of the three substages. The tests showed a consistent difference in the engineering properties of the parent material of the three substages. The descriptions of the airphoto pattern elements were developed for each substage by a combined visual and stereoscopic examination of airphoto mosaics; by measurements taken on topographic maps, drainage maps, and airphoto mosaics; and by a survey of literature. The airphotos used in this study were at a scale of 1/20,000. It is concluded that the three substages of the Wisconsin ground moraine in Indiana can usually be distinguished by airphoto interpretation. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Drift KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Indiana KW - Moraines KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313598 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01357184 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HDS 3-Design Charts for Open-Channel Flow PY - 1961/08 SP - 228p AB - The design of a highway drainage channel to carry a given discharge is accomplished in two parts. The first part of the design involves the computation of a channel section which will carry the design discharge on the available slope. This chapter briefly discusses the principles of flow in open channels and the use of the Manning equation for computing the channel capacity. The second part of the design is the determination of the degree of protection required to prevent erosion in the drainage channel. This can be done by computing the velocity in the channel at the design discharge, using the Manning equation, and comparing the calculated velocity with that permissible for the type of channel lining used. A change in the type of channel lining will require a change in channel size unless both linings have the same roughness coefficient. KW - Channel linings KW - Design KW - Ditches KW - Erosion control KW - Flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Manning equation KW - Open channels UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hds3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1120858 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219594 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Capelle, D G AU - Pinnell, C TI - DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SIGNALIZED DIAMOND INTERCHANGES PY - 1961/08 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Signal lights UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/RP-16-05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00234454 AU - Cleaves, A R AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LANDSLIDE INVESTIGATIONS: A FIELD HANDBOOK FOR USE IN HIGHWAY LOCATION AND DESIGN PY - 1961/07 AB - CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION PRIMARY FEATURES OF LANDSLIDES PROBLEMS AND COST IMPORTANCE OF PRELIMINARY OFFICE STUDY GEOLOGIC PROCESSES AND THEIR EFFECT ON TERRAIN ROCK TYPE AND GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE ROCK WEATHERING AND SOILS EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION ON LOCAL STRESS CONDITIONS LANDSLIDE RECOGNITION APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM PROBLEMS IN CUT AREAS PROBLEMS IN FILL AREAS PROBLEMS IN EXISTING FILLS LANDSLIDE CONTROL AND CORRECTION BASIC LANDSLIDE TYPES FALLS SLIDES MAPPING AND REPORTING THE SLIDE PURPOSE AND SCOPE MAPPING AND REPORTING PROCEDURES SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION KW - Costs KW - Excavations KW - Fills KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Handbooks KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Landslides KW - Location KW - Mapping KW - Rocks KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219619 AU - JOHNSON, E M AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1961/07 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Analysis KW - Experiments KW - Studies KW - Study analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108749 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219596 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Cleveland, D E TI - INTERSECTIONS AT NIGHT PY - 1961/07 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Intersections KW - Night UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454378 AU - Jouzy, Neddy Costandy AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Acceleration-Deceleration Lanes : Technical Paper PY - 1961/06/21 SP - 54p AB - This research study on the use of acceleration-deceleration lanes will provide a factual background regarding traffic behavior as affected by acceleration and deceleration lane geometry. The purposes of this research are: 1) To determine the speed and lateral placement of vehicles on various designs of acceleration and deceleration lanes on highway type facilities. 2) To correlate acceleration and deceleration lane designs with traffic behavior and driver requirements and determine the acceleration and deceleration lane design or designs which provide the most efficient and safest operation. This paper deals only with the progress obtained to date in this research study. It describes the results obtained on two study locations - the Indiana Toll Road and Interstate 65 in the vicinity of the city of Lebanon. KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Case studies KW - Deceleration lanes KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Indiana KW - Indiana Toll Road KW - Interstate 65 KW - Speed change lanes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313597 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454373 AU - Fletcher, Joseph A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Studies of Highway Impact in Indiana: Progress Report No. 3, A Study of Partial Takings for a Portion of Interstate 65 PY - 1961/06/21/Progress Report No. 3 SP - 46p AB - The acquisition of right-of-way for highway improvements creates extremely difficult public relations problems. Because the acquisition of land is not a sale consummated between a willing buyer and a willing seller, bitterness caused by misunderstandings is likely to occur, and has occurred in the past. Public relations can be improved by increased knowledge. The purpose of this portion of the study is to permit the determination of equitable compensation for affected property owners. This report presents an analysis of the right-of-way costs including damages for that portion of Interstate 65 between Lebanon and Indianapolis. The large number of condemnations are noted and the tremendous differences between appraisals made by State and Court appraisers are evaluated and discussed. Although no solutions are offered to this problem, the seriousness of the difficulties is emphasized and further study is planned. KW - Appraisals KW - Costs KW - Impacts KW - Indiana KW - Interstate 65 KW - Interstate highways KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Property values KW - Public relations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Taking (Property) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313596 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454369 AU - Haynes, John H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Repeated Loading on Gravel and Crushed Stone Base Course Materials Used in the AASHO Road Test PY - 1961/06/21/Final Report SP - 105p AB - This thesis reports the results of a laboratory investigation of the behavior of gravel and crushed stone mixtures subjected to repeated loading. Cylindrical specimens were stressed trivially to levels approximating those which would be found in the base course of a highway pavement. The repetitive loadings were applied with equipment developed in the laboratories of the School of Civil Engineering at Purdue University. The materials used in the study were obtained from the site of the AASHO Road Test. The gravel and crushed stone with grain size distribution equal to that used in the Road Test and compacted to the mean density levels found in the field were the subject of primary interest. Variation in percent fines and degree of saturation were considered to have a great effect on these basic gradations. Therefore, the percent passing the number 200 mesh sieve was varied so that three mixtures of each material were obtained. These three mixtures were tested at three levels of saturation. The effects of these variables on the deformation-rebound characteristics of the materials under repeated loads were studied. From these studies, the advantages and disadvantages of each material, concerning their value as base course materials, were found and are reported in detail. Also, a comparison between the laboratory and field performance of the two AASHO materials is presented. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Crushed rock KW - Deformation KW - Granular bases KW - Gravel KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Repeated loads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314418 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454366 AU - Miller, Forrest D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Studies: Progress Report no. 72 : Progress Report PY - 1961/06/21/Progress Report SP - 24p AB - This report presents the results of the semi-annual speed study made at six locations on state highways in the vicinity of Lafayette, Indiana. It is another report in a series at these same locations which are made twice annually to determine the trend in average and 85th percentile speeds of passenger cars and trucks at locations where traffic is free-flowing. The results of this study are compared with results of previous studies and little change in average or 85th percentile speeds was noted. KW - Data collection KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic speed KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314417 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453935 AU - Fletcher, Joseph A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Studies of Highway Impact in Indiana: Progress Report No. 2, Early Effects of a Portion of Interstate 65 PY - 1961/06/21/Progress Report No. 2 SP - 67p AB - Many states have initiated research into the field of the impact of highway improvements. These studies are concerned with many effects brought about by highway improvements such as general economic effects, land use, land value, traffic patterns, safety, and many others. This report discusses some of the initial effects of a 13.081 mile length of Interstate 65 between Lebanon, Indiana and Indianapolis, Indiana. The elements included in the study are the cost of the facility; characteristics of travel, such as traffic volumes, speeds and travel times, accidents, and changes in traffic patterns; land use; and land value. The study showed that substantial benefits are available to the motorist in the form of time saved by using the new facility, and indicated the possibility of further benefits due to accident reduction, although sufficient time has not elapsed to substantiate this possibility. Few changes in land use or land value have occurred within the study area as yet, due to the agricultural character of the majority of the land, and the distance of the study area from current development, but indications are that substantial development will occur within the study area soon. KW - Benefits KW - Economic growth KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impacts KW - Indiana KW - Interstate 65 KW - Interstate highways KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Safety factors KW - Travel time UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314419 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947061 AU - Terrel, Ronald L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CLASSIFICATION AND GLOSSARY OF LAND FORMS AND PARENT MATERIALS: FINAL REPORT. PY - 1961/06/21 SP - 147p AB - Land forms and associated earth materials, recorded as patterns on aerial photographs have been utilized in the interpretation of terrain for various engineering purposes. Many engineers recognize significant differences in these features, but lack of background in the various earth sciences has made it difficult for them to translate their meaning into useful engineering data. A common mistake has been that of confusing land forms and parent materials. In this paper, the two groups of terms, land forms and parent materials, have been separated and defined in glossary form. In the selection of terms to be defined, emphasis has been placed upon those useful in air photo interpretation. Where feasible, the land form and parent material features have been classified in a simple, but logical manner so as to make identification easier. KW - Classification KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Landforms KW - Landslides KW - Rocks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314416 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947062 AU - PETTY, DONALD F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ON COUNTY ROADS: INFORMATIONAL REPORT PY - 1961/06/21 SP - 107p AB - Several procedures have been found to be useful in determining causes of accidents at high frequency locations. However, very little work has been done to determine accident causes or to develop analysis procedures for low frequency locations, such as most county roads. This thesis reports the results of a study concerned with the use of accident reports to determine major causes of accidents at low frequency locations. All county road accidents, for a two year period, in ten Indiana counties were analyzed. Statistical methods were used in the analysis when it was feasible. A very significant correlation between the number of vehicle registrations per county and the number of accidents was found in an investigation of accident predictability on county roads. The study revealed that three-way intersections are safer than four-way intersections for county roads. At many intersections of both types, however, it was found that there is an insufficient use of traffic controls, i.e. stop signs, yield signs, warning signs, etc. Another major cause of accidents, it was found, is narrow roadways and/or shoulders with the absence of centerlines on hard surface roads a possible contributing factor. The 85th percentile reported speeds of vehicles involved in all accidents in the study was 42 miles per hour. The average property damage cost per accident was 4-00 dollars and the total estimated cost for all county road accidents in the state in 1959 was 18 million dollars. The drivers were found to be the primary factor in county road accidents and this tremendous cost to the economy. KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313595 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453970 AU - Biery, P F AU - Delleur, J W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulics of River Flow under Arch Bridges: Report No. 5, Discussion - "Roughness Spacing in Rigid Open Channels" PY - 1961/06 SP - 18p AB - This paper is a discussion of an ASCE paper which presented the effect of longitudinal and transverse spacing of roughness on the flow in rigid open channels. The authors continue the discussion by reporting the results obtained by applying the analysis to a different type of roughness element consisting of round bars, and to consider a possible extension to field conditions. The study of the roughness effect was made in connection with the model testing of arch bridges. KW - Arch bridges KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Flow resistance KW - Flumes KW - Open channels KW - Roughness KW - Streamflow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314420 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454375 AU - Hampton, Delon AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Statistical Analysis of Soil Variability PY - 1961/05/18/Final Report SP - 132p AB - Engineers have always assumed that soils derived from the same parent material and under the same environmental conditions would have similar engineering properties. To ascertain the extent to which this is true a study was conducted on two soils. These soils were obtained from Madison and Tipton Counties, Indiana, and would be pedologically classified as Brookston and Crosby. Twenty borings were obtained from each county - ten from Brookston soils and ten from Crosby soils. Samples of these soils were subjected to the following tests and the results analyzed statistically: 1) Atterberg Limits; 2) Standard AASHO Compaction Test; 3) Hveem Stabilometer and Swelling Pressure Tests; 4) California Bearing Ratio Test; 5) Grain Size Distribution Test, and 6) Unconfined Compression Test. It should also be noted that x-ray diffraction tests were conducted on eight samples - four from the rises and four from the depressions. From the statistical analysis, utilizing analysis of variance techniques, it was found that soil variability is a function of the property being measured. The variability of the soils, as defined by the parameters of these tests, was very large. The consequences of such variation as it pertains to pavement design were considered. Diagrams are presented which relate the number of borings required to predict the mean value, of a given test parameter, to a desired degree of precision. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Glacial soils KW - Indiana KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil tests KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313594 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454371 AU - Wu, I-Pai AU - Delleur, J W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Study of Runoff From Small Watersheds for Highway Drainage Design in Indiana : Progress Report No. 1 PY - 1961/05//Progress Report No. 1 SP - 145p AB - The purpose of this research Is to study the hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square miles throughout the State of Indiana and to propose methods of estimating the runoff from these watersheds The study will include four parts: a statistical analysis of existing data, a geomorphological study of selected watersheds , a study of small watershed hydrographs, and an analysis of overland flow. The present report summarizes the work done from September, 1959, to date on the first two parts. The statistical analysis has been made by means of extreme values method. The 25 year-instantaneous peak flow has been determined for all the gaging stations with a drainage of less than 200 square miles for which the U.S.G.S. publishes records. Among these watersheds, for all of which sufficient topographic data were available, five geomorphological parameters were calculated: the watershed area, the mean relief, the main stream slope, the stream density, and the shape factor. A multiple correlation was made between these variables and the instantaneous 25 year peak flow. A chart is given to obtain graphically the peak flow knowing the five geomorphological parameters. KW - Drainage KW - Hydrographs KW - Indiana KW - Runoff KW - Statistical analysis KW - Watersheds UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314415 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219590 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - RESEARCH ON RISK ACCEPTANCE IN MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS PY - 1961/05 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Acceptance KW - Hazards KW - Machines KW - Research KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454374 AU - Gaudette, Noel G AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JHRP-ISHD Cooperative Study Using Kneading Compactor and Hveem Stabilometer PY - 1961/04/06/Final Report SP - 56p AB - This is the final report of results of a cooperative study using a kneading compactor and Hveem Stabilometer done between the Indiana State Highway Department and Joint Highway Research Project bituminous laboratories. The final phase of the Purdue work is presented in the first section. The sections following present comparisons of the data obtained in the two laboratories for the final phase of the program in which a type B surface gradation was used. Comparisons are made by presenting average test values in tabular form, by graphical illustrations, and by statistical evaluation of the data. Conclusions and recommendations are presented. KW - Asphalt tests KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compactors KW - Data quality KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Hveem test KW - Laboratory studies KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313593 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454367 AU - Harr, Milton Edward AU - Leonards, G A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Theory of Traffic Flow for Evaluation of the Geometric Aspects of Highways PY - 1961/04 SP - 17p AB - In recent years several theories have been proposed wherein the car-following characteristics of a traffic stream have been developed from considerations of continuous fluid flow. The purpose of these analyses was to obtain a mathematical description of highway capacity as reflected by flow-density relationships. Of interest in this paper is the development of an analytical approach whereby the effects of various aspects of a highway (such as curves, grades, lane width, traffic control devices, type and condition of surfacing, etc ) can be evaluated quantitatively under varying traffic density and weather conditions and hence provide rational basis for geometric design procedures. Unlike previous work, where the movement of the traffic stream is assumed a priori, in the present analysis it is postulated that traffic reacts to a motivating "pressure potential"; that is, the vehicle operator reacts to the prevailing road, traffic, and weather conditions - characterized herein by the pressure potential - in a pattern that determines the behavior of any particular vehicle traversing a given section of roadway. This concept can be expressed quantitatively in a manner analogous to that used in describing one-dimensional viscous flow of a compressible fluid. Solution of the resulting differential equation yields a parameter which is a numerical measure of the salient characteristics of a road. Procedures are then proposed to determine this parameter, using measurable vehicular velocities, which eliminate the need for evaluating the motivating pressure potential. Application of the new theory in the development of rational procedures for the geometric design of highways is illustrated by suitable examples. KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic flow theory UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313592 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01446528 AU - Potter, William D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HDS 2-Peak Rates of Runoff from Small Watersheds PY - 1961/04 SP - 64p AB - A problem in the design of bridges and culverts is that of estimating the volume of streamflow to be expected at peak periods. It has long been realized, among hydrologists, that differences in watershed area alone are insufficient to explain the wide variations in peak rates of runoff found to exist among watersheds. This is true even when these variations are limited to those within the boundaries of an area where the principal physiographic characteristics of watersheds are similar. While area alone has been found lacking as a measure of peak runoff, it has been discovered that if one or more precipitation indexes and some topographic index based on the length and slope of the principal stream channel were added to the watershed area factor as independent variables, the unexplained variation in the magnitude of the peak rates of runoff could often times be reduced to workable limits. Although this method was an improvement over the the results obtained by the consideration of watershed area alone, it still did not explain the large differences that many times occurred between some of the estimated peaks and the corresponding actual values derived from stream measurements. In these cases the differences might be no more than plus or minus 20 percent of the estimate for 68 percent of the gaged watershed sample, but would be over 100 percent for 5 to 10 percent of the sample. This would suggest the action of some additional variables that remained fairly constant for most of the gaged sample but differed significantly for the 5 to 10 percent. The research investigation reported here successfully determined the identity of these additional variables, and from there a procedure has been developed for predicting runoff peaks from small watersheds in most of the United States east of the 105th meridian, roughly, east of Denver, Colorado. KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Research KW - Runoff KW - Streamflow KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1214051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219589 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - RESEARCH ON DRIVING BEHAVIOR ON THE HIGHWAY PY - 1961/04 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Behavior KW - Driving KW - Highways KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219580 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - SCORE TECHNIQUE AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1961/04 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Score technique KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219620 AU - Ross, H L AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - AWARENESS OF COLLISION COURSE IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1961/03 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Awareness KW - Course KW - Crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454380 AU - Popovics, Sandor AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Method of Evaluating Grading on Concrete Aggregates PY - 1961/02 SP - 131p AB - This study is concerned with the numerical characterization of the grading of concrete aggregates. The fineness modulus and specific surface area concepts are discussed. It is shown analytically that the fineness modulus is an average - specifically, it is proportional to the average of the logarithmic particle size distribution. It is also shown analytically that the specific surface area is a variance - specifically, it is proportional to the second moment of a particle size distribution function. Since a distribution is characterized fairly well by its average and its variance, the hypothesis is made that an aggregate grading is adequately defined if its maximum size, fineness modulus, and specific surface area are given. A corollary of this hypothesis is that concrete with the same properties in both the plastic and hardened state will be produced by aggregate gradings that have the same numerical values of maximum size, fineness modulus, and specific surface area, regardless of the details of the gradings, and if other proportions of the mix are the same. This proposition was tested. It is shown that certain results from the literature substantiate the hypothesis, particularly for the properties of hardened concrete. In order to test the hypothesis more adequately a series of concrete mixes was designed to incorporate three gradings - a continuous, a one-gap, and a two-gap - that have the same values of the three parameters in question. These gradings were incorporated in mixes that were both rich and lean, and wet and dry. The concretes were made and the properties of slump, flow, bleeding capacity, segregation, unit weight, and compressive strength were determined, using standard procedures whenever possible. The experimental results were analyzed statistically, and the results of this analysis confirm the hypothesis to a reasonable degree of confidence. A method is then presented for the use of this concept in combining various gradings to obtain desired values of fineness modulus and specific surface. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Fineness KW - Mathematical methods KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Specific surface UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313591 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219328 ER - TY - SER AN - 00212703 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Grieb, W E AU - WERNER, G AU - Woolf, D O TI - WATER-REDUCING RETARDERS FOR CONCRETE--PHYSICAL TESTS PY - 1961/02 AB - A BLEND OF EQUAL PARTS BY WEIGHT OF FOUR BRANDS OF TYPE I CEMENT WAS USED FOR ALL CONCRETES IN THIS INVESTIGATION OF TWENTY-FIVE RETARDERS. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EACH BRAND OF RETARDER ARE SHOWN IN A TABLE. THE AIR ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE USED WAS AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF NEUTRALIZED VINSOL RESIN. THE SOLUTION CONTAINED FIFTEEN PERCENT OF SOLIDS WHEN CALCULATED AS A RESIDUE DRIED AT 105 C, AND THE RATIO OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE TO VINSOL RESIN WAS ONE TO 6.4 PARTS BY WEIGHT. MIXING WAS DONE IN AN OPEN-PAN TYPE LANCASTER MIXER WITH A RATED CAPACITY OF ONE AND 3/4 CUBIC FEET. ALL SPECIMENS FOR STANDARD STRENGTH TEST WERE CURED UNDER WET BURLAP WHILE IN THE MOLDS IN THE MIXING ROOM. TESTS ON THE PLASTIC CONCRETE FOR SLUMP, UNIT WEIGHT, AND AIR CONTENT WERE MADE IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHO STANDARD METHODS. DETERMINATION OF THE RETARDATION OF THE SET OF CONCRETE WAS MADE BY THE PROCTOR PENETRATION METHOD AND BY THE BOND PIN PULLOUT METHOD. THE EFFECT OF RETARDERS ON THE CONCRETE ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF: (1) RETARDATION OF SETTING TIME, (2) WATER CONTENT AND AIR-ENTRAINMENT, (3) STRENGTH, (4) DURABILITY, AND (5) VOLUME CHANGE. ADDITIONAL TESTS SUCH AS THE EFFECT OF OVERDOSAGE OF RETARDERS, RETARDATION AND STRENGTH AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, DELAYED VIBRATION, DENSITY AND ABSORPTION, AND TEMPERATURE RISE, ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. THE EFFECT OF ADMIXTURES ON TIME OF RETARDATION AND THE EFFECT OF RETARDERS IN CONCRETE ARE SHOWN IN TABLES. RESULTS OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH TESTS ARE SHOWN IN AVERAGE VALUES. STUDIES OF THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF RETARDERS SHOW THAT CONCRETES PREPARED WITH THE CALCIUM LIGNOSULFONATE RETARDER HAD LOWER FLEXURAL STRENGTH THAN THOSE PREPARED WITH THE CARBOHYDRATE, THE AMMONIUM AND LIGNOSULFONATES AND THE ORGANIC ACIDS. IN THE FLEXURAL TESTS, THE CONCRETE HAD STRENGTHS LOWER THAN THOSE OF THE REFERENCE CONCRETE, BUT WITH RESPECT TO THE OTHER RETARDED CONCRETES, THE STRENGTH WERE REDUCED BUT SLIGHTLY. IT APPEARS PROBABLE IN THE ACCEPTANCE TESTING OF RETARDERS, CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE INDIVIDUAL RETARDERS AND NOT ASSUME THAT ALL RETARDERS OF A GIVEN TYPE WILL AFFECT CONCRETE IN THE SAME MANNER. FREEZE AND THAW TESTS INDICATE SIGNIFICANCE IN ACCEPTABLE OR QUALIFICATION TESTS OF A RETARDER WHICH REQUIRES NO AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE TO OBTAIN THE SPECIFIED AIR CONTENT IN CONCRETE. TESTS INDICATE THAT DELAYED VIBRATION OF CONCRETE AT 5 1/2 HOURS AFTER PLACING WAS BENEFICIAL TO THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. FOR CONCRETE OF EQUAL CEMENT CONTENT AND EQUAL SLUMP, ALL RETARDERS TESTED PERMITTED REDUCTIONS OF THE WATER CONTENT. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE RETARDERS GENERALLY AFFECTED THE REDUCTION OF WATER, ELEVATED TEMPERATURE TESTS SHOWED THAT ONLY ONE RETARDER CAUSED CONCRETE TO HAVE A MAXIMUM RISE IN TEMPERATURE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT OF NON- RETARDED CONCRETE MADE AND STORED AT 73 F. IN TESTS OF MORTAR SPECIMENS MADE AND STORED AT 90F, ONLY ONE RETARDER CAUSED THE MAXIMUM RISE IN TEMPERATURE TO EXCEED THAT OF MORTAR PREPARED WITHOUT A RETARDER. KW - Air content KW - Air entraining agents KW - Air entrainment KW - Burlap KW - Calcium compounds KW - Chemical composition KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete mixers KW - Concrete tests KW - Consistency KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Lignosulfonate KW - Moisture content KW - Physical properties KW - Polymer concrete KW - Proctor compaction test KW - Resins KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Sets KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Sodium hydroxide KW - Unit weight KW - Volume changes KW - Water reducing agents KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454363 AU - Miles, Robert Douglas AU - Spencer, Walter T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cooperative Soil Mapping Projects in Indiana : Technical Paper PY - 1961/01/25 SP - 28p AB - The Soils Section of the State Highway Department of Indiana uses agricultural soil maps, surficial and bedrock geology maps, aerial photographs and published literature to assist them in preliminary engineering studies of soil along a proposed highway. In cooperation with the Joint Highway Research Project, special soil strip maps have been prepared, several county engineering soil maps have been and are being compiled, and special publications on utilization of agricultural soil maps by soils engineers have been developed. A cooperative project between these highway agencies, the Bureau of Public Roads and the Soil Conservation Service has been initiated to develop and compile data on soil profiles within the various counties. These data will be used in an engineering section of the agricultural soil survey report, and will be used as supplementary data to the engineering soils maps. This paper is a discussion of the applicability of the strip maps and area soil maps to highway planning and the development of field exploration programs in Indiana. The methods of map presentation are discussed. KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Highway planning KW - Indiana KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313586 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454361 AU - Schuster, Robert Lee AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Chert and Shale Gravel in Concrete : Technical Paper PY - 1961/01/25 SP - 63p AB - In the past, little has been done to differentiate between cherts and shales of the same general type, but that are obtained from different geographic areas. A purpose of this study was to determine if the basic properties of cherts and shales from one part of Indiana differ significantly from those of cherts and shales from other parts of the state, and if significant differences in the properties of these materials were found, to attempt to determine if these differences also result in differences in durability. Another objective was to quantify the effects of different chert and shale gravels on the freeze-thaw durability of concrete test specimens containing small percentages of these materials. The cherts and shales used in this investigation were obtained by hand-picking from glacial gravel deposits widely scattered throughout the state of Indiana. In this way six chert and five shale samples, constituting as widely divergent a group of cherts and shales as could be found in Indiana, were obtained. KW - Aggregates, rock and stone KW - Cherts KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Gravel KW - Indiana KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Shale UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314414 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00945217 AU - WALKER, R D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNIFICANCE OF LAYER DEFLECTIONS IN EVALUATING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1961/01/25/Final Report SP - 165p AB - To discover what has gone wrong with highways now in use and to find what makes our good highways perform well is essential to the development of an effective method of pavement design. To this end, a system for evaluating the structural performance of existing pavements is required. One system of evaluation and its effectiveness is described. The Indiana Test Road, located on U. S. 31 near Columbus, Indiana, is used to develop the evaluation methods. Procedures such as the analysis of existing crack patterns and wheel track rutting and their relationships to subgrade soil type are examined. Total deflections, measured with a Benkelman beam, are analysed in an attempt to establish a relationship between deflection and the cracking that occurred on the test pavement. Failure to establish total deflection as an indicator of the pavement behavior led to the development of a method using the Benkelman beam to measure deflections of the individual layers of the pavement structure. Four inch holes were drilled to the interface of the different layers of the pavement, and the holes were cased with pipe. Steel rods were referenced at the bottom of each hole, extending upward to near the top of the pavement. A device was developed that attached to the probe end of the Benkelman beam and rested on the reference rod. Measurements were made under rear axle loads of 12,000, 18,000, 22,000 and 27,000 pounds. Relative modulus values using layer deflections were calculated to compare properly the relative deflection of one pavement layer with another. Boussinesq theory of stress distribution was used as a basis of the calculations. The important conclusions reached by this study were that total deflections may be ineffective in establishing the cause of flexible pavement cracking and that knowledge of the individual layer deflections is required in order to evaluate a pavement fully. KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Testing UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313590 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454377 AU - Elmberg, Curt M AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect on Speed of Speed Limit Signs on Suburban Arterial Streets PY - 1961/01 SP - 31p AB - This study revealed that drivers, in general, do not drive according to posted speed limit signs. Most of them select a speed which they consider proper, reasonable, and safe for conditions prevalent, regardless of regulations. Moreover, it was shown that when speed limits are determined from the 85th percentile speed, traveled speeds are not materially affected. The fear that the establishment of a speed limit which appears relatively high to some will create a new speed pattern with faster speeds appears to have no foundation. Most drivers will obey a posted speed limit if, and only if, the sign is properly posted and the numerical limit is reasonable. Such signing also permits realistic enforcement of speed limits, and the use of speed limits as an enforcement tool appears to be, in the absence of having an effect on speed, a primary use of speed zoning, at least until better respect for speed limit signs has again been established with the motorists. The study of the effect of roadside development on speed did not produce conclusive results, but the many significant differences noted in the speeds indicated a strong possibility that there is a significant effect on speed by type of development. It was also clearly evident that the relationship between speed and roadside development is extremely complex. More detailed studies of this effect would be extremely valuable. KW - Arterial highways KW - Compliance KW - Safety factors KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed signs KW - Suburbs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313588 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454376 AU - Stephens, Jack E AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Effects of Aggregate Factors on Pavement Friction PY - 1961/01 SP - 44p AB - Even though the skidding resistance of pavements has been studied for many years, many questions concerning the true nature of the interaction of rubber and pavement surface remain unanswered. During field testing, the lack of control over many of the variables which are included in this problem has prevented the effective evaluation of individual factors. For this reason certain tests were carried out by the authors on laboratory specimens which, while not greatly resembling pavements, were planned to eliminate many variables and thus aid in evaluating those which remain. Actual surface resistance measurements were made in the laboratory machine located at the Joint Highway Research Project at Purdue University. Tests were conducted on surfaces planned in a manner to maintain a constant area of aggregate while varying the number and shape of edges. Although not exhaustive, several radically different shapes were included. For some of the specimens, the aggregate shapes used permitted controlled variation in the sharpness of aggregate edges. A series of tests was performed in which the normal load was made the major variable. For any one specimen the aggregate area was constant. Additional specimens were tested in which the area of aggregate in contact with the test shoe was varied while the edges and test load were held constant. The rock cores used were a soft limestone and a durable sandstone. The polishing rates of several different rocks were investigated. Skid resistance tests were made on cores after successive polish cycles utilizing crushed quartz as a polishing medium. The same cores also were tested after polishing with abrasive dust made from the core material. Tests on rock cores as polished by different sizes of abrasives indicated that for a given rubber, an optimum size of roughness existed. Graded silica sand was used to make surfaces of different degrees of roughness in order to find this optimum size of roughness or texture for the rubber test shoes used. KW - Aggregates KW - Friction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313589 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454365 AU - Powers, L D AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect on Speed and Accidents of Improved Delineation at Three Hazardous Locations : Technical Paper PY - 1961/01 SP - 36p AB - This study was the first of several which are planned by the Joint Highway Research Project at Purdue University to investigate the relationship between visibility and speed at roadway friction points. This initial study was concerned with the effect of delineation on speed patterns and accidents at three hazardous or potentially hazardous rural locations: a narrow bridge, a hazardous intersection, and an adequate intersection. Illumination is eventually planned for these locations and it was foreseen that a comprehensive study in the area of speed and visibility could be developed for the period prior to and subsequent to the date of illumination. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Edge lines KW - High risk locations KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway safety KW - Operating speed KW - Traffic control devices UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313587 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384839 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FWHA) TI - Design charts for open-channel flow PY - 1961 IS - 3 SP - 105p KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Flow KW - Flow KW - Hydrology KW - Hydrology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772512 AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MICHIGAN HIGHWAYS AND ELECTRONICS PY - 1961 SP - 12 p., 2 plates AB - This report describes the program of research and demonstration of the Michigan State Highway Department, under sponsorship of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, on the application of electronics to freeway traffic surveillance, specifically on the John C. Lodge Freeway in Detroit, Michigan. Other activities of the Department related to electronics technology are described and include: weigh in motion (automatic weighing), radio communication systems, and vehicle detectors KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Closed circuit television KW - Freeways KW - John C. Lodge Freeway Traffic Surveillance and Control Research Project KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219576 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - THE FAMILY TIES BETWEEN HEALTH EDUCATION AND SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1961 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Education KW - Families KW - Health KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219615 AU - Baker, J S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - PSYCHOLOGICAL BIAS IN ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1961 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Crashes KW - Psychological aspects KW - Reconstruction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219617 AU - Baker, J S AU - Ross, H L AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - CONCEPTS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT CAUSES, PART I & PART II PY - 1961 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Classification KW - Concepts KW - Crash causes KW - Innovation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219575 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - NEED AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1961 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Requirement KW - Research KW - Specifications KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219568 AU - Adams, J R AU - Columbia University TI - REWARD INCENTIVES IN DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PY - 1961 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Incentives UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108718 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00219604 JO - Highway Research Board Bulletin PB - Highway Research Board AU - Keese, C J AU - Mullins, B F TI - FREEWAY TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND SAFETY STUDY PY - 1961 IS - 291 AB - No abstract provided. U1 - 40th Annual Meeting of the Highway Research BoardHighway Research BoardWashington,DC,United States StartDate:19610109 EndDate:19610113 Sponsors:Highway Research Board KW - Analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Safety KW - Studies KW - Study analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239821 AU - Clark University TI - A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF FREEWAYS ON CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS PY - 1961 AB - DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS ARE ANALYZED OF EXPRESSWAYS ON CHANGES IN CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT LAND USE, LAND VALUE, ACCESS, AND TRAFFIC PATTERNS. EMPIRICAL APPROACHES BASED ON LAND USE MAPPING ARE EMPLOYED. /BPR/ KW - Access KW - Central business districts KW - Economic impacts KW - Empirical methods KW - Expressways KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Mapping KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240513 AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - CONTROLLING LAND USE DEVELOPMENT AT INTERCHANGE FREEWAY APPROACHES PY - 1961 AB - STUDY CONSISTS OF FIVE SEPARATE REPORTS IN ADDITION TO AN INTRODUCTORY PROGRESS REPORT. THE STUDY DEALS WITH A SELECTED GROUP OF INTERCHANGES ON A CASE HISTORY BASIS IN A NUMBER OF LOCATIONS, INCLUDING ATLANTA, DENVER, SPOKANE, EL PASO, SEATTLE, AND TULSA. THE STUDY ALSO CONSIDERS THE INFLUENCE OF SUCH FACTORS AS POPULATION GROWTH, URBANIZING TRENDS, AND RATE OF MOTORIZATION AS WELL AS POLICIES OF VARIOUS FEDERAL AGENCIES, LOCAL LAND USE POLICY, HIGHWAY INVESTMENT, CONGESTION, ETC. /BPR/ KW - Approach lanes KW - Development KW - Freeways KW - Highways KW - Intersection approach KW - Intersections KW - Investments KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Population growth KW - Real estate development KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469947 AU - Schenler, William Walter AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Major Urban Intersections PY - 1960/12/14/Final Report SP - 158p AB - It is widely recognized that intersections are the chief factor contributing to traffic strangulation on traffic facilities, and a method of intersection evaluation should be a valuable addition to the toolkit of the highway and traffic engineers and planners. This report describes the development and use of such an Urban Intersection Rating. It was considered that all factors which affect the ability of an intersection to accommodate the demands placed upon it could be placed in one of two general classifications, namely the physical factors and the traffic factors. Selection of appropriate physical factors is discussed in the second section of this report. The third sections is concerned with determining a criterion of user satisfaction to establish a traffic rating. The fourth section combines these two factors to establish an intersection rating. KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Intersection elements KW - Intersections KW - Ratings KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313585 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219359 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219606 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Mullins, B F TI - IMPROVING FREEWAY TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REPORTING PY - 1960/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash investigation KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219614 AU - Ross, H L AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - RECOGNITION OF COLLISION COURSE COURSE IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1960/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Perception KW - Recognition KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469983 AU - Schaub, James Hamilton AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strength and Volume Change Characteristics of Bituminous Mixtures : Technical Paper PY - 1960/11/02 SP - 74p AB - The specific purposes of this study were to: 1) determine the effect of the method of performing a triaxial test on the observed shear strength values and to evaluate the void content of a specimen at any point during the progress of a test; 2) establish whether there is a change in the volume of a bituminous mixture subjected to a triaxial stress system, and, if so, to establish the significant change in voids that is reflected by a change in observed shear strength; and 3) investigate whether there is a unique relationship between the void content and the shear strength at any given failure criterion for a bituminous mixture prepared to a given set of initial conditions. KW - Air voids KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Failure KW - Shear strength KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Volume changes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313584 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219358 ER - TY - SER AN - 00211008 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Welborn, J Y AU - Halstead, W J AU - Boone, J G TI - PROPERTIES OF HIGHWAY ASPHALTS-PT. II, VARIOUS PENETRATION PY - 1960/10 AB - A TOTAL OF 323 ASPHALT SAMPLES FROM 105 REFINERIES WERE RECEIVED AND TESTED. RESULTS OF THE TESTS ON 146 SAMPLES OF THE 85-100 PENETRATION GRADE WERE REPORTED IN THE FIRST ARTICLE, PART I. THIS ARTICLE, PART II, INCLUDES THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS ON THE OTHER PENETRATION GRADES NAMELY, THE 60-70 GRADE ASPHALTS, THE 70-85 GRADE, 120-150 GRADE, AND 150-200 GRADE ASPHALTS. COMPARISONS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERAL GRADES INCLUDING THE 85-100 GRADE REPORTED IN PART I ARE ALSO INCLUDED. THESE DATA ESTABLISH THE RANGE FOR TEST VALUES THAT MAY BE EXPECTED FOR ASPHALTS ON A NATIONWIDE BASIS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WIDE DIFFERENCES EXISTING IN MATERIALS MEETING THE SAME SPECIFICATIONS, AND THE NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH TO ESTABLISH MORE ADEQUATE TEST METHODS AND SPECIFICATIONS, ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS ARTICLE. REFERENCES: PROPERTIES OF HIGHWAY ASPHALTS--PART I, 85-100 PENETRATION GRADE, J. YORK WELBORN AND WOODROW J. HALSTEAD, PUBLIC ROADS, VOL. 30, NO. 9, PP 197-507, AUGUST 1959. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Characteristics KW - Grades KW - Highways KW - Performance based specifications KW - Properties of materials KW - Slopes KW - Soil penetration test KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469967 AU - Schuster, Robert Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Chert and Shale Gravel in Concrete PY - 1960/09/21 SP - 192p AB - In this study, pore characteristics, mineralogy, texture, and structure were determined for cherts and shales from nine Indiana glacial gravel deposits by means of microscopic petrography, x-ray diffraction, and the common specific gravity and absorption techniques. Blends of 2, 4, 6, and 10% of chert or shale from each source were made with a standard durable crushed limestone coarse aggregate, and these blends were used in 3- by 4- by 16 in. air-entrained concrete beams subjected to up to 300 cycles of freezing-and-thawing. A measure of the amount of deep-seated deterioration of the beams was provided by durability factors calculated from the results of non-destructive sonic testing of the beams at intervals during freeze-thaw testing. Severity of surface deterioration was also evaluated. Despite significant differences in their mineralogies, no difference was noted in the freeze-thaw durabilities of the various chert samples. Although the basic properties of the shales varied even more widely than those of the cherts, none of the shales caused deep-seated failure of the concrete. KW - Cherts KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Gravel KW - Indiana KW - Mineralogy KW - Porosity KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Shale KW - Texture UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314407 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469929 AU - Gray, Warren H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Fatigue Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete PY - 1960/09/21/Final Report SP - 125p AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the fatigue properties of lightweight aggregate concrete and investigate the effects of varying the mix proportions and strength of the mix on this property. Fatigue tests were performed on concrete having two mix designs; one with a static compressive strength of 3,500 psi and the other 6,000 psi. It was found that within the limits of this investigation the fatigue properties of lightweight aggregate concrete were not changed by varying the strength of the concrete or aggregate proportions. Comparison of the data collected in this study with previous study data indicate that the fatigue properties of lightweight aggregate concrete are not significantly different than the fatigue properties of normal weight concrete. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Strength of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314406 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219612 AU - Ross, H L AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE DRIVING SITUATION PY - 1960/09 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Analysis KW - Diagrams KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Schematic diagrams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469981 AU - Schaub, James Hamilton AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strength and Volume Change Characteristics of a Bituminous Mixture Under Triaxial Testing PY - 1960/08/03/Final Report SP - 173p AB - A laboratory study was performed upon a bituminous mixture using the constant-lateral-pressure triaxial test and incremental static loading. The study was initiated to establish whether or not bituminous mixtures changed volume during testing and, if so, the magnitude of the changes and their relationship to strength. The effect of various conditions of drainage permitted during a test upon observed strength values was established. The results show conclusively, for the particular mixtures and procedures used, that bituminous mixture specimens change volume during the performance of a triaxial test. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Cement KW - Drainage KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Static loads KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Volume changes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313583 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469960 AU - Elmberg, Curt M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Speed Zoning in Suburban Areas PY - 1960/06/08/Final Report SP - 142p AB - This thesis reports the results of a study at five suburban areas of the combined effect of various speed limits and roadside development on driver speed patterns. Three of the locations concerned were two-lane United States highways traversing suburban development of predominantly residential, commercial, and industrial type, respectively. One of the locations was a four-lane, partially divided, highway which recently had been reconstructed from two lanes to four lanes. No speed limits had been posted along this highway after reconstruction had been completed. Consequently, this highway was an excellent location for studying the effects of various posted speed limits, making possible comparisons between unrestricted and restricted speeds. The study revealed that drivers paid little, if any, attention to posted speed limits. Non-local vehicles traveled significantly faster than local vehicles in many instances. Noticeable differences between day speeds and night speeds were also recorded at some sites. KW - Highways KW - Non-local drivers KW - Operating speed KW - Periods of the day KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Suburbs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314404 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469959 AU - Johnson, Russel R AU - Miles, Robert Douglas AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Purdue University TI - Photogrammetric Measurement of Final Pay Quantities in Highway Construction : Technical Paper PY - 1960/06/08 SP - 20p AB - Photogrammetry is presently being used in the location and design of highways to achieve a saving in time, manpower, and cost. Considerable interest has been expressed in extending the use of photogrammetry to achieve a similar savings in the measurement of highway final pay quantities. This paper reports the results of an attempt to apply photogrammetric methods to the determination of several final pay quantities and to evaluate the accuracy obtained by comparison with quantities determined by normal field procedures. The final pay quantities concerned were earthwork, concrete pavement and appurtenances, paved side ditch, sodding, curbing, guard rail, and guide posts. KW - Construction management KW - Earthwork KW - Guardrails KW - Indiana KW - Paving KW - Payment KW - Photogrammetry KW - Road construction UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313582 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469913 AU - Woods, Kenneth B AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Role of Research in Solving Highway and Urban Problems : Technical Paper PY - 1960/06/08 SP - 30p AB - This document gives an overview of some of the highway-focused research conducted during the early to mid-1900's. The history of Indiana's Joint Highway Research Project (JHRP) is discussed, and an overview of some JHRP projects is included. KW - History KW - Joint Highway Research Project (Purdue University) KW - Research projects UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314402 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458058 AU - Stover, Vergil G AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Locating Slippery Highway Sites by Accident Analysis : Technical Paper PY - 1960/06/08 SP - 25p AB - This paper reports an economical and efficient method for locating slippery highway surfaces and for determining their priority for "deslicking." This method appears to be potentially important to Indiana and in other states in the attack on slippery highway surface problems. Accident report files were analyzed and accidents involving skidding during dry conditions and wet conditions were compared and mapped to determine areas prone to skidding. A statistical analysis was used to determine when the frequency of skidding accidents is excessive at specific sites. KW - Crash analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Skidding KW - Slipperiness KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313581 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456896 AU - Jouzy, Neddy Costandy AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 69 : Progress Report PY - 1960/06/08/Final Report SP - 19p AB - This report is an analysis of spot speed observations made in March and April 1960. All observations were made of free-moving vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural highways. The results of this study indicate that speeds of both passenger cars and trucks were slightly less during the period of the study than they were in August 1959. KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Spot speed KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314405 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456858 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Narais, Jag AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Kosciusko County, Indiana PY - 1960/06/08/Final Report SP - 175p AB - The mapping of the engineering soils of Kosciusko County, Indiana was accomplished using 9" x 9" aerial photographs having an approximate scale of 1:20,000. These airphotos were taken during July of 1951 in connection with the mapping program of the United States Department of Agriculture. Photo interpretation of the land forms and soil textures of the county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference. Field trips were made to the area for the ambiguous details, correlating airphoto patterns with soil texture, and to secure soil samples. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Kosciusko County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314403 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211980 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - A STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CEMENTS AVAILABLE IN THIS AREA PY - 1960/04 AB - NO ABSTRACT KW - Cement KW - Chemical analysis KW - Nebraska KW - Physical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469980 AU - Wiseman, J F AU - Harr, Milton Edward AU - Leonards, G A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warping Stresses and Deflections in Concrete Pavements - Part 2 : Technical Paper PY - 1960/03/02 SP - 32p AB - This paper is a summary of work on the stresses and deflections of concrete slabs on ground subjected to temperature and/or moisture contents which decrease linearly with the depth of the slab. Conclusions are that the stresses and deflections can be calculated; temperature and moisture gradients are capable of producing tensile stresses which may exceed the modulus of rupture of slabs; and rational design of concrete pavements requires that the effects of warping be evaluated. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement distress KW - Slabs KW - Temperature KW - Warpage UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314400 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469955 AU - Stover, Vergil G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Locating Slippery Highway Surfaces through Accident Report Analysis PY - 1960/03/02/Final Report SP - 90p AB - This paper reports the results of a study concerned with the utilization of accident analysis for the location of slippery portions of highways. All rural United States and State marked routes in 10 Indiana counties were analyzed on the basis of accident clusters and accidents occurring on a single highway within a particular township. Statistical methods were then employed to determine, for each location, the significant percentage of all wet surface accidents in which skidding occurred. Field tests to determine the slipperiness of the surface were conducted on a sample composed of 21 locations. The study indicates that there is a very significant correlation between skidding accidents and the slipperiness of the surface. It further indicates that accident report analysis can reliably be employed to locate slippery highway surface. KW - Crash analysis KW - Field tests KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Skidding KW - Slipperiness KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314401 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469951 AU - Johnson, Russell Richard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Photogrammetric Measurement of Final Pay Quantities in Highway Construction PY - 1960/01/21/Final Report SP - 117p AB - Photogrammetry is presently being used in the location and design of highways to achieve a saving in time, manpower, and cost. Considerable interest has been expressed in extending the use of photogrammetry to achieve a similar savings in the measurement of highway final pay quantities. This paper reports the results of an attempt to apply photogrammetric methods to the determination of several final pay quantities and to evaluate the accuracy obtained by comparison with quantities determined by normal field procedures. The final pay quantities concerned were earthwork, concrete pavement and appurtenances, paved side ditch, sodding, curbing, guard rail, and guide posts. KW - Construction management KW - Earthwork KW - Guardrails KW - Indiana KW - Paving KW - Payment KW - Photogrammetry KW - Road construction UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314399 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01458059 AU - Owen, H J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design and Construction of Hydraulic Flume and Backwater Effects of Semi-Circular Constrictions in a Smooth Rectangular Channel : Progress Report No. 2 PY - 1960/01/21 SP - 41p AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the hydraulics of semi-circular constrictions in smooth rectangular channels. To this end a large part of this work consisted of the design and construction of a hydraulic flume 54 ft long and 5 ft wide. This study is part of a general program sponsored by the State Highway Department of Indiana and the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads at Purdue university on the hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch bridges. KW - Arch bridges KW - Backwaters KW - Channel flow KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Constrictions KW - Flumes KW - Indiana KW - Streamflow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313580 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457374 AU - McMahon, Thurmul Francis AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of a Pressure Sensitive Cell and Model Studies of Pressures in the Subgrade of a Flexible Pavement System : Technical Paper PY - 1960/01/21 SP - 55p AB - This report focuses on the design and development of a pressure sensitive cell and the use of this cell in making pressure measurements in homogeneous and two-layer model pavement systems. Pressures were measured under three different size plates, on a homogeneous compacted clay fill, and on the same fill when varying thicknesses of the upper portion of the clay had been replaced with a compacted crushed limestone base. These measured pressures have been compared with the theoretical pressures, as determined by the Boussinesq and the Burmister Methods. They have also been compared with pressure measurements made by the Corps of Engineers, at their Waterways Experiment Station. A fair correlation of measured and theoretical pressures has been made by using a modification of the Boussinesq method, called the Equivalent Plate Method. However, it is necessary to have the magnitude of the interface pressure to establish this correlation. KW - Boussinesq equation KW - Cells (Measuring devices) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Load cells KW - Pavement layers KW - Pressure KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313578 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457381 AU - Stephens, Jack E AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Designing Fine Bituminous Mixtures for High Skid Resistance PY - 1960/01 SP - 37p AB - There exists a relationship between the skid resistance of pavement and the accident rate of the roadway. An increase in traffic speed increases the need for skid resistance in pavements. It appears that the practical and economical approach to this problem in many areas involves the use of locally available sands in fine-aggregate types of mixes. However, all fine mixes are not necessarily skid resistant nor are the most skid-resistant types of fine aggregate, and gradations of them, available in all areas. Therefore, this study was undertaken in an attempt to evaluate mix variables that affect the skid resistance of fine bituminous mixes. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Fine aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - Sand KW - Skid resistance UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313579 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456731 AU - Petty, Donald F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 70: Truck Weight-Speed Study : Progress Report PY - 1960/01 SP - 21p AB - The Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University cooperated with the Highway Planning Survey Unit of the State Highway Department of Indiana, in performing the annual truck weight-speed study during August 1960. This was the sixteenth year this particular study has been conducted. KW - Indiana KW - Speed KW - Trucks KW - Weigh stations KW - Weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314408 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456725 AU - Biery, P F AU - Delleur, J W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch Bridges : Report No. 3 PY - 1960/01 SP - 66p AB - Results of a systematic laboratory investigation of the effects of arch bridges on streamflow is presented. The method described for computing the maximum backwater is applicable to any type of bridge constriction. A simple relationship was found to exist between the backwater ratio, the Froude number, and the contraction ratio. KW - Arch bridges KW - Backwaters KW - Constrictions KW - Hydraulics KW - Laboratory studies KW - Streamflow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314409 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456717 AU - Miller, Forrest D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 71 : Progress Report PY - 1960/01 SP - 24p AB - This report covers spot speed observations made in Indiana during August and September 1960. An electronic radar speed meter was used to collect the data for this study. Data collected include average speed for passenger cars and light trucks; 85th percentile speed; and speed trends, on two lane highways, four lane highways, and all highways.. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Average spot speed KW - Four lane highways KW - Indiana KW - Traffic speed KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Two lane highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314410 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455842 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Annual Report of the Assistant Director, 1959-1960 PY - 1960/01 SP - 64p AB - The Joint Highway Research Project in the School of Civil Engineering is organized to do cooperative research with the State Highway Department of Indiana. The purpose of this organization is to make basic studies of materials used in highways; to facilitate economical design, construction, and maintenance of county and state highways; to investigate traffic, safety and economics; to provide advanced instruction in the fundamentals of highway engineering and related research; and to provide practical experience in construction and maintenance procedures and use of highway materials. The research conducted during the year in eight areas for the State Highway Department was varied and important. Thirty-eight research projects were active and are briefly discussed in this report. KW - Annual reports KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Research KW - State highway departments UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314412 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455838 AU - Gray, Warren H AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Antrim, John deCourey AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Fatigue Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete : Technical Paper PY - 1960/01 SP - 29p AB - Fatigue tests were conducted on two different lightweight aggregate concretes, one proportioned for a high strength and the other for a low strength. Specimens of approximately the same age were tested at stress levels of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 percent of the ultimate static compressive strength of the respective mixes. Within the limits of the investigation, the fatigue behavior of high-strength lightweight concrete was similar to that of low-strength lightweight concrete. In addition, the fatigue behavior of the lightweight aggregate concrete appears to be similar to that found for a normal weight concrete in a previous study. KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Fatigue tests KW - High strength concrete KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Low strength concrete UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314411 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455284 AU - Gaudette, Noel G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of the Kneading Compactor and Hveem Stabilometer to Bituminous Concrete Design in Indiana PY - 1960/01 SP - 271p AB - This study was undertaken with the intention of indicating a suitable Hveem design procedure to be employed in the design of Indiana bituminous mixtures under heavy traffic conditions. The study had two major purposes t l) to study the validity of using the present Hveem design method, as employed by the California Highway Department, for design of Indiana surface and binder mixtures, and 2) if some modification of the standard California, procedure was indicated for Indiana surface and binder mixtures, the laboratory compaction pressure would be altered until test results for field and laboratory specimens were in substantial agreement. The study required sampling of bituminous pavements by taking 4-in. diameter cores and performing a laboratory correlation. Marshall tests were made on composite samples for four samplings over a five-year period and Hveem tests were made on composite and individual-course samples for the final sampling in 1959. A mechanical kneading compactor was used for fabricating laboratory specimens with mixture properties comparable to the properties for cored specimens taken from the pavements, and samples of each mixture were also compacted with the Marshall hammer and tested for further information. The Hveem Stabilometer and Marshall stability machine were used for measuring the strength of both field and laboratory specimens. Mixture void contents were measured for field and laboratory-compacted specimens using Rice specific gravity values. Aggregate degradation was studied in a very limited way by comparing aggregate gradations and the percent of mix retained on the No. 6 sieve, for field-compacted samples and laboratory-compacted samples, to the original aggregate gradation used at the time of construction. Tests were also made to determine the effect of kneading compaction on specimen uniformity by determining density, asphalt content, and aggregate degradation variation throughout compacted specimens. Pavement cores were recompacted using the kneading compactor and the standard compaction procedure in an effort to reproduce field density and Hveem stability values. It is concluded from this study that, generally, the normal 500 psi compaction pressure can be used for Indiana binder mixtures, but a lower design compaction pressure should be employed for compacting more sensitive mixtures. These sensitive mixtures are usually surface mixtures, especially those surface mixtures containing high percentages of crushed limestone aggregate and a high asphalt content. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous binders KW - Compactors KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Indiana KW - Kneading compaction KW - Mix design KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314413 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01120031 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - 1960 truck weight & vehicle classification studies PY - 1960 SP - [73] leaves (some folded) ; KW - Classification KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Traffic surveys KW - Trucks KW - Virginia KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100790 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Statistics 1960 PY - 1960///16th Annual Report SP - 216p AB - This publication, the sixteenth of an annual series, presents the 1960 statistical and analytical tables of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, highway-user taxation, State and local highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways. Data for the financing of highways by county and local rural governments are also included, as well as information concerning local street financing. KW - Annual reports KW - Cities KW - Counties KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway mileage KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Streets KW - Towns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947080 AU - TAYLOR, PAUL N AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - NEW MANUFACTURING AND THE CONNECTICUT TURNPIKE. T2 - ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE CONNECTICUT TURNPIKE ON EASTERN CONNECTICUT PY - 1960 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Connecticut KW - Expressways KW - Manufactures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947082 AU - BURNIGHT, ROBERT G AU - CALLENDER, WILLARD D AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - POPULATION CHANGE AND DISTRIBUTION. T2 - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CONNECTICUT TURNPIKE ON EASTERN CONNECTICUT PY - 1960 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Connecticut KW - Expressways KW - Population UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947077 AU - MCKAIN, WALTER C AU - STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,; AU - Connecticut State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RETAIL SALES AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. T2 - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CONNECTICUT TURNPIKE ON EASTERN CONNECTICUT PY - 1960 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Connecticut KW - Dentists KW - Expressways KW - Physicians KW - Retail trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947081 AU - MCKAIN, WALTER C AU - WEIR, JAMES R AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RECREATION. T2 - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CONNECTICUT TURNPIKE ON EASTERN CONNECTICUT PY - 1960 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Connecticut KW - Expressways KW - Motels KW - Recreation KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219613 AU - Baker, J S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - LIMITATIONS ON ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1960 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Constraints KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Reconstruction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108743 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00219603 JO - Highway Research Board Bulletin PB - Highway Research Board AU - Keese, Charles J AU - Pinnell, Charles AU - McCasland, William R TI - A STUDY OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC OPERATION PY - 1960 IS - 235 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway operations KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111078 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219601 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Keese, C J TI - IMPROVING FREEWAY OPERATIONS PY - 1960 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Freeway operations KW - Improvements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202673 AU - Pryor, W T AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE ROLE OF AERIAL SURVEYS IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PY - 1960 AB - HISTORICALLY, AERIAL SURVEYS AND HIGHWAYS WERE NOT JOINED ON AN EFFECTIVE AND MUTUALLY COMPLEMENTING AND AUGMENTING BASIS FOR ALMOST FIFTY YEARS AFTER THEIR SEPARATE AND DISTINCT MOTIVATIONS IN THE 1890'S ON A CONCERTED-EFFORT BASIS. THIS PAPER CONTAINS THE SALIENT HISTORICAL DATA REGARDING AERIAL SURVEYS AND HIGHWAYS IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER. PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES ARE PRESENTED IN SOME DETAIL BY STAGES OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING TO SHOW HOW INTRICATELY, IN THE UNITED STATES, AERIAL SURVEYS AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING ARE INTERWOVEN, AND TO POINT TO MANY OF THEIR JOINT RAMIFICATIONS. UNDOUBTEDLY THERE ARE OTHERS. MANY PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES ARE EMPLOYED IN OTHER COUNTRIES. THE ROLE OF AERIAL SURVEYS IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING IS INTRINSICALLY A PART OF THE NATURE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS, AND SURVEYS FOR, AND DESIGN OF, HIGHWAYS. DETAILED CHRONOLOGY OF THE APPLICATION OF AERIAL SURVEYS IN HIGHWAY ARE COMPREHENSIVELY GIVEN FOR THE PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING STAGES AND BRIEFLY FOR CONSTRUCTION AND SUBSEQUENT STAGES. USES OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTATIONS IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING AND PROCUREMENT OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND PHOTOGRAMMETRICALLY COMPILED MAPS BY CONTRACT ARE PRESENTED. PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES VARY FROM USER TO USER, BUT THE IMPORTANCE TO, AND INFLUENCE ON, EACH OTHER -- AERIAL SURVEYS AND HIGHWAYS -- WILL CONTINUE TO GROW. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - History KW - Mapping KW - Photogrammetry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201471 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - THE NATURE AND MEASUREMENT OF HIGHWAY BENEFITS: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK PY - 1960 AB - GENERAL THEORY AND NATURE OF HIGHWAY INVESTMENT BENEFITS ARE DISCUSSED AND SOME ANALYTICAL TOOLS ARE DESCRIBED WHICH MAY BE USEFUL IN MEASUREMENTS OF HIGHWAY BENEFITS. THE EXTENT TO WHICH EXISTING HIGHWAY ECONOMIC IMPACT RESEARCH CAN BE USED IN MEASURING HIGHWAY BENEFITS IS EXAMINED AS WELL AS PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DERIVING NET BENEFIT MEASURES OF LAND VALUES. EFFECTS OF METHOD OF PAYMENT FOR HIGHWAY INVESTMENT ON DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS AND ACTUAL MAGNITUDE OF TOTAL BENEFITS ARE EXPLORED. /BPR/ KW - Economic benefits KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Investments KW - Land values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201470 AU - Georgia State College TI - NON-VEHICULAR BENEFITS FROM UTILITY USE OF STREETS AND HIGHWAYS PY - 1960 AB - THE BENEFITS DERIVED BY UTILITIES THROUGH THE USE OF STREETS AND HIGHWAYS AS LOCATIONS FOR SERVICE FACILITIES ARE INVESTIGATED. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO VALUE SUCH BENEFITS BY DETERMINING THE COST OF ACQUIRING OTHER RIGHTS-OF-WAY. UTILITY ACTIVITY IN BOTH URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IS ALSO INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Costs KW - Economic benefits KW - Property acquisition KW - Public utilities KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201450 AU - Department of Agriculture TI - RELATION OF TYPE OF ROAD AND LOCATION TO SALES PRICES OF FARM REAL ESTATE PY - 1960 AB - THE DIFFERENCES ARE EXAMINED IN SALES PRICES AND MARKET VALUES OF FARMLAND USED PRIMARILY FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES THAT WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE TYPE OF ROAD PROVIDING ACCESS. A SAMPLE OF ABOUT 11,500 SALES OF FARM REAL ESTATE WAS CLASSIFIED BY TYPE OF ROAD AND OTHER LOCATIONAL FACTORS. /BPR/ KW - Access roads KW - Agricultural land KW - Classification KW - Farming KW - Farms KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Land values KW - Location KW - Market value KW - Real property UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201445 AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington TI - CERTAIN ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE LEXINGTON NORTHERN BELT LINE PY - 1960 AB - THE IMPACT IS APPRAISED ON LAND USE AND LAND VALUES OF A SIX-MILE FREE-ACCESS BYPASS BUILT PRIMARILY FOR THE RELIEF OF DOWNTOWN TRAFFIC CONGESTION. THE INFLUENCE OF THE HIGHWAY FACILITY WAS DERIVED BY COMPARING THE ACTUAL AND USE IN THE AREA PRESUMABLY AFFECTED BY THE HIGHWAY WITH THE PROBABLE LAND USE IN THE ABSENCE OF THE HIGHWAY. LAND VALUE, LAND USE, AND CASE STUDIES AND SURVEYS OF COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS ON AND OFF THE BELTLINE WERE STUDIED. CHANGES IN LAND USE WERE CONSIDERABLE, MAINLY TO INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL USE, AND WERE ACCOMPANIED BY VERY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN LAND VALUES. /BPR/ KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Case studies KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Industries KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240514 AU - Department of Agriculture TI - ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF LAND USE AT FREEWAY INTERCHANGES PY - 1960 AB - LAND USE CHANGES IN INTERCHANGE AREAS AND THE EFFECTS OF SUCH CHANGES ON TRAFFIC GENERATION ARE MEASURED AND ANALYZED IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC CONTROLS OVER THE USE OF LAND IN INTERCHANGE AREAS. A SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY IS USED. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Economic factors KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Land use KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Legal factors KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240511 AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City TI - AN ANALYSIS OF UTILITY USE OF HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY IN UTAH PY - 1960 AB - A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS IS MADE OF THE USE OF HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY BY UTILITIES AND THE ECONOMIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN SUCH USE. /BPR/ KW - Economic factors KW - Highways KW - Land use KW - Public utilities KW - Right of way KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219635 AU - Zuk, W AU - Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research TI - THE DYNAMICS OF VEHICLE SKID DEVIATION AS CAUSED BY ROAD CONDITIONS PY - 1959/09 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Conditions KW - Dynamics KW - Roads KW - Skids KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219634 AU - Nichols, F P AU - Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research TI - FURTHER STUDIES ON SKID RESISTANCE OF VIRGINIA PAVEMENTS PY - 1959/09 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Studies KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108759 ER - TY - SER AN - 00211006 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pauls, J T AU - Halstead, W J TI - PROGRESSIVE ALTERATIONS IN SHEET ASPHALT PAVEMENT OVER LONG PERIOD OF SERVICE PY - 1959/02 AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED OVER A 19 YEAR PERIOD OF CHANGES IN CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT AND MEASURABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SHEET ASPHALT PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTED ON CONNECTICUT AVENUE IN WASHINGTON, D. C. THE RESULTS SHOW LARGE PORTION OF ASPHALT HARDENING GENERALLY OCCURS DURING MIXING AND ROLLING OF PAVEMENT AND THAT DENSITY OF PAVEMENT AND THE HUBBARD-FIELD STABILITY OF SAMPLE CORES INCREASED WITH TIME UNDER ACTION OF TRAFFIC WITH THE INCREASE BEING GREATER IN EARLY PAVEMENT LIFE. KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Characteristics KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Mixing KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Rolling KW - Service life KW - Sheet asphalt KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457526 AU - McMahon, Thurmul Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of a Pressure Sensitive Cell and Model Studies of Pressures in the Subgrade of a Flexible Pavement System PY - 1959/01 SP - 382p AB - This paper describes the design of a pressure sensitive cell. It also discusses flexible pavement subgrades, and presents model studies of the pressures in the pavement subgrades. KW - Design KW - Earth pressure KW - Flexible pavements KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://archive.org/details/designofpressure5924mcma UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313575 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455301 AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Rheological Characteristics of a Sand-Asphalt Mixture : Technical Paper PY - 1959/01 SP - 33p AB - The investigation being reported in this paper initially was conceived to use a Burgers model analysis on the data collected by loading a bituminous specimen with a static load. This analysis became rather complex and it was decided, instead, to analyze the data collected on the basis of the plastic or viscous deformation-time relationship for the applied loads and the rebound associated with the removal of the applied load. KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Loads KW - Plastic deformation KW - Rheological properties UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314386 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455293 AU - Owen, H J AU - Sooky, Attila Arpad AU - Husain, S T AU - Delleur, J W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch Bridges: a Progress Report : Technical Paper PY - 1959/01 SP - 42p AB - The purpose of this project is to: 1. Study the backwater produced by arches and develop a method for their computation. 2. Develop criterion for designing the proper clear span. 3. Study the hydraulic characteristics of flow under arch bridges including: a) single span bridges, b) multiple span bridges, c) various pier and abutment shapes d) shape of arch intrados, e) discharge and slopes of stream, f) width of bridge. This paper reports on the first year's work on this project. During, this time, a preliminary investigation was initiated. Its purpose was first to help in the design of the testing flume, and second to help in the design of the experiments to be carried out in the flume. Simultaneously, the design of the required testing facilities was done and the construction of these facilities was started. KW - Arch bridges KW - Flumes KW - Hydraulics KW - Streamflow KW - Testing UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313565 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455292 AU - Low, P F AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Factor of Moisture in Frost Action : Informational Report PY - 1959/01 SP - 41p AB - This paper reviews, summarizes and systematizes the role of water in frost action. The structure of water, ion and ionic solutions, the nature of water in a clay-water system, and the forces responsible for its adsorption are treated. KW - Adsorption KW - Clay KW - Frost action KW - Moisture content KW - Water UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314389 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455291 AU - Harr, Milton Edward AU - Leonards, G A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warping Stresses and Deflections in Concrete Pavements : Technical Paper PY - 1959/01 SP - 56p AB - In this paper equations are presented for the deflections and stresses in warped slabs of finite size, allowing for the condition that warping may result in a partially supported slab. Numerical solutions were obtained for some of the unloaded slab, which was used as a model for a highway pavement. Charts for deflection and stresses are given covering a wide variety of slab parameters and ambient temperatures and moisture conditions. The influence of concrete quality, subgrade modulus, and slab thickness is evaluated. Comparisons are made with available measured data and the validity of a new theory is assessed. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Stresses KW - Warpage UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314387 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455289 AU - Musleh, Fouad Elyas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effects of Freezing and Thawing on Pre-Stressed Concrete PY - 1959/01 SP - 76p AB - An experiment was made with the following objectives: 1. To study the durability of prestressed concrete under repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. 2. To compare the freezing and thawing effects on prestressed concrete and ordinary concrete for specimens made of the same mix giving an ultimate strength of 5000 psi or better after 28 days. 3. To compare the effect of freezing and thawing on prestressed concrete having an ultimate strength of 5000 psi and ordinary concrete specimens made with a leaner mix giving an ultimate strength of about 3000 psi after 28 days. In all, 48 concrete-beam specimens were made from 8 mixes. Six mixes produced specimens having a minimum ultimate compressive strength of 5000 psi, while two mixes gave specimens having a minimum ultimate strength of 3000 psi. Freeze-thaw deterioration graphs are shown for the individual beams and for the averages of similar beams. Tables for durability factors of individual beams, as well as the average durability factor for similar beams, are presented. Significant improvement in the durability was found to result from post-tensioning of the beams. Post-tensioned concrete specimens made of a rich mix showed better durability than unstressed concrete made of the same mix and also better than unstressed concrete made of a leaner mix. Within the scope of this experiment it was observed that unstressed concrete made of the leaner mix was more durable than unstressed concrete made of the richer mix. KW - Compressive strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Lean concrete KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Unreinforced concrete UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313562 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455288 AU - Bell, J Richard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Feasibility of Measuring the Moisture Gradients in Concrete Pavement Slabs: Progress Report No. 2 PY - 1959/01 SP - 101p AB - The purposes of this study were: 1) to conduct a comprehensive literature search to evaluate the available methods of measuring the moisture content of porous media, 2) to conduct limited laboratory investigation of the more promising of these methods, and 3) to select the most promising methods for further intensive investigation. The study was divided into two parts: 1) a literature search and 2) a preliminary laboratory investigation of the dielectric constant (or capacitance) method, which on the basis of the literature survey appeared most promising. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the dielectric constant is a satisfactory indicator of the water content of hardened concrete and that the capacitance method is worthy of an intensive study to develop the instrumentation necessary to permit routine in sltu moisture measurements of hardened concrete. KW - Capacitance KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dielectric properties KW - Hardened concrete KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Slabs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313572 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455278 AU - Musleh, Fouad Elyas AU - Gutzwiller, Martin J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effects of Freezing and Thawing on Prestressed Concrete : Technical Paper PY - 1959/01 SP - 37p AB - Freeze and Thaw tests were conducted on 48 specimens representing two strength levels namely 5000 psl and 3000 psi. Some of the ones with a 5000 psi strength were post-tensioned throughout the tests. Significant improvement in the durability was found to result from post-tensioning of the beams. Post-tensioned concrete specimens made of a rich mix showed better durability than unstressed concrete of the same mix and also better than unstressed concrete made of a leaner mix. KW - Concrete KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313566 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455275 AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimation of Highway Needs for County Primary Road Systems by Sample Survey Methods PY - 1959/01 SP - 45p AB - Highway needs studies are costly and time consuming and require large engineering staffs for their performance. This study is an investigation of whether sample survey methods can be used to reduce the time and work required to make these studies. Complete inventory and cost data were available for the primary county road systems in Michigan and Minnesota and this information was used for statistical analysis. The value of population characteristics and the variances of these characteristics were computed for the complete data of each state. Four different sampling methods were investigated for required sample size using five different combinations of margin of error and a risk for each population. The methods investigated were: a. Simple Random Sampling, b. Stratified Random Sampling with Optimum and Proportional Allocation, c. Simple Cluster Sampling, and d. Stratified Cluster Sampling with Optimum and Proportional Allocation. KW - County roads KW - Michigan KW - Minnesota KW - Needs assessment KW - Primary highways KW - Statistical sampling KW - Surveys UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313576 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455271 AU - Dennis, J H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Density on the Repeated-Load Strength Properties of Bituminous Concrete PY - 1959/01 SP - 72p AB - This study is concerned primarily with the plastic deformations obtained through the repeated-load testing of bituminous concrete surfacing mixtures. Parameters were calculated from these plastic deformations and were compared with results from the Hveem Stabilometer test. In the initial part of this investigation an attempt was made to obtain a slab-type specimen which would produce realistic results by the repeated-load test. Since means were not found to compact a slab-type specimen to a uniformly high density, a cylindrical-type specimen was used as an alternative for the repeated-load test. In comparing the results of the repeated-load test with the Hveem Stabilometer test results, it appears that the mixtures are evaluated differently by the two methods. The results from this investigation are not suitable for evaluating bituminous concrete surface mixtures in regard to rutting and shoving. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Density KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Pavement performance KW - Plastic deformation KW - Repeated loads KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313577 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455270 AU - Bell, J Richard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 1: The Feasibility of Measuring the Moisture Gradients in Concrete Pavement Slabs : Progress Report PY - 1959/01 SP - 71p AB - The purposes of this preliminary study were : 1) to conduct a comprehensive literature search to evaluate the available methods of measuring the moisture content of porous media; 2) to conduct limited laboratory investigation of the more promising of these methods; and 3) to select the most promising methods for intensive investigation in the second phase of the study. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Measurement KW - Measuring methods KW - Moisture gradient KW - Slabs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314388 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455269 AU - Hannan, R A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of the Hveem Stabilometer to the Testing of Open-Graded Bituminous Mixtures PY - 1959/01 SP - 116p AB - This laboratory investigation was conducted with the purpose of determining the applicability of the Hveem Stabilometer to the testing of open-graded bituminous mixtures.The study was divided into two major sections. The first of these investigated the validity of the Stabilometer displacement measurement when applied to open-graded specimens having large surface air voids. The second portion of the study had two specific purposes: (l) to investigate the stress-strain characteristics of open-graded mixtures tested in the Hveem Stabilometer and (2) to determine whether surface voids on the ends of Stabilometer test specimens influenced Hveem stability values.To check the validity of the displacement measurement, Stabilometer tests were, conducted over a wide range of displacement values for duplicate specimens molded from three different mixtures. Displacement readings were varied by altering the surfaces of test specimens and by adjusting the quantity of air inside the Stabilometer oil chamber. In studying the stress-strain characteristics of open-graded mixes, Stabilometer values and specimen deformation readings were obtained for two mixtures. The first of these open-type mixes was well-graded, but the second was essentially "one-sized" in gradation. Results of this investigation showed that the final displacement value, when substituted into the Hveem stability equation, did not compensate for the variations in lateral pressure caused by large changes(one or more turns) in the final displacement measurement. Stress-strain relationships for the well-graded, open-type mixture indicated that the quantity of strain permitted a Stabilometer test specimen conformed closely with the amount of strain developed at the maximum shearing strength of a rational triaxial test specimen subjected to confining pressures similar to those present in a Stabilometer test. Strain measurements recorded for Stabilometer specimens of the one-sized mixture used in this study were much lower than those obtained at the peak value of shearing resistance for triaxial test specimens of the same mixture and for similar confining pressures. Surface air voids on the ends of Stabilometer test specimens had a small effect on test results. When these voids were filled, Hveem stability values were not significantly higher, but the reproducibility of test results was greatly improved by coating test specimens. To improve the consistency of Stabilometer test results obtained from open-graded mixtures, certain modifications in the testing technique were suggested. These changes involved the filling of air voids on the surface of test specimens and the admittance of an increased amount of air in the Stabilometer oil chamber during the calibration of the testing apparatus. KW - Air voids KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Deformation curve KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Testing UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313569 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455267 AU - Blindauer, Harlan H AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Analysis of High Accident Rates : Technical Paper PY - 1959/01 SP - 31p AB - In general the results of accident investigations have been inconclusive, and, in some instances, contradictory. Some results of accident studies have indicated, however, that correlation of accidents with some elements of the highway at specific locations is very good and that a study of accident records can indicate this correlation. As a result, this study of high-accident highways in Indiana was begun. In this study, all sections of highway investigated were two-lane highways in rural areas. Two-lane rural highways were selected because a large percentage of the highways in Indiana have only two lanes and probably will remain two-lane highways for many years to come and, as a result, the greatest need for research is on this types of facility. Rural highways were selected for this first study because of the relative homogeneity of conditions affecting accidents on these roads. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313567 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455259 AU - Stephens, Jack E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Laboratory Investigation of the Phenomenon of Friction as Applied to Fine-Textured Bituminous Paving Mixtures PY - 1959/01 SP - 172p AB - This presentation recognizes that the friction generated between a skidding rubber tire and a bituminous pavement must be attributed to several causes. In order to better understand friction, and as a start toward the eventual goal of predicting the potential frictional resistance of a pavement before it is built, an effort was made to evaluate each of the causes and to establish their relative importance. An explanation of friction is presented as it applies to the slippage between a rubber tire and a pavement surface. From this investigation into the skid resistance of fine bituminous mixes, the more important variables appear to be gradation and mineral composition of the aggregate. Varying either of these two factors caused large changes in relative resistance values. The relative resistance values increased as the aggregate gradations were made finer. Increases in the silica content of the aggregate caused the relative resistance values to increase. The magnitude of the changes in skid resistance caused by variations in silica content is closely related to fineness modulus or gradation of the aggregate. At low fineness moduli the increase in relative resistance value with silica content is large. However, for sands of coarser gradations in the range of fineness moduli of 3.5 to 5.5, silica content has a limited effect upon relative resistance values. The area of aggregate exposed in the surface tested is also of importance. The effects caused by adjusting gradation probably include this factor. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Fineness KW - Friction KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Skid resistance UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313573 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455257 AU - Gutzwiller, Martin J AU - Waling, Joseph Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory Research on Pavements Continuously Reinforced with Welded Wire Fabric PY - 1959/01 SP - 36p AB - Since February 1955, research has been conducted at Purdue University on reinforced concrete pavements using welded wire fabric as the principal reinforcement. This research has been carried on in the Structural Engineering Laboratory of the School of Civil Engineering. The final techniques as used in the laboratory are presented. The specimens chosen were 28 feet long by 3 feet wide by 8 inches thick. The reinforcement consisted of either 6 x 12, 0/3; 6 x 12, OOOOO/O; or 4 x 12, OOOOO/O welded wire fabric. The specimens were cast in a portable form in which the amount of steel, the location of the steel, and the depth of slab could be varied. Each of the specimens was fabricated with preformed weakened planes in order that the slab would crack at definite locations in the test region. This permitted the measurement of strains in the fabric reinforcement at these predetermined cracks. The slabs were tested on an elastic subgrade having a modulus of approximately 160 pci. The subgrade was of such material that its modulus could be varied within reasonable limits. The slab specimens were loaded with vertical static loads to simulate traffic loads and horizontal loads to simulate stresses induced by temperature changes. Electric SR-4 strain gages were placed at various locations on the fabric to determine the stresses in the fabric. Vertical deflections of the slab were obtained by use of Federal dial indicators, and crack widths or surface strains in the concrete were obtained by use of a Whittemore strain gage. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slabs KW - Welded wire fabrics UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313564 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455251 AU - Dolch, William Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Determination of Potassium in Cement with Tetraphenylboron PY - 1959/01 SP - 14p AB - A rapid, simple, inexpensive, and direct method has been found for the gravimetric determination of potassium in cement using the tetraphenylboron precipitation procedure. This paper discusses the procedure. KW - Cement KW - Gravimetric analysis KW - Potassium KW - Precipitation (Chemistry) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313571 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455249 AU - Dolch, William Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Studies of Limestone Aggregates by Fluid-Flow Methods : Technical Paper PY - 1959/01 SP - 36p AB - Simple fluid-flow measurements were made in an attempt to learn more about the pore characteristics of coarse aggregates and their influence on the freezing and thawing durability of concrete. Determinations of density, porosity, absorption, degree of saturation, specific surface area, capillary absorptivity, permeability, and tortuosity factor were made on four Indiana limestones with both good and poor field and laboratory durability. Absorptivity was found to be better than permeability as an index of surface area. The poor stones had consistently larger values of porosity, absorption, specific surface, permeability, absorptivity, ratio of absorptivity to permeability, and coefficient of rate of saturation increase than those for the more durable materials. KW - Absorptivity KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Flow KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Permeability KW - Porosity UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313568 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455246 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Annual Report of the Assistant Director, 1958-1959 PY - 1959/01 SP - 84p AB - This report, the 21st in a series, presents the activities of the Joint Highway Research Project during the year 1958-1959. The Project conducted research in nine areas during 1958-59 with forty-two (42) research projects being active. Of these studies, thirteen (13) were completed and thirteen (13) new projects were initiated. Six of the completed projects were conducted by staff members who also utilized the research in the preparation of a graduate thesis. KW - Annual reports KW - Research projects UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313574 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455244 AU - Schuster, Robert Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Further Studies of Deleterious Substances in Indiana Aggregates : Progress Report No. 2 PY - 1959/01 SP - 41p AB - On October 23, 1957 a plan of study was approved by the Advisory Board in which a comprehensive study of the physical properties and freeze-thaw durability of certain deleterious constituents of Indiana's aggregates was proposed. The purposes of this study were: (a) to learn more about those properties of the deleterious constituents of Indiana's aggregates which relate to the freeze-thaw durability of the concrete in which these deleterious materials are used as part of the aggregate, and to note differences in the properties of deleterious materials which are of the same type but are obtained from different areas; (b) to determine whether Indiana's present specifications on deleterious substances categorize aggregates on a realistic basis; and (c) to suggest, if possible, a simplified version of the present specifications on the basis of the results of the combined tests. The investigation was to be conducted primarily as a study of the durability of concrete produced from different deleterious materials of coarse aggregate size in combination with a standard fine aggregate, a standard crushed stone coarse aggregate (both with good field service records), and a standard portland cement. It was decided to limit the study to an investigation of shales and cherts because these two rock types. are probably the most abundant of the deleterious constituents of Indiana's aggregates, and because there is still much to be learned about the effects of these two materials on the freeze-thaw durability of concrete. At present, significant results are available only for the shale portion of the study. Therefore this progress report will be limited to discussion of the tests conducted on the shales and to the results of these tests. KW - Aggregate tests KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Deleterious materials KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Indiana KW - Physical properties KW - Shale UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313570 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454226 AU - Petty, Donald F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 68: Truck Weight/Speed Study: Progress Report PY - 1959/01 SP - 21p AB - The Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University cooperated with the Highway Planning Survey Unit of the State Highway Department of Indiana, in conducting the annual truck weight-speed study during August 1959. This was the fifteenth year that this study has been performed. The speed observations for this study were made with a Streeter-Amet pneumatic tube speed meter. The observers concealed themselves and the meter box as much as local conditions permitted. However, the tubes across the highway could not be concealed, and they were observed by a sizable number of the truck drivers. A definite slowing or braking by some drivers was observed and the speeds of these vehicles were not recorded. The results indicate a decrease in speed limit violations for all classes of vehicles since 1958. KW - Annual reports KW - Moving violations KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Speed measurement KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficspeedrepo68pett UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2746&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2746&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314397 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454221 AU - Gutzwiller, Martin J AU - Waling, Joseph Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Crack Formation in Continuously Reinforced Pavements PY - 1959/01 SP - 41p AB - A summary of the mechanics of crack formation in continuously reinforced pavement slabs, as understood from the literature on several field test pavements, is presented. Results of a series of laboratory experiments on simulated continuously reinforced concrete slabs are given, with those results pertaining to the formation of cracks being emphasized. The findings of these laboratory experiments are correlated with the field observations reported in the literature, and one criterion for the design of continuously reinforced pavements is suggested. Some of the more important conclusions reached as a result of this research, subject to the limitations imposed by the range of variables studied, relate to the following topics: the effects of concrete shrinkage, temperature changes, and wheel loads on the crack formation in continuously reinforced pavements; the formation of a complete crack pattern; crack space; reinforcement with longitudinal steel; and suggested design criterion. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Cracking patterns KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement design KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shrinkage KW - Temperature KW - Wheel loads UR - http://archive.org/details/crackformationin00gutz UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2739&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2739&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314390 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454218 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Planning for County Highways PY - 1959/01 SP - 41p AB - This paper is a summary of the research activities of the Joint Transportation Research Project in the area of county highway classification, road inventory, county highway geometric standards, priority ratings, and road and house identification in Indiana. KW - Geometric design KW - Highway planning KW - Indiana KW - Standards UR - http://archive.org/details/planningforcount00mich UR - http://archive.org/details/planningforcount00mich UR - http://archive.org/details/planningforcount00mich UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314395 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454214 AU - Petty, Donald F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 67 : Progress Report PY - 1959/01 SP - 24p AB - This report covers spot speed observations made during July and August 1959. All observations were made of free moving vehicles on level tangent sections of rural highways. An Electromatic Radar Speed Meter was used to collect the data for this study. The observers concealed themselves from traffic as much as local conditions permitted. Indiana state law limits the speed of passenger cars and trucks under 5,000 pounds to 65 miles per hour. Fro trucks over 5,000 pounds the speed limit is 50 miles per hour. This new speed limit has been in effect since about May 1959. However, very few speed limit signs have been posted in the state to reflect this change. It is also not known what percentage of the truck drivers know about this speed limit change. The average speed for all passenger cars increased 0.2 miles per hour since the last study, while the average speed for all trucks increased 1.6 miles per hour. Heavy trucks increased their average speed on two-lane highways by 1.2 miles per hour and 6.1 miles per hour on four-lane highways. This average speed increase for heavy trucks on four-lane highways is probably the effect of the new Indiana speed limit. KW - Field studies KW - Indiana KW - Laws KW - Radar detectors KW - Speeding KW - Trucks UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficspeedrepo67pett UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2745&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2745&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314396 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454212 AU - Petty, Donald F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 66 : Progress Report PY - 1959/01 SP - 24p AB - This report covers spot speed observations made from December, 1958, through March, 1959. The data were collected by the writer. All observations were made of free-moving vehicles on level tangent sections of rural highways. The locations were in Indiana. The observations were made with an Electro-Matic Radar Speed Meter. It was concealed as part of a rural mailbox. During the period of these studies, the maximum speed limit for trucks weighing more than 5,000 pounds was 45 miles per hour. However, the General Assembly of Indiana changed this in their last session so that the maximum speed limit for trucks weighing more than 5,000 pounds is now 50 miles per hour on all highways except that on four-lane highways which have a median strip at least 20 feet wide the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour. This change should be taken into consideration in the analysis of these future studies. Truck speeds are shown for three groups: light trucks, heavy trucks and all trucks; it is also noted whether the road is a two-lane or four-lane type. Passenger car speeds were also observed and recorded for analysis. KW - Indiana KW - Laws KW - Private passenger vehicles KW - Progress reports KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficspeedrepo66pett UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2741&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2741&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314392 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454199 AU - Becker, R E AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Cass County, Indiana PY - 1959/01 SP - 51p AB - The mapping of the engineering soils of Cass County was accomplished using 7" by 9" aerial photographs having an approximate scale of 1:20,000. These airphotos were taken during the fall of 1938 and summer of 1939 in connection with the mapping program of the United States Department of Agriculture. Photo interpretation of the land forms and soil textures of this region was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference. Certain geological events have been hypothesized to account for development of the present land features. An approach towards better utilization of Engineering Soils Maps of Indiana has been made with the inclusion on the map of laboratory classification and test data for the principle soil types represented with this county. The agricultural soils map was found to be generally reliable within the scope of agricultural soil classification, although not necessarily compatible with the concept of physiographic soil groups which forms the framework for this report. KW - Aerial photography KW - Cass County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Field studies KW - Soil mapping UR - http://archive.org/details/airphotointerpre00beck UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2747&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2747&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314398 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454190 AU - Gutzwiller, Martin J AU - Waling, Joseph Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stresses and Deflections in Concrete Pavements Continuously Reinforced with Welded Wire Fabric PY - 1959/01 SP - 54p AB - Laboratory experiments on simulated continuously reinforced concrete slabs are summarized, with experimental results pertaining to slab deflections, crack widths and stresses in welded fire fabric reinforcement receiving most emphasis. Some of the significant findings of these experiments are compared with field observations reported in the literature, and several criteria are suggested for optimum structural design of continuously reinforced pavements. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement design KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Welded wire fabrics UR - http://archive.org/details/stressesdeflecti00gutz UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2740&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2740&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314391 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454175 AU - Powers, L D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Effect of Delineation on Traffic Speed Patterns PY - 1959/01 SP - 119p AB - This thesis reports the results of a study at three distinctive locations of the combined effect of various forms of delineation on driver speed patterns. The locations concerned were a narrow bridge, a hazardous intersection, and an adequate intersection, all in rural areas. The various forms of delineation under consideration were roadside reflectors, pavement edge lines, signing, and, in one case, channelizing islands. Only free-moving passenger cars travelling on dry pavement under optimum day or night visibility conditions were considered. The study showed that passenger car speeds were lower at night than during daylight ours. Truck speeds, however, increased in some places and decreased in others. The study also indicated higher night speeds on the part of passenger cars after the addition of delineation. KW - Edge lines KW - Highway delineators KW - Private passenger vehicles KW - Road delineation KW - Traffic islands KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic speed UR - http://archive.org/details/studyofeffectofd00powe UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2742&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2742&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314393 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454170 AU - Hannan, R A AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Testing Open-Graded Bituminous Mixtures in the Hveem Stabilometer : Technical Paper PY - 1959/01 SP - 32p AB - The problem of designing stable bituminous paving mixtures has resulted in the development of a number of laboratory stability tests. One of the more prominent of these was originated by Francis N Hveem and has been used by the California Division of Highways for several years. In the past, most of the bituminous mixtures tested in the Hveem Stabilometer have been of the dense-graded type (22). Consequently, the significance of Stabilometer test results obtained from the testing of open-graded mixtures is subject to some question. Since the use of the open-graded mixes has been quite widespread, especially in the State of Indiana, a laboratory investigation was conducted at Purdue University which attempted to determine the applicability of the Stabilometer to the testing of these mixtures. This paper reports a portion of the results obtained from that study. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Hveem test KW - Indiana KW - Open graded aggregates UR - http://archive.org/details/testingopengrade00hann UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2743&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2743&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314394 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219588 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - AN APPROACH TO SAFETY PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT. PY - 1959/01 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108736 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00219595 JO - Highway Research Board Bulletin PB - Highway Research Board AU - Cleveland, Donald E TI - DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS AND SPEED PERFORMANCE RELATED TO THE FACILITY PY - 1959 IS - 212 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Conditions KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Performance KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219611 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - CASE STUDIES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS - A SPECIAL REPORT ON A JOINT PROJECT OF THE TRAFFIC INSTITUTE AND THE TRANSPORTATION CENTER, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Case studies KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219579 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY, THE DRIVER AND ELECTRONICS PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Drivers KW - Electronics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108727 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00219609 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Rowan, N J TI - THE EFFECT OF POSTED SPEED LIMITS ON TRAFFIC SPEED PY - 1959 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Impacts KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453986 AU - Hampton, Delon AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effect of Rate of Strain on the Strength of Compacted Soil : Technical Paper PY - 1958/12/18 SP - 49p AB - This paper reports the results of a laboratory investigation of the effects of rate of strain on the strength of remolded soil. Two soils were selected for purposes of this study: 1) a clay derived from limestone and pedologically classified as Frederick, and 2) a glacial silty clay, pedologically classified as Crosby, "B" horizon. These soils were selected primarily on the basis of their differences in plasticity. Rate of strain was considered the most important variable and it was studied from 0.55 in./min. to 1780 in./min. The factors of moisture content and dry density were also of prime importance. Consequently, three compactive efforts were used and specimens were molded and tested on both sides of the optimum moisture content of each compactive effort. The unconfined compressive strength test was used as the strength criterion, and the effect of the aforementioned variables upon the ultimate strength and modulus of deformation of the samples, as determined by this test, are reported. KW - Clay soils KW - Compacted soils KW - Compressive strength KW - Laboratory studies KW - Moisture content KW - Silty clays KW - Soil mechanics KW - Strain measurement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314383 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453955 AU - Miller, M M AU - Gutzwiller, Martin J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Mechanics of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements : Technical Paper PY - 1958/12/18/Technical Paper SP - 41p AB - This investigation is primarily concerned with the deflect and the resulting stresses in a continuously reinforced concrete pavement, loaded simultaneously with longitudinal and transverse loads. The theory developed for the computation of the deflections is based on the common assumptions used in the theory of continuous beams on elastic foundations as well as three assumptions concerned with a cracked slab or an elastic foundation. The main assumptions in the first class are: 1) The deflection at a point some distance from the transverse load is zero, and 2) The subgrade modulus is constant throughout the full range of deflection. The assumptions peculiar to this problem are: 1) The cracks formed by volume changes in the pavement are equally spaced. 2) The segments between cracks are assumed to be straight, and 3) The moment at a crack is some function of the angle change. By considering the geometry of the deflected pavement and the equilibrium of the individual segments, a series of simultaneous equations may be written in terms of either the deflections or the angle changes at the cracks. Equations for shear and moment at the cracks are easily written. The equations are in such a form so as to consider any combination of pavement length, crack spacing, subgrade modulus, transverse load, and longitudinal load. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Equations KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mechanics KW - Pavement design KW - Stresses KW - Theory UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313561 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453945 AU - Shupe, John Wallace AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Laboratory Investigation of Pavement Slipperiness : Technical Paper PY - 1958/12 SP - 54p AB - Experience indicates that highways which are constructed to conform to current design standards may become dangerously slippery when wet after a relatively short period of wear. As the polishing effect of traffic continues to become more intensified, the incidence of slippery sections of pavement will tend to increase. In order to minimize the occurrence of these skidding hazards, the highway engineer must include permanency of skid resistance as a design parameter in selecting a suitable paving mixture. A laboratory testing procedure was developed at Purdue University to investigate the slipperiness potential of different highway materials, and to predict the resistance of paving mixtures to the polishing effect of simulated traffic. The laboratory testing method, a field correlation study, and an accelerated wear and polish procedure are summarized in this report, along with the results of the initial phases of the research which have been reported upon previously. Included in this summary are 1) a report of the polishing characteristics of aggregates in both portland-cement and bituminous mixtures and 2) a study of the effect of surface texture, or degree of openness, and initial aggregate shape on the skid resistance of bituminous mixtures. A more complete discussion is presented of subsequent research in which the effect of blending a polish-resistance material with a polish-susceptible aggregate in both portland-cement and bituminous mixtures was determined, and of a study in which the anti-skid characteristics of fine-grained surface treatments were investigated. A final summary is presented which includes the authors' recommendations with regard to design and construction practices that tend to minimize pavement slipperiness. KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pavements KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Slipperiness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314384 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453983 AU - Antrim, John deCourey AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Fatigue Properties of Air-Entrained Concrete : Technical Paper PY - 1958/10/23 SP - 31p AB - Fatigue tests were performed on specimens of two types of concrete, each type being designed for the same 28-day compressive strength. The one concrete contained only "accidental" air, while the other contained intentionally entrained air which was maintained at a constant level. Mixes were prepared periodically from each mix design so that there was little variation in the ages of the specimens being tested in fatigue. The fatigue test specimens, which were selected from each mix, were tested in fatigue at several different stress levels. These stress levels were 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 percent of the ultimate static compressive strength of the respective mixes. It was found that within the limits of the investigation, the fatigue behavior of air-entrained plain concrete is similar to that of non-air-entrained plain concrete. The results also show, however, that the air-entrained concrete was more uniform than the non-air-entrained concrete with regard to both fatigue and static strength properties. KW - Air content KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Compressive strength KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fatigue tests KW - Laboratory studies UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314381 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453956 AU - Popovics, Sandor AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Trial of a Method for Improving the Durability of Chert : Informational Report PY - 1958/10/23 SP - 24p AB - This research is an effort to provide information on aggregates for the purpose of improving portland cement concrete. It is well known that there are some kinds of chert which are not suitable for making concrete because they may cause deterioration of the concrete when it is subjected to freezing and thawing. According to existing research, the cause of this is that these chert particles do not have adequate durability because of the nature of their pore systems. Consequently, two methods offer themselves for stopping this injurious effect: 1) The chert particles of poor quality should be removed from the aggregate; and 2) A simple treatment should be done to chert particles. The purpose of this test program was to try out such a simple method of treatment. KW - Cherts KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Test procedures UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314382 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453993 AU - Ingram, G E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 65 : Progress Report PY - 1958/09/25/Progress Report SP - 22p AB - This report covers spot speed observations made during July and August 1958. The data were collected by the author using a concealed Electo-Matic Radar Speed Meter. All observations are for free-moving vehicles on level tangent sections of rural highways. The report consists mainly of tables and figures which summarize results of the study and provide comparisons with previous studies. KW - Data collection KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic speed KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314380 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453977 AU - Blindauer, Harlan H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of High Accident Rates on Certain Highways in Indiana PY - 1958/09/25/Final Report SP - 85p AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate a number of highways in Indiana having high accident rates and to determine causes of these rates and possible correction measures. The study was confined to the location and analysis of highway elements which might contribute to the occurrence of accidents. These elements included intersections, structures, railroad crossings, horizontal and vertical curves, and private and commercial driveways. Only rural two-lane highways were analyzed. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Highway factors in crashes KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314378 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453938 AU - Cribbins, Paul Day AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 64: Truck Weight/Speed Study : Progress Report PY - 1958/09/25/Progress Report SP - 21p AB - The Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University cooperated with the Highway Planning Survey Unit of the State Highway Department of Indiana in conducting the annual truck weight-speed study during August 1958. This was the fourteenth year in which such a cooperative study was made. The report describes the methods used for the study, and presents tables and figures which analyze the results of this study and provide comparisons with studies from previous years. KW - Data collection KW - Indiana KW - Speed data KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic speed KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck traffic KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314379 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219587 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - THE NEED FOR A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IN THE STUDY OF ACCIDENTS PY - 1958/08 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453978 AU - Antrim, John deCourey AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Fatigue Properties of Air-Entrained Concrete PY - 1958/07/09/Final Report SP - 161p AB - This investigation was concerned with establishing whether or not there is a definite distinction between the resistance to fatigue of air-entrained plain concrete and non-air-entrained plain concrete. Two mix designs were used, one for the non-air-entrained concrete and one for the air-entrained concrete, each being designed to produce a compressive strength of 4000 psi. Cylindrical specimens, 3 inches in diameter by 6 inches in height, were used. Numerous cylinders were tested in static compression to arrive at an estimate of the ultimate static compressive strength of each type of concrete. Other cylinders were tested in compression at specific stress levels at a speed of 1000 cycles per minute in the Krouse-Purdue Axial-load Fatigue Testing Machine. A statistically sound analysis was insured by using over 50 specimens for the fatigue testing and over 200 specimens for the static testing. It was found that within the limits of the investigation, the fatigue behavior of air-entrained plain concrete is similar to that of non-air-entrained plain concrete. The results also show, however, that the air-entrained concrete is more uniform than the non-air-entrained concrete with regard to both fatigue and static strength properties. KW - Air content KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Compressive strength KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fatigue tests KW - Laboratory studies KW - Properties of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314377 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453984 AU - Hampton, Delon AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Rate of Strain on Soil Strength : Technical Paper PY - 1958/05/21 SP - 26p AB - The primary purpose of this research was to investigate the strength properties of a clay and silty clay under transient conditions of loading. Specifically, it was an attempt to ascertain the relationship between rate of strain and compressive strength at various mixture contents and densities. Also, it was hoped to relate variables to the modulus of deformation. Rate of strain was considered the most important variable and soil texture was a second variable. Factors of moisture content and dry density were also of prime importance in the study. KW - Clay soils KW - Compressive strength KW - Load tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Pavement design KW - Silty clays KW - Soil stabilization KW - Strain measurement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314375 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453982 AU - Bailey, Dale Alden AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Photogrammetry to Mapping for Highway Location Studies : Technical Paper PY - 1958/05/21 SP - 23p AB - This report is intended to cover the mapping phase of a thesis project which was carried out for the purpose of making a reconnaissance and a preliminary design study of a proposed route for an Interstate Highway at New Albany in southern Indiana. It is intended to report on the procedures and methods used in execution of the mapping phase and to report on the accuracy of the maps produced. KW - Aerial photography KW - Highway design KW - Indiana KW - Interstate 64 KW - Interstate highways KW - Location KW - Mapping KW - Photogrammetry KW - Reconnaissance KW - Route surveying UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314376 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453927 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Soils of Steuben County, Indiana PY - 1958/04/10/Final Report SP - 53p AB - The engineering soils maps presented in this report were prepared by airphoto interpretation methods. The techniques are described. The report provides a brief description of the climate, topography and geology of Steuben County along with detailed profiles of the soil areas outlined on the map. This report is a portion of an overall program for preparing engineering soil maps on a county basis. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Indiana KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soils UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314374 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453981 AU - Shupe, John Wallace AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Laboratory Method for Determining the Skidding Resistance of Bituminous Paving Mixtures PY - 1958/02/28 SP - 66p AB - The majority of the highways which have been constructed recently, whether of portland cement or of bituminous materials, have possessed adequate wet skidding resistance when new. Unfortunately, on many of these surfaces this initial anti-skid resistance has been short-lived. As a result, it has become increasingly important to give some consideration to the change in skidding resistance of pavement surfaces due to the polishing effects of traffic. There is little existing knowledge, other than experience on specific surfaces, with which to predict the long term behavior of the many different surface types. Those contributions that have been made have resulted, for the most part, from field investigations. It is impossible, however, in a field investigation to evaluate the separate effect of many inter-related variables. It was felt that the control and consistency inherent in a laboratory investigation would permit a more accurate determination of the basic factors contributing to slipperiness of pavement surfaces. Therefore, the laboratory equipment and testing procedure were developed with this end in mind. Although this paper relates entirely to bituminous mixtures, many phases of the testing procedure pertain equally well to portland cement concrete surfaces, which currently are being investigated in a similar study. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Slipperiness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314373 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453942 AU - Shupe, John Wallace AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Laboratory Method for Determining the Skidding Resistance of Bituminous Paving Mixtures : Technical Paper PY - 1958/02/28 SP - 66p AB - The majority of the highways which have been constructed recently, whether of portland cement or of bituminous materials, have possessed adequate wet skidding resistance when new. Unfortunately, on many of these surfaces this initial anti-skid resistance has been short-lived. As a result, it has become increasingly important to give some consideration to the change in skidding resistance of pavement surfaces due to the polishing effects of traffic. There is little existing knowledge, other than experience on specific surfaces, with which to predict the long term behavior of the many different surface types. Those contributions that have been made have resulted, for the most part, from field investigations. It is impossible, however, in a field investigation to evaluate the separate effect of many inter-related variables. It was felt that the control and consistency inherent in a laboratory investigation would permit a more accurate determination of the basic factors contributing to slipperiness of pavement surfaces. Therefore, the laboratory equipment and testing procedure were developed with this end in mind. Although this paper relates entirely to bituminous mixtures, many phases of the testing procedure pertain equally well to portland cement concrete surfaces, which currently are being investigated in a similar study. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Slipperiness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314385 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453948 AU - Pinnell, Charles AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation Study of Two Nonlimited Access By-Passes in Indiana PY - 1958/01/30/Final Report SP - 94p AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the operational efficiency of nonlimited access by-pass facilities and to determine the long-range economic effects of highway by-passes upon communities through which they pass. Travel times and accident rates were used as a criteria of efficiency and the economic effects were studies in terms of the effects on land values, land use and businesses. Travel-time data were obtained from travel-time studies performed on each of the by-passes and accident data were obtained from the records of the Indiana State Police. Land use maps were prepared from data recorded in previous studies, from aerial photographs and from field studies. The data for evaluating land values were obtained from available records, previous studies and interviews with competent real estate dealers in the affected communities. Business data were obtained by personal interviews with businessmen. The study revealed that the operational efficiency of nonlimited access by-passes is very inadequate and that the observed increase in travel times and a large percentage of the accidents on the by-pass were due to the lack of access control. Also, it was found that the long-range economic effects of by-passes are very beneficial. KW - Access roads KW - Bypasses KW - Case studies KW - Economic benefits KW - Impacts KW - Indiana KW - Safety factors KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314371 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453933 AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Blindauer, Harlan H AU - Powers, L D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Sufficiency Rating Study: Rural State Highways in Indiana : Confidential - Informational Report PY - 1958/01/30/Confidential Informational Report SP - 105p AB - This report includes a priority rating for each section of Indiana highway requiring improvement on the rural state primary and state secondary systems. It concerns only those sections which were "critical", i.e., intolerable, for present (1956) conditions. Methods for determining sufficiency ratings are discussed in the report. The information was meant to be used as a tool in selecting construction priorities. KW - Asset management KW - Condition surveys KW - Design standards KW - Highway sufficiency ratings KW - Indiana KW - Needs assessment KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rural highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314372 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454227 AU - Pinnell, Charles AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Value of Planned Access on Urban Bypasses : Technical Paper PY - 1958/01 SP - 29p AB - The highway engineer has recognized that a means to provide the desired operating efficiency on urban bypasses is through the construction and use of controlled or planned access facilities. These facilities, incorporating the features of planned access, multi-lanes, divisional median and elimination of at-grade intersections are designed specifically to provide for the safe and efficient movement of through traffic. The term planned access, instead of limited access or controlled access, is used in this paper because it is more descriptive of the feature. On a planned access highway the access points are not limited or controlled in the restrictive sense (that is how the average person views those terms) but are located at every point where access is required for the benefit of the community. The location of access points, in other words, is planned. Public law 627, which provides for the construction of a National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, gives recognition to the vital need for the control of access and insures that all of the bypasses for urban areas in that System will be of the planned access type. There will be, however, numerous bypasses built in the future by the various highway departments in this country on which full control of access will not be a fixed requirement. The Indiana Legislature wisely stated in legislation passed in 1955 that in the future the State Highway Commission shall designate and establish any bypass constructed a limited access highway. Full control of access, however, is not specified. An evaluation, therefore, of the merits and applications of planned access would be valuable. KW - Access KW - Bypasses KW - Evaluation KW - Expressways KW - Highway design KW - Urban areas UR - http://archive.org/details/valueofplannedac00pinn UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1900&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1900&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313552 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454220 AU - Bailey, Dale Alden AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Preliminary Location of a Proposed Highway by Photogrammetric Surveys PY - 1958/01 SP - 194p AB - This thesis pertains to the use of aerial photography and photogrammetric mapping as they are related to highway location and design. The study was designed as a preliminary location and design project of a part of the proposed Interstate Highway system which will cross the Knobs tone Escapment in Floyd County, Indiana. The purpose of the study was to investigate the procedures used in photogrammetric mapping for preliminary location studies of several alternate routes of a section of highway. An area reconnaissance study using field and photo interpretation techniques was conducted to collect data on the existing transportation system, existing horizontal and vertical ground control for mapping, land use, and traffic. Field surveys were made to obtain additional ground control for photogrammetric mapping and to obtain a test profile for accuracy checks of the photogrammetric technique. Three alternate routes were selected using the map and aerial photographs. Two routes ware open cut and one route contained a tunnel. Preliminary plans and profiles and earth quantities were developed to assist In an economic comparison using the cost benefit method. The study indicated that the photogrammetric techniques used produced a map that complied with National Standards of Map Accuracy for the test profile determined. The study also indicated that in the economic comparison of the tunnel route with the best of the two open cut routes that a benefit cost ratio of 0.91 was obtained using projected 1975 traffic data even though it was estimated that the tunnel route would cost approximately 2.2 times as much as the open cut route. KW - Aerial photogrammetry KW - Field studies KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Location KW - Mapping UR - http://archive.org/details/preliminarylocat00bail UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/414/ UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/414/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313555 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454217 AU - Miller, M M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stresses and Deflections in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements PY - 1958/01 SP - 46p AB - This investigation is primarily concerned with the investigation of stresses in and deflections of continuously reinforced concrete pavements under the action of static transverse and longitudinal forces acting simultaneously. The pavement is assumed to be made up of a series of segments produced by equally spaced cracks, £ being the spacing between cracks. By considering the geometry of the deflected pavement and the equilibrium of each segment, a series of simultaneous equations may be written in terms of either the deflections at the cracks or the angle changes at the cracks. The equations expressed as functions of the angle changes are by far the simpler; therefore, this approach is used. Equations for deflections and shears at cracks are given. The ultimate purpose of this investigation is to point the way for experiments leading to a rational method for the design of continuously reinforced concrete pavements. With accurate information as to the nature of the relationship between M and ø, a series of solutions may be worked out to cover any combination of slab thickness, percentage of steel, load, and subgrade condition. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Geometry KW - Pavement design KW - Slabs KW - Stresses UR - http://archive.org/details/stressesdeflecti00mill UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1892&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1892&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313544 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454216 AU - Geldmacher, R C AU - Dunkin, J W AU - Anderson, R L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Earth Motion Beneath a Prescribed Boundary Displacement : Technical Report PY - 1958/01 SP - 33p AB - The material presented in this paper is the result of a theoretical and experimental study of earth motion beneath a prescribed boundary deformation done as a phase of an investigation of the support characteristics of sub-base treatments beneath rigid pavements. It should be of interest to anyone engaged in measuring the absolute deflection of a highway, landing strip, or similar structure by means of a device that requires a reference point in the earth. Earth deflections beneath a prescribed boundary displacement were obtained theoretically and experimentally. The problem was stated in terms of a two-dimensional model, and an attempt was made to design a corresponding experiment. Relative deflections between the surface of the earth and points of increasing depths within the earth were measured. The P.C. maximum depth was 42' 7" below the earth's surface. Theoretical and experimental results were compared. KW - Airport runways KW - Boundary layer KW - Deflection tests KW - Deformation KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Earth KW - Highways KW - Motion KW - Rigid pavements KW - Subbase materials UR - http://archive.org/details/earthmotionbenea00geld UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1895&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1895&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313547 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454206 AU - Shupe, John Wallace AU - Lounsbury, R W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Polishing Characteristics of Mineral Aggregates : Technical Paper PY - 1958/01 SP - 52p AB - The majority of the highways which have been constructed recently, whether of portland cement or of bituminous materials, initially have exhibited good resistance to skidding for the critical design condition, which occurs when the surface is wet. Unfortunately, for many of these pavements, this initial skid resistance has been short-lived. The anti-skid properties of a well-designed pavement surface are dependent to a large degree upon the polishing characteristics of the mineral aggregate or aggregates of which the paving mixture is composed. Although the type of cementing agent, the gradation, and the openness of the surface have some effect upon the rate at which polishing progresses, the ultimate state of slipperiness is determined by the nature of wear of the pavement which, in turn, is directly related to the resistance to polishing of the surface aggregate. If highways are to be built which possess adequate anti-skid characteristics for a reasonable period of wear under the ever-increasing polishing effect of traffic, consideration must be given to the slipperiness potential of highway materials of which paving mixtures are composed, so that adequate skid resistance ray be included as a design parameter. A laboratory investigation was undertaken at Purdue University in an endeavor to contribute to a better understanding of some of the variables involved in pavement slipperiness. This paper is a report of a phase of the Purdue study which includes the following factors: 1) The polishing characteristics of different mineral aggregates, in both portland-cement and bituminous-concrete mixtures, and their relation to basic aggregate properties; 2) The effect of texture, as determined by gradation, on the anti-skid characteristics of bituminous mixtures; and 3) The effect of initial aggregate shape, or degree of harshness, on the skid resistance of bituminous mixtures. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Highways KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Portland cement KW - Skid resistance KW - Slipperiness KW - Texture KW - Wear UR - http://archive.org/details/polishingcharact00shup UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/416/ UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/416/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313557 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454204 AU - Hampton, Delon AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effect of Rate of Strain on the Strength of Remolded Soil PY - 1958/01 SP - 84p AB - This thesis reports the results of a laboratory investigation of the effects of rate of strain on the strength of remolded soil. Two soils were selected for purposes of this study: (a) A red-colored clay derived from limestone and pedologically classified as Frederick, and (b) a brown glacial silty clay, pedologically classified -as Crosby "B" horizon. These soils were selected primarily on the basis of their difference in plasticity. Rate of strain was considered the most important variable and it was studied from 0.55 in./min. to 1780 in./min. The factors of moisture content and dry density were also of prime importance. Consequently, three compactive efforts were used and specimens were molded and tested on both sides of the optimum moisture content of each compactive effort. The unconfined compressive strength test was used as the strength criteria, and the effect of the aforementioned variables upon the ultimate strength and modulus of deformation of the samples, as determined by this test, are reported. Also, application of the relationships obtained to problems in slope stability, airport pavement design, and highway pavement design are presented in this thesis. KW - Compressive strength KW - Pavement design KW - Plasticity KW - Remolded clay soils KW - Slope stability KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/413/ UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/413/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313554 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454192 AU - Shurig, D G AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Experience with Core Drilling Machines, Power Auger and Electrical Resistivity on the Pennsylvania Turn Pike : Technical Paper PY - 1958/01 SP - 48p AB - This paper pertains to the use of small rotary diamond core drilling machines, power augers and electrical resistivity units when used as a team for the subsurface exploration in proposed highway cuts. Original subsurface data obtained on the Northeastern Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike System, extending from Philadelphia to Scranton, is compared to actual field conditions. A large number of shallow earth surface condition has been categorized into six basic groups, depending on the proportion of soil, unsound rock, sound rock and attitude of the rock. Sound rock is defined relative to a stable highway cut slope. The capabilities and advantages of each machine, primarily in locating the top of sound rock in each of the six basic groups, are presented. Methods of using power augers to obtain slope design and excavation data are given. A comparison is made of the time and cost of using the core drill, power auger and electrical resistivity equipment. KW - Augers KW - Drilling machines KW - Embankments KW - Excavations KW - Pennsylvania KW - Pennsylvania Turnpike KW - Resistivity method KW - Toll roads UR - http://archive.org/details/experiencewithco00shur UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/417/ UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/417/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313558 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454189 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Annual Report of the Assistant Director, 1957-1958 PY - 1958/01 AB - The Joint Highway Research Project in the School of Civil Engineering is organized to do cooperative research with the State Highway Department of Indiana. Research was initiated on June 1, 1936 and formally authorized by an act of the Indiana State Legislature on March 11, 1937, and amended March, 1949. The purpose of this organization is to make basic studies of materials used in highways; to facilitate economical design, construction, and maintenance of county and state highways; to investigate traffic, safety and economics; to provide advanced instruction in the fundamentals of highway engineering and related research; and to provide practical experience in construction and maintenance procedures and use of highway materials. The Project is guided by an Advisory Board consisting of five members of the State Highway Department and six members of the staff of the School of Civil Engineering at Purdue University. Sponsored research in the field of highway engineering is also conducted by this organization and several such projects were active during the past years. The research conducted during the year in the nine areas of the Project for the State Highway Department was varied and important. Forty (40) different research studies were in progress. Fifteen (15) of these were completed and twelve (12) were initiated Fifty-seven formal reports were presented to the Advisory Board during the year of which seventeen (17) were detailed reports of research conducted, twenty-one (21) were technical papers prepared for publication, four (4) were administrative reports, and fifteen (15) were working plans for new or continued research.. The Board received and accepted 2,363 pages of information during the year. Titles of the various reports, together with other pertinent information, are given in another section of this report. KW - Annual reports KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Indiana KW - Materials KW - Road construction KW - State highway departments KW - Studies UR - http://archive.org/details/annualreportofas5828mich UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/418/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313559 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454183 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Branham, Arthur K AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Baerwald, John Edward AU - Cribbins, Paul Day AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Highway Transportation in Indiana PY - 1958/01 SP - 232p AB - Although large expenditures have been made by the state and local government of Indiana to improve highways for motor vehicle travel, highway Improvement has failed to keep pace with traffic demands. Moreover, there is the dismal prospect that without effective remedial measures, inadequacies relative to traffic demands will continue to increase while highway travel doubles by 1975. This engineering study reveals the extent and difficulty of the highway problems of Indiana. More than one-fourth of the road and street mileage is deficient and now requires resurfacing, reconstruction, or entirely new construction to be adequate for traffic. An estimated expenditure of $5.2 billion is necessary to correct present (1957) and future deficiencies and to provide for maintenance and administration during a 15-year program. Development or improvement of adequate road and street systems, however, cannot be achieved by rule of thumb or by piece-meal legislation. They are engineering processes and their accomplishment requires effective and continuous long-range planning. Such planning and operation must be based on firm, consistent decisions of concern to transportation policy, administration, engineering and finance. KW - Case studies KW - Finance KW - Highway planning KW - Indiana KW - Long range planning KW - Transportation policy UR - http://archive.org/details/studyofhighwaytr00mich UR - http://archive.org/details/studyofhighwaytr00mich UR - http://archive.org/details/studyofhighwaytr00mich UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313545 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454182 AU - Shupe, John Wallace AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Laboratory Method of Evaluating Slipperiness : Technical Paper PY - 1958/01 SP - 200p AB - This report lists the desirable features that should be included in a laboratory method for evaluating the skidding resistance of different types of pavement surfaces, and discusses them in light of previous research. The laboratory skid-test apparatus, resulting from an endeavor to incorporate these desirable features into the design, is described. In order to use this skid-test apparatus with some degree of confidence, a field correlation study was performed on 18 different bituminous pavement surfaces. A procedure, with associated instrumentation, was also developed for simulating the wear and polishing effect that a pavement surface receives under the action of traffic. The skidding resistance after various degrees of wear was determined for bituminous mixtures made with 22 different aggregates. A petrographic analysis was performed on each of the 22 aggregates, as well as a partial chemical analysis on each of the 12 limestones. The skidding characteristics X are discussed with respect to the basic properties of the aggregates. The effect of surface texture, primarily as determined by gradation, on the skidding resistance of bituminous mixtures was evaluated for four different aggregate types. The effect of initial aggregate shape was also evaluated by comparing the skidding characteristics of mixtures containing freshly-crushed aggregate with those made with the same type of aggregate after it had been rounded in a Los Angeles abrasion machine. A series of skid-resistance tests was also performed on selected dense-graded mixtures. In general, the results of this study substantiated the prevailing opinion as to the high skidding resistance of dense surfaces containing hard, angular quartz particles. The final phase of this study investigated the effectiveness of different blending procedures on improving the skidding resistance of specimens containing a polish-susceptible limestone. Of the six blending ingredients investigated, silica sand was the most effective in improving the anti-skid characteristics of a bituminous mixture made with a polish-susceptible aggregate. KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Blending KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Laboratory studies KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Slipperiness KW - Texture UR - http://archive.org/details/laboratorymethod00shup UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/415/ UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/415/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313556 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454169 AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Relationship between the Unconfined Compressive Strength of a Bituminous Mixture and the Viscosity of the Binder : Technical Paper PY - 1958/01 SP - 42p AB - It was the purpose of this study to: 1. Verify a means for expressing the effect of temperature and rate of deformation upon the unconfined compressive strength of a sheet-asphalt mixture, and 2. Determine the relationships existing between viscosity of the binder and unconfined compressive strength of a mixture at various temperatures and rates of shear. The investigation being reported here had an advantage over some of these earlier studies because of the recent introduction of the sliding plate microviscometer. This instrument permits one to obtain viscosity data not only at temperatures existing in the field but also at varying shear rates. The relationship between unconfined compressive strength of the mixture and viscosity of the binder can then be investigated for comparable rates of shear. KW - Bituminous binders KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compressive strength KW - Deformation KW - Shear rate KW - Sheet asphalt KW - Temperature KW - Unconfined compressive strength KW - Viscometers KW - Viscosity UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1901&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/412/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313553 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454166 AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Triaxial Testing of Open-Type Bituminous Mixtures : Technical Paper PY - 1958/01 SP - 64p AB - From field observation, bituminous mixtures with both one-size and open-graded aggregate gradations appear to perform satisfactorily for many service conditions. The results of conventional triaxial testing, on the other hand, show these one-size mixtures to be unstable under present design criteria, while the open-graded mixtures produce acceptable stability values. This illustrates that the present methods and theories of rational triaxial testing as applied to bituminous mixtures with a one-size aggregate fail to evaluate the true in-service stability properties of these paving mixtures. This research study consisted primarily of carefully testing laboratory-compacted specimens by the open-system triaxial compression test to determine their stability under the influence of different variables. These were aggregate gradation, confining pressure, specimen height, and degree of compaction. The two aggregate gradations, open-graded and one-size, were incorporated with an asphalt cement into bituminous mixtures. The variable of specimen height necessitated the molding of specimens whose height to diameter ratios were less than two Therefore, this phase of the study was referred to as the irrational triaxial compression tests. The laboratory results were presented in the form of graphical stress diagrams with the confining pressure plotted against the normal stress. The open-graded mixture produced a direct correlation with the linear Coulomb equation, represented by the two constants, (c) cohesion and (o) angle of internal friction. However, different values of cohesion and angle of internal friction were obtained by the rational and the irrational triaxial tests. The triaxial testing of the one-size mixture showed that low shearing strength was developed at low values of confining pressure and at small values of specimen deformation. With an increase in the confining pressure and/or the amount of specimen deformation, high values of shearing strength were obtained for this paving mixture. For the range of confining pressures investigated, 0 to 150 psi, approximately 90 percent of the potential shearing resistance was mobilized when the test specimen was deformed to a strain of ten percent. The graphs of confining pressure versus normal stress at various strain values indicated a curvilinear relationship between these two parameters. Thus, the shearing strength of this one-size mixture cannot be ascertained wholly by such constants as the cohesion and the angle of internal friction, variables for this paving mixture, The complex interaction of lateral support, rearrangement of aggregate particles, and change in specimen volume prevented the exact evaluation of the effects of specimen height on the triaxial stability of the one-size mixture. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Confining pressure KW - Mix design KW - Shear strength KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - http://archive.org/details/triaxialtestingo5804oppe UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1894&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313546 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454165 AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimation of Highway Needs for County Primary Road Systems in Michigan and Minnesota by Sample Survey Methods PY - 1958/01//Final Report SP - 398p AB - Highway needs studies are costly and time consuming and require large engineering staffs for their performance. Sample survey methods can be used to reduce the time and work required to make these studies. Complete inventory and cost data were available for the primary county road systems in Michigan and Minnesota, and this information was used for statistical analysis. The rural and urban systems in each state were composed, respectively, of separate highway, bridge and railroad crossings populations. A composite population composed of highway sections and bridge and railroad crossings located in the respective highway sections was also used. The total value of populations characteristics and the variances of these characteristics was computed. Four different sampling methods were investigated for required sample size using five different combinations of margin of error and a risk for the respective populations. The methods investigated were: a) Simple random sampling; b) Optimum and proportional stratified random sampling; c) Simple cluster sampling; and d) Optimum and proportional stratified cluster sampling. Using a specified margin of errors and a risks for each population, sample sizes required for the estimate of total costs were computer. Sample sizes required for the estimation of other population totals were also computed. Optimum stratified random sampling required minimum sample sizes compared to sample sizes required for proportional stratified random sampling and simple random sampling for the estimate of total cost. Optimum stratified cluster sampling required minimum sample sizes for the estimate estimate of total cost compared sample sizes required for all other forms of cluster sampling. For a given margin of error and a risk for each population, all forms of cluster sampling used for the respective populations required substantially larger sampling rates for the estimate of the total cost than those required for simple random or stratified random sampling. For all forms of sampling used, optimum stratified random required the smallest rates, and simple cluster sampling required the largest. Estimated sample survey costs required for the estimate of total cost using the rural separate and rural composite populations for five orders of accuracy were investigated for each sampling method studied. For all sample survey methods using the separate populations, minimum total sample survey costs were generally given by the optimum stratified random sampling for the Michigan and Minnesota data. Simple random sampling required minimum total sample survey costs for the rural Michigan population, simple random sampling required the smallest expenditure of funds for the three lowest orders of accuracy. However, for the two highest orders of accuracy, minimum sample survey costs occurred using optimum stratified random sampling. The apparent difference in estimated total sample survey costs for simple random and optimum and proportional stratified random sampling for the respective composite and separate populations was small. All forms of cluster sampling required much larger expenditures when compared to the expenditures required for simple random or stratified random sampling for the various orders of accuracy studied. The amount of information which can be obtained from the composite samples was more limited than the information which was obtained from the separate samples. However, a 70 to 150 percent increase in estimated sample survey cost occurred for the separate samples when compared to estimated cost of the composite samples for a specified order of accuracy. KW - Case studies KW - Highways KW - Michigan KW - Minnesota KW - Needs assessment KW - Statistical sampling UR - http://archive.org/details/estimationofhigh5829cova UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/419/ UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/419/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313560 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454164 AU - Harr, Milton Edward AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warping Stresses and Deflections in Concrete Slabs PY - 1958/01 SP - 97p AB - A theory has been developed whereby the stresses, deflections, and degree of support of concrete slabs on ground, subject to ambient temperature and moisture gradients, can be computed for finite slab sizes. Solutions to the resulting equations were programmed for the Datatron 204 digital computer at Purdue University. As a part of the solution, subroutines were developed for the Ber and Bei functions and their first derivatives. Nomographs are presented which give ratios of the critical stress to the modulus of rupture for a wide range of environmental gradients , and for various combinations of slab sizes and thicknesses. For slab sizes and equivalent temperature gradients that comply with Westergaard 's assumptions of a fully supported slab, computed stresses and deflections check those obtained by the Westergaard theory. However, the maximum gradients for which the Westergaard theory was found to be applicable are very much lower than those commonly encountered in practice. The new theory is capable of accounting for the more critical conditions, which develop when the slab is only partially supported. Conclusive evidence regarding the reliability of the derived theory is not available at this time. However, comparisons between computed deflections and available measured deflections strongly indicate that the theory is applicable to concrete highway pavements not subject to superimposed traffic loads. Although many factors, such as aggregates, water-cement ratios, curing, carbonation, etc., affect the moisture content-volume change relationship, the available data indicate that combined temperature and moisture gradients encountered in practice are capable of producing tensile stresses which exceed the modulus of rupture of concrete. In the critical shrinkage range, a moisture gradient of one percent can cause warping equivalent to a 20 degree F. difference in temperature between slab surfaces. Accordingly, cracking may occur at small temperature gradients if moisture differences between slab surfaces are only a few percent. The concepts developed in this study can provide the basis for the solution of a number of problems involving warping of slabs; for example, "slab on ground" construction for homes, icing of lakes, and the like. KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Highways KW - Moisture damage KW - Slab on grade KW - Stresses KW - Warpage UR - http://archive.org/details/warpingstressesd00harr UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1899&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1899&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313551 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947157 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCTING THE FOREST HIGHWAYS STUDY RQUIRED BY SECTION 3(B) OF THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY ACT OF 1958.. T2 - FOREST HIGHWAYS STUDY PY - 1958 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Finance KW - Forest roads KW - Roads KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947156 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INCREMENTAL DESIGN STANDARDS AND COST FACTORS FOR BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION. FOR USE IN THE HIGHWAY COST ALLOCATION STUDY: REQUIRED UNDER SECTION 210 OF THE HIGHWAY REVENUE ACT OF 1956.. PY - 1958 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00219623 JO - Highway Research Board Bulletin PB - Highway Research Board AU - Allen, Terrence M TI - NIGHT LEGIBILITY DISTANCES OF HIGHWAY SIGNS. PY - 1958 IS - 191 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Distance KW - Night visibility KW - Signs KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219577 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University TI - HUMAN BEHAVIOR-FACTOR X. PY - 1958 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240508 AU - Georgia State College TI - EXPRESSWAY INFLUENCE ON LAND USE AND VALUE, ATLANTA, 1941- 1956 PY - 1958 AB - AN ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED OF CHANGES IN LAND USE AND LAND VALUE ALONG THE NORTH AND NORTHEAST SECTIONS OF THE ATLANTA EXPRESSWAY. THE REPORT EVALUATES THE ASSUMPTION THAT LAND USES AND VALUES VARY WITH DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AND THAT LAND VALUES VARY IN RELATION TO LATERAL DISTANCE FROM THE EXPRESSWAY. CHANGES MAY ALSO OCCUR IN LAND VALUE AND USE ALONG MAJOR STREETS CROSSING THE EXPRESSWAY. /BPR/ KW - Central business districts KW - Change KW - Distance KW - Economic impacts KW - Expressways KW - Land use KW - Land values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201464 AU - University of Idaho, Moscow TI - VALUE OF ROADS TO AND IN PUBLIC LANDS PY - 1958 AB - THE EFFECTS OF GENERAL HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS ON VALUE OF TIMBER LANDS ARE INVESTIGATED. /BPR/ KW - Economic impacts KW - Forests KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Land values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201466 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY OF MASSACHUSETTS ROUTE 128 PY - 1958 AB - AN EXHAUSTIVE APPRAISAL IS PRESENTED OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT WHICH HAS TAKEN PLACE ALONG ROUTE 128, INCLUDING AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THIS DEVELOPMENT ON ADJACENT COMMUNITIES. IT INVESTIGATES LAND USE CHANGES ALONG THE ROUTE, AND THE BASIC FACTORS UNDERLYING THOSE CHANGES, AND TRAFFIC GENERATION CHARACTERISTICS RESULTING FROM THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. /BPR/ KW - Community consequences KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Land use KW - Residential areas KW - Social impacts KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240512 AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - INFLUENCE OF HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS ON URBAN LAND, A GRAPHIC SUMMARY PY - 1958 AB - A REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS ARE PRESENTED OF STUDIES ALREADY COMPLETED IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMIC IMPACT RESEARCH DEALING WITH EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS ON LAND VALUE, BUSINESS, AND TRAFFIC. /BPR/ KW - Businesses KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Land values KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469985 AU - Weckesser, Paul M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Pavement Type and Edge Lines on Lateral Placement PY - 1957/12/18/Final Report SP - 129p AB - The purposes of this study were to investigate the lateral placement of passenger cars and semi-trailer trucks on a four-lane divided highway with similar sections of bituminous concrete and portland cement concrete pavement and determine if there were any effects of the lateral placement of these vehicles by the type of pavement. In addition, an investigation was made of the lateral placement of passenger cars on 20 ft, 22 ft and 24 ft bituminous pavements and semi-trailer trucks on a 24 ft bituminous pavement before and after the placement of edge lines to determine if the presence of edge lines had any effect on the lateral placement of these vehicles. This study showed that the mean lateral placements of passenger cars and semi-trailer trucks was not significantly different between the two types of pavement. In addition, the edge line portion of this study showed that the presence of edge lines on the pavement has no significant effect on the mean lateral placements or the variance in the lateral positions of passenger cars or semi-trailer trucks. KW - Automobiles KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Edge lines KW - Four lane highways KW - Lateral placement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Trailers UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314368 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456912 AU - Pinnell, Charles AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 63: Truck Weight/Speed Study : Progress Report PY - 1957/12/18/Final Report SP - 16p AB - This annual truck weight-speed study was conducted during August 1957. The study indicates that the average weight of single unit trucks increased over 1956 but that the weight of semi-trailer trucks decreased in the past year. The speed of multiple unit trucks was also less in 1957 than in 1956. KW - Indiana KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314370 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456882 AU - Pinnell, Charles AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report Number 62 : Progress Report PY - 1957/12/18/Final Report SP - 19p AB - This report is an analysis of spot speed observations made in August 1957. All observations were made of free-moving vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural highways. The average speed for all passenger cars decreased by 1.4 miles per hour (mph) since the last study (May 1957) while the average speed for all trucks increased by 0.8 mph. KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Spot speed KW - Summer KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314369 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454408 AU - Fears, Fulton Keller AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Correlation between Concrete Durability and Air-Void Characteristics PY - 1957/12/18/Technical Paper SP - 56p AB - Numerous investigators have reported laboratory studies showing increases in durability and resistance to scaling which result from entraining air in concrete mixes. Several of these studies show that resistance to deterioration under repeated cycles of freezing and thawing of concrete made with poor aggregates is sometimes greatly increased by air entrainment. Reports of research on air entrainment deal principally with factors which control the amount of air or with changes in properties of the concrete related to changes In the gross amount of air.. However, theoretical and practical considerations suggest that the properties of the air voids themselves are Important factors influencing the ability of concrete to withstand freezing and thawing conditions. Considerable research on the effect of air entrainment on the durability of concrete beams as measured by resistance to deterioration under repeated cycles of freezing and thawing has been performed in the laboratories of the Joint Highway Research Project at Purdue University. Studies show increases in the laboratory durability of air-entrained concrete made with limestone aggregates which have poor to fair field service records over concrete made with the same materials but without the inclusion of air. Subsequent studies of the effect of air entrainment on the durability of concrete made with aggregates with poor to fair field performance records have shown at times considerable differences in durability between beams from the same mix and between mixes containing the same materials and which have the same total air content as determined by measurements on the fresh concrete. Hence, this study was initiated to determine which property of the entrained air is most significant in producing durable concrete and to what extent differences in durability can be explained by differences in the air-void characteristics of the beams, The air-void characteristics either measured or calculated were: (a) total air contents, (b) number of voids intersected per inch, (c) specific surface, (d) hypothetical number of voids per cubic inch, and (e) void spacing factor. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Entrained air KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Scaling (Concrete) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313536 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454288 AU - Branham, Arthur K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 -- Its Implications, Benefits and the Problem of Highway Cost Allocation PY - 1957/12/18/Technical Paper SP - 27p AB - The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 and its companion bill, the Highway Revenue Act of 1956, approved June 29, 1956, as Public Law 627 of the 84th Congress, initiated significant changes in federal responsibility for the development of highways in the United States. Appropriations for all Federal Aid Systems were increased, but greatest emphasis was pieced upon providing funds to complete the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways by 1972. The Highway Act also provided that the standards of the Interstate System are to be adequate to accommodate the types and volumes of traffic forecast for the year 1975. The development of an adequate highway system will require cooperation at the local, state and national level both public and private. It will require public understanding. The program will have some inertia, but full development will become more apparent when the lead time is overcome, especially in urban areas. It will also require a balanced program of interstate, state, and local highway construction. The crux of the highway problem simmers down to the long-range pricing of transportation in a competitive market. It is through this medium that the several states and the federal government through the Bureau of Public Roads may contribute most effectively to the development of the transportation industry, of transportation policy, and of the welfare of the nation. KW - Cost allocation KW - Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 KW - Federal government KW - Highway Revenue Act of 1956 KW - Highways KW - Long range planning KW - Pricing KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313537 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454285 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Base Course Gradation on the Results of Laboratory Pumping Tests PY - 1957/12/18/Technical Paper SP - 57p AB - This paper reports the results of a laboratory study initiated to investigate the performance of a variety of base course samples with different gradations, when those samples are placed over a standard subgrade soil and subjected to repetitions of load in such a way as to induce the pumping of fine soil to the base course surface and the intrusion of subgrade soil into the interstices between base course particles. To accomplish the purpose of this investigation, eight gravel base course samples varying from extremes of open-graded to dense-graded and seven coarse sand base course samples, similarly graded, were placed, each at a relative density of approximately 90 per cent, over a silty-clay subgrade soil compacted to 90 per cent of maximum modified AASHO dry unit weight, and subjected to 40,000 repetitions of a 25 psi load applied at the base course surface. In each case, the load was applied through a loading head which at all times remained in contact with the base course surface. Measurements of the total deflection of the subgrade- base course system were taken intermittently during each test. At the end of each test, the weight of soil pumped to the base course surface was measured and a grain size analysis was performed on the base course sample to determine the increase in soil finer than the No. 200 mesh sieve above the subgrade. A description of the repetitive load equipment is included and the results of density tests performed on each sample are presented. A good correlation was found to exist between large deflections of a subgrade-base course system and either base course pumping or subgrade intrusion. Test specimens with very open-graded gravel bases were subject to intrusion of subgrade soil and specimens with dense-graded gravel cases with an excess of 3 per cent by weight finer than the No. 200 mesh seive demonstrated pumping of fine soil sizes to the base course surface. There appeared to exist an optimum gradational range which exhibited neither base course pumping nor significant subgrade intrusion. Test specimens with course sand base course samples were found to perform satisfactorily over a wider range of gradation than those with the larger sized gravel bases. Test results were compared with existing filter criteria for thin base courses. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Pumping tests KW - Rigid pavements KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313541 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454284 AU - Schuster, Robert Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Review of Research on Deleterious Substances in Concrete Aggregates PY - 1957/12/18/Technical Paper SP - 38p AB - The presence of certain rocks, minerals, and other substances may greatly impair the quality of concrete made with aggregates containing only small percentages of these materials. The term "deleterious substances'* or "deleterious constituents" has become a common one for describing this class of materials. Deleterious substances are those which adversely affect the concrete in which they are used. These substances may be categorized on the basis of the nature of their harmful effects. The most harmful class of deleterious materials consists of those which tend to expand disruptively due to induced strains resulting from weathering of the deleterious materials. The most common examples of this class are porous charts, well-indurated clays, and limestones containing expansive clays. Such materials, when frozen in a saturated condition or, in some cases, when merely exposed to water, increase in volume with development of significant pressure to cause deep-seated disintegration of the concrete. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Deleterious materials KW - Minerals KW - Porous materials KW - Rocks KW - Weathering UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313540 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454283 AU - Woods, Kenneth B AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Pulse Velocity Tests to Several Laboratory Studies in Materials PY - 1957/12/18/Technical Paper SP - 44p AB - There is an obvious need for a method of determining the setting time of concrete. A needle penetration tent such as is applied to neat-cement paste cannot be readily adapted to concrete because of the large range in particle size of the ingredients. There have been several references in the literature concerning the possibility of measuring changes in the condition of green concrete through the use of a dynamic method of test. Specific mention has been made of measuring the velocity with which an energy pulse travels through the concrete. In 1949, Jones reported making such tests on laboratory specimens using equipment built in the Road Research Laboratory, England. He stated, however, that below ages of 10 hours, considerable difficulty was experienced in obtaining an adequate signal through the concrete.. This study by Jones and an additional study made by Arndt suggested the study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of determining the setting time of concrete by measurement of pulse velocities through the still plastic material. No effort was made to investigate the several variables which influence the time of setting of concrete In so far as possible, these variables were minimized except where necessary to provide sufficient range in setting times to permit a satisfactory evaluation of the proposed test method. KW - Concrete curing KW - Fresh concrete KW - Laboratory studies KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Test procedures KW - Velocity measurement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313539 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454281 AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Indiana's Highway Needs Study PY - 1957/12/18/Technical Paper SP - 33p AB - For many years the Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University has conducted research in various phases of highway engineering in cooperation with the Indiana State Highway Department. Research has been conducted in many areas of highway materials and traffic and planning during this time. In the summer of 1954, the Research Project was directed to make a study of the needs of the 98,000 miles of roads and streets in Indiana. It was evident to many people that a great many inadequacies and deficiencies existed in the highway facilities, but it was necessary to have definite information about the specific needs in order to intelligently solve the resulting complex engineering and fiscal problems. Generally, the efforts of the early planning of the work were directed to the solution of the following problems (1) What are the physical needs? (2) How much will correction of the needs cost? (3) What is the relation of the cost required to eliminate the needs with anticipated sources of income for highway improvement? The final objective in answering these three basic questions was to develop information that would assist highway and legislative personnel to provide an adequate, efficient, and economical highway system in Indiana. KW - Financial analysis KW - Highway facilities KW - Highway improvement projects KW - Indiana KW - Needs assessment KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation planning UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313538 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454287 AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Triaxial Testing of Bituminous Mixtures at High Confining Pressures PY - 1957/12//Technical Paper SP - 58p AB - This laboratory study investigated the triaxial testing of bituminous mixtures at high confining pressures. The object of this research was to develop a better understanding of the basic factors that contribute to the development of shearing strength in bitumlnous-aggregate mixtures. Two aggregate gradations were used. They were referred to as open-graded and one-size, and were incorporated with an asphalt cement into bituminous mixtures. The open~graded and one-size mixtures were chosen because they both perform satisfactorily as paving mixtures for many service conditions, but only the open-graded mixture possesses adequate stability when evaluated by conventional testing methods. In addition to aggregate gradation, the other variables considered in this investigation were confining pressure, specimen height, type of aggregate, and asphalt content. The triaxial compression test was selected to measure the shearing resistance of these bituminous-aggregate mixtures at a range of confining pressures from 0 to 150 psi. The rational triaxial test provided a fundamental means for the determination of the various factors that contribute to the stability of bituminous mixtures. However, test specimens having a height to diameter ratio less than two also were fabricated in order to measure the influence of specimen height on the triaxial stability at high confining pressures. This phase of the research investigation was designated as the irrational triaxial test. For both the rational and the irrational triaxial tests, the open-graded mixture showed strength properties with a direct correlation to the Coulomb equation. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Shear strength UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313543 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454282 AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 3 on the Uses of Fly Ash in Highway Materials: An Investigation of the Use of a Mechanically Precipitated Fly-Ash as a Filler for Bituminous Concrete PY - 1957/12//Progress Report Number 3 SP - 35p AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate a particular mechanically precipitated fly ash with regard to its suitability as a filler for bituminous concrete. The evaluation was made by comparing certain properties of bituminous concrete mixtures containing the fly ash as filler to the same properties of bituminous concrete mixtures containing a limestone-dust filler. The properties that were investigated were Marshall stability and flow, and direct compressive strength both before and after prolonged exposure to water at 120 degrees F. Aggregate grading and asphalt content were variables for which two or more levels were investigated. KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compressive strength KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Fly ash KW - Marshall test KW - Material properties UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313542 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454412 AU - MacNaughton, Kevin A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lane Use Control on Urban Thoroughfares PY - 1957/09/18/Final Report SP - 87p AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate lane use controls in Lafayette,Indiana to determine an efficient method for gathering data on lane use and to assemble information on lane use controls in several other cities. Several recording methods were investigated and a system was developed and tested utilizing adding machines as recorders. Two adding machines and two operators recorded data for all four approaches of an intersection with lane use control in Lafayette, Indiana. The lane use control restricted the center lane, on all approaches, to left turning vehicles. The control on one leg was then changed to allow straight through vehicles to use both lanes of the approach. The capacities before and after change were compared. In this study it was found that driver obedience to lane use controls in the Lafayette area is very good. This obedience increased when the lane lines and arrows on the pavement were repainted and when a "left-turn-only" lane is installed on an intersection approach with less than 10% left turns the capacity of the approach will be seriously impaired. KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersections KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Lane restrictions KW - Lane use control signals KW - Left turns KW - Road markings UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313535 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469954 AU - Shurig, D G AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Subsurface Exploration : Technical Paper PY - 1957/07/24 SP - 16p AB - This paper pertains to the operation and use of diamond core drilling machines, power augers and electrical resistivity units for highway subsurface exploration. The use of these machines for investigating various types of shallow earth surface conditions is considered. KW - Augers KW - Diamond drilling KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Geological surveying UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314367 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454411 AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Branham, Arthur K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Summary Report on State Highway Needs in Indiana PY - 1957/07/24/Technical Paper SP - 30p AB - For many years the Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University has conducted research in various phases of highway engineering in cooperation with the Indiana State Highway Department Research has been conducted in many areas of highway materials and traffic and planning during this time. In the summer of 1954, the Research Project was directed to make a study of the needs of the 98,000 miles of roads and streets in Indiana. It was evident to many people that a great many inadequacies and deficiencies existed in the highway facilities, but it was necessary to have definite information about the specific needs in order to intelligently solve the resulting complex engineering and fiscal problems. Generally, the efforts of the early planning of the work were directed to the solution of the following problems: (1) What are the physical needs? (2) How much will correction of the needs cost? (3) What is the relation of the cost required to eliminate the needs with anticipated sources of income for highway improvement? The final objective in answering these three basic questions was to develop information that would assist highway and legislative personnel provide an adequate, efficient, and economical highway system in Indiana. No attempt was made to solve the financial problems which a study of this nature would reveal. The research was confined primarily to an engineering appraisal of the physical needs and the costs required to eliminate these needs. Other questions which were related to the determination of deficiencies and related cost, however, had to be considered. Such problems as economic services of the highway, growth trends, classification, accidents, traffic operations, length of program periods, and other problems were evaluated along with the determination of the direct needs. KW - Costs KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway facilities KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Indiana UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313527 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454410 AU - Woo, John C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Correlation of Accident Rates and Roadway Factors PY - 1957/07/24/Final Report SP - 80p AB - The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between motor vehicle accidents and roadway factors in the State of Indiana. The roadway factors evaluated were annual average daily traffic volume, capacity, congestion index, number of lanes, lane shoulder width, horizontal alignment, and number of entrances per mile. The factor of number of lanes, however, was eliminated early in the study because of the predominant mileage of two-lane highways. The accident rates used in the study were number of fatalities per mile, number of non-fatal accidents per mile, total number of accidents per mile and total number of accidents per one million vehicle miles on the State Rural Primary System for the two-year period 1954 and 1955. Only non-intersectional accidents were used. The results of the analysis revealed that there were positive and linear relationships between annual average daily traffic volume, congestion index, lane width and total number of entrances per mile with total number of accidents per roadway mile for the two year period of 1954 and 1955. A regression equation was also developed in an attempt to predict the number of accidents per mile by the use of the significant factors. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Crashes KW - Highway capacity KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Shoulder width KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313533 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454406 AU - Branham, Arthur K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Selection and Retention of Civil Engineer Employees PY - 1957/07/24/Technical Paper SP - 49p AB - Construction expenditures in the United States were about $58.9 billion in 1955 and $60.6 billion in 1956. Current estimates for 1957 indicate that total construction will be in excess of $64 billion, and estimates of expenditures for the next decade show accelerated growth in construction and a corresponding increase in the demand for the economic resources of the nation. It is obvious that to plan, design, construct, operate, and to maintain these facilities will require economical and efficient use of manpower, money, materials, machinery and equipment, and the development and utilization of new methods and techniques in all phases of development and maintenance. The most serious problem to be solved is the critical shortage of civil engineers, architects, technicians, craftsmen, and others engaged in the construction industry. The available data show that the number of engineers and technicians graduated in recent years is inadequate. Furthermore, the population and enrollment trends indicate the shortage will remain for the next decade. Industry and governmental agencies may relieve the shortage of engineers by the development and use of more efficient equipment and through new techniques and procedures. In addition, the practice of using technicians and other supporting personnel will often relieve engineers for more important work assignments. In meeting the challenge of supplying and maintaining technical personnel, management must use the most effective personnel techniques available to Industry. In addition, the construction industry must develop new techniques if the manpower problem is to be solved, The selection, employment, training, and maintenance of personnel are important phases of technical manpower administration. Job or position classification, employee recruitment, selection and placement, continuity of service, wage and salary schedules, training, promotion and transfers, working hours, holidays, annual leave or vacation, and other techniques must be fully developed as fundamental concepts of good personnel administration. The study compares salaries in public agencies with those in private industry and indicates that salaries in public agencies must be increased if they are to compete favorably with private industry. Furthermore, a salary schedule for the various grades of engineers is developed. The mathematical expression includes allowance for experience, merit, and changes in economies trends. KW - Civil engineers KW - Construction industry KW - Personnel KW - Personnel management KW - Personnel retention KW - Technicians KW - Training UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313528 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454403 AU - Kask, Mart AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Estimated Effects of Four Proposed Shopping Centers on Metropolitan Lafayette PY - 1957/07/24/Final Report SP - 140p AB - The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of four proposed shopping centers on Metropolitan Lafayette. In the study an economic analysis was made to determine whether Metropolitan Lafayette will be able to support all the shopping center developments presently planned for the future. This involved an appraisal of Lafayette's economic base and its future; the determination of Lafayette's trade area by the application of the law of retail gravitation; an estimation of present population and the anticipated future growth; and a study of Incomes of residents and their retail expenditures in the trade area. A thorough review of literature in the shopping center field provided a guide for the procedure followed in the economic analysis. Having determined that only three of the four proposed shopping centers would have great enough potential to warrant construction within the immediate future the generated shopper traffic in the trade areas was then assigned to the road not leading to the three proposed shopping centers. The existing traffic flow in the vicinity of the proposed shopping centers was determined from automatic traffic recording counts while traffic volumes for the year of 1963 were estimated based on present traffic volumes and anticipated future developments. The estimated 1963 pre-Christmas peak hour traffic flow in the vicinity of the three proposed shopping centers consisting of shopper traffic and non-shopper traffic served to indicate the locations where major traffic congestion attributable to shopper traffic would occur. Finally, other effects of the proposed shopping centers on Metropolitan Lafayette were estimated, and it was found that the three proposed shopping centers would have no consequential adverse effects on the Metropolitan Lafayette Area. KW - Economic analysis KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Shopping centers KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313531 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453853 AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Load Deformation Characteristics of Bituminous Mixtures Under Various Conditions of Loading PY - 1957/07/24/Technical Paper SP - 109p AB - This paper summarizes much of the information that has been obtained on the study of bituminous concrete in the Joint Highway Research Project Laboratories in recent years The load characteristics of bituminous mixtures are discussed and laboratory applications to the problem are presented. Relationships have been discovered that should provide a basis for a better understanding of the properties of bituminous concrete. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Deformation KW - Laboratory studies KW - Load tests KW - Properties of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313525 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454414 AU - Kocataskin, F AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 2 on the Uses of Fly Ash in Highway Materials: Informational Report - Results of Tests on Soils Stabilized with Lime-Fly Ash Admixtures PY - 1957/07 SP - 44p AB - Lime-fly ash stabilization of soil and subbases for secondary roads has attained considerable attention in recent years. In most cases higher compressive strengths and improved stability when tested in an immersed condition have been obtained when small amounts of lime and certain fly ashes are mixed with aggregates and soils. The present study was designed to investigate the value of a particular fly ash as a soil stabilizing agent. The evaluation included studies on properties of the materials used and studies of the effects of lime-fly ash additions on the compressive strength properties of two different types of soils, one a silty-clay soil and the other a granular soil. KW - Compressive strength KW - Fly ash KW - Granular soils KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Silty clays KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313532 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454413 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Annual Report of the Assistant Director, 1956-1957 PY - 1957/07 SP - 89p AB - The Joint Highway Research Project in the School of Civil Engineering is organized to do cooperative research with the State Highway Department of Indiana. Research was initiated on June 1, 1936 and formally authorized by an act of the Indiana State Legislature on March 11 193, and amended March 8 1949.The purpose of this organization is to make basic studies of materials used in highways to facilitate economical design, construction, and maintenance of county and state highways to investigate traffic, safety, and economics; to provide advanced instruction in the fundamentals of highway engineering and related research; and to provide practical experience in construction and maintenance procedures and use of highway materials. This annual report provides an overview for the year on topics such as materials engineering, portland cement concrete, bituminous materials, skid resistance of pavements, and traffic safety. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation engineering UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313534 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454409 AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Principles of Soil Stabilization PY - 1957/07//Technical Paper SP - 27p AB - A problem that continually faces an engineer is that dealing with procedures and techniques by which otherwise unsuitable subgrades may be improved by means of stabilization. In many instances, subgrade soils which are unsatisfactory in their natural state can be altered by means of adding admixtures or quantities of aggregate, or by proper compaction and thus made suitable for highway subgrade construction. In its broadest sense, soils stabilization implies improvement of soil so that it can be used for subbases, bases, and in some rare instances, surface courses. As is the case for all engineering design problems, the economics of the problem in light of the benefits derived from the stabilization procedure will determine the stabilization process is warranted. It is well at this point to review the basic principles of pavement design, so that stabilization can be put into its proper perspective. It is to be recalled that a rigid pavement derives its load supporting capacity primarily from the strength characteristics of the pavement proper. Therefore, the economic use of base courses from the structural standpoint is open to question. However, base courses may be used under rigid pavements for frost action, drainage, pumping, to prevent shrinkage and swell of the subgrade soil, and other reasons. Therefore, if a stabilized subgrade is to be used under a rigid pavement it should be one which imparts these useful qualities to the subgrade soil. In contrast to rigid pavements, flexible pavements derive their load supporting capacities not from the bending action of the slab, but rather by distributing the load down through a finite thickness of pavement, so that pressures on the subgrade will not be exceeded. Stabilization for this type of pavement logically is one which will impart additional strength to the subgrade soil, or one which will improve a borderline subbase material so that the unsuitable materials can be used for subgrade or base course construction. The high pressures exerted on the pavement and base course generally preclude the use of stabilized soil for bases and therefore stabilization, except for secondary roads, is centered around use in subgrades and subbases. For secondary roads stabilization (particularly by mechanical means) can be used for the principal component of the pavement. These could include gravel surfaces of all types, soil cement, or oiled earth surfaces. Many types of stabilizers have been proposed for use in highway and airport construction. It is the purpose of this paper to categorize various types of stabilizers and to indicate how each effect a soil. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilizers KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313529 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454404 AU - Cooper, Billy Kay AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Supplementary Legend at Four-Way Stop Intersections PY - 1957/07//Final Report SP - 69p AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the efficiency of four-way stop intersections could be improved with the addition of the supplementary legend "4-way" on the standard STOP sign. Standard stop signs were used for the "Before" study. The supplementary legend was painted in the upper panel of the existing signs for the "After" study. Two observers were placed at the intersection so that each could observe two approaches to the intersection. A stop watch was utilized for measuring the accepted or rejected time lag in the traffic stream by both local and foreign motorists. The observers also recorded driver observance of stop signs. Some of the more important findings are as follows: The critical lag of intersections, which are similar to the intersections included in this study, can usually be reduced by adding the supplementary legend, thus increasing the possible capacity; the addition of the supplementary legend will generally decrease the observance of stop signs; an Intersection has approximately the same critical lag for different periods of the day, different days of the week and different weeks; local motorists accept a shorter time lag than foreign motorists; and each intersection has a different critical lag which depends upon many variables. KW - Before and after studies KW - Four way stops KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersections KW - Legends (Traffic control devices) KW - Stop signs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313530 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469997 AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Data for Some Bituminous Concrete Overlays in Indiana PY - 1957/06/12/Technical Paper SP - 28p AB - This paper is a summary of the studies to-date on the performance of bituminous concrete overlays in Indiana, issues include thickness and compaction. Initial work on a laboratory study that evaluates the plastic nature of a bituminous mixture under repeated application of load is also included. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Compaction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Indiana KW - Pavement performance KW - Thickness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314366 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469979 AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Triaxial Testing of Bituminous Mixtures at High Confining Pressures PY - 1957/06/12/Final Report SP - 132p AB - This laboratory study investigated the triaxial testing of bituminous mixtures at high confining pressures. The object of this research was to develop a better understanding of the basic factors that contribute to the development of shearing strength in bituminous-aggregate mixtures. The variables considered in this investigation were aggregate gradation, confining pressure, specimen height, degree of compaction, type of aggregate, and asphalt content. The two aggregate gradations used were referred to as open-graded and one-size and were incorporated with an asphalt cement (60-70 penetration) into bituminous mixtures. Both the open-graded and one-size mixtures perform adequately as paving mixtures for many service conditions, but only the open-graded mixture possesses adequate stability when evaluated by conventional testing methods. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Confining pressure KW - Shear strength KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314365 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453966 AU - Woods, Kenneth B AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Research and the Expanded Highway Construction Program : Technical Paper PY - 1957/06/12 SP - 23p AB - This paper discusses the AASHO Test Road in Illinois and the accelerated highway program. The role of the Highway Research Board is also discussed and the impact of the highway construction program is briefly presented. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Experimental roads KW - Highway Research Board KW - Highway transportation KW - Illinois KW - Interstate highways KW - Research KW - Road construction KW - Road tests KW - United States UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313523 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453954 AU - Branham, Arthur K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Highlights of 1956 and the Challenge Ahead : Technical Paper PY - 1957/06/12 SP - 35p AB - The paper is a discussion of the Federal Highway Act of 1956 and the development of highways during 1956. It includes historical, existing, formulative, and speculative information. It refers to past and future development of a highway system of about 3.4 million miles over which more than 65 million motor vehicles, including nearly 11 million trucks, traveled approximately 600 billion vehicle miles in 1956. It also refers to some of the obstacles to be encountered in improving the system to withstand the predicted 81 million motor vehicles in 1965, and more in 1975. This paper was presented at the 39th Annual Tennessee Highway Conference April 11-12, 1957. KW - Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 KW - Financing KW - History KW - Interstate highways KW - Laws and legislation KW - Planning KW - Public policy KW - Road networks KW - United States UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313524 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453950 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Base Course Gradation on the Results of Laboratory Pumping Tests PY - 1957/06/12/Final Report SP - 132p AB - This thesis reports the results of a laboratory study initiated to investigate the performance of a variety of base course samples with different gradations, when those samples are placed over a standard subgrade soil and subjected to repetitions of load in such a way as to induce the pumping of fine soil to the base course surface and the intrusion of subgrade soil into the interstices between base course particles. To accomplish the purpose of this investigation, eight gravel base course samples varying from extremes of open-graded to dense-graded and seven coarse sand base course samples, similarly graded, were placed, each at a relative density of approximately 90 per cent, over a silty-clay subgrade soil compacted to 90 per cent of maximum modified AASHO dry unit weight, and subjected to 40,000 repetitions of a 25 psi load applied at the base course surface. In each case, the load was applied through a loading head which at all times remained in contact with the base course surface. Measurements of the total deflection of the subgrade- base course system were taken intermittently during each test. At the end of each test, the weight of soil pumped to the base course surface was measured and a grain size analysis was performed on the base course sample to determine the increase in soil finer than the No. 200 mesh sieve above the subgrade. A description of the repetitive load equipment is included and the results of density tests performed on each sample are presented. A good correlation was found to exist between large deflections of a subgrade-base course system and either base course pumping or subgrade intrusion. Test specimens with very open-graded gravel bases were subject to intrusion of subgrade soil and specimens with dense-graded gravel cases with an excess of 3 per cent by weight finer than the No. 200 mesh seive demonstrated pumping of fine soil sizes to the base course surface. There appeared to exist an optimum gradational range which exhibited neither base course pumping nor significant subgrade intrusion. Test specimens with course sand base course samples were found to perform satisfactorily over a wider range of gradation than those with the larger sized gravel bases. Test results were compared with existing filter criteria for thin base courses. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Pumping tests KW - Rigid pavements KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313522 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454401 AU - Kocataskin, F AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 1 on the Uses of Fly Ash in Highway Materials: Results of Tests on Mortars and Concretes Containing a Mechanically Precipitated Fly Ash PY - 1957/06//Technical Paper SP - 50p AB - Pozzolans and especially flyashes have become today an important component in many types of concrete mixes. Such benefits as economy without loss of final strengths improved workability, increased water-tightness. inhibition of alkali-aggregate expansions, and reduction in heat of hydration are frequently associated with their use. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of a particular flyash on the strength and durability characteristics of portland cement concrete. The evaluation included studies of the properties of the flyash itself, such as determination of fineness, loss on ignition, and pozzolanic activity plus the various test series to determine the effects of additions of the flyash on properties of concrete mixtures. KW - Admixtures KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pozzolanic action KW - Strength of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313526 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219445 ER - TY - SER AN - 00222782 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - PETRING, F W TI - STOPPING ABILITY OF MOTOR VEHICLES SELECTED FROM THE GENERAL TRAFFIC PY - 1957/06 AB - THE RESULTS OF TESTS ARE PRESENTED WHICH WERE CONDUCTED DURING 1955 ON MORE THAN 1,200 VEHICLES SELECTED AT RANDOM FROM THE GENERAL TRAFFIC. PAST AND PRESENT LEVELS OF BRAKE PERFORMANCE ARE COMPARED AND BRAKE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF MOST VEHICLE TYPES SINCE 1949 HAS BEEN SMALL. CURRENT PERFORMANCE LEVELS ARE REPORTED ACCORDING TO VEHICLE TYPE, GROSS WEIGHT, VEHICLE CAPACITY, AND AXLE LOAD. THE OBSERVED LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE IN STOPS FROM 20 MILES PER HOUR FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES OPERATING IN THE GENERAL TRAFFIC STREAM WITH NORMAL LOADS AVERAGED ABOUT 25 FEET FOR 2-AXLE TRUCKS WITH A MANUFACTURER'S GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING OF 10,000 POUNDS OR LESS. THE AVERAGE LEVELS GENERALLY RANGED FROM 35 TO 45 FEET FOR OTHER 2-AXLE TRUCKS, FROM 40 TO 50 FEET FOR THE 3-AXLE TRUCKS, FROM 45 TO 55 FEET FOR TRUCK-TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER COMBINATIONS, AND FROM 55 TO 65 FEET FOR TRUCKS WITH FULL TRAILERS AND TRUCK-TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER AND FULL-TRAILER COMBINATIONS. THE TESTS ALSO REVEALED THAT MANY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES, EXCEPT FOR THE VERY LIGHT 2-AXLE TRUCKS, WERE INADEQUATELY BRAKED IN PROPORTION TO THE LOADS CARRIED ON INDIVIDUAL AXLES. HOWEVER, INDIVIDUAL TESTS PROVED THAT VEHICLES WITH AXLE LOADS AS HIGH AS 22,000 POUNDS CAN BE ADEQUATELY BRAKED. THE PERCENTAGES OF VEHICLES TESTED WHICH MET THE UNIFORM VEHICLE CODE SPECIFICATIONS FOR BRAKE-SYSTEM APPLICATION AND BRAKING DISTANCE PRESENT A LITTLE BRIGHTER PICTURE. SOME 92 PERCENT OF THE PASSENGER CARS AND 84 PERCENT OF EACH OF TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF 2-AXLE TRUCKS WERE ABLE TO MEET THEIR RESPECTIVE DISTANCE SPECIFICATIONS OF 25, 30, AND 40 FEET, RESPECTIVELY. ABOUT 80 PERCENT OF THE 3- AND 4-AXLE TRUCK-TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER COMBINATIONS AND 3-AXLE TRUCKS, AND 38 TO 64 PERCENT OF THE LARGEST VEHICLE COMBINATIONS COMPLIED WITH THEIR CODE SPECIFICATION OF 50 FEET. ALSO OF INTEREST IS THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE DECELERATION REQUIREMENT OF THE UNIFORM VEHICLE CODE. WELL OVER 99 PERCENT OF THE PASSENGER CARS MET THE DECELERATION SPECIFICATION OF 17 FEET PER SECOND PER SECOND. AT THE SAME TIME, ALL VERY LIGHT 2-AXLE TRUCKS AND 94 PERCENT OF OTHER 2-AXLE TRUCKS MET THE 14 FEET PER SECOND PER SECOND REQUIREMENT. SO DID 76 TO 85 PERCENT OF THE TRUCK-TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER COMBINATIONS AND 3-AXLE SINGLE-UNIT TRUCKS, 51 PERCENT OF THE TRUCKS WITH FULL TRAILERS, AND 69 PERCENT OF THE TRUCK-TRACTORS WITH SEMITRAILERS AND FULL TRAILERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Axle loads KW - Braking KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Deceleration KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453896 AU - MacNaughton, Kevin A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report Number 61: Progress Report PY - 1957/05/09 SP - 27p AB - This report covers spot speed observations since February 15, 1957. All observations are for free-moving vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural highways. Traffic data collected at several locations near Layfayette Indiana are reported. An increase in the average speed of passenger cars was noted while the speed of trucks decreased slightly. Comparisons with speeds at the same locations in previous years are also included. KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Rural highways KW - Spot speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314364 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453974 AU - Miles, Robert Douglas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Considerations of Equipment, Methods and Standards of Accuracy Applicable to Aerial Surveys for Different Purposes : Technical Paper PY - 1957/04/04 SP - 27p AB - This paper is a discussion of the various methods of using aerial surveys and photogrammetric maps in highway engineering investigations. Scales of photographs, mosaics, and maps for different purposes are discussed along with horizontal and vertical accuracy requirements. The paper briefly reports on an investigative study that is being made for the State Highway Department of Indiana to develop directly from large scale aerial photographs bridge site topographic maps at a scale of 30 feet per inch. Equipment considerations are presented for a proposed photogrammetric system in Indiana which will include an aerial camera, processing laboratory, and photogrammetric plotters. KW - Accuracy KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Mapping KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photographic equipment KW - Topographic maps UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313520 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453932 AU - Branham, Arthur K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Selection and Retention of Civil Engineers PY - 1957/04/04 SP - 98p AB - Construction expenditures in the United States were about $58.9 billion in 1955 and $60.6 billion in 1956. Current estimates for 1957 indicate that total construction will be in excess of $64 billion, and estimates of expenditures for the next decade show accelerated growth in construction and a corresponding increase in the demand for the economic resources of the nation. It is obvious that to plan, design, construct, operate, and to maintain these facilities will require economical and efficient use of manpower, money, materials, machinery and equipment, and the development and utilization of new methods and techniques in all phases of development and maintenance. The most serious problem to be solved is the critical shortage of civil engineers, architects, technicians, craftsmen, and others engaged in the construction industry. The available data show that the number of engineers and technicians graduated in recent years is inadequate. Furthermore, the population and enrollment trends indicate the shortage will remain for the next decade. Industry and governmental agencies may relieve the shortage of engineers by the development and use of more efficient equipment and through new techniques and procedures. In addition, the practice of using technicians and other supporting personnel will often relieve engineers for more important work assignments. In meeting the challenge of supplying and maintaining technical personnel, management must use the most effective personnel techniques available to industry. In addition, the construction industry must develop new techniques if the manpower problem is to be solved. The selection, employment, training, and maintenance of personnel are important phases of technical manpower administration. Job or position classification, employee recruitment, selection and placement, continuity of service, wage and salary schedules, training, promotion and transfers, working hours, holidays, annual leave or vacation, and other techniques must be fully developed as fundamental concepts of good personnel administration. These concepts are briefly discussed. The study compares salaries in public agencies with those in private industry and indicates that salaries in public agencies must be increased if they are to compete favorably with private industry. Furthermore, a salary schedule for the various grades of engineers is developed. The mathematical expression includes allowance for experience, merit, and changes in economic trends. KW - Civil engineers KW - Education and training KW - Indiana KW - Labor market KW - Personnel management KW - Personnel retention KW - Salaries KW - Selection and appointment KW - Technicians UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313521 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453958 AU - Kocataskin, F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Literature Survey on Soil Stabilization Lime-Flyash Admixtures : Informational Report PY - 1957/02/21 SP - 30p AB - This report contains a short summary of selected references from 1950-1956 on lime-flyash admixtures. KW - Lime fly ash KW - Literature reviews KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313519 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453928 AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pumping of Highway and Airfield Pavements: Technical Paper PY - 1957/02/21 SP - 89p AB - This paper presents the results of a study of pumping of rigid pavements. A literature search was conducted on present and past experiences of state highway departments and various governmental agencies relative to the pumping problem, and a study was made of the mechanics of pumping of rigid pavements. Surveys were made of highway pavements in Indiana constructed with and without granular bases as well as of 15 air bases. The report is divided into three parts, namely (1) a review of pumping of highway pavements built directly on natural subgrades, (2) performance of rigid highway pavements built on granular bases, and (3) a study of pumping of airfield aprons, taxiways and runways. Data obtained from this study have indicated that performance of rigid highway pavements built with granular bases is greatly influenced by gradation of the granular base as well as amount of traffic. Correlations are presented which show that pavement distress as evidenced by restraint and transverse cracks is due to "blowing" of bases and that this in turn results on roads carrying high volumes of truck traffic and where poorly graded bases are used. Base courses with drains have shown better performance than those without drains although constructing poorly graded bases through the shoulder for drainage was found to be ineffective for those roads surveyed. Pumping on airfield pavements was found to be restricted primarily to taxiways. The action is particularly apparent in areas of channelized traffic on airfields which support wheel loads in excess of the design and when pavements are built directly on plastic clay-like materials. Pumping on airfields appears to be a minor problem. It was concluded that the primary difference between highway and airfield pavements, when comparing extent of pumping, is in the repetition of load the pavements will receive during their lifetime. Also, airport pavements are not subjected to edge loading conditions to the same extent as highway pavements. KW - Airport runways KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Granular bases KW - Indiana KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313518 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453789 AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Load-Carrying Characteristics of a Bituminous Concrete Resurfacing Mixture PY - 1957/02/21 SP - 168p AB - This report presents the results of a laboratory study which was carried out in order to investigate the load carrying characteristics of a bituminous-concrete overlay. The study was divided into parts. In the first part all tests were performed on specimens molded in the laboratory. In the second part pavement cores for laboratory tests were obtained from a section of pavement was resurfaced with bituminous- concrete in the Summer of 1950. The bituminous-concrete mixture which was used for the laboratory-compacted specimens were first characterized by performing several series of conventional tests. Included were the Marshall test, ASTM compression test, triaxial test, the Hyeem Stabilometer and the Cohesionmeter tests. Further tests were performed on laboratory-compacted specimens in order to estimate the load carrying of a relatively thin layer of bituminous-concrete when loaded over an area that was small with respect to the size of the specimen and, hence, to estimate the "confinement" which may be present in a thin bituminous-concrete overlay. In addition, the relationship between the strength of a bituminous-concrete mixture and the variables of rate of deformation and temperature was investigated by means of compression tests on specimens two inches thick and four inches in diameter compacted by two different methods. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load carrying capacity KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement testing UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314362 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453946 AU - Shurig, Donald G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Power Augers and Earth Resistivity Units as Supplements to Drilling Machines PY - 1957/01/24 SP - 160p AB - This study utilized data taken during the subsurface exploration for the northeast extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The capabilities and accuracy of power augers, earth resistivity equipment and drilling machines, as well as analysis of cost for subsurface exploration are given. KW - Augers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drilling machines KW - Geological surveying KW - Pennsylvania Turnpike KW - Resistivity method KW - Road construction UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313516 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453917 AU - Midgaard, Einar Johan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Creep and Shrinkage Strains in Prestressed Concrete Using Two Typical Indiana Aggregates PY - 1957/01/24/Final Report SP - 111p AB - This investigation is concerned with plastic flow, here in called creep, in prestressed concrete having the aggregate as the varying factor. The aggregate used was limestone from Ohio and Indiana Stone Company and glacial gravel from Western Indiana Sand and Gravel Company. Four different stress levels were used in the concrete. The creep was measured on unloaded beams or in other words the creep due to the prestress force was found. Special shrinkage specimens were made to differentiate between the creep and shrinkage strains. The readings were taken by means of gauge points embedded in the concrete surface and a 10" mechanical strain gauge. Stranded wire of 3/8" and 1/2" was used as a prestress tendons. The 1/2" strand previously has not been used in pretensioned prestressed concrete as it has been feared the high bond stresses expected would cause a slippage between the steel and concrete. Electrical strain gauges were used on the strands in order to check the prestress force and elastic shortening. However, the results obtained are questionable. The results showed that a concrete having the glacial gravel as an aggregate gave less creep than the concrete with limestone aggregate. None of the concretes will produce excessive prestress loss due to shrinkage and creep. It is not likely that any slippage occurred between concrete and the 1/2" stand. More investigation is needed on this subject. KW - Aggregates KW - Creep KW - Indiana KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Shrinkage KW - Slippage (Leakage) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314360 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454280 AU - Fears, Fulton Keller AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Final Report on a Study of the Air-Void Characteristics of Hardened Concrete PY - 1957/01//Final Report SP - 119p AB - The theory of the action of entrained air in producing frost-resistant concrete demonstrates the importance of the size and distribution of air voids in the portland cement paste. In this investigation the linear transverse technique was used to determine the air void characteristics of hardened concrete. The characteristics investigated were: (a) air content, total volume of voids per unit volume of concrete; (b) number of voids intersected per unit length of transverse; (c) The specific surface of air voids, the surface area of the voids per unit volume of air; (d) Number of hypothetical spheres f equal radius having the same volume of air per unit volume of concrete and the specific surface as the actual system of random sized voids; and (e) Spacing factor, distance from void boundary to outer boundary of sphere of influence. KW - Air content KW - Air voids KW - Cement paste KW - Frost resistance KW - Hardened concrete KW - Portland cement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314359 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453930 AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Strength of Bituminous Mixtures and Their Behavior under Repeated Loads, Part 2 PY - 1957/01 SP - 51p AB - At the previous year's meeting of the Highway Research Board, the authors presented two fundamental, mathematical relationships for sheet-asphalt mixtures tested in the unconfined state. The first expression related the strength of these mixtures to the temperature and the rate of deformation. The second expression related the number of repetitions of applied stress necessary to cause failure as defined by some suitable criterion, the temperature and the rate of deformation. Since that time the investigation has been continued to include the evaluation of strength and deformation characteristics of a sheet-asphalt mixture subjected to repeated loads and with varying degrees of lateral support. The information from this study was used to further verify the above mentioned relationships. The inclusion of lateral support as a variable made this study more realistic from the standpoint of actual field performance in bituminous pavement where some degree of confinement is known to exist. Lateral support was obtained by use of the triaxial cell. To establish the fact that the relationship among strength, temperature, and rate of defoliation was valid for bituminous-aggregated mixtures other than sheet asphalt, specimens were formed from a bituminous concrete mixture with a maximum aggregate size of 1/2 inch. This comparison was limited to relationships determined from tests performed in the unconfined state. Finally, since it is known that a severe condition of loading for a flexible pavement or bituminous mixture is a stationary load, a test was Included to evaluate the sheet-asphalt mixture under this condition. Variables of temperature and applied stress were included, and the testing was limited to the sheet-asphalt mixture tested in the unconfined state. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Deformation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Repeated loads KW - Sheet asphalt KW - Strength of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313517 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453923 AU - Geldmacher, R C AU - Anderson, R L AU - Dunkin, J W AU - Partridge, G R AU - Harr, Milton Edward AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Subgrade Support Characteristics: Technical Paper PY - 1957/01 SP - 43p AB - In 1949 the State Highway Department of Indiana and the Bureau of Public Roads constructed an experimental road for the purpose of investigating means of pavement pumping on highway that carry a high traffic volume with normal distribution of heavy axle loads. This project is located n the Northwest corner of Indiana on a section of US Road No. 41. The test road is entirely within the Valparaiso morainic area and the underlain by mixtures of silt and clay deposited during the Wisconsin glacial stage. Each mile of the project has nine subbase sections. In order to determine the differences in performance of the concrete pavements on the various subbase treatments many types of observations have been made. Among these are pavement roughness, differential levels, visual inspections and moisture cell readings. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Moisture content KW - Roughness KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test beds UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314363 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100769 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Statistics 1955 PY - 1957///11th Annual Report SP - 184p AB - This publication, the eleventh of an annual series, presents the 1955 statistical and analytical tables of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, highway-user taxation, financing of State and local highways, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways. Data for the financing of highways by county and local rural governments are also included, as well as information concerning local street financing. KW - Annual reports KW - Cities KW - Counties KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway mileage KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Streets KW - Towns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947155 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DESCRIPTION OF PLANS FOR THE HIGHWAY COST ALLOCATION STUDY, AS REQUIRED UNDER SECTION 210 OF THE HIGHWAY REVENUE ACT OF 1956.. T2 - HIGHWAY COST ALLOCATION STUDY PY - 1957 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Finance KW - Roads KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624281 ER - TY - SER AN - 00219605 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Bulletin AU - Schleider, R H AU - Schleider TI - THE CORRELATION OF DESIGN AND OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPRESSWAYS IN TEXAS PY - 1957 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Expressways KW - Highway operations KW - Texas KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240510 AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - EFFECTS OF THE DALLAS CENTRAL EXPRESSWAY ON LAND VALUES AND LAND USE PY - 1957 AB - ANALYSIS IS MADE OF LAND VALUES AND LAND USE ALONG THE EXPRESSWAY AND COMPARABLE AREAS, AND COVERS THREE BANDS OF PROPERTIES ALONG THE FACILITY, BASED ON DISTANCE FROM THE FACILITY. THE ANALYSIS ALSO SEEKS TO DETERMINE EXPRESSWAY INFLUENCE ON TAX VALUATIONS AND ATTITUDES OF BUSINESSMEN AND RESIDENTS. /BPR/ KW - Attitudes KW - Economic impacts KW - Expressways KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Taxation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454057 AU - Branham, Arthur K AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 5 on State Highway Needs in Indiana PY - 1956/12 SP - 62p AB - This is the fifth report on the progress of the Indiana Highway Needs Study. The report essentially consists of background information concerning the highway problem, a general description of the method of analysis of the state highway inventory information gathered in the winter and spring of 1955, and a statement as to total needs for a 15 year program computed for the state and county highways and city streets. KW - County roads KW - Indiana KW - Needs assessment KW - Road conditions KW - State highways KW - Streets KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314358 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219512 ER - TY - SER AN - 00217621 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rex, H M AU - Peck, R A TI - A LABORATORY TEST TO EVALUATE THE SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE OF FINE AGGREGATE PARTICLES PY - 1956/12 AB - RECENTLY A SIMPLE TEST FOR EVALUATING THE ANGULARITY AND TEXTURE OF SANDS HAS BEEN DEVELOPED IN THE LABORATORIES OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. THIS TEST IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT SMOOTH-TEXTURED ROUNDED SAND PARTICLES OFFER LESS RESISTANCE TO FREE FLOW THAN DO ROUGH TEXTURED ANGULAR PARTICLES. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THIS TEST WILL BE OF VALUE IN LABORATORY STUDIES OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES AND IN EVALUATING THE SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF SANDS IN THE FIELD WITH RESPECT TO SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS. THE EQUIPMENT IS SIMPLE, THE OPERATION IS PRACTICALLY FREE FROM THE PERSONAL ELEMENT, AND THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT OPERATORS ARE HIGHLY REPRODUCIBLE. KW - Angles (Geometry) KW - Angularity KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Evaluation KW - Fine aggregates KW - Laboratory tests KW - Particle shapes KW - Particles KW - Reproducibility KW - Sand KW - Shape KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470558 AU - Shupe, John Wallace AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 1 on the Skid Resistance Study, Experimental Test Section U.S. 421 South of Kirklin PY - 1956/09/26 SP - 5p AB - This report summarizes skid tests conducted on four different sections of highway near Kirklan, Indiana. Certain variable conditions are present in these surfaces. Dense graded bituminous coated aggregate had the poorest skid resistance while open graded bituminous coated aggregate had the best skid resistance. Two sections using AH Type B asphaltic concrete had similar skid characteristics slightly better than the dense graded mix. KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Indiana KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Test sections UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313514 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454453 AU - Henning, Robert J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report Number 59: Truck Weight-Speed Study PY - 1956/09/26 SP - 24p AB - This report presents a summary of the truck weight speed studies conducted during August 1956 in Indiana. When compared with 1955 reports, this survey indicates that a very slight increase in average speed of trucks has occurred and that average gross weights decreased slightly. Additionally, speed violations of trucks have decreased slightly since 1955. KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314355 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454056 AU - Henning, Robert J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report Number 60 PY - 1956/09/26 SP - 23p AB - This report covers spot speed observations made during August and September 1956. All observations are for free-moving vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural highways. Locations observed were sections of U.S. 52, U.S. 41, U.S. 31, and S.R. 25 in Indiana. Because the Purdue speed indicator was out of order during this study, a radar meter was used. A summary of the results of this study, as well as the last six studies, is given. With the exception of light trucks, the average speeds of all types of vehicles changed only slightly since the last study. KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314356 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454053 AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Stress-Deformation Characteristics of Asphaltic Mixtures Under Various Conditions of Loading PY - 1956/09/26 SP - 193p AB - A laboratory study was made of the effects of various conditions of loading upon the stress-deformation characteristics of bituminous mixtures in order to obtain a better understanding of the various basic factors that affect their performance. To be able to devise a more rational test for determining performance characteristics of a proposed bituminous mix, it is necessary to have a relationship established between strain rate, temperature, intensity of load, and the number of load repetitions. It was for this purpose that this investigation had its inception. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compressive strength KW - Deformation curve KW - Load tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Temperature UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314354 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470551 AU - Shupe, John Wallace AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report no. 3 on the Skid Resistance Study Experimental Federal Aid Project No. F-147(6) PY - 1956/09/17 SP - 9p AB - This report summarizes the results of the third series of skid tests performed on Federal-Aid Project F-147. Two different pavement surface types, silica sand and bituminous concrete were tested and their skidding properties evaluated and compared. The silica sand surface exhibited better skidding resistance. KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Indiana KW - Pavement performance KW - Silica sands KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313515 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454459 AU - Shupe, John Wallace AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 5 on Skid Resistance Study U.S. 31 Test Road PY - 1956/09/17 SP - 17p AB - One of the elements of comparison of the portland cement concrete and the bituminous concrete sections of the U.S. 31 Test Road near Columbus, Indiana is that of skid resistance. Test Road Committee Memorandum No. 5 establishes the purpose of the study was "to measure the relative skid resistance of the two types of pavement and to measure the changes in skid characteristics as the pavements age under traffic." In the report are the results of the group of tests made in August, 1956 and a discussion of the stopping distance trends to date. All tests made on these test sections were performed so as to compare the skid resistance characteristics of the flexible and rigid test pavements. This sixth series of tests continued to show progressively poor skidding resistance due to the effect of time and traffic. The rigid pavement also exhibited better skidding resistance than the flexible under wet conditions. KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indiana KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Stopping distances UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314357 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456868 AU - Moore, Bruce Halsey AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Application of Airphotos to Foundation Problems PY - 1956/07/26 SP - 81p AB - This study was designed to develop procedures for the use of airphotos in predicting sub-surface soil conditions. The work was done on two different soil profiles: those essentially inorganic and those containing muck located along Indiana Toll Road where it crosses the Valparaiso Moraine in Porter and LaPorte Counties. Within the morainic areas, predictions of major sub-surface soil changes; of the general constituents of the major soil changes; and of the degree of variation or presence of stratification within the major soil change were proven to be feasible. KW - Aerial photography KW - Geological surveying KW - Indiana KW - Moraines KW - Parent materials KW - Photointerpretation KW - Stratification KW - Subsoil UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313512 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454468 AU - Parvis, Merle AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Drainage Features of Kosciusko County, Indiana PY - 1956/07/26 SP - 14p AB - This report is in connection with an airphoto study of the application of the techniques in developing surface drainage maps of Indiana on a county basis. Included with the report is print of a drainage map of Kosciusko County, Indiana, that was prepared entirely from airphotos taken in 1951. The report gives an overview of the geography, climate, physiography, topography, geology, soils, gravel, stream systems, drainage basins, lakes, dredged ditches, and drainage patterns of Kosciusko County. KW - Aerial photography KW - Drainage structures KW - Geological surveying KW - Kosciusko County (Indiana) KW - Photointerpretation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314350 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454060 AU - Leighty, Robert Dwaine AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Procedure for Evaluation of Fluvio-Glacial Terraces from Airphotos PY - 1956/07/26 SP - 103p AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a procedure for evaluation of fluvio-glacial terraces from airphotos. This evaluation could save time, money, and effort, when compared to existing field methods, by studying the elements of the airphoto pattern in detail. The first portion of the thesis is introductory material. Methods of exploration for granular materials, both preliminary and detailed, are discussed and the formation of fluvio-glacial terraces are generalized. The characteristics of granular deposits to be determined from the study are then considered. A general study of the airphoto pattern elements and their reflection of granular deposits was made and a guide for the evaluation of granular terraces was developed. Selected fluvio-glacial terraces were then evaluated according to the guide. The findings of this work indicate that airphotos have a practical and economical application to the evaluation of fluvio-glacial terraces. In the application of airphotos, however, the photo interpreter must follow a logical, comprehensive procedure in order to obtain the maximum amount of information. KW - Aerial photography KW - Glacial soils KW - Granular materials KW - Indiana KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314352 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454058 AU - Parvis, Merle AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Drainage Features of Marshall County, Indiana PY - 1956/07/26 SP - 14p AB - This report is in connection with an airphoto study of the application of the techniques in developing surface drainage maps of Indiana on a county basis. The drainage map of Marshall County, Indiana was compiled from aerial photographs taken in 1951. The drainage information was transferred from the airphotos by inserting the prints into a reflectoscope and tracing their images onto the base map. The report describes the geography, climate, topography, geology, soils, gravel, drainage basins, dredge ditches, stream systems, and drainage patterns of Marshall County. KW - Aerial photography KW - Drainage structures KW - Geological surveying KW - Marshall County (Indiana) KW - Photointerpretation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314351 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454054 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Soils of St. Joseph County, Indiana PY - 1956/07/26 SP - 44p AB - This report completes a portion of the work involving the State of Indiana's engineering soils mapping from aerial photographs. The soils map of St. Joseph County was compiled from the aerial photographs taken in 1938 and 1939. The major soil groups of different origins were sketched by visual examination of the photos. Major soil areas were then broken down into sub-groups in accordance with the type of formation and were delineated on the photos. The subgroups were then further broken down into different textural areas and special features and man-made features were marked. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - St. Joseph County (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314353 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470491 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Annual Report of the Assistant Director, 1955-1956 PY - 1956/07/01 SP - 75p AB - This report is the 18th in a series of annual reports which have been submitted since 1938 covering the activities of the Joint Highway Research Project. This report covers the period July 1, 1955 to June 30, 1956. Included is a brief description of all the research projects which were active the past year as well as a listing of the reports made to the Board at the eight meetings held. Attendance at Advisory Board Meetings is also enumerated and complete lists of Project staff and extra labor employees are included. New staff members, changes in rank of staff, and resignations are also presented. The publications of the Project and its staff and their professional activities during the year are discussed. KW - Annual reports KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Joint Highway Research Project (Purdue University) KW - Research UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313513 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456870 AU - Holloway, Frank Melvin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Road Roughness Measurements on Indiana Pavements PY - 1956/06/11 SP - 88p AB - The purpose of this project was first, to develop and calibrate a Purdue relative road roughness indicator; second, to test and compare the riding qualities of certain pavement types currently in place on Indiana highways; third, to investigate certain factors that affect road roughness; and fourth, to suggest standards of roughness that are acceptable for new construction and standards for evaluating surface riding qualities of existing pavements. Road roughness measurements were made on 115 different pavement sections located throughout Indiana. These pavement sections were divided into three main categories: new portland cement concrete pavements (PCC), older PCC pavements constructed on granular base courses, and bituminous surface types on flexible bases. KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Roughness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313511 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454059 AU - McGregor, Duncan Douglass AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Interpretation of Agriculture Soil Maps and Correlation with Airphoto Patterns PY - 1956/06/11 SP - 124p AB - This study was initiated in an effort to determine if agricultural soils data correlated with airphotos would provide a faster and more economical means of completing the Engineering Soils Mapping Program in Indiana. Newton County was chosen as the area for this study for two reasons: first, a wide variation in soil types occur there, and second, the Agricultural Soil Survey of Newton County is one of the more recent and up-to-date surveys. The procedures set forth in this study combine a survey of the geologic and physiographic literature and an engineering evaluation of the Agricultural Soil survey with a study of the airphoto patterns. The resulting engineering soils map has proved sufficiently accurate for its intended purposes and very economical in both time and effort. In addition to the engineering soils map, typical profiles of agricultural soil series were prepared. These profiles illustrate the engineering characteristics of the soil series found in Newton County and not considered in other publications. KW - Aerial photography KW - Agriculture KW - Engineering soils KW - Newton County (Indiana) KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314349 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01050471 AU - Laursen, Emmett M AU - Toch, Arthur AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - Scour Around Bridge Piers and Abutments PY - 1956/05 SP - 64p AB - Man’s never-ending search for better materials and construction methods and for techniques of analysis and design has overcome most of the early difficulties of bridge building. Scour of the stream bed, however, has remained a major cause of bridge failures ever since man learned to place piers and abutments in the stream in order to cross wide rivers. Considering the overall complexity of field conditions, it is not surprising that no generally accepted principles (not even rules of thumb) for the prediction of scour around bridge piers and abutments have evolved from field experience alone. The flow of individual streams exhibits a manifold variation, and great disparity exists among different rivers. The alignment, cross section, discharge, and slope of a stream must all be correlated with the scour phenomenon, and this in turn must be correlated with the characteristics of the bed material ranging from clays and fine silts to gravels and boulders. Finally, the effect of the shape of the obstruction itself-the pier or abutment-must be assessed. Since several of these factors are likely to vary with time to some degree, and since the scour phenomenon as well is inherently unsteady, sorting out the influence of each of the various factors is virtually impossible from field evidence alone. The experimental approach was chosen as the investigative method for this study, but with due recognition of the importance of field measurements and with the realization that the results must be interpreted so as to be compatible with the present-day theories of fluid mechanics and sediment transportation. This approach was chosen because, on the one hand, the factors affecting the scour phenomenon can be controlled in the laboratory to an extent that is not possible in the field, and, on the other hand, the model technique can be used to circumvent the present inadequate understanding of the phenomenon of the movement of sediment by flowing water. In order to obtain optimum results from the laboratory study, the program was arranged at the outset to include a related set of variables in each of several phases into which the whole problem was divided. The phases thus selected were : 1. Geometry of piers and abutments, 2. Hydraulics of the stream, 3. Characteristics of the sediment, 4. Geometry of channel shape and alignment. KW - Alignment KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Failure KW - Geometry KW - Hydraulics KW - Scour KW - Sediments KW - Shape KW - Streambeds KW - Streamflow KW - Streams UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/20237 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/809271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470490 AU - Branham, Arthur K AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 4 on State Highway Needs in Indiana PY - 1956/04/19 SP - 92p AB - The report presents a great deal of factual information obtained from an analysis of the inventory of Indiana state highways, as well as financial data concerning the current and anticipated revenues. It also presents a preliminary estimate of the money that will be required to develop our highways to an adequate condition. Information analyzed includes: vehicle registrations, traffic volume, highway surface age, design age, highway and shoulder width, and bridge width. KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Indiana KW - Inventory KW - Revenues KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313509 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470322 AU - Holloway, Frank Melvin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Report No. 2 on the Skid Tests Performed on Experimental Federal Aid Project Number F-147(6) PY - 1956/04/19 SP - 24p AB - This report is the second of a series of reports on the comparison of silica sand and bituminous concrete surfaces on U.S. 421 near Osgood, Indiana. The project was undertaken to conduct periodic skid tests and report the results to the State Highway Department of Indiana. The results of this series of tests indicate that the skid characteristics of silica sand are better than those of bituminous concrete under wet conditions at speeds of 30 and 40 miles per hour. The skid characteristics, in fact, approach those of rock asphalt. These results are similar to those noted during the first series of tests in November, 1954. KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Indiana KW - Pavement performance KW - Silica sands KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Wet weather UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313507 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456910 AU - Holloway, Frank Melvin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Road Roughness Measurements on Indiana Pavements PY - 1956/04/19 SP - 31p AB - This report focuses on road roughness measurements on Indiana Highways. There is a discussion of the development and calibration of the Road Roughness Indicator or Roughometer. Figures and photographs are included describing the roughometer and its work. During the field portion of this project, a total of 79 road sections were tested. Of these, 14 were new portland cement concrete pavements (completed during 1954) and 65 were older portland cement concrete pavements constructed on granular base courses. These original roughness readings on all new concrete pavements should be valuable for determining pavement performance at later dates. KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road meters KW - Roughness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313508 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456903 AU - Bell, J Richard AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Plastic Moisture Barriers for Highway Subgrade Protection PY - 1956/04/19 SP - 22p AB - Most soils, even fine grained soils, can be compacted to have relatively high strengths if moisture and density are properly controlled. However, under present design concepts, when these soils are used as highway subgrades, only a fraction of this ultimate strength is used as the design strength. As a result, large thicknesses of stronger and more expensive materials are required to spread the load so as not to exceed this reduced strength. This is necessary because it is known that most subgrade soils will not retain their initial strength after years of service under highway pavements. This paper is a summary of a research project to investigate the feasibility of using plastic films as moisture barriers to protect pavement subgrades from changes in water content. KW - Moisture barriers KW - Moisture content KW - Plastic coatings KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsoil UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313510 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454470 AU - Parvis, Merle AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Drainage Features of Whitley County, Indiana PY - 1956/04/19 SP - 14p AB - This report is in connection with an airphoto study of the application of the techniques in developing surface drainage maps of Indiana on a county basis. Included with the report is a print of a drainage map of Whitley County, Indiana, that was prepared entirely from airphotos taken in 1951. The report gives an overview of the geography, climate, physiography, topography, geology, soils, granular material, marl, stream systems, drainage basins, lakes, swamps. dredged ditches, and drainage patterns of Whitley County. KW - Aerial photography KW - Drainage basins KW - Geological surveying KW - Photointerpretation KW - Whitley County (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314345 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454469 AU - Holloway, Frank Melvin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 4 on the Skid Resistance Study U.S. 31 Test Road PY - 1956/04/19 SP - 20p AB - One of the elements of comparison of the portland cement concrete and the bituminous concrete sections of the U.S. 31 Test road near Columbus, Indiana is that of skid resistance. Test Road Committee Memorandum No. 5 establishes the purpose of the study as: "to measure the relative skid resistance of the two types of pavement and to measure the changes in skid characteristics as the pavements age under traffic." In the report are the results of the group of tests made in March, 1956 and a discussion of the stopping distance trends to date. All tests made on these test sections were performed so as to compare the skid resistance characteristics of the flexible and rigid test pavements. This study is a continuation of the skid project for the U.S. 31 Test Road and is the fifth semi-annual study to be made. KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Stopping distances UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314347 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454446 AU - Holloway, Frank Melvin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report Number 58 PY - 1956/04/19 SP - 16p AB - This report covers spot speed observations made during February, 1956. All observations are for free-moving vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural highways in Indiana. Locations observed were sections of U.S. 52, U.S. 42, U.S. 31, and S.R. 25. In order to facilitate comparisons between the present and the last five previous observations, a summary of results is given in tabular form. An apparent increase in the average speeds of practically all types of vehicles on both two-lane and four-lane highways was noted during this study. KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314346 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454461 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Baerwald, John Edward AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improvement Priority Ratings for Local Rural Roads in Indiana PY - 1956/04 SP - 21p AB - Increased public interest in highway improvement programs intensified the need for the classification, evaluation, and priority ranking of highway sections. The successful development and application of such procedures would result in the following benefits: the assembly of relevant facts in an orderly manner; the elimination or minimizing of personal judgments in the assignment of priority of improvement; the provision of an objective basis for meeting community and political pressure; the provision of an average measure of the adequacy of the existing highway plant and an indication of the progress in highway development; and the protection of the public's investment in the highway system by providing a method for budgeting funds according to the relative order of need. The Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University developed procedures for the classification and evaluation of rural county highway sections in Indiana. These procedures were field tested and designed to satisfy the basic criteria of simplicity, practicality, flexibility, and economy. The classification of the rural county highway sections into three systems (county primary, county secondary, and local service) is based upon knowledge of traffic volumes and characteristics, abutting land use, and community interest under present and future conditions. A method of highway evaluation is to proposed to establish an impartial priority value portraying the relative needs of highway sections. Priority is based on the formula: priority rating = 2.5 (service rating) exponent 1.25 log (100/road rating) where the priority rating has a practical range from 1 to 100 with a high value indicating a high priority. The service rating ranges from 1 to a maximum value of 50 and is composed of elements indicating the need and use for a highway section. The road rating ranges from 1 to a maximum value of 100 and is composed of various elements indicating the physical condition of the highway section. This priority rating formula is one of the first rational procedures based on the inter-relationship between the need for the highway and the physical condition of that highway. This relationship was recommended for use in Indiana counties and has the following desirable properties: (1) roads providing a minimum service should have a priority rating which approaches a minimum value regardless of condition, (2) roads ranked near the maximum as to condition (i.e., high road rating) should have a priority rating which also approaches a minimum value regardless of the service provided by that road, (3) for a constant service rating, the rate of change of the priority rating should decrease as the road rating increases, (4) for a constant road rating, the rate of change of the priority rating should increase as the service rating increases. A discussion of some highway rating procedures now being used by various states and counties is included and the procedures are compared with the proposed priority rating method. KW - Classification KW - County roads KW - Improvements KW - Indiana KW - Ratings KW - Rural highways KW - Strategic planning KW - Streets UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314348 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470314 AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Strength of Bituminous Mixtures and Their Behavior under Repeated Loads PY - 1956/03/15 SP - 82p AB - To be able to devise a more rational test for determining performance characteristics of a proposed bituminous mix, it is necessary to have a relationship established between strain rate, temperature, intensity of load, and the number of load repetitions. A fundamental part of this investigation was the selection of a test method for evaluating strength and deformation characteristics of a bituminous-aggregate mixture while undergoing repeated loads. It was first necessary that a relationship should be established among the following variables: temperature, rate of deformation, and stability. For the case of repeated loads a fourth variable was added, the number of loading cycles necessary to reach some failure criterion. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Deformation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Regression analysis KW - Repeated loads KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313506 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470328 AU - Lottman, Robert P AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effect of Crushed-Gravel Fine Aggregate on the Strength of Asphaltic Surfacing Mixture PY - 1956/03/13 SP - 116p AB - It was the purpose of this investigation to study the effect of crushed-gravel fine aggregate on the strength of some typical bituminous surfacing mixtures. These included a dense-graded bituminous concrete of controlled gradation, a sand-asphalt mixture in which the grading was kept constant and made equal to the sand fraction of the dense-graded bituminous concrete, and bituminous concrete mixtures in which the grading varied but was kept within ASTM specifications. The strength evaluation was based upon data obtained from three laboratory strength tests, namely: the Marshall stability test, a triaxial compression test, and the standard ASTM Compressive Strength Test for Bituminous Mixtures (ASTM Designation: D1074-52T). : KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compressive strength KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Crushed gravel KW - Fine aggregates KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313505 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469998 AU - Jackman, William Thomas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Driver Obedience to Stop and Slow Signs PY - 1956/03/13 SP - 126p AB - It was the purpose of this study to determine the effectiveness of stop and slow signs. The signs used were standard manufactured signs. Four of the stop signs were of the new type, i.e. red and white reflectorized, and the remaining stop sign as well as the slow sign were of the old type, i.e. yellow and black enamel non-reflectorized. In addition to the slow sign itself, the slow sign study utilized a radar meter and a pneumatic tube speed meter. The study showed that no combination of stop sign type or position was more effective than any other given the conditions used. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Color KW - Reflective signs KW - Slow (Traffic signs) KW - Stop signs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313503 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469972 AU - Dolch, William Lee AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Permeability and Absorptivity of Indiana Limestone Coarse Aggregates PY - 1956/03/13 SP - 340p AB - The pore structure has been shown to be one of the most important properties of coarse aggregates when they are used in portland-cement concrete. The nature of this structure is not completely evaluated by tests now being performed on these materials. This study was designed to investigate the usefulness of simple fluid-flow measurements and of the data derived from them with respect to the elucidation of the pore structure of limestone coarse aggregates and to a possible correlation with the durability histories of pavements made with limestone aggregates. KW - Absorptivity KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Durability KW - Indiana KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Pore size distribution KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313504 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454472 AU - Andersland, Orlando Baldwin AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sonic Test for the Evaluation of Stripping Resistance in Compacted Bituminous Mixtures PY - 1956/03/13 SP - 52p AB - The study on which this paper is based was performed in an attempt to determine the application of the Sonic Test to the evaluation of stripping resistance in compacted bitumen-aggregate mixtures. Tests were conducted on beam specimens molded from materials the same as those used in the construction of a high-type bituminous concrete pavement. Two other accepted tests, the Immersion-Compression Test and the Visual Stripping Test, were used to obtain a comparison with results obtained by the Sonic Test. Three aggregates, gravel, limestone, and rhyclite, and one asphalt were used to show different degrees of stripping for the tests used. An asphalt bonding additive was used in one group of specimens evaluated by the Sonic Test. Another group of specimens included a different gradation to show the effect this had on the Sonic Test results. KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Immersion tests KW - Sonic tests KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314342 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454467 AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Progress Report No. 3 on Freezing and Thawing of Concrete in the Automatic Freezer PY - 1956/03/13 SP - 40p AB - This report presents the results of freezing and thawing tests on concrete beams made with concrete coarse aggregates. An automatic freezer was to be used to expose the beams. The proposed test series was to be conducted in a standardized manner that would represent a possible design for acceptance tests of aggregates; the following specific purposes were enumerated: 1) Evaluation of the freezing-and-thawing durability of various aggregated sources; 2) Correlation of freezing and thawing test results between the old and new freezers; 3) Development of durability information helpful in selecting a standard aggregate or aggregates for specification use; and, 4) Determination of the feasibility of using immersed instead of vacuum saturated materials in the durability testing. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freeze thaw tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314341 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454462 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Grunau, David L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Skid Testing in Indiana PY - 1956/03/13 SP - 35p AB - Many studies have been made in recent years with various types of skid equipment to evaluate skidding characteristics of pavement surfaces. This paper briefly summarizes the equipment used and the results found in these studies and presents a detailed description of a semi-automatic braking device used on a conventional automobile in Indiana. The device is electrically operated and when activated applies the brakes and initiates measurement of stopping distance simultaneously. The speed at which the brakes were activated is also recorded. The method used eliminates much of the human variable from the measurement of stopping distance and makes it possible for the good reproduction of stopping distance. The skid testing program in Indiana is also outlined and preliminary results are presented. A number of experimental surfaces were tested along with four major surface types used in Indiana. These four were rock asphalt, Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other bituminous surfaces. A total of 233 different roads were tested, each road being tested at three locations with two skids being performed at each location. The skidding properties of the various roads were compared in terms of mean skid distances at 30 mph. Variability of the skid distances was determined along with the means. The tests showed that rock asphalt had the best skidding properties of all the surfaces tested with respect to both average distance and variability. Its mean skid distance changed little between the wet and dry condition. Portland cement surfaces provided relatively good skid characteristics but were subject to some polishing by traffic during the first few years of their life. The bituminous concrete surfaces tested had poorer skid characteristics than any other major type considered. The bituminous surfaces tested, other than rock asphalt and bituminous concrete, had a relatively low mean but were extremely variable. This variability was almost invariably associated with bleeding. Those roads with no bleeding yielded a mean 18 feet less than those that displayed some bleeding. The bituminous roads constructed with limestone aggregate had a lower mean than those containing gravel, although the limestone in some cases polished extensively under prolonged heavy traffic. KW - Asphalt rock KW - Bituminous materials KW - Indiana KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Stopping distances KW - Surface treating UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314343 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454466 AU - Walker, Richard David AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Crushed Stone and Heavy Media Separation on the Durability of Concrete Made with Indiana Gravels PY - 1956/03 SP - 38p AB - The purpose of this study was to obtain laboratory freezing and thawing data that would indicate what effect, if any, the addition of crushed stone and the use of heavy media separation have on the durability of concrete made with gravel coarse aggregate. Indiana's present field practice is to blend crushed stone with gravel. The development of commercial heavy media separation methods makes worthy of consideration the more extensive use of these methods for the improvement of gravel aggregates. These two factors merited laboratory research and form the basis of this study. KW - Concrete KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Crushed limestone KW - Crushed rock KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Gravel UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314344 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469919 AU - Barr, John Wallace AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Use of Urban Characteristics in Estimating Internal Travel Patterns PY - 1956/02/01 SP - 128p AB - The objective of this study was the reporting and discussing of certain investigations of relationships between urban characteristics and travel patterns. The primary sources of data were reports of recent traffic surveys of three Indiana communities having populations near or less than 50,000. A thorough review of previous investigations and suggestions provided a guide for the procedure followed. A list of desired information was compiled, and the availability of population, employment , vehicle ownership, economic, and other data for the three studied cities is discussed. A number of values were found difficult, impractical, or impossible to obtain directly, and where these values were estimated, the estimation method is described and evaluated. Amounts of correlation existing between measurable characteristics and internal trips of the Logansport and Richmond, Indiana, area are discussed and shown graphically. The best or most basic relationships were used to obtain estimated trip patterns of the Lafayette -West Lafayette, Indiana area which are compared with values obtained by origin-destination survey. KW - Indiana KW - Origin and destination KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic surveys KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313502 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456911 AU - Anderson, R L AU - Dunkin, J W AU - Geldmacher, R C AU - Partridge, G R AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Subgrade Support Characteristics; Experimental and Theoretical : Progress Report No. 1 PY - 1956/02/01 SP - 66p AB - The purpose of this report was to: develop mobile, sensitive, simple to operate equipment that will record the deflections of concrete pavement; to attempt to determine, in terms of elastics and damping constants, the relative support characteristics of the nine concrete highway sub-base subgrade system, located on U.S Highway 41 near Cook, Indiana; to record the changes in surface contour of the nine concrete highway subgrade sub-base systems as loaded vehicles are driven over them; to attempt to analytically solve the problem of a concrete highway on a damped elastic foundation. KW - Compliance constant KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Indiana KW - Load tests KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314338 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456892 AU - Lottman, Robert P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effect of Crushed-Gravel Fine Aggregate on the Strength of Bituminous Surface Mixtures PY - 1956/02/01 SP - 105p AB - A laboratory investigation into some of the strength effects resulting from the presence of crushed-gravel fine aggregate in the bituminous mixtures is reported. The scope of this investigation was the comparison of strength test results from the Marshall Test, and "open system" triaxial test, and the ASTM compression test on ASTM and Modified ASTM test specimens. The strength properties of each mixture containing various percentages of crushed-gravel fine aggregate were evaluated from these standard tests. The results of this investigation indicated appreciable increases in mixture strength as the percentage of crusher dust (crushed-gravel fine aggregate) in the fine aggregate was increased. In general, a percentage of 25 to 75 percent provided the greatest improvement in mixture strength. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Fine aggregates KW - Marshall test KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314339 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456889 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Covault, Donald O AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of State Highway Needs in Indiana : Progress Report No. 3 PY - 1956/02/01 SP - 57p AB - The rural state highways in the Indiana State Highway System were completely inventoried in the winter and spring of this year. This inventory included all highway bridges, railway bridges, grade separation structures, and railroad crossings, in addition to information pertaining to the highways themselves. Most of this work was done by the State Highway Department of Indiana through the various districts. The information found on the 10,000 miles of Indiana Highway System is now in the process of being placed on IBM cards. Coding instructions are included in this report. This report also contains information about the needs study for Allen County, Indiana; rural traffic trends; tolerable standards; and design standards. KW - Bridges KW - Design standards KW - Indiana KW - Inventory KW - Needs assessment KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314337 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456880 AU - Parvis, Merle AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Drainage Features of Wabash County, Indiana PY - 1956/02/01 SP - 11p AB - The drainage map of Wabash County, Indiana, which accompanies this report was compiled from 9" x 9" aerial photographs having an approximate scale of 1:20,000. These airphotos were taken in the summer of 1941 in connection with the United State Department of Agriculture map program. The drainage map was made on a base map prepared from the 1937 "General Highway and Transportation Map, Wabash County". With the aid of stereoscopes all discernible drainageways were marked on the airphotos and transferred to the base map. KW - Aerial photography KW - Mapping KW - Photointerpretation KW - Surface drainage KW - Wabash County (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314335 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456864 AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Rigid Pavements Constructed on Granular Bases: Progress Report No. 1 PY - 1956/02/01 SP - 45p AB - This report reviews the effect of pumping/blowing of bases on pavement performance. Data indicates that the formation of restraint cracks and transverse cracks are either a direct result of blowing, or at least are caused by the same set of circumstances which cause the blowing. This report presents information which has been collected during a study of rigid pavements in Indiana, as well as information collected on a study of airfield pavements. Other information obtained from a laboratory investigation and some additional field studies is also included. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Granular bases KW - Groundwater KW - Indiana KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314336 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454448 AU - Andersland, Orlando Baldwin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sonic Test for the Evaluation of Stripping Resistance in Compacted Bituminous Mixtures PY - 1956/02/01 SP - 114p AB - This laboratory study attempts to determine the application of the Sonic Test for the evaluation of stripping resistance in compacted bituminous mixtures exposed to water. Tests are conducted on beam specimens molded from materials the same as those used in the construction of a high-type bituminous concrete pavement. Specimens are subjected to sever exposure of water under prescribed conditions of temperature and time. These conditions cause deterioration in the specimens similar to what could be expected in the field over a much greater period of time. Other tests used to determine stripping resistance are described briefly. Two of the more accepted tests, the Immersion-Compression Test and the Visual Stripping Test, are used in this study for a comparison with results obtained by the Sonic Test. Three aggregates and one asphalt are used to show different degrees of stripping for the tests used. An asphalt bonding additive was used in one group of specimens for the Sonic Test.Results of this study indicate that the Sonic Test can be used advantageously in the evaluation of stripping resistance of compacted bituminous mixtures. KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Immersion tests KW - Sonic tests KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314340 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01119933 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Howard, Needles, Tammen & Bergendoff TI - Interstate highway system : Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Highways in cooperation with U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads PY - 1956 SP - 5 v. KW - Expressways KW - Roads KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00947159 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF A DETAILED ESTIMATE OF THE COST OF COMPLETING THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 108(D) OF THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY ACT OF 1956.. PY - 1956 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/624285 ER - TY - SER AN - 00212710 JO - American Soc Testing & Materials Proc AU - Brink, R H AU - Halstead, W J TI - STUDIES RELATING TO THE TESTING OF FLY ASH FOR USE IN CONCRETE PY - 1956 AB - THE EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE STRENGTH OF PORTLAND CEMENT- FLY ASH MORTARS IS CONSIDERED TO INDICATE THE PROBABLE EFFECT ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AND IS USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION AS A CRITERION FOR EVALUATING OTHER TESTS OF FLY ASH. THE EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE EXPANSION RESULTING FROM THE ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION IS ALSO CONSIDERED. TO DETERMINE THE VARIATIONS IN PROPERTIES WHICH MAY BE EXPECTED AND THE EFFECT OF THESE VARIATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FLY ASH IN MORTAR, 34 FLY ASHES FROM 19 DIFFERENT SOURCES WERE EXAMINED. THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS INDICATE THAT GENERALLY THE STRENGTH DEVELOPED IN PORTLAND CEMENT-FLY ASH MORTARS IS RELATED TO THE CARBON CONTENT OF THE FLY ASH, THE FINENESS OF FLY ASH AS MEASURED BY THE AMOUNT PASSING THE NO. 325 SIEVE, AND THE WATER REQUIRED FOR MORTARS CONTAINING FLY ASH AS COMPARED TO THE WATER REQUIRED FOR SIMILAR MORTARS WITHOUT FLY ASH. NO WELL-DEFINED RELATION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE FLY ASH AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH OF THE MORTAR WAS OBTAINED. THESE TESTS ALSO INDICATE THAT THE EFFECT ON THE STRENGTH OF MORTAR OF REPLACING A PORTION OF THE CEMENT WITH FLY ASH VARIES ACCORDING TO THE CEMENT USED. TESTS OF MORTAR BARS SHOW THAT FLY ASH MAY BE USED TO INHIBIT THE EXPANSION RESULTING FROM THE ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION. THESE TESTS INDICATE THAT THE AMOUNT OF FLY ASH REQUIRED TO REDUCE EXPANSION BELOW A SAFE LIMIT VARIES FOR DIFFERENT FLY ASHES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Carbon KW - Concrete KW - Expansion KW - Fineness KW - Fly ash KW - Mortar KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00827115 AU - UNITED STATES. SUBCOMMITTEE ON ROADS. U. S. GOVT. PRINT. OFF. AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PENTAGON ROAD BILL AND FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATOR: HEARING, EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION, ON H.R. 12110. JULY 11, 1956.. PY - 1956 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Arlington County (Virginia) KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/516605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205410 AU - Hudson, W R AU - Treybig, H J AU - Abou-Ayyash, A AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - A SUMMARY OF DISCRETE-ELEMENT METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR PAVEMENT SLABS PY - 1956 AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE PORTIONS OF THE WORK IN RESEARCH PROJECT 3-5-63-56 WHICH ARE DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PAVEMENT SLABS. THE DETAILS OF THE DISCRETE-ELEMENT METHODS OUTLINED HEREIN MAY BE FOUND IN THE INDIVIDUAL REPORTS WHICH ARE REFERENCED. A WIDE VARIETY OF VARIATIONS OF THE BASIC SLAB METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED INCLUDING (1) VARIABLE INCREMENT LENGTH CAPABILITY, (2) MULTIPLE LOADING ANALYSES, (3) DYNAMIC LOADING CONSIDERATIONS, AND (4) HANDLING OF SKEWED SLABS. THE METHODS HAVE BEEN VERIFIED BY COMPARISON WITH CLOSED-FORMED SOLUTIONS AND WITH VARIOUS SMALL DIMENSION TESTS. THE RESULTS HAVE BEEN APPLIED IN NUMEROUS FORMS BY THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CHARTS, ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL PROBLEMS, AND THE ANALYSIS OF FIELD DATA. KW - Computers KW - Discrete element method KW - Discrete systems KW - Dynamic loads KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Rigid slab KW - Slabs KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205396 AU - Treybig, H J AU - Hudson, W R AU - Abou-Ayyash, A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF SLAB ANALYSIS METHODS TO RIGID PAVEMENT PROBLEMS PY - 1956 SP - 80 p. AB - THE DISCRETE-ELEMENT METHOD OF SLAB ANALYSIS PROVIDES A UNIQUE METHOD FOR ANALYZING BOTH COMPLEX AND COMMON PAVEMENT PROBLEMS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT IS TO ILLUSTRATE THE APPLICATION OF THIS TOOL TO A TYPICAL RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN PROBLEM. THE PROBLEM CHOSEN FOR USE HEREIN INVOLVES THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE SHOULDER PAVEMENTS. TO FACILITATE THE PRACTICAL USE OF THE SLAB COMPUTER PROGRAM A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE GUIDE FOR DATA INPUT FOR THE COMPUTER PROGRAM IS PRESENTED. THIS REPORT ALSO DESCRIBES ALL THE NECESSARY STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY A DESIGN ENGINEER IN THE ANALYSIS OF ANY TYPICAL PRBLEM. INCLUDED ARE ALL THE NECESSARY INPUT COMPUTATIONS, DETAILED CODING INSTRUCTIONS AND EXPLANATION OF THE DATA, INTERPRETATION OF THE OUTPUT, AND POSSIBLE USES OF THE OUTPUT IN FURTHER DESIGN ANALYSIS. THE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ARE CODED AND EXPLAINED CARD BY CARD FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE PRACTICING ENGINEER. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete structures KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454055 AU - Stylianopoulos, Leonidas Constantinos AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Study and Mapping of Southcentral Indiana Sandstone-Shale-Limestone Soil Materials PY - 1955/11/10 SP - 133p AB - This study is a part of the statewide program for mapping the engineering soils of the State of Indiana from aerial photographs. The project consists of the following component parts: (a) The development of the pattern elements of the airphoto patterns found in the area under study; (b) The analysis of the existing airphoto patterns; (c) The location of the engineering soil borders of the area; and, (d) Deduction as to the engineering significance of the soil areas in existence. The study of the airphoto pattern elements and their incorporation into airphoto patterns was made through the correlation of airphoto studies with pertinent literature on the area under investigation and field observations of the ground conditions of the area. The location of the soil borders was established through the airphoto study of the various soils in conjunction with the findings of previous studies on locations composed of similar parent materials. The area under investigation was found to be an exceedingly rugged upland composed of flatlying sandstones, limestones, and shales. The soils present in this area are almost exclusively sandstone soils, except for insignificant amounts of limestone and shale soil mantle that occur in spots. The problems associated with this area are those of high relief, as far as surface morphology is concerned, and those of silty clay sandstone soils, from the soils' standpoint. Although limestones and shales do not constitute important soil parent materials in this area, their presence introduces special problems that have to be seriously considered by the highway engineer, when such materials are encountered. The scale of the aerial photographs used in this thesis is 1/20,000, which is adequate for the purpose of this study. A larger scale, however, would be desirable for the study of minute features such as gully characteristics. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Indiana KW - Limestone KW - Photointerpretation KW - Sandstones KW - Shale KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314334 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01119952 AU - Virginia Bureau of Public Roads AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Traffic and Safety Division TI - Truck weight study PY - 1955 SP - v. KW - Periodicals KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Virginia KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01106077 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Traffic and Safety Division TI - Traffic data PY - 1955 KW - Manual traffic counts KW - Periodicals KW - Statistics KW - Traffic flow KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01106062 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Division of Traffic and Planning TI - Sufficiency ratings on Virginia's rural primary highways PY - 1955 SP - v. ; KW - Evaluation KW - Periodicals KW - Roads KW - Rural highways KW - Statistics KW - Traffic surveys KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105884 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Division of Traffic and Planning TI - Interstate traveled-way study PY - 1955 SP - v. ; KW - Evaluation KW - Expressways KW - Periodicals KW - Roads KW - Statistics KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100767 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Statistics 1954 PY - 1955///10th Annual Report SP - 148p AB - This publication, the tenth of an annual series, presents the 1954 statistical and analytical tables of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, highway-user taxation, financing of State and local highways, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways. Data for the financing of highways by county and local rural governments are also included, as well as information concerning local street financing. KW - Annual reports KW - Cities KW - Counties KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway mileage KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Streets KW - Towns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201467 AU - Westchester County, New York TI - CHANGES IN WESTCHESTER AND HOW PEOPLE FEEL ABOUT THEM PY - 1955 AB - VARIOUS COUNTY HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS AND THE OPINIONS OF CITIZENS CONCERNING THESE IMPROVEMENTS ARE SUMMARIZED. /BPR/ KW - County roads KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Public opinion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91157 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210977 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Critz, P F TI - HEAT-RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF ADDITIVES FOR BITUMINOUS MATERIALS PY - 1954/08 AB - IN PAST YEARS IT WAS GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT HOT-MIXED, HOT-LAID BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS WERE NOT SUBJECT TO FILM STRIPPING IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE. INVESTIGATIONS MADE WHERE FAILURES OF SUCH BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS HAVE OCCURED INDICATED, HOWEVER, THAT FILM STRIPPING HAD TAKEN PLACE IN THE UNDERLYING COURSES OF THE PAVEMENTS, THE CONDITION BEING MORE SEVERE IN THE CASE OF IMPERMEABLE BASES THAN IN THOSE HAVING POROUS GRANULAR MATERIALS. TO COUNTERACT THIS DEFICIENCY, THE USE OF COMMERCIAL ADDITIVES FOR TREATING ASPHALT WAS ADOPTED. THE RESULTS WERE NOT ALWAYS SATISFACTORY, IT WAS FELT BY MANY AUTHORITIES THAT THE ADDITIVES MIGHT NOT BE STABLE AT THE TEMPERATURES USED IN CONSTRUCTING HOT-MIX BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS OR WHEN HELD AT RELATIVELY HIGH TEMPERATURES DURING SHIPMENT FROM THE REFINERY. AS A RESULT, MANUFACTURERS UNDERTOOK THE PRODUCTION OF ADDITIVES HAVING HEAT-RESISTANT QUALITIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ASPHALT. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Film KW - Granular materials KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Thermal resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95118 ER - TY - SER AN - 01366340 JO - Civil Engineries Studies, Structural Research Series PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Billet, D F AU - Appleton, J H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - Flexural Strength of Prestressed Concrete Beams PY - 1954/06 IS - 84 SP - pp 837-853 AB - Analytical and experimental studies on behavior and ultimate flexural strength of post-tensioned, end-anchored, bonded, prestressed concrete beams are reported. A rational analysis is developed for computing ultimate moment and steel stress at failure. Approximate expressions are given for computing ultimate steel stress for cases when the stress-strain curve for the steel reinforcement may be approximated by two straight lines. Results of tests on 26 rectangular prestressed concrete beams are presented. The effect of major variables - percentage of steel, amount of prestress, and concrete strength - on deflections, cracking loads, and ultimate loads are studied. Twenty-one beams failed in flexure, either by crushing of concrete after excessive elongation of reinforcement or by crushing of concrete while steel stress was in the elastic range. Three beams were nearly balanced between shear and flexural failure, and two beams failed initially in bond. Comparisons of actual ultimate moments with those computed by analytical expressions show good agreement. KW - Beams KW - Deformation curve KW - Flexural strength KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Steel KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1134839 ER - TY - SER AN - 00212699 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Jackson, F H AU - Timms, A G TI - EVALUATION OF AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE PY - 1954/02 AB - THIS INVESTIGATION WAS UNDERTAKEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE ACCEPTABILITY OF A NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL ADMIXTURES WHICH WERE AVAILABLE AT THE TIME FOR USE IN THE PRODUCTION OF AIR-ENTRAINED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS AND BRIDGES. THE COMPLETE PROGRAM INVOLVED THE EVALUATION OF 27 MATERIALS, EACH OF WHICH WAS TESTED IN CONCRETE TO DETERMINE ITS ABILITY TO ENTRAIN AIR, AS WELL AS ITS EFFECT ON FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND ON DURABILITY. AS THE RESULT OF THE EVALUATION STUDY, 26 OF THE 27 MATERIALS WHICH WERE RECEIVED FOR TEST HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED AS ACCEPTABLE FOR USE AS AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Air entrainment KW - Bridges KW - Commercial KW - Compressive strength KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201463 AU - California Division of Highways TI - ALAMEDA COUNTY (EASTSHORE FREEWAY) INDUSTRY AND FREEWAYS PY - 1954 AB - INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGES ARE STIMULATED BY FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION. /BPR/ KW - Freeways KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Land use KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208559 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CRITERIA FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1954 AB - THIS IS THE NEAREST APPROACH TO AN OFFICIAL BUILDING CODE FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. KW - Building codes KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete construction KW - Criteria KW - Prestressed concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102982 ER - TY - SER AN - 00222781 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Normann, O K TI - BRAKING DISTANCE OF VEHICLES FROM HIGH SPEED, AND TESTS OF FRICTION COEFFICIENTS PY - 1953/06 AB - THE LIMITED TESTS TO EXAMINE BRAKING DISTANCES OF VEHICLES FROM HIGH SPEED AND TO MEASURE COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION, REPORTED IN THIS ARTICLE, WERE OF SUFFICIENT SCOPE TO THROW DOUBT ON SOME OF THE BELIEFS HERETOFORE COMMONLY ACCEPTED. WHAT BRAKING FORCE OR DECELERATION RATE SHOULD BE EXPECTED? ARE STOPPING DISTANCES FROM HIGH SPEEDS LONGER THAN GENERALLY ACCEPTED AS CORRECT? WHAT CAUSES THE WIDE VARIATION IN BRAKING ACTION OF DIFFERENT VEHICLES, AND OF THE SAME VEHICLE IN DIFFERENT TRIALS? ARE DECELERATION RATES ATTAINABLE BY VEHICLES AT HIGH SPEEDS UNCOMFORTABLE TO THE PASSENGERS, SO LONG AS THE VEHICLE FOLLOWS A STRAIGHT PATH? TO WHAT EXTENT DOES BRAKE FADE AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECT STOPPING DISTANCES? TENTATIVE INDICATIONS AS TO THE ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS WERE FOUND IN THE BRAKING TESTS DESCRIBED HERE, BUT THEY SERVE PRINCIPALLY TO POINT THE NEED FOR FAR MORE EXTENSIVE STUDIES THAT SHOULD INVOLVE THE COOPERATION OF THE AUTOMOTIVE AND TIRE INDUSTRIES. THE RESULTS OF THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT MEASUREMENTS THAT WERE MADE ARE USEFUL AS A PILOT STUDY TO ILLUSTRATE THE REQUIRED MAGNITUDE OF ANY INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERRELATION OF STOPPING DISTANCES AND FRICTION COEFFICIENTS. IT APPEARS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER VARIATION IN THE NONSKID QUALITIES OF BOTH TIRES AND ROAD SURFACES TO OBTAIN THE MOST EFFECTIVE IMPROVEMENT IN OPERATING SAFETY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Braking KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration rate KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Stopping distances KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01450876 AU - Woolf, Donald O AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Government Printing Office TI - Results of Physical Tests of Road-Building Aggregate to January 1, 1951 PY - 1953 SP - 230p AB - This bulletin gives the results of tests on samples of ledge rock, crushed stone, gravel, blast-furnace or smelter slag, and natural or manufactured fine aggregate which were made by the Bureau of Public Roads to January 1, 1951. Test results of coarse and fine aggregates are broken down by state. KW - Aggregate tests KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Fine aggregates KW - U.S. Bureau of Public Roads KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45600/45657/Results_of_Physical_Tests_of_Road-Building_Aggregate.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218197 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210868 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Carpenter, C A TI - A COOPERATIVE STUDY OF FILLERS IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1952/12 AB - THIS WAS A COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATION BY A NUMBER OF STATE HIGHWAY LABORATORIES, THE PUBLIC ROADS BITUMINOUS LABORATORY AND THE CRUSHED STONE ASSOCIATION. THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY WAS /1/ TO CORRELATE THE TEST RESULTS OF THE IMMERSION- COMPRESSION TEST FROM A NUMBER OF LABORATORIES, /2/ TO DETERMINE THE WATER-RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURES COMPOSED OF VARIOUS TYPES OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES, AND /3/ TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE VALUE OF A NUMBER OF STONE DUSTS AND FLY-ASH MATERIALS AS FILLERS FOR BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. THIS STUDY PROVIDES CONCLUSIVE PROOF OF THE HIGH VALUE OF FLY-ASH AS A FILLER FOR BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PARTICULARILY WHEN EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF THE STRENGTH AND WATER RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF THE MIXTURE. IT WAS PROPOSED, THAT, SINCE FLY-ASH FROM VARIOUS PRODUCERS DIFFER WIDELY THE MATERIAL SHOULD BE TESTED PRIOR TO USE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Fly ash KW - Immersion compression test KW - Resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Test results KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95074 ER - TY - SER AN - 00217614 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Woolf, D O TI - REACTION OF AGGREGATE WITH LOW-ALKALI CEMENT PY - 1952/04 AB - AN EXPANSION OF 1.0% AT AN AGE OF ONE YEAR OR LESS IS EXCESSIVE. THE QUANTITY OF ALKALI-REACTIVE MATERIAL IN SAND NEEDED TO OBTAIN A MAXIMUM REACTION IS DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF ALKALI IN THE CEMENT. IF AN AGGREGATE HAS A RELATIVELY LARGE AMOUNT OF ALKALI REACTIVE MATERIAL, A LOW ALKALI CEMENT WILL CAUSE LITTLE, IF ANY, REACTION WHEREAS THE SAME CEMENT WHEN USED WITH A SAND HAVING ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF REACTIVE MATERIAL MAY CAUSE AN OBJECTIONABLE EXPANSION. IT IS BEST TO TEST CEMENT AND AGGREGATE, IN PROPORTION AS SPECIFIED FOR WORK, TO DETERMINE IF AN ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION WILL TAKE PLACE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Alkalinity KW - Cement KW - Expansion KW - Low alkali cement KW - Materials tests KW - Reactive aggregates KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01119965 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - District of Columbia Department of Transportation AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Regional Highway Planning Committee for Metropolitan Washington TI - A recommended highway improvement program for the Washington Metropolitan area prepared by a Regional Highway Planning Committee for the Maryland State Roads Commission, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Highways, District of Columbia Department of Highways, in cooperation with Bureau of Public Roads, Department of Commerce PY - 1952///Commerce. SP - 87 p. KW - Highway planning KW - Roads KW - Washington Metropolitan Area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01119893 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - Highway needs in the emergency; an engineering appraisal of Virginia's principal roads and streets PY - 1952 SP - 54, [11] p. incl. illus., tables, forms, diagrs. KW - Highway transportation KW - Roads KW - Traffic engineering KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100779 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Statistics 1950 PY - 1952///6th Annual Report SP - 153p AB - This publication, the sixth of an annual series, presents the 1950 statistical and analytical tables of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, highway-user taxation, financing of State highways, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways. Data for the financing of highways by county and local rural governments are also included. Information concerning local street financing is shown for the first time. KW - Annual reports KW - Cities KW - Counties KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway mileage KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Streets KW - Towns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860508 ER - TY - SER AN - 00203285 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Leisch, J E TI - DESIGN CAPACITY CHARTS FOR SIGNALIZED STREET AND HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS PY - 1951/02 AB - CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION DATA NEEDED FOR CAPACITY ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITY CHARTS GENERAL TERMS USED TWO-WAY STREETS DESIGN CAPACITY FACTORS RELATION OF DESIGN CAPACITY TO POSSIBLE CAPACITY INTERSECTIONS WITH AVERAGE CONDITIONS INTERSECTIONS WITH PARKING PROHIBITED INTERSECTIONS WITH PARKING PERMITTED INTERSECTIONS WITH SEPARATE TURNING LANES AND NO SEPARATE SIGNAL INDICATION INTERSECTIONS WITH SEPARATE TURNING LANES AND SEPARATE SIGNAL INDICATION SPECIAL CONDITIONS ONE-WAY STREETS DESIGN CAPACITY FACTORS RELATION OF DESIGN CAPACITY TO POSSIBLE CAPACITY PROCEDURE EXPRESSWAYS FEATURES OF EXPRESSWAYS EXPRESSWAYS WITH SEPARATE TURNING LANES EXPRESSWAYS WIDENED THROUGH INTERSECTIONS OVER-ALL INTERSECTION CAPACITY USE IN PRELIMINARY DESIGN SOLUTION WITH HOURLY TRAFFIC VOLUMES SOLUTION WITH AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES LIMITATIONS IN USE OF CHARTS 14 AND 15. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Charts KW - Design capacity KW - Expressways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - One way traffic KW - Parking KW - Street intersections KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic volume KW - Turning lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240509 AU - Norris Engineering Co, Houston TI - GULF FREEWAY STUDY: A 15-YEAR STUDY OF LAND VALUES AND LAND USE ALONG THE GULF FREEWAY PY - 1951 AB - A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY WAS MADE OF CONDITIONS RELATING TO LAND VALUES AND LAND USE ALONG THE GULF FREEWAY COMPARED WITH OTHER AREAS NOT AFFECTED BY THE ROADWAY. STUDY IS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF A LARGE NUMBER OF BONAFIDE PROPERTY SALES. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Freeways KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Land values KW - Real property KW - Sales KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131515 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00772811 AU - Radzikowski, H A AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAY RADIO FREQUENCY CO-ORDINATION PY - 1950 SP - p. 26-35 AB - Reports on the use of radiotelephone as an aid in the management of road maintenance operations. U1 - Highway Conference (University of Michigan). Proceedings 35th (1950) KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Radio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/493246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01148007 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Capacity: Practical Applications of Research PY - 1949/12 VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - pp 237-277 AB - A rational and practical method for the determination of highway capacity is essential for the sound economic and functional design of new highways and in the adaptation of existing roads to present or future needs. The cooperative efforts of the Bureau of Public Roads, the Highway Research Board Committee on Highway Capacity and many state, county, and city engineers, intensively applied in many places and for a number of years, have resulted in a great number of field observations. This report uses the data collected in these field observations to offer a practical guide on highway capacity that can provide engineers designing a new highway or revamping an old one assurance that the resulting actual capacity will be calculated. This issue of Public Roads offers the second of a two-part report on highway capacity. The first part, published in the October 1949 issue, included an introduction to the report, definitions, and sections on maximum observed traffic volumes, fundamentals of highway capacity and roadway capacities for uninterrupted flow. This part addresses signalized intersections, weaving sections and unsignalized cross movements, ramps and their terminals, and relating hourly capacities to annual average volumes and peak flows. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Design hourly volume KW - Field studies KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway Research Board KW - Highways KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Research projects KW - Signalized intersections KW - U.S. Bureau of Public Roads KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Weaving sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31400/31402/Highway_Capacity_Manual_PR_v25_no11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/908207 ER -