TY - RPRT AN - 00215863 AU - Kofalt, J A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - INVESTIGATION OF SYNTHETIC RESINS AND SYNTHETIC RESIN PAVEMENT PROPERTIES PY - 1967/07 AB - THE OBJECT OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO COMPARE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC RESINS WITH ASPHALT CEMENTS, THE PROPERTIES OF PAVING MIXTURES INCORPORATING THESE MATERIALS AND TO DETERMINE THE DURABILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS USING SYNTHETIC RESIN AS A BINDER. IN ONE SERIES OF TESTS, LABORATORY MIXTURES WERE INVESTIGATED FOR DENSITY, VOIDS, STABILITY, FLOW VALUE, BINDER ABSORPTION AND OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT. TWO SOURCES OF AGGREGATE WERE STUDIED. IT WAS FOUND THAT OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENTS WERE THE SAME FOR SYNTHETIC RESIN AND ASPHALT CEMENT. HIGHER DENSITIES AND LOWER AID VOID CONTENTS WERE NOTED FOR THE SYNTHETIC RESIN MIXTURES. APPROXIMATELY 20 PERCENT GREATER MARSHALL STABILITIES WERE OBTAINED WITH THE SYNTHETIC RESIN MIXTURES OVER THE ASPHALT CEMENT MIXTURES. IN ANOTHER SERIES OF COMPARATIVE TESTS THE MIXTURES CONTAINING ASPHALT CEMENT AS THE BINDER HAS SLIGHTLY HIGHER MARSHALL STABILITIES THAN DID MIXTURES USING ANOTHER SOURCE OF SYNTHETIC RESIN. THE EFFECT OF VARYING TEST TEMPERATURES ON STABILITY VALUES SHOWED THAT FOR BOTH SYNTHETIC RESIN AND ASPHALT CEMENT MIXTURES STABILITIES INCREASED WITH DECREASING TEST TEMPERATURE AND THAT SYNTHETIC RESIN MIXTURES WERE MUCH MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO TEMPERATURE THAN THE ASPHALT CEMENT. ON THE BASIS OF A LIMITED FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY STUDY IT WAS FOUND THAT MIXTURES WITH THE SYNTHETIC RESIN BINDERS HAD BETTER RESISTANCE TO DETERIORATION BY FREEZE-THAW ACTION THAN MIXTURES WITH ASPHALT CEMENT AS THE BINDER. TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF ASPHALT CEMENT 5-10 PERCENT OF AN ASPHALT-RESIN ADDITIVE WAS ADDED TO REGULAR ASPHALT. THE ADDITIVE PRODUCED A MARKED IMPROVEMENT IN THE DUCTILITY AND PERCENT RETAINED PENETRATION AFTER BEING SUBJECTED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURE. THREE RESURFACING TEST PROJECTS WERE INSTALLED IN PENNSYLVANIA USING 3/8-INCH MAXIMUM SIZE AGGREGATE AND SYNTHETIC RESIN BINDER. AFTER THREE YEARS, THESE PAVEMENTS ARE PERFORMING SATISFACTORILY. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT SYNTHETIC RESINS ARE SATISFACTORY PAVING MATERIALS AND COMPARE FAVORABLY WITH ASPHALT CEMENT. /BPR/ KW - Additives KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates by source KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt cement KW - Binders KW - Density KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Resins KW - Resurfacing KW - Synthetic resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201183 AU - Wells, D R AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF INTERSTATE 55 ON THE HIGHWAY-RELATED BUSINESSES IN FIVE NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI TOWNS PY - 1967/06/30 AB - THE TOTAL SALES OF ALL EATING AND ALL LODGING PLACES AND THE TOTAL GALLONAGE OF ALL SERVICE STATIONS IN THE STUDY AREA INCREASED DURING EACH YEAR OF THE STUDY PERIOD FOR WHICH COMPLETE DATA WERE AVAILABLE. EACH YEARS RATE OF INCREASE EXCEEDED THE RATE APPLICABLE TO THE CONTROL AREA. THE AGGREGATE FIGURES DO CONCEAL SOME HARDSHIPS SUFFERED BY MARGINAL FIRMS. RESTAURANTS ON HIGHWAY 51 LOST THEIR LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGE ONCE I-55 OPENED AND UNLESS THEY WERE ABLE TO ATTRACT AND HOLD A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF LOCAL BUSINESS, THEY SUFFERED SHARP LOSSES. MOST OF THE MOTEL AND CAFE BUSINESS WAS ACCOUNTED FOR BY A SMALL NUMBER OF LARGER- SIZED FIRMS. AN UNMISTAKABLE TREND IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SERVICE STATIONS, CAFES AND MOTELS IN THE STUDY AREA TOWNS NOT ON HIGHWAY 51 BUT NEAR INTERSTATE 55. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A BUSINESS IN THIS NEW LOCATION PREVENTED THE AGGREGATE GALLONAGE FIGURES IN THE STUDY AREA FROM DECLINING AFTER THE INTERSTATE OPENED SINCE THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE OLDER SERVICE STATIONS SUFFERED LOSSES OF GALLONAGE THE FIRST YEAR AFTER THE NEW HIGHWAY WAS COMPLETED. SERVICE STATIONS HAD A GREATER AMOUNT OF MANAGEMENT TURNOVER THAN CAFES AND MOTELS. THE RESEARCHER FOUND THAT THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ARE NORMALLY LOWER FOR SERVICE STATIONS AND, THEREFORE, THE STATION OPERATORS ARE MOST APT TO SHUT DOWN THEIR BUSINESSES IF A BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITY PRESENTS ITSELF. CONVERSELY, MOTEL AND RESTAURANT OWNERS USUALLY HAVE TOO MUCH OF THEIR SAVINGS INVESTED IN THEIR BUSINESSES TO SHUT THEM DOWN WHEN SALES DECLINE, AND SINCE SUCH BUSINESSES ARE VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO SELL, THE OWNERS HAVE NO ALTERNATIVE BUT TO CONTINUE OPERATING THEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Businesses KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Management KW - Motels KW - Service stations KW - Turnover UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206310 AU - Skok, E L AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis TI - LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF MINNESOTA SECONDARY FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1967/06/30 AB - THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITIES OF HIGHWAYS IN MINNESOTA HAVE BEEN EVALUATED BY A PLATE BEARING TEST PROCEDURE FOR SIXTEEN YEARS. HOWEVER, THE PLATE BEARING TEST REQUIRES A SPECIAL TRAILER, THE TOTAL COST OF WHICH IS SUCH THAT IT IS NOT FEASIBLE FOR MOST COUNTIES TO ACQUIRE IT. ANOTHER METHOD OF EVALUATING ROAD STRENGTH, THE BENKELMAN BEAM TEST WAS STUDIED AND RESULTS RELATED TO THOSE OF THE PLATE BEARING TEST. FIELD MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE OVER A PERIOD OF SEVEN YEARS. THE BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS ARE USED TO EVALUATE THE PAVEMENT STRENGTHS IN TWO WAYS: (1) THE DEFLECTIONS AND THE PLATE BEARING VALUES ARE CORRELATED OBTAINING THE ALLOWABLE TONNAGE CAPACITY OF THE PAVEMENT THROUGH PREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED TONNAGE-PLATE BEARING VALUE RELATIONSHIPS, (2) THE ALLOWABLE SPRING TONNAGE IS ESTABLISHED DIRECTLY WITH THE BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION TEST. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND THE TWO STRENGTH TESTS ARE ALSO PRESENTED. IT WAS FOUND THAT STRENGTH CAN BE PREDICTED TO 20-45 PERCENT ACCURACY FOR BEARING VALUE AND 40-59 PERCENT FOR BEAM DEFLECTION. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS WITH THE BENKELMAN BEAM IS LOGICAL AND THAT VALUABLE USAGE COULD BE MADE BY THE COUNTIES AND THE STATE HIGHWAY DISTRICTS. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing values KW - Benkelman beam KW - Costs KW - Deflection tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Plate bearing test KW - Relationships KW - Secondary roads KW - Tonnage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224863 AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVENTORY OF FREEWAY OPERATION-BACKGROUND INFORMATION PY - 1967/06/23 AB - A METHOD IS PRESENTED OF OBSERVING AND DISPLAYING HOW A SECTION OF FREEWAY OPERATES. THE DATA IS COLLECTED BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY SUPPLEMENTED BY TRAFFIC COUNTS ON THE GROUND. FREEWAY OPERATION OR PERFORMANCE IS DEPICTED BY A TRAFFIC DENSITY CONTOUR MAP. A DENSITY CONTOUR MAP DEPICTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS ON A SECTION OF THE HARBOR FREEWAY IN LOS ANGELES IS INCLUDED IN THE REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Data collection KW - Freeway operations KW - Inventory KW - Maps KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470821 AU - Lewis, Karl Harcourt AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Concrete Slabs on Ground Subjected to Warping and Moving Loads PY - 1967/06/20/Final Report SP - 158p AB - A theory has been developed whereby stresses and deflections could be calculated for a series of rectangular slabs lying on a viscoelastic foundations and subjected to a moving load. The stresses and deflections are caused by the weight of the slab, the moving concentrated load, and by linear temperature (or moisture) variations that cause sufficient warping so that the slab is only partially supported by its foundation. Part I considers the problem of partial support caused by warping (in this thesis, the temperature at the top of the slab is smaller than that at the bottom), while Part II concerns itself with the effect of a reduction in subgrade support over some narrow region. In both part, the support conditions were simulated by a Kelvin viscoelastic model, and zones (which depend on the value of subgrade reaction) were set up so that the solutions to the governing differential equations could be reduced to a set of simultaneous algebraic equations. For the problem studied in Part I, the resulting simultaneous equations were nonlinear and a method of functional iteration equivalent to an N-dimensional Newton’s method was used. In the case of Part II, the equations were linear and the method of grout reduction was used. In both parts, the equations were solved with the aid of an IBM 7090 digital computer using a Fortran source program. It was found that when partial support due to warping exists, the tensile stress in the slab can increase with increasing velocity of load. Moreover, the maximum deflection (downward) need not occur when the velocity of the load is equal to zero. The reduction in subgrade support over a narrow region (approximately 8 feet or less) does lead to deflections and stresses which are higher than those calculated using the initial value of subgrade reaction. This is particularly evident when the load is over the region of reduced subgrade reaction. KW - Concrete structures KW - Deflection KW - Slabs KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Warpage UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314480 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469351 AU - Perloff, W H AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Harr, M E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stress Distribution within and under Long Elastic Embankments PY - 1967/06/20 SP - 56p AB - The distribution of stresses within and under long elastic embankments continuous with the underlying material is presented. The magnitude and distribution of stress in the foundation material in the vicinity of the embankment is significantly different from that predicted by the usual assumption of stress proportional to embankment height applied normal to the foundation. Influence charts for a variety of embankment shapes are given. KW - Deformation curve KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Foundation soils KW - Geometric configurations and shapes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313715 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457958 AU - Turner, A K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Fayette County, Indiana PY - 1967/06/20/Interim Report SP - 28p AB - This report completes a portion of a long-term project concerned with the development of engineering soils maps of the 92 counties in the State of Indiana. The soils mapping of Fayette County was done primarily by using soil survey map sheets published by the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Air photo interpretation techniques were used to supplement the pedological data. The resulting engineering soils map is presented as a blackline print. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314481 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206305 AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - EVALUATION OF PRESENT CONDITION OF PAVEMENT SECTIONS-SPECIAL REPORT FOR INVESTIGATION 183 PY - 1967/06/20 AB - THE REPORT IS ONE OF A SERIES RELATED TO VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH STUDY APPLICATION OF AASHO ROAD TEST RESULTS TO DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN MINNESOTA. THE PURPOSES OF THIS ASPECT OF THE STUDY ARE (1) TO REVIEW THE PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY-PERFORMANCE CONCEPT DEVELOPED AT THE AASHO ROAD TEST (2) TO DESCRIBE WORK DONE ELSEWHERE TO UTILIZE AND FURTHER DEVELOP THE CONCEPT AND (3) TO MAKE VARIOUS CORRELATIONS BASED ON (1) AND (2) ABOVE, AND ON WORK IN MINNESOTA LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEST PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX OF EACH TEST SECTION IN THE STUDY. PRESENT SERVICEABILITY RATING (PSR, A SUBJECTIVE RATING) BY A 3-MAN TEAM, AND MINNESOTA ROUGHOMETER, RUT DEPTH, AND CRACKING MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE ANNUALLY ON ALL 50 TEST SECTIONS. AN EQUATION FOR PSR IS DEVELOPED BY REGRESSION ANALYSIS FROM CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE PRESENT SERVICEABILITY RATINGS AND ROUGHOMETER MEASUREMENTS. TERMS FOR RUT DEPTH AND CRACKING ARE INTRODUCED IN THE EQUATION RESULTING IN AN EQUATION FOR THE PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX. (PSI). A METHOD OF CALIBRATING THE ROUGHOMETER IS PRESENTED. PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) A PSI EQUATION WAS DEVELOPED AND VALUES FOR EACH TEST SECTION FOR THE YEARS 1963 THROUGH 1967 WERE COMPUTER. (2) FOR THE PAVEMENTS OF THIS STUDY, THE EFFECT OF SURAFCE TEXTURE ON PSI WAS FOUND TO BE INSIGNIFICANT. (3) THE METHOD DEVELOPED FOR DETERMINING THE PSI WAS FOUND TO PROVIDE A MEANS TO OBTAIN A SATISFACTORY MEASURE OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. (4) SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS TO THE BASIC SERVICEABILITY-PERFORMANCE CONCEPT ARE PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Road meters KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219687 AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF HEADLIGHT GLARE AS RELATED TO LATERAL SEPARATION PY - 1967/06/19 AB - REPORT COVERS STUDY OF HEADLIGHT GLARE IN 3 PARTS: COMPILATION OF CURRENT STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE, FIELD TESTS OF DISABILITY GLARE, AND FIELD TESTS OF DISCOMFORT GLARE. ALTHOUGH LIMITED IN SCOPE, THE STUDY SHOWED THAT THE 94-FOOT LATERAL SEPARATION PROVIDED THE MOST TOLERABLE LEVELS IF BOTH DISABILITY AND DISCOMFORT GLARE ARE CONSIDERED FOR A HIGH BEAM MEETING SITUATION. DISCOMFORT GLARE WAS THE CONTROLLED FACTOR. LOW BEAMS ON THE OTHER HAND PROVIDED COMFORTABLE SEEING UNDER ALL CONDITIONS, BUT RESTRICTED THE SEEING DISTANCES SUCH THAT NONE OF THE LOW REFLECTANCE TARGETS WAS VISIBLE AT A DISTANCE EXCEEDING THE SAFE STOPPING DISTANCE AT 40 MPH. HIGH REFLECTION TARGET COULD BE SEEN IN TIME TO STOP FROM 50 MPH AT LATERAL SEPARATION WIDER THAN 33 FEET. ALTHOUGH INCREASES IN LATERAL SEPARATION APPEARED MORE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING DISABILITY GLARE THAN POLARIZED HEADLIGHTING, THE VALUE OF POLARIZED HEADLIGHTING FOR THE 6-FOOT LATERAL SEPARATION (TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS) CANNOT BE IGNORED. IN ALL BUT ONE CASE, POLARIZATION OF CURRENT HIGH BEAM HEADLAMPS PROVIDED INCREASED SEEING DISTANCE AT THIS SEPARATION. FURTHERMORE, 64 PERCENT OF 240 OBSERVATIONS INDICATED NO DISCOMFORT AND 30 PERCENT INDICATED LITTLE OR SOME DISCOMFORT. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLARIZATION IN TERMS OF DISABILITY AND DISCOMFORT GLARE IS EVIDENT. /BPR/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Field tests KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Lateral placement KW - Polarized light KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Separation KW - Studies KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01484785 AU - Ayad, Hassan A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - System Evaluation by the Simplified Proportional Assignment Technique PY - 1967/06//Progress Report SP - 162p AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a rational concept for the evaluation of urban transportation systems. A proposed plan is considered adequate when the transportation facilities accommodate to a reasonable degree the traffic movements at the specified service levels. A desire assignment procedure is employed to determine the nature, magnitude and location of deficiencies on a transportation system. Link and zonal deficiencies define the nature and the extent of the improvements needed to make a plan adequate. KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313714 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470310 AU - Osborne, Alfred M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility of Cold Weather Earthwork of Indiana PY - 1967/06 SP - 97p AB - The effects of cold and inclement weather on men, machines and materials involved in highway earthwork have been reviewed. The cold weather earthwork experience of the northern states of the United States, the provinces of Canada, and the Scandinavian countries has been reviewed with the aim of determining (1) how weather and soil conditions tend to restrict the length of the construction season, and (2) what cold weather construction practices might be applicable in Indiana. The seasonal variations of weather and certain soil conditions in Indiana have been studied. The increased costs of various earthwork operations in Indiana during cold weather have been estimated. The probable benefits of (1) reduced interest and inflation costs, (2) reduced accident and inconvenience costs, and (3) better utilization of the resources of labor, contractors, and the State Highway Commission have been weighed against heightened technological demands. A hypothetical example has been developed which shows that cold weather earthwork is feasible on an Interstate highway construction project in northern Indiana and that year-round construction scheduling can produce an economic benefit. KW - Cold weather construction KW - Construction scheduling KW - Cost estimating KW - Earthwork KW - Indiana KW - Soils UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314479 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443310 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Bureau of Public Roads TI - Guidelines for trip generation analysis PY - 1967/06 SP - 118p KW - Demographics KW - Demography KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Methodology KW - Methodology KW - Modal choice KW - Mode choice KW - Public transit KW - Public transport KW - Regression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel behaviour KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand KW - Travel time KW - Travel time KW - Trip generation KW - Trip generation KW - Urban transport KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227674 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OVERTAKING AND PASSING ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1967/06 AB - A REVIEW OF THE PUBLISHED LITERATURE REPORTING OBSERVATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF OVERTAKING AND PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS HAS BEEN MADE. CONSIDERED TOGETHER, THE TWO-LANE PASSING STUDIES REVIEWED HERE REPRESENT A SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF DATA. HOWEVER, THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF STUDIES REPORTED IS SMALL AND IN ANY GIVEN AREA, VERY LITTLE DEFINITIVE WORK HAS BEEN DONE. MUCH OF THE RESEARCH HAS BEEN OF DISTINCTLY EXPLORATORY NATURE AND MANY MORE PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN RAISED THEN SOLVED. IN GENERAL, NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE BY THE AUTHORS TO DEVELOP GENERAL PRINCIPLES TO ACCOUNT FOR THEIR FINDINGS. ALTHOUGH THIS REVIEW HAS TREATED THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF PASSING SEPARATLEY, REFLECTING THE TOPICAL EMPHASIS OF THE STUDIES, A PASS IS A SINGLE COORDINATED MANEUVER, AND ITS SEVERAL ASPECTS ARE MUTUALLY DEPENDENT. AS SEVERAL AUTHORS HAVE SHOWN, PASSING THRESHOLDS ARE DEPENDENT, AT LEAST TO SOME EXTENT, ON THE KINEMATICS OF THE PASSING SITUATION, I.E., DRIVERS DO NOT MAKE A PASSING DECISION BASED SOLELY ON DISTANCE TO THE ONCOMING CAR. HOWEVER, CONSIDERABLY MORE WORK IS REQUIRED TO DETERMINE WHAT VELOCITY AND DISTANCE RELATIONSHIPS DRIVERS RESPOND, THE CUES USED IN SENSING THESE RELATIONSHIPS AND THE WAY THE CUES ARE USED IN THE PASSING DECISION. /BPR/ KW - Distance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Passing KW - Reaction time KW - Relationships KW - Reviews KW - Rural highways KW - Studies KW - Two lane highways KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219693 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - FIELD, R N AU - Stoker, R J AU - California Division of Highways TI - DYNAMIC FULL SCALE IMPACT TESTS OF STEEL BRIDGE BARRIER RAILS SERIES XI PY - 1967/06 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF FULL SCALE DYNAMIC IMPACT TESTS OF A STEEL BRIDGE BARRIER DESIGN. BARRIERS WERE DESIGNED TO IMPROVE LATERAL VISIBILITY AND SELF-CLEANING OF THE BRIDGE. FOUR FULL SCALE DYNAMIC IMPACT TESTS OF A BASIC DESIGN AND TWO MODIFICATIONS WERE MADE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE BASIC BARRIER DESIGN AND ONE OF THE TWO MODIFICATIONS WILL ADEQUATELY RETAIN A VEHICLE AT AN ANGLE OF 25 DEGREES AND AT A SPEED OF 60 M.P.H. /AUTHOR/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dynamic tests KW - Full scale specimens KW - Impact tests KW - Metal bridges KW - Specimens KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217467 AU - Dunn, K H AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - IN-SERVICE DEGRADATION OF BASE COURSE AGGREGATES PY - 1967/06 AB - THE RESULTS OF SAMPLING BASE COURSE AGGREGATES FROM CONSTRUCTED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS INDICATE THAT DEGRADATION OCCURRED DURING CONSTRUCTION, PRIMARILY DUE TO THE COMPACTION OPERATION. SUBSEQUENT SERVICE UNDER TRAFFIC FOR TWO YEARS HAS NOT PRODUCED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF GRADATION. THERE HAVE BEEN NO SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN CLAY SIZE PARTICLES WITHIN ANY OF THE BASE COURSES SAMPLED, AND NONE OF THE BASE COURSES HAVE PRODUCED PLASTIC FINES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Clay KW - Compaction KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inservice KW - Particle size distribution KW - Paving KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215860 AU - Haviland, J E AU - Bellair, P J AU - Morrell, V D AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - DURABILITY OF CORRUGATED METAL CULVERTS PY - 1967/06 AB - TO PROVIDE DATA ON CORROSION RATES FOR CORRUGATED PIPE, TWO SURVEYS WERE CONDUCTED -- ONE FOR STEEL CULVERTS WITH 2 TO 35 YR OF SERVICE, AND ANOTHER COMPARING ALUMINUM AND STEEL CULVERTS INSTALLED FOR UP TO 4 YR IN SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTS. UNCOATED STEEL CULVERTS ARE PERFORMING SATISIFACTORILY, BEING UNAFFECTED BY PROPERTIES OF NORMAL SOIL AND WATER, BUT WITH SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER DURABILITY WHEN BITUMINOUS COATED OR COATED AND PAVED. ALUMINUM CULVERTS ARE PROVING DURABLE, INDICATING NO NEED FOR SUCH COATINGS, ABRASION WAS FOUND TO BE OF MINOR INFLUENCE. A STATISTICAL METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR PREDICTING SERVICE LIFE OF STEEL CULVERTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Abrasions KW - Aluminum culverts KW - Corrosion KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Durability KW - Protective coatings KW - Service life KW - Statistical analysis KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210383 AU - Wissa, A AU - Blouin, S AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF SELECTED ASPHALT-AGGREGATE SYSTEMS IN TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION PY - 1967/06 AB - SOME OF THE BASIC COMPOSITIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT-AGGREGATE ARE ISOLATED AND STUDIED USING CONSOLIDATED-DRAINED AND CONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS. THESE FACTORS INCLUDE ASPHALT CONTENT, AGGREGATE GRAIN SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION, AGGREGATE DENSITY, RATE OF STRAIN, TEMPERATURE, AND VOLUME CHANGE DURING SHEAR. THE RESULTS OF THIS INVESTIGATION SHOW THAT: (1) THE ADDITION OF ASPHALT TO A COHESIONLESS AGGREAGTE SYSTEM CAUSES IT TO EXHIBIT AN EFFECTIVE COHESION INTERCEPT AT FAILURE DUE TO THE VISCOUS NATURE OF THE ASPHALT. HOWEVER, ITS EFFECTIVE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION (DETERMINED BY THE MOHR-COULOMB CRITERION OF FAILURE) IS CONSIDERABLY REDUCED DUE TO THE LUBRICATING EFFECT OF THE ASPHALT, (2) THE EFFECTIVE COHESION IS A FUNCTION OF STRAIN ENERGY STORED IN THE ASPHALT BINDER DURING SHEAR. THE ENERGY STORAGE, AND THEREFORE THE EFFECTIVE COHESION, INCREASES WITH INCREASING STRAIN RATE, DECREASING TEMPERATURE, AND INCREASING AMOUNT OF ASPHALT UNDERGOING STRAIN, (3) THE EFFECTIVE FRICTION ANGLE INCREASES ONLY WHEN THE LUBRICATION QUALITIES OF THE ASPHALT DECREASE, DUE TO EITHER HIGH TEMPERATURES OR VERY LOW ASPHALT CONTENTS, AND (4) RESTRICTING SAMPLE VOLUME CHANGE DURING SHEAR HAS NO EFFECT ON THE MOHR-COULOMB STRENGTH PARAMETERS, BUT CAN RESULT IN A LARGE INCREASE IN STRENGTH IF THE SAMPLE HAS A TENDENCY TO DILATE DURING SHEAR. /AUHTOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt content KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Cohesion KW - Compression KW - Density KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Lubrication KW - Shear tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Triaxial compression KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240412 AU - David, J H AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 1967 PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPARISON OF LAND USE AREAS ADJACENT TO INTERCHANGE LIMITS OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM PY - 1967/06 SP - 285 p. AB - THIS INTERIM REPORT IS THE THIRD OF A CONTINUING STUDY TO DETECT CHANGES IN LAND USE PATTERNS NEAR ALABAMAS INTERSTATE INTERCHANGES. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND ON-SITE INSPECTIONS ARE COMBINED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION SUCH AS THE LOCATION AND TYPE OF INTERCHANGE, THE GENERAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE AREA AND NATURE AND EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT BY QUADRANT. THESE DATA ARE BEING SUPPLEMENTED BY THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE BUREAU PR-1030 SEVERANCE EFFECTS REPORTS WHICH WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR THOSE INTERCHANGES WHERE SALES OF LAND PARCELS ARE TRANSACTED. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Change KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Land use surveys KW - Loss and damage KW - Severance KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/128959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207845 AU - Kriegh, J D AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Highway Department TI - EPOXY BONDED COMPOSITE T-BEAMS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES- SUPPLEMENT TO THE FINAL REPORT PY - 1967/06 AB - TESTS TO DETERMINE THE CAUSES OF RUST FORMATION ON STEEL BEAMS JOINED TO CONCRETE BY A LAYER OF EPOXY ARE REPORTED. SPECIFICALLY, THE FOLLOWING VARIABLES WERE INVESTIGATED: THICKNESS OF EPOXY LAYERS VS. MOISTURE ABSORPTION, VARIATION IN MIXING METHODS (HAND VS. MACHINE MIXING) AGGREGATE TYPE AND PROPERTIES, AND VARIATIONS IN THE TIME OF PLACEMENT OF THE CONCRETE DECK ON THE EPOXY LAYER. SOME OF THE TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON CONCRETE CYLINDERS, OTHERS ON LARGER STEEL BEAMS. BASED ON THESE TESTS, THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT OCCURRENCE OF RUST SPOTS CAN BE PREVENTED IF: (1) CLEAN, DRY AGGREGATES OF LOW MOISTURE ABSORBING PROPERTIES ONLY ARE USED, AND (2) THE PRE-CURED EPOXY SYSTEM IS ADHERED TO. /BPR/ KW - Absorption KW - Aggregates KW - Beams KW - Bonds KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Highway bridges KW - Moisture content KW - Prevention KW - Rusting KW - T beams KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207847 AU - Gloeckner, K M AU - Hilton, M H AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - INVESTIGATION OF FIBERGLASS PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PY - 1967/06 AB - THIS PROJECT IS CONCERNED WITH THE THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF RECTANGULAR CONCRETE BEAMS, POST-TENSIONED WITH UNBONDED FIBERGLASS TENDONS. ALSO, A BRIEF DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN OF THE ANCHORAGE SYSTEM AND THE PROBLEMS RELATED TO GRIPPING THE FIBERGLASS TENDONS. A THEORETICAL SOLUTION FOR THE ULTIMATE LOAD FOR POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH STRAIGHT TENDONS IS PRESENTED, AND IT INCLUDES TERMS THAT DESCRIBE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE BEAM FROM THE POST-TENSIONED NO LOAD CONDITION TO FAILURE. SAMPLE DATA FOR ONE OF THE SIX EXPERIMENTAL BEAMS USED IN THE STUDY ARE PRESENTED AND A COMPARISON MADE BETWEEN THE EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL RESULTS. EXAMPLE SOLUTIONS ARE INCLUDED TO ILLUSTRATE THE USE OF THE EQUATIONS. THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND ANALYTICAL VALUES INDICATE THAT THE ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH CAN BE EVALUATED BY THE USE OF THE EQUATIONS DEVELOPED IN THE STUDY. FOUR OF THE SIX BEAMS TESTED WERE WITHIN THREE PERCENT OF THE ULTIMATE MOMENT PREDICTED BY THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS. THE END GRIPS THAT WERE STUDIED WOULD PROBABLY BE UNSATISFACTORY FOR LONG TERM LOADING, AND UNTIL A MORE EFFICIENT ANCHORAGE SYSTEM IS DEVELOPED THE USE OF FIBERGLASS POST-TENSIONING TENDONS IS IMPRACTICAL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Anchorages KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Experiments KW - Fiberglass KW - Flexural strength KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Theory KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203969 AU - Brown, C B AU - GREEN, D R AU - Pawsey, S F AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - California Department of Public Works TI - FLEXIBLE CULVERTS UNDER HIGH FILLS - EQUILIBRIUM CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1967/06 AB - THIS REPORT ON LOADS ON FLEXIBLE CULVERTS ON HIGH FILLS CONSIDERS ONLY EQUILIBRIUM STATES OF THE FLEXIBLE CULVERT AND IGNORES THE PROBLEM OF BUCKLING. IT IS ESSENTIALLY A REFINEMENT OF AN EARLIER ANALYSIS BY THE SAME AUTHORS OF RIGID PIPE. COMPARISONS WERE MADE WITH FIELD TEST RESULTS AND STATEMENTS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS, CULVERT RIGIDITY AND BASE MATERIAL WERE POSSIBLE. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT THE FINAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION COULD BE GRAVELY AFFECTED BY THE INITIAL CONFIGURATION AND ITS SUBSEQUENT MOTION. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction management KW - Culvert materials KW - Culverts KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Fills KW - Flexibility KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Stiffness KW - Structural materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222560 AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Philco - Ford Corporation AU - Ford Motor Company TI - DYNAMIC VEHICULAR WEIGHING SYSTEM PY - 1967/06 AB - THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DESIGN EQUIPMENT WHICH WOULD PERMIT WEIGHING TRUCKS WITHIN 5% ACCURACY OF TRUE STATIC WEIGHT AT SPEED UP TO 60 MPH UTILIZING NEWLY DEVISED SENSORS. AN ARRAY OF TEN SCALES WAS EMPLACED IN A TRUCK, SO AS TO INTERCEPT THE RIGHT HAND WHEELS OF VEHICLES TRAVELING IN THE SIXTY MILE PER HOUR LANE. SCALE OUTPUTS WERE RECORDED ON MAGNETIC TAPE FOR SEVEN DIFFERENT VEHICLE/LOAD COMBINATIONS AT VELOCITIES FROM 15 TO 60 MILES PER HOUR. TEN RUNS WERE MADE AT EACH VELOCITY. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA INDICATED THAT FOR NORMAL VEHICLES OPERATING AT SPEEDS UP TO 50 MILES PER HOUR, A WEIGHING SYSTEM UTILIZING THE SCALE DESIGN EMPLOYED IN THE EXPERIMENT CAN PROVIDE ESTIMATES OF TOTAL VEHICLE WEIGHT WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 5%, AND ESTIMATES OF INDIVIDUAL AXLE WEIGHTS WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 10%. /BPR/ KW - Axle loads KW - Dynamic tests KW - Magnetic tape recording KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Trucks KW - Weighing devices KW - Weight indicators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201184 AU - Wulleber, L D AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SOUTH DAKOTA INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 29. ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY PY - 1967/06 AB - TAXABLE RETAIL SALES, THE MAIN BAROMETER USED TO DETERMINE CHANGES IN THE STUDY AREA, INDICATED THAT THE STUDY AREA HAD A LARGER PERCENTAGE INCREASE DURING THE YEARS 1958-1965 THAN EITHER THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA OR THE SELECTED CONTROL AREA. ALTHROUGH THE RESEARCHER FOUND THAT THE STUDY AREA AS A WHOLE ECONOMICALLY BENEFITED BY THE ADDITION OF THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY, CERTAIN AREAS AND CERTAIN TYPES OF BUSINESSES WERE ADVERSELY AFFECTED. ADVERSE EFFECTS FOR THE HIGHWAY ORIENTED BUSINESSES LOCATED LAONG THE OLD HIGHWAY (U.S. 77) WERE SHOWN BY A REDUCTION IN TAXABLE RETAIL SALES. THE NON-HIGHWAY ORIENTED BUSINESSES WERE GENERALLY NOT AFFECTED BY THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY. SOME OF THESE BUSINESSES RELOCATED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE INTERSTATE INTERCHANGES. OTHER NEW BUSINESSES WERE ATTRACTED TO THE INTERCHANGE LOCATIONS. THE HEAVIER TRAFFIC ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY, ALONG WITH THE NEW AND MODERN FACILITIES LOCATED AT THE INTERCHANGES, RESULTED IN A NEW AND LARGE GROWTH OF TAXABLE RETAIL SALES. THESE ADDITIONAL SALES MORE THAN OFFSET THE LOSS SUSTAINED BY BUSINESSES LOCATED ON U.S. 77 AND SHOWED A PERCENTAGE INCREASE THAT WAS LARGER THAN WAS EXPECTED HAD NOT I-29 BEEN BUILT. THE FULL IMPACT OF I-29 WILL NOT BE FELT FOR SEVERAL YEARS SINCE THE MAJORITY OF BUSINESSES LOCATED AT THE INTERCHANGE AREAS WERE NOT FULLY OPERATIVE UNTIL 1964 AND 1965. THE RESPONSES OF THE DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES LOCATED ON SUSPERSEDED U.S. 77, TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF I-29, HAS NOT BEEN UNIFORM. TWO OF THE FOUR TOWNS LOCATED ON U.S. 77 WERE QUICK TO ACT ON THE LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES AT THE INTERCHANGES AND HENCE HAVE SEVERAL BUSINESSES LOCATED AT THE INTERCHANGE NEAR THE TOWN. CONSEQUENTLY, THESE TWO TOWNS HAVE EXPERIENCED A GREATER ECONOMIC GROWTH THAN THE TWO TOWNS WHICH HAVE HAD NO DEVELOPMENT AT THEIR INTERCHANGE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Community consequences KW - Economic impacts KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Retail trade KW - Social impacts KW - Tax receipts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239746 AU - Hill, S L AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECT OF FREEWAYS ON NEIGHBORHOOD PY - 1967/06 AB - A MOBILITY INDEX BASED ON (1) THE PERCENTAGE OF PERSONS IN THE SAME HOUSEHOLD IN 1960 AND 1955, (2) PERCENTAGE OF HOME OWNERSHIP, AND (3) THE PERCENTAGE OF SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENCES HAS BEEN USED TO EVALUATE HIGHWAY EFFECTS IN SEVERAL CALIFORNIA COMMUNITIES TENTATIVE FINDINGS ARE THAT IN A FAIRLY STABLE COMMUNITY--SACRAMENTO--A FREEWAY CONSTRUCTED ALONG NEIGHBORHOOD BOUNDARIES HAD NO EFFECT UPON THE MOBILITY INDEX. IN NEWER SUBURBS--LA MESA AND LEMON GROVE--THERE WAS A TENDENCY FOR THE AREA IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO THE FREEWAY TO BECOME MORE MOBILE, I.E., FOR A REDUCTION OF MOBILITY INDEX, BECAUSE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIPLE UNITS ON VACANT LAND, WHILE THE REST OF THE NEIGHBORHOODS, GENERALLY, BECAME MORE STABLE AS MORE AND MORE OF THEIR RESIDENTS ATTAIN 5-YEAR TENANCY. IN LONG BEACH, A FREEWAY DID NOT INCREASE THE RATE OF CHANGE IN A STABLE NEIGHBORHOOD; IN A MORE UNSTABLE NEIGHBORHOOD, THE AREA NEXT TO A FREEWAY MAY EXPERIENCE A MORE SIGNIFICANT CHANGE. IN SEATTLE, THE MOST STABLE AREA BECAME MORE STABLE WHILE THE MIXED SECTIONS CHANGED LITTLE. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT THE EFFECT OF A FREEWAY BUILT ALONG THE BOUNDARIES OF A NEIGHBORHOOD WILL VARY SOMEWHAT WITH THE PREVIOUS PROPENSITY OF THAT NEIGHBORHOOD. /BPR/ KW - Community consequences KW - Community values KW - Dwellings KW - Freeways KW - Neighborhoods KW - Ownership KW - Social impacts KW - Social values KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212019 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Ames, W H AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Division of Highways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ge KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by source KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cement content KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Density KW - Drying KW - Entrapped air KW - Materials tests KW - Shrinkage KW - Size KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207841 AU - Larew, H G AU - McCormick, F C AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - PREDETERMINING PILE LENGTHS AND CAPACITIES PY - 1967/06 AB - THE STUDY WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PHASES: (1) A COMPILATION OF STATISTICAL DATA PERTAINING TO PILE FOUNDATIONS CONSTRUCTED IN PREVIOUS YEARS AND (2) A COMBINATION EXPERIMENTAL-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL PILES LOCATED IN VIRGINIA WHICH WERE LOADED TO FAILURE. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURES USED AND THE FINDINGS ARE PRESENTED IN THREE VOLUMES. THE DATA COMPILATION PHASE PROVIDED STATISTICS ON APPROXIMATELY FIVE-HUNDRED BRIDGES USEFUL TO LOCATION AND DESIGN PERSONNEL, CONCERNED WITH SITE SELECTION AND FUTURE STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION. PILE LOAD-TEST INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED FROM ORIGINAL FIELD STUDIES AND FROM EXISTING RECORDS OF LOAD TESTS TO FAILURE CONDUCTED BY OTHER ORGANIZATIONS. ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE STATIC LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF A SINGLE PILE EVOLVED FROM THESE STUDIES. A BROAD COVERAGE OF CURRENT PILE DRIVING TECHNIQUES IS PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Length KW - Load tests KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile length KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Static loads KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204607 AU - Cole, F D AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Highway Department TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF ROADSIDE VEGETATION ALONG ARIZONA HIGHWAYS PY - 1967/06 AB - THIS REPORT LISTS AND, IN FACT, DESCRIBES SPECIES OF NATIVE WOODY AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS THAT HAVE A POTENTIAL FOR ROADSIDE USE IN THE ARID REGIONS OF THE SOUTHWEST. INCLUDED ARE DESCRIPTIONS OF TECHNIQUES USEFUL IN EFFECTIVELY PROPOGATING AND ESTABLISHING MANY OF THE SPECIES NAMED BY DIRECT SEEDING AND ASEXUALLY. SEED COLLECTION DATES, TREATMENT AND CULTURAL PRACTICES ARE INDICATED FOR A NUMBER OF SPECIES. SOAKING MEXICAN PALO VERDE SEED IN BOILING WATER PRIOR TO DIRECT SEEDING CONTRIBUTED TO 70 PERCENT GERMINATION. THE USE OF PEAGRAVEL AND CRUSHED CINDERS WERE FOUND TO BE EFFECTIVE ADDITIVES IN MATERIAL USED FOR BACKFILLING PLANT HOLES, PROBABLY FOR THE REASON THAT WATER PERCOLATED MORE FREELY. COMPOST GIN-TRASH MIXED WITH SOIL WAS AS GOOD AS PEAT MOSS-MANURE MIXTURE WHEN USED AS BACKFILL IN PLANT HOLES. WHERE THE USE OF EQUIPMENT IS FEASIBLE, IT IS DESIRABLE TO SCARIFY THE SURFACE PRIOR TO SEEDING GRASS. TESTS DEMONSTRATED THAT PLANT GROWTH AND SURVIVAL WERE BENEFITTED BY HEAVY PRUNING, WATERING, FERTILIZATION AND THE USE OF ANTI-DESICCANTS. MULCHES OF STRAW/ASPHALT WERE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN KNIT-NET, SOIL-SET, TROY-TURF AND STRANDEX IN CONTROLLING EROSION AND SIMULATING THE PRODUCTION OF GRASS GROWTH. /BPR/ KW - Arid land KW - Arid region KW - Erosion control KW - Grasses KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Roadbuilding machinery KW - Roadside improvement KW - Scarifiers KW - Shrubs KW - Slag KW - Urban growth KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212015 AU - Ferguson, P M AU - Husain, S I AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - STRENGTH EFFECT OF CUTTING OFF TENSION BARS IN CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1967/06 AB - SIXTY-FOUR CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED WITH NO. 8 OR NO. 11 BARS (LARGELY A432) WERE TESTED AS SIMPLE BEAMS. MOST OF THESE HAD BARS CUT OFF AT THE MINIMUM POINT FOR MOMENT OR AT 12D OR 15D BEYOND SUCH POINTS. SOME, FOR COMPARISON, CONTAINED FULL LENGTH BARS OR BARS BENT UP. THE MAJORITY OF THE BEAMS WITH BARS CUT OFF WERE DESIGNED TO BE BALANCED AT ULTIMATE IN FLEXURAL STRENGTH, SHEAR STRENGTH, AND BOND STRENGTH. WITH BARS CUT OFF AND NO REMEDIAL STEPS, ONLY 2 BEAMS OUT OF 33 DEVELOPED THE DESIGN ULTIMATE STRENGTH. THE LOSSES RANGED IN THE ORDER OF 15 TO 25 PERCENT, WITH ONE BEAM SHOWING MORE THAN 40 PERCENT. WITH BARS BENT UP NO DEFICIENCIES OCCURRED. THE ADDITION OF EXTRA STIRRUPS IMPROVED THE WEAK BEAMS, BUT STIRRUP EFFECTIVENESS IN REPLACING STRENGTH WAS ONLY ABOUT HALF THE NORMAL IN THE Y PLANE EVALUATION. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON THE USE OF THE ACI BUILDING CODE ALLOWABLES FOR BOND AND SHEAR STRESSES ARE MADE FOR BEAMS WITH BARS CUT OFF. DESIGNS SHOULD BE BASED ON A TYPICAL 30 PERCENT LOSS OF SHEAR STRENGTH WHERE BARS CUT OFF, A 20 PERCENT LOSS WHERE HEAVY STIRRUPS ARE ALREADY PROVIDED (RF IN THE Y PLANE APPROXIMATELY EQUALS 130 PSI), AND A 10 PERCENT LOSS FOR SLABS 12 IN. OR LESS IN THICKNESS. IF REMEDIAL STIRRUPS ARE USED, THEY SHOULD PROVIDE AN RF Y IN THE Y PLANE ADEQUATE TO CARE FOR TWICE THE INDICATED SHEAR DEFICIENCY AND IN NO CASE LESS THAN 100 PSI. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Beams KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Cutting KW - Flexural strength KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shear strength KW - Stirrups KW - Tension KW - Ultimate load design KW - Ultimate strength design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207839 AU - Svotelis, R A AU - Heins, C P AU - Looney, CTG AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A THROUGH TRUSS BRIDGE PY - 1967/06 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A FIELD TEST ON A THROUGH TRUSS BRIDGE. BOTH STATIC AND MOVING LOAD TESTS WERE MADE, BUT ONLY STATIC TEST RESULTS ARE PRESENTED. THE BRIDGE WAS INSTRUMENTED WITH NUMEROUS STRAIN AND DEFLECTION GAGES ON THE MAIN TRUSS MEMBERS AS WELL AS ON FLOORBEAMS, STRINGERS, AND ON THE CONCRETE DECK. PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES WERE USED TO RELATE THEORETICAL AND DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS TO MEASURED STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS. IN ONE TECHNIQUE, THE TRUSS WAS ANALYZED AS AN ORTHOTROPIC PLATE. THE PLATE EQUATIONS WERE SOLVED USING A FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD. VARIOUS CHANGES IN THE ACTUAL BRIDGE CONFIGURATION HAD TO BE MADE IN ORDER TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH CERTAIN LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYTICAL METHOD. IN GENERAL, MEASURED STRAINS IN THE BOTTOM OF STRINGERS COMPARED FAVORABLY WITH ANALYTICAL VALUES, BUT ANALYTICAL FLOORBEAM STRAINS, ALTHOUGH HAVING IN GENERAL THE SAME DISTRIBUTION SHAPE, WERE APPRECIABLY LOWER THAN CORRESPONDING MEASURED VALUES. ANALYTICAL AND MEASURED DEFLECTIONS HAD BETTER AGREEMENT. MEASURED STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS WERE ALWAYS MUCH LOWER THAN DESIGN VALUES. /BPR/ KW - Deflection tests KW - Dynamic loads KW - Field tests KW - Finite differences KW - Orthotropic KW - Plate bearing test KW - Static loads KW - Strain gages KW - Strain measurement KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214454 AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - FOUR CORNERS AREA-STUDY OF SUBGRADE CONSTRUCTION WITHOUT MOISTURE-DENSITY CONTRACT PY - 1967/06 AB - THIS PROJECT WAS ESTABLISHED TO SUPPLY INFORMATION AS TO THE EVENTUAL CONDITION OF FILLS AND CUTS CONSTRUCTED IN ARID REGIONS OF COLORADO WITHOUT MOISTURE OR DENSITY CONTROL. THIN-WALL PIPES HAVE BEEN PLACED IN CERTAIN FILLS FOR STUDIES OF MOISTURE AND DENSITY WITHNUCLEAR PROBES. INITIAL MOISTURE-DENSITY VALUES WERE DETERMINED BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS FROM THE INSIDE OF 36 INCH DIAMETER DRILLED DEEP INTO THE FILLS. DURING THIS PERIOD, THE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, STATE OF COLORADO PUT UNDER CONTRACT TWO ADDITIONAL PROJECTS THAT DID NOT REQUIRE MOISTURE AND DENSITY CONTROL. THESE PROJECTS WERE' /1/ S 0022/2/, BROOMFIELD - SH 93, AND /2/ F 016-1/38/, TURKEY CREEK CANYON EAST. MOISTURE AND DENSITY DATA WERE GATHERED ON THESE PROJECTS DURING CONSTRUCTION SO THAT COMPARISONS COULD BE MADE WITH DATA OBTAINED FROM THE FOUR CORNERS PROJECT. DATA FROM A PREVIOUSLY CONSTRUCTED PROJECT BETWEEN LIMON AND AGATE IS ALSO QUITE COMPARABLE TO DATA FROM THE FOUR CORNERS AREA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction KW - Data KW - Excavations KW - Fills KW - Nuclear tests KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207837 AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission TI - THE PRESENTATION OF THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION FOURIER SERIES METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CURVED ORTHOTHROPIC HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1967/06 AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE GENERAL EQUATIONS NECESSARY FOR THE COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF A CURVED ORTHOTROPIC OR ISOTROPIC DECK ON CURVED FLEXIBLE GIRDERS, USING A SLOPE-DEFLECTION TECHNIQUE. AN EXAMPLE BRIDGE PROBLEM IS EXAMINED, AND A RESULTING SET OF EQUATIONS DEVELOPED. SOME NUMERICAL RESULTS, FOR A LIMITING /RECTANGULAR/ CONDITION, ARE OBTAINED FOR THE VARIOUS CURVED PLATE STIFFNESS PARAMETERS. THESE RESULTS ARE CORRELATED WITH THE RECTANGULAR PLATE STIFFNESSES, GIVING EXCELLENT AGREEMENT. FIXED END MOMENTS AND FIXED END REACTIONS FOR A CONCENTRATED LOAD AT VARIOUS POSTIIONS WERE ALSO CALCULATED FOR A LIMITING CURVED PLATE CONDITION. SEVERAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE PRESENTED FOR EVALUATING THE PLATE CONSTANTS. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deflection KW - Fourier series KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Isotropic mass KW - Isotropic materials KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology KW - Orthotropic KW - Slopes KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210389 AU - Marek, C R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MECHANISM OF TENSILE BEHAVIOR AND FAILURE OF ASPHALT CEMENTS IN THIN FILMS PY - 1967/06 AB - THE TENSILE BEHAVIOR AND FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF ELEVEN ASPHALT CEMENTS IN THIN FILMS WERE STUDIED. VARIABLES IN THE STUDY INCLUDED (1) RATE OF DEFORMATION, (2) TEMPERATURE, (3) ASPHALT CONSISTENCY AND (4) ASPHALT SOURCE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE. LITERATURE PERTAINING TO PREVIOUS BEHAVIOR INVESTIGATIONS OF ASPHALT CEMENTS AND SIMILAR MATERIALS WAS REVIEWED AND SUMMARIZED. PARTICULAR EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON THE BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND THEORIES USED TO INTERPRET THEIR OBSERVED BEHAVIOR. PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES WERE USED DURING A LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM TO OBTAIN PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF OBSERVATIONS MADE OF THIN FILM SPECIMENS OF ASPHALT CEMENT THROUGH THEIR THINNEST DIMENSION AS THEY WERE SUBJECTED TO TENSILE STRESSES. MEASUREMENTS, THAT WERE TAKEN FROM THE PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS, SIGNIFICANTLY EXTENDED THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE TENSILE BEHAVIOR AND FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT FILMS SUBJECTED TO CONTROLLED TEST CONDITIONS. THE INFORMATION OBTAINED WAS RELATED TO THE (1) EXTENT OF CAVITY FORMATION PRIOR TO SPECIMEN FAILURE, (2) AMOUNT OF VOLUME CHANGE TO FAILURE CAUSED BY TENSILE STRESSING, (3) MAGNITUDE OF SPECIMEN DRAW-IN, AND (4) RELATIONSHIP OF EACH OF THE FOREGOING TO THE MAGNITUDE OF TENSILE STRESS AND SPECIMEN FILM THICKNESS. THE TENSILE BEHAVIOR DATA COLLECTED FOR ALL OF THE ASPHALT CEMENTS INVESTIGATED WERE ANALYZED IN DETAIL. A TECHNIQUE WAS THEN DEVELOPED WHICH WOULD ENABLE THE ACCURATE PREDICTION OF THE TENSILE STRENGTH FILM THICKNESS CURVE FOR ANY TYPE OF ASPHALT CEMENT OF NORMALLY USED CONSISTENCY, FOR NORMAL EXPOSURE TEMPERATURES ABOVE THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF THE MATERIAL, AND FOR RATES OF DEFORMATION RANGING FROM 0.005 TO 1.0 IN./MIN. THE TECHNIQUE REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE ONLY OF A BASE CURVE ESTABLISHED FOR A GIVEN ASPHALT CEMENT AND THE MAGNITUDE OF APPROPRIATE SHIFT FACTORS FOR (1) TEMPERATURE, (2) RATE OF DEFORMATION, AND (3) ASPHALT CEMENT PENETRATION. BASED ON INFORMATION AND CONCEPTS FROM VARIOUS SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES, A MECHANISM WAS PROPOSED TO EXPLAIN THE TENSILE BEHAVIOR AND FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT CEMENTS IN THIN FILMS. THE MECHANISM RELATES TO MOLECULAR 'CHAIN' RESPONSE WHEN SUBJECTED TO STRESS UNDER VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF EXTERNAL CONDITIONS. LABORATORY TEST RESULTS WERE CITED TO SUBSTANTIATE THE APPLICABILITY OF THE HYPOTHESIZED MECHANISM TO ASPHALT CEMENTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt cement KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Chemical bond KW - Consistency KW - Deformation KW - Failure KW - Molecular attraction KW - Molecular structure KW - Photographic methods KW - Photography KW - Polymers KW - Reviews KW - Sources KW - Temperature KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Thickness KW - Thin films KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208401 AU - Hudson, F M AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF A FULL-SIZE CONTINUOUS CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE PART I & II-DEAD LOAD EFFECTS AND LIVE LOAD EFFECTS PY - 1967/06 AB - A THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE WAS BUILT NEAR AUBURN UNIVERSITY FOR THE SOLE PURPOSE OF TESTING. THE BRIDGE IS OF A STANDARD DESIGN BY THE ALABAMA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT, WITH THE MAJOR EXCEPTION BEING THAT THE TEST BRIDGE IS ONLY HALF-WIDTH (TWO GIRDERS INSTEAD OF FOUR). VARIOUS MEASUREMENTS MADE WERE: REACTIONS, DEFLECTIONS, SURFACE STRAINS, STEEL STRAINS, LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENTS, AND INTERNAL AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURES. LIVE LOAD TESTS AND DEAD LOAD TEST ARE REPORTED. THE DEAD LOAD TEST SHOWED THAT THERMAL CHANGES EXERTED THE STRONGEST INFLUENCE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE BRIDGE. NO DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CHANGES AND TEMPERATURE COULD BE ESTABLISHED. THE SUM OF THE REACTIONS OF THE GIRDERS WAS SUBJECT TO CONTINUOUS VARIATION, INCREASING WITH RISING TEMPERATURE, AND VICE VERSA. THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE COULD NOT BE ASSESSED AND NO DISCERNIBLE FLUCTUATIONS OF THE REACTION COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO SHRINKAGE. SHORT-TERM DEFLECTIONS IN THE END SPANS WERE MUCH SMALLER THAN PREDICTED. ABNORMAL OR UNSIGHTLY CRACKING OF THE TEST SPANS DID NOT OCCUR. THE CHANGES IN THE REACTIVE FORCES WERE OF SUCH MAGNITUDE THAT, IN CONJUNCTION WITH LIVE AND IMPACT LOADING, VERY SEVERE CRACKING WOULD BE POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF THE INCREASES OF STRESS. THE LIVE-LOAD STUDY SHOWED THAT ELASTIC ANALYSES BASED UPON THE ASSUMPTION THAT CONCRETE HAS NO TENSILE STRENGTH IS HIGHLY CONSERVATIVE WITHIN THE RANGE OF LOADS APPLIED. FOR TRANSIENT LOADS TENSION OF THE CONCRETE APPEARS TO CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE BRIDGE. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE REACTIVE FORCES AMONG THE SUPPORTS WAS IN CLOSE AGREEMENT WITH THAT PREDICTED BY TRADITIONAL MEANS. LIVE- LOAD DEFLECTIONS CAN BE PREDICTED WITH FAIR ACCURACY BY CLASSIC THEORY AND SIMPLIFYING THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE GROSS CONCRETE SECTION ALONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STIFFNESS OF THE STRUCTURE. ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DEVELOP A MATHEMATICAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION BUT THIS DID NOT PROVE FEASIBLE. INSTRUMENTATION LEFT MUCH TO BE DESIRED. KW - Concrete bridges KW - Continuous reinforcement KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection tests KW - Deformation curve KW - Highway bridges KW - Live loads KW - Load tests KW - Longitudinal movement KW - Shrinkage KW - Static loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203975 AU - Futrakul, S AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FLOOD ROUTING IN A CIRCULAR SECTION (OF SUBCRITICAL SLOPES BY MUSKINGUM METHOD) PY - 1967/06 AB - IT IS SHOWN THAT THE STORAGE EQUATION OF FLOOD ROUTING BY THE MUSKINGUM METHOD DOES NOT APPLY FOR FLOOD ROUTING THROUGH A CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION. THE CHANNEL OF THIS STUDY CONSISTS OF A SINGLE CONTINUOUS CIRCULAR CONDUIT OF THREE FEET IN DIAMETER AND 820 FEET LONG WITH FREE-FALL END. IN THIS STUDY THE STORAGE EQUATION MAKES USE OF THE ENERGY SLOPE TO OBTAIN A SOLUTION OF FLOOD ROUTING THROUGH A CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION. PLOTS ARE PRESENTED WHICH SHOW THE EFFECTS OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS AND STORAGE COEFFICIENT. PLOTS ARE ALSO SHOWN COMPARING THIS STORAGE METHOD WITH THE METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS AND THE OBSERVED FLOOD WAVES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Characteristics KW - Coefficients KW - Diameter KW - Ditches KW - Equations KW - Flood routing KW - Flood waves KW - Floods KW - Free fall KW - Handling and storage KW - Hydraulics KW - Muskingum method KW - Parameters KW - Plotting KW - Slopes KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207854 AU - Cornell, C A AU - Ho, P K AU - Ehrlich, R A AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - A METHOD FOR THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF SAMPLE SPAN DECK AND GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1967/06 AB - A TECHNIQUE FOR THE SOLUTION OF AN OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A STANDARD DECK AND GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGE IS PRESENTED. THE OPTIMUM DESIGN IS BASED ON A MINIMUM COST CRITERION. THE PROBLEM IS FORMULATED IN A GENERAL WAY SUCH THAT A VARIETY OF GIRDER SHAPES AND NON-PRISMATIC MEMBERS MAY BE TREATED. FORMULATION HAS BEEN MADE FOR WELDED STEEL GIRDERS, ROLLED STEEL SHAPES WITH OR WITHOUT COVER PLATES, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, AND REINFORCED CONCRETE. AN AUTOMATIC OR MANUAL INITIAL DESIGN IS ASSUMED TO BE GIVEN, FROM WHICH A MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS CREATED. LINEAR PROGRAMMING IS USED TO SOLVE THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR A SET OF CHANGES TO IMPROVE THE INITIAL DESIGN. THE TECHNIQUE ALLOWS THE DESIGNER TO CONTROL ANY OF THE CHOSEN INDEPENDENT DESIGN PARAMETERS AND HAVE THE REMAINING PARAMETERS OPTIMIZED. A SYSTEM OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO BECOME A PART OF THE BRIDGE SUBSYSTEMS OF ICES IS DEVELOPED FOR THE GENERAL SOLUTION. THE EFFECTS OF THE FORM OF VARIABLES AND CONVERGENCE AIDS ARE STUDIED. SEVERAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS INVOLVING STEEL GIRDERS ARE INCLUDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programming KW - Costs KW - Cover KW - Design KW - Forming KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Linear programming KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Roll forming KW - Shape KW - Simple span KW - Steel KW - Structural design KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219929 AU - Rowan, N J AU - Jensen, H C AU - Walton, N E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN INTERIM REPORT ON A STUDY OF DISABILITY VEILING BRIGHTNESS PY - 1967/06 AB - FOR NONUNIFORM FIELDS OF VIEW AS FOUND IN ROADWAY LIGHTING WITH LARGE GLARE SOURCES PRESENT, THE STRAY LIGHT PRODUCES DISABILITY VEILING BRIGHTNESS (DVB) WHICH CAN ADVERSELY INFLUENCE VISIBILITY AND MUST BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN EVALUATING ROADWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS. THIS RESEARCH WAS DESIGNED TO: (1) DETERMINE THE DVB OF SELECTED ROADWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS OF 1000-WATT LUMINAIRES, AND (2) DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF MOUNTING HEIGHT ON DVB FOR 400- AND 1000-WATT LUMINAIRES. THE DATA FOR ALL THE SYSTEMS TESTED WERE SUMMARIZED BY CONSTRUCTING CONTOURS BASED ON THE K-VALUES FOR EACH LIGHTING SYSTEM. FROM THE PATTERNS FORMED BY THE CONTOUR LINES OF THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS, IT CAN BE SEEN THAT CHANGES IN MOUNTING HEIGHT DO NOT NECESSARILY CHANGE THE PATTERN AS TO FORM, BUT ONLY CHANGE THE INTENSITY. FOR A LOW MOUNTING HEIGHT, THE INTENSITY IS HIGHER THAN FOR A HIGHER MOUNTING HEIGHT. SYSTEMS WITH LUMINAIRES IN ONESIDE MOUNTING CONFIGURATIONS AND MEDIAN MOUNTING CONFIGURATIONS PRODUCE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME PATTERNS OF DVB. INTENSITY OF DVB AND PAVEMENT BRIGHTNESS IS GREATER FOR 1000-WATT LUMINAIRE SYSTEMS THAN FOR CORRESPONDING 400-WATT LUMINAIRE SYSTEMS. FLUCTUATION OF DVB IS GREATER FOR THE 400-WATT SYSTEMS THAN FOR THE 1000-WATT SYSTEMS. FOR A STAGGERED SYSTEM, A 1000- WATT SYSTEM WITH 50-FOOT MOUNTING HEIGHT PROVIDES BETTER CONDITIONS FOR VISION THAN A 400-WATT SYSTEM WITH 45-FOOT MOUNTING HEIGHT. FOR ANY OF THE 1000-WATT SYSTEMS THE LEVEL OF DVB APPEARS TO BE LOW ENOUGH NOT TO BE A CRITICAL FACTOR IN VIEW OF THE HIGH PAVEMENT BRIGHTNESS PRODUCED BY THE SYSTEMS. KW - Brightness KW - Disabling glare KW - Glare KW - Height KW - Highway pavement KW - Intensity KW - Luminaires KW - Pavements KW - Power KW - Street lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212024 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Ames, W H AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Division of Highways TI - A STUDY OF UNIT WEIGHT, VOLUME AND CEMENT FACTOR OF FRESH CONCRETE PY - 1967/06 AB - TESTS WERE MADE IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD TO SHOW THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS METHODS OF COMPACTION ON UNIT WEIGHT, YIELD AND CEMENT FACTOR OF FRESH CONCRETE. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS ARE BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF TESTS USING VARIOUS CONCRETE MIXES, COMPACTION EFFORTS, AND FIELD SAMPLES: (1) LARGE INCREASES IN THE AMOUNT OF VIBRATION OF CONCRETE IN THE UNIT WEIGHT TEST PRODUCED VERY SMALL CHANGES IN THE ACTUAL UNIT WEIGHT. REVIBRATION OF JOB CONCRETE FOR 20 SECONDS WITH AN INTERNAL VIBRATOR FOLLOWING STANDARD RODDING (WHICH WOULD FAR EXCEED NORMAL JOB VIBRATION) PRODUCED AN INCREASE IN UNIT WEIGHT OF APPROXIMATELY 0.3 PERCENT. (2) THE VIBRATION IN UNIT WEIGHT AND CALCULATED CEMENT FACTOR AS DETERMINED FROM THE UNIT WEIGHT TEST TAKEN IN FRONT OF AND BEHIND A PAVING MACHINE IS VERY MINOR. ON THE TWO PROJECTS TESTED, THE UNIT WEIGHT WAS FOUND TO AVERAGE 0.5 PERCENT AND 0.4 PERCENT GREATER WHEN SAMPLED BEHIND THE PAVING MACHINE. (3) THE LONG-ESTABLISHED SYSTEM OF USING THE UNIT WEIGHT TEST TO DETERMINE YIELD AND CEMENT FACTOR OF CONCRETE DELIVERED TO THE JOB IS MORE ACCURATE THAN ANY OTHER SYSTEM. /BPR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Cement factor KW - Compaction KW - Concrete tests KW - Concrete vibrators KW - Polymer concrete KW - Unit weight KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Weight KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201880 AU - Hill, S L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECT OF FREEWAYS ON NEIGHBORHOOD: AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF MOBILITY TO COMMUNITY VALUES PY - 1967/06 AB - THIS RESEARCH PROJECT HAS DEVELOPED A DEVICE KNOWN AS A MOBILITY INDEX WHICH SERVES TO IDENTIFY AND DISTINGUISH THE LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS. CHANGES IN THE CHARACTER OF NEIGHBORHOOD CAN ALSO BE DETECTED THROUGH THE MOBILITY INDEX. THEREFORE, IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT FREEWAY-INDUCED CHANGE IN NEIGHBORHOOD COULD BE DETECTED THROUGH THE MOBILITY INDEX, AND THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO A DEGREE. THE RESEARCH HAS SHOWN, THUS FAR, THAT IN STABLE NEIGHBORHOODS FREEWAYS CONSTRUCTED ALONG NEIGHBORHOOD BOUNDARIES WILL HAVE LITTLE EFFECT UPON THE NEIGHBORHOOD; MORE MOBILITY MAY RESULT FROM A FREEWAY IN A NEIGHBORHOOD WHICH IS UNDERGOING SIGNIFICANT CHANGE OF SOME KIND--EITHER BECOMING MORE MOBILE OR MORE STABLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Community values KW - Economic impacts KW - Freeways KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Mobility KW - Neighborhoods KW - Social factors KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470824 AU - Nakkash, Tamman Zaki AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 83 PY - 1967/05/11/Progress Report AB - This report is the annual, continuing study of the speeds of vehicles on rural Indiana highways. Observations of spot-speeds were taken on interstate, other four-lane, and two-lane highways throughout the state during the months of August through October 1966. Analysis of the speeds recorded showed that the overall average speed for passenger cars was 60.0 mph. The overall average speed for trucks on the three types of highways was 53.8 mph. These average speeds showed an increase from the values measured in August and September 1965. In fact, the average overall speed of passenger cars reported in this study for 1966 is the highest which has been found to date in this continuing study in progress for over 20 years. The overall average speed for trucks was also higher than in 1965 and exceeded only by the value reported in July 1964. KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314477 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469353 AU - Gourley, J AU - Rib, H T AU - Miles, R D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Automatic Technique for Abstracting Color Descriptions from Aerial Photography PY - 1967/05/11 SP - 30p AB - The interpretation of color aerial photography is increasing in all disciplines of engineering and earth sciences. One of the problems facing the interpreter using color photography is the need for a rapid and automatic method of describing the various colors present of the photography that aid in the interpretation. This paper describes a simple, rapid and reasonably accurate method for automatically describing the colors present on aerial photography using simple transmission or reflection densitometers. This method describes the colors in the Munell notation system or by descriptive names based on the ISCC-NBS system. A graphical method as well as a computer program were developed to determine the color descriptions. KW - Aerial photography KW - Color photography KW - Densitometers KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313713 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453679 AU - Maxman, Robert AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 84: Truck Weight-Speed Study: Progress Report PY - 1967/05/11 SP - 29p AB - This report is of the annual continuing study of the relationship between truck weights and truck speeds on Indiana highways. The weight and speed data contained in this report were taken during August and September 1966. Analysis of the data indicated a slight increase in truck speeds and a small decrease in truck weights. The correlation between the weight and speed was found to be low, indicating that other factors are more influential on truck speeds. KW - Indiana KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314478 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200059 AU - Ernst and Ernst AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - NEBRASKA MANAGEMENT RESEARCH STUDY PY - 1967/05/09 AB - THIS REPORT PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT A MANAGEMENT RESEARCH STUDY IN THE STATE OF NEBRASKA AND INVESTIGATED THE FOLLOWING MAJOR AREAS' /1/ LEGISLATION, /2/ ORGANIZATION, /3/ STAFFING, /4/ POSITION CLASSIFICATION, /5/ WAGES AND SALARIES, /6/ EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE, /7/ DATA PROCESSING, /8/ FINANCIAL REPORTING, AND /9/ IMPLEMENTATION. CONSIDERABLE EMPHASIS IS DEVOTED TO ORGANIZATION AND STAFFING INCLUDING DEVELOPMENT OF POSITION DESCRIPTIONS. SOME ATTENTION WAS DEVOTED TO INTER-GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS THROUGHOUT THE REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Information processing KW - Labor unions KW - Laws KW - Management KW - Organization KW - Personnel management KW - Position /title/ KW - Recruiting KW - Research KW - Salaries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01484476 AU - Rude, Ronald G AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of an Urban Street Needs Study PY - 1967/05//Technical Paper SP - 33p AB - A typical city spends between 20 and 30% of its operating budget for transportation purposes. Of this amount, about 70% is allocated to the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the street system. If such large sums of money are expended for urban transportation, this investment should be allocated to maximize the benefits returned to the road users, the abutting property, and the general public. Efficient and economical techniques should be used to determine the transportation needs of a community and the priorities for their improvement. The purposes of this field investigation were to develop a rational technique for the conduct of an urban street needs study and to evaluate the use of sampling procedures as applied to this needs study to determine the reliability of the cost estimates obtained. The facilities analyzed in this investigation were the arterial and collector streets and the major intersections in West Lafayette, Indiana. The study process involved the completion of the following eight basic steps: 1. Classification of streets into systems according to the functions performed in serving traffic demands; 2. Development of design and tolerable standards; 3. Inventory of each street section and intersection to describe its physical characteristics and its traffic load; 4. Determination of present street and intersection deficiencies and those which are expected to develop within the 20-year study period; 5. Determination of the physical improvements needed to overcome the present and future deficiencies; 6. Estimation of the costs of needed improvements; 7. Establishment of priorities for improvements; and 8. Application of statistical considerations to determine if reliable cost estimates can be obtained by sampling techniques. This procedure provides a rapid, accurate, and inexpensive means of determining the physical and financial needs of an urban transportation system for communities of small and medium size. KW - Field studies KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement management systems KW - Streets KW - Urban highways KW - West Lafayette (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313712 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470307 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Fulton County, Indiana PY - 1967/05//Progress Report SP - 54p AB - This report completes a portion of a project concerned with the development of county engineering soils maps of the State of Indiana. This is the 38th report in the series. The soils mapping of Fulton County was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. Some soil test data from the previous study of this area are included in the report and generalized soil profiles of the major soil groups are presented on the soils map. A print of the engineering soils map is included in the report. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Fulton County (Indiana) KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314475 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224860 AU - Wisepart, I S AU - Rosenzweig, S N AU - WARSKOW, M A AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REPORTING OF DISABLED VEHICLES BY COOPERATIVE MOTORISTS PY - 1967/05 AB - AN EXPERIMENT HAS BEEN CONDUCTED IN FOUR STATES TO DETERMINE WHETHER PASSING MOTORISTS WILL COOPERATE BY REPORTING FELLOW MOTORISTS NEEDING HELP. HIGHWAYS IN NEW YORK, KANSAS, CALIFORNIA, AND VIRGINIA WERE SELECTED TO REPRESENT A TYPICAL RANGE OF TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND TRIP LENGTHS. THE PASSING MOTORISTS WERE INSTRUCTED BY SPECIAL ROADSIDE SIGNS TO REPORT MOTORISTS NEEDING HELP BY FLASHING HEADLIGHTS AT A REPORTING STATION WHERE OBSERVERS RECORDED MOTORIST RESPONSES. A DISABLED VEHICLE WAS STAGED ALONG THE TEST SECTION. THE EXPERIMENT HAS SHOWN THAT MOTORISTS WILL COOPERATE AND THAT THE DEGREE OF COOPERATION IS PREDICTABLE. BECAUSE OF ITS SIMPLICITY AND LOW COST, SUCH A SYSTEM IS PARTICULARLY APPLICABLE TO HIGHWAYS IN LOW VOLUME, RURAL AREAS WHERE MORE SOPHISTICATED SOLUTIONS WOULD BE IMPRACTICAL. BEFORE RECOMMENDING WIDESPREAD USE OF A COOPERATIVE MOTORIST SYSTEM, THREE AREAS REQUIRE FURTHER WORK. AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM IS NEEDED TO ACQUAINT MOTORISTS WITH THE SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTION. AN OPERATIONAL EXPERIMENT AND EVALUATION SHOULD BE CONDUCTED FOR SEVERAL MONTHS ON A TYPICAL EXTENDED SECTION OF HIGHWAY WHICH WOULD INCLUDE THE NECESSARY EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT AND CRITERIA DETERMINATION. A STANDARD SEND HELP SIGNAL SHOULD BE ADOPTED, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO THE NIGHTTIME PROBLEM OF SEEING MOTORISTS NEEDING HELP. THE COOPERATION RECEIVED THROUGHOUT THE EXPERIMENT FROM HIGHWAY AND POLICE OFFICIALS, MOTORISTS, AND NEWS MEDIA INDICATES THAT A NEED EXISTS FOR A REPORTING SYSTEM AND THAT THERE IS A HIGH DEGREE OF ACCEPTANCE TO THE COOPERATIVE MOTORIST CONCEPT. /BPR/ KW - Behavior KW - Cooperation KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Experiments KW - Flashing KW - Headlamps KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214460 AU - David, J H AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - QUALITY CONTROL OF CONSTRUCTION BY STATISTICAL TOLERANCES PY - 1967/05 SP - 254 p. AB - THIS REPORT REFLECTS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES IN EFFECT IN 1965-66 TOWARDS MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS AND GIVES AN EXCELLENT REVIEW OF THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE SPECIFICATIONS BEING ACHIEVED BY THE CONTRACTORS ON: (1) GRADING PROJECT, (2) A BASE AND BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT PROJECT, AND (3) A BASE AND PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PROJECT. THE RESULTS REPORTED WERE FROM MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION WHICH HAD MET ALL REQUIREMENTS OF THE CONTRACT AS CURRENTLY USED BY THE STATE, NEVER-THE-LESS THE STATISTICAL METHODS OF SAMPLING, TESTING AND ANALYSIS DO SHOW A TENDENCY FOR A SMALL NUMBER OF RESULTS TO FALL OUTSIDE OF THE CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS. THIS STUDY SHOULD SERVE TO GIVE THE DEPARTMENT REASSURANCE IN IGNORING THE STATISTICALLY SMALL PERCENTAGE OF UNSATISFACTORY RESULTS ENCOUNTERED ON NORMAL CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS. THE MATTER OF ADJUSTING CONSTRUCTING SPECIFICATIONS ACCORDINGLY IS A POLICY DECISION. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction specifications KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215855 AU - Kurobane, Y AU - Fielding, D J AU - Toprac, A A AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - ADDITIONAL FATIGUE TESTS OF HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS UNDER PURE BENDING MOMENT PY - 1967/05 AB - A SERIES OF FATIGUE TESTS OF HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS UNDER PURE BENDING MOMENT WAS PERFORMED. ASTM A441 STEEL WAS USED FOR THE FLANGES AND A36 STEEL WAS USED FOR THE WEBS. TWO GROUPS OF GIRDERS (THREE SPECIMENS FOR EACH GROUP) WERE TESTED. THESE TWO GROUPS DIFFER ONLY IN THE WEB THICKNESS; THE ONE HAD A WEB SLENDERNESS RATIO OF 144, AND THE OTHER HAD A WEB SLENDERNESS RATIO OF 192. ALTHOUGH THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO COMPILE DATA ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF HYBRID GIRDERS, SPECIAL EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON ESTIMATING THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF THE BENDING PANELS AT TWO MILLION CYCLES. TO ESTIMATE THE FATIGUE STRENGTH AT TWO MILLION CYCLES, A SEQUENTIAL SERIES OF RESPONSE TESTS WAS ADOPTED. THE MAXIMUM STRESS WAS KEPT AT 30 KSI (60 PERCENT OF SPECIFIED YIELD POINT OF A441 STEEL) AND THE STRESS RANGE WAS VARIED. (THE MAXIMUM STRESS AND THE STRESS RANGE IN THE FATIGUE TESTING IS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF STRESSES IN THE FLANGES. FOR ALL THE SPECIMENS TESTED, THE FATIGUE CRACKS OCCURRED IN THE WEB ALONG THE TOE OF THE WEB-TO-STIFFENER FILLET WELD NEAR THE CUT-OFF END OF THE STIFFENERS. IT WAS NOTED THAT THE INITIATION OF THIS TYPE OF CRACK WAS IN CLOSE RELATION WITH THE TENSILE FIBER STRESSES IN THE WEB. THE DIFFERENCE IN WEB THICKNESS APPARENTLY WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT IN THE TESTS CARRIED OUT. THE STRESS MAGNITUDE AT THE POINTS WHERE THE CRACKS APPEARED WAS FOUND TO BE COMPARABLE WITH THE MEDIAN FATIGUE STRENGTH OF TENSION SPECIMENS WITH FILLET-WELDED ATTACHMENTS. FOR THE BENDING PANELS TESTED, THE MEDIAN FATIGUE STRENGTH AT TWO MILLION CYCLES WAS FOUND TO BE A STRESS RANGE OF 20 KSI AT A MAXIMUM STRESS OF 30 KSI. HOWEVER, MORE TESTS ARE CONSIDERED NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH THE FATIGUE STRENGTH MORE PRECISELY AND TO CARRY OUT A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. THE S-N CURVE PRESENTED PROVIDES A SLIGHTLY CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATE OF THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF THE GIRDERS IN THIS TEST SERIES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending moments KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flanges KW - Girders KW - Hybrid girders KW - Plate girders KW - Slenderness ratio KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Stresses KW - Tensile strength KW - Thinness KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207842 AU - Walker, W H AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - MODEL STUDIES OF THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A MULTIGIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGE PY - 1967/05 AB - A LABORATORY MODEL STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A RIGHT, SIMPLE-SPAN, BEAM AND SLAB TYPE BRIDGE HAS BEEN CONDUCTED TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ON THE NATURE OF THE TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS AND DEFLECTIONS IN THE STRUCTURE PRODUCED BY A MOVING VEHICLE. THE EFFECTS OF INITIAL VEHICLE OSCILLATIONS AND ROADWAY ROUGHNESS WERE STUDIED. THE MODEL OF THE BRIDGE-VEHICLE SYSTEM CONSISTED OF A SINGLE-WHEEL, SINGLE-AXLE, SPRUNG-MASS LOADING DEVICE ACTING ON A SIX-FOOT SPAN ALUMINUM MODEL OF A BEAM AND SLAB TYPE BRIDGE HAVING FIVE LONGITUDINAL GIRDERS. THE MASS OF THE VEHICLE WAS FIXED RELATIVE TO THE BRIDGE, BUT ALTERNATE SUSPENSION SPRINGS ALLOWED TWO VEHICLE FREQUENCIES TO BE CONSIDERED. VARIOUS TRANSVERSE LOCATIONS OF THE LONGITUDINAL WHEEL PATH ON THE BRIDGE DECK WERE USED. INCLUDED IN THIS BULLETIN IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST APPARATUS, THE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM, THE TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF STATIC EFFECTS, THE RESULTS OF TESTS WITH A SMOOTHLY MOVING VEHICLE, RESULTS OF TESTS WITH AN INITIALLY OSCILLATING VEHICLE, THE EFFECT OF ROADWAY UNEVENNESS, A COMPARISON OF CERTAIN DYNAMIC RESULTS WITH THEORY, AND A SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge dynamics KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Model tests KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Oscillation KW - Roughness KW - Transverse distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214456 AU - Arena, P J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - SOLID RUBBER TIRE ROLLER STUDY PY - 1967/05 AB - THIS REPORT COMPARES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A SOLID RUBBER TIRED ROLLER WITH THAT OF A CONVENTIONAL PNEUMATIC TIRED ROLLER IN COMPACTING BOTH BINDER AND WEARING COURSES OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS AT CONSTANT CONTACT PRESSURE. RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATED THE FOLLOWING WITH REGARD TO THE BINDER COURSE: (1) BOTH ROLLERS ACHIEVED THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENT OF 95 PER CENT OF LABORATORY COMPACTION, (2) OPTIMUM ROLLING TEMPERATURE FOR THE SOLID TIRE ROLLER WAS 180 DEGREES F COMPARED TO 200 DEGREES F FOR THE PNEUMATIC ROLLER, AND (3) PERCENT COMPACTION PRODUCED BY THE SOLID TIRE ROLLER APPEARED SLIGHTLY LESS UNIFORM THAN FOR THE PNEUMATIC ROLLER. THE FOLLOWING RESULTS WERE INDICATED FOR THE WEARING COURSE: (1) THE PERCENT COMPACTION OBTAINED IMMEDIATELY AFTER CONSTRUCTION AT THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF PASSES WAS APPROXIMATELY 0.9 PER CENT HIGHER ON THE SOLID RUBBER TIRE SECTIONS THAN ON THE PNEUMATIC TIRE SECTIONS, (2) BOTH SOLID AND PNEUMATIC TIRE ROLLERS ACHIEVED THE REQUIRED 95 PER CENT OF LABORATORY COMPACTION, (3) OPTIMUM ROLLING TEMPERATURE WAS 175 DEGREES F FOR THE SOLID TIRE AND 185 DEGREES F FOR THE PNEUMATIC TIRE ROLLERS, AND (4) THE AVERAGE PER CENT INCREASE IN COMPACTION MEASURED SIX MONTHS AFTER CONSTRUCTION WAS 2.2 PER CENT FOR THE PNEUMATIC SECTIONS AND 2.1 PER CENT FOR THE SOLID TIRE SECTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Binder course KW - Compaction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Percent compaction KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic tire KW - Rubber tired rollers KW - Solids KW - Temperature KW - Tires KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206301 AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE DRAG TESTER FOR MEASURING THE SKID RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - 1967/05 AB - THIS REPORT COVERS THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE PENN STATE DRAG TESTER AND THE CALIFORNIA SKID TESTER. A SUITABLE CORRELATION WAS NOT OBTAINED WHEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURFACES WERE COMPARED. A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WAS OBTAINED WHEN ONLY PCC SURFACES WERE USED IN THE ANALYSIS. THE SPEED EFFECTS IS OF CONSIDERABLE IMPORTANCE ESPECIALLY WHEN THERE ARE DEFINITE DIFFERENCES IN SURFACE TEXTURE. THE RUBBER SLIDERS WEAR WAS EXCESSIVE AND REQUIRED FREQUENT CHANGING. NO FURTHER STUDY IS PROPOSED ON THIS PROJECT SINCE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TWO TESTERS WAS NOT SATISFACTORY . /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Drag KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Speed KW - Surfaces KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214453 AU - Bozarth, F M AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CASE STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF IMBALANCES IN CHARGING OF CEMENT AND WATER ON MIXING PERFORMANCE OF LARGE CENTRAL PLANT CONCRETE MIXERS PY - 1967/05 AB - TEST OBJECTIVES WERE TO DETERMINE TOLERABLE LIMITS OF DEVIATION FROM GOOD BLENDING OF CEMENT AND WATER WITH THE AGGREGATE INGREDIENTS OF THE BATCH DURING CHARGING OF THE MIXER. BLENDING APPEARED TO BE AND WAS JUDGED TO BE GOOD FOR NORMAL PLANT PERFORMANCE, BUT TEST RESULTS CLEARLY DEMONSTRATED THE APPEARANCE TO BE FALSE. RESULTS CLEARLY CONFIRMED THE HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE OF BLENDING THE BATCH INGREDIENTS DURING CHARGING OF LARGE /8 CUBIC YARD/ CENTRAL PLANT MIXERS WITH HORIZONTAL DRUM AXIS AND BOTH ENDS OPEN. WHEN BLENDING OF BATCH INGREDIENTS DURING CHARGING OF THE MIXER WAS POOR, THE CHARGING IMBALANCES RESULTED IN IMBALANCED DISTRIBUTIONS IN MIXED CONCRETE, RESULTING IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IMBALANCES THAT WERE IN GENERAL PROPORTIONAL TO THE CEMENT AND/OR WATER IMBALANCES OCCURRING IN BLENDING DURING CHARGING. A QUICK AND RELIABLE METHOD IS NEEDED FOR DETERMINING THE UNIFORMITY OF CEMENT IN PLASTIC CONCRETE, IN ORDER TO EFFECTIVELY MONITOR THE DEGREE OF BLENDING OF BATCH INGREDIENTS DURING CHARGING OF THE MIXER AND THUS ASSURE GOOD QUALITY CONTROL OF THE CONCRETE PRODUCED. IMPROVED CENTRAL PLANT EQUIPMENT CAPABILITIES ARE ALSO NEEDED FOR IMPROVED ASSURANCE OF GOOD CONTROL IN THE BLENDING UNIFORMITY FOR CEMENT AND WATER DURING CHARGING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate blending KW - Batching KW - Blending KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete central mixing plants KW - Concrete mixing KW - Mixing plants KW - Monitoring KW - Polymer concrete KW - Quality control KW - Standardization KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99261 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00225178 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Bavarez, E AU - Newell, G F TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYNCHRONIZATION ON A ONE-WAY STREET PY - 1967/05 AB - VARIOUS SCHEMES OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYNCHRONIZATION ARE CONSIDERED FOR A STREET NETWORK COMPRISED OF A MAIN ONE-WAY STREET WHICH IS INTERSECTED BY ONE-WAY (SIDE) STREETS. TRAFFIC ON THE MAIN STREET APPROACHING THE FIRST INTERSECTION IS ASSUMED STEADY AS ARE THE FLOWS ON ALL SIDE STREETS APPROACHING THE MAIN STREET INTERSECTIONS. TRAFFIC SIGNALS ARE IDEALIZED AS PERFECT OFF-ON SWITCHES AND TRAFFIC IS TREATED AS A VARIABLE-DENSITY FLUID MOVING WITH A CONSTANT VELOCITY ON THE MAIN STREET. TOTAL DELAY AND TOTAL NUMBER OF STOPS ARE EVALUATED FOR SEVERAL TYPES OF SIGNAL SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEMES. SOME OBSERVED CONCLUSIONS ARE: (1) FOR ANY GIVEN COMMON CYCLE TIME, AND GIVEN RED-GREEN SPLITS AT EACH INTERSECTION, THERE IS A CHOICE OF SIGNAL OFFSETS (PHASES) THAT SIMULTANEOUSLY MINIMIZES BOTH THE TOTAL DELAY AND STOPS, BUT IT IS NOT NECESSARILY THAT CHOICE WHICH PRODUCES A THROUGH BAND OF MAXIMUM BANDWIDTH, (2) THERE ARE SIGNAL SETTINGS FOR WHICH SOME SIGNALS OPERATE ON ONE-HALF OR ONE-THIRD THE CYCLE TIME OF OTHER SIGNALS WHICH GIVE A MAIN-STREET DELAY EQUAL TO THAT FOR THE OPTIMUM CYCLE TIME SETTING BUT GIVE LESS DELAY TO THE SIDE STREET, AND (3) SIMILAR MODELS ARE COMMONLY USED TO FIND MAXIMUM THROUGH BANDS FOR TWO-WAY TRAFFIC, BUT IT IS NOT OBVIOUS THAT THIS IS A SUITABLE OBJECTIVE EVEN FOR ONE-WAY STREETS, I. E., IT MAY BE MORE BENEFICIAL TO MINIMIZE EITHER TOTAL DELAY OR NUMBER OF STOPS, OR BOTH. /AUTHOR/ KW - One way traffic KW - Synchronization KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/116598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00225188 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Hillier, J A AU - Rothery, R TI - THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS FOR MINIMUM DELAY PY - 1967/05 AB - IN ORDER TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER NEIGHBORING INTERSECTIONS CAN BE EFFECTIVELY COUPLED ON THE BASIS OF TRAFFIC BEHAVIOR, OBSERVATIONAL INFORMATION ON VEHICULAR PLATOONS WAS COLLECTED AT FOUR SITES IN LONDON, ENGLAND. AT EACH OF THE FOUR SITES STUDIED, ARRIVAL TIME DATA WERE COLLECTED AT FOUR POSITIONS DOWN-STREAM FROM THE SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION FROM WHICH THE VEHICULAR PLATOONS WERE EMERGING. THESE DATA GIVE A MEASURE OF HOW PLATOONS DIFFUSE AS THEY MOVE FROM ONE INTERSECTION TO THE NEXT. THE ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT THE DIFFUSION PROCESS CAN, INDEED, BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE SETTING (SYNCHRONIZATION) OF NEIGHBORING SIGNALS. IN PARTICULAR, TOTAL DELAY, IN VEHICLE-HOURS PER HOUR OF GREEN, AS A FUNCTION OF OFFSET TIME IS CALCULATED, IN TURN, THE OPTIMAL OFFSET TIME THAT WOULD MINIMIZE DELAY IS SHOWN TO BE A LINEAR FUNCTION OF THE DISTANCE FROM THE ISSUING TRAFFIC SIGNAL. THIS STUDY QUANTITATIVELY DEMONSTRATES, CONSIDERING THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE, THAT THE POTENTIAL OF PROPERLY COORDINATED SYSTEMS OF PROGRESSION COULD REDUCE DELAYS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. MORE SPECIFICALLY, IT SUGGESTS THAT A PROGRESSION SPEED APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE MEAN SPEED OF THE TRAFFIC STREAM WILL, IN MOST CASES, MINIMIZE TOTAL DELAY. /BPR/ KW - Intersections KW - Mean (Statistical) KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Synchronization KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/116599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210377 AU - Mossbarger, W A AU - Deacon, J A AU - Kentucky Department Highways TI - FLOW BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT CEMENTS PY - 1967/05 AB - CREEP CURVES BASED ON DATA OBTAINED WITH A ROTATING COAXIAL CYLINDER VISCOMETER WERE USED TO OBTAIN ELASTIC MODULI, YIELD STRESSES, COEFFICIENTS OF PLASTIC VISCOSITY, AND VISCOELASTIC PARAMETERS FOR 13 ASPHALTS AT 39.2 DEGREES F, 77 DEGREES F, AND 104 DEGREES F. TEST PROCEDURE, CURVE- FITTING TECHNIQUE, COMPUTER PROGRAMMING FOR OBTAINING VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL PARAMETERS AND VISCOELASTIC ANALYSES OF DATA ARE DISCUSSED IN APPENDICES TO THE RPT. AMONG SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE RESEARCHERS ARE THE FOLLOWING: (1) THE CURVE-FITTING TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING THE PARAMETERS OF VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR HAS PROVEN TO BE EXTREMELY USEFUL AND RELIABLE, (2) ALL THE ASPHALT CEMENTS EXHIBITED STEADY-STATE FLOW BEHAVIOR AT 77 DEGREES F AND 104 DEGREES F AND THEIR FLOW BEHAVIOR UNDER CREEP LOADING COULD SATISFACTORILY BE CHARACTERIZED BY THAT OF A BINGHAM PLASTIC. AT 39.2 DEGREES F, ALL ASPHALTS EXHIBITED INSTANTANEOUS AND RETARDED ELASTICITY, STEADY-STATE FLOW SIMILAR TO THAT OF A BINGHAM PLASTIC AND ELASTIC RECOVERY FOLLOWING LOAD REMOVAL, (3) COEFFICIENT OF PLASTIC VISCOSITY POISES WERE OBTAINED FOR THE ASPHALTS WITH THE VISCOMETER OF THE VARIOUS TEST TEMPERATURES. THERE WAS NO DISCERNABLE RELATIONSHIP OBSERVED BETWEEN YIELD STRESS AND COEFFICIENT OF PLASTIC VISCOSITY, (4) THE TIME-TEMPERATURE SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE APPEARS TO BE APPLICABLE TO THE BEHAVIOR OF NORMAL ASPHALT CEMENTS AT LEAST IN THE LOW-TEMPERATURE RANGE, (5) A RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN PLASTIC VISCOSITY AND PENETRATION, BOTH EVALUATED AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE. THE CORRELATION AT 77 DEGREES F IS SUPERIOR TO THAT AT 39.2 DEGREES F, (6) THERE IS AN INDICATION THAT ASPHALTS OBTAINED FROM THE SAME CRUDE SOURCE WITH SIMILAR REFINING PROCESSES WILL HAVE SIMILAR TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITIES, AND (7) DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF THE VARIOUS ASPHALTS NECESSITATE THE SPECIFYING OF THE CONSISTENCY OF ASPHALT CEMENTS AT MORE THAN ONE TEMPERATURE LEVEL. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt cement KW - Computer programs KW - Consistency KW - Creep KW - Curve fitting KW - Flow KW - Flow curve KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pendulum tests KW - Plasticity KW - Specifications KW - Steady state KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Viscosity KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203973 AU - Tennent, R C AU - Harrison, L J AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FLOOD RECORD COMPILATION AND FREQUENCY PLOT-HY-5 PY - 1967/05 AB - A METHOD IS DESCRIBED WHEREBY ANNUAL MAXIMUM FLOOD RECORDS CAN BE STORED, RETRIEVED AND DISPLAYED FOR USE BY ENGINEERS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN OF A STREAM CROSSING. THE DATA IS THE ANNUAL FLOOD DATA PUBLISHED BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THEIR WATER SUPPLY PAPERS. THE GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF THE DATA IS BASED ON A GUMBEL RECURRENCE INTERVAL. THE COMPUTER SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED IN ORDER TO ALLOW FOR AS FREQUENT AS REQUIRED UPDATING OF THE FREQUENCY PLOTS. THE MANUAL UPDATING OF THE PLOT IS TIME-CONSUMING DUE TO THE NEED FOR RECALCULATING THE RETURN PERIOD EACH TIME A NEW FLOOD RECORD IS ADDED. HOWEVER, THROUGH THE USE OF THE COMPUTER, THE FLOOD RECORD CAN BE UPDATED AND THE FREQUENCY PLOT GENERATED AUTOMATICALLY. THIS REVISED EDITION IS PUBLISHED IN ORDER TO CLEAR UP SOME INCONSISTENCIES ENCOUNTERED IN THE FREQUENCY PLOT AND GAGING STATION INDEX. THE FREQUENCY PLOT HAS BEEN REVISED TO CHANGE THE METHOD OF PRINTING THE VERTICAL SCALE. THE INDEX HAS NECESSITATED AN INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF TABLES USED FOR CREATING THE GAGING STATION INDEX. THESE CHANGES ARE IN THE COMPUTER PROGRAM ENTITLED, FLOOD RECORD REPORTS. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Data storage KW - Floods KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Information retrieval KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220104 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXCERPTS FROM PROPOSAL FOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1967/04/10 AB - THE SUBJECTS FURNISHED FOR THIS DOCUMENT BY HSRI ARE: HIGHWAY, PUBLIC, TRAFFICWAY, WAYS: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION, DISCIPLINES: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, METHODS: PROPOSAL, PROGRESS STATUS, STUDY-REPORT TYPE. KW - Communications KW - Governments KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Public KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203130 AU - Roos, D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ICES' CONCEPTS AND FACILITIES PY - 1967/04/01 AB - THE INTERGRATED CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEM /ICES/ IS DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE SOLUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROBLEMS. ICES DOES NOT PERFORM AUTOMATED ENGINEERING DESIGN, IT ASSISTS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS BY COORDINATING AND PROCESSING ALL RELEVANT PROBLEM INFORMATION. EXTERNALLY, ICES CAN BE VIEWED AS A SET OF ENGINEERING SUBSYSTEMS WHERE EACH SUBSYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN A PARTICULAR DISCIPLINE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SUCH AS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, HIGHWAY ENGINEERING AND SOIL MECHANICS. INTERNALLY, EACH ICES SUBSYSTEM CONSISTS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS THAT PERFORM ENGINEERING OPERATIONS ON ENGINEERING DATA. AN ENGINEERING PROGRAMING LANGUAGE, ICETRAN, IS USED TO WRITE THE SUBSYSTEM PROGRAMS. ICETRAN IS AN EXTENSION AND EXPANSION OF THE FORTRAN PROGRAMING LANGUAGE. THE ENGINEER COMMUNICATES HIS PROBLEM-SOLVING REQUESTS TO THE COMPUTER BY MEANS OF PROBLEM-ORIENTED LANGUAGE COMMANDS. THESE COMMANDS ARE PROCESSED BY THE ICES EXECUTIVE PROGRAM, WHICH USES INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMMAND STRUCTURE PROVIDED BY MEANS OF THE COMMAND-DEFINITION LANGUAGE. THE ENGINEERING OPERATIONS REQUESTED BY THE ENGINEER ARE PERFORMED BY ICETRAN BUILDING BLOCK ROUTINES WHICH HAVE BEEN PRECOMPILED AND COMPILED. DYNAMIC LINKING MECHANISMS ARE PROVIDED FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ICETRAN PROGRAMS. THESE LINKAGES ENABLE PROGRAMS TO BE BROUGHT INTO PRIMARY MEMORY ONLY WHEN THEY ARE NEEDED. THE ICETRAN PROGRAMS PERFORM OPERATIONS ON ENGINEERING DATA THAT ARE STORED USING DYNAMIC DATA STRUCTURES. THESE DATA STRUCTURES ENABLE THE TYPE AND AMOUNT OF DATA ASSOCIATED WITH EACH PROBLEM TO BE HIGHLY VARIABLE. DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION ROUTINES ORGANIZE PROGRAMS AND DATA IN PRIMARY MEMORY, AND MEMORY REORGANIZATION PROGRAMS PURGE UNEEDED DATA TO SECONDARY STORAGE WHENEVER AVAILABLE SPACE IN PRIMARY MEMORY IS EXHAUSTED. AN ICETRAN PROGRAM MAY CREATE AND OPERATE UPON SECONDARY STORAGE DATA FILES USING THE ICES DATA MANAGEMENT CAPABILITIES. ICES OPERATES UNDER THE IBM OPERATING SYSTEM/360. /BPR/ KW - Civil engineering KW - Computer programs KW - Highway engineering KW - Soil mechanics KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766262 AU - Arena, P J AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUCLEAR DENSITY EVALUATION ON ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1967/04 SP - 44 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to evaluate a nuclear density device for obtaining densities on asphaltic concrete pavements during or after construction. On evaluating this device, an attempt was made to correlate nuclear density results with densities obtained from roadway cores taken at identical locations. Efforts were also made to determine the minimum thickness of an asphaltic concrete pavement in which nuclear density readings would not be affected by the underlying material. Although the relationship between the percent of standard reading and the roadway densities showed a definite trend, results from 144 roadway cores and 170 nuclear readings indicated that the actual density at a given percent of standard could vary as much as 4 lbs/cu ft (64.08 kg/cu m). Results also indicated that nuclear density readings were not affected by the underlying material when taking densities on slab thicknesses of 2 in (5 cm) or more. On the basis of the inconsistency of the results obtained, it was decided to discontinue any additional testing as outlined in the proposal and to report the completed results. As a future course of action, it is intended to continue accumulating nuclear density data on various state projects to eventually obtain an adequate statistical evaluation. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Binder course KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Thickness KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20027.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224864 AU - McDermott, J M AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - UPSTREAM EISENHOWER EXPRESSWAY RAMP CONTROL PY - 1967/04 AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE OPERATIONAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY METERING NINE CONSECUTIVE ENTRANCE RAMPS ALONG AN EIGHT MILE SECTION OF THE OUTBOUND EISENHOWER EXPRESSWAY. THE MAJOR FINDING OF THE STUDY IS THAT RAMP METERING MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ELIMINATE FREEWAY CONGESTION THAT IS CAUSED BY EXPRESSWAY GEOMETRICS. ALSO, RAMP METERING CAN CAUSE DETERIMENTAL EFFECTS TO THE SURFACE STREET SYSTEM IF EXCESSIVE QUEUES ARE FORMED AT THE ENTRANCE RAMPS. THE STUDY ALSO POINTS OUT THE NEED TO AVOID BEFORE AND AFTER STUDIES WHICH DO NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN TRAFFIC DEMANDS. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Expressways KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway ramps KW - Geometric design KW - Metering KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238321 AU - Adkins, W G AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RIGHT OF WAY APPRAISAL REVIEW PROBLEMS IN TEXAS PY - 1967/04 AB - A QUESTIONNAIRE TO TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT RIGHT-OF-WAY PERSONNEL TO DETERMINE APPRAISAL AND APPRAISAL REVIEW DIFFICULTIES REVEALED THAT: (1) REVIEW APPRAISERS BELIEVE IN VARIOUS PROPORTIONS THAT, (A) FEE APPRAISERS OFTEN ARE PREJUDICED IN FAVOR OF LANDOWNERS, (B) LOW QUALITY APPRAISALS ARISE FROM POOR DOCUMENTATION, POOR ADJUSTMENT, INSUFFICIENT MARKET DATA AND TO SOME EXTENT OVERT ERRORS, (C) FEE APPRAISERS HAVE A TENDENCY TO INCLUDE NONCOMPENSABLE ITEMS IN THEIR APPRAISALS, AND (D) FEE APPRAISERS OFTEN CONFUSE VALUE IN USE AND MARKET VALUE AND HAVE SOME DIFFICULTY WITH SPECIFIC VERSUS GENERAL BENEFITS: (2) REVIEW APPRAISERS REVEAL SOME OF THEIR OWN PROBLEMS BY, (A) DEMONSTRATING SOME CONFUSION IN HANDLING QUESTIONS REGARDING THE CARPENTER CASE (LEGAL REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED ON ACQUISITION AUTHORITIES) RULING, AND (B) ENDORSING MORE TRAINING AND APPRAISAL EXPERIENCE TO IMPROVE THEMSELVES. ANOTHER APPROACH OF THE STUDY ANALYZED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PAIRS OF APPRAISED VALUES AND IN TURN THE FINAL APPROVED VALUE AS RECORDED FOR EIGHT RIGHT-OF-WAY PROJECTS. THE PRINCIPAL FINDINGS OF THIS RESEARCH WERE: (1) THAT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FEE APPRAISALS OF THE SAME PROPERTY APPEAR TO BE RATHER LARGE WHATEVER THE METHOD OF ACQUISITION, TYPE OF TAKING OR TYPE OF PROPERTY, (2) THAT THERE IS A STRONG TENDENCY FOR THE HIGHEST OF TWO FEE APPRAISAL VALUES TO BE SELECTED AS THE APPROVED VALUE REGARDLESS OF METHOD OF ACQUISITION, TYPE OF TAKING AND TYPE OF PROPERTY, (3) THAT PARTIAL TAKINGS DEMONSTRATED LARGER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN APPRAISED VALUES THAN DID WHOLE TAKINGS, (4) THAT PARCELS OBTAINED BY NEGOTIATION APPEARED TO HAVE LARGER APPRAISAL DIFFERENCES THAN DID THOSE EVENTUALLY ACQUIRED THROUGH CONDEMNATION PROCEEDINGS, AND (5) THAT COMMERCIAL BUSINESS PARCELS SHOWED THE LARGEST DOLLAR AND PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCES IN PAIRS OF APPRAISED VALUES. THE RESEARCHERS CONCLUDE THAT THE DIFFERENCES IN THE APPRAISED VALUES OF THE SAME PARCEL ARE WIDER FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF PROPERTIES AND TAKINGS THAN FOR OTHERS, IT IS LIKELY THAT THE APPRAISAL REVIEW SHOULD BE MORE THOROUGH FOR THESE TYPES OF TAKINGS. IN ADDITION, FREQUENT SEMINARS WITHIN APPRAISAL SECTIONS COULD BE OF GREAT BENEFIT IN SHARPENING INTEREST AND IMPROVING PROFICIENCY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Appraisals KW - Appraising KW - Condemnation procedures KW - Education KW - Land use KW - Market value KW - Partial taking KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Reviews KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Taking (Property) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237210 AU - Horn, M E AU - Coston, W R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - CLAY MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED SOILS AND EFFECTS ON THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES, WASHINGTON COUNTY, ARKANSAS PY - 1967/04 AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE MAJOR HORIZONS OF SEVEN PRINCIPAL SOIL SERIES OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, ARKANSAS (FROM SANDSTONE RESIDUUM AND FROM ALLUVIUM AND COLLUVIUM DERIVED FROM SANDSTONE, SHALES AND SILTSTONES OF THE BOSTON MOUNTAINS) WERE TESTED AND ANALYZED IN THE LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CATION EXCHANGE RELATIONS, SURFACE AREA, MAXIMUM DENSITY-OPTIMUM MOISTURE, PH, ORGANIC MATTER, KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF CLAY MINERALS, ATTERBERG LIMITS, & AMORPHOUS MATERIALS. THE DATA ARE USED TO PROVIDE QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS OF ENGINEERING USAGES AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Amorphous KW - Atterberg limits KW - Cation exchange KW - Clay KW - Engineering soils KW - Mineralogy KW - Organic content KW - Organic content (Soil) KW - Particle size distribution KW - pH value KW - Properties of materials KW - Sandstones KW - Shale KW - Siltstones KW - Soil chemistry KW - Soil properties KW - Soil series KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206304 AU - KUMMER, H W AU - White, D L AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - EXPLORATORY FIELD STUDY OF AGGREGATE-SKID RESISTANCE EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1967/04 AB - TWENTY-FOUR TEST SECTIONS /SURFACE TREATMENTS/ 11 FT. WIDE AND 2800 FT. LONG PLACED ON A 5.9 MILE LONG MAIN RURAL HIGHWAY, TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF AGGREGATE TYPE /GRAVEL, LIMESTONE AND SLAG/ SHAPE /CRUSHED AND UNCRUSHED/ AND SIZE /1B, MODIFIED 1B AND S.P. -9 GRADING/ ON SKID RESISTANCE. THE EXPOSURE OF THE TEST SECTIONS TO TRAFFIC WAS DETERMINED FROM A TRAFFIC COUNTER INSTALLED AT THE MIDPOINT OF THE TEST ROAD AND AN ASSUMED NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL PASSES ACROSS THE WHEEL TRACK. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURES AND PRECIPITATION WERE RECORDED BY A NEARBY WEATHER STATION. THE TEST CREW PERFORMED AIR AND WET SURFACE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS PRIOR TO RUNNING SKID TESTS. THE SKID RESISTANCE DATA INDICATE THAT THE PAVEMENT WEAR AND AGGREGATE POLISHING PROCESS AND THE RESULTING DECREASE OF THE SKID NUMBER IS OFFSET BY THE INCREASE OF THE SKID NUMBER DUE TO DECREASING AIR AND WET SURFACE TEMPERATURES. PAVEMENT WEAR AND AGGREGATE POLISHING EFFECTS ON SKID RESISTANCE CAN THUS BE EVALUATED ONLY WHEN THE SKID NUMBER- TEMPERATURE GRADIENT IS KNOWN. THE SLAG AND GRAVEL SECTIONS PRODUCED SKID NUMBERS ALMOST TWICE AS HIGH AS THE CRUSHED LIMESTONE SECTIONS. THE ADMIXTURE OF 25 PERCENT BY VOLUME OF SLAG AND GRAVEL TO LIMESTONE SURFACES INCREASED THE SKID RESISTANCE SLIGHTLY, BUT NOT ENOUGH TO OFFSET THE INHERENT SLIPPERINESS OF THE PRINCIPAL AGGREGATE. BY DIVIDING THE SKID NUMBER, MEASURED ON THE LIMESTONE, GRAVEL AND SLAG SECTIONS BY THE CORRESPONDING PLACEMENT COST IN CENTS PER SQUARE YARD, RATIOS OF ABOUT 3.2, 3.9 AND 4.5 ARE OBTAINED, IMPLYING THAT GRAVEL AND SLAG SURFACES ARE MORE ECONOMICAL WHEN MINIMUM SKID RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS MUST BE MET OVER A PERIOD OF SEVERAL YEARS. THE GENERAL LACK OF CONTROL OVER VARIABLES WHICH AFFECT THE POLISHING PROCESS AND SKID TEST DATA IN THE FIELD AND THE RESULTANT UNCERTAINTIES ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH DATA STRONGLY EMPHASIZES THE NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LABORATORY METHODS WHICH PERMIT THE RAPID AND REALISTIC EVALUATION OF THE POLISHING RESISTANCE OF AGGREGATES AND AGGREGATES MIXTURES UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS AND A RETURN TO FIELD EXPERIMENTS OF THIS NATURE AT A LATER DATE WHEN THE INFLUENCE OF PRINCIPAL PARAMETERS IS UNDERSTOOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Economics KW - Gravel KW - Highway pavement KW - Limestone KW - Location KW - Pavements KW - Placement KW - Rural highways KW - Skid resistance KW - Slag KW - Surface treating KW - Temperature gradients KW - Test sections KW - Traffic KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205349 AU - Hargett, E R AU - South Dakota State University, Brookings TI - INTERIM REPORT-LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF GROUT KEYS AND TONGUE OF FORK CONNECTORS PY - 1967/04 AB - THIS INTERIM REPORT DESCRIBES A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF GROUT KEYS AND TONGUE AND FORK CONNECTORS PROPOSED FOR USE IN A COMPOSITE PAVEMENT CONSISTING OF PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PANELS POST- TENSIONED IN PLACE AND COVERED WITH ASPHALTIC CONCRETE. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE LABORATORY TESTING OF PROTOTYPE KEYS AND CONNECTIONS WITH SIMULATED HORIZONTAL SHEARING FORCES, PRESENTS TEST DATA, AN EVALUATION OF THE DATA, AND A DISCUSSION OF THE EVALUATION WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLICABILITY OF THE TEST RESULTS TO THE OVERALL STUDY ON THE CONCEPT OF THIS TYPE OF COMPOSITE PAVEMENT. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES ON THE BASIS OF THIS INVESTIGATION' THAT 100 PERCENT OF THE PANEL PRESTRESS CAN BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE GROUT KEYS AND CONNECTORS TO ADJACENT PANELS' THAT THE STRENGTH OF THE CONNECTORS BECAME CRITICAL WITH 0.3 OF AN INCH OF PANEL DISPLACEMENT AND PANEL STRESS OF 125 P.S.I.; AND, THAT HORIZONTAL PANEL DISPLACEMENT RESISTED BY FRICTION AND THE CONNECTORS AMOUNTED TO AN INCREASE IN PANEL STRESS OF 1.52 P.S.I. PER 0.001 INCH OF DISPLACEMENT. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Connectors KW - Fasteners KW - Grout KW - Horizontal shear KW - Keys KW - Laboratory tests KW - Panels KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233696 AU - McMahon, B K AU - Colorado School of Mines AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - INDICES RELATED TO THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JOINTED ROCK PY - 1967/04 AB - INDICES DESCRIPTIVE OF ROCK PROPERTIES THAT ARE RELATED TO THE STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCONTINUOUS AND ANISOTROPIC ROCK MASS PROVIDE A MEANS OF CORRELATING EXPERIENCE AND LARGE SCALE TEST RESULTS FROM PLACE TO PLACE. TWO NEW INDICES ARE DESCRIBED. THE JOINT BREAKAGE IS THE PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL AREA OF EXPOSURE SURFACE THAT IS COMPOSED OF JOINT FACES, WHEN THE EXPOSURE SURFACE IS AT AN ANLLE OF MORE THAN 20 DEGREES TO MEAN DIRECTION OF THE MOST NEARLY PARALLEL JOINT SET. IT PROVIDES A MEASURE OF THE STRENGTH ACROSS JOINTS IN ANY ROCK MASS. THE JOINT DISPERSION INDEX IS THE AREA ENCLOSED BY A GIVEN CONCENTRATION CONTOUR ON AN EQUAL AREA PROJECTION OF A JOINT PATTERN EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE AREA COVERED BY THE SAME CONTOUR OF A RANDOM SAMPLE FROM A UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION, OF THE SAME NUMBER OF POINTS, CONTOURED BY THE SAME METHOD. IT PROVIDES A MEASURE OF THE REGULARITY OF A JOINT SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Anisotropic mass KW - Anisotropic materials KW - Contours KW - Deformation KW - Discontinuity KW - Dispersion KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Jointing of rock KW - Mechanical properties KW - Physical properties KW - Rock jointing KW - Rock mechanics KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210375 AU - Gibson, J L AU - Kearney, E J AU - New York State Department of Public Works TI - SKID CHARACTERISTICS OF BITUMINOUS SURFACES PY - 1967/04 AB - A DRAG FORCE TRAILER WITH CONTROLLED BRAKING OF ONE WHEEL WAS USED TO MEASURE THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF WET BITUMINOUS SURFACES. NEARLY ALL CRUSHED STONE AGGREGATES USED IN THE STATE WERE INCLUDED IN SURFACES MEASURED. A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE SKID RESISTANCE OF BITUMINOUS SURFACES CONSTRUCTED IN THE LABORATORY AND SUBJECT TO ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED TRAFFIC WEAR WAS TRIED BUT WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL. ANALYSIS OF DATA INDICATED THAT A COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION ABOVE 0.32 COULD BE ASSURED IF THE AGGREGATE RETAINED ON THE 1/4 IN. SIEVE FOR 1A MIXES /BITUMINOUS CONCRETE/ OR THE AGGREGATE RETAINED ON THE 1/8 IN. SIEVE FOR 1A-C AND 2A MIXES /SHEET ASPHALTS/ CONTAINS MORE THAN 12% HARD MINERALS EITHER AS IMPURITIES IN SOFTER AGGREGATES OR AS INDIVIDUAL STONES. AN ACID LEACHING TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE OF HARD IMPURITIES IN LIMESTONE AND DOLOMITE AGGREGATE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acids KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Crushed rock KW - Dolomite KW - Durability tests KW - Impurities KW - Leaching KW - Limestone KW - Moisture content KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Surfaces KW - Traffic KW - Wear KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203131 AU - Roos, D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - ICES - PROGRAMMERS GUIDE PY - 1967/04 AB - THIS REPORT SERVES AS A GUIDE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW COMPUTER PROCESSES OR MODIFICATION OF AVAILABLE COMPUTER PROCESSES COVERING ENGINEERING PROBLEM SOLUTIONS IN ICES SUBSYSTEMS. THE MANUAL DESCRIBES THE STEPS THAT ARE TAKEN TO GENERATE A SUBSYSTEM OF ENGINEERING PROGRAMS. ENGINEERING PROGRAMS FOR ICES ARE WRITTEN IN ICETRAN AND ARE PROCESSED BY THE ICETRAN PRECOMPILER, WHICH GENERATES AN EQUIVALENT FORTRAN PROGRAM. THE GENERATED FORTRAN PROGRAM IS THEN PROCESSED BY FORTRAN COMPILER AND AN OBJECT PROGRAM MODULE IS PRODUCED. ICETRAN IS A PROCEDURE-ORIENTED COMPUTER PROGRAMING LANGUAGE THAT IS USED FOR DEFINING ENGINEERING PROCEDURES. ICETRAN STATEMENTS MAY BE BROKEN UP INTO 3 CATEGORIES' 1' FORTRAN STATEMENTS; 2' FORTRAN-TYPE STATEMENTS - THESE STATEMENTS ARE LIKE FORTRAN, HOWEVER, THEY DIFFER IN BOTH GRAMMAR AND USE; AND 3' NON-FORTRAN STATEMENTS THAT CONSIST OF DESCRIPTIVE PHRASES AND PARAMETERS. THE REPORT INCLUDES SPECIFICATIONS AND CAPABILITIES OF ALL ICETRAN STATEMENTS. THE READER WILL NEED TO SUPPLEMENT THE GUIDE WITH THE FORTRAN IV 'E-LEVEL SUBSET' MANUAL, IBM SYSTEMS REFRENCE LIBRARY C28-6513-0. /BPR/ KW - Civil engineering KW - Computer programming KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214451 AU - Kilpatrick, M J AU - Mcquate, R G AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION PY - 1967/04 AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE FINDINGS FROM FIELD RESEARCH STUDIES ON 11 BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. THESE STUDIES WERE CONCERNED WITH DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT OPERATION ON PAVEMENT AND LONGITUDINAL JOINT QUALITY. SEMIHOT AND COLD JOINT DENSITIES WERE FOUND TO BE SLIGHTLY LOWER AND AIR FLOWS HIGHER THAN IN THE ABUTTING LANES. INFRARED HEATING OF THE JOINT APPEARED TO BE THE BETTER OF SEVERAL METHODS TESTED FOR IMPROVING SEMIHOT AND COLD JOINT QUALITY. HOT JOINTS, CONSTRUCTED BY PAVING IN ECHELON, HAD THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF ALL JOINT TYPES STUDIED. PAVER SPEED WAS NOT FOUND TO BE A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN FINAL LANE DENSITY. THE PRIMARY ADVANTAGE OF PNEUMATIC-TIRED ROLLERS, BOTH AT THE BREAKDOWN AND INTERMEDIATE STAGE, WAS FOUND TO LIE IN THE ABILITY OF PNEUMATIC TIRES TO SEAL THE PAVEMENT SURFACE AND THUS REDUCE THE AIR FLOW. WITH RESPECT TO DENSITY, NO PARTICULAR ADVANTAGE COULD BE FOUND IN PERFORMING BREAKDOWN ROLLING WITH PNEUMATIC ROLLERS AS COMPARED TO A STEEL THREE-WHEEL OR TANDEM ROLLER. THE VALUE OF HIGH ROLLING TEMPERATURES WAS VERIFIED. THE HIGHEST DENSITIES WERE OBTAINED WHEN BREAKDOWN ROLLING WAS ACCOMPLISHED AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE 200 DEGREE F. WHEN ROLLER OPERATORS WERE ALLOWED TO FOLLOW THEIR NORMAL ROLLING PROCEDURES, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE COMPACTIVE EFFORT AT THE CENTER OF THE LANE WAS FROM THREE TO SIX TIMES GREATER THAN AT THE LANE EDGES. TWO NEWLY-DEVELOPED NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS - NUCLEAR DENSITY AND AIR FLOW - WERE USED IN ADDITION TO CONVENTIONAL TEST METHODS TO MEASURE PAVEMENT AND JOINT QUALITY. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE ACCURACY OF THESE NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS WAS AFFECTED TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE BY SURFACE TEXTURE OF THE PAVEMENT. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THESE TWO TESTS BE USED TO MEASURE COMPACTION ON A RELATIVE, RATHER THAN ABSOLUTE BASIS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Construction management KW - Field studies KW - Flow KW - Infrared heating KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear applications KW - Nuclear engineering KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic rollers KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Rollers KW - Rolling KW - Speed KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203129 AU - Suhrbier, J H AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - ICES-ROADS I ENGINEERING USERS MANUAL PY - 1967/04 AB - THIS MANUAL DESCRIBES A SYSTEM OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS DESIGNED FOR THE SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS DEALING WITH LOCATION AND DESIGN OF ROADWAYS. IT USES A PROBLEM-ORIENTED INPUT LANGUAGE WHICH ENABLES THE HIGHWAY ENGINEER TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE COMPUTER. THE SYSTEM CAN ANALYZE MULTI-MATERIAL SURFACE MODELS, HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT, ROADWAY PROFILES, ROADWAY CROSS-SECTION DESIGN, AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Civil engineering KW - Computer programs KW - Cross sections KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Profiles KW - Texture KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233697 AU - Huang, Y H AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN NONLINEAR SOIL MEDIA PY - 1967/04 AB - A METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR DETERMINING THE VERTICAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN SEMI-INFINITE NONLINEAR SOIL MEDIA UNDER CIRCULAR LOADED AREAS. THE SOIL IS ASSUMED TO BE INCOMPRESSIBLE WITH AN ELASTIC MODULUS VARYING WITH THE STATE OF THE STRESSES. THE MEDIUM IS ARBITRARILY DIVIDED INTO SEVEN LAYERS IN WHICH THE STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS ARE DETERMINED BY HIGH SPEED COMPUTER USING BURMEISTERS LAYERED THEORY AND THE SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS PRINCIPLE. RESULTS OF THIS STUDY REVEAL THAT THE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF SOILS HAS A RELATIVELY SMALL EFFECT ON STRESSES BUT A LARGE EFFECT ON DISPLACEMENTS. THIS MAY EXPLAIN WHY BOUSSINESQS SOLUTION OF STRESSES BASED ON LINEAR THEORY HAS BEEN APPLIED TO SOILS WITH GREAT SUCCESS EVEN THOUGH SOILS THEMSELVES ARE BASICALLY NONLINEAR. SINCE THE DIFFERENCES IN STRESSES BETWEEN LINEAR AND NONLINEAR THEORY ARE NOT TOO SIGNIFICANT, THE DISPLACEMENTS IN A NONLINEAR MEDIUM CAN BE ESTIMATED BY A SIMPLIFIED METHOD BASED ON BOUSSINESQS STRESS DISTRIBUTION. IT IS FOUND THAT THIS SIMPLIFIED METHOD CHECKS CLOSELY WITH THE METHOD PRESENTED, ESPECIALLY AT LARGE RADIAL DISTANCES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Approximation (Mathematics) KW - Boussinesq equation KW - Boussinesq formula KW - Circular loaded areas KW - Computers KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Soils KW - Stress conditions (Soil) KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214448 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL F-145/21/ PY - 1967/04 AB - THIS WAS CONDUCTED TYPE I SPECIAL /A/ ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE 3 INCHES THICK AND 24 FT. WIDE FOR A DISTANCE OF 7.4 MILES. A CONTINUOUS BATCH PLANT WAS EMPLOYED TO PREPARE THE CRUSHED LIMESTONE - SAND - ASPHALT MIXTURE. THE MIXTURE WAS PLACED WITH A BARBER-GREENE PAVER WITH AN AUTOMATIC LEVELER. THIS IS THE 3RD PROJECT OF THIS TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION AND THE DATA OF ALL THREE WILL BE CORRELATED FOR AVERAGES, SIGMAS AND VARIANCES OF GRADATION, ASPHALT CONTENT, DENSITY, THICKNESS AND STABILITY FROM RANDOMLY SELECTED OF SAMPLES AND MEASUREMENTS. THE STATISTICAL PARAMETERS DISCLOSE NON-UNIFORMITY OF MATERIAL SAMPLING OR TESTING PROCEDURES, THUS DESIGNATING AREAS NEEDING CORRECTIVE MEASURES TO PRODUCE UNIFORMITY OF FINAL PAVEMENT MATERIAL. NO CONCLUSIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS ARE OFFERED AT THIS TIME, PERHAPS THE FINAL REPORT ON THE WHOLE STUDY WILL OFFER RECOMMENDATIONS. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Continuous mixing plant KW - Crushed limestone KW - Density KW - Gradation KW - Materials tests KW - Mixing plants KW - Pavers KW - Sampling KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Standardization KW - Statistical quality control KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217470 AU - Smith, R W AU - Reidenover, D R AU - Dishong, F G AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - DURABILITY OF SHALES AS DETERMINED BY LABORATORY TEST PY - 1967/04 AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE IF ANY OF THE SHALE DEPOSITS IN PENNSYLVANIA ARE SUITABLE FOR USE AS GRANULAR MATERIAL IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, AND (IF ANY ARE SUITABLE) TO DEVELOP A SIMPLE FIELD TEST FOR IDENTIFYING THESE SHALES. SAMPLES OF SHALES WERE SELECTED FROM SITES THROUGHOUT THE STATE. PHYSICAL TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON THE SHALES AND ON SELECTED SOUND AGGREGATES; THE TEST DATA INDICATE THREE OF THE SHALES MAY BE SUITABLE FOR USE AS GRANULAR MATERIAL IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. THE MOST DURABLE SHALES AS INDICATED BY THE TESTS, ARE THOSE THAT ARE DOLOMITIC, HAVE HIGH BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND GENERALLY LOW ABSORPTION VALUES. FURTHER STUDY IS NEEDED TO OBTAIN SOME REALLY CONCLUSIVE RESULTS, THUS THERE WILL BE A SECOND PHASE TO THIS RESEARCH PROJECT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Absorption KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Dolomite KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Granular materials KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Road construction KW - Shale KW - Specific gravity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214461 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH PROCESS CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PY - 1967/04 AB - THIS PAMPHLET EXPRESSES THE PHILOSOPHY BEHIND THE RESEARCH EFFORT OF THE QUALITY ASSURANCE GROUP OF THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. IT PRESENTS MANY OF THE STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND METHODS EMPLOYED IN THE PROCESS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE. QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR HIGHWAYS REQUIRES THE ANSWER TO (1) HOW DO WE ORDER WHAT WE NEED TO PERFORM THE SERVICE REQUIRED AND (2) HOW DO WE KNOW WE ARE GETTING WHAT WE ORDERED? SPECIFICATIONS MUST RECOGNIZE VARIABILITIES AND BE WRITTEN ON A PROBABILITY RATHER THAN AN ABSOLUTE BASIS. THE NECESSARY LEVEL OF QUALITY MUST BE CONSIDERED. STATISTICAL APPROACH TO MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS MUST PROVIDE FOR A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW MEASUREMENTS WILL BE MADE. SAMPLING PLANS ARE DESIGNATED AND CORRESPONDING TOLERANCES DOCUMENTED. THIS REPORT IS A GUIDE TO INSTRUMENTING SUCH A PROGRAM WITH REFERENCES TO PRIOR STUDIES ON THIS NEWER CONCEPT OF EVALUATING AND ACCEPTING HIGHWAY MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCES OF CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES DISCLOSE AREAS NEEDING CORRECTIVE ACTION THUS PROVIDING ECONOMICAL SATISFACTION FOR BOTH THE BUYER AND SELLER. /BPR/ KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Construction management KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Process control KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233700 AU - Montana State Highway Commission TI - LANDSLIDE RESEARCH PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1967/03/30 AB - THE PURPOSE OF STUDY WAS TO IMPROVE METHODS FOR RECOGNIZING AND CURING LANDSLIDES. THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE INFORMATION DEVELOPED ON THE LANDSLIDE. AT LIVINGSTON, MONTANA. ALL DATA INDICATE VERY COMPLEX CONDITIONS. THIS IS CAUSED PARTLY BY PREVIOUS SLIDES IN THE AREA. THE REPORT INDICATES THAT THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD WAS OF LIMITED USE IN THE TWO INSTANCES WHERE IT WAS TRIED. THE SLIDING PLANE OR PLANES WERE NOT FOUND. GENERALLY, CONTINUED SLIDING IS EXPECTED. /RPB/ KW - Concrete curing KW - Landslides KW - Perception KW - Recognition KW - Research KW - Resistivity method KW - Sliding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207844 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - STATIC BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH VARIABLE LOAD POSITION PY - 1967/03 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF STATIC TESTS ON TWO IDENTICAL COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE BEAMS. EACH BEAM HAD A SPAN OF 25 FEET AND CONSISTED OF A 60-IN. WIDE BY 6-IN. REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB CONNECTED TO A 21WF62 A36 STEEL BEAM WITH 3/4 INCH DIAMETER BY 4-IN. HIGH HEADED STEEL STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS. ONE BEAM WAS LOADED AT MIDSPAN TO ITS ULTIMATE LOAD. THE ULTIMATE LOAD WAS THEN APPLIED AT FIVE CONSECUTIVE POSITIONS BETWEEN THE SUPPORT AND MIDSPAN TO SIMULATE A SINGLE CONCENTRATED MOVING LOAD ON THE SECOND BEAM. FROM THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT SUCH COMPOSITE BEAMS DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH STATIC FLEXURAL STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS WILL BE ABLE TO DEVELOP THE ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH AS THE LOAD PASSES ACROSS THE BEAM FROM THE SUPPORT TO THE POSITION OF MAXIMUM MOMENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Fasteners KW - Flexural strength KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Static tests KW - Steel KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207846 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - STATIC BEHAVIOR OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS PY - 1967/03 AB - THE RESULTS OF ULTIMATE STRENGTH TESTS OF FOUR CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE BEAMS ARE PRESENTED. EACH BEAM HAD TWO EQUAL SPANS OF 25 FEET AND CONSISTED OF A 60 INCH WIDE BY 6 INCH REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB CONNECTED TO A 21WF62 A36 STEEL BEAM WITH 3/4 INCH DIAMETER STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS. THE BEAMS HAD BEEN SUBJECTED TO FATIGUE TESTS PRIOR TO THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH TESTS. SOME CONCLUSIONS BASED ON THE RESULTS ARE: (1) SHEAR CONNECTORS DESIGNED ON THE BASIS OF THE STATIC AND FATIGUE REQUIREMENTS WILL PROVIDE SUFFICIENT SHEAR CONNECTION TO DEVELOP THE ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE MEMBER, (2) PLASTIC ANALYSIS AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH THEORY CAN BE USED FOR THE DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS, AND (3) LOCAL FLANGE AND WEB BUCKLING NEAR THE INTERIOR SUPPORTS LIMITS THE ULTIMATE LOAD CAPACITY OF THE MEMBER. FURTHER ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ARE REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH DESIGN RULES WHICH WOULD ALLOW THE FULL NEGATIVE PLASTIC HINGE TO DEVELOP PRIOR TO FLANGE AND WEB LOCAL BUCKLING. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue tests KW - Plastic analysis KW - Plastic analysis (Structural) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Static tests KW - Steel KW - Structural design KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206300 AU - Mcnaughton, E AU - Rand, D AU - Maine State Highway Commission TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION II PY - 1967/03 AB - THE STUDY IS AN EXTENSION OF THE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT INVENTORY STUDY REPORTED IN MARCH 1964. OBSERVATIONS OF 293 SELECTED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PROJECTS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE STATE WERE MADE AND ANALYZED. THE PRINCIPAL PURPOSE OF THE STUDY IS TO MODERNIZE AND UPDATE THE PREVIOUS STUDY SO THAT THE PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED PAVEMENT DESIGN NOMOGRAPH COULD BE REVISED. EACH PROJECTS PRESENT SERVICEABILITY WAS OBTAINED BY A SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE RATING SYSTEM WHICH IS CORRELATED WITH RESULTS OF CHLOE PROFILOMETER MEASUREMENTS ON A LIMITED NUMBER OF PROJECTS. TOTAL EQUIVALENT 18-KIP AXLE LOADS AND THE STRUCTURAL NUMBER OF THE TOP 18 INCHES OF THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE OF EACH PROJECT WERE COMPUTED. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOAD, SERVICEABILITY AND STRUCTURAL NUMBER ARE DEVELOPED. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS ARE REPORTED' /1/ THE QUALITATIVE RATING SYSTEM IS NOT AS ACCURATE AS CHLOE PROFILOMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR DETERMINING PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY. A RATING OF 2.5 BY THE FORMER METHOD IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO 2.0 BY THE LATTER. /2/ PAVEMENTS WITH TREATED BASE COURSES PERFORMED BETTER THAN THOSE HAVING UNTREATED GRAVEL BASES. THE PAVEMENT DESIGN NOMOGRAPH WAS REVISED AND THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER RATING SYSTEM IS RECOMMENDED FOR ADOPTION. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Inventory KW - Nomographs KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Serviceability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212011 AU - Cassaro, M A AU - Csercsics, J AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida State Road Department TI - THE USE OF MOIRE FRINGES FOR CONCRETE STRAIN ANALYSIS PY - 1967/03 AB - THE GENERAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MOIRE FRINGE SPACINGS AND ROTATIONS AND STRAINS ARE DEVELOPED IN THE INITIAL PART OF THE REPORT. THE APPLICATION OF THIS TECHNIQUE TO CONCRETE BEAM SPECIMENS NEAR REGIONS OF PROBABLE SHEAR-DIAGONAL TENSION CRACKS IS DESCRIBED. THE SENSITIVITY AND ACCURACY OF THE METHOD IS DESCRIBED IN SOME DETAIL. SOME CONCLUSIONS BASED ON THE RESULTS WERE AS FOLLOWS' /1/ THE MOIRE METHOD DOES HAVE A DEFINITE APPLICATION TO CONCRETE, BUT SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS HAVE TO BE TAKEN TO OBTAIN A GOOD BOND FOR THE GRID, /2/ THE ACCURACY OF THE METHOD APPEARS TO BE EQUAL TO PHOTOELASTIC METHODS, AND /3/ QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS AND SENSITIVITY OF THE MOIRE METHOD MAY BE IMPROVED IF FINER GRID SPACINGS ARE USED. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Cracking KW - Diagonal tension KW - Grids (Transmission lines) KW - Moire fringes KW - Rotation KW - Shear cracks KW - Spacing KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural analysis KW - Tension KW - Tension cracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203966 AU - Chow, W AU - Weber, W AU - California Department of Public Works TI - INSTRUMENTATION REPORT FOR CHADD CREEK CULVERT PY - 1967/03 AB - IN ORDER TO ACQUIRE A MORE RATIONAL CULVERT DESIGN FORMULA UNDER HIGH FILLS, THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS BRIDGE DEPARTMENT SET UP A RESEARCH PROGRAM TO GATHER FACTUAL EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF CULVERTS BURIED UNDERNEATH HIGH EARTH FILLS AND THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE FILL INTERIOR ITSELF. THIS REPORT COVERS THE WORK PERFORMED BY THE MATERIALS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT IN INSTRUMENTING AND ACQUIRING THE TEST DATA FOR A 114-INCH DIAMETER STEEL STRUCTURAL PLATE TEST CULVERT INSTALLATION AT CHADD CREEK UNDER AN OVERFILL HEIGHT OF ABOUT 90 FEET. ANALYSIS OF THE TEST DATA WILL BE MADE BY THE BRIDGE DEPARTMENT. /BPR/ KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Fills KW - Instrumentation KW - Research KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224848 AU - Van den Branden, B AU - Blackwell, H R AU - Treiterer, J AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - A STUDY OF STOP WARNING SYSTEMS PY - 1967/03 AB - A STUDY OF STOP-WARNING SYSTEMS WAS CONDUCTED INCLUDING' ACCIDENT DATA, FIELD STUIES, AND A SIMULATOR STUDY OF THE VISUAL CONSPECUITY OF THE FLASHER ELEMENTS. THE SIMULATOR STUDY PRODUCED THE MOST VALUABLE INFORMATION, WITH THE ACCIDENT AND FIELD DATA INDICATING SUFFICIENT VALIDITY TO WARRANT THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSION' /1/ THE MOST EFFECTIVE STOP-WARNING SYSTEM OF THOSE INVESTIGATED INVOLVED AN 8-INCH FLASHER MOUNTED ON TOP OF A STOP SIGN ALONG EACH SIDE OF THE ROADWAY, WITH THE TWO FLASHERS SYNCHRONIZED, /2/ THE MOST EFFECTIVE OVERHEAD MOUNTED FLASHER SYSTEM STUDIED INVOLVED FOUR FLASHER WITH PAIRS AT THE SAME HEIGHT OVER THE CENTER OF EACH LANE FLASHER IN SYNCHRONY AND WITH VERTICAL ALTERNATION, AND /3/ USE OF 12- INSTEAD OF 8-INCH FLASHERS INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS BY A FACTOR OF 1.275. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ESTABLISH THE GENERALITY OF THE PRESENT CONCLUSIONS. /BPR/ KW - Crash rates KW - Field studies KW - Flashers KW - Overhead traffic signals KW - Simulation KW - Size KW - Stop signs KW - Synchronization KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Training simulators KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212009 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON CLASS 47C CONCRETE PY - 1967/03 AB - ALL OF THE SAND-GRAVEL AGGREGATES PRODUCED IN NEBRASKA ARE REACTIVE WITH CEMENT WHEN USED IN CONCRETE. TO DEVELOP A MIX WHICH REDUCES THIS REACTION TO A SAFE LEVEL, PART OF THE SAND-GRAVEL AGGREGATE IS REPLACED WITH CRUSHED DOLOMITE OR LIMESTONE. HOWEVER, IN CERTAIN PARTS OF THE STATE, THE COST OF LIMESTONE OR DOLOMITE IS PROHIBITIVE. THIS INVESTIGATION WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER FLY ASH COULD BE USED TO IMPROVE THE WORKABILITY AND STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE AND AT THE SAME TIME ASSURE THAT THE CEMENT-AGGREGATE REACTION WOULD BE HELD TO A SAFE LEVEL. FOUR BASIC CONCRETE MIXES WERE USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION. THEY WERE A 5.5-BAG MIX WITHOUT FLY ASH /THE STANDARD CLASS 47C MIX USED BY THE STATE/ AND 5.0, 5.5, AND 6.0-BAG MIXES WITH THE ADDITION OF FLY ASH. A HIGH ALKALI CEMENT WAS USED IN ALL THE MIXES. THE TESTS MADE INCLUDED WETTING AND DRYING TESTS AND FREEZING AND THAWING TESTS ON BEAMS AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 7, 28, 180, AND 360 DAYS ON CYLINDERS. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE DERIVED FROM THIS RESEARCH' /1/ THE ADDITION OF FLY ASH REDUCED THE EXPANSION IN ALL CASES, /2/ THE CONCRETES MADE WITH FLY ASH ADDITIONS WERE MORE DURABLE THAN THE CONCRETE WITHOUT FLY ASH, AND /3/ THE CONCRETES WITH ADDITIONS OF FLY ASH GAVE SLIGHTLY LOWER EARLY STRENGTHS, BUT THE LATER STRENGTHS WERE AS HIGH OR HIGHER THAN THE CONCRETE WITHOUT FLY ASH. /BPR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Beams KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Durability KW - Expansion KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - High early strength cement KW - Strength of materials KW - Wetting and drying tests KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219683 AU - Mortenson, O AU - Blackwell, H R AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - TECHNICAL PROGRESS SUMMARY' SIMULATOR STUDIES OF VISIBILITY AND HIGHWAY LIGHTING PY - 1967/03 AB - VISIBILITY MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE IN A 1'10 SCALE-MODEL SIMULATOR UNDER EACH OF FOUR DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF FIXED ROADWAY LIGHTING. A PEDESTRIAN TYPE TARGET AT 200 FEET WAS USED. IT WAS FOUND THAT UNORTHODOX LIGHTING SYSTEMS WHICH PROVIDE VERY UNIFORM ILLUMINATION ON THE PAVEMENT PRODUCED BETTER VISIBILITY CONDITIONS THAN MORE CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS. /BPR/ KW - Fixed structures KW - Lighting KW - Measurement KW - Pedestrians KW - Simulation KW - Standardization KW - Street lighting KW - Structures KW - Training simulators KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240817 AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - STUDY OF TERMINAL TRANSFER FACILITIES IN CONJUNCTION WITH URBAN FREEWAYS PY - 1967/03 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A FEASIBILITY STUDY TO PROVIDE TERMINAL-TRANSFER FACILITIES USING AIR RIGHTS ABOVE FREEWAYS OR ON LAND IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO FREEWAYS. A GENERAL STUDY WAS MADE ON A SITE NEAR MINNEAPOLIS, INCORPORATING MODULAR DESIGN CONCEPTS, SITE CONSIDERATIONS, STRUCTURAL ALTERNATES, SIZE LIMITATIONS RELATED TO RAMP CAPACITIES, FUNCTIONAL DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATES. TRAFFIC PATTERNS, TRANSFER OPERATIONS AND USE FOR RELATED HIGHWAY PURPOSES, SUCH AS MAINTENANCE AND HIGHWAY PATROL WERE ANALYZED. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS USING COST PER PARKING SPACE WAS MADE, INCLUDING DISTRIBUTION OF COST AND COMPARISONS WITH A POSSIBLE FACILITY LOCATED ADJACENT TO THE FREEWAY. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT IT IS ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE TO CONSTRUCT TERMINAL TRANSFER FACILITIES OVER AN EXPRESSWAY AND THIS FACILITY SHOULD BE LOCATED CLOSE ENOUGH TO DOWNTOWN TO INTERCEPT THE LARGEST NUMBER OF POTENTIAL USERS YET FAR ENOUGH REMOVED TO BE FREE OF HEAVY BUSINESS DISTRICT TRAFFIC. BUS OPERATIONS SHOULD BE PROVIDED UNDER THE STRUCTURE RATHER THAN ON THE PARKING LEVELS. IN THE TYPICAL TRANSFER FACILITY THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPACES PROVIDED SHOULD BE IN THE RANGE OF 1200 TO 1600 SPACES. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF THE FACILITY SHOULD BE DISTRIBUTED AMONG ALL BENEFICIARIES SINCE IT IS PART OF A BALANCED METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. KW - Air rights KW - Bus transportation KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Parking KW - Ramps KW - Regional transportation KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Transferring KW - Transfers KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206297 AU - Moore, A B AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville TI - MEASUREMENT OF PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AND THE USE OF SUCH MEASUREMENTS IN THE EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES AND PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PY - 1967/03 AB - THE REPORT COVERS THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEES EXPERIENCE IN MAKING THE BPR-TYPE ROUGHOMETER FIELD OPERATIONAL AND SUBSEQUENT STUDIES ON THE TENNESSEE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. THIS COVERAGE INCLUDES /1/ GENERAL LEVEL OF ROAD ROUGHNESS OF THE INTERSTATE AND PRIMARY HIGHWAYS, /2/ THE LEVEL OF ROAD ROUGHNESS FOR NEWLY CONSTRUCTED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT, /3/ THE LEVEL OF ROUGHNESS OF BRIDGE DECKS AND ADJACENT PAVEMENTS, AND /4/ MINOR STUDIES COMPARING ROAD ROUGHNESS WITH DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS AND SKID RESISTANCE. THE REPORT CONCLUDES' /1/ THE GENERAL LEVEL OF ROAD ROUGHNESS FOR THE TENNESSEE PORTION OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM SHOWED 65% OF THE RIGID PAVEMENT TO BE VERY SMOOTH OR SMOOTH AND 33% TO BE SLIGHTLY ROUGH. THESE PERCENTAGES FOR THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS WERE 78 AND 22% RESPECTIVELY. /2/ THE AVERAGE BRIDGE DECK ROUGHNESS WAS 140-INCHES PER MILE WHILE THE ADJACENT PAVEMENTS AVERAGED 86.8-INCHES PER MILE. /3/ A MORE REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF ROAD ROUGHNESS IS OBTAINED IF THE ENTIRE PROJECT IS EVALUATED IN PREFERENCE TO SELECTED SHORT SECTIONS. /4/ BASED ON LIMITED TESTS, SOME CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN ROAD ROUGHNESS AND SKID RESISTANCE. /5/ LITTLE CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS MEASURED BY THE BENKELMAN BEAM AND THE ROUGHOMETER. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bridge decks KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measurement KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Primary highways KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240410 AU - Norton, T J AU - Arenas, C AU - Shinn, R D AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PHERIPHERAL LAND STUDY ECONOMICS, ESTHETICS, AND HIGHWAYS PY - 1967/03 AB - THIS STUDY RELATED LAND VALUE CHANGES TO FOUR CHOSEN INDEPENDENT VARIABLES' SIGN DENSITY, ZONING REGULATION, LAND USE INTENSITY, AND AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC. THE MAJOR FINDING WAS THAT THE PRESENCE OF SIGNS DID NOT CONTRIBUTE MEASURABLY TO LAND VALUE CHANGES. HOWEVER, LAND VALUES ANALYZED IN THE STUDY DID APPARENTLY RISE SLIGHTLY FASTER OR DECREASE A BIT SLOWER WHERE THERE IS AN ABSENCE OF SIGNS. THE AUTHORS BE- LIEVE THIS CHANGE MAY BE EXPLAINED BY MARKET IMPERFECTIONS ASSESSMENT PRACTICES, AND BY FACTORS UNIQUE TO EACH PROPERTY. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT AMENITY AND AESTHETICS DO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO LAND VALUES, ALONG WITH ACCESSIBILITY AND LAND USE AND A MYRIAD OF OTHER FACTORS. /BPR/ KW - Access KW - Aesthetics KW - Average daily traffic KW - Change KW - Density KW - Economics KW - Highways KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Land values KW - Signs KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215851 AU - Sestak, J J AU - Fears, F K AU - Aldridge, W W AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways TI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS FOR BRIDGE BEARING PADS PY - 1967/03 AB - ELASTOMERIC BEARING PADS OF FIVE DIFFERENT MATERIALS WITH SHAPE FACTORS RANGING FROM ONE TO SIX WERE SUBJECTED TO A SERIES OF THREE SPECIFIC TESTS TO DETERMINE AND COMPARE THEIR RESPECTIVE LOAD-DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS. COMPRESSION-DEFLECTION TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE SHORT TIME LOAD-DEFLECTION RESPONSES FOR SOLID PADS AND LAMINATED PADS PLACED BETWEEN BEARING SURFACES OF CONCRETE- AND-CONCRETE, CONCRETE-AND-STEEL, AND STEEL-AND-STEEL. ADDITIONAL VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS DUE TO CREEP IN THE PAD MATERIAL SUBJECTED TO A CONSTANT STATIC COMPRESSIVE STRESS WERE MEASURED OVER PERIODS RANGING FROM ONE TO THREE WEEKS. INVESTIGATIONS WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF REPETITIVE REVERSED HORIZONTAL SHEAR FORCES ACTING ON A BEARING PAD WHILE LOADED UNDER A CONSTANT VERTICAL COMPRESSIVE STRESS. AN OBJECTIVE COMPARISON WAS MADE OF THE MATERIALS TESTED. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A DESIGN PROCEDURE USING CURVES FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA ARE OUTLINED. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bearing tests KW - Bridge bearing pads KW - Compression tests KW - Deflection tests KW - Elastomers KW - Repeated loads KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203974 AU - Mitchell, J S AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COMPARISON OF MATHEMATICAL VERSUS EXPERIMENTAL FLOOD WAVE ATTENUATION IN PART-FULL PIPES (FOR SUBCRITICAL SLOPES WITH FREE-FALL END PY - 1967/03 AB - A COMPARISON IS MADE OF OBSERVED ATTENUATIONS OF FLOOD- WAVES IN PART-FULL PIPES (OF SUBCRITICAL SLOPES WITH FREE- FALL END) WITH THE COMPUTED REPONSE TO THE SAME FLOW CONDITIONS USING NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE UNSTEADY FLOW EQUATIONS. THE OBSERVED DATA PRESENTED WAS COLLECTED FROM BOTH A 3-FOOT DIAMETER PIPE AT THE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER OF COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY AND AN EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM AT THE HYDRAULICS RESEARCH STATION OF WALLINGFORD, BERKSHIRE, ENGLAND. PLOTS ARE SHOWN COMPARING OBSERVED AND COMPUTED WAVE-FORMS AT DIFFERENT POINTS OF THE SYSTEM AND AT DIFFERENT INSTANTS IN TIME. IN ADDITION, PLOTS ARE SHOWN COMPARING PEAK-DEPTH VERSUS DISTANCE FROM PIPE INLET AND TIME. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OBSERVED AND COMPUTED DATA WERE MEASURED AND THOSE DIFFERENCES ARE PRESENTED IN TABLES. THE COMPARISONS ARE USED TO DETERMINE THE ABILITY OF THE UNSTEADY FLOW EQUATIONS, AS ALTERED UNDER SEVERAL ASSUMPTIONS, TO PRODUCE THE OCCURRENCES OBSERVED UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Attenuation KW - Computing KW - Data collection KW - Depth KW - Distance KW - Experiments KW - Flood waves KW - Floods KW - Flow equations KW - Free fall KW - Information processing KW - Mathematics KW - Measurement KW - Pipe KW - Slopes KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201210 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT PY - 1967/03 AB - RESEARCH FINDINGS ARE SUMMARIZED FROM APPROXIMATELY 20 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACT AND HIGHWAY PLANNING AND RESEARCH FEDERAL-STATE COOPERATIVE PROJECTS THAT WERE INITIATED AT THE DIRECTION OF THE CONGRESS IN THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT OF 1965. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE OVER ALL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT SHOULD BE FAIRLY MINOR ON A NATIONAL BASIS. LOSSES EXPERIENCED BY ONE SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY TEND TO BE OFFSET BY GAINS IN OTHER SECTORS. THE IMPACT ON THE FOLLOWING AFFECTED GROUPS WILL BE MORE PRONOUNCED: OUTDOOR ADVERTISING COMPANIES, SIGN SITE OWNERS, OTHER PROPERTY OWNERS, MOTORISTS, HIGHWAY-ORIENTED BUSINESSES, JUNKYARD OPERATORS, AND SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL FOR SCENIC ENHANCEMENT AND JUNKYARD SCREENING. HIGHWAY- ORIENTED BUSINESS OWNERS SURVEYED FEEL THAT ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF THEIR BUSINESS IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OUTDOOR ADVERTISING. THESE STUDIES ALSO SHOWED THAT ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF THE MOTORISTS CONTACTED USE BILLBOARDS FOR LOCATING OR LEARNING OF HIGHWAY SERVICES. HOWEVER, A MAJORITY OF MOTORISTS INDICATE NO DIFFICULTY IN FINDING HIGHWAY SERVICES WHERE BILLBOARDS HAVE BEEN RESTRICTED. THE STATE STUDIES INDICATE THAT LANDOWNERS GENERALLY RECEIVE BETWEEN 30 AND 40 DOLLARS ANNUALLY FROM OUTDOOR ADVERTISING FIRMS FOR EACH SIGN SITE RENTED. THIS AMOUNTS TO ABOUT 10 PER CENT OF THE OUTDOOR ADVERTISING RECEIPTS OR $10 MILLION. THE EFFECTS OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING RESTRICTIONS AMONG HIGHWAY-ORIENTED BUSINESSES WILL TEND TO BE A REDISTRIBUTION OF SALES AMONG ALL HIGHWAY- ORIENTED BUSINESSES RATHER THAN A LOSS OF SALES. JUNKYARD CONTROL EFFECTS WILL BE FELT PRIMARILY BY THE OWNERS OF JUNKYARDS THAT WILL BE REMOVED BECAUSE SCREENING IS NOT FEASIBLE. SCENIC ENHANCEMENT EFFECTS WILL BE INCREASED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN NURSERY STOCK AND OTHER AFFECTED INDUSTRIES. LAND VALUES NEAR PARKWAYS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO INCREASE AND THEREFORE LAND VALUES SHOULD INCREASE NEAR HIGHWAYS OF COMPARABLE DESIGN. IT IS COMPUTED THAT FOR EACH DOLLAR OF HIGHWAY OUTLAY ON THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM, HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION COSTS AMOUNT TO ABOUT TWO CENTS. ON A PER DRIVER BASIS, COSTS AMOUNT TO ABOUT $1.17 PER YEAR. FOR REST AREAS ALONG THE INTERSTATE, COSTS AVERAGE FIVE CENTS FOR EACH AUTOMOBILE VISIT. /BPR/ KW - Beautification KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway user services KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Junkyards KW - Land values KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Roadside advertising KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230606 AU - Chu, T Y AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina State Highway Department TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT OF LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE STABILIZATION OF PIEDMONT SOILS IN SOUTH CAROLINA PY - 1967/02/24 AB - LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE PROPERTIES OF THE PREDOMINANT TYPES OF SOILS ENCOUNTERED IN THE PIEDMONT REGION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELECTED STABILIZING AGENTS FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF THESE SOILS AS BASE MATERIAL FOR SECONDARY ROADS. REVIEW OF COUNTY SOIL SURVEYS INDICATED THAT SOILS OF THE CECIL PEDALOGICAL SERIES OCCUPY 60 PERCENT OF THE PIEDMONT AREA AND THOSE OF THE GEORGEVILLE SERIES OCCUPY 6 PERCENT OF THE AREA. APPLING, ALTA-VISTA AND MADISON WERE ALSO REPRESENTED. THREE TYPES OF STABILIZERS, NAMELY, PORTLAND CEMENT, HYDRATED LIME AND PHOSPHORIC ACID WERE STUDIED WITH THESE SOILS. PORTLAND CEMENT PROVED TO BE THE MOST SUCCESSFUL. STABILIZATION WAS EVALUATED BY UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Counties KW - Evaluation KW - Geological surveying KW - Laboratory studies KW - Phosphoric acid KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Secondary roads KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilizers KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210367 AU - Tons, E AU - Purdue University TI - FLOW IN AGGREGATE-BINDER MIXTURES PY - 1967/02/01 AB - THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO ATTEMPT TO DEFINE AND DETERMINE QUANTITATIVELY THE MAJOR PARAMETERS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR /FLOW/ OF AGGREGATE-ASPHALT COMPOSITES. THE WORK INVOLVES SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES DESCRIBING AGGREGATE PARTICLES, THEIR BEHAVIOR WHEN MIXED WITH ASPHALT AND EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY WORK TO MEASURE THE CHARACTERISTICS INVOLVED. THIS PROGRESS REPORT DESCRIBES BRIEFLY THE DATA DEVELOPED SO FAR. THREE TYPES OF ROCKS ARE CENTRAL IN THIS PRESENTATION' /1/ CRUSHED LIMESTONE, /2/ ROUND GRAVEL, AND /3/ CRUSHED GRAVEL, WITH MOST PIECES IN THE SIZE RANGE OF 3/4 INCH TO NO. 4 AND SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH SAND SIZES. THE RESULTS TO DATE INCLUDE MEASUREMENTS OF PARTICLE VOLUMES AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PARTICLE PACKING EQUATION FOR SIMPLE GRADATIONS. SOME DATA ON ACTUAL AGGREGATE-ASPHALT MIXES IS ALSO INCLUDED. THE MOST IMPORTANT FINDINGS SO FAR ARE'/1/ SURFACE ROUGHNESS APPEARS TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT AGGREGATE VARIABLE, BECAUSE IT AFFECTS THE PACKING VOLUME FOR EACH PARTICLE. PARTICLE SHAPE AND ANGULARITY APPEAR TO PLAY A MINOR ROLE IN BULK BEHAVIOR. /2/ PARTICLE PACKING VOLUME DISTRIBUTION /INCLUDING SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN THIS VOLUME/ PROMISES MUCH MORE EXACT AND PREDICTABLE GRADING FOR AGGREGATES USED IN MIXES THAN IS CURRENTLY ACHIEVED BY SIZE GRADING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Composite materials KW - Crushed gravel KW - Crushed limestone KW - Flow KW - Gravel KW - Particle shapes KW - Particles KW - Roughness KW - Shape KW - Texture KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218011 AU - Coble, H D AU - Harvey, P H AU - Satman, F L AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE UTILIZATION OF PLANT GROWTH CONTROL SUBSTANCE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY AND HIGHWAY FACILITIES PY - 1967/02 AB - THIS IS THE FINAL REPORT OF AN EIGHT-YEAR RESEARCH PROGRAM ON THE USE OF HERBICIDES FOR THE SELECTIVE ELIMINATION OR CONTROL OF VEGETATION ALONG NORTH CAROLINAS ROADSIDES. IT IS A PRESENTATION OF A REGIONAL STATE-OF-THE-ART PERTINENT TO THE USE OF CHEMICALS ON VEGETATION ALONG HIGHWAY RIGHTS- OF-WAY. THIS FINAL DOCUMENT INCLUDES RELEVANT INFORMATION DEVELOPED SINCE THE START OF THE STUDY IN 1959. THE THREE PRINCIPLE CONCEPTS DEVELOPED IN THIS COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM ARE /1/ THE ELIMINATION OF WOODY PLANTS, INCLUDING DIFFICULT-TO-KILL SPECIES BY FOLIAR, BASAL, AND DORMANT STEM APPLICATIONS, /2/ EFFECTIVE USES OF SOIL-STERILANT CHEMICALS WITH AN EVALUATION OF LEACHING AND LATERAL MOVEMENT, AND /3/ THE EVALUATION OF GROWTH RETARDANT CHEMICALS, INCLUDING CONTROL OF HERBACEOUS WEEDS THAT AFFECT APPEARANCE AND MOWING OPERATIONS. DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF HERBICIDES IN HIGHWAY OPERATIONS HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED IN A MANUAL OF MAINTENANCE PRACTICES ALONG NORTH CAROLINAS HIGHWAY SYSTEM. THIS INFORMATION IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER STATES FOR SIMILAR VEGETATION CONTROL NEEDS. /BPR/ KW - Chemicals KW - Control KW - Herbicides KW - Highway maintenance KW - Plants KW - Right of way KW - State of the art studies KW - Urban growth KW - Utilization KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108473 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225141 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Desrosiers, R D TI - GAP UTILIZATION A WARRANT FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL PY - 1967/02 AB - RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REPORTED IN THIS ARTICLE SHOW THAT A WARRANT FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL IS FEASIBLE BASED ON THE RELATION OF THE GAP AVAILABILITY IN THE TRAFFIC ON MAJOR STREETS TO THE LAG OR GAP ACCEPTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRIVER ON MINOR STREETS. PROPERLY OPERATED TRAFFIC SIGNALS FOR ALLOCATING TIME AND SPACE TO THE DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS AT INTERSECTIONS AND OTHER STREET AND HIGHWAY LOCATIONS ARE UNDOUBTEDLY NECESSARY, BUT TRAFFIC SIGNALS ARE NOT THE ANSWER TO ALL TRAFFIC PROBLEMS AT INTERSECTIONS. THE VOLUME OF TRAFFIC IN ITSELF DOES NOT DETERMINE THE NEED FOR SIGNALS, DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE GAPS IN TRAFFIC FLOW ON MAIN STREETS BY VEHICLES OR PEDESTRIANS ON MINOR STREETS SHOULD BE OF CRITICAL CONSIDERATION. THE METHODOLOGY DEVELOPED IN THE RESEARCH REPORTED IN THIS ARTICLE CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION. TO USE THE METHODOLOGY ACCURATELY, HOWEVER, IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE TRAFFIC ENGINEER OBTAIN DATA ON THE VARIATIONS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVAILABLE GAPS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GAP ACCEPTANCE AT THE INDIVIDUAL INTERSECTIONS STUDIED. /BPR/ KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Intersections KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signals KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206371 AU - Whitehurst, E A AU - Moore, A B AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Tennessee Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 1967 FLORIDA SKID CORRELATION STUDY PY - 1967/02 AB - THE TENNESSEE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM IN COOPERATION WITH THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS PARTICIPATED WITH A SKID TEST TRAILER AND A STOPPING DISTANCE VEHICLE IN THE FLORIDA SKID CORRELATION STUDY OF 1967. THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY WITH EMPHASIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TENNESSEE VEHICLES. THE PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVE OF THE SKID TRAILER PORTION OF THE STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE DEGREE OF STANDARDIZATION ACHIEVED BY TRAILER TESTS INDICATE GOOD REPRODUCIBILITY WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL TRAILERS AND FAIR CORRELATION BETWEEN SOME OF THE TRAILERS. HOWEVER, STATISTICAL DIFFERENCES STILL EXIST IN THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY VIRTUALLY ALL OF THE EQUIPMENT USED IN THIS STUDY. THE RESULTS OF THE STOPPING DISTANCE TESTS WERE MORE ENCOURAGING THAN THOSE OF THE TRAILER TESTS. OF THE FIVE AUTOMOBILES PARTICIPATING IN THIS PHASE OF TESTING THREE CORRELATED EXTREMELY WELL. THE TWO VEHICLES WHICH DID NOT CORRELATE EXPERIENCED DIFFICULTIES WITH THEIR EQUIPMENT WHICH WOULD EXPLAIN THE REASON. BOTH VEHICLES OPERATED BY THE TENNESSEE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM PERFORMED WELL THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE TEST PERIOD. THE SKID TRAILER CORRELATED WELL WITH THE AVERAGE OF ALL TRAILERS ON MOST OF THE TEST SURFACES, AND THE STOPPING DISTANCE AUTOMOBILE WAS ONE OF THE THREE INCLUDED IN THIS TESTING WHICH DID CORRELATE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Correlation analysis KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing equipment KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217466 AU - Sherman, G B AU - Watkins, R O AU - Folsom, J J AU - California Division of Highways TI - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE AGGREGATE TEST RESULTS PY - 1967/02 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES A STATISTICAL STUDY TO DETERMINE THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF CURRENT TEST METHODS AND FEASIBILITY OF USING STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AGGREGATE. THREE BRIDGE PROJECTS WERE STUDIED, TEST RESULTS ON RANDOMLY SELECTED SAMPLES WERE STATISTICALLY ANALYZED FOR VARIANCES. THE CONCLUSION WAS THAT SAND EQUIVALENT AND CLEANESS TESTS WERE SATISFACTORY FOR FIELD CONTROL. LARGE VARIANCES OF MATERIAL AND SIEVING OPERATIONS INDICATE NEED FOR MODIFICATION OF SPECIFICATIONS. THE REPORT RECOMMENDED THE USE OF MOVING AVERAGE BASED ON THE FIVE MOST RECENT INDIVIDUAL TEST RESULTS. THE REPORT CONTAINS VALUABLE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE DATA CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIAL, SAMPLING AND TESTING PROCEDURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Construction management KW - Field control KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Randomization KW - Sand equivalent test KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210372 AU - Lamb, C W AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTS PY - 1967/02 AB - RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS WERE DETERMINED FOR 9 PAVING-GRADE ASPHALT FOUR OF THE ASPHALTS WERE OBTAINED FROM ARKANSAS PAVING PROJECTS, AND 5 WERE FROM THE AC-10 SERIES SUPPLIED BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. A SLIDING PLATE MICROVISCOMETER WAS USED TO OBTAIN THE FLOW PROPERTIES AT 45 DEGREES F, 77 DEGREES F AND 120 DEGREES F. VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR AT 45 DEGREES F WAS MEASURED BY THE METHOD OF STRESS RELAXATION AT CONSTANT STRAIN IN A CONICYLINDRICAL VISCOMETER. CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS WERE DETERMINED BY SEPARATING THE ASPHALTS INTO FIVE FRACTIONS BY A MODIFIED CORBETT-SWARBRICK CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD. A LEAST-SQUARES TECHNIQUE AND COMPUTER PROGRAM WERE DEVELOPED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POWER-LAW PARAMETERS AND EXPERIMENTAL VARIABILITY FROM MICROVISCOMETER DATA. AN AREA-CORRECTION TECHNIQUE WAS USED WITH THE MICROVISCOMETER TO ALLOW PLATE DISPLACEMENTS OF OVER 2,500 MICRONS. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY WAS SATISFACTORILY REPRESENTED BY PLOTS BASED ON THE WALTHER EQUATION, AND BY CHARACTERISTIC TEMPERATURES OBTAINED FROM THE WILLIAMS-LANDEL-FERRY EQUATION. THE APPARENT VISCOSITY EVALUATED AT A CONSTANT POWER INPUT WAS THE MOST USEFUL TYPE OF VISCOSITY. EQUATIONS WERE OBTAINED FROM MULTIPLE-LINEAR- REGRESSION ANALYSIS WHICH PROVIDED SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS OF THE FLOW PROPERTIES AT 120 DEGREES F WITH THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS. HOWEVER, THE COMPOSITION DATA ALONE WERE NOT SUFFICIENT TO DESCRIBE THE FLOW BEHAVIOR AT THE LOWER TEMPERATURES. THE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION WAS FOUND TO BE A SIGNIFICANT QUANTITY FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOW PROPERTIES AT THE LOWER TEMPERATURES. REGRESSION EQUATIONS WERE OBTAINED FOR THE FLOW PROPERTIES AT 45 DEGREES F AND 77 DEGREES F AND FOR THE WALTHER VISCOSITY- TEMPERATURE SLOPE WHEN THE EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS WERE INCLUDED IN THE REGRESSION ANALYSIS. FROM THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY, AND THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE FLOW BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALTS IN THE LOWER RANGE OF SERVICE TEMPERATURES IS MORE DEPENDENT ON FACTORS SUCH AS ASSOCIATION AND COLLOIDAL STATE THAN ON THE RELATIVE CONTENT OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF COMPOUNDS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical composition KW - Chromatographic analysis KW - Chromatography KW - Colloidal phenomena KW - Colloids KW - Computer programs KW - Flow KW - Fractionation of sample KW - Least squares method KW - Regression analysis KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Rheological properties KW - Samples KW - Temperature KW - Thermal expansion KW - Viscometers KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222558 AU - Blackwell, L M AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - A STUDY OF THE ADAPTABILITY OF THE AUTOMOBILE TO AUTOMATION CONTROL PY - 1967/02 AB - THIS PAPER IS CONCERNED WITH ESTABLISHING THE SMALL-SIGNAL PARAMETERS OF A TYPICAL CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE. DETERMINATION OF THE TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SUCH A CAR IS CARRIED OUT ALONG WITH PRESENTATION OF AN APPROXIMATE MATHEMATICAL MODEL SO THAT THE TRANSFER OF OTHER AUTOMOBILES CAN BE CALCULATED-FROM THEIR DESIGN DATA. BOUNDS ON THE LARGE-SIGNAL OR ULTIMATE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS ARE ALSO ESTABLISHED. COMPARISONS OF CALCULATED CAR RESPONSES WITH CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER DATA AND ACUTAL ON-ROAD HIGHWAY DATA ARE INCLUDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automatic control KW - Automobiles KW - Dynamometers KW - Emergency response time KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reaction time KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Transfer functions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218010 AU - Rand, D W AU - Maine State Highway Commission TI - A STUDY OF MULCHING PROCEDURES PERFORMED BY MAINE STATE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE DIVISION PY - 1967/02 AB - THIS STUDY CONSISTED OF OBSERVING THE MULCHING METHODS USED BY VARIOUS MULCH CREWS THROUGHOUT THE STATE OF MAINE. THE WORK CONSISTED OF OBSERVING THE CONDITIONS OF THE ROAD PRIOR TO MULCHING; DETERMINING THE REASON WHY THE WORK WAS DONE, AND WHY THE PARTICULAR TYPE AND GRADE OF BITUMEN WAS USED. A TIME STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO NOTICE THE EQUIPMENT USED, TIME INVOLVED, AND METHODS USED BY EACH CREW. WHILE OBSERVING A PARTICULAR PROJECT, DATA WAS ALSO OBTAINED ON QUANTITIES OF AGGREGATE AND BITUMEN USED, AND THE LENGTH OF PROJECT INVOLVED. A SAMPLE OF THE COMPLETED MIXTURE WAS ALSO OBTAINED FOR LABORATORY ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE GRADATION, BITUMEN CONTENT, AND MOISTURE. IN THE LATE AUTUMN THE SAME PROJECTS WERE REVISITED AND EVALUATED. AS A RESULT OF THIS STUDY IT WAS FOUND THAT MANY ROADS WERE MULCHED EACH YEAR. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT IT COST $900 PER MILE TO DO THIS WORK. THIS STUDY INDICATED AND RECOMMENDS THAT ROADS CARRYING OVER 1200 VEHICLES PER DAY SHOULD BE SURFACED WITH A HOT PLANT MIX SURFACE TREATMENT BECAUSE MULCHING DOES NOT PROVIDE SUFFICIENT LASTING PROPERTIES. ROADS HAVING LESS TRAFFIC THAN 1200 VEHICLES PER DAY SHOULD BE MULCHED WITH A MIX PRODUCED IN A STABILIZATION PLANT. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT USING GRADERS. THIS STUDY TENDS TO INDICATE THAT MULCHES COMPOSED OF TARS DO NOT LAST AS WELL AS ASPHALT BASE MIXES. THE REASONS FOR THIS CONCLUSION WERE /1/ TAR MIXES WERE OFTEN EXCESSIVELY LEAN. /2/ TARS WERE USED ON HEAVILY TRAVELED ROADS AND AS A RESULT SUBJECTED TO EXCESSIVE WEAR. RESULTS WERE NOT AVAILABLE TO SHOW HOW CUTBACK ASPHALT WOULD PERFORM UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS. COMMENTS FROM THE CREW FOREMEN AND SUPERVISORS INDICATED THAT THE VISCOSITY METHOD OF GRADING CUTBACKS WAS WELL ACCEPTED. IT WAS FOUND THAT MC- 800 WAS TOO HEAVY IF IT WAS BLENDED TO CONFORM TO THE MIDDLE OF THE VISCOSITY RANGE IN THE SPECIFICATIONS. IT CAN BE USED IF THE VISCOSITY IS HELD BELOW 900 CENTISTOKES AT 140 DEGREES F. /AUTHOR/ AT 140 DEGREE F. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Bitumen KW - Cut back KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Highway pavement KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Methodology KW - Moisture content KW - Mulching KW - Pavements KW - Surfacing KW - Time and motion studies KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206298 AU - Scrivner, F H AU - Moore, W M AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SOME RECENT FINDING IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RESEARCH PY - 1967/02 AB - THE AVERAGE LEVEL OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE DETERMINED FROM A TWO-YEAR CONTROLLED TRAFFIC TEST /AASHO ROAD TEST/ WAS CORRELATED WITH PERFORMANCE OF TEXAS PAVEMENTS UNDER NORMAL MIXED TRAFFIC, AND THE EFFECT OF WEATHER AND THE REGIONAL EFFECT THROUGHOUT THE STATE. APPROXIMATE VALUES WERE OBTAINED OF COEFFICIENTS OF TEXAS MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS FOR COMPARISONS WITH AASHO ROAD TEST LAYER COEFFICIENTS. THE ASSUMPTION WAS MADE THAT LOAD-INDUCED DEFLECTIONS OF PAVEMENTS SURFACE ARE AN INDEX TO THE POTENTIAL RATE OF PAVEMENT DETERIORATION. THE RESULTS REPORTED INCLUDED' /1/ DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMPIRICAL EQUATION FOR ESTIMATING DEFLECTIONS FROM THICKNESS AND LABORATORY-DETERMINED STRENGTH OF THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE MATERIALS, AND /2/ USE OF THE EQUATION TOGETHER WITH DEFLECTIONS OBSERVED ON 323 TEST SECTIONS, TO EVALUATE THE REGIONAL EFFECT. WITH THE SIGNIFICANT REGIONAL EFFECT EVALUATED, THE NET RESULT IS AN EQUATION FOR DEFLECTIONS THAT CONTAINS' /1/ A FIELD COMPRESSION COEFFICIENT FOR EACH LAYER, DEPENDENT ON LABORATORY STRENGTH AND REGIONAL EFFECT, AND /2/ A DEPTH COEFFICIENT FOR EACH LAYER /INCLUDING THE FOUNDATION LAYER/ DEPENDENT UPON THE THICKNESS OF THE LAYER AND ITS POSITION IN THE STRUCTURE. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Building materials KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Deflection KW - Depth KW - Deterioration KW - Empirical equations KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Strength of materials KW - Thickness KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240411 AU - Cook, T L AU - Real Estate Research Corporation AU - California Department of Transportation AU - California Division of Highways TI - A STUDY OF AIRSPACE UTILIZATION PY - 1967/02 AB - THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE NATURE OF AIR RIGHTS, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF USING AIR SPACE, AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN COORDINATING THE USE OF AIR SPACE. THE ANALYSIS INCLUDES EXAMINATION OF EXISTING EXPERIENCE WITH AIR SPACE USE TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THIS EXPERIENCE IS RELEVANT FOR CALIFORNIA. FOR EXAMPLE, COSTS OF DEVELOPING AIR RIGHTS ARE RELATED TO LAND VALUES TO PROVIDE SOME INDICATION AS TO THE FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING AIR RIGHTS. COSTS ARE TYPICALLY $15 TO $20 PER SQUARE FOOT OF PLATFORM FOR A 10 STORY BUILDING OVER A HIGHWAY. THIS WOULD SUGGEST THAT SUCH AIR RIGHTS DEVELOPMENTS MIGHT BE SUITABLE IN AREAS WHERE LAND VALUES EXCEED $15 OR $20 PER SQUARE FOOT /E.G., $600,000 PER ACRE/. IN WEST COAST CITIES, THIS OCCURS ONLY IN CBDS OF LARGE CITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, IN LOS ANGELES VALUES RANGE UP TO $100 PER SQUARE FOOT AND IN SAN FRANCISCO UP TO $150 /$6 MILLION PER ACRE/. THE REPORT ALSO RECOGNIZES THAT AIR RIGHTS MAY AT TIMES BE USED FOR NONECONOMIC REASONS /E.G., PRESTIGE/. AS THE AUTHOR NOTES, AIRSPACE IMPROVEMENTS SHOULD BE AESTHETIC BUT AESTHETIC TO WHOM{ THE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT INCLUDES EFFECTS ON MOTORISTS, AND EFFECTS ON NONUSERS. NONUSER EFFECTS ESPECIALLY WILL VARY. USE OF AIR RIGHTS CAN MINIMIZE UNDESIRABLE BARRIER EFFECTS OF FREEWAYS BUT MAY ALSO MINIMIZE THE OPEN SPACE ADVANTAGES ASSOCIATED WITH MANY URBAN FREEWAYS. THE REPORT SUGGESTS THAT PROFITABLE AND BENEFICIAL MULTIPLE USE CAN BE MADE OF FREEWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY BUT ALSO CALLS ATTENTION TO SUCH MATTERS AS FINANCING AND COORDINATION PROBLEMS DURING EXTENDED PERIODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND THE PROBLEM OF OBSOLETE OR ABANDONED STRUCTURES BECAUSE AIRSPACE PROJECTS TYPICALLY HAVE SHORTER LIVES THAN HIGHWAYS. /BPR/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Air rights KW - Central business districts KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Land values KW - Right of way KW - Social factors KW - Urban highways KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210366 AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Harper, W J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - INTERIM REPORT ON THE LABORATORY CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE OF SYNTHETIC AGGREGATES FOR HOT-MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1967/02 AB - THIS INTERIM REPORT PRESENTS DATA PERTAINING TO THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LABORATORY PREPARED BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURES USING LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES FROM SEVEN SOURCES. TWO AGGREGATE MIXTURES WERE STUDIED, ONE CONTAINING ALL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE AND ANOTHER CONTAINING FINE NATURAL SAND FOR THE FINE AGGREGATE FRACTION, AND LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE FOR THE COARSE FRACTION. EACH AGGREGATE MIXTURE WAS INVESTIGATED WITH VARIOUS ASPHALT CONTENTS. THE CHARACTERISTICS STUDIED AND RESULTS OF TESTS ARE AS FOLLOWS' /1/ LABORATORY COMPACTION DEGRADATION-USING THE TEXAS GYRATORY METHODS OF COMPACTION, DEGRADATION, AS MEASURED BY INCREASE IN SURFACE AREA, WAS FOUND TO BE RELATIVELY MINOR, /2/ ASPHALT ABSORPTION-DEPENDING ON PARTICLE SIZE AND MATERIAL SOURCE ABSORPTION VARIED FROM 2.0 TO 15.4 PER CENT, /3/ WATER SUSCEPTIBILITY-TEST WERE MADE ON COMBINED LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE AND NATURAL SAND SO THE WATER SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE ALONE IS NOT ALREADY DEFINED, HOWEVER AT HIGH ASPHALT CONTENTS THE INDEX OF RETAINED STRENGTH IS ACCEPTABLE, /4/ PERCENT SWELL AND EXPANSION PRESSURE TESTS SHOW THE MIXTURES INVESTIGATED TO BE ACCEPTABLE, AND /5/ AIR PERMEABILITY TESTS SHOW THAT PERMEABILITY DECREASES WITH INCREASED ASPHALT CONTENT, HOWEVER THE AUTHORS REPORT POOR REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY WITH THE TEST PROCEDURE. OTHER TESTS PERFORMED INCLUDE HVEEM STABILITY,COHESION AND DENSITY. THE THE AUTHORS DO NOT FORWARD ANY CONCLUSIONS OR SUGGEST DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MIXTURES CONTAINING LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE. /BPR/ KW - Absorption KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Air KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Compaction tests KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Expansion KW - Gyratory compaction KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Permeability KW - Pressure KW - Soil compaction test KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214445 AU - State Highway Departments TI - PRESPLITTING-A CONTROLLED BLASTING TECHNIQUE FOR ROCK CUTS PY - 1967/02 AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED ON CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF IMPROVED QUALITY AND LOWER COSTS IN THE HIGHWAY BUILDING OPERATIONS. THE EFFICACY AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF PRESPLITTING WORK IN HIGHWAY CUT SECTIONS WERE INVESTIGATED, AS WERE DEVELOPMENTS IN BLASTING, SUCH AS DRILL HOLE PATTERNS, DELAY CAPS, CONTROL OF SHOCK WAVE, SMOOTH WALL EXCAVATION TECHNIQUES, NEW TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES AND RESULTS ACHIEVED ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION. A COLLECTION OF CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS IN USE AND A SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING RESULTS ACHIEVED ON SPECIFIC PROJECT APPLICATIONS ARE PRESENTED. THE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES IN QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION, SAFETY AND MAINTENANCE ARE ATTAINABLE THROUGH APPROPRIATE USE OF CONTROLLED BLASTING TECHNIQUES. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Boreholes KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction safety KW - Construction specifications KW - Control KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Excavations KW - Explosives KW - Presplitting KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Shock waves KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240413 AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated TI - MULTIPLE USE OF LANDS WITHIN HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY PY - 1967/02 AB - THIS IS A SURVEY OF PRESENT EXPERIENCE IN THE MULTIPLE USE OF LANDS WITHIN CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY FOR PURPOSES OTHER THAN THE MOVEMENT OF TRAFFIC. BASIC DATA FOR THE STUDY WAS OBTAINED BY A QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO 49 STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS, THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 16 TOLL ROAD AUTHORITIES, AND SEVERAL FOREIGN COUNTRIES. AN EXTENSIVE REVIEW OF ALL PERTINENT LITERATURE ON THIS SUBJECT ALSO WAS MADE. IN ADDITION, THE ENABLING LEGISLATION DEALING WITH HIGHWAY LAW FOR EACH STATE WAS REVIEWED TO SUMMARIZE PERTINENT PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE USE AND DISPOSITION OF CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY. THE STUDY INDICATES THAT MULTIPLE USE DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES UTILIZING NORMAL HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY WILL BE LIMITED GENERALLY TO ACTIVITIES WHICH CAN BE ADAPTED TO A LINEAR CONFIGURATION (EXCEPT FOR RAMP INTERIORS) AND WHICH CAN CO-EXIST WITH THE HIGHWAY WITHOUT PRODUCING (OR BEING SUBJECT TO) ADVERSE EFFECTS. THE GREATEST OPPORTUNITY FOR MULTIPLE USE LIES IN THE COMBINING OF SECTIONS OF RIGHT-OF-WAY WITH ADJACENT NON- HIGHWAY LAND TO FORM DEVELOPABLE PARCELS. DIRECT ACCESS FROM CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAY LANES TO MULTIPLE USE DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE AVOIDED EXCEPT FOR SUCH HIGHWAY-ORIENTED FACILITIES AS SERVICE PLAZAS AND SAFETY REST AREAS. GIVEN APPROPRIATE DESIGN STANDARDS, FENCING AND LANDSCAPING, MOST MULTIPLE USE DEVELOPMENTS DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE ANY UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS ON HIGHWAY TRAFFIC. /BPR/ KW - Freeways KW - Highway law KW - Highways KW - Land use KW - Land use surveys KW - Multiple use KW - Questionnaires KW - Reviews KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210370 AU - Edwards, C H AU - Wilkins, J R AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - MARSHALL-IMMERSION TEST STUDY PY - 1967/01/25 AB - THIS REPORT CONTAINS THE RESULTS OF A STUDY TO MEASURE THE EFFECT OF WATER IMMERSION ON THE STABILITY OF LABORATORY MOLDED MARSHALL SPECIMENS IN COMPARISON WITH THE LOSS OF STRENGTH AS MEASURED BY THE IMMERSION-COMPRESSION TEST, AND TO ESTABLISH A CRITERION FOR THE MINIMUM VALUE OF THE INDEX OF RETAINED STABILITY. GRANULAR AGGREGATES FROM TWO AREAS WERE USED IN A MIXTURE OF WEARING COURSE GRADATION WITH 5.0 PER CENT AND 5.5 PER CENT ASPHALT CONTENT AND IN A MIXTURE OF BINDER COURSE GRADATION WITH 4.0 PER CENT AND 4.5 PER CENT ASPHALT CONTENT. SIX PERCENT MINERAL FILLER WAS USED IN EACH MIXTURE, THE FILLER BEING COMPOSED OF DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF HYDROPHOBIC /LIMESTONE/ AND HYDROPHILIC /ANHYDRITE/ MINERALS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT A CORRELATION EXISTS BETWEEN THE TWO TESTS, AND THAT A GRAPH CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE THIS CORRELATION. IT WAS FURTHER CONCLUDED THAT THE TYPE OF THE AGGREGATE AND THE QUANTITY OF THE ASPHALT CEMENT HAVE AN INFLUENCE ON THE RESULTS, BUT THAT FURTHER TESTING IS NECESSARY BEFORE THE EXTENT OF THIS INFLUENCE CAN BE ASCERTAINED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Absorptivity KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt content KW - Binder course KW - Compaction KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Granular materials KW - Hydrophilic properties KW - Hydrophobic properties KW - Immersion KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Mineral fillers KW - Specimens KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stability factor KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures KW - Water KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224840 AU - Wilson, S L AU - Radke, M L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - JUSTIFICATION OF U-TURNS AT FREEWAY INTERCHANGES PY - 1967/01/23 AB - THE IMPROVEMENT TO TRAFFIC SERVICE RESULTING FROM THE INSTALLATION OF U-TURN LANES BETWEEN FRONTAGE ROADS AT A DIAMOND INTERCHANGE WAS INVESTIGATED. FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE VEHICULAR DELAY USING A BEFORE AND AFTER STUDY AND COMPARISON OF SEVERAL EXISTING INSTALLATIONS. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS WHICH WOULD PROVIDE THE CAPABILITY OF ADDING SUCH LANES ON A STAGE CONSTRUCTION BASIS ARE DISCUSSED. THE RESEARCH INDICATES THE NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIGNALIZATION OF THESE INTERCHANGES TO PROVIDE FOR MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF EXISTING CAPACITY. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Building KW - Construction management KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Facilities KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Highway user services KW - Improvements KW - Installation KW - Interchanges KW - Lanes KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Stage construction KW - Traffic lanes KW - U turns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224838 AU - Drew, D R AU - McCasland, W R AU - Pinnell, C AU - Wattleworth, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC FREEWAY MERGING CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1967/01/13 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT IS DESCRIBED OF THE RAMP METERING THEORY DEVELOPED FROM RESEARCH ON THE GULF FREEWAY. THE PROTOTYPE RAMP CONTROL INSTALLATION AT THE TELEPHONE ROAD ON-RAMP WAS DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED BY AUTOMATIC SIGNAL DIVISION ACCORDING TO OPERATIONAL AND PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS OF THE STAFF OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT. THE EQUIPMENT MAY BE USED TO METER THE RAMP ON THE BASIS OF ANY ONE OF FOUR RAMP METERING THEORIES OR MODES. THESE ARE AS FOLLOWS' MODE I - GAP ACCEPTANCE, MODE II - DEMAND - CAPACITY, MODE III - DEMAND - ADJUSTED CAPACITY, AND MODE IV - SINGLE LANE /RIGHT DEMAND-CAPACITY. DATA HAVE BEEN GATHERED FOR MODE I AND II ON ALTERNATE DAYS. THE CAPACITY SETTINGS FOR MODE II HAVE NEEDED TO BE REDUCED ON OCCASIONS /MODE III/ WHILE MODE IV HAS NOT YET BEEN EMPLOYED. /BPR/ KW - Automatic control KW - Control systems KW - Development KW - Freeways KW - Merging traffic KW - Metering KW - Ramps KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224839 AU - Torres, J F AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING TRAFFIC OPERATIONS PY - 1967/01/13 AB - THE REPORT CONSISTS OF TWO VOLUMES OF WHICH THE SECOND VOLUME IS ESSENTIALLY AN APPENDIX REITERATING THE MATERIAL IN VOLUME I, WITH SOME ADDITIONAL TABLES, CHARTS AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES. THE MAIN EMPHASIS IN THIS STUDY WAS ON RELATING EFFICIENCY CRITERIA TO A MEASURABLE TRAFFIC PARAMETER, IN THIS CASE VOLUME. CRITERIA IS DEFINED TO CONSIST OF DRIVER SATISFACTION FACTORS' TRAVEL TIME, DRIVER DISCOMFORT, DRIVING HAZARD /ACCIDENTS/ AND DIRECT VEHICLE RUNNING COST. FIELD DATA FROM SEVERAL CITIES IS USED INCLUDING GSR AND BASE CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS FOR DRIVER DISCOMFORT FACTORS. VARIOUS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ARE APPLIED TO PROVE THAT AN IDENTIFIABLE RELATIONSHIP EXISTS. OTHER VARIABLES SUCH AS SIGNAL DENSITY, CYCLE LENGTHS, ETC. ARE DISCUSSED AND EQUATIONS DEVELOPED FOR ESTIMATING A NET MEASURE OF CONGESTION TO EVALUATE THE OPERATION OF A STREET. THE REPORT CONCLUDES THAT SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS EXIST BETWEEN THE DRIVER SATISFACTION FACTORS AND VOLUME FOR BROAD CLASSES OF URBAN ARTERIALS AND THAT THESE RELATIONSHIPS ARE LINEAR. /BPR/ KW - Comfort KW - Crashes KW - Criteria KW - Development KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highway operations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Reaction time KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206294 AU - Gotolski, W H AU - Ciesielski, S K AU - Sandvig, L D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND PERMEABILITY PY - 1967/01/10 AB - THE PERMEABILITY OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS TO AIR AND WATER APPEARS TO BE A PRIMARY FACTOR IN CONTROLLING PAVEMENT DURABILITY. A HIGH PERMEABILITY OF AN ASPHALTIC PAVEMENT CAN SERIOUSLY AFFECT THE DURABILITY OF A ROADWAY. THE SUBJECT OF THIS PAPER IS A VERY GENERAL ONE AND TOUCHES ON THE PROBLEM OF PERMEABILITY AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES. THE PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS IN THIS INVESTIGATION WERE MADE USING AIR AND WATER PERMEABILITY DEVICES. BOTH INSTRUMENTS WERE PORTABLE AND THE METHODS OF MEASUREMENT WERE RAPID. DATA ACCUMULATED IN THE FIELD ARE ALSO SHOWN. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY INDICATE /1/ THE USE OF SOME TYPE OF FLOW RATE DEVICE SEEMS WARRANTED AS AN INDICATOR OF IN- PLACE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE COMPACTION DURING CONSTRUCTION, /2/ ON VERY DENSE PAVEMENTS AIR FLOW RATES SEEM TO BE MORE SENSITIVE INDICATORS OF COMPACTION THAN WATER FLOW RATES, AND /3/ BASED ON TRENDS SHOWN, MUCH CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN IN THE ROLLING AND COMPACTION OF HOT ASPHALTIC CONCRETE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Construction management KW - Durability KW - Flow KW - Flow measurement KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Rolling KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207821 AU - Edwards, T C AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF HAULING STRESSES IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES PY - 1967/01/09 AB - SINCE THE OVERALL STUDY INVOLVES TENSILE STRESSES DURING DRIVING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES, AND THE AVAILABLE TENXILE CAPACITY MAY BE LOWERED IF THE PILE IS INITIALLY CRACKED DURING HANDLING OR HAULING, A LIMITED STUDY WAS INITIATED TO EXPLORE THE FEASIBILITY OF PREDICTING DYNAMIC TENSILE STRESSES INDUCED BY HAULING. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED TO SIMULATE THE PILE AND HAUL TRAILER AND EXPERIMENTAL VALUES WERE OBTAINED FROM LIMITED TESTS WITH ONE PILE. FAIR CORRELATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL DATA WAS ATTAINED INDICATING THAT FURTHER REFINEMENT AND MODIFICATION COULD PRODUCE AN EXACT MATHEMATICAL MODEL. /BPR/ KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Freight handling KW - Hauling KW - Mathematical models KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Simulation KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219676 AU - Tamburri, T N AU - Theobald, D J AU - California Division Highways TI - REDUCED VISIBILITY /FOG/ STUDY PY - 1967/01/09 AB - THIS STUDY WAS INITIATED BY A REQUEST FROM THE STATE SENATE TO DETERMINE POSSIBLE MEANS OF REDUCING MULTI-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN PERIODS OF FOG. LESS THAN TWO PERCENT OF ALL ACCIDENTS OCCURRING ON RURAL STATE HIGHWAYS AND URBAN FREEWAYS ARE MULTIPLE VEHICLE FOG ACCIDENTS. HOWEVER, THOSE THAT DO OCCUR ARE QUITE SPECTACULAR WITH LARGE AMOUNTS ON NEWS COVERAGE. THE METHODS OF ATTACK ON FOG ACCIDENTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GENERAL CATEGORIES' /1/ ROADWAY AND SIGNING, /2/ PATROL ACTIVITY, /3/ PUBLIC INFORMATION, AND /4/ VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT. OF ALL THE DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES TRIED ON THE HIGHWAY, ONLY THE POSTING OF SPEED LIMITS HAD ANY MEASURABLE EFFECT ON TRAFFIC. THIS EFFECT WAS LIMITED AND OCCURRED PRIMARILY WHEN TRAFFIC VOLUMES WERE UNDER 1,000 VEHICLES PER HOUR PER LANE. THE EFFECT WAS MORE PRONOUNCED ON EXPRESSWAYS THAN ON FREEWAYS. RESEARCH ON VEHICLE REAR- END LIGHTING, INITIATED BY THIS STUDY, IS CONTINUING. /BPR/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Fog KW - Highways KW - Patrol KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Signs KW - Speed limits KW - Taillamps KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224837 AU - Radelat, G AU - Dist of Columbia Dept Hwys & Traffic TI - ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE AS RELATED TO REGULAR AND FLASHING OPERATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS PY - 1967/01/09 AB - A GROUP OF 162 TRAFFIC SIGNALS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA WAS CHANGED FROM FLASHING OPERATION IN THE EARLY HOURS OF THE MORNING TO FULL COLOR OPERATION. ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE AT THOSE LOCATIONS, CORRESPONDING TO THE HOURS INVOLVED, WAS ANALYZED FOR PERIODS OF FIVE MONTHS, IN 1964 AND 1965, BEFORE AND AFTER THE CHANGE. THE SAME ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED WITH OTHER GROUPS OF INTERSECTIONS WHERE NO CHANGE WAS MADE AND COMPARED WITH THE FIRST ANALYSIS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO DETERMINE WHICH OVERALL TRENDS COMPENSATE EACH OTHER, AND ELIMINATE THE EFFECT OF VARIABLES OTHER THAN THE CHANGE IN SIGNAL OPERATION. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY SHOWED THAT TOTAL ACCIDENTS DIMINISHED SIGNIFICANTLY BY ABOUT 40% AT THE LOCATIONS WHERE SIGNALS WERE CHANGED FROM FLASHING TO FULL COLORS AND DURING THE HOURS OF THE CHANGE. THOSE ACCIDENTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY 2% OF THE TOTAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN WASHINGTON, D.C. ABOUT 60% FEWER ANGLE COLLISIONS OCCURRED AFTER THE CHANGE WAS MADE, WHILE ALL PERSONAL INJURY WERE DOWN MORE THAN 50%. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Injuries KW - Traffic signals KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212006 AU - Buth, E AU - Ivey, D L AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - CLAY, AGGREGATE, AND CONCRETE PY - 1967/01/07 AB - THE EFFECTS OF CLAY CONTAMINANTS ON STRENGTH, SHRINKAGE, AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE ARE REPORTED. SAND EQUIVALENT AND LOSS BY DECANTATION TESTS ARE COMPARED. KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Clay KW - Concrete KW - Contaminants KW - Decantation KW - Durability KW - Sand equivalent test KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201177 AU - Dist of Columbia Dept Hwys & Traffic TI - DETOUR IMPACT STUDY PY - 1967/01/06 AB - THIS PILOT STUDY ESTABLISHED AN ANALYSIS PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING COSTS OF DETOURING TRAFFIC AROUND A HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITE AND FOR MAINTAINING TRAFFIC THROUGH THE CONSTRUCTION SITE. THE COSTS INCLUDED THOSE TO THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT, THE CONTRACTOR, AND THE ROAD USER. THE RESULTING TOTAL COSTS WHICH ARE COMPARED FOR THE ALTERNATE DETOURS ARE FOR ONE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENTATIVE OF DETOURS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN GENERAL. /BPR/ KW - Construction sites KW - Contractors KW - Costs KW - Detours KW - Economic impacts KW - Estimating KW - Highway departments KW - Traffic KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224836 AU - Radke, M L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - FREEWAY RAMP CONTROL REDUCES FREQUENCY OF REAR END ACCIDENTS PY - 1967/01/05 AB - THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ACCIDENT FREQUENCY ON THE INBOUND SECTION OF THE GULF FREEWAY BEFORE THE ENTRANCE RAMPS WERE CONTROLLED AND THEN EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RAMP CONTROL IN REDUCING THE FREQUENCY OF REAR-END ACCIDENTS AS A RESULT OF THE IMPROVED LEVEL OF SERVICE ON THE FACILITY. ONLY REAR-END ACCIDENTS OCCURRING ON WEEKDAYS BETWEEN THE HOURS OF 7'00 A.M. AND 9'00 A.M. WERE CONSIDERED. ACCIDENT LOCATIONS WERE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER FREEWAY, RAMP, OR FRONTAGE ROAD. REAR- END ACCIDENTS WERE SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED AFTER THE RAMP CONTROL WAS INITIATED. THIS WAS ESPECIALLY TRUE AT ON-RAMPS AS NO REAR-END ACCIDENTS OCCURRED AT THESE LOCATIONS AFTER RAMP CONTROL WAS BEGUN. ALL REAR-END COLLISIONS ON THE SIX MILE FREEWAY WERE REDUCED BY APPROXIMATELY 50 PERCENT AFTER RAMP CONTROL WAS BEGUN. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Control KW - Crash rates KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Level of service KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Rear end crashes KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201175 AU - Dickson, C AU - Mcgurl, V AU - Scully, C AU - Taylor, L AU - Spindletop Research TI - ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT IN KENTUCKY PY - 1967/01/04 AB - THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT ON OUTDOOR ADVERTISING COMPANIES, LANDOWNERS AND HIGHWAY ORIENTED BUSINESSES IN THE STATE OF KENTUCKY WAS STUDIED. THE SURVEY OF 34 OUTDOOR ADVERTISING COMPANIES REVEALED THAT THE OWNERS AND OPERATORS EXPECTED LOSSES OF ANNUAL SALES VOLUME TO AMOUNT TO NEARLY 61 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL OR NEARLY 1.9 MILLION UNDER THE FIRST SET OF DRAFT STANDARDS. THE IMPACT UNDER THE JULY REVISION OF THE JANUARY STANDARDS IS EXPECTED TO BE CONSIDERABLY LESS. A TOTAL OF 211 HIGHWAY ORIENTED BUSINESSES WERE SURVEYED INCLUDING RESTAURANTS, MOTELS, SERVICE STATIONS AND GIFT AND ANTIQUE SHOPS. SINCE MOTORISTS NEEDS FOR GAS, FOOD, AND LODGING REMAINS RELATIVELY CONSTANT THE AUTHORS EXPECT LITTLE OVERALL EFFECT ON BUSINESSES SUPPLYING THESE GOODS AND SERVICES. HOWEVER, THE DEMAND FOR GIFTS AND ANTIQUES IS OFTEN STIMULATED BY ADVERTISING, THEREFORE, SUCH BUSINESSES MAY SUFFER LOSSES FROM REMOVAL OF SIGNS. FIFTY LANDOWNERS LEASING NEARLY 340 SIGN SITES WERE INTERVIEWED TO DETERMINE ANY POSSIBLE EFFECTS. THE CONCLUSION DERIVED FROM THIS SURVEY WAS THAT INCOME FROM SIGN SITE RENTALS WAS GENERALLY AN INSIGNIFICANT PART OF TOTAL INCOME; THEREFORE, THE IMPACT ON LANDOWNERS WOULD BE NEGLIGIBLE. /BPR/ KW - Beautification KW - Businesses KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Kentucky KW - Land KW - Ownership KW - Roadside advertising UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215850 AU - Scott, J W AU - Kentucky Department Highways TI - EXPERIMENTAL USE OF THERMOPLASTIC PAVEMENT STRIPING MATERIALS PY - 1967/01/04 AB - THIS IS A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HOT- EXTRUDED THERMOPLASTIC PAVEMENT-STRIPING MATERIAL COMPARED TO MAINTAINED STANDARD PAINT AFTER 4 YEARS OF EXPOSURE. THE COST OF THERMOPLASTIC LINES REMAINS DISPROPORTIONATE TO THE LEVEL OF SERVICE REALIZED IN COMPARISON TO TRAFFIC PAINT. IT APPEARS THAT A GREATER OPPORTUNITY EXISTS TO AMORTIZE THE HIGH INITIAL INVESTMENT OF THERMOPLASTIC, WHERE THE FREQUENCY OF PAINT RENEWAL IS EXTREMELY HIGH. IT ALSO APPEARS THAT LOSSES OF THERMOPLASTIC MARKING IN EXCESS OF ONE PERCENT PER YEAR, OR WHERE THERE IS LESS THAN 90 PERCENT TERMINAL RETENTION, ARE INTOLERABLE. EXPOSURES UTILIZING AN EPOXY PRIMER WERE BEGUN IN 1965. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash exposure KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Exposure KW - Level of service KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Striping materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224835 AU - Wingerd, N C AU - California Division of Highways TI - THE FEASIBILITY OF MINIMUM SPEED LIMTS BY LANE ON MULTIPLE LANE HIGHWAYS PY - 1967/01/03 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF ESTABLISHING MINIMUM SPEED LIMITS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL LANES ON MULTI-LANE HIGHWAYS. STUDY TECHNIQUES USED WERE SPOT-SPEED MEASUREMENT OF ALL TRAFFIC, PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING AND MANUAL OBSERVATION OF DRIVER BEHAVIOR, AND PERSONAL INTERVIEW OF DRIVERS. ANALYSES OF THE DATA OBTAINED WERE USED TO DEVELOP BEFORE AND AFTER MEASURES TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF THE SIGNING ON AVERAGE LANE SPEEDS, VOLUME DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN LANES, VEHICLE HEADWAYS, LANE CHANGING MANEUVERS, VIOLATIONS OF MINIMUM SPEED SIGNING AND REASONS FOR NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE SIGNING. INTERPRETATION OF THE STUDY RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE EFFECTS OF SUCH SIGNING, IF SIGNIFICANT, WERE UNDESIRABLE. IN GENERAL, THERE WERE REDUCTIONS IN AVERAGE LANE SPEED, AN UNDESIRABLE CHANGE IN THE VOLUME DISTRIBUTION AND AN INDICATION OF AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF LANE CHANGES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT IN THE ABSENCE OF IMPROVEMENT TO TRAFFIC FLOW AND A POSSIBLE INCREASED TRAFFIC HAZARD, THE APPLICATION OF MINIMUM SPEED LIMITS BY LANE SHOULD NOT BE RECOMMENDED. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Headways KW - Interviewing KW - Lanes KW - Minimum speed KW - Multilane highways KW - Photographic surveys KW - Photography KW - Physical distribution KW - Regulation KW - Signs KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Spot speed KW - Spot speed study KW - Surveys KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483588 AU - Busching, Herbert William AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Harr, Milton Edward AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stress-Deformation Behavior of Anisotropic Bituminous Mixtures PY - 1967/01//Technical Paper SP - 68p AB - Bituminous mixture instability in the form of rutting and shoving, which sometimes occurs at signalized intersections, is indicative that present design methods, in some instances, need amplification with regard to predicting the stress-deformation response of mixtures. Also, the growing use of bituminous mixtures as structural layers in the pavement system makes it necessary to design them for specific applications other than as surface layers. The research reported here was an attempt to investigate concepts and laboratory tests that could be used to characterize the stress-deformation response of a particular bituminous mixture subjected to creep loads of various magnitudes applied over a range of temperatures. New concepts of design were advanced which would permit prediction of the deformation of the mixture under conditions that include, among other possible factors, various magnitudes of load and a range of test temperatures as well as possible anisotropy of the mixture. A hypothesis concerning the mechanistic description of a deformable, transversely anisotropic bituminous mixture was formulated and tested under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Results indicated that invariant material coefficients exist, for the conditions of laboratory testing chosen, which would assist prediction of the magnitude of deformations which result when imposed stress conditions are known. Parameters measured included stiffnesses, shear moduli and Poisson's ratios for various orientations within a compacted bituminous mixture. Test results for the mixture compacted in the laboratory confirmed the anisotropic nature of the mixture. The methods of this investigation provided quantitative parameters that relate the common engineering concepts of stress and strain. These parameters can be used in the description, evaluation and design of bituminous mixtures for the prefailure conditions considered in the testing program. The concepts and parameters verified in laboratory testing have possible use in proportioning constituents of bituminous mixtures as well as in unifying mixture design and pavement design concepts. KW - Anisotropic materials KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deformation curve KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313711 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470899 AU - Scholer, Charles F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Role of Mortar-Aggregate Bond in the Strength of Concrete PY - 1967/01//Technical Paper SP - 23p AB - This technical report discusses the role of the mortar-aggregate bond in concrete strength. The author provides a definition of this bond and discusses some factors that affect the bond. The effect of bond on the mechanism of compressive failure and microcracks related to bond are also addressed. Aggregates common to the state of Indiana are highlighted. KW - Aggregates KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Microcracking KW - Mortar KW - Strength of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313710 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469318 AU - Campbell, Larry E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Some Orthosilicates and Their Hydrates PY - 1967/01//Final Report SP - 174p AB - The reactions of several alkaline-earth orthosilicates with water were studied. The compounds used were the orthosilicates of barium, strontium, and calcium, the last in both the β and δ phases. The objectives of the study were to determine the processes of the early hydration reactions of these substances, to determine the activation energies involved, and to relate any differences to structural differences in the compounds. A secondary objective was to study the final products of the reaction. The anhydrous silicates were prepared by ignition of silicic acid and the appropriate carbonate in a tube furnace in the usual way. The silicates were then separated into several size fractions by sedimentation in ethanol. The specific surface area of each fraction was determined by krypton adsorption measurements. The anhydrous silicates were mixed with an amount of water large enough so that, at least for an appreciable initial time, no saturation of the water with dissolved species occurred. Under these conditions the reaction was studied without the rate-controlling diffusion conditions that are present in such more concentrated systems as, for example, Portland-cement concrete. The reaction was followed conductimetrically, and the values obtained were recorded by means of appropriate circuiting. The well-stirred system was sampled from time to time and the samples were analyzed for reaction products. The reaction variables controlled were the sample size, the initial concentration of the alkaline-earth hydroxides in solution, the temperature, and the specific surface area of the orthosilicates. A consideration of the equivalent conductances of the various products that could have been formed by the reaction showed that the species produced in solution in all cases was the dibasic orthosilicate ion, H2SiO4-2. A consideration of various models for the progress of the reaction led to the postulation of the following process: 1) protonation of a silicate ion in the surface of the anhydrous orthosilicate to form the tribasic orthosilicate ion, HSiO4-3, followed by 2) dissolution of the tribasic metallic orthosilicate from the surface. In the cases of the barium and strontium compounds the second of these steps was found to be rate-determining step was the first. It is further postulated that the dissolved silicate is very rapidly converted to the dibasic species in solution. Study in various ways of the hydrated species collected by concentrating the reaction products showed them to be also orthosilicates, with molar metal to silica ratios of almost one. The infrared spectra of the orthosilicates and their hydrates were similar except for slightly higher frequencies of the asymmetric stretching modes and slightly lower frequencies of the bending modes of the hydrates. KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Hydrates KW - Hydration KW - Laboratory tests KW - Silicates UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2065&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313717 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454392 AU - Turner, A Keith AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Union County, Indiana : Progress Report PY - 1967/01 SP - 28p AB - This report completed a portion of the Joint Transportation Research Program concerned with the development of county engineering soils maps of the state of Indiana. The soils mapping of Union County was performed primarily by using the soil survey map sheets published by the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Airphoto interpretation techniques were used to supplement the pedological data. The resulting Engineering Soils Map is presented as a blackline print. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Photointerpretation KW - Progress reports KW - Soil mapping KW - Union County (Indiana) UR - http://archive.org/details/engineeringsoils6733turn UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2835&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2835&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314486 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454390 AU - Shurig, D G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Sullivan County, Indiana PY - 1967/01 SP - 26p AB - Development of an engineering soils sap of Sullivan County was the primary objective of this project. The purpose of this report is to supplement the information appearing on the engineering soils map. The engineering soils map was prepared primarily from pedological soils data. The pedological soils data consisted mainly of annotated aerial photographs which were marked in great detail during a field soil survey of Sullivan County by the United States Department of Agriculture. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Sullivan County (Indiana) UR - http://archive.org/details/airphotointerpre6725shur UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2833&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314484 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454389 AU - Tons, Egons AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Packing Volume Concept for Aggregates: Technical Paper PY - 1967/01 SP - 57p AB - This paper show that grading aggregates according to packing volume distribution, rather than sieve size distribution, should give a unifying approach to mix design using diverse types of aggregates (rounded gravely crushed rock, etc.). KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate packing KW - Mix design KW - Volume UR - http://archive.org/details/packingvolumecon00tons UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2832&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314483 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454345 AU - Hejal, Salim Said AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 85 : Progress Report PY - 1967/01 SP - 47p AB - This report is the annual continuing study of the speeds of vehicles on rural Indiana highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, other four lane, and two lane highways throughout the state during the months of August and September, 1967. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for passenger cars was 64.5 miles per hour. The overall average speed for trucks on the three types of highways was 55.0 miles per hour. These average speed values showed an increase from the values measured in the same period the year before. In fact, these average overall speeds of passenger cars and trucks reported in this study for I967 are the highest which have been found to date in this continuing study in progress for over 20 years. KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Private passenger vehicles KW - Progress reports KW - Rural areas KW - Spot speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficspeedrepo6734heja UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2836&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2836&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314487 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230607 AU - Huang AU - Shepard, F D AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - A STUDY ON THE USE OF HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT SOILS IN HIGHWAY FILLS - LABORATORY INVESTIGATION PY - 1967/01 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION ON THE USE OF HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT SOILS IN HIGHWAY FILLS. THOUGH THESE SOILS, WHICH ARE MOSTLY CLAYEY, MAY NOT BE COMPACTED INITIALLY TO A REQUIRED DENSITY AND THUS MEET THE STRENGTH AND SETTLEMENT REQUIREMENTS, IT WAS THOUGHT THAT CONSOLIDATION ALONG WITH THIXOTROPY MIGHT FINALLY PREVENT THEM FROM FAILING IN SHEAR AND UNDERGOING EXCESSIVE SETTLEMENTS. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY REVEAL THE FOLLOWING IMPORTANT FACTS' /1/ UNDER THE GIVEN METHODS OF SAMPLE PREPARATION AND TESTING, THESE TWO CLAY-LIKE SOILS DO NOT EXHIBIT THIXOTROPIC BEHAVIOR, /2/ THE SHEAR STRENGTH INCREASES APPRECIABLY WITH THE INCREASE IN CONSOLIDATION PRESSURE, THE RATE OF INCREASE BEING MORE REMARKABLE AT LOW DENSITIES THAN AT HIGH DENSITIES, /3/ THE INITIAL DENSITY HAS A TREMENDOUS EFFECT ON SHEAR STRENGTH WHEN THE SOILS ARE NOT SUBJECT TO CONSOLIDATION; HOWEVER, ITS EFFECT ON STRENGTH DIMINISHES APPRECIABLY WHEN THE CONSOLIDATION PRESSURE INCREASES, AND /4/ UNDER HIGH CONSOLIDATION PRESSURES A GIVEN SOIL WITH WIDELY DIFFERENT INITIAL DENSITIES AND STRENGTHS WILL FINALLY ARRIVE AT SOME DENSITIES AND STRENGTHS WHICH ARE ONLY SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Consolidations KW - Fills KW - Highways KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Sampling KW - Shear strength KW - Soil densification KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Thixotropy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119375 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00201348 JO - Southern Economic Journal PB - Southern Economic Association AU - Dunn, R M AU - N/A TI - A PROBLEM OF BIAS IN BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS: CONSUMER SURPLUS RECONSIDERED PY - 1967/01 AB - BENEFITS FROM A PROJECT ARE MEASURED AS THE SUM OF WHAT THE SOCIETY WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY RATHER THAN FOREGO THE PROJECT. THE POINT OF THIS PAPER IS THAT THE PRINCIPLE THAT IS SO WISELY APPLIED TO MEASURING BENEFITS IS NOT USUALLY CARRIED OVER TO THE MEASUREMENT OF COSTS AND THUS A BIAS IS CREATED. THE USUAL THEORY ASSUMES THAT THE OPPORTUNITY COSTS OF RESOURCES ARE ACCURATELY MEASURED BY THEIR MARKET PRICES. IT IS SHOWN THAT, UNLESS A PROJECT CONSUMES ONLY A MICROSCOPIC PORTION OF THE RESOURCES GOING INTO A LARGE NUMBER OF PRIVATE PROJECTS, THE INCREASE IN RESOURCE COSTS OCCASIONED BY THE RESOURCE USE OF THE PUBLIC PROJECT WILL CAUSE A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN CONSUMER'S SURPLUS FROM OTHER GOODS. THIS IS THE COST NOT USUALLY CONSIDERED. IN UNDERDEVELOPED ECONOMIES THE USE OF THE GENERALLY-ACCEPTED TOOLS OF BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS IS ALMOST CERTAIN TO PRODUCE SERIOUS RESOURCE MISALLOCATIONS, IN THAT PUBLIC PROJECTS WILL BE UNDERTAKEN WHICH ACTUALLY COST MORE THAN THEY PRODUCE. /BPR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Market value KW - Natural resources KW - Producers surplus KW - Surplus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212023 AU - Cassaro, M A AU - Csercsics, J AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida State Road Department TI - INFLUENCE OF BEAM SIZE ON THE SHEARING FRACTURE OF MORTAR AND CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1967/01 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF AN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DIAGONAL TENSION FRACTURE OF CONCRETE BEAMS. SPECIFICALLY, THE INFLUENCE OF BEAM SIZE AND VARIATIONS OF MIX COMPOSITION WERE COMPARED. THE GRIFFITH THEORY OF CRACK PROPAGATION AND ENERGY DISSIPATION WAS EXTENDED TO CONCRETE AND USED AS THE ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR PURPOSE OF COMPARISON. SOME OF THE MAJOR CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) THE FAILING DIAGONAL TENSION LOAD VARIES LINEARLY AS A FUNCTION OF SIZE FOR CONSTANT VALUES OF SHEAR SPAN TO DEPTH, AND SHEAR SPAN TO LENGTH RATIOS. THEREFORE SIMILITUDE IS APPLICABLE IN PREDICTING DIAGONAL TENSION FAILURE OF PROTOTYPE BEAMS FROM FAILURE OF MODEL BEAMS. (2) THE STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE IS NOT INFLUENCED BY THE SIZE OF THE MEMBER AND MAY BE CONSIDERED A MATERIAL CONSTANT. (3) FOR ALL THREE RESPONSES INVESTIGATED, I.E., LOAD AT THE FORMATION OF THE FAILING CRACK, TOTAL DISSIPATED ENERGY, AND STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE, THERE WAS NO DECLARED DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RESPONSES OF THE PLAIN MORTAR MIX AND THE MIX WITH COARSE AGGREGATE IN IT. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete tests KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Depth KW - Diagonal tension KW - Dissipation KW - Failure KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Length KW - Mix design KW - Mortar KW - Shear failures KW - Shear strength KW - Size KW - Structural tests KW - Tension KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204611 AU - Bowmer, W J AU - McCully, W G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF BERMUDAGRASS SEEDED WITH ANNUAL RYEGRASS PY - 1967/01 AB - IN A SERIES OF TESTS, THE RESEARCHERS WERE ABLE TO DETERMINE THAT THERE WERE NO SUBSTANCES IN ANNUAL RYEGRASS TO RETARD GERMINATION OR INHIBIT GROWTH OF BERMUDAGRASS WHEN THE FORMER SPECIES IS USED AS A COMPANION CROP FOR QUICK STABILIZATION. THE STUDY INDICATES, HOWEVER, THAT ANNUAL RYEGRASS IS EXTREMELY COMPETITIVE AND THAT GROWTH OF BERMUDAGRASS WAS REDUCED AS THE RATE OF RYEGRASS WAS INCREASED. GENERALLY, THE BEST PLOTS OF BERMUDAGRASS WERE ESTABLISHED WHEN SEEDED ALONE. IN MANY INSTANCES THOUGH, IT IS NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH A QUICK COVER IN ORDER TO CONTROL EROSION, HENCE THE NEED FOR ADDING ANNUAL RYEGRASS. TREATMENT OF ANNUAL RYEGRASS WITH DALAPON AND PARAQUAT HERBICIDES, AND/OR MOWING, TENDED TO REDUCE OR ELIMINATE THE COMPETITION. MOWING SLOPES OFTEN CAUSE RUTTING TO SUCH A DEGREE THAT THIS METHOD OF CONTROL WAS UNSATISFACTORY. WHEN A QUICK COVER IS NOT ESSENTIAL, OR WHERE A SURFACE MULCH WILL AFFORD PROTECTION FOR A RELATIVELY LONG PERIOD, BERMUDAGRASS SHOULD BE SEEDED ALONE. IF A QUICK COVER IS REQUIRED, ANNUAL RYEGRASS CAN BE SEEDED AT REDUCED RATES AND ITS AGGRESSIVE TRAITS CONTROLLED THROUGH THE USE OF HERBICIDES OF BY MOWING. TABLES, CHARTS AND A LITERATURE REVIEW ARE INCLUDED TO SUPPORT THE AUTHOR'S RESEARCH FINDINGS. /BPR/ KW - Erosion control KW - Establishing KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Herbicides KW - Mowing KW - Plastic deformation KW - Reviews KW - Roadside improvement KW - Urban growth KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212017 AU - Cassaro, M A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville TI - A STUDY OF CREEP IN LIGHTWEIGHT AND CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE PY - 1967/01 AB - THIS REPORTS A LABORATORY STUDY AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE CREEP CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL AND LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETES. PARTICULAR INTEREST WAS GIVEN TO DIFFERENCES IN THE NATURE OF THEIR CREEP CHARACTERISTICS, THE POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF SPECIMEN SHAPE WITHOUT SIZE INTERACTIONS, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO REPRESENT CREEP OF CONCRETE UNDER ANY STRESS HISTORY FROM A SINGLE TEST. IN AN ATTEMPT TO CLARIFY THE EXISTING THEORIES FOR THE MECHANISM OF CREEP AS THEY PERTAIN TO CONCRETES OF THE TYPE TESTED, THIS STUDY HAS ENDEAVORED TO LINK MOLECULAR HYPOTHESIS AND RHEOLOGICAL MODELS WITH MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE CONCRETE STRUCTURES UNDER INVESTIGATION. IT IS SHOWN THAT CREEP BEHAVIOUR MAY BE PREDICTED FROM MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS BY EMPLOYING STRUCTURE PARAMETERS IN A RHEOLOGICAL MODEL. THE MODEL IS CONSTRUCTED WITH STRUCTURE COEFFICIENTS FROM STATISTICAL MECHANICS THEORY WHICH WILL PREDICT THE CREEP OF CONCRETE FROM A CONSIDERATION OF THE RESPONSE FROM A TEST OF SEVERAL SPECIMENS SUSTAINED AT LOW CONSTANT STRESS. THE PARAMETERS WHICH ARE USED IN THIS MODEL REPRESENT: (1) THE RATE OF TRANSITION OF THE GEL FROM FLUID TO SOLID, (2) THE TOTAL EXPECTED CHANGE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE GEL, AND (3) THE PURELY ELASTIC ACTION OF THE GEL AND AGGREGATE SYSTEM. /BPR/ KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Creep KW - Gels KW - Laboratory studies KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanics KW - Molecular structure KW - Rheology KW - Statistical analysis KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207835 AU - Heins, C P AU - Looney, CTG AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission TI - THE ANALYSIS OF CURVED ORTHOTROPIC HIGHWAY BRIDGES BY THE FINITE DIFFERENCE TECHNIQUE PY - 1967/01 AB - A FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION IS PRESENTED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CURVED ORTHOTROPIC PLATE AND CURVED GIRDER BRIDGES. THE EQUATIONS WHICH DETERMINE THE BRIDGE MOMENTS, DEFLECTIONS AND TORQUES ARE WRITTEN IN FORTRAN LANGUAGE FOR THE IBM 7094 AND IBM 1620 COMPUTERS. THIS METHOD OF ANALYSIS INCORPORATES INTERACTION OF ALL CURVED GIRDERS OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM AND THE SLAB IN EVALUATING ACTUAL STRESSES UNDER STATIC LOADS. BY CONSIDERING THE SLAB TO BE ORTHOTROPIC, THE METHOD ENCOMPASSES ANY TYPE OF DECK CONFIGURATION OR STIFFNESS IN A BRIDGE DESIGN OR ANALYSIS. THE ORTHOTROPIC PLATE EQUATIONS ARE DERIVED AND THE FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD APPLIED FOR PARTICULAR BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. AN EXAMPLE IS PRESENTED WHICH ILLUSTRATES THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deflection KW - Digital computers KW - Finite differences KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Orthotropic KW - Plate girders KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215849 AU - Brookhart, G C AU - Siddiqi, I H AU - Vasarhelyi, D D AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - THE EFFECT OF GALVANIZING AND OF OTHER SURFACE TREATMENTS ON HIGH TENSILE BOLTS AND BOLTED JOINTS PY - 1967/01 AB - THE EFFECT OF GALVANIZING AND OTHER SURFACE TREATMENTS ON BOLTED JOINTS WERE REVIEWED. IT IS THOUGHT THAT GALVANIZING STRUCTURAL JOINTS WILL AFFECT THE TIGHTENING OF THE BOLTS AND ALSO CHANGE THE SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JOINT. THESE TWO PROBLEMS WERE STUDIED, FIRST, BOLT CALIBRATION TESTS TO GATHER INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTS OF GALVANIZATION UPON THE PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF HIGH TENSILE BOLTS, AND SECOND, STATIC TESTS TO DETERMINE THE NOMINAL COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS TO THE FAYING SURFACES IN JOINTS ASSEMBLED WITH THE ABOVE BOLTS. THE BOLT CALIBRATION TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT ON 3/4-INCH AND 1-INCH DIAMETER ASTM A325 AND A490 BOLTS WITH AND WITHOUT GALVANIZING AND WITH AND WITHOUT LUBRICATION. THE STATIC TESTS WERE MADE WITH THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF SURFACE TREATMENT ON THE CONNECTED PARTS, HOT-DIP ZINC GALVANIZED, ZINC PAINTED WITH GALVICON, HOT- ZINC SPRAYED, VINYL WASH, AND RUST BAN. TESTS WERE ALSO MADE WITH BARE PARTS AND GALVANIZED BOLTS. A325 AND A490 GALVANIZED BOLTS APPEAR TO BE SUITABLE AS STRUCTURAL FASTENERS PROVIDED SPECIAL CARE IS OBSERVED IN APPLYING TORQUE TO THEM. THE AUTHORS FEEL THAT THE TURN-OF-THE-NUT METHOD CARRIED OUT BY POWER WRENCH WILL INSURE THE REQUIRED CLAMPING ACTION. LUBRICANTS HELP IN REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF TORQUE REQUIRED TO TURN THE NUT, IN CASES OF BOTH GALVANIZED AND BLACK BOLTS. THE AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED FOR ANY OF THE JOINT SURFACE TREATMENTS AND SEEMS TO IMPROVE FOR ONE OR TWO OF THE TREATMENTS. IT IS YET TO BE DETERMINED IF ZINC-COATED SURFACES CREEP OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. /BPR/ KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Calibration KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Galvanizing KW - High strength bolts KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lubricants KW - Static tests KW - Surface treating KW - Testing KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210374 AU - Coffman, B S AU - Ilves, G AU - Edwards, W F AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - PREDICTING ASPHALTIC CONCRETE EQUIVALENCES WITH LABORATORY TESTS AND LAYER THEORY PY - 1967/01 AB - THEORETICAL MATERIAL EQUIVALENCES WERE CALCULATED ON A CONTINUOUS HOURLY OR FOURTH-HOURLY BASIS FOR A TWO-HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIVE DAY PERIOD. FOR THESE CALCULATIONS EQUIVALENCE WAS DEFINED AS THAT THICKNESS OF BASE NECESSARY TO REPLACE ONE INCH OF SURFACING FOR EQUAL DEFLECTION. DEFLECTIONS WERE CALCULATED USING THE LAYER ELASTIC THEORY AND THE RESULTS OF LAB TESTS OF THE PAVEMENT MATERIALS. THE MATERIALS INVESTIGATED WERE TWO ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACINGS AND THREE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE BASES. THE SUBGRADE WAS THAT DETERMINED IN THE 1960 TRENCHINGS AT THE AASHO ROAD TEST AND THE CONTINUOUS HOURLY TEMPERATURE DATA WAS THAT REPORTED BY THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE. IT WAS FOUND THAT DIFFERENT MATERIALS GIVE DIFFERENT EQUIVALENCES AND THAT THE INCLUSION OF A FAILURE TERM IS NECESSARY TO THE THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Deflection KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Equivalences KW - Failure KW - Failure theory KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Surface treating KW - Theory KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238319 AU - Rives, W R AU - Jones, E C AU - Oglesby, D L AU - Lindhorst, W K AU - Risinger, B R AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - SEVERANCE DAMAGE STUDY, CASES 1-65 PY - 1967/01 AB - THIS REPORT GIVES THE FINDINGS FROM 65 CASE STUDIES CONCERNED WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF A TAKING ON THE REMAINING LAND AFTER PART WAS TAKEN FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY ALONG A CONTROLLED ACCESS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY OR A FOUR-LANE FREE-ACCESS HIGHWAY IN LOUISIANA. THE FOLLOWING BOARD CONCLUSIONS HAVE BEEN DRAWN AS A RESULT OF THESE CASE STUDIES' /1/. MOST PROPERTIES WITHIN EASY ACCESS OF AN INTERSTATE INTERCHANGE OR LOCATED WITH FRONTAGE ON A SERVICE ROAD WILL INCREASE IN VALUE BECAUSE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY. /2/. THERE IS A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VALUE OF A REMAINDER AND ITS POSITION IN RELATION TO AN INTERSTATE ROUTE. /3/. THE AMOUNT OF INCREASE IN THE VALUE OF A PROPERTY AS A RESULT OF A TAKING IS AFFECTED BY THE USE OF THE PROPERTY BEFORE THE TAKING. /4/. THE APPRAISERS FOR THE TAKINGS WERE FAIRLY CONSISTENT IN AWARDING SEVERANCE DAMAGE IN EXCESS OF THE DAMAGES THAT WERE ACTUALLY INCURRED. /5/. COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES NEEDING DESIRABLE LOCATIONS INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS ARE NOW /1966/ AC- QUIRING THESE SITES IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION MAPS ARE AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC. /BPR/ KW - Appraisals KW - Case studies KW - Economic impacts KW - Four lane highways KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Loss and damage KW - Partial taking KW - Property acquisition KW - Remainders (Property law) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road construction KW - Severance KW - Taking (Property) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219682 AU - Rowan, N J AU - Jensen, H C AU - Walton, N E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A STUDY OF DISABILITY VEILING BRIGHTNESS PY - 1967/01 AB - THE REPORT COVERED THE RESULTS OF A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE DISABLING VEILING BRIGHTNESS OF SELECTED ROADWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS OF 1000 WATT LUMINAIRES AND THE EFFECT OF MOUNTING HEIGHT ON DISABLING VEILING BRIGHTNESS FOR 400 AND 1000 WATT LUMINAIRES. /BPR/ KW - Blindness KW - Brightness KW - Height KW - Luminaires KW - Mounting KW - Street lighting KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233694 AU - Heiliger, W L AU - Haliburton, T A AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater TI - SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS - ACCESS TUBE INSTALLATION /INTERIM REPORT II/ PY - 1967/01 AB - THIS IS THE SECOND INTERIM REPORT IN A STUDY OF SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. A METHOD FOR FIELD INSTALLATION OF ACCESS TUBES FOR NUCLEAR DEPTH MOISTURE AND DENSITY EQUIPMENT IS DESCRIBED. AFTER REVIEW OF PREVIOUS INSTALLATION METHODS, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT A SPECIAL DRILLING UNIT WAS REQUIRED TO AUGER THE HEAVY CLAYS ENCOUNTERED IN OKLAHOMA. THE EQUIPMENT IS DESCRIBED IN DETAIL, AS IS THE EXACT PROCEDURE USED IN FIELD INSTALLATION OF ACCESS TUBES BENEATH HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS. USING THE EQUIPMENT AND METHODS DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT, 30 TEST SITES OF THREE ACCESS TUBES EACH WERE INSTALLED DURING THE SUMMER OF 1966. MORE TEST SITES ARE PLANNED FOR FUTURE INSTALLATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Access KW - Building KW - Durability KW - Facilities KW - Field tests KW - Installation KW - Methodology KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Testing KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219679 AU - Strasser, M K AU - Schroeder, M T AU - San Jose State College, San Jose TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UNIFORM DRIVER IMPROVEMENT SCHOOL-PHASE I PY - 1967/01 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIFORM DRIVER IMPROVEMENT SCHOOL CURRICULUM TO BE USED ON AN EXPERIMENTAL BASIS IN FIVE COURT REFERRAL MULTIPLE TRAFFIC VIOLATOR SCHOOLS IS DISCUSSED. CRITERION FOR IMPROVED DRIVER BEHAVIOR WILL BE THE REDUCTION OF SUBSEQUENT VIOLATIONS AND ACCIDENTS. THIS STUDY COVERS THE ACTUAL CURRICULUM, INCLUDING COURSE CONTENT, VISUAL MATERIALS, AND INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES TO BE USED. AN INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE IS INCLUDED. KW - Crash rates KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Education KW - Efficiency KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207829 AU - Taylor, T P AU - Matlock, H AU - University of Texas, Arlington TI - A FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR COMPOSITE BEAMS PY - 1967/01 AB - A METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH ANY DEGREE OF HORIZONTAL SHEAR INTERACTION IS PRESENTED. THE METHOD IS VERY VERSATILE. IT IS APPLICABLE TO COMPOSITE BEAMS THAT HAVE ABRUPT, POINT-BY-POINT, VARIATIONS IN THEIR STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES. ALSO, THE BEAM MAY BE SUBJECTED TO ANY CONFIGURATION OF TRANSVERSE OR LONGITUDINAL LOAD, AND IT MAY BE SUPPORTED IN ANY REASONABLE MANNER. THERE ARE THREE IMPORTANT FEATURES IN THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS PRESENTED. FRIST, A FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL IS SUBSTITUTED FOR THE REAL STRUCTURE. SECOND, ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS WHICH DESCRIBE THE LOAD-DEFLECTION BEHAVIOR ARE WRITTEN FOR THE MODEL. FINALLY, THE EQUATIONS ARE SOLVED FOR THE UNKNOWN DEFLECTIONS BY A MODIFIED FORM OF GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION. THE SOLUTION OF PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IS FACILITATED BY THE USE OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM, COMBM 1, WHICH UTILIZES THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS PRESENTED HEREIN. A SERIES OF EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ARE INCLUDED TO DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF THE PROGRAM AND THE GENERALITY OF THE METHOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Algebra KW - Analysis KW - Beams KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Equations KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Horizontal shear KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205348 AU - Stelzer, C F AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Arlington TI - A DIRECT COMPUTER SOLUTION FOR PLATES AND PAVEMENT SLABS PY - 1967/01 AB - A METHOD OF SOLVING FOR THE DEFLECTED SHAPES OF FREELY DISCONTINUOUS ORTHOTROPIC PLATES AND PAVEMENT SLABS SUBJECTED TO A VARIETY OF LOADS INCLUDING TRANSVERSE LOADS, IN-PLANE FORCES, AND EXTERNALLY APPLIED COUPLES IS PRESENTED. THE METHOD IS APPLICABLE TO PLATES AND PAVEMENT SLABS WITH FREELY-VARIABLE FOUNDATION SUPPORT INCLUDING HOLES IN THE SUBGRADE. IT IS A DIRECT METHOD OF RAPIDLY SOLVING THE FINITE-ELEMENT PLATE EQUATIONS WHICH ARE DEVELOPED AND IT IS UNHINDERED BY THE CLOSURE PARAMETERS NECESSARY IN ITERATIVE TECHNIQUES OF SOLUTION. A COMPUTER PROGRAM IS PRESENTED WHICH UTILIZES THE EQUATIONS AND TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED. SEVERAL SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATE THE GENERALITY OF THE METHOD AND ITS CONVENIENCE TO THE USER. THE RESULTS COMPARE WELL WITH CLOSED-FORM SOLUTIONS AND WITH PREVIOUS SOLUTIONS DEVELOPED BY OTHER TECHNIQUES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Discontinuity KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Equations KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Loads KW - Orthotropic KW - Pavements KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Slabs KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Transverse distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214447 AU - Hankins, K D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - CONSTRUCTION CONTROL PROFILOGRAPH PRINCIPLES PY - 1967/01 AB - IN 1963, THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT IN COOPERATION WITH THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS INITIATED A RESEARCH PROJECT TO DEVELOP A PROFILOGRAPH WITH WHICH TO CONTROL PAVEMENT SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS. TO DETERMINE THE DESIRABLE QUALITIES OF SUCH AN INSTRUMENT, STUDIES WERE MADE OF THE EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF AVERAGING WHEELS, THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE AVERAGING WHEELS AND FRAMEWORK, AND THE LENGTH OF THE INSTRUMENT. STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT THE NUMBER OF AVERAGING WHEELS AFFECTS THE ACCURACY OR READABILITY OF THE OUTPUT RESULTS. BETTER RESULTS ARE PRODUCED IF THE AVERAGING WHEELS ARE SPACED EVENLY ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE INSTRUMENT. THE SELECTION OF THE LENGTH OF THE EQUIPMENT DEPENDS UPON THE MAGNITUDE OF THE LENGTH OF THE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES TO BE EXPERIENCED. THE STUDIES WERE MADE USING A MODEL AND CONFIRMED USING THEORETICAL METHODS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Average KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Development KW - Model tests KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Theory KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207832 AU - Matlock, H AU - Taylor, T P AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM TO ANALYZE BEAM-COLUMNS UNDER MOVABLE LOADS PY - 1967/01 AB - A COMPUTER PROGRAM IS PRESENTED WHICH CAN EFFICIENTLY ANALYZE A BEAM-COLUMN SUBJECTED TO MOVABLE STATIC LOADS. THE PROGRAM IS BUILT AROUND THE COMPUTER SIMULATION OF A BEAM- COLUMN SUBJECTED TO STATIONARY LOADS WHICH IS DESCRIBED IN A PREVIOUS REPORT. THE METHODS USED IN THE PROGRAM ARE SUCH THAT A BEAM-COLUMN CAN BE ANALYZED FOR ANY PATTERN OF TRANSVERSE LOADS THAT MOVE ACROSS THE MEMBER. THESE LOAD PATTERNS MAY BE ANY DIVERSE SYSTEM OF LOADINGS SUCH AS A HIGHWAY TRUCK, A SERIES OF TRUCKS, OR POSSIBLY A TRAIN ON A RAILROAD STRUCTURE. IN ADDITION, THE EFFECTS OF FIXED LOADS CAN BE INCLUDED IN THE ANALYSIS. FURTHERMORE, THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CHANGES IN THE SUPPORT HISTORY /SUCH AS SETTLEMENT OF A SUPPORT/ CAN BE STUDIED. THE RESULTS OF AN ANALYSIS MAY INCLUDE /1/ SOLUTIONS FOR THE MEMBER UNDER FIXED LOADS, /2/ INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR MOVABLE-LOAD PATTERNS, AND /3/ ENVELOPES OF MAXIMUM VALUES OF DEFLECTION BENDING MOMENT, SHEAR, AND SUPPORT REACTION THAT OCCUR DUE TO THE LOADING AND SUPPORT HISTORY. FIVE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS THAT ARE TYPICAL OF THOSE ENCOUNTERED BY HIGHWAY STRUCTURAL DESIGNERS ILLUSTRATE THE USES OF THE PROGRAM AND THE OPTIONS AVAILABLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bending moments KW - Change KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Motion KW - Moving industry KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shear strength KW - Simulation KW - Static loads KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207828 AU - Cowen, S H AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - END SUPPORT EFFECTS ON ULTIMATE FLEXURAL BOND IN PRE- TENSIONED BEAMS PY - 1967/01 AB - THIS INVESTIGATION IS A PILOT STUDY OF THE BOND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESTRESSED MEMBERS PRE-TENSIONED WITH MULTIPLE LAYERS OF STRAND. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO DEVELOP INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THE ADDITIONAL FLEXURAL BOND ATTAINED IN STRANDS FOUND NEAR THE LOWER EXTREMITY OF PRE-TENSIONED MEMBERS AS A RESULT OF THE PINCHING EFFECT OF THE END REACTIONS. THE RESULTS OF TESTS CONDUCTED ON THREE BEAMS PRE-TENSIONED WITH TWO LAYERS OF 1/2-IN., 270K STRAND ARE PRESENTED AND COMPARED WITH SIMILAR FLEXURAL BOND TESTS BY BADALIANCE AND VANHORN ON BEAMS WITH A SINGLE-LAYER STRAND PATTERN. THE TEST RESULTS CLEARLY INDICATE THAT ADDITIONAL FLEXURAL BOND IS DEVELOPED AS A RESULT OF THE PINCHING EFFECT OF THE END REACTION ON THE PRESTRESSING STEEL NEAR THE SOFFIT OF THE MEMBER. THE STUDY ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOND SLIP OCCURRED AT LOADS WHICH WERE CONSIDERABLY BELOW BOTH THE ACTUAL AND THE COMPUTED ULTIMATE FLEXURAL CAPACITIES OF THE MEMBERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - End supports KW - Flexural bond KW - Flexural strength KW - Prestressed beams KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Steel structures KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207826 AU - STEWART, C F AU - California Division Highways TI - EPOXY BONDED AGGREGATES AS A SHEAR CONNECTING MEDIUM IN COMPOSITE BEAM CONSTRUCTION PY - 1967/01 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES AND PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF STATIC TESTS ON FOUR SIMPLY SUPPORTED 39 FT. COMPOSITE BEAMS. THREE OF THE BEAMS HAD HALF INCH DIAMETER AGGREGATE BONDED BY AN EPOXY TO THE TOP FLANGE TO ACT AS A SHEAR CONNECTING MEDIUM BETWEEN THE STEEL AND THE 7 IN. CONCRETE SLAB. TWO OF THESE BEAMS ALSO HAD A SMALL NUMBER OF CONVENTIONAL WELDED STUDS TO PREVENT VERTICAL SEPARATION OF SLAB AND BEAM. THE FOURTH BEAM HAD ONLY THE WELDED STUDS. THE BEAMS WERE LOADED IN INCREMENTS TO FAILURE. RELATIVE SLIP, STRAINS, AND DEFLECTIONS WERE MEASURED. SOME CORROSION OF THE TOP FLANGE WAS ATTRIBUTED TO THE EPOXY-AGGREGATE SYSTEM. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT EPOXY BONDED AGGREGATE IS EFFECTIVE AS A SHEAR CONNECTING DEVICE UNDER STATIC LOADING. LONG TIME RELIABILITY, BEHAVIOR UNDER REPETITIVE LOADS AND THE APPARENT CORROSION PROBLEM WILL HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED IN THE FUTURE. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Beams KW - Bonding KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Failure KW - Fasteners KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Static tests KW - Studs KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206295 AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - NORTH DAKOTA ROUGHOMETER STUDY PY - 1967/01 AB - NINE YEARS OF EXPERIMENTAL USE OF THE ROUGHOMETER HAVE SHOWN THAT PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS IN NORTH DAKOTA IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATION OF ITS SERVICEABILITY AND THAT ROUGHNESS TRENDS HAVE LITTLE OR NO VALUE IN PREDICTING ROAD LIFE OR JUDGING PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM NORTH DAKOTAS EXPERIENCE WITH THE ROUGHOMETER ARE AS FOLLOWS ' /1/ FOR THE TYPE OF ASPHALT OR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS GENERALLY USED IN NORTH DAKOTA, THE ROUGHOMETER DOES NOT GIVE A MEANINGFUL MEASURE OF CONDITION OR SERVICEABILITY, /2/ IRRESPECTIVE OF CORRELATION WITH SERVICEABILITY, ROUGHNESS TRENDS OF THE STUDY TEST SECTIONS LACK THE UNIFORMITY THAT WOULD BE NEEDED FOR THEIR USE IN PREDICTING ROAD LIFE, /3/ THE USE OF ROUGHNESS TRENDS IN ANY STUDIES OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE IN NORTH DAKOTA IS RENDERED IMPRACTICAL BY THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT, MAINTENANCE AND THE VARIETIES OF SURFACE TEXTURE, AND /4/ RIGID PAVEMENTS IN NORTH DAKOTA DO NOT AT THE PRESENT TIME FORM A SUITABLE SAMPLE FOR ROUGHOMETER STUDY. THE PAVEMENTS OF THIS TYPE NOT SCHEDULED FOR EARLY RECONSTRUCTION ARE ALL RELATIVELY NEW AND HAVE NOT YET SHOWN DETERIORATION MEASURABLE BY THE ROUGHOMETER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Durability KW - Environment KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Service life KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203997 AU - Horn, D R AU - Dee, N AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A DESCRIPTION OF DRAINAGE AREAS GAGED BY THE STORM DRAINAGE RESEARCH PROJECT PY - 1967/01 AB - THE GAGING PROGRAM FOR OBTAINING ACTUAL RAINFALL AND RUNOFF DATA FROM SELECTED SAMPLING AREAS IN THE BALTIMORE AREA BY THE STORM DRAINAGE RESEARCH PROJECT OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY IS PRESENTED HERE. THIS INCLUDES THE HISTORY OF THE PROGRAM, THE DESCRIPTION OF THE AREAS GAGED AND THE REASONS FOR SELECTING THEM, THE INSTRUMENTATION USED, THE DATA RECORDED AND THEIR GENERAL EVALUATION FOR RELIABILITY, AND THE STORAGE AND AVAILABILITY OF THOSE RELIABLE DATA. ALTOGETHER 52 AREAS HAVE BEEN GAGED SINCE 1948. THE LENGTH OF RECORD AT THE GAGED AREAS IS CONSIDERABLE, WITH AS MUCH AS 17 YEARS OF RAINFALL AND RUNOFF DATA FROM SOME AREAS. HOWEVER, MUCH OF THE EARLIER DATA COLLECTED MUST BE CONSIDERED INACCURATE BECAUSE OF THE CRUDE INSTRUMENTATION USED. THE RAINFALL DATA IS STORED IN CHART FORM, WITH CONTINUOUS RECORDS FROM MOST GAGES. THE RUNOFF DATA FROM 1960 TO THE PRESENT HAVE BEEN ENTERED ON IBM DATA CARDS AND ON DATA TAPE, WITH A PRINT-OUT AVAILABLE OF RAINFALL AND RUNOFF FOR MOST STORMS IN THAT PERIOD. CURRENTLY THERE ARE 16 GAGED AREAS IN OPERATION, RANGING IN SIZE FROM 0.21 TO 153 ACRES, IN SLOPES FROM 0.8 PERCENT TO 45 PERCENT, AND IN DEGREE OF IMPERVIOUSNESS FROM 0 TO 100 PERCENT. OF THESE 16 AREAS, 7 ARE ONLY FOR COLLECTING RAINFALL DATA, 6 FOR RAINFALL AND COLLECTIVE SEWER RUNOFF DATA WITH 3 HAVING SYNCHRONOUS TIMING, AND 3 FOR SYNCHRONOUS RAINFALL AND SURFACE RUNOFF DATA FROM 12 STREET DRAINAGE INLETS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Charts KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Gaging KW - Highway drainage KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Punched cards KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Sampling KW - Sewers KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98927 ER - TY - SER AN - 00240962 JO - Journal of Transport Economics and Policy PB - University of Bath AU - SHARP, C H TI - THE CHOICE BETWEEN CARS AND BUSES ON URBAN ROADS PY - 1967/01 AB - IT IS A WIDELY ACCEPTED CLAIM OF TRANSPORT POLICY THAT THE TREND FROM PUBLIC TO PRIVATE TRANSPORT OUGHT TO BE HALTED OR REVERSED. A TRANSFER OF TRAVELERS FROM CAR TO BUS IS ONE OF THE FEW MEASURES WHICH WOULD LEAD RAPIDLY TO A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN THE LEVEL OF CONGESTION ON URBAN ROADS. A MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECT ON TOTAL JOURNEY TIME SEEMS TO BE THE MOST STRAIGHTFORWARD CRITERION FOR DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THOSE ROAD CONDITIONS ON WHICH COMPULSORY METHODS OF TRANSFER SHOULD BE APPLIED AND THOSE WHERE THEY ARE NOT YET APPROPRIATE. AN APPLICABLE CRITERION WOULD BE TO HOLD THAT A COMPULSORY TRANSFER IS JUSTIFIED WHERE IT WOULD RESULT IN THE REDUCTION OF THE TOTAL DOOR-TO-DOOR JOURNEY TIME OF ALL PASSENGERS USING THE ROAD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Buses KW - Private transportation KW - Public transit KW - Travel time KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/130641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208363 AU - Lew, H S AU - Toprac, A A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Department of Transportation TI - FATIGUE TESTS OF WELDED HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS UNDER CONSTANT MOMENT PY - 1967/01 AB - TWO SERIES OF FATIGUE TESTS ON WELDED HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS ARE DESCRIBED. THE FIRST SERIES CONSISTED OF FOURTEEN PANEL SPECIMENS AND THE SECOND SERIES CONSISTED OF SIX FULL LENGTH SPECIMENS. IN BOTH SERIES, THE CENTER TEST PANEL /OR PANELS/ WAS SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING MOMENT. THE TEST SPECIMENS HAD ASTM A514 STEEL FLANGES AND ASTM A36 STEEL WEBS. FLANGE DIMENSIONS AND WEB DEPTH WERE KEPT CONSTANT IN ALL TEST SPECIMENS. THE WEB THICKNESSES USED WERE 1/8, 1/4, AND 3/8 INCH. THE MAXIMUM STRESSES APPLIED TO EACH OF THE TWO GROUPS OF SPECIMENS WERE 20, 30, 40, AND 50 KSI WITH STRESS RANGES OF 10, 15, AND 25 KSI. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THE INVESTIGATION WERE: (1) TO DETERMINE THE MANNER IN WHICH THIN WEB HYBRID GIRDERS FAIL WHEN SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADS AND (2) TO DETERMINE WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF THIN WEB GIRDERS. THE TEST SETUP AND TEST PROCEDURES ARE DESCRIBED AND THE TEST RESULTS ARE ANALYZED AND DISCUSSED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT, REGARDLESS OF THE WEB THICKNESS, FOR THE SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO APPLIED STRESS BELOW THE YIELD POINT OF THE WEB MATERIAL, NO CRACKS WERE FOUND WITHIN TWO MILLION CYCLES. HOWEVER, WHEN APPLIED STRESSES EXCEEDED THE YIELD POINT OF THE WEB STEEL, THE WEB FLEXING ACTION COUPLED WITH THE MEMBRANE STRESS CAUSED THE DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE CRACKS ALONG THE TOE OF THE COMPRESSION FLANGE TO WEB FILLER WELD AND NEAR THE END OF THE TRANSVERSE STIFFNER. VARIOUS FATIGUE CRACKS CAUSED BY FABRICATION IRREGULARITIES WERE ALSO FOUND IN THE SPECIMENS STRESSED BEYOND THE WEB YIELD POINT. IN ALL CASES THE FINAL FAILURE OF THE SPECIMEN WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A FRACTURE IN THE TENSION FLANGE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flanges KW - Girders KW - Hybrid girders KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Plate girders KW - Repeated loads KW - Specimens KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Tension KW - Tension cracks KW - Test procedures KW - Thickness KW - Webbing KW - Welded joints KW - Welds KW - Yield point UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224866 AU - Covault, D O AU - Dervish, T AU - Kanen, A C AU - University of Georgia, Experiment TI - A STUDY OF THE FEASIBILITY OF USING ROADSIDE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND DRIVER INFORMATION- ANNUAL REPORTS NOS. 2 AND 3 PY - 1967/01 AB - A METHOD OF DRIVER-ROADSIDE COMMUNICATION WAS TESTED ON THE ATLANTA FREEWAY SYSTEM DURING DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME DRIVING ACTIVITIES IN 1964 AND 1965. THE RELATED STUDIES ATTEMPTED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ROADSIDE RADIO COMMUNICATION ON BEHAVIOR OF THE DRIVER AS RELATED TO HIS EXECUTION OF A DIVERGING MANEUVER FROM A FREEWAY TRAFFIC SYSTEM. THEY HY-COM RADIO SYSTEM PROVIDES COMMUNICATIONS FROM THE ROADSIDE TO THE DRIVER AND CONSISTS OF A CAR MOUNTED RECEIVER AND A ROADSIDE TRANSMITTER. VOLUNTEER PARTICIPANTS WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO VARIOUS TEST CONDITIONS PROVIDING GUIDANCE INFORMATION OF ADVANCE AND EXIT INFORMATION BY HIGHWAY SIGNING, RADIO OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH. DATA ON TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRIVER WERE COLLECTED MEANWHILE. TIME-LAPSE MOTION PHOTOGRAPHY, THE BPR TRAFFIC ANALYZER, AND MANUAL RECORDING WERE USED. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND MULTIPLE RANGE TEST TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED TO DETERMINE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DRIVER PERFORMANCES UNDER TEST CONDITIONS. RESULTS INDICATE THAT AUDIO MESSAGES WERE AS EFFECTIVE AS VISUAL MESSAGES AND THE PERFORMANCE OF TEST DRIVERS WAS BETTER WITH BOTH AUDIO AND VISUAL MESSAGES. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A RADIO-SIGNING SYSTEM CAN BE EFFECTIVE. KW - Communication systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidance KW - Personnel performance KW - Radio KW - Roadside KW - Signs KW - Testing KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114766 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00057980 JO - High Speed Ground Transportation Journal AU - Clejan, D AU - Planning Transport Associates, Incorporated TI - AN ECONOMIC IMPERATIVE, THE HIGH SPEED AUTO FERRY PY - 1967/01 VL - 1 SP - p. 70-75 AB - Over 90% of all intercity trips are made in private automobiles, indicating that the convenience, the mobility, and terminal flexibility offered by the automobile are of paramount importance in the eyes of the traveler. On the basis of present passenger densities, estimated construction costs, and assumed returns per passenger mile, it is argued that only a system which would provide for the transportation of the passenger and his automobile could attract sufficient business to justify the considerable amount of investment associated with any new ground transportation system. An illustration as to how such a system can be built is shown in the 'rollway' concept. (Author) KW - Ferries KW - Marine transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/20203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01120061 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Albemarle County (Va.) AU - Charlottesville (Va.) AU - Virginia Division of Traffic and Planning TI - Major arterial street and highway plan. Developed for the City of Charlottesville, Virginia, and the County of Albemarle, PY - 1967 SP - [44] l. of illus. (incl. diagrs., maps) KW - Albemarle County (Virginia) KW - Charlottesville (Virginia) KW - Roads KW - Streets KW - Traffic engineering KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01106051 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Augusta County (Va.) AU - Staunton (Va.) AU - Virginia Division of Traffic and Planning TI - Staunton thoroughfare plan, Staunton, Virginia. Developed for the City of Staunton, Virginia, PY - 1967 SP - x, 127 p. KW - Augusta County (Virginia) KW - Roads KW - Staunton (Virginia) KW - Streets KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic surveys KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230620 AU - Selig, E T AU - TRUESDALE, W B AU - HAMPTON, D AU - Iit Research Institute TI - SOIL COMPACTION STUDY-VOLUMES I, II AND III PY - 1967 AB - A STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE' /1/ THE DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPACTED SOILS, /2/ THE BEST METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT AND SPECIFICATION OF PROPER COMPACTION AND /3/ THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS WAYS OF ACHIEVING COMPACTION. THE FINAL REPORT CONSISTS OF THREE VOLUMES' VOLUME I COVERS THE FIELD PILOT AND LABORATORY STUDIES. THE LABORATORY STUDIES CONSISTED OF THE EVALUATION AND CALIBRATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT AND THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES. VOLUME II DISCUSSES THE SCOPE OF THE FIELD TESTS AND THE BASIS OF THE RESEARCH PLANS. THE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES AND COMPACTING EQUIPMENT ARE DESCRIBED IN DETAIL. THE METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING ARE OUTLINED. VOLUME III PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY. PROPERTIES OF THE FIELD COMPACTED SOILS WERE FOUND TO BE SIMILAR TO THESE COMPACTED IN THE LABORATORY. WITHIN THE RANGE OF TEST CONDITIONS MOISTURE CONTENT WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FIELD VARIABLE, WITH SOIL TYPE NEXT IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE. THE COMPACTOR TYPE, LEVEL OF COMPACTIVE EFFORT AND THICKNESS OF LIFT ALSO INFLUENCED THE RESULTS IN MANY CASES. THE MEASURED PROPERTIES ALL INCREASED WITH ROLLER COVERAGE. THE WET DENSITY GROWTH CURVES LEVELED OFF MOST RAPIDLY BUT SIGNIFICANT INCREASES STILL OCCURRED AFTER FOUR COVERAGES. STRENGTH PROPERTIES CONTINUED TO INCREASE AT SIXTEEN COVERAGES FOR MOST TEST CONDITIONS. BOTH DENSITY AND STRENGTH DECREASED WITH AN INCREASE IN LIFT THICKNESS. THE MAGNITUDE OF FIELD VARIABILITY WAS SUCH THAT INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS WOULD APPEAR INADEQUATE FOR COMPACTION CONTROL. /BPR/ KW - Calibration KW - Compaction KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Field tests KW - Information processing KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Laboratory studies KW - Lift thickness KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Properties of materials KW - Roller coverage KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing equipment KW - Wet density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212012 AU - Popovics, S AU - Auburn University TI - REEF SHELL IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1967 AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF REEF SHELL, WHICH OCCURS IN LARGE QUANTITIES IN THIS AREA, COULD BE SATISFACTORILY BE USED AS PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AGGREGATE. PRELIMINARY TESTS PERFORMED INDICATED THAT CONCRETE MADE WITH REEF SHELL AND REGULAR SAND WAS UNWORKABLE, BUT THAT WORKABLE MIX COULD BE MADE USING 55 PERCENT CRUSHED REEF SHELL AND 45 PERCENT BEACH SAND 5 1/2 SACKS OF CEMENT AND 150 POUNDS OF FLY ASH PER CUBIC YARD OF CONCRETE. THIS CONCRETE GAVE STRENGTHS OF 3,000 PSI IN COMPRESSION, 550 PSI IN FLEXURE AND 350 PSI IN THE SPLITTING TENSILE TEST. /BPR/ KW - Beach sands KW - Cement KW - Compressive strength KW - Fly ash KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Shell aggregates KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772494 AU - Blackwell, Lyle Marvin AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF THE ADAPTABILITY OF THE AUTOMOBILE TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL PY - 1967 SP - x, 174 p. AB - In the context of automatic control of motor vehicles, this report is concerned with establishing the small-signal parameters of a typical contemporary American automobile. Determination of the transfer function of such a car is carried out along with presentation of an approximate mathematical model so that transfer functions of other automobiles could be calculated from preliminary automotive design data without need for extensive road test or dynamometer test. Realistic bounds on the large- signal or ultimate performance parameters are also established. Methods of correlating calculated car responses with chassis dynamometer data and actual on-road highway data are included KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automatic steering control KW - Longitudinal control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212020 AU - Torrans, P H AU - Ivey, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - AIR VOID SYSTEMS AFFECTED BY CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES AND MIXING METHODS PY - 1967 AB - TWENTY-SEVEN MORTAR BATCHES WERE PREPARED AND AIR VOID PARAMETERS OF EACH WERE DETERMINED MICROSCOPICALLY. THESE PARAMETERS WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF AIR ENTRAINING AGENTS, RETARDERS, MIXING PROCEDURES, AND THE INTERACTION OF THESE FACTORS ON THE AIR VOID SYSTEM. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE FACTORS INVESTIGATED YIELDED SOME SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE AIR VOID SYSTEMS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Air entraining agents KW - Air void ratio KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Chemicals KW - Microscopy KW - Mixing KW - Mixing procedures KW - Mortar KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204603 AU - CARTER, E AU - Lyon, W AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia State Road Commission TI - THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ON THE OUTDOOR ADVERTISING INDUSTRY IN WEST VIRGINIA PY - 1967 AB - THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY WERE' /1/ TO ESTIMATE THE SHORT-RANGE IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT OF 1965 UP TO AN INCLUDING THE FIRST YEAR THAT THE ACT APPLIES, AND /2/ NOTE THE COURSES OF ACTION OPEN TO THE OUTDOOR ADVERTISING COMPANIES WHICH IN TOTAL COULD DETERMINE THE LONG-RANGE IMPACT. THE STUDY CONSIDERED THE IMPACT UNDER THE JULY 1966 DRAFT STANDARDS AND THE JANUARY 1967 STANDARDS, WITH AND WITHOUT THE GRANDFATHER CLAUSE /WHICH PERMITS CERTAIN SIGNS, OTHERWISE NONCONFORMING, TO REMAIN UNTIL JANUARY 1973/. THE NET NUMBER OF NONCONFORMING SIGNS LOST /ALLOWING FOR REPLACEMENT AND RELOCATION IN PERMITTED AREAS/, THE PERCENT OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SIGNS IN THE STATE /8022/, AND THE ANNUAL LOSS OF RECEIPTS ARE REPORTED IN TABLES. THE MAJOR ALTERNATIVES OPEN TO OUTDOOR ADVERTISING FIRMS IN THE LONG RUN ARE' /1/ TO RELOCATE SIGNS IN PERMITTED AREAS /IN PART A SHORT-RANGE RECOURSE/, AND /2/ TO INVEST IN OTHER TYPES OF ADVERTISING, AND /3/ TO INVEST IN OTHER TYPES OF BUSINESS. THE GENERAL FINDINGS OF THE STUDY SEEM TO INDICATE AN ECONOMIC LOSS FOR THE SHORT RANGE IMPACT AND A POSSIBLE SMALL ECONOMIC GAIN FOR THE LONG RANGE. THIS DOES NOT PRECLUDE THE POSSIBILITY THAT SOME COMPANIES MAY ACTUALLY HAVE TO GO OUT OF BUSINESS WHILE OTHERS MAY HAVE LITTLE OR NO ILL EFFECTS. KW - Beautification KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Industries KW - Roadside advertising UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204620 AU - Earley, W O AU - Western States Landscape Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A SCENIC ACQUISITION PROGRAM FOR THE ARIZONA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT-VOLUME II PY - 1967 AB - A FIELD SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED BY STATE OR U.S. ROUTE AND MILE POST LISTING OF PARCELS BY FEDERAL AID SYSTEM PARCEL MAPS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND DISCRIPTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Beautification KW - Federal aid KW - Field studies KW - Highways KW - Maps KW - Photographs KW - Property acquisition KW - Routes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204619 AU - Earley, W O AU - Western States Landscape Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A SCENIC ACQUISITION PROGRAM FOR THE ARIZONA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT- VOLUME I PY - 1967 AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED OF THE ACQUISITION OF LAND AND INTERESTS IN LAND FOR THE PRESERVATION, RESTORATION OR ENHANCEMENT OF BEAUTY AND OTHER HIGHWAY PURPOSES. /BPR/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Beautification KW - Highways KW - Property acquisition KW - Roadside improvement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203968 AU - Willet, G A AU - Scheer, A C AU - Montana State Highway Commission AU - Montana State University, Bozeman TI - BEHAVIOR OF THE RECONSTRUCTED WOLF CREEK CULVERT PY - 1967 AB - REPLACEMENT OF AN 18,5-FOOT DIAMETER STRUCTURAL-PLATE CULVERT UNDER 83 FEET OF COVER USING IMPERFECT TRENCH TYPE CONSTRUCTION. THE RECONSTRUCTED CULVERT WAS INSTRUMENTED TO STUDY ITS BEHAVIOR. THE INSTRUMENTATION CONSISTED OF SR-4 STRAIN GAGES ON THE CULVERT WALLS AT APPROXIMATELY MID- HEIGHT, CARLSON SOIL STRESS METERS, PLACED ON OUTSIDE WALLS, RUBBER PRESSURE CELLS PLACED IN FILL AND SETTLEMENT CELLS IN THE FILL ON EACH SIDE OF THE CULVERT. RESULTS OF THE TESTS CORRELATED WELL AND DEMONSTRATED THAT THE VERTICAL LOAD ON THE CULVERT WAS MUCH LESS THAN THE WEIGHT OF OVERLYING COLUMN OF EARTH. THERE WAS NO MEASUREABLE DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT OF THE PAVEMENT ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE IMPERFECT TRENCH TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Construction KW - Culverts KW - Differential settlement KW - Equipment replacement KW - Imperfect trench method KW - Load cells KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Reconstruction KW - Replacement KW - Strain gages KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218013 AU - Himmelman, B F AU - Parsons, M C AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI-CORROSION ADDITIVES IN DE-ICING SALTS PY - 1967 AB - SEPARATE LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION WERE CONDUCTED ON CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR DEICING SALT. LABORATORY TESTS INVOLVED AN IMMERSION-AERATION WEIGHT LOSS TEST OF METAL PANELS. THE LABORATORY TESTS SHOWED THAT ALL INHIBITORS WERE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING CORROSION CAUSED BY DEICING SALTS FIELD TEST RESULTS, HOWEVER, WERE QUESTIONABLE AND DID NOT CONFIRM THE FINDINGS OF THE LABORATORY TESTS. /BPR/ KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion tests KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Field tests KW - Immersion corrosion tests KW - Immersion tests KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Metals KW - Salts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238320 AU - Fisher, G E AU - South Dakota State University School of Law TI - SOUTH DAKOTA-HIGHWAY LAWS RESEARCH STUDY PY - 1967 AB - THE OBJECT OF THIS STUDY WAS TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE ALL SOUTH DAKOTA LAWS RELATING TO HIGHWAYS AND MOTOR VEHICLES, COMPARE THESE PRESENT LAWS WITH THOSE OF OTHER STATES OR RECOMMENDATIONS OF STUDY INSTITUTES, AND SUBMIT TO THE SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS A DETAILED REPORT CONTAINING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REVISION, REPEAL OR ADOPTION OF LAWS WHICH WOULD HAVE THE EFFECT OF UPDATING THE SOUTH DAKOTA CODE. THE STUDY WAS ORGANIZED INTO TWO DIVISIONS: (1) A THREE-YEAR STUDY OF STATUTES, CASES AND MATERIALS ON HIGHWAYS, AND (2) A ONE-YEAR STUDY OF STATUTES, CASES AND MATERIALS ON MOTOR VEHICLES. A COMPLETE SET OF MATERIALS IS PREPARED FOR EACH STUDY. THE PROPOSED HIGHWAY CODE FOLLOWED THE PATTERN RECOMMENDED BY WYOMING, MONTANA AND WEST VIRGINIA. THE PROPOSED MOTOR VEHICLE CODE FOLLOWED THE GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE UNIFORM CODE. THE PROPOSED HIGHWAY CODE CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS: (1) LEGISLATIVE INTENT, (2) DEFINITIONS, (3) STATE ADMINISTRATION, (4) COUNTY ADMINISTRATION, (5) MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION, (6) CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAYS, (7) ACQUISITION OF LAND, (8) CONTROL OF ACCESS, (9) CONTRACTS, (10) TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, (11) FINANCES, (12) MISSCELLANEOUS LAWS, AND (13) AN APPENDIX CONTAINING GENERAL CONDEMNATION PROCEDURES. /BPR/ KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Case studies KW - Classification KW - Condemnation procedures KW - Highway classification KW - Highway law KW - Highway law uniformity KW - Highway operations KW - Highways KW - Law uniformity KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Reviews KW - Statute cases KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201205 AU - Jack, A B AU - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AU - New York State Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT ON THE OUTDOOR ADVERTISING INDUSTRY IN REACTION TO THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT OF 1965 PY - 1967 AB - BASED ON A SURVEY OF 535 SIGN USERS IN NEW YORK STATE, THE RESEARCHER CONCLUDES THAT POSTER AND PAINTED BULLETIN COMPANIES WILL EXPERIENCE BETWEEN 27 TO 37 PERCENT REDUCTION IN REVENUES BY 1970 AS A RESULT OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT OF 1965. THIS LOSS WILL BE PARTLY OFFSET BY AN EXPECTED 14 PERCENT INCREASE IN REVENUES. SIGN COMPANIES ARE EXPECTED TO EXPERIENCE AN INCREASE IN REVENUE, SINCE ON-PREMISE SIGNS ARE EXPECTED TO BECOME LARGER & MORE EXPENSIVE. SINCE THE COST OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING (FOR BOTH OFF-AND ON-PREMISE SIGNS) IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE, SMALLER BUSINESSES ARE EXPECTED TO EXPERIENCE RELATIVELY GREATER COSTS THAN LARGE BUSINESSES. /BPR/ KW - Beautification KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Roadside advertising KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206302 AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - USE OF BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS TO DETERMINE ALLOWABLE SPRING TONNAGES PY - 1967 AB - THIS IS ONE OF SEVERAL REPORTS EMANATING FROM THE STUDY, APPLICATION OF AASHO ROAD TEST RESULTS TO DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN MINNESOTA. THE PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH IS TO DETERMINE WHETHER BENKELMAN BEAM TESTS CAN BE USED TO ESTABLISH LOAD RESTRICTIONS ON HIGHWAYS IN THE SPRING WHEN PAVEMENTS ARE RELATIVELY WEAK. CURRENTLY, PLATE BEARING TESTS ARE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW PROCEDURE, BASED PRINCIPALLY ON BENKELMAN BEAM TESTS OF 15 SELECTED IN-SERVICE PAVEMENTS DURING A 3-YEAR PERIOD. INCLUDED ARE /1/ A DETAILED SUMMARY OF THE METHOD, /2/ ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL DEFLECTION VARIATIONS, /3/ DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE DEFLECTIONS AND /4/ DEFLECTION-LOAD RELATIONS. THE FOLLOWING FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PRESENTED' /1/ THE RESEARCH HAS BEEN SUFFICIENTLY COMPREHENSIVE TO WARRANT TRIAL USAGE OF THE PROCEDURE DEVELOPED, /2/ AN ADVANTAGE OF A PROCEDURE BASED ON THE BENKELMAN BEAM IS THE LOW COST OF THE DEVICE. THIS WOULD WARRANT TESTING BY EACH HIGHWAY DISTRICT, /3/ IF TESTS ARE CONDUCTED BY EACH DISTRICT, THE ESTABLISHMENT AND REMOVAL OF LOAD RESTRICTIONS COULD BE MORE READILY ACCOMPLISHED. /4/ MINNESOTA HIGHWAY DEFLECTION DATA, TOGETHER WITH AASHO ROAD TEST AND OTHER RESEARCH RESULTS WILL EVENTUALLY HELP IN THE PREDICTION OF ROAD LIFE. /5/ USE OF THE BENKELMAN BEAM FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF LOAD RESTRICTIONS WOULD FREE THE PLATE BEARING TESTING APPARATUS FOR USE IN OTHER RESEARCH STUDIES. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection tests KW - Economics KW - Forecasting KW - Highway pavement KW - Inservice KW - Load limits KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Plate bearing test KW - Service life KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201201 AU - Wullweber, L D AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LONG TERM ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY SD 50 BYPASS ON TYNDALL, SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1967 AB - ECONOMIC AND OTHER EFFECTS ARE STUDIED ON THE TOWN OF TYNDALL, SOUTH DAKOTA, RESULTING FROM THE CONSTRUCTION AND SUBSEQUENT USE OF THE SOUTH DAKOTA HIGHWAY 50 BYPASS ROUTE. SALES FOR THE TOWN OF TYNDALL AS A WHOLE HAVE NOT BEEN AFFECTED BY THE EXISTENCE OF THE BYPASS ROUTE. THE NON- HIGHWAY ORIENTED TYPE OF BUSINESS PROSPERED REASONABLY WELL AND WAS UNAFFECTED OR AFFECTED POSITIVELY BY THE ADDITION OF THE BYPASS ROUTE. ADVERSE EFFECTS WERE NOTED BY THE RESEARCHERS ON HIGHWAY ORIENTED TYPES OF BUSINESSES (SERVICE STATIONS, RESTAURANTS, TAVERNS AND MOTELS). THE TRAFFIC PATTERN HAS, AS EXPECTED, CHANGED NOTICEABLY AFTER THE ADDITION OF THE BYPASS ROUTE. THE THROUGH TRAFFIC HAS BEEN REMOVED FROM TYNDALL'S BUSINESS DISTRICT AND STREETS WHICH RESULTED IN LESS TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND GREATER TRAFFIC SAFETY ALONG THE OLD ROUTE THROUGH TYNDALL. THE NEW HIGHER SPEED BYPASS FACILITY WAS THE SCENE OF A NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS, ESPECIALLY DURING THE YEAR 1966. THE DOLLAR VOLUME OF PROPERTY DAMAGE AND THE NUMBER OF INJURIES HAVE INCREASED DURING THE YEARS AFTER THE ADDITION OF THE BYPASS FACILITY. THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS AND NUMBER OF VEHICLES INVOLVED IN THESE ACCIDENTS, HOWEVER, WERE LOWER EACH YEAR, EXCEPT DURING THE YEARS 1957 AND 1966, ON THE OLD AND THE NEW ROUTE ON SOUTH DAKOTA HIGHWAY 50 AFTER THE ADDITION OF THE BYPASS ROUTE THAN THEY WERE ON THE OLD ROUTE THROUGH TYNDALL BEFORE THE ADDITION OF THE BYPASS ROUTE. /BPR/ KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Central business districts KW - Crash rates KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway safety KW - Highway user services KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motels KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Restaurants KW - Retail trade KW - Service stations KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204606 AU - Wagner, L C AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT ON OUTDOOR ADVERTISING FIRMS IN WASHINGTON STATE PY - 1967 AB - THIS STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT ON THE OUTDOOR ADVERTISING INDUSTRY IN WASHINGTON STATE WAS BASED ON A SAMPLE OF THREE FIRMS OPERATING IN METROPOLITAN AREAS AND THREE FIRMS IN SMALL CITIES. THE JULY REVISION OF THE DRAFT STANDARDS FOR SIGN CONTROLS IN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL AREAS WAS ASSUMED FOR THE ANALYSIS. BASED ON OPINIONS OF COMPANY OFFICIALS THE AUTHOR FOUND THAT EXPECTED LOSSES OF RECEIPTS FOR THE THREE FIRMS IN THE SMALL CITIES WERE 45, 55, AND 65 PERCENT OF TOTAL ANNUAL RECEIPTS. FOR THE FIRMS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS EXPECTED LOSSES WERE 33, 42, AND 45 PERCENT OF TOTAL ANNUAL RECEIPTS. RELATIVE LOSSES OF PAINTED BULLETINS WERE EXPECTED TO BE GREATER THAN POSTER PANELS. THIS IS DUE PRIMARILY TO THE GREATER PERCENTAGE OF PAINTED BULLETINS LOCATED ON HIGHWAYS AFFECTED BY THE ACT. /BPR/ KW - Beautification KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Roadside advertising UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224854 AU - Drew, D R AU - Lamotte, L R AU - Buhr, J H AU - Wattleworth, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - GAP ACCEPTANCE IN THE FREEWAY MERGING PROCESS VOL II. PY - 1967 AB - THE EMPHASIS IN THIS REPORT, VOLUME 2 OF THE FINAL REPORT, IS THE COLLECTION AND COLLATION OF GAP ACCEPTANCE CHARACTERISTICS. THE THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS AND USEFUL PARAMETERS FOR DESCRIBING THE MERGING PROCESS INCLUDE' /1/ THE DERIVATION OF THE FORMS OF THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE DELAY TO A RAMP VEHICLE IN POSITION TO MERGE, AND /2/ THE TREATMENT OF THE VARIABILITY OF CRITICAL GAPS AND GAP ACCEPTANCE AMONG DRIVERS THROUGH THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FORMS FOR BOTH CRITICAL GAP DISTRIBUTIONS AND GAP ACCEPTANCE FUNCTIONS. THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RECORD PROBIT ANALYSES, SIMPLE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PERCENT GAP ACCEPTANCE AND GAP SIZE IS ESTABLISHED. USING THIS APPROACH, THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LAGS AND GAPS AND SINGLE AND MULTIPLE ENTRY MERGES ARE COMPARED, AS WELL AS FAST TO SLOW MOVING MERGING VEHICLES. THE PROBIT ANALYSES ARE GENERALIZED TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCENT ACCEPTANCE AS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE AND GAP SIZE AND VEHICULAR SPEED AS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. THE FACT THAT 32 RAMPS-CHOSEN TO REFLECT DIVERSE OPERATING, GEOMETRIC, GEOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS-WERE CONTINUOUSLY FILMED AT 5 FRAMES PER SECOND FOR AN AVERAGE OF AN HOUR, AND THAT ENOUGH DATA WAS COLLECTED TO RUN 1344 USABLE GAP ACCEPTANCE REGRESSIONS SERVE TO DEMONSTRATE NOT ONLY THE VAST QUANTITY OF DATA INVOLVED, BUT THE NATURE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS NOW AVAILABLE TO INTERESTED RESEARCHERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Emergency response time KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Gap acceptance KW - Mathematical models KW - Merging traffic KW - Models KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Probits KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reaction time KW - Size KW - Theory KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224853 AU - Buhr, J H AU - Drew, D R AU - Wattleworth, J A AU - Williams, T G AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - A NATIONWIDE STUDY OF FREEWAY MERGING OPERATIONS VOL. I PY - 1967 AB - VOLUME 1 OF THE FINAL REPORT, INTRODUCES THE RESEARCH CONTRACTS ENTITLED GAP ACCEPTANCE AND TRAFFIC INTERACTION IN THE FREEWAY MERGING PROCESS. FIELD STUDIES FOR THE COLLECTION OF DATA WERE CARRIED OUT AT THIRTY-TWO ENTRANCE RAMPS LOCATED IN EIGHT OF THE MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS IN SIX STATES. DATA WERE COLLECTED USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. THE FILMS WERE ANALYZED USING TIME ORIENTED TECHNIQUES. THE REPORT DISCUSSES IN DETAIL THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE USED, THE DATA REDUCTION METHODS AND THE STUDY SITES SELECTED. DATA EDITING ROUTINES FOR REMOVING ERRORS MADE DURING THE FILM ANALYSIS AND PUNCHING OF THE DATA CARDS ARE DISCUSSED. THE ANALYSIS OF THE DATA FOR BASIC TRAFFIC PARAMETERS ARE DISCUSSED AND SOME OF THESE PARAMETERS SUCH AS SPEED, VOLUME, AND DENSITY ARE USED TO ILLUSTRATE THE MERGING OPERATION AT EACH STUDY SITE. THE QUALITATIVE EFFECT OF VARIOUS GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS SUCH AS ACCELERATION LANE LENGTH AND SHAPE, ANGLE OF CONVERGENCE AND GRADES ON MERGING AS MIRRORED BY THE TRAFFIC PARAMETERS OF VOLUME, DENSITY, SPEED, AND ACCELERATION NOISE ARE DISCUSSED. NO CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT, HOWEVER, THE REPORT SERVES TO DEMONSTRATE NOT ONLY THE NATURE OF THE DATA AVAILABLE, BUT ALSO THE VAST QUANTITY OF THE DATA INVOLVED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Aerial photography KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Convergence KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Geometric design KW - Length KW - Merging traffic KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210376 AU - Dunn, K H AU - WISCONSIN STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION TI - A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF DEVIATION IN ASPHALT CONTENT AND GRADATION FROM JOB-MIX VALUES IN HOT MIXTURES PY - 1967 AB - A LABORATORY STUDY WAS PERFORMED ON HOT BITUMINOUS MIXTURES TO DETERMINE IF ASPHALT IS ABSORBED INTO THE AGGREGATES OF THESE MIXTURES THAT IS NOT RECOVERABLE BY THE REFLUX EXTRACTION PROCEDURE. AGGREGATES FROM TWO GEOLOGICAL SOURCES, AN IGNEOUS-SANDSTONE GRAVEL AND A CRUSHED DOLOMITE, WERE USED. SPECIFIC AMOUNTS OF AGGREGATE AND ASPHALT CEMENT WERE MIXED, CURED FOR FOUR DAYS, AND THEN EXTRACTED. DIFFERENCES IN THE APPARENT ASPHALT CONTENT OF MIXTURES BASED ON EXTRACTION TESTS AND THE KNOWN CONTENT BASED ON WEIGHTS OF THE MIXED MATERIALS PROVIDED A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF ASPHALT NOT RECOVERABLE BY MEANS OF EXTRACTION. ALTHOUGH THE DATA OF THIS STUDY ARE QUITE LIMITED, IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT SOME AGGREGATE TYPES MAY ABSORB ASPHALT IN HOT-BITUMINOUS MIXTURES WHICH IS NOT RECOVERED IN AN EXTRACTION TEST AND CAN RESULT IN INDICATED ASPHALT CONTENT OF THE MIXTURE IN EXCESS OF TOLERANCE LIMITS NOW IMPOSED BY SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTROL OF ASPHALT CONTENT AT THE MIXING PLANT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Absorption KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Chemical analysis KW - Concrete curing KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Dolomite KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Fluxes KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Recovery KW - Refluxing KW - Resource extraction KW - Sandstones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219686 AU - California Department of Transportation TI - A REPORT ON ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND ORGANIC FACTORS IN FATAL SINGLE VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1967 AB - THIS STUDY CONSIDERED THREE ASPECTS OF THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PROBLEM' ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND ORGANIC FACTORS. EACH ASPECT WAS EXAMINED TO DEFINE THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM AND TO PROVIDE DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS. THE STUDY DATA REPRESENTED DRIVERS DYING, WITHIN 15 MINUTES, IN SINGLE CAR ACCIDENTS IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA DURING A TWO YEAR PERIOD. THE STUDY DATA IS, THEREFORE, NOT A RANDOM SAMPLE OF ALL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS. RESULTS INDICATED THAT AMONG STUDY DRIVERS, ALCOHOL IS A GREATER PROBLEM WITH MEN THAN WOMEN. OTHER FINDINGS RELATING TO ALCOHOL WERE AS FOLLOWS' THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IS MOST PRONOUNCED IN THE 30 TO 50 AGE GROUP, IS SIGNIFICANT ON ALL SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK /IT BEING SOMEWHAT HIGHER ON WEEKENDS/ AND HIGHLY PREVALENT BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND 3'00 A.M. WHEN 26% OF THE ACCIDENTS OCCURRED IN WHICH 83% OF THE DRIVERS HAD A BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL IN EXCESS OF 0.1. DRINKING DRIVERS HAD A HIGHER ACCIDENT, TRAFFIC VIOLATION AND POLICE CONTACTS RECORD THAN NON-DRINKING DRIVERS BUT THE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT OF SUFFICIENT MAGNITUDE TO WARRANT A PROGRAM OF DRIVER CONTROL. MAJOR FINDINGS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF DRUG DATA WERE AS FOLLOWS' THIRTEEN PERCENT OF THE STUDY SAMPLE DRIVERS WERE FOUND TO HAVE TAKEN DRUGS /AS DETERMINED FROM A BLOOD SAMPLE/; DRUG USAGE INCREASES PROPORTIONATELY WITH AGE, AND THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IS ALSO PRESENT AMONG DRUG USERS. THE THIRD FACTOR STUDIED WAS ORGANIC FACTORS. OF ALL STUDY SAMPLE DRIVERS STUDIED, 10.5% WERE FOUND TO HAVE DIED FROM NATURAL CAUSES /OVER 90% FROM HEART RELATED CAUSES/ RATHER THAN FROM THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT. THESE VICTIMS TENDED TO BE MEN AND FROM THE OLDER POPULATION. ALSO, THESE DRIVERS TENDED TO BE MORE OF A DAYTIME PROBLEM WHEREAS DRIVERS DYING FROM THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT TENDED TO BE A NIGHTTIME PROBLEM /PRIMARILY DUE TO ALCOHOL/. A VERY LOW OCCURRENCE OF ALCOHOL WAS FOUND AMONG DRIVERS DYING FROM NATURAL CAUSES, WHILE THE DRUG USAGE WAS HIGHER. /BPR/ KW - Age KW - Alcohols KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Physical condition KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224856 AU - Drew, D R AU - Buhr, J H AU - Whitson, R H AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - THE DETERMINATION OF MERGING CAPACITY AND ITS APPLICATION TO FREEWAY DESIGN AND CONTROL - VOL IV PY - 1967 AB - VOLUME 4 OF THE FINAL REPORT, PRESENTS A NEW APPROACH TO THE DETERMINATION OF THE CAPACITY AND SERVICE VOLUMES IN RAMP-FREEWAY MERGING AREAS. THE CAPACITY OF A MERGING AREA IS BASED ON THE CRITICAL GAP CONCEPT AND ON ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE DISTRIBUTION OF GAPS IN THE FREEWAY SHOULDER LANE. THE SERVICE VOLUMES SUGGESTED ARE DEVELOPED FROM CONSIDERATIONS OF THE RAMP JUNCTION AS A QUEUEING SYSTEM. A LEVEL OF SERVICE CAN THEN BE PROVIDED SUCH THAT A RAMP VEHICLE HAS A CERTAIN PROBABILITY OF FINDING THE MERGING AREA EMPTY. ANOTHER MEASURE OF LEVEL OF SERVICE IS THE DELAY SUFFERED BY RAMP VEHICLES. THIS ASPECT IS TREATED AND CHARTS PRESENTED FOR ITS DETERMINATION. THE ABOVE MERGING PARAMETERS ALL INVOLVE THE CRITICAL GAP OF THE JUNCTION. THIS CRITICAL GAP CAN BE ESTIMATED FROM THE GEOMETRICS OF THE RAMP-FREEWAY JUNCTION BY A REGRESSION EQUATION, DEVELOPED THROUGH THE STUDY OF A NUMBER OF ENTRANCE FACILITIES, WHICH RELATES THE CRITICAL GAP TO THE LENGTH OF ACCELERATION LANE AND THE ANGLE OF CONVERGENCE. RELATIONSHIPS ARE ALSO PRESENTED OF ESTIMATING THE ENTIRE GAP ACCEPTANCE CHARACTERISTICS FROM THESE TWO GEOMETRIC FEATURES. THE PAPER PROCEEDS TO DISCUSS IN DETAIL THE APPLICATION OF THE DEVELOPED MERGING PARAMETERS IN FREEWAY DESIGN AND CONTROL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Convergence KW - Freeway design KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeways KW - Gap acceptance KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Length KW - Level of service KW - Merging traffic KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224851 AU - Taylor, W C AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - COLORED PAVEMENT MATERIALS PY - 1967 AB - THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE USE OF COLORED PAVEMENTS AS A CONTROL AND GUIDANCE DEVICE THROUGH INTERSECTIONS WITH LEFT-TURN SLOTS. THREE RURAL INTERSECTIONS WERE SELECTED FOR THIS STUDY. IN EACH OF THEM AT LEAST ONE LEFT-TURN LANE WAS COVERED WITH GREEN ASPHALT AND A PAINTED CHANNELIZING ISLAND, FORMING THE SLOT, WAS COVERED WITH YELLOW ASPHALT. DATA ON SPOT SPEEDS, LATERAL PLACEMENT OF VEHICLES AND FLOW PATTERNS WERE COLLECTED BEFORE THE INSTALLATION OF THE COLORED ASPHALT, DURING THE FIRST MONTH FOLLOWING THE INSTALLATION AND 6 MONTHS AFTER THE INSTALLATION. THE ONLY SIGNIFICANT EFFECT OF THE COLORED PAVEMENT WAS TO DISCOURAGE SOME DRIVERS FROM CROSSING THE CHANNELIZING ISLAND WHEN ENTERING THE LEFT-TURN LANE DURING THE DAY. NO SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE WAS OBSERVED ON THE VELOCITY OF THE VEHICLES IN THE THROUGH LANE. NO CHANGE COULD BE DETECTED ON THE DRIVERS PATTERN OF ENTRY INTO THE LEFT-TURN LANE. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT THE COLORED ASPHALT HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON TRAFFIC FLOW PATTERNS AT NIGHT. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Before and after studies KW - Channelized intersections KW - Color KW - Guidance KW - Lanes KW - Lateral placement KW - Left turn only KW - Left turns KW - Pavements KW - Regulatory signs KW - Rural highways KW - Spot speed KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel patterns KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218009 AU - Park, D H AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates TI - MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS - REPORT NO. 1 PY - 1967 AB - THIS IS THE FIRST OF SEVEN REPORTS ON RESULTS OF THE LOUISIANA MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STUDY. IT SUMMARIZES THE RESEARCH AND FINDINGS FOR WORK CONDUCTED BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 1965 AND DECEMBER 1966. IN CHAPTER ONE THE OBJECTIVES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MAINTENANCE FUNCTION OF THE DEPARTMENT ARE ANALYZED AND EVALUATED--INCLUDING STATUTORY AND POLICY PROVISIONS. THE CHARACTER OF THE MAINTENANCE WORKLOAD, DETERMINED FROM DEPARTMENT RECORDS, IS DESCRIBED. CHAPTER TWO IS DEVOTED TO THE EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF RECORDED DATA. A SPECIAL PILOT REPORTING SYSTEM, WHICH WAS INSTALLED IN DISTRICT 08 TO PROVIDE ANOTHER SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR EVALUATING CURRENT PERFORMANCE, IS ALSO DESCRIBED. IN CHAPTER THREE, THE DEPARTMENTS BUDGETING AND FISCAL PLANNING ACTIVITIES RELATIVE TO MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS ARE DESCRIBED, ANALYZED AND EVALUATED, AS IS THE EXISTING REPORTING SYSTEM. CHAPTER FOUR CONTAINS AN ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE MANNER IN WHICH THE DEPARTMENT PRESENTLY IS ORGANIZED TO PERFORM WORK. THIS INCLUDES WORK FORCE RESPONSIBILITY AT VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS AND THE UTILIZATION OF SPECIALIZED GANGS. IN CHAPTER FIVE, THE PROCESSES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT ARE PRESENTED. MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EACH ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL ARE DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF TYPICAL MANAGEMENT ACTIONS ARE PRESENTED. CHAPTER SIX CONTAINS AN EVALUATION OF THE MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ALONG WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVED ORGANIZATION CONSISTENT WITH THE NEEDS OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND WORK PERFORMANCE. IN CHAPTER SEVEN, THERE ARE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL CONTINUING MAINTENANCE RESEARCH WHICH SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN. SOME RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IS PRESENTLY UNDERWAY OR HAS BEEN APROVED FOR EARLY INITIATION. A SCHEDULE IS PRESENTED FOR THESE PLANNED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES. /BPR/ KW - Budgeting KW - Data analysis KW - Labor force KW - Laws KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203963 AU - Chow, W AU - Weber, W AU - California Department of Public Works AU - California Division of Highways TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE APPLE CANYON CULVERT PY - 1967 AB - THIS PROJECT COVERS THE INSTRUMENTING OF A CULVERT INSTALLATION TO ACQUIRE TEST DATA FOR CULVERTS UNDER HIGH FILLS. THE INFORMATION IS DESIRED TO ANSWER THE QUESTION OF THE ADEQUACY OF PRESENT CULVERT DESIGN FORMULAS WHEN USED UNDER HIGH FILLS. THE CULVERT INSTRUMENTED IS ELLIPTICAL WITH A MAJOR AXIS OF 113 INCHES AND MINOR AXIS OF 102 INCHES. THE CULVERT IS 1077 FEET LONG WITH CORRUGATIONS OF 6-INCH PITCH AND 2-INCH RADII. REPORT DESCRIBES PLACING AND PROTECTING SR-4 STRAIN GAGES USED FOR MEASURING OUTSIDE CULVERT STRAINS. FOR EACH STRAIN GAGE ON THE OUTSIDE THERE WAS A MATCHING GAGE ON THE INSIDE. TWO METHODS WERE USED TO MEASURE DISPLACEMENT OR CHANGE IN PIPE DIAMETER' /1/ INSIDE MICROMETER METHOD /2/ PHOTOGRAPHIC METHOD. CULVERT LONGITUDINAL LENGTH CHANGES WERE MEASURED WITH AN OUTSIDE MICROMETER. SOIL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE WITH MODIFIED CARLSON SOIL METERS. FILL SETTLEMENT WAS MEASURED BY MEANS OF SETTLEMENT PLATFORMS. /BPR/ KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Diameter KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Earth pressure KW - Fills KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Micrometers KW - Photographic methods KW - Photography KW - Pipe KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement KW - Settlement rate KW - Strain gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212010 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - THE EFFECT OF FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION ON CEMENT AGGREGATE REACTION PY - 1967 AB - A PILOT STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF THE AMOUNT OF SAND-GRAVEL MATERIAL PASSING THE 30 MESH SIEVE ON THE EXPANSION OF CONCRETE WAS CONDUCTED USING SIX DIFFERENT GRADATIONS AND A HIGH ALKALI CEMENT. FOUR OF THE GRADATIONS CONTAINED ONLY A KNOWN REACTIVE SAND-GRAVEL, THE OTHER TWO GRADATIONS CONTAINED THE SAME SAND-GRAVEL SWEETENED WITH 30% LIMESTONE. THE PILOT STUDY INDICATED THAT AS THE AMOUNT OF AGGREGATE PASSING THE 30 MESH SIEVE WAS REDUCED, THE AMOUNT OF EXPANSION WAS REDUCED. THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE GRADATION WAS NOT EVIDENT ON THOSE MIXTURES IN WHICH LIMESTONE WAS ADDED. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Concrete KW - Expansion KW - Fine aggregates KW - Gravel KW - Limestone KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214450 AU - WILLIAMSON, T G AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF COMPACTION VARIABILITY FOR SELECTED HIGHWAY PROJECTS IN INDIANA PY - 1967 AB - THE AREA OF STUDY CHOSEN FOR THIS PROJECT WAS COMPACTION CONTROL OF SUBBASE AND SUBGRADE ELEMENTS AS USED UNDER RIGID PAVEMENTS. THREE PROJECTS OF EACH WERE SELECTED FOR INVESTIGATION IN INDIANA. THE OBJECTIVE WAS /1/ TO GATHER DATA TO DETERMINE WHAT LEVEL OF COMPACTION WAS ACTUALLY BEING ACHIEVED UNDER PRESENT CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES BY STUDYING THE VARIABILITY IN COMPACTION AND THE FACTORS CAUSING THE VARIABILITY, AND /2/ TO DETERMINE HOW A STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL MIGHT BE DEVELOPED FROM THESE DATA. TO ASSURE A REALISTIC ESTIMATE OF THE TRUE LEVEL OF COMPACTION, ONE HUNDRED FIELD DENSITY TESTS WERE PERFORMED FOR EACH PROJECT BY SELECTING TEN UNITS OF CONSTRUCTION OF EQUAL SIZE AND MAKING FIVE RANDOMLY REPLICATED DENSITY TESTS IN EACH. REFERENCE VALUES FOR PERCENT COMPACTION WAS THE USE OF ONE-POINT FIELD COMPACTION TEST IN CONJUNCTION WITH A FAMILY OF TYPICAL CURVES. RESULTS OBTAINED INDICATED AN OVERALL LEVEL OF COMPACTION LOWER THAN THAT SPECIFIED. VARIABILITY IN COMPACTION WAS LARGE. DATA INDICATED GREATER VARIABILITY IN THE SUBGRADE COMPACTION THAN IN THE SUBBASES. THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS INDICATED MORE TESTS FOR A UNIT WERE REQUIRED TO INSURE UNIFORM COMPACTION. A MAIN PROBLEM IS TO INSURE THAT TESTS ARE PROPERLY PERFORMED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compaction KW - Data collection KW - Degree of compaction KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Field density KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Rigid pavements KW - Standardization KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214452 AU - Baldwin, L K AU - Kansas State Highway Commission TI - MIXING TIME STUDY-BITUMINOUS MIXES PY - 1967 AB - THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE WET MIXING TIME IN THE PUGMILL WITH A VARIETY OF PLANTS AND MATERIALS. MIXES WERE EVALUATED BY ROSS COUNT, MARSHALL STABILITY AND OTHER TEST METHODS PERFORMED IN THE LABORATORY ON SPECIMENS MOLDED AT PLANT SITE. COROLLARY DATA SUCH AS TEMPERATURE, GRADATION, AND TIME IN SECOND FOR VARIOUS OPERATIONS WERE OBTAINED. THE HIGHEST MARSHALL STABILITY PEAK WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST RELIABLE METHOD FOR EVALUATING MIXING TIME IN THIS STUDY. IN THIS STUDY, OPTIMUM MIXING TIME HAS BEEN SHOWN TO VARY WITH THE PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPES OF AGGREGATE FOR A GIVEN ASPHALT CONTENT, MOISTURE CONTENT, TEMPERATURE, AND PUGMILL. HOWEVER, EXPERIENCE AND TESTS OF THE TYPICAL AGGREGATE AND MIXES OF THE STATE MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO ESTABLISH MINIMUM SPECIFICATION MIXING TIME LIMITS FOR EACH MIX TYPE-PLANT TYPE COMBINATION. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate shape KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixing plants KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Mixing KW - Mixing plants KW - Mixing time KW - Moisture content KW - Particle size distribution KW - Pug mills KW - Ross count KW - Specifications KW - Specimens KW - Temperature KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224857 AU - Buhr, J H AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - TRAFFIC INTERACTION IN THE FREEWAY MERGING PROCESS-VOL. V PY - 1967 AB - VOLUME 5 OF THE FINAL REPORT DEALS PRIMARILY WITH THE BEHAVIOR OF TIME HEADWAYS BETWEEN VEHICLES AS THEY TRAVERSE A SECTION OF HIGHWAY IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM OF AN ENTRANCE RAMP. THIS BEHAVIOR TERMED GAP STABILITY, IS DESCRIBED BY A CONDITIONAL FREQUENCY FUNCTION WHICH GIVES THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH A GAP, OBSERVED TO BE OF A GIVEN SIZE AT SOME UPSTREAM LOCATION, CHANGES TO A CERTAIN SIZE IN THE MERGING AREA. THIS CONDITIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GAPS IS ASSUMED TO BE A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION. RELATIONSHIPS ARE DEVELOPED FOR PREDICTING THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF THIS NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FOR A GIVEN DISTANCE AND GIVEN SPEED CONDITIONS. THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS INFORMATION IN THE CONTROL OF THE MERGING PROCESS IS DISCUSSED AND A RELATIONSHIP, DEVELOPED FROM THE INTERACTION OF GAP STABILITY AND GAP ACCEPTANCE CHARACTERISTICS, IS SUGGESTED AS A RATIONAL CONTROL FUNCTION FOR MERGING CONTROL. THE LANE CHANGING BEHAVIOR OF DRIVERS IN THE VICINITY OF AN ENTRANCE RAMP WAS ALSO STUDIED. RELATIONSHIPS ARE PRESENTED, GIVING THE GENERAL MAGNITUDE OF THIS ACTIVITY AS RELATED TO FREEWAY AND ENTRANCE RAMP VOLUMES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Change KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway operations KW - Gap acceptance KW - Headways KW - Lanes KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224859 AU - White, F S AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON GAP ACCEPTANCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS VOL. VII PY - 1967 AB - VOLUME 7 OF THE FINAL REPORT, THE FREEWAY MERGING PROCESS IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON GAP ACCEPTANCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS. THE REPORT LISTS SOME 192 SOURCES OF INFORMATION WHICH ENCOMPASS THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS' 1. GAP ACCEPTANCE, 2. TRAFFIC QUEUING THEORY, 3. ENTRANCE RAMP OPERATION, 4. FREEWAY TRAFFIC CONTROL, 5. TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE, 6. COMPUTER CONTROL OF TRAFFIC, 7. QUALITY OF FLOW - LEVEL OF SERVICE, 8. TRAFFIC SIMULATION, AND 9. METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASURING TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS. /BPR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Computers KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeways KW - Gap acceptance KW - Level of service KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224855 AU - Wattleworth, J A AU - Buhr, J H AU - Drew, D R AU - Gerig, F A AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - OPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF SOME ENTRANCE RAMP GEOMETRICS ON FREEWAY MERGING - VOL III PY - 1967 AB - VOLUME 3 OF THE FINAL REPORT IS AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ACCELERATION LANE LENGTH, ANGLE OF CONVERGENCE AND RAMP GRADE ON TRAFFIC INTERACTION IN THE FREEWAY MERGING PROCESS. FIELD DATA WERE COLLECTED AT 29 ENTRANCE RAMPS LOCATED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE COUNTRY. THE ACCELERATION LANES OF THE RAMPS STUDIED RANGED FROM 240 TO 1500 FEET IN LENGTH AND THE CONVERGENCE ANGLES RANGED FROM 1 DEGREE TO 14 DEGREES. DATA WERE COLLECTED USING A TECHNIQUE INVOLVING TIME LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHY FROM A CIRCLING AIRPLANE. THE DATA COLLECTED AT EACH OF THE RAMPS WERE ANALYZED AND THE EFFECT OF THE ANGLE OF CONVERGENCE AND ACCELERATION LANE LENGTH ON THE SPEED OF THE RAMP VEHICLES AT THE RAMP NOSE, SPEED OF THE RAMP VEHICLES AT THE MERGE POINT, SPEED CHANGES ON THE ACCELERATION LANE, RELATIVE SPEED, ACCEPTED GAP NUMBER AND ACCELERATION LANE USE ARE PRESENTED. A REGRESSION ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED TO DETERMINE THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE USE OF ACCELERATION LANES AS DESCRIBED BY THE DISTANCE FROM THE PHYSICAL NOSE TO THE MERGE POINT. THE FOLLOWING TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS ARE OFFERED' /1/ NARROW ACCELERATION LANES /LESS THAN 12 FEET/ HAVE AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON MERGING OPERATIONS. /2/ ON EACH OF THE RAMPS FOR WHICH THE CONVERGENCE ANGLE WAS 3 DEGREES OR LESS THE OPERATION WAS EXTREMELY GOOD. /3/ AT EACH OF THE ENTRANCE RAMPS WHICH HAD CONVERGENCE ANGLES 10 DEGREES OR GREATER AND/OR AN ACCELERATION LANE LENGTH LESS THAN 350 FEET VERY POOR OPERATION WAS NOTED, AND /4/ ON THE DOWNGRADE RAMPS WHICH WERE STUDIED, THE OPERATION WAS MUCH BETTER THAN WOULD HAVE BEEN EXPECTED BASED ON ACCELERATION LANE LENGTH AND CONVERGENCE ANGLE ONLY. /BPR/ KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Convergence KW - Data collection KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Geometric design KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Highway operations KW - Length KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramps KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Regression analysis KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224858 AU - Drew, D R AU - Mescrole, T C AU - Buhr, J H AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DIGITAL STIMULATION OF FREEWAY MERGING OPERATION-VOL VI PY - 1967 AB - THE ACCENT ON THE FIRST PART IN VOLUME 6 IS ON THE SIMULATION OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC IN GENERAL. THE REASONS FOR AND BACKGROUND OF SIMULATION ARE DISCUSSED AND THE VARIOUS METHODS, TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES COMMONLY USED ARE TREATED IN DETAIL. THE SECOND PART OF THE PAPER DESCRIBES A COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPED FOR THE SIMULATION OF A RAMP-FREEWAY JUNCTION. THE COMPUTER LOGIC INCLUDES LANE CHANGING MANEUVERS ON THE FREEWAY AS WELL AS THE ENTERING MANEUVER. SOME OF THE OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM ARE PRESENTED AS EVIDENCE OF ITS CAPABILITY OF REPRESENTING THE MERGING PROCESS REALISTICALLY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Freeway ramps KW - Intersections KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Simulation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206330 AU - Crawford, R A AU - Woods, T M AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX - SOUTH DAKOTA STUDY PY - 1967 AB - IN ORDER TO DEVELOP PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX (PSI) EQUATIONS FOR USE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS, SURFACE TREATMENTS AND CHIP SEAL COATED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS USING THE SOUTH DAKOTA BPR ROUGHOMETER AND TO COMPARE THE RESULTS WITH THE SOUTH DAKOTA SUFFICIENCY RATINGS, APPROXIMATELY 6,000 MILES OF THE STATE RURAL TRUNK SYSTEM WERE TESTED OVER A PERIOD OF THREE YEARS. MEASUREMENTS INCLUDED ROUGHNESS, CRACKING AND PATCHING, RUT DEPTH AND TEXTURE. AS A RESULT OF THIS STUDY, THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT THE METHODS OF MEASUREMENT SELECTED DO NOT ACCURATELY REFLECT VARIATIONS IN RIDING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAVEMENTS NOR DO THEY RELIABLY PREDICT THE OPINIONS OF SOUTH DAKOTA HIGHWAY USERS. THEY ALSO CONCLUDE THAT THE PRESENT BPR TYPE ROUGHOMETER FAILS TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SURFACE TEXTURE AND ACTUAL ROUGHNESS AND FAILS TO DETECT SOME SERIOUS HIGHWAY ROUGHNESS. THE PSI VALUES OBTAINED AS THE RESULT OF THIS STUDY DO NOT CORRELATE WELL WITH THE SUFFICIENCY RATINGS. THE AUTHORS RECOMMEND THAT SOUTH DAKOTA CONTINUE USING THE SUFFICIENCY RATING SYSTEM UNTIL IMPROVED METHODS OF MEASURING PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS BE DEVELOPED. /BPR/ KW - Chippings KW - Chips KW - Concrete pavements KW - Equations KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Measurement KW - Patching KW - Road meters KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Seal coats KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Sufficiency rating KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218018 AU - White, D B AU - Bailey, T B AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MAINTENANCE OF VEGETATION ON MINNESOTA HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY PY - 1967 AB - THIS STUDY OF CURRENT VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, PRINCIPALLY TURF, IS BASED ON AN INVESTIGATION OF CONDITIONS AND OBSERVATIONS MADE IN 8 OF 16 MINNESOTA MAINTENANCE DISTRICTS. AN INVENTORY OF CURRENT MOWING EQUIPMENT, THE ASSIGNMENT OF MACHINES, OPERATING PERSONNEL, AND SUPERVISION EMPLOYED IS RECORDED. DESCRIBED ARE PRESENT PRACTICES AND TECHNIQUES MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT, TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES AND TURF CONDITIONS, WEED CONTROL PROGRAM AND THE OVERALL EFFECT ON TURF GRASSES AND OTHER VEGETATION. BASED UPON SOIL SURVEYS TOPOGRAPHY AND TURF FERTILITY REQUIREMENTS, 31 RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF TURF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT OF THOSE LISTED ARE: (1) PROVIDE THE BEST AVAILABLE TYPES OF MOWING EQUIPMENT FOR SPECIFIC USES, (2) ESTABLISHMENT OF TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR OPERATORS, SUPERVISORS, AND MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL, (3) ENCOURAGE MANUFACTURERS TO DESIGN AND DEVELOP MORE EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT, (4) AN ANALYSIS OF EACH HIGHWAY TO PERMIT A PLANNED PROGRAM FOR TURF MAINTENANCE, (5) AN EVALUATION OF PRESENT WEED CONTROL PRACTICES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM, (6) CONSIDERATION OF MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS AND PRACTICES IN THE PLANNING AND DESIGN STAGES, AND (7) CONSIDERATIONS FOR MAINTENANCE OF DRAINAGE CHANNELS, EROSION CONTROL AND THE ENCHANCEMENT OF VISUAL VALUES. INCLUDED IN THE REPORT ARE COSTS FOR VARIOUS MOWER TYPES WITH USEFUL INFORMATION FOR SELECTION AND USE. THE AUTHORS EMPHASIZE THE VALUE INHERENT IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FERTILITY MAINTENANCE PROGRAM. /BPR/ KW - Drainage KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Geological surveying KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Mowers KW - Roadside KW - Soil surveys /surface/ KW - Soils KW - Texture KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200682 AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - MANPOWER INVENTORY AND TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS -REPORT NO. 2 PY - 1967 AB - THIS IS THE SECOND OF SEVEN REPORTS PLANNED FOR THE LOUISIANA MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION STUDY. ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT HAD THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES' /1/TO IDENTIFY TRAINING NEEDS OF MAINTENANCE SUPERVISORS AND POTENTIAL SUPERVISORS, /2/ TO IDENTIFY SUPERVISOR AND POTENTIAL SUPERVISOR CHARACTERISTICS WHICH WILL DETERMINE THE FORM AND CONTENT OF A TRAINING PROGRAM, /3/ TO DEVELOP RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRAINING PROGRAM FOR MAINTENANCE SUPERVISORS. THE VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ABILITY /KSA/ REQUIRED BY A COMPETENT SUPERVISOR WERE IDENTIFIED BY A MAINTENANCE TRAINING COMMITTEE. FIFTY-TWO KSA STATEMENTS WERE NEEDED TO DEFINE ALL THE REQUIRED COMBINATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ABILITY. A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS AND POTENTIAL SUPERVISORS WAS THEN TESTED AND EVALUATED TO DETERMINE HOW WELL THEIR KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ABILITIES COMPARED WITH THE REQUIRED KAS. THE RESULTS OF THIS PHASE OF THE STUDY INDICATED THE NEED FOR EXTENSIVE TRAINING OF SUPERVISORS AND POTENTIAL SUPERVISORS. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THEIR CAPACITY TO LEARN, A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF SUPERVISORS AND POTENTIAL SUPERVISORS WAS GIVEN THE WONDERLIC PERSONNEL TEST. THE RESULTS OF THIS TEST ALONG WITH STATISTICS ON THE AGE, EDUCATION, AND EXPERIENCE OF SUPERVISORS AND POTENTIAL SUPERVISORS, INDICATED THE NEED FOR EXTREME CARE IN SELECTION OF TRAINING METHODS AND MATERIALS. ALTHOUGH THE CAPACITY OF MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL TO LEARN WAS FOUND TO BE LIMITED, INTERVIEWS REVEALED THAT THESE SAME PERSONNEL WOULD BE EAGER TO RECEIVE TRAINING. MOST PERSONNEL PREFERRED PERSONAL STUDY OR INFORMAL GROUP OVER FORMAL CLASSROOM TRAINING. /BPR/ KW - Age KW - Education KW - Experience KW - Inventory KW - Knowledge KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Methodology KW - Personnel KW - Supervision KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233692 AU - McMahon, B K AU - Colorado School of Mines AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - ROCK SLOPE STABILITY IN THE PRECAMBRIAN METAMORPHIC ROCKS OF THE FRONT RANGE COLORADO PY - 1967 AB - THE STUDY INVOLVES DETERMINING WHICH OF MANY POSSIBLY SIGNIFICANT FACTORS ARE, IN PRACTICE, IMPORTANT TO ROCK SLOPE STABILITY, AND THEN DEVELOPING A METHOD FOR THE ENGINEERING DESIGN OF ROCK SLOPES BASED ON THESE FACTORS. THIS PROJECT APPEARS TO BE THE FIRST FIELD STUDY OF ROCK SLOPE STABILITY BASED ON STATISTICAL PROCEDURES. MANY NEW PROBLEMS WERE ENCOUNTERED INCLUDING PLANNING A RANDOM SAMPLING PROCEDURE, MEASURING SLOPE STABILITY, AND QUANTIFICATION OF GEOLOGICAL VARIABLES SUCH AS THE JOINT PATTERN. AT THE PRESENT TIME ALMOST ALL THESE PRELIMINARY PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN OVERCOME, MEASURING PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN FORMULATED AND TESTED IN THE FIELD, AND A DEFINITE PLAN HAS BEEN OUTLINED FOR THE NEXT PHASES OF THE STUDY. KW - Development KW - Field studies KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geologic formations KW - Jointing of rock KW - Measurement KW - Metamorphic rocks KW - Methodology KW - Randomization KW - Rock jointing KW - Slope stability KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206326 AU - Crawford, R A AU - Anderson, D W AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PEDOLOGICAL SOIL-HIGHWAY DISTRESS STUDY, BROOKINGS COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1967 AB - THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE IF ANY USEFUL RELATIONSHIP COULD BE FOUND BETWEEN HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE AND THE PEDOLOGICAL SOILS OVER WHICH THE HIGHWAYS WERE BUILT. IN HAND COUNTY, FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT THICKNESS APPEARED TO BE RELATED TO THE DRAINAGE INDEX (NATURAL SLOPE AND PERMEABILITY) OF THE SOIL. CONCLUSIONS FROM THE BROOKINGS COUNTY STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) A GENERAL RELATIONSHIP IS FOUND TO EXIST BETWEEN THE THICKNESS OF PAVEMENTS ORIGINALLY UNDERDESIGNED AND THEN BROUGHT TO SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE BY MAINTENANCE AND THE DRAINAGE INDEXES OF THE UNDERLYING SOILS, (2) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE AND SOILS PERMITS A DESIGN METHOD TO BE DEVELOPED WHICH IS BASED UPON DRAINAGE INDEX. THIS DESIGN CONSIDERS SOIL AND MOISTURE RELATIONSHIPS WHICH ARE NOT NORMALLY INCLUDED IN OTHER DESIGN METHODS. DETAILED SAMPLING AND LABORATORY TESTING OF SOILS COULD ALSO BE VIRTUALLY ELIMINATED, (3) EVALUATION OF NEWER ROADS DESIGNED BY PRESENT METHODS INDICATES INSTANCES OF OVERDESIGN RESULTING IN THE WASTE OF MATERIAL AND MONEY, AND (4) THERE IS NO SUITABLE MEANS FOR EVALUATING ACCURATELY THE CONDITION OF SMALL SECTIONS OF HIGHWAY. PRESENTLY USED METHODS ARE TOO GREATLY INFLUENCED BY SURFACE TEXTURE OR ARE NOT APPLICABLE TO A STUDY OF THIS NATURE. FOR THIS REASON SURFACE CONDITION WAS NOT CONSIDERED IN THIS REPORT ALTHOUGH THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT THAT IT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE. /BPR/ KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Soil science KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217473 AU - Korfhage, G R AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STABILIZATION OF POOR QUALITY AGGREGATE PY - 1967 AB - THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A 7 1/2 MILE PROJECT FEATURING PORTLAND CEMENT, LIME AND ASPHALT EMULSION STABILIZATION OF A POOR QUALITY AGGREGATE ARE DESCRIBED. BASE THICKNESSES OF 6, 8, AND 10 INCH STABILIZED BY 2, 4 OR 9 PERCENT CEMENT, 1.5, 2.5 OR 5.5 PERCENT ASPHALT EMULSION, OR 3 PERCENT LIME WERE STUDIED. THE EFFECTS OF DELAYED COMPACTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SEVERAL LIME TREATED AND CEMENT MODIFIED (2 OR 4 PERCENT CEMENT) AGGREGATE BASES WERE ALSO STUDIED. PERFORMANCE OF THE BASES WAS EVALUATED BY PLATE BEARING AND BENKELMAN BEAM TESTS, ROUGHOMETER TESTS, CRACK SURVEYS, AND MAINTENANCE REQUIRED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT: (1) CEMENT-TREATED POOR QUALITY AGGREGATE PRODUCES AN ADEQUATE BASE COURSE, (2) CEMENT MODIFIED BASES CONTAINING MORE THAN 4 PERCENT CEMENT, BUT NOT ENOUGH CEMENT TO PASS THE FREEZE-THAW TESTS, PERFORMED AS WELL AS SOIL-CEMENT BASES AND WERE LESS EXPENSIVE, (3) SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES SHOULD BE COMPACTED IMMEDIATELY AFTER MIXING, (4) ASPHALT EMULSION PRODUCED NO APPRECIABLE BENEFITS AND (5) LIME, AT THE RATE OF 3 PERCENT, PRODUCED SIGNIFICANT BENEFITS WHEN USED IN A TEN INCH BASE. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Benkelman beam KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compaction KW - Construction KW - Cracking KW - Design KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Plate bearing test KW - Portland cement KW - Road meters KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238318 AU - Havens, J H AU - Kentucky Department Highways TI - RESEARCH RELATING TO STATE HIGHWAY LAWS PY - 1967 AB - THE REPORT IS A REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN PORTION OF KENTUCKY HIGHWAY LAWS. THE REPORT COMMENTS ON THE SUBJECT-GROUPING SYSTEM EMPLOYED IN KENTUCKY FOR ARRANGEMENT OF ITS HIGHWAY LAWS, AND EMPHASIZES THE FACT THERE IS CONSIDERABLE NATIONWIDE IMPETUS TOWARD FUNCTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS IN REGARD TO AUTHORITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES DELEGATED TO HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS. THE REPORT FINDS THAT, IN MANY RESPECTS, HIGHWAY LAW IS A COMBINATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE AND ENGINEERING. EXCERPTS FROM THE 1963 ANALYSIS ARE CITED AND DISCUSSED. THE REPORT RECOMMENDS THAT CONSIDERABLE STUDY AND RESEARCH BE CONDUCTED NATIONWIDE IN GOVERNMENTAL LIABILITY FOR /1/ DRAINAGE DAMAGE, /2/ SLIPPERINESS OF PAVEMENT, /3/ SNOW AND ICE HAZARDS, /4/ POTHOLES IN ROADS, AND /5/ DEBRIS AND FOREIGN OBJECTS. THE REPORT PROVIDES BRIEF SUMMARIES OF BILLS PASSED BY THE 1964 KENTUCKY GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND OF RESOLUTIONS AND BILLS PASSED BY THE 1966 KENTUCKY GENERAL ASSEMBLY THAT AFFECT THE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. /BPR/ KW - Case studies KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Drainage KW - Frost damage KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway law KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Loss and damage KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Snow and ice control KW - State highway departments KW - State highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125410 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225191 JO - International Journal of Control PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Tait, K E AU - Stanton, R B TI - THE INTER-RELATION OF SAMPLING AND TRANSPORT LAG IN DETERMINING CONTROL SYSTEM STABILITY PY - 1967 AB - THE EFFECTS ON THE STABILITY OF CONTINUOUS FIRST AND SECOND-ORDER SYSTEMS DUE TO PURE TIME DELAYS IN THE CONTROL LOOP ARE EXAMINED AND STABILITY BOUNDARIES ARE PRESENTED. SIMILAR STABILITY BOUNDARIES FOR SAMPLED FIRST AND SECOND- ORDER SYSTEMS ARE PRESENTED AND COMPARED AGAINST THE BOUNDARIES FOR THE CONTINUOUS CASE. THE EFFECTS OF THE TIME DELAY IN A SAMPLING SYSTEM ARE FURTHER INVESTIGATED IN THE Z PLANE BY MEANS OF ROOT LOCI WITH TIME DELAY AS PARAMETER. DERIVATION OF THE ROOT LOCI PRODUCE FORMULAE WHICH COULD BE USEFUL FOR SYNTHESIS ON THE Z PLANE. COMPUTATIONAL VERIFICATION IS PRESENTED THROUGHOUT AND FROM THE ANALYSIS THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HAVING A SAMPLER IN A SECOND-ORDER SYSTEM ARE CONSIDERED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Control systems KW - Data sampling KW - Emergency response time KW - Reaction time KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Statistical sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212028 AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - USE OF A WATER-REDUCING ADMIXTURE IN CRPCC PAVEMENT ON INTERSTATE ROUTE 57 PY - 1967 AB - A 3.1-MILE EXPERIMENTAL SECTION OF 4-LANE DIVIDED HIGHWAY ON 4-INCH GRAVEL SUBBASE WAS PAVED WITH 8-INCH CONCRETE CONTAINING 0.6 PERCENT LONGITUDINAL STEEL. WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURE WAS USED IN SOME SECTIONS. A RELATIVELY HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE WITH APPROXIMATELY 6 PERCENT AIR AND A SLUMP OF 2 1/2 INCHES WAS USED. COMPARISONS OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE CONTAINING THE WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURE AND THE CONTROL CONCRETE INDICATED THAT THE ADMIXTURE: (1) INCREASES SLUMP WITHOUT ADDITIONAL WATER, (2) REDUCES AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE DEMAND, (3) INCREASES COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH UP TO ONE YEAR, (4) APPARENTLY DOES NOT AFFECT FLEXURAL STRENGTH, (5) APPARENTLY DOES NOT AFFECT WORKABILITY AT EQUAL SLUMP, (6) APPARENTLY DOES NOT AFFECT FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY, (7) APPARENTLY DOES NOT AFFECT SETTING TIMES, (8) APPARENTLY DOES NOT AFFECT SHRINKAGE, (9) INCREASES THE COST OVER THE COST OF ADDITIONAL CEMENT AND WATER TO ACHIEVE THE SAME EFFECT, AND (10) APPEARS TO INCREASE THE SPACING BETWEEN CRACKS AT EARLY AGES IN CRCP. /BPR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Air entrainment KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cement KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete tests KW - Consistency KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Cracking KW - Experiments KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Gravel KW - High strength concrete KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Shrinkage KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Water reducing agents KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215867 AU - Ramey, G E AU - Auburn University AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF DOWEL BAR COATINGS PY - 1967 AB - APPROXIMATELY 30 DIFFERENT DOWEL BAR COATINGS WHICH INCLUDED PAINTS, BITUMENS, LUBRICANTS, AND SPECIAL FORMULATIONS WERE EVALUATED. THE COATINGS, CLASSIFIED AS SHOP OR FIELD COATINGS, WERE APPLIED TO 1 1/8 INCH STEEL DOWELS WHICH WERE EITHER VIBRATED OR PREPLACED IN CONCRETE SPECIMENS 6 X 6 X 8 INCHES. PULLOUT TESTS WERE MADE AT THREE CONCRETE AGES AND BEFORE AND AFTER THE SPECIMENS WERE EXPOSED TO AN ACCELERATED CORROSION CONDITION. LOAD TRANSFER AND SCRATCH TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS ON CONCRETE STRENGTH. COST, PLACEMENT TEMPERATURE, HANDLING DIFFICULTIES, VISUAL APPEARANCES WERE ALSO USED TO COMPARE THE COATINGS. CRITERIA WERE ESTABLISHED FOR JUDGING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE COATINGS. THE MOST SATISFACTORY MATERIALS FOR BOND PREVENTION WERE FOUND TO BE BITUMINOUS MATERIALS AND GREASES WITH A GRAPHITE ADDITIVE. A NEED FOR CORROSION PROTECTION WAS INDICATED AND THE BITUMINOUS MATERIALS, TARSET, RED LEAD AND OTHERS SATISFIED THIS REQUIREMENT. THE GREASES, HOWEVER, DID NOT PROVIDE ADEQUATE CORROSION PROTECTION. BOTH METHODS OF DOWEL BAR INSTALLATION, POURED IN PLACE AND VIBRATED INTO PLACE, PROVIDED SATISFACTORY RESULTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bonding KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Concrete placing KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Costs KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Evaluation KW - Graphite KW - Grease KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Load transfer KW - Lubricants KW - Paint KW - Performance KW - Placing temperature KW - Steel KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200064 AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - CONSUMER CONCEIVED ATTRIBUTES OF TRANSPORTATION: AN ATTITUDE STUDY-JUNE 1967 STUDYING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FROM THE CONSUMER VIEWPOINT: SOME RECOMMENDATIONS-SEPTEMBER 1967 PY - 1967 AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED OF CONSUMER DEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION TO: (1) IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEM AS CONCEIVED BY THE CONSUMER, AND (2) DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH CONSUMERS CONSIDER EXISTING MODES TO SATISFY THIS IDEAL. THE FIRST VOLUME REPORTS THE RESULTS OF TWO PILOT SAMPLE SURVEY STUDIES CONDUCTED IN THE BALTIMORE AND PHILADELPHIA METROPOLITAN AREAS. THE SECOND VOLUME IS AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONDUCT OF THE STUDIES, THEIR RELIABILITY AND LIMITATIONS, AND CURRENT KNOWLEDGE. THESE STUDIES ANALYZE THE PERSONAL ATTITUDINAL CALCULUS OF THE USER IN MAKING THE MODAL DECISION, AND PURSUES THE CONCEPT OF MEASURING IN SCALAR TERMS THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND SATISFACTION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING MODAL CHOICE THROUGH PSYCHOLOGICALLY ORIENTED METHODS. THE IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEM ATTRIBUTES WAS STRUCTURED FOR THE WORK TRIP, THE NON-WORK TRIP, AND A COMPOSITE GENERAL IDEAL SYSTEM. EIGHT FACTORS APPEAR SALIENT TO CONSUMERS IN MAKING TRANSPORT MODE DECISIONS, ARRAYED BY IMPORTANCE THEY ARE: RELIABILITY OF DESTINATION ACHIEVEMENT, CONVENIENCE AND COMFORT, TRAVEL TIME, COST, CONDITION OF VEHICLE, INDEPENDENCE AND SELF ESTEEM, CONGESTION, AND DIVERSIONS WHILE IN TRAVEL. CONSUMER SATISFACTION WITH PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION UNDER PRESENT LEVELS OF SERVICE WAS FOUND TO BE FARTHER FROM THE IDEAL THAN THE PRIVATE AUTOMOBILE FOR BOTH TRIP PURPOSES AND IS GREATEST FOR THE NON-WORK TRIP. REFERENCES: USER DETERMINED ATTRIBUTES OF IDEAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, JUNE 1966. KW - Attitudes KW - Comfort KW - Congestion KW - Consumers KW - Convenience KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Demand KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Private transportation KW - Public transit KW - Reliability KW - Surveys KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation KW - Transportation system analysis KW - Transportation systems KW - Travel time KW - Urban transportation KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218016 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK INSULATION PY - 1967 AB - ICE FREQUENTLY FORMS ON BRIDGE DECKS PRIOR TO ITS FORMATION ON ADJACENT PAVEMENT APPROACHES DUE TO THE DIFFERENCE IN MASS BETWEEN A BRIDGE DECK AND THE EARTH- SUPPORTED APPROACHES. TO CORRECT THIS HAZARDOUS SITUATION, THE HIGHWAY COMMISSION UNDERTOOK AN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT TO EVALUATE THE INSULATION OF A BRIDGE WITH URETHANE FOAM. THE BRIDGE SELECTED WAS BUILT ON A COMBINED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVE, AND HAD EXHIBITED THIS EARLY ICING CONDITION. THE INSULATION WAS APPLIED TO THE UNDERSIDE OF TWO OF THE TEN SPANS OF THE STRUCTURE TO PROVIDE A COMPARISON BETWEEN INSULATED AND UNINSULATED DECK SURFACES. TEMPERATURES OF THE INSULATED AND UNINSULATED DECK SURFACES, AND THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE APPROACH PAVEMENT WERE MEASURED CONTINUOUSLY DURING PART OF THE WINTER OF 1962-63 AND AGAIN IN 1963-64. THE RESULTS OF THIS INVESTIGATION SHOW THE INSULATIVE MATERIAL WAS NOT EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING THE POTENTIAL FOR ICING OF THE BRIDGE DECK PRIOR TO THE APPROACH PAVEMENT. NO APPARENT BENEFITS COULD BE DERIVED FROM THE APPLICATION OF THIS MATERIAL TO OTHER BRIDGE DECKS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Approach lanes KW - Approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Evaluation KW - Foams KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Icing KW - Insulating materials KW - Temperature measurement KW - Urethane KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108477 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00584640 AU - Covault, D O AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RADIO ROADSIDE COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1967 SP - p. 350-354 AB - No abstract provided. U1 - PROCEEDINGS, PROGRAM REVIEW MEETING, RESEARCH AND KW - Driver information systems KW - Radio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/347750 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00584641 AU - GRAYUM, J Z AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AUTOMATED ROUTING PY - 1967 SP - p. 355-358 AB - No abstract provided. U1 - PROCEEDINGS, PROGRAM REVIEW MEETING, RESEARCH AND KW - Driver information systems KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/347751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204255 AU - Keeley, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF EROSION CONTROL DEVICES IN OKLAHOMA PY - 1967 AB - A FIELD SURVEY WAS MADE OF THE EROSION CONTROL DEVICES CONSTRUCTED SINCE 1962 IN OKLAHOMA. SEVERAL HUNDRED SITES AT WHICH ROADSIDE CONTROL DEVICES HAD BEEN CONSTRUCTED WERE EXAMINED TO MAKE A QUALITATIVE APPRAISAL OF CONDITION. A QUANTITATIVE SURVEY WAS MADE AT SOME FIFTY SITES TO DETERMINE CONDITION, HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES, AND ECONOMICS OF THE STRUCTURES IN PLACE. NO PAVED DITCH INSTALLATIONS WERE FOUND WHICH WERE UNSATISFACTORY IN EITHER OPERATION OR CONDITION. THE PAVED SECTION WAS FITTED WELL TO THE GROUND CONTOURS SO THAT DITCHSIDE EROSION WAS REDUCED TO A MINIMUM. A NUMBER OF SITES WERE OBSERVED AT WHICH ONE OR MORE SECTIONS OF THE INSTALLATION HAD BEEN OVERSIZED FOR THE DISCHARGE WHICH THE DITCH WOULD BE REQUIRED TO HANDLE. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE DRAINAGE-AREA CURVES GRAPHED IN "SOIL EROSION STUDIES IN OKLAHOMA" BE USED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE WATERSHED DISCHARGE AT A DESIGN SECTION. THE OKLAHOMA STATE HIGHWAY DESIGN NUMBER 1 PAVED DITCH APPEARS TO OFFER A REASONABLE COMPROMISE BETWEEN SAFETY, ECONOMY, AND HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY WHEN USED IN A ROADWAY DITCH ADJACENT TO THE TRAVEL LANES. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF SAFETY, THE OKLAHOMA STATE HIGHWAY DESIGN 2 B PAVED DITCH (12 INCHES IN DEPTH) GIVES A VERTICAL DROP IN THE DITCH SECTION WHICH APPEARS TO BE TOO DEEP FOR CONTROL OF A VEHICLE MOVING INTO IT. IF PAVED DITCHES ARE CONSTRUCTED DURING THE GRADING OPERATIONS, CARE SOULD BE TAKEN TO LEAVE NO BALDING RIDGES ALONG THE SHOULDER EDGE DURING THE TIME BETWEEN GRADING AND PAVING. KW - Conduits KW - Construction KW - Control devices KW - Discharge rate KW - Ditch conduits KW - Ditches KW - Economics KW - Erosion control KW - Field studies KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Maintenance KW - Roadside KW - Surface drainage KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201174 AU - Blood, D M AU - Rajender, G R AU - Moncur, J AU - Curle, E J AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie TI - TRAVELER ATTITUDES TOWARD HIGHWAY BILLBOARD ADVERTISING' A SURVEY OF SELECTED WYOMING MOTEL PATRONS PY - 1966/12/20 AB - OVER 1,700 PATRONS OF THREE MOTELS WERE SURVEYED TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF HIGHWAY BILLBOARDS IN THEIR DECISION TO STOP AT A PARTICULAR MOTEL. ABOUT 90 PERCENT SAID THEY HAD SEEN A BILLBOARD ADVERTISING THE PARTICULAR MOTEL; THE NUMBER WAS SOMEWHAT HIGHER FOR PATRONS OF TWO MOTELS WITH EXTENSIVE BILLBOARD ADVERTISING AND WAS ABOUT 75 PERCENT FOR THE HOTEL USING LITTLE BILLBOARD ADVERTISING. THE REPORT EMPHASIZES THAT AWARENESS OF BILLBOARDS SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH EFFECT ON DECISION-MAKING. THE ACTUAL REASONS GIVEN FOR DECIDING ON THE MOTEL WERE' TRAVEL GUIDE /34 PERCENT/, APPEARANCE /29 PERCENT/, CHAINS /22 PERCENT/, FACILITIES /10 PERCENT/, RATES /9 PERCENT/, AND HIGHWAY SIGNS AND BILLBOARDS /7 PERCENT/. OPINIONS ON THE USEFULNESS OF BILLBOARDS WITH RESPECT TO MOTELS AND HOTELS WERE' VERY USEFUL, 45 PERCENT; SOMEWHAT USEFUL, 40 PERCENT; NOT USEFUL AT ALL, 10 PERCENT; AND NO ANSWER, 5 PERCENT. ALTHOUGH BASED ON A LIMITED SAMPLE THIS REPORT PRESENTS SOME USEFUL INSIGHTS INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING. /BPR/ KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Interviewing KW - Motels KW - Roadside advertising KW - Sampling KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201173 AU - Blood, D M AU - Rajender, G R AU - Curle, E J AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie TI - ATTITUDES OF HIGHWAY ORIENTED BUSINESSES IN SOUTHERN WYOMING TOWARD HIGHWAY BILLBOARD ADVERTISING PY - 1966/12/20 AB - THIS REPORT IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE SOME FINDINGS OF A PILOT STUDY OF THE ATTITUDES OF MOTEL, SERVICE STATION AND RESTAURANT OPERATORS TOWARD HIGHWAY BILLBOARDS AND TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF DEPENDENCE ON HIGHWAY BILLBOARDS BY OPERATORS OF THESE HIGHWAY ORIENTED BUSINESSES. MOST OF THE SURVEY RESPONDENTS FELT THAT ON-PREMISE SIGNS WERE GENERALLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS OF ADVERTISING. HIGHWAY BILLBOARDS GENERALLY RANKED SECOND IN EFFECTIVENESS. THESE FINDINGS WERE CONTRADICTED WHEN RESPONSES TO THE OPEN-ENDED QUESTION WHICH FORM OF ADVERTISING DO YOU FEEL IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE IN TERMS OF ATTRACTING CUSTOMERS, INDICATED THAT RESPONDENTS GENERALLY MENTIONED HIGHWAY BILLBOARD ADVERTISING AS MOST EFFECTIVE. IT WAS FOUND THAT DEPENDENCE ON ADVERTISING AND ATTITUDES TOWARD ADVERTISING WERE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SIZE OF BUSINESS. SMALL BUSINESSMEN ORDINARILY CANNOT AFFORD THE OVERHEAD ASSOCIATED WITH AN EXTENSIVE ADVERTISING PROGRAM OF ANY KIND. /BPR/ KW - Advertising KW - Attitudes KW - Businesses KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Motels KW - Restaurants KW - Roadside advertising KW - Service stations KW - Size KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219673 AU - Rowan, N J AU - Walton, N E AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - PHOTOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE AUSTIN MOONLIGHT TOWER LIGHTING SYSTEM PY - 1966/12/14 AB - PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS MADE AT A 150 FOOT TALL MOONLIGHT TOWER IN AUSTIN, TEXAS ARE REPORTED. FOUR TYPES OF LAMPS RANGING FROM 400 TO 1000 WATT MERCURY LAMPS, WERE TRIED. HORIZONTAL ILLUMINATION MEASUREMENTS WERE OBTAINED TO DETERMINE THE APPLICABILITY OF THIS TYPE OF LIGHTING TO INTERCHANGE AREA LIGHTING. THE AUTHORS FEEL THAT WHILE THESE MEASUREMENTS APPEAR QUITE LOW THE OVERALL VISUAL APPRAISAL WAS GOOD. THEREFORE, THE CRITERIA OF HORIZONTAL ILLUMINATION MAY NOT BE ADEQUATE. /BPR/ KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Horizontal illumination KW - Interchanges KW - Lamps KW - Light /illumination/ KW - Lighting KW - Measurement KW - Mercury lamps KW - Mercury vapor lamps KW - Photometers KW - Street lighting KW - Towers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219674 AU - Walton, N E AU - Rowan, N J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - ROADSIDE SIGN VISIBILITY PY - 1966/12/13 AB - SIGN VISIBILITY MEASUREMENTS ARE PRESENTED AS THEY ARE EFFECTED BY LUMINAIRE MOUNTING HEIGHT, AND LATERAL POSITION. THE LUMINAIRES WERE MOUNTED ON SEVEN PORTABLE TOWERS TO REPRESENT A ONE-SIDE LIGHTING SYSTEM, USING 400-WATT MERCURY LUMINAIRES. MOUNTING HEIGHTS OF 30 AND 40 FEET WERE STUDIED FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES. THE SIGN SELECTED FOR THIS STUDY WAS A TYPICAL DESTINATION SIGN WITH BLACK PAINTED LETTERS ON A REFLECTORIZED WHITE BACKGROUND. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED' /1/ THE 40 FOOT MOUNTING HEIGHT OF LUMINAIRES IMPROVES THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT IN A CONTINUOUS ILLUMINATION SYSTEM. /2/ THE 40-FT. MOUNTING HEIGHT PROVIDES AN INCREASE IN LEGIBILITY DISTANCE OF APPROXIMATELY 12 PERCENT. /3/ THE EFFECT OF HEADLIGHT CONDITION ON SIGN LEGIBILITY IS LESS FOR 40-FOOT MOUNTING HEIGHT THAN FOR 30- FOOT MOUNTING HEIGHT. /4/ FOR BEST LEGIBILITY ROADSIDE SIGNS SHOULD BE PLACED DIRECTLY IN LINE WITH THE LUMINAIRES AT A LONGITUDINAL POSITION OF 20 TO 60 FEET BEYOND THE LUMINAIRE AS VIEWED BY THE DRIVER SINCE THE LONGITUDINAL POSITION IS NOT CRITICAL FOR THE 40-FOOT MOUNTING HEIGHT. /5/ THE 40- FOOT MOUNTING HEIGHT RESULTS IN A SYSTEM OF LOWER SIGN BRIGHTNESS AND DISABILITY VEILING BRIGHTNESS LEVELS AND /6/ LEGIBILITY AND ROADSIDE SIGNS CAN BE RELATED TO BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST AND GLARE. /BPR/ KW - Brightness KW - Glare KW - Height KW - Legibility KW - Luminaires KW - Measurement KW - Mercury lamps KW - Mercury vapor lamps KW - Mounting KW - Origin and destination KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Towers KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230616 AU - Weaver, R J AU - Rebull, P M AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - DETERMINATION OF EMBANKMENT DENSITY BY THE SEISMIC METHOD PY - 1966/12 AB - THE APPLICATION OF SEISMIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL DENSITY IN CONSTRUCTION CONTROL WAS EXAMINED BY EXTENSIVE FIELD WORK ON ACTUAL EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL DENSITY AND SEISMIC WAVE VELOCITY WERE OBTAINED FROM TEST PLATFORMS EACH OF WHICH WAS TESTED AT THREE STATES OF COMPACTION, LOOSE, INTERMEDIATE & HIGHLY COMPACT. A SIMPLE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VELOCITY AND DENSITY WAS EXPECTED. THE RAW FIELD DATA SHOW THAT' /1/ INDIVIDUAL SOILS CANNOT BE GROUPED TO AFFORD SIMPLE CORRELATION OF VELOCITY WITH DENSITY, /2/ THE RELATION BETWEEN VELOCITY AND DENSITY FOR A GIVEN SOIL IS OF A PARABOLIC--NOT LINEAR--CHARACTER IN THE RANGE OF INTEREST, AND /3/ THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SOILS ARE FAR MORE VARIABLE THAN ORIGINALLY SUPPOSED, AND FAR MORE IMPORTANT THAN SMALL CHANGES IN DENSITY. THE THEORY OF WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC BODIES WAS INVESTIGATED WITH REGARD TO DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE WITH FIELD DATA ON COMPACTED SOILS. DENSITY MEASUREMENTS BY THREE DIFFERENT METHODS WERE STUDIED IN RELATION TO SCATTER IN VALUES IN EXCESS OF THE RANGE OF PRECISION KNOWN FOR THE METHODS. AN ENTIRELY NEW APPROACH TO COMPACTION EMERGED, BASED UPON THE SOIL RESPONSE TO DYNAMIC WAVE PROPAGATION. THE COMPACTION PROCESS IS A PROCESS OF DENSIFICATION ONLY IN THE VERY EARLY STAGES. DENSITY CHANGES WITH FURTHER COMPACTION DIMINISH RAPIDLY WHILE THE ELASTIC MODULI BECOME SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED. THE REPORT DISCUSSES THE UTILITY OF A DYNAMIC APPROACH TO EMBANKMENT PERFORMANCE AND VIEWS THE LATTER AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AN ELASTIC SOIL REPONSE TO DYNAMIC STRESSES IMPOSED IN SERVICE. KW - Compliance constant KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Elastic waves KW - Embankments KW - Geological surveying KW - Measurement KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Seismographic methods (Soil surveys) KW - Seismographs KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil densification KW - Soils KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766263 AU - Arena, P J AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE GYRATORY COMPACTOR FOR USE IN DESIGNING ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURES PY - 1966/12 SP - 53 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the gyratory kneading compactor and to investigate the possibilities and capabilities of this type of equipment. Curves were developed for six different asphaltic concrete mixes with varying compactive efforts and asphalt contents. These curves indicated that a wide range of compactive efforts can be applied by the gyratory compactor that would be a definite advantage over the Marshall impact hammer. Results showed that the optimum asphalt content can be obtained by means of the gyrographs, which indicate whether or not the asphalt content for a mix at a given compactive effort is excessive. Results of cores taken after 6 months of service showed that the void contents had decreased below the 75 blow laboratory design, indicating the need for a higher compactive effort in the laboratory, which may be beneficial in extending the service life of pavements. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt content KW - Compactors KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - Void ratios UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20026.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218015 AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - MAINTENANCE QUALITY STANDARDS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1966/12 AB - THIS REPORT IS PART III OF THE FINAL REPORT ON THE VIRGINIA MAINTENANCE STUDY. A SERIES OF HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE STANDARDS ASSEMBLED UNDER 15 GROUP HEADINGS ARE PRESENTED. THE STANDARDS EVOLVED REPRESENT JUDGMENT DECISION OF THE MAINTENANCE STANDARDS PANEL WHICH WAS CONVENED DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF THE RESEARCH STUDY. EXTENSIVE USE WAS MADE OF STUDY DATA IN ARRIVING AT THE DESIRED LEVEL OF SERVICE. IN GENERAL, EACH STANDARD DEFINES THE WAY MAINTENANCE IS TO BE DONE, THE MANNER OF DOING THE WORK, AND THE RESULTING WAY THE ROAD IS TO APPEAR UPON SATISFACTORY COMPLETION OF MAINTENANCE WORK. /BPR/ KW - Highway maintenance KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance standards KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218012 AU - Mortenson, W G AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - MANAGING HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE IN VIRGINIA PY - 1966/12 AB - PART IV OF THE FINAL REPORT ON THE VIRGINIA MAINTENANCE STUDY IS PRESENTED IN THREE SECTIONS AND THREE APPENDICES. SECTION A PRESENTS THE POLICIES AND PROCEDURES WHICH CONSTITUTE THE RECOMMENDED MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. THE AREAS OF ACTIVITY COVERED BY THE RECOMMENDED POLICIES AND PROCEDURES ARE: (1) DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE STANDARDS, (2) PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING, AND (3) CONTROL (COMPARING PERFORMANCE WITH OBJECTIVES). SECTION B LAYS OUT A PATTERN OF MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY FOR IMPROVING MAINTENANCE PERFORMANCE, MANAGEMENT ACTIONS ARE SET FORTH FOR EACH ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL TO: (1) PROVIDE A PROCEDURE FOR SETTING STANDARDS, (2) USING THE STANDARDS TO SET PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES, AND (3) DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING MAINTENANCE PERFORMANCE. ALSO, IN SECTION B, A PILOT TEST OF THE RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED AND EVALUATED. SECTION C COVERS THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING MATERIALS FOR MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL. IN THIS SECTION, THE FOLLOWING AREAS OF ACTIVITY ARE DISCUSSED: (1) DETERMINATION FOR TRAINING NEEDS, (2) DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING MATERIALS, AND (3) UTILIZATION OF TRAINING MATERIALS. THE THREE APPENDICES IN THE REPORT CONSIST OF: (1) MAINTENANCE PLANNING PROCEDURES, (2) PERFORMANCE REPORTING SYSTEM, AND (3) TRAINING MATERIALS. /BPR/ KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Performance KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Standards KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212014 AU - Rushing, H B AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - DURABILITY OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE PHASE II-WETTING AND DRYING TESTS PHASE III-FREEZING AND THAWING TESTS PY - 1966/12 AB - LABORATORY RESEARCH IS DESCRIBED ON THE DURABILITY OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. IT COVERS TWO PHASES OF A 3-PHASE STUDY; PHASE II, WETTING AND DRYING TESTS OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, AND PHASE III, FREEZING AND THAWING TESTS OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. THE TESTING PROGRAM COVERED THREE SOURCES OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE AND ONE SOURCE OF SAND AND GRAVEL. SPECIMENS MADE FROM CONCRETE MIXES CONTAINING VARIOUS CEMENT CONTENTS AND AGGREGATE GRADATIONS, WITH THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE AGGREGATE VARIED, WERE SUBJECTED TO REPEATED CYCLES OF SUBMERGING IN WATER AND DRYING IN AN OVEN AND TO RAPID FREEZING IN AIR AND THAWING IN WATER. COMPLETE PHYSICAL TESTS SUCH AS GRADATION, UNIT WEIGHT, ABRASION AND SOUNDNESS LOSS WERE RUN ON THE AGGREGATES. THE RESULTS OF FREEZING AND THAWING TESTS INDICATE THAT THE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE MIXES WERE MORE RESISTANT TO FREEZING AND THAWING DAMAGE THAN THE SAND AND GRAVEL MIX USED AS A REFERENCE. LIGHTWEIGHT FINE AGGREGATE SHOULD NOT HAVE MORE THAN 20 PERCENT PASSING THE NO. 100 SIEVE. THE OTHER VARIABLES FOR THIS PHASE SHOWED NO DEFINITE TRENDS. THE RESULTS OF THE WETTING AND DRYING TESTS WERE NOT AS CLEARLY DEFINED, WITH ONE SOURCE OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE PERFORMING BETTER THAN THE REFERENCE SAND AND GRAVEL MIX, WHILE THE OTHER TWO SOURCES OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE WERE LESS DURABLE. IT SHOULD BE POINTED OUT THAT THESE TEST RESULTS ARE APPLICABLE ONLY TO THE MATERIAL SOURCES WHICH WERE STUDIED. /BPR/ KW - Cement content KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Fine aggregates KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Gravel KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Moisture content KW - Sand KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224861 AU - Kell, J H AU - Traffic Research Corporation TI - INTERSECTION SIMULATION MODEL VALIDATION PY - 1966/12 AB - THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS TO VALIDATE THE BEST INTERSECTION SIMULATION MODELS AVAILABLE AND THEIR COMPONENTS. AN EXHAUSTIVE SEARCH WAS DONE TO DETERMINE THE MODELS THAT WERE AVAILABLE WHEN THE STUDY BEGAN. FROM THE AVAILABLE MODELS, FOUR OF THEM WERE SELECTED FOR DETAILED VALIDATION. THE SELECTED MODELS WERE: (1) NCHRP MODEL BY D. L. GERLOUGH AND F. A. WAGNER, (2) LEWIS MODEL BY R. M. LEWIS AND H. L. MICHAELS, (3) SIGAL MODEL BY J. H. KELL, AND (4) BLEYL MODEL BY R. L. BLEYL. THE OUTPUT OF THE FOUR MODELS WAS COMPARED INITIALLY SIMULATING AN ORTHOGONAL INTERSECTION WITH ONE-LANE APPROACHES. THEN, DATA FROM FIELD STUDIES MADE IN THE SAN FRANCISO BAY AREA AND IN TORONTO WERE USED TO VALIDATE THE MODELS AND THEIR COMPONENTS. THE VALIDATION STUDIES FELL SHORT OF PROVIDING THE COMPLETE ANSWER TO THE QUESTION OF WHETHER OR NOT THE MODELS ARE VALID. THEY DID, HOWEVER, PROVIDE VALUABLE INSIGHT INTO THE CAPABILITIES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF EACH MODEL. THOSE STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EACH OF THE MODELS HAS CERTAIN FAVORABLE ATTRIBUTES, BUT ALL HAVE DEFINITE LIMITATIONS. NO ONE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE IDEAL OR EVEN ADEQUATE FOR ALL NEEDS. THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDS THAT THE MAJOR EFFORT IN SIMULATION BE DIRECTED TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENTIRELY NEW MODEL THAT MUST BE CAPABLE OF SIMULATING SATISFACTORILY A WIDE VARIETY OF INTERSECTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Field studies KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Orthogonality KW - Simulation KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222555 AU - Ferguson, W S AU - Cook, K E AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - DRIVER AWARENESS OF SIGN COLORS AND SHAPES PY - 1966/12 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASCERTAIN VIA DRIVER QUESTIONNAIRES THE IMPORTANCE OF COLOR AND SHAPE IN THE RECOGNITION OF ROAD SIGNS. IN GENERAL IT WAS FOUND THAT WHERE DRIVER REACTION AND UNIFORMITY OF SIGNING ARE HIGH IN THE USE OF A GENERAL COLOR OR SHAPE THE DRIVER RECOGNITION TENDS TO BE HIGH. THE MORE UNLIMITED THE USE OF THE COLOR OR SHAPE, THE LOWER THE RECOGNITION TENDS TO BE. THERE APPEARS TO BE SIGNIFICANT CARRYOVER FROM TRAFFIC SIGNAL COLOR AND MEANING INTO THIS AREA. THIS ASSOCIATION SEEMS TO BE INFLUENCED BY THE FACT THAT SIGNALS REQUIRE ACTION AND THEREFORE MERIT ATTENTION. RED, YELLOW, AND WHITE IN THAT ORDER WERE THE MOST RECOGNIZED COLORS USED ON HIGHWAY SIGNS. DRIVERS DO NOT SEEM TO PAY MUCH ATTENTION OR BE AWARE OF THE COLOR OF SIGNS. SHAPE AND MESSAGE ARE THE MORE IMPORTANT OF THE VARIABLES. /BPR/ KW - Color KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Perception KW - Questionnaires KW - Reaction time KW - Recognition KW - Shape KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114270 ER - TY - SER AN - 00201330 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Swerdloff, C N TI - TEST OF SOME FIRST GENERATION RESIDENTIAL LAND USE MODELS PY - 1966/12 AB - THE RELATIVE ACCURACY OF FORECASTING LAND USE BY FIVE RESIDENTIAL LAND USE SIMULATION MODELS WAS TESTED. EXPLICIT MODEL STATEMENTS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PROCEDURES USED IN CALIBRATING THE FORECASTS ARE GIVEN. ALL CONDITIONS FOR THE TEST MODELS WERE HELD CONSTANT EXCEPT THE INTERRELATIONS AMONG VARIABLES, SO THAT DIFFERENCES AMONG THE FORECASTS WOULD BE CAUSED ONLY BY INHERENT DIFFERENCES IN THE MODELS THEMSELVES. RESULTS OF THE STUDY REPORTED HERE CANNOT BE CONSIDERED DEFINITIVE BECAUSE OF THE DIFFERENCES IN AMOUNT OF INFORMATION REQUIRED AND THE DIFFERENCES IN THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE MODELS WERE FITTED TO DATA. ALSO, THE STUDY REPRESENTS ONLY ONE OF MANY POSSIBLE TEST CONDITIONS. CONCLUSIONS MAY BE USEFUL TO SMALL METROPOLITAN AREAS, LACKING RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MODELS AND REFINEMENT OF EXISTING MODELS. SIMPLE, NONBEHAVIORAL RESIDENTIAL LAND USE FORECASTING MODELS WERE SHOWN TO BE SUFFICIENTLY ACCURATE FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS OF 100,000 POPULATION OR MORE. THE MODELS ALSO WERE EFFECTIVE IN FORECASTING FOR GEOGRAPHIC UNITS HAVING A POPULATION OF ABOUT 2,000, ALTHOUGH RESULTS FOR SMALLER AREAS WERE NOT ACCURATE. IN THE EVALUATION NONE OF THE FIVE FORECASTING MODELS WAS SUPERIOR ALTHOUGH USE OF ANY ONE OF THE MODELS FOR URBAN PLANNING WOULD BE PREFERABLE TO FORECASTING WITHOUT A MODEL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accuracy KW - City planning KW - Forecasting KW - Land use KW - Land use forecasting KW - Land use planning KW - Model tests KW - Residential areas KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212415 AU - Ozol, M A AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF FOLIATED ROCKS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE IN PAVING CONCRETE PY - 1966/12 AB - THE APPLICATION OF PETROGRAPHY IS ILLUSTRATED IN INTERPRETING THE MODE OF DISTRESS OF CERTAIN PLATY ROCKS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND BRIDGE DECKS AND IN GUIDING THE SELECTION OF OSTENSIBLY SIMILAR STONE FOR USE AS CONCRETE AGGREGATE. AN INVESTIGATION OF FLECKING OF A CONCRETE PAVEMENT LED TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THE STONE WHICH WAS USED EXERCISED A CRITICAL CONTROL OVER THE FLECKING BY LOCALIZING STRESSES ACTING IN THE PAVEMENT ALONG THE INTERFACE OF APPROPRIATELY ORIENTED PLATY PARTICLES AND THEIR MORTAR COVER. THE STONE, NOMINALLY A GRANITE GNEISS, WAS INVESTIGATED IN PLACE AND FOUND TO BE LOCALLY STRONGLY FOLIATED AND TO GRADE INTO WHAT MAY BE CALLED PHYLLITE. THE MECHANISM OF THE FLECKING, WHICH MANIFESTS ITSELF AS AN APPARENT BOND FAILURE, IS DEPENDENT ON THE ORIENTATION AND THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE MICAS IN THE ROCK AND THE LIKELIHOOD THAT THE MICA TO MICA BOND IN THE ROCK IS WEAKER THAN THE MICA TO MORTAR BOND IN THE PAVEMENT. MECHANICAL OR FREEZE-THAW ACTION ALONG AN AGGREGATE-MORTAR INTERFACE, WHICH HAS BEEN INITIALLY SEPARATED, LEADS TO ULTIMATE FLECKING OF THE MORTAR COVER OVER THE PLATY PARTICLE. A SLATE, WHICH IS SIMILAR IN ITS GROSS MINERALOGY AND FABRIC TO THE OTHER ROCK WAS RECOMMENDED FOR TRIAL USE AS A CONCRETE AGGREGATE. THE ANTICIPATED RESISTANCE OF THE SLATE TO THE SAME MECHANISM THAT PRODUCED THE APPARENT BOND FAILURE IN THE FIRST ROCK IS BASED ON PETROGRAPHIC WORK SHOWING THAT THE FABRIC OF THE ROCK IS DIFFERENT IN IMPORTANT RESPECTS FROM THE OTHER. KW - Bonds KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Foliated rocks KW - Mica KW - Petrography KW - Rocks KW - Scaling KW - Slate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214449 AU - McDonald, E B AU - Anderson, D AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - STRATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL STUDY-BASE COURSE PY - 1966/12 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ESTABLISH A BASIS FOR SETTING FUTURE SPECIFICATION LIMITS FROM COLLECTION OF DATA FROM MATERIAL ANALYSIS, TO MAKE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL SOIL AGGREGATE BASE COURSE AND TO APPLY STATISTICALLY OBTAINED LIMITS ON A TENTATIVE BASIS IN COMPARISON WITH CURRENT SPECIFICATIONS. RANDOMIZED SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM THE BASE COURSES OF THREE WIDELY SEPARATED PROJECTS. DETERMINATIONS MADE FOR VALUES OF LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTICITY INDEX AND GRADATION ON REPLICATED SAMPLES. STATISTICAL EVALUATION WAS MADE FOR VARIANCE OF THE MATERIAL, SAMPLING AND TESTING. ACCEPTANCE LIMITS OF VARIATION IN THE STATED CHARACTERISTICS WERE TABULATED. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVES WERE SHOWN FOR VARIOUS SIEVE SIZES AND MATERIALS. THE AUTHORS STATE THAT ADDITIONAL SAMPLING AND TESTING WILL BE NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH NEW ACCEPTANCE LIMITS AS THERE SEEMS TO BE CONSIDERABLE WEAKNESS BETWEEN THE STATISTICALLY OBTAINED ACCEPTANCE LIMITS AND THE EXISTING SPECIFICATION LIMITS. /BPR/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Data collection KW - Gradation KW - Liquid limits KW - Plasticity index KW - Randomization KW - Sampling KW - Soil aggregates KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224850 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PROCEEDINGS PROGRAM REVIEW MEETING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC SYSTEMS PY - 1966/12 AB - THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, U.S. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS, CONDUCTED A PROGRAM REVIEW MEETING ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC SYSTEMS ON DEC. 6,7,&8, 1966, AT THE WASHINGTONIAN MOTEL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE MEETING WAS TO ACQUAINT RESEARCHERS, BOTH IN AND OUT OF GOVERNMENT, WITH THE SCOPE, TECHNIQUES, AND PROGRESS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES RELATED TO TRAFFIC SYSTEMS. EACH SESSION OF THE PROGRAM WAS DEVOTED TO A PROJECT CURRENTLY INCLUDED IN THE BUREAUS NATIONAL PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. THE GENERAL THEME OF THE MEETING WAS THE USE OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR SOLVING TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND SAFETY PROBLEMS. THE SPEAKERS DISCUSSED SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF THEIR WORK, INCLUDING RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANT BREAKTHROUGHS, AND UNIQUE CONCEPTS OR APPROACHES TO PROJECT UNDERTAKINGS. THE MEETING AFFORDED AN OPPORTUNITY FOR RESEARCHERS CONDUCTING ON-GOING WORK TO VIEW THEIR ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO THE TOTAL NATIONAL PROGRAM IN TRAFFIC SYSTEMS AND TO DISCUSS CURRENT PROBLEMS AND APPROACHES WITH OTHERS WORKING IN RELATED FIELDS. THE MORE THAN 200 PERSONS ATTENDING THE MEETING REPRESENTED A CROSS SECTION OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATORS, PROGRAM MANAGER, AND HIGHLY SKILLED ACTIVE RESEARCHERS. REPRESENTATION INCLUDED INDUSTRY, UNIVERSITIES, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, HIGHWAY-ORIENTED ASSOCIATIONS, AS WELL AS INTERESTED FEDERAL AGENCIES. /BPR/ AGENCIES. /BPR/ KW - Development KW - Highway traffic control KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic research KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203132 AU - Park, R A AU - Rowan, N J AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - A COMPUTER TECHNIQUE FOR PERSPECTIVE PLOTTING OF ROADWAYS PY - 1966/12 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER PROCESS THAT WAS USED FOR PREPARING PERSPECTIVE VIEWS OF A ROADWAY. THE TECHNIQUE THAT WAS DEVELOPED WOULD CONCEIVABLY HAVE APPLICATION IN GENERAL ROADWAY DESIGN, INTERCHANGE DESIGN, AND THE LOCATION OF SIGNS AND OTHER TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR GREATEST EFFECTIVENESS. THE NUMERICAL METHODS USED IN THE PLOTTING TECHNIQUE WERE DEVELOPED AND CHECKED ON THE IBM 7094 DIGITAL COMPUTER. THE PROGRAM PACKAGE WAS ORGANIZED AS A FORTRAN MAIN PROGRAM WHICH LINKS SEVERAL IBM 7094 SUBROUTINES TO PERFORM THE VARIOUS MANIPULATIONS REQUIRED. PERSPECTIVE PICTURES WERE PLOTTED USING THE ALGORITHMS DEVELOPED IN THIS STUDY AND DATA COLLECTED FROM TYPICAL ROADWAYS, AND ARE INCLUDED IN THE APPENDIX OF THE REPORT. A CALCOMP MODEL 565 DIGITAL PLOTTER LINKED TO AN IBM 1401 DIGITAL COMPUTER WAS USED TO DRAW THE INDIVIDUAL ROADWAY PLOTS. /BPR/ KW - Digital computers KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Location KW - Plotting KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207833 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University TI - FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS PY - 1966/12 AB - THE PROVISIONS OF THE CURRENT /1966/ AASHO BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAMS WAS BASED ON STATIC TESTS AND ALLOWS THE OMISSION OF SHEAR CONNECTORS IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH CONTINUOUS LONGITUDINAL SLAB REINFORCEMENT. A RECENT STUDY HAS EVALUATED THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF SHEAR CONNECTORS ON THE BASIS OF MODIFIED PUSHOUT TESTS AND HAS SUGGESTED A DESIGN CRITERIA WHICH WOULD ASSUME ADEQUATE STATIC AND FATIGUE STRENGTH OF SHEAR CONNECTORS IN COMPOSITE BEAMS. THIS STUDY ALSO SUGGESTED THAT SHEAR CONNECTORS WERE REQUIRED IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH CONTINUOUS LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT. TO EVALUATE THE STUD DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS, FOUR 2-SPAN, FULL SIZE CONTINUOUS BEAMS WERE DESIGNED AND TESTED UNDER STATIC AND FATIGUE LOADING. THE MAJOR VARIABLES CONSIDERED WERE' /1/ THE EFFECT OF SHEAR CONNECTORS IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS, AND /2/ THE EFFECT OF INCREASED AMOUNTS OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION. THE RESULTS OF THE FATIGUE TESTS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT. A SUBSEQUENT REPORT WILL PRESENT THE STATIC TEST RESULTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SHEAR CONNECTORS ARE REQUIRED IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH CONTINUOUS LONGITUDINAL SLAB REINFORCEMENT. IN ADDITION, THE STUDY INDICATED AN INCREASED AMOUNT OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION, OVER THAT CURRENTLY ALLOWED BY THE AASHO SPECIFICATIONS, TO IMPROVE INTERACTION AND TO CONTROL SLAB CRACKING. THE FATIQUE TESTS ALSO BROUGHT OUT SEVERAL ADDITIONAL VARIABLES WHICH REQUIRE FURTHER STUDY. THEY ARE DISCUSSED AT THE END OF THE REPORT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Construction KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Studs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233693 AU - Bruce, R L AU - SCULLY, J AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - MANUAL OF LANDSLIDE RECOGNITION IN PIERRE SHALE, SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1966/12 AB - THE FINAL REPORT IS A COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL FOR THE RECOGNITION OF LANDSLIDES IN PIERRE SHALE. THE MANUAL INCLUDES FUNDAMENTAL INFORMATION ON GEOLOGY, AIR-PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING AND TESTING OF SHALE FORMATIONS. THE MANUAL ALSO DESCRIBES BASIC SOILS ANALYSIS AND PROVIDES THE UNTRAINED AIR-PHOTO OBSERVER WITH SIX WELL ANNOTATED AIR-PHOTOS OF LANDSLIDES. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Air photointerpretation KW - Geology KW - Landslides KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Photointerpretation KW - Sampling KW - Shale KW - Soil tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212013 AU - Wallo, E M AU - Kesler, C E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - PREDICTION OF CREEP IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE PY - 1966/12 AB - THE GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THIS REPORT WAS TO PRESENT A PROCEDURE TO PREDICT THE CREEP THAT WILL OCCUR IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE UNDER VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. ALSO, TO PRESENT INFORMATION ON THE VISCOUS NATURE OF CONCRETE, THE MECHANISM OF CREEP, AND A THEORETICAL MODEL REPRESENTING THIS BEHAVIOR. CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OR ENVIRONMENT OF THE CONCRETE WILL AFFECT ITS VOLUME STABILITY. SOME OF THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE ITS VOLUME STABILITY ARE: MIX CONSTITUENTS AND PROPORTIONS, MIXING TIME AND CONSOLIDATION, AGE AT LOADING, MOISTURE CONTENT, STRESSES, AMBIENT AIR CONDITION, SIZE OF SPECIMEN, STRENGTH AND REINFORCEMENT. CREEP OF CONCRETE IS DIVISIBLE INTO TWO COMPONENTS REFERRED TO AS BASIC CREEP AND DRYING CREEP. BASIC CREEP IS THAT PART OF CREEP WHICH OCCURS INDEPENDENTLY OF THE LOADED SPECIMEN'S MOISTURE GAIN OR LOSS. DRYING OR WETTING CREEP IS CREEP WHICH RESULTS FROM SIMULTANEOUS MOISTURE LOSS OR GAIN OF THE LOADED SPECIMEN. INVOLVED AND COMPLICATED FORMULAS FOR PREDICTING BOTH BASIC AND DRYING CREEP ARE GIVEN. /BPR/ KW - Concrete KW - Concrete composition KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete mixing KW - Creep KW - Environment KW - Forecasting KW - Machines KW - Mechanisms KW - Moisture content KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Structural materials KW - Volume KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200057 AU - Lemly, J H AU - Forbes, R M AU - Georgia State College AU - Georgia State Highway Department TI - A STUDY TO EXAMINE SOME CRITICAL AREAS IN AESTHETICS AND ECONOMICS AS THESE TOPICS RELATE TO LAND AND LAND-BASED STRUCTURES PY - 1966/11/01 AB - THE FINDINGS ARE PRESENTED OF FOUR SURVEYS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AESTHETICS AND ECONOMIC VALUE' /1/ STUDY OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD AESTHETIC VALUE /WITH TWO PAIRS OF NEIGHBORHOODS DIFFERING PRIMARILY IN CERTAIN AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS/, /2/ STUDY OF ATTITUDES OF PROFESSIONAL APPRAISERS TOWARDS AESTHETICS AND APPRAISAL ACTIVITIES, /3/ LITERATURE SURVEY DEALING WITH THE RELATION OF AESTHETICS TO ECONOMIC VALUES IN COMMUNITY AND PRIVATE LIFE, AND /4/ SURVEY OF EXISTING WRITINGS WHICH DEAL WITH AESTHETICS AND ECONOMICS AS RELATED TO LAND AND LAND-BASED STRUCTURES. THE LITERATURE SURVEYS DOCUMENT AN INCREASING CONCERN FOR AESTHETIC QUALITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT NO STUDY HAD ILLUSTRATED OR DOCUMENTED A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVESTMENT AND AESTHETICS, BEAUTY AND SAFETY, ORDER AND ECONOMY, OR SERENITY PROFITS. THE NEIGHBORHOOD STUDY INDICATED THAT PROPERTY VALUES IN THE NEIGHBORHOODS WITH THE HIGHER QUALITY WERE ABOUT 13 PERCENT AND 21 PERCENT HIGHER. IT WAS SHOWN THAT APPRAISERS DO GIVE AESTHETIC ASPECTS CONSIDERATION IN THEIR APPRAISALS AND BELIVE THAT THESE ASPECTS SHOULD BE GIVEN EVEN GREATER WEIGHT. KW - Aesthetics KW - Appraisals KW - Data collection KW - Economic conditions KW - Guidelines KW - Investments KW - Land KW - Land use KW - Neighborhoods KW - Reviews KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227000 AU - Paesani, G F AU - Nat Prvg Fwy Sur Controls, Detroit AU - Michigan Department of State Highways TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DENSITY AND OCCUPANCY CONCEPTS PY - 1966/11 AB - THIS REPORT REFINES AND VERIFIES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POINT DENSITY AND OCCUPANCY BY TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE GREATER ROAD REQUIREMENT OF TRUCKS. THE LATTER IS SHOWN TO BE OF GREATER IMPORTANCE AS THE RATIO OF TRUCKS TO TOTAL VEHICLES INCREASES. /BPR/ KW - Density KW - Highways KW - Occupancy KW - Point density KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203964 AU - Mitchell, J S AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins TI - COMPARISON OF MATHEMATICAL VERSUS EXPERIMENTAL FLOOD WAVE ATTENUATION IN PART-FULL PIPES/ FOR SUBCRITICAL SLOPES ONLY/ PY - 1966/11 AB - THIS PRELIMINARY REPORT PRESENTS A COMPARISON OF OBSERVED ATTENUATIONS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOOD-WAVES IN A PART-FULL PIPE WITH THE COMPUTED RESPONSE TO THE SAME FLOW CONDITIONS USING A NUMERICAL SOLUTION TO THE UNSTEADY FLOW EQUATIONS. THE OBSERVED DATA PRESENTED WERE THESE ON SLOPES OF 0.001 TO 0.004, COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, HYDRAULICS RESEARCH STATION, OF WALLINGFORD, BERKSHIRE, ENGLAND, AND WERE TAKEN VERBATIM FROM THEIR REPORT. REPRESENTATIVE PLOTS SHOWING THE COMPARISONS FOR PEAK DEPTH VERSUS BOTH DISTANCE FROM PIPE INLET AND TIME ARE SHOWN. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPUTED AND COMPARED DATA WERE MEASURED AND THOSE DEVIATIONS ARE PRESENTED IN TABLES. NO ATTEMPT IS MADE IN THIS REPORT TO INTERPRET THE DIFFERENCES INCURRED WITH THESE COMPARISONS. /AUTHOR/ REFERENCES' THE ATTENUATION OF FLOOD WAVES IN PART-FULL PIPES, P. ACKERS AND A. J. M. HARRISON, /DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, WALLINGFORD, BERKSHIRE, ENGLAND, REPORT NO. INT31, DECEMBER 1963/. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Attenuation KW - Flood waves KW - Floods KW - Numerical analysis KW - Observation KW - Pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220094 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - REPORT OF OPERATION 66: JOINT ENGINEERING-ENFORCEMENT PROJECT PY - 1966/11 AB - THE SUBJECTS FURNISHED FOR THIS DOCUMENT BY HSRI ARE: TRAFFIC PATROL, REGULATION AND CONTROL: PREVENTIVE MEASURES, ACCIDENT: SINGLE VEHICLE, ACCIDENT: VELOCITY/RATE, OPERATING CONDITIONS, PHYSICAL ASPECT: DESIGN, ENGINEERING, METHODS: TABLES/GRAPHS, CONTENTS, STUDY-REPORT TYPE: ROUTE 66, SPACE. KW - Enforcement KW - Engineering KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Physical condition KW - Prevention KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic patrol KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217463 AU - Higgins, C M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - OPTIMUM PROPORTIONS FOR SAND SHELL MIXTURES PY - 1966/11 AB - THE LABORATORY STUDIES INDICATED THAT OPTIMUM MIXTURES ARE: /1/ 75 PERCENT SHELL WHEN THE MAXIMUM DENSITY IS THE CRITERION, AND /2/ AT LEAST 65 PERCENT SHELL WHEN THE TEXAS TRIAXIAL CLASSIFICATION IS THE CRITERION. THE FIELD STUDIES SHOW THAT A RELATIVELY HIGH INPLACE DENSITY WAS ACHIEVED DURING CONSTRUCTION, BUT A LOWER DENSITY WAS MEASURED AFTER THE ROADS WERE IN SERVICE FOR SEVERAL YEARS. /BPR/ KW - Density KW - Design KW - Field studies KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - In place density KW - Maximum density /gradation/ KW - Measurement KW - Mixtures KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Sand KW - Shell KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Texas triaxial classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201353 AU - Mccullough, J D AU - RAND Corporation TI - COST ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING-PROGRAMMING-BUDGETING COST- BENEFIT STUDIES PY - 1966/11 AB - THE CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES, AND GENERAL APPROACH OF SYSTEMS COST ANALYSIS IN SUPPORT OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS REVIEWED. THE ROLE OF COSTS IS CONSIDERED BOTH IN INDIVIDUAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND WITHIN THE BROADER CONTEXT OF PROGRAM ANALYSIS. THIS DESCRIPTION OF RESOURCE ANALYSIS IS INTENDED PRIMARILY FOR THE USERS OF COST ESTIMATES AS OPPOSED TO COST ANALYSTS. THE INTENT OF THE DISCUSSION IS TO IMPROVE THE ABILITY OF THOSE INVOLVED TO APPRECIATE THE ROLE OF COSTING AND THE LIMITATIONS OF COST ANALYSIS, AND TO ESTABLISH ADEQUATE GUIDELINES FOR THE COSTING WORK DONE IN SUPPORT OF COST-BENEFIT STUDIES. THE GENERAL SEQUENCE IS A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF COST-BENEFIT STUDIES AS A PLANNING TOOL AND THE ROLE OF COST ANALYSIS THEREIN, A REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF COSTING INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS AND, FINALLY, A REVIEW OF THE COSTING OF GROUPS OF SYSTEMS. A SIMPLIFIED HYPOTHETICAL COST-BENEFIT EXAMPLE THAT INVOLVES THE FIELD OF EDUCATION IS USED TO ILLUSTRATE THE KEY FEATURES OF COST ANALYSIS. /BPR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programming KW - Estimates KW - Natural resources KW - Planning KW - Programming KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224841 AU - Johnson, R T AU - California Division of Highways TI - HARBOR FREEWAY RAMP CLOSURE PY - 1966/11 AB - THE EFFECT IS INVESTIGATED OF RAMP CLOSURE ON THE TRAFFIC OPERATIONS OF A FREEWAY AND AN ADJACENT ARTERIAL STREET. TRAFFIC OPERATION ON THE FREEWAY DURING PEAK HOURS EXPERIENCED CONGESTION DUE TO ADDITIONAL DEMAND AND POOR GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF THE FIGUEROA ON-RAMP. CLOSURE OF THIS RAMP RESULTED IN IMPROVEMENT IN THE TRAFFIC FLOW ON THE FREEWAY WITHOUT SERIOUSLY AFFECTING THE OPERATION OF THE ARTERIAL. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT WHERE UNUSED CAPACITY IS AVAILABLE ON ALTERNATE ROUTES RAMP CLOSURE CAN RESULT IN IMPROVEMENT TO FREEWAY OPERATION AND AN APPRECIABLE TIME- SAVING TO THE COMBINED SYSTEM. /BPR/ KW - Arterial highways KW - Closing KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Geometric design KW - Harbor facilities KW - Harbors KW - Highway operations KW - On ramps KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Streets KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224842 AU - NEWMAN, L AU - Johnson, R T AU - California Division of Highways TI - EAST LOS ANGELES INTERCHANGE OPERATION STUDY PY - 1966/11 AB - THE PERFORMANCE IS DESCRIBED OF PORTIONS OF THE EAST LOS ANGELES INTERCHANGE AS AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN STRIPING OF THE MERGING AREAS. THIS INTERCHANGE HAS AN AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC OF ABOUT 320,000 VEHICLES AND EXPERIENCES OPERATING DIFFICULTIES RESULTING IN LARGE DELAYS TO TRAFFIC. PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND RAISED BARS WERE USED TO CHANNELIZE THE MERGING AREAS INITIALLY. A BEFORE AND AFTER STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF PROPOSED CHANGES IN ATTEMPTING TO EQUITABLY DISTRIBUTE DELAYS. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, GROUND COUNTS AND FLOATING CAR RUNS WERE USED TO OBTAIN DATA TO EVALUATE THE OPERATION. COMPARISON OF THE CONDITIONS INDICATED THAT CHANNELIZATION CAN BE DETRIMENTAL, IF NOT PROPERLY DONE, STRIPING THAT IS LESS RESTRICTIVE CAN MORE EFFECTIVELY DISTRIBUTE DELAY THROUGHOUT THE TRAFFIC STREAMS, AND THE USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY IS A PRACTICAL MEANS OF EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF GEOMETRIC CHANGES ON TRAFFIC OPERATION. KW - Aerial photography KW - Average daily traffic KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Before and after studies KW - Change KW - Channeling KW - Ground count KW - Highway operations KW - Interchanges KW - Merging traffic KW - Performance KW - Road markings KW - Striping KW - Traffic KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210334 AU - THOMAS, J AU - DIXON, C AU - Clark, W H AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - ADDITIONAL STUDY OF ASPHALT MIXING TIME /FINAL REPORT/ PY - 1966/11 AB - THE OBJECT OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO OBTAIN FURTHER INFORMATION REGARDING THE REDUCTION OF SPECIFIED MIXING TIME REQUIREMENTS FOR HOT BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURES. STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED AT NINE BATCH PLANTS PRODUCING TOP, BINDER, OR BASE COURSE MIXTURES TO GIVE THE INVESTIGATION A STATE- WIDE SCOPE. THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF TESTS ON THE PERCENTAGE OF COARSE PARTICLES COATED, AS DETERMINED BY THE ROSS COUNT METHOD, FOR 84 BATCHES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE USING VARIOUS WET-MIXING TIMES. OTHER TESTS CONDUCTED INCLUDED AGGREGATE GRADATION AND ASPHALT CONTENT TO DETERMINE MIXTURE UNIFORMITY; AND PENETRATION OR VISCOSITY TESTS ON RECOVERED ASPHALT TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF HARDENING OF ASPHALT DURING MIXING. ALL MIXTURES CONTAINED CRUSHED LIMESTONE COARSE AGGREGATE, LIMESTONE SCREENINGS, NATURAL SAND AND 85-100 PENETRATION-GRADE ASPHALT. THE AUTHORS FOUND THAT /1/ BATCH PLANTS SHOULD BE EVALUATED INDIVIDUALLY TO ESTABLISH MINIMUM MIXING TIMES FOR SPECIFIC MIXTURES, /2/ FOR THREE-TON CAPACITY PLANTS, AGGREGATES IN TOP AND BINDER MIXTURES WERE ADEQUATELY DISTRIBUTED AND COATED WITH ABOUT 10 SECONDS DRY-MIXING AND 25 SECONDS WET-MIXING, AND FOR BASE COURSE MIXTURES, 10 SECONDS DRY-MIXING AND 35 SECONDS WET-MIXING, /3/ PLANTS OF LARGER CAPACITY MAY REQUIRE LONGER MIXING TIMES, AND /4/ EQUIPMENT IN MANY BATCH PLANTS WOULD PREVENT A REDUCTION IN MIXING TIME BELOW THAT NEEDED FOR ADEQUATE COATING AND DISTRIBUTION. ASPHALT HARDENING OCCURRED DURING THE FIRST 15 SECONDS OF WET-MIXING BUT NO ADDITIONAL HARDENING COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO CONTINUED MIXING. THE REPORT INCLUDES NEW SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS WHICH WILL PERMIT REDUCTIONS IN MIXING TIME BELOW A MINIMUM OF 15 SECONDS DRY-MIXING AND 45 SECONDS WET-MIXING. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Coarse KW - Coatings KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mixing KW - Mixing plants KW - Mixing time KW - Mixtures KW - New York (State) KW - Particles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Percent KW - Requirement KW - Ross count method KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - Testing KW - Time KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206283 AU - Kingham, R I AU - Reseigh, T C AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - A FIELD EXPERIMENT OF ASPHALT-TREATED BASES IN COLORADO PY - 1966/10/05 AB - THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS FOR SEVERAL DIFFERENT ASPHALT- TREATED BASES WERE EVALUATED AND THEIR PERFORMANCE COMPARED TO OTHER BASES CONSTRUCTED BOTH AT THE TEST SITE AND AT THE AASHO ROAD TEST. THE EXPERIMENT CONSISTS OF TWENTY 550-FOOT LONG TEST SECTIONS CONSTRUCTED IN 1965 NEAR PUEBLO, COLORADO . IT INCLUDES TWO COMPLETE INTERRELATED FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS. THE FIRST IS COMPRISED OF 3 THICKNESSES /5.5-, 7.0- AND 8.5-INCHES/ OF 3 BASE COURSE TYPES /ASPHALT CONCRETE, LOW-STABILITY SAND-ASPHALT AND HIGH-STABILITY SAND -ASPHALT/ ON A-7-6 SOIL. THE SECOND IS COMPRISED OF 2 THICKNESSES /5.5- AND 7.0-INCHES/ OF 2 OF THE SAME BASE COURSE TYPES /ASPHALT CONCRETE AND LOW-STABILITY SAND- ASPHALT/ ON A-6 SOIL. FOR FURTHER COMPARISON, TEST SECTIONS COMPRISED OF THE STATES STANDARD SECTION FOR THE GIVEN CONDITIONS, WERE INCLUDED ON EACH SOIL. A 2-INCH ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE IS COMMON TO ALL SECTIONS. THE TEST SECTIONS WERE RANDOMIZED AND SEVERAL WERE REPLICATED. LABORATORY TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON SAMPLES OF THE VARIOUS PAVEMENT SYSTEM LAYERS. TEMPERATURES WERE OBTAINED FROM THERMOCOUPLE INSTALLATIONS AT VARIOUS DEPTHS IN THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE. BENKELMAN BEAM AND DEHLEN CURVATURE METER MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE. AS-BUILT SURFACE COURSE AND BASE THICKNESS WERE MEASURED. PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX VALUES /PSI/ WERE DETERMINED FOR EACH SECTION FROM BOTH CHLOE PROFILOMETER AND BPR ROUGHMETER MEASUREMENTS. BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS WERE USED WITH LAYERED SYSTEM THEORY TO DETERMINE ELASTIC MODULI FOR THE VARIOUS ASPHALT BASE TYPES. THE MODULI ARE IN GOOD AGREEMENT WITH THOSE DETERMINED IN THE LABORATORY FOR SIMILAR TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND A LOADING FREQUENCY OF ONE CYCLE PER SECOND. THEORY AND INFERRED ASPHALT BASE MODULI WERE USED TO DERIVE THICKNESS- DEFLECTION RELATIONS FOR AVERAGE MEASURED SURFACE COURSE AND BASE TEMPERATURES. SUCH RELATIONS WILL PROVIDE A MEANS OF OBTAINING EQUIVALENT THICKNESSES OF THE DIFFERENT MATERIALS WHEN CRITICAL DEFLECTION VALUES BECOME AVAILABLE. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Measurement KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Performance KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Soils KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200060 AU - California Division of Highways TI - SITE FANNING PY - 1966/10/01 AB - THE REPORT CONCERNS A HIGHWAY ENGINEERING COMPUTER PROCESS USED IN THE HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES. THE PROGRAM PROVIDES A TABLE OF DISTANCES AND SIGHTING ANGLES FOR EACH TRANSIT LOCATION TO BE USED AS CONTROL IN STAKING A COMPLEX INTERCHANGE. THE USER DEFINES, ON AN INPUT FORM, THE POINTS TO BE USED BY THE PROGRAM BY WORKING FROM A LAYOUT PLAN OF THE JOB TO BE STAKED, THE SUMMARY TRAVERSES OF THE CONTROL NET, AND COORDINATES OF THE POINTS TO BE STAKED. TABULATIONS ARE DEVELOPED FOR EACH TRANSIT LOCATION, LISTING DISTANCE, BEARING, AND GRID AZIMUTH FROM THE TRANSIT TO ALL OTHER COORDINATED POINTS IN THE PROBLEM. ADDITIONAL TABLES OF CLOCKWISE SIGHTING ANGLES AND DOUBLED ANGLES WILL BE FURNISHED AS AN OPTION. COMPUTER PROGRAM IS WRITTEN IN THE FORTRAN IV PROGRAM LANGUAGE. /BPR/ KW - Azimuth KW - Computer programs KW - Coordinates KW - Distance KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Grids (Coordinates) KW - Highway engineering KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Location KW - Road construction KW - Sight triangle KW - Staking KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Surveying instruments KW - Tables (Data) KW - Transits /surveying devices/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547281 AU - Hensley, M J AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Investigation of the Performance Under Traffic of Eight Roadways Constructed with Portland Cement Stabilized Bases PY - 1966/10 SP - 24p AB - The purpose of this project was to observe and record the in-service performance of eight short segments of secondary highways at scattered locations in the southern, southeastern, and eastern parts of Arkansas. Each of the sections of roadway was constructed under similar designs with a Portland Cement stabilized base and a double bituminous surface treatment; however, they are located in widely separated parts of the State and have served under different traffic, maintenance, and climatic conditions. The findings were as follows: (1) No repetitive crack pattern existed; (2) Surface slippage was minor on these eight roadways; (3) Edge-raveling was common to these eight roadways, mostly due to traffic riding off and on the pavement surface; (4) Different maintenance practices on these roadways had little effect on the PSI (Present Serviceability Index); (5) The moisture content of the base was lower than optimum, as determined in the laboratory by AASHO T-99-57; (6) The moisture content of the subbase (unstabilized base material) was higher than the optimum, as determined in the laboratory; and (7) Based on the performance to date, no further research is needed on the performance of this type roadway. KW - Arkansas KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Portland cement KW - Present Serviceability Index KW - Secondary roads KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%209.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230609 AU - Hensley, M J AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - INVESTIGATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT STABILIZED BASES PY - 1966/10 AB - IN-SERVICE PERFORMANCE OBSERVATIONS ARE REPORTED OF EIGHT SHORT SECTIONS OF SECONDARY HIGHWAYS FEATURING CEMENT STABALIZED BASES. OBSERVATIONS INCLUDED MEASUREMENTS OF BASE AND SURFACE THICKNESS, UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PAVEMENT CORES, MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY OF BASE AND SUBBASE, SURFACE EVALUATION USING CHLOE PROFILOMETER AND ANNUAL TRAFFIC SURVEYS. MOST OF THE CORES WERE DESTROYED DURING CORING OPERATION OR DURING PREPARATION FOR STRENGTH TESTING, THUS STRENGTH DATA IS ONLY FRAGMENTARY. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT NO REPETITIVE CRACK PATTERN EXISTED, SURFACE SLIPPAGE WAS MINOR, EDGE-RAVELING WAS DUE TO TRAFFIC RIDING ON AND OFF ROADWAY, DIFFERENT MAINTENANCE PRACTICES HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON PRESENT SEFVICEABILITY INDEX, AND THAT WHILE BASES WERE BELOW OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT SUBBASES WERE HIGHER THAN OPTIMUM. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compressive strength KW - Inservice KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Portland cement KW - Profilometers KW - Secondary roads KW - Stabilized materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Traffic surveys KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230599 AU - McCullough, C R AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - SOIL STABILIZATION METHODS FOR MINIMIZING THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF FROST ACTION ON PAVED AND UNPAVED ROADS IN NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1966/10 AB - THIS REPORT CONCERNS THE DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF 12 EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS FEATURING BASE COURSE STABILIZATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF FROST DAMAGE. THE STABILIZING ADDITIVES USED INCLUDED' PORTLAND CEMENT, LIME, LIME-FLY ASH, NACL AND CACL2. THE PHOENIX CREEK PROJECT FEATURED A 5 INCH BITUMINOUS CONCRETE OR BLACK BASE, WHILE THE ORCHARD LOOP AND STATE FARM PROJECTS FEATURED MECHANICAL STABILIZATION OF THE BASE COURSE. REPORT CONTAINS A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR THE AREA IN WHICH THE PROJECTS ARE LOCATED. SEVERAL OF THE MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS INCLUDE' /1/ AN 8 INCH UNTREATED BASE COURSE PERFORMED AS WELL AS OR BETTER THAN A 6 INCH LAYER TREATED WITH CACL2, NACL, LIME, LIME-FLY ASH OR PORTLAND CEMENT, /2/ BITUMINOUS CONCRETE BASE COURSE PERFORMED BETTER THAN ANY OF THE OTHER /TREATED OR UNTREATED/ BASE COURSES, /3/ NACL AND CACL2 TREATMENTS LOSE EFFECTIVENESS WITH TIME, AND /4/ A COLD QUANTITY OF 250 DEGREE DAYS AND AVERAGE PRECIPITATION WILL PRODUCE APPRECIABLE DAMAGE TO UNSTABILIZED ROADS. /DEGREE DAYS EQUAL TA-32 DEGREES, WHERE TA EQUALS AVERAGE DAILY TEMP., AND COLD QUANTITY IS EQUAL TO SUMMATION OF ALL NEGATIVE DEGREE DAYS/. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium oxide KW - Climatology KW - Frost action KW - Frost action effects KW - Frost damage KW - Highway pavement KW - Lime fly ash KW - Mechanics KW - Methodology KW - North Carolina KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Prevention KW - Sodium chloride KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207813 AU - Kriegh, J D AU - Richard, R M AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Highway Department TI - EPOXY BONDED COMPOSITE T-BEAMS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1966/10 AB - THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE RESULTS OF FOUR YEARS OF RESEARCH ON THE USE OF EPOXY-RESIN FORMULATIONS AS SHEAR CONNECTORS IN STEEL AND CONCRETE T-BEAMS. A SPECIFIC FORMULATION IS PRESENTED AND THE ESSENTIAL ITEMS OF THE APPLICATION TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED. A MATHEMATICAL STUDY WHICH FULLY DESCRIBES THE WORKING LIMITS OF THE EPOXY SHEAR CONNECTOR AND VERIFIES THE VALIDITY OF ELEMENTARY BEAM THEORY FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, IS ADDED. RESULTS OF T-BEAM TESTS ARE SHOWN WHICH GIVE THE ULTIMATE LOAD CAPACITIES OF THE SHEAR CONNECTOR. THIS INFORMATION IS THEN COMPILED WITH DATA FROM PAST WORK TO ARRIVE AT A SAFE DESIGN SHEARING STRESS FOR THE EPOXY SHEAR CONNECTOR. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMPOSITE T-BEAMS WHICH USE AN EPOXY-RESIN SHEAR CONNECTOR ARE PRESENTED AS A MODIFICATION TO THE 1965 AASHO SPECIFICATIONS ON COMPOSITE GIRDERS. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Bearing capacity KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete tests KW - Design KW - Epoxy resins KW - Fasteners KW - Flexural strength KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Shear stress KW - Shearing KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Structural tests KW - T beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204602 AU - McCully, W G AU - Bowmer, W J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - PROMOTING ESTABLISHMENT OF VEGETATION FOR EROSION CONTROL PY - 1966/10 AB - TEST PLANTINGS OF GRASSES MADE IN THE VARIOUS CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS IN TEXAS DURING SEVERAL YEARS OF STUDY INDICATE THE FOLLOWING' /1/ EROSION-PROOFING THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A COVER OF VEGETATION IS ESSENTIAL ON UNPAVED AREAS WITHIN THE HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY, /2/ THE SELECTION OF ECOLOGICALLY ADAPTED SPECIES OF PLANTS IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE IN PRODUCING A VEGETATIVE COVER, /3/ BETTER GROWTH WAS PRODUCED IN SEED BEDS WHERE ADEQUATE SOIL TILLAGE WAS PERFORMED, /4/ THE TIMES WHEN CROPS ARE PLANTED ARE ALSO BEST FOR SEEDING, /5/ FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS ARE DESIRABLE AND HIGH RATES ARE NOT NECESSARILY HARMFUL, /6/ MULCHING IS THE MOST ESSENTIAL OPERATION, AND HAY IS SUPERIOR TO ASPHALT IN PROVIDING A MORE DESIRABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR GROWTH. TABLES, CHARTS, GRAPHS, PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS AND A LITERATURE REVIEW ARE INCLUDED TO SUPPORT THE AUTHORS RESEARCH FINDINGS. /BPR/ KW - Crops KW - Erosion control KW - Establishing KW - Grasses KW - Hay KW - Mulching KW - Planting KW - Testing KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210371 AU - Wellman, R P AU - Montana State Highway Commission TI - STUDY OF THE ELECTRO-CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN AN AGGREGATE- ASPHALT SYSTEM PY - 1966/10 AB - STUDIES RELATING TO ASPHALT COMPOSITION AND TO THE ADHESION OF ASPHALT TO AGGREGATE IS SUMMARIZED. THE STUDIES WERE DESIGNED TO DEVELOP AN ADHESION THEORY BASED ON HYDROGEN BONDING AND RELATED PHENOMENA, SUCH AS VISCOSITY, FREE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES, AND TO EXPLAIN THE MECHANISM INVOLVED IN ADHESION AND STRIPPING IN ASPHALT-AGGREGATE SYSTEMS. A QUANTITATIVE METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR ADDITIVES IN ASPHALTS USING INFRA-RED SPECTRA. AVERAGE HYDROGEN BONDING ENERGIES WERE ESTIMATED FOR 70/85 GRADE ASPHALTS AND FOR CUTBACKS IN TERMS OF GIBBS FREE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION DETERMINED FROM VISCOSITY DATA USING THE EYRING TRANSPORT THEORY. BONDING ENERGY FOR POLAR GROUPS IN AN SC-5 WAS DETERMINED FROM DIELECTRIC CONSTANT MEASUREMENTS OVER A RANGE OF TEMPERATURES. INFRA-RED ANALYSES WERE MADE ON ASPHALTS AND COMPONENTS OF ASPHALTS OBTAINED BY THE MARCUSSON AND BY THE TRAXLER-SCHWEYER FRACTIONATION METHODS. VARYING THICKNESSES OF TEST SPECIMENTS AND HIGH RESOLUTION EQUIPMENT GAVE COMPLEX SPECTRA INDICATING THE PRESENCE OF MANY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND ORGANIC LINKAGES. THE ADDITIVE CONTENT DETERMINATION USED SYNTHETIC MIXTURES MADE BY DISSOLVING VARIOUS ADDITIVES IN SOLVENTS SUCH AS BENZENE. THE ASSUMPTION WAS MADE THAT AGGREGATES CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS LEWIS ACIDS OR BASES AND THAT ACTIVATION ENERGY FOR ADSORPTION IS A MEASURE OF THE DEGREE OF SURFACE ACIDITY /OR BASICITY/. SINCE THEORY RELATES ACTIVATION ENERGY TO POLARIZABILITY AND TO ADSORPTION, THE LATTER WAS DETERMINED FOR SEVERAL AGGREGATES USING A POLAROGRAPH AND A STANDARD SULPHATE SOLUTION. RESULTS LED TO THE CONCLUSION THAT ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS CAN SERVE TO CLASSIFY AGGREGATE SURFACES AS TO LEWIS ACIDITY OR BASICITY. A GOOD RELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN AGGREGATE ADSORPTION AND STRIPPING RESISTANCE AND WITH ACIDITY CONCEPTS, FOR THE ASPHALTS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDITIVE. KW - Activation KW - Activation (Chemistry) KW - Additives KW - Adhesion KW - Adsorption KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical bond KW - Chemical reactions KW - Dielectric properties KW - Electrochemistry KW - Hydrogen KW - Hydrogen bonds KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - pH value KW - Polarographic analysis KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203962 AU - Barnes, A H AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins TI - VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FACTORS IN A CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION PY - 1966/10 AB - LABORATORY TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MEAN VELOCITY OF FLOW AND THE INTEGRATED VELOCITIES AS REQUIRED FOR ENERGY AND MOMENTUM COEFFICIENTS FOR FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A SMOOTH CIRCULAR CONDUIT. ACTUAL POINT VELOCITIES WERE MEASURED BY FIVE OTT- TYPE SMALL CURRENT METERS MOUNTED ON A FRAME SUCH THAT THEY CAN BE ROTATED AROUND THE CENTER OF THE PIPE AT VARIOUS ANGLES IN THE TRANSVERSE PLANE. THEN THE NUMERICAL INTEGRATION METHOD, BASED ON THE VELOCITY PROFILES IN A PIPE FLOWING FULL, WAS USED IN CALCULATING THE COEFFICIENTS FROM THESE MEASURED VELOCITIES. THE MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE IN A THREE-FOOT DIAMETER, 820-FOOT LONG SMOOTH STEEL PIPE. THE SLOPES VARIED FROM 0.000032 TO 0.001022 AND THE RELATIVE WATER DEPTH OF FLOW TO THE PIPE DIAMETER RANGED FROM 0.277 TO 0.998, WITH REYNOLDS NUMBER BETWEEN 0.4 TO 3 X 10 EXPONENT 5. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT FOR REYNOLDS NUMBER BETWEEN 1.25 AND 3 X 10 EXPONENT 5, REPRESENTATIVE VALUES FOR THE COEFFICIENTS WOULD BE 1.03 AND 1.01 RESPECTIVELY. KW - Calculation KW - Coefficients KW - Computation KW - Conduits KW - Currents KW - Energy KW - Flow KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Mean (Statistical) KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Measuring instruments KW - Momentum KW - Numerical analysis KW - Reynolds number KW - Steel pipe KW - Velocity KW - Velocity distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239745 AU - Cottingham, P H AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways TI - MEASUREMENT OF NON-USER BENEFITS PY - 1966/10 AB - THIS STUDY HAD TWO STATED PURPOSES' /1/ TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF FREEWAYS ON PARKS, AND /2/ TO DETERMINE THE REACTION OF COMMUNITIES AND GROUPS TO VARIOUS RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITIONS AND OTHER FREEWAY EFFECTS. THE STUDY DEVELOPED A PRELIMINARY MODEL FOR THE EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF FREEWAYS ON NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS; HOWEVER, THE REPORT NOTES THAT THE CONCEPT COULD BE USED FOR OTHER TYPES OF PARKS WITH MINOR CHANGES OF EMPHASIS. THE PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ON PUBLIC REACTION' /1/ GROUPS REPRESINTING LARGER SECTORS OF THE COMMUNITY /GOVERNMENT BODIES/ TEND TO BE MORE ACTIVE THAN SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS /PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATIONS/ IN EXPRESSING OPINIONS ON PROPOSED FREEWAY LOCATIONS, /2/ SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS /E.G., HOME OWNERS/ REACT ACCORDING TO THE IMPACT OF THE FREEWAY ON THEIR SPECIAL INTEREST, AND /3/ THERE IS CONSIDERABLE AGREEMENT IN THE RESPONSE OF COMMUNITY GROUPS TO FREEWAY PLANNING, SPECIALLY IN THE EXPRESSION OF PREFERENCES FOR ROUTES OTHER THAN THE ONE RECOMMENDED BY THE STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER. /BPR/ KW - Community values KW - Economic impacts KW - Freeway location/selection/ KW - Freeway planning KW - Freeways KW - Governments KW - Highway planning KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Nonuser benefits KW - Parks KW - Property acquisition KW - Public KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204600 AU - Butler, B J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - EQUIPMENT FOR ROADSIDE RESEEDING OPERATIONS PY - 1966/10 AB - WORKING IN COLLABORATION WITH THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS OF THE ILLINOIS DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS, THE ASSIGNED PROJECT PERSONNEL STUDIED THE PERTINENT FEATURES OF THREE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MACHINES THAT APPEARED TO HAVE THE COMPONENTS FOR COMBINED TILLING, FERTILIZING AND SEEDING. MODIFICATIONS WERE MADE TO THESE EQUIPMENT UNITS TO MAKE THEM ADAPTABLE TO THE VARYING CONTOURS AND SOIL CONDITIONS ALONG ILLINOIS ROADSIDES. THESE CHANGES IN ASSEMBLAGE AND MECHANISM OF MANUFACTURED MACHINES RESULTED IN SOME DEGREE OF SUCCESS. FOR BEST RESULTS UNDER WIDESPREAD USE, A MACHINE SHOULD BE DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED SPECIFICALLY TO MEET THE CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY ROADSIDE USE. WRITTEN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT TO PERFORM THE OPERATIONS /TILLING, FERTILIZING AND SEEDING/ IN THE REHABILITATION OF ROADSIDE AREAS IS PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Contours KW - Equipment KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Illinois KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Planting KW - Reseeding KW - Roadside improvement KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Tilling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219680 AU - Longfield, R A AU - Mcintyre, J S AU - Cerny, L T AU - Greenawalt, F L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON HEADLIGHT GLARE PY - 1966/10 AB - AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUBJECT INDEX OF ARTICLES PERTINENT TO THE AREA OF NIGHT VISIBILITY AND HEADLIGHT GLARE ON DIVIDED HIGHWAYS ARE PRESENTED. TWO HUNDRED EIGHTY ONE ARTICLES WERE REVIEWED. /BPR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Divided highways KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Night visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207819 AU - Gustafson, D P AU - Bruce, R N AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - INVESTIGATION OF SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS PY - 1966/10 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF SHEAR TESTS ON EIGHT PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS /AASHO TYPE III/ AND FIVE SMALLER REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS. THE PRINCIPAL VARIABLE WAS SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, INCLUDING VERTICAL, INCLINED, AND PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT, SOME BONDED, SOME UNBONDED. ALL GIRDERS AND BEAMS WERE SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND LOADED EQUALLY AT THE THIRD POINTS OF THE SPAN. SEVEN OF THE GIRDERS FAILED IN SHEAR, ONE HAD A TRANSITIONAL FAILURE. THREE OF THE SMALLER BEAMS FAILED IN SHEAR, TWO IN FLEXURE. RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH AASHO AND ACI DESIGN CODES. SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY WERE AS FOLLOWS: /1/ THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF FULL SIZE PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS CAN BE PREDICTED WITH REASONABLE ACCURACY FROM TESTS ON SMALL LABORATORY SPECIMENS, /2/ IF FAILURE OCCURS FROM FLEXURE SHEAR CRACKING, PRESTRESSING THE WEB REINFORCEMENT DOES NOT ADD TO THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF THE MEMBER, AND /3/ THERE WAS NO INCREASE IN THE ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH DUE TO INCLINING THE WEB REINFORCEMENT, BUT THE INCLINED STIRRUPS DID TEND TO BETTER RESTRAIN THE OPENING OF INCLINED CRACKS THAN DID THE VERTICAL STIRRUPS. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Bridges KW - Failure KW - Forecasting KW - Girders KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear failures KW - Shear strength KW - Shear tests KW - Stirrups KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214746 AU - Kriegh, J D AU - Richard, R M AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL REPORT ON EPOXY BONDED COMPOSITE T-BEAMS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1966/10 AB - RESULTS ARE REPORTED OF A FOUR-YEAR STUDY OF AN EPOXY RESIN SHEAR CONNECTOR FOR COMPOSITE T-BEAMS. THE CRITICAL SHEARING STRESSES WERE DETERMINED FOR DESIGN PURPOSES BY STATIC TESTS OF SIX T-BEAMS. THE WIDTH OF THE EPOXY LAYER WAS DESIGNED TO PRODUCE A SHEAR-BOND FAILURE BETWEEN THE EPOXY LAYER AND THE STEEL STEM BEFORE INITIAL YIELDING IN THE ROLLED SECTION OCCURRED. ONE BEAM GROUP WAS TESTED OVER CONTINUOUS SUPPORTS. OTHERS WERE TESTED AS SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS. A MATHEMATICAL STUDY DESCRIBES THE WORKING LIMITS OF THE EPOXY SHEAR CONNECTOR AND VERIFIES THE VALIDITY OF ELEMENTARY BEAM THEORY FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. THE ULTIMATE LOAD CAPACITIES OF THE SHEAR CONNECTOR FROM THE T-BEAM TESTS ARE COMPILED TO FORM A SAFE DESIGN SHEARING STRESS FOR THE EPOXY SHEAR CONNECTOR. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMPOSITE T-BEAMS USING AN EPOXY RESIN SHEAR CONNECTOR WERE PREPARED BY MODIFYING THE 1965 AASHO SPECIFICATIONS ON COMPOSITE GIRDERS. KW - Beams KW - Bonds KW - Breaking loads KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Epoxy resins KW - Fasteners KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Shear stress KW - Static tests KW - T beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205346 AU - Wagner, P AU - GATES, C AU - California Division of Highways TI - CORRELATION BETWEEN R-VALUE AND K-VALUE AS A BASIS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1966/09/23 AB - A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN R-VALUE AND K-VALUE FOR VARIOUS SOILS WAS ESTABLISHED, SO THAT SOIL SURVEY DATA COULD BE USED IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN. TWENTY K-VALUES WERE ESTABLISHED ON CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY CONTRACTS IN PROGRESS. TRUCK-MOUNTED PLATE BEARING TEST EQUIPMENT OF THE PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION WAS USED. SAMPLES OF THE SAME SOILS WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE R-VALUES. OTHER TESTS WERE MADE TO DEFINE SOIL TYPE AT EACH TEST LOCATION. A PRECISE CORRELATION WAS NOT FOUND TO EXIST BETWEEN R-VALUE AND K-VALUE FOR TYPICAL CALIFORNIA SOILS TESTED. A CONSERVATIVE RELATIONSHIP WAS NOTED AS USABLE IN DEVELOPING AN EMPIRICAL MODIFICATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODS THAT USE WESTERGAARDS K-VALUE. KW - California KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field tests KW - Heat insulating materials KW - K-value KW - Pavement design KW - Plate bearing test KW - Portland cement concrete KW - R-value KW - Soil classification systems KW - Soil types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219665 AU - Wasser, C F AU - California Division of Highways TI - TRAFFIC COUNT CAPABILITIES OF FISCHER AND PORTER TAC-DET LOOP DETECTORS AND CARD KEY SYSTEMS TRANS-SENSOR DETECTORS PY - 1966/09/14 AB - THIS STUDY COMPARES THE OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, PRECISION, INSTALLATION PROBLEMS AND COSTS OF THE TAC-DET LOOP VEHICLE DETECTOR AND CARD KEY SYSTEMS TRANS-SENSOR DETECTOR AT AN EIGHT LANE FREEWAY LOCATION. THE TRANS-SENSOR IS A MAGNETIC TYPE VEHICLE DETECTOR WHICH HAS GIVEN QUITE SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE IN BOTH LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS. THE FIELD EVALUATION CONSISTED OF COMPARING THE TRANS-SENSOR DETECTOR COUNTS WITH DIRECT ON-SITE OBSERVATIONS AND WITH AN ADJACENT INSTALLATION OF THE WIDELY USED FISCHER & PORTER TAC-DET LOOP DETECTOR. TRANS-SENSOR PERFORMANCE IN THESE TESTS WAS SOMEWHAT BETTER THAN THAT OF TAC-DET. TWO OF THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRANS-SENSORS SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE ARE AS FOLLOWS' /1/ THE TRANS-SENSORS GREATER LATERAL SPACING BETWEEN DETECTOR UNITS IN ADJACENT LANES PRODUCED FEWER DOUBLE COUNTS FROM LANE CHANGING VEHICLES, AND /2/ THE TRANS-SENSOR WAS EQUIPPED WITH AN ADJUSTABLE TIME HOLDING CIRCUIT THAT PREVENTS THE RELAY CONTACTS FROM BREAKING BETWEEN A TRACTOR AND TRAILER OF A TRUCK RIG. THE TRANS-SENSOR THUS PRODUCED FEWER MULTIPLE COUNTS OF COMBINATION VEHICLES. INSTALLATION PROCEDURES FOR THE TWO DETECTORS ARE DESCRIBED AND COMPARED ON A TIME BASIS. THIS TIME COMPARISON IS THEN PROJECTED TO A COST COMPARISON PER STATION FOR CONCRETE AND ASPHALT PAVEMENT. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Card key systems KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Fischer & porter KW - Freeways KW - Installation KW - Tac-det loop detector KW - Traffic counting KW - Trans-sensor detector KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206291 AU - Ashton, J E AU - Moavenzadeh, F M AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - VISCOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF THREE-LAYER SYSTEMS PY - 1966/09 AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS AN ANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE DEFLECTION OF A THREE-LAYERED SYSTEM UNDER A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED NORMAL CIRCULAR LOAD. EACH LAYER OF THE SYSTEM IS ASSUMED TO BE COMPOSED OF MATERIALS WHICH BEHAVE LINEAR VISCOELASTICALLY. THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM IS OBTAINED BY USING A CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE KNOWN ELASTIC LAYERED SYSTEM SOLUTION. THIS SOLUTION IS IN THE FORM OF AN INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION INVOLVING MULTIPLE CONVOLUTION INTEGRALS. NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SOLVING THIS EQUATION ARE PRESENTED. RESULTS OBTAINED USING THE NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES ON THE INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED. FOR THE PARTICULAR MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION USED IN THIS STUDY, THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS HAVE SHOWN THE POSSIBILITY OF DEFINING A RETARDATION TIME FOR THE LAYERED SYSTEMS. THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON THIS RETARDATION TIME INVITES THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS USE FOR THE STUDY OF EQUIVALENCY FACTORS OF VARIOUS PAVING MATERIALS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Circular loaded areas KW - Deflection KW - Differential equations KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Integral equations KW - Integrals KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Materials KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Surfaces KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210353 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Brovold, F N AU - Florida State Road Department AU - University of Florida, Gainesville TI - EFFECT OF WATER ON BITUMEN-AGGREGATE MIXTURES PY - 1966/09 AB - THIS REPORT IS A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND SUMMARIZATION OF THE LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT OF ADHESION AND STRIPPING OF BITUMINOUS BINDER AND AGGREGATE. A REVIEW IS MADE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES AND BITUMINOUS MATERIAL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PHENOMENA OF ADHESION. THE THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF ADHESION AND STRIPPING ARE REVIEWED BY CONSIDERATION AND EVALUATION OF SOME OF THE THERMODYNAMIC VARIABLES AFFECTING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE BINDER-AGGREGATE SYSTEMS. THE NATURE OF THE BOND BETWEEN BINDER AND AGGREGATE AND THE EFFECT OF FORCES AND DEFORMATIONS INDUCED BY TRAFFIC ARE CONSIDERED FROM A RHEOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT. THE THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS USED TO DETERMINE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERITES ARE DISCUSSED. THE AUTHOR REVIEWS THE TEST PROCEDURES OF THE MANY EMPIRICAL STRIPPING TESTS AND SIMULATED TRAFFIC TESTS THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE AND COMMENTS ON THEIR USE AND ON THEIR SHORTCOMINGS. ALSO REVIEWED IS THE FUNCTION OF ADDITIVES TO IMPROVE ADHESION. THE AUTHOR SUMMARIZES THE STATUS OF PRESENT-DAY KNOWLEDGE OF ADHESION AND STRIPPING BEHAVIOR IN BITUMINOUS MIXTURES AND PRESENTS A VERY COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE SUBJECT. /BPR/ KW - Adhesion KW - Aggregates KW - Bibliographies KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Reviews KW - Rheology KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224834 AU - Traffic Research Corporation TI - SIGOP' TRAFFIC SIGNAL OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM PY - 1966/09 AB - A MANUAL FOR THE USERS OF SIGOP SIGNAL TIMING OPTIMIZATION COMPUTER PROGRAM HAS BEEN PREPARED. THE PROGRAM USES AS INPUTS BASIC TRAFFIC DATA SUCH AS' VOLUMES, DESIRED TRAVEL TIME, NUMBER OF LANES, SIGNAL PHASING, AND A NUMBER OF FACTORS FOR EXPRESSING SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS TURNING MOVEMENTS, PLATOON COHERENCE ETC. FOR EACH INPUT OR OPTIMIZATION PERIOD, THE PROGRAM COMPUTES UP TO TEN CYCLES, SPLITS AND OFFSETS FOR A GRID NETWORK OF A MAXIMUM OF 150 INTERSECTIONS. PRINTOUT INCLUDES TABULATION OF THESE CONTROL PARAMETERS AS WELL AS TIME-SPACE DIAGRAMS AND RELATIVE EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS IN TERMS OF DELAY, NUMBER OF STOPS AND USER COST. SELECTION OF OPTIMUM CYCLES IS MADE BY COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY CRITERIA. THE PROGRAM IS WRITTEN IN FORTRAN IV SUITABLE FOR IBM 7094. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Gap acceptance KW - Lanes KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic volume KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207811 AU - Bezouska, T J AU - California Division of Highways TI - FRICTION LOSS IN POST TENSIONED PRESTRESSED STEEL UNITS PY - 1966/09 AB - A FIELD INVESTIGATION OF FRICTION LOSSES IN POST TENSIONED PRESTRESSING CABLES WAS CONDUCTED. THE CABLES WERE IMBEDDED IN A THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS BOX GIRDER STRUCTURE, 360 FEET LONG, AND HORIZONTALLY CURVED. THREE DIFFERENT POST TENSIONING SYSTEMS WERE USED EMPLOYING BOTH BRIGHT AND GALVANIZED TENDONS AND DUCTS. WATER SOLUBLE OIL WAS USED AS A LUBRICANT ON FOUR OF THE TEN RESEARCH TENDONS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE OILS EFFECTIVENESS IN REDUCING FRICTION. JACKING FORCES WERE MEASURED WITH LOAD CELLS AS WELL AS STRAIN GAGES FASTENED TO THE TENDONS. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS FROM THE STUDY WERE' /1/ THE FRICTION COEFFICIENTS LISTED IN THE 1961 AASHO BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS ARE APPLICABLE TO THIS TYPE OF STRUCTURE. /2/ THE OVERALL EXPERIENCE WITH STRAIN GAGES MOUNTED ON THE TENDONS WAS NOT VERY SATISFACTORY. INSTEAD, THE USE OF LOAD CELLS AT BOTH ENDS OF A TENDON IS RECOMMENDED FOR THE ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF THE TOTAL FRICTION LOSS. /3/ FOR SOME OF THE TENDON-CASING COMBINATIONS, LUBRICATION APPEARED TO REDUCE THE FRICTION LOSS. HOWEVER, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO COMPLETELY FLUSH OUT ALL THE OIL FROM THE CASINGS PRIOR TO GROUTING, AND POOR BONDING RESULTED BECAUSE OF THIS. /BPR/ KW - Box girders KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cables KW - Field studies KW - Friction KW - Load cells KW - Losses KW - Oils KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressing KW - Steel KW - Strain gages KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219669 AU - Waller, J A AU - GOO, J T AU - California State Dept Public Health AU - California Division of Highways TI - ACCIDENT AND VIOLATION EXPERIENCE AND DRIVING TESTS SCORE PY - 1966/09 AB - ACCIDENT AND VIOLATION RATES WERE COMPARED ACCORDING TO DRIVING PERFORMANCE TEST SCORES FOR 1243 DRIVERS WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS KNOWN TO THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND 401 DRIVERS NOT KNOWN TO HAVE ANY MEDICAL CONDITIONS. DRIVERS AGE 60 OR OLDER AVERAGED LOWER TEST SCORES THAN DID YOUNGER DRIVERS. AGE-ADJUSTED MEAN INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENT RATES PER MILLION MILES WERE 27.3 FOR DRIVERS WITH SCORES OF 70-79 PERCENT, 20.9 FOR THOSE WITH 80-89 PERCENT, AND 20.6 FOR PERSONS WITH SCORES OF 90 PERCENT OF HIGHER. DIFFERENCES IN VIOLATION RATES BETWEEN THE THREE SCORING GROUPS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. ONLY MINOR DIFFERENCES IN TYPES OF ACCIDENTS AND VIOLATIONS WERE OBSERVED FOR EACH SCORING GROUP. DRIVERS WITH PSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDERS SHOWED ALMOST NO CONSISTENCY BETWEEN TWO SUCCESSIVE TEST SCORES, WHEREAS A MODERATE CORRELATION BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE SCORES WAS NOTED FOR DRIVERS WITH ORGANIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS OR NO KNOWN CONDITION. ACCIDENT AND VIOLATION RATES WERE BASED ON A DRIVERS ACCIDENT AND VIOLATION RECORD FOR THREE YEARS PLUS HIS ESTIMATE OF MILES DRIVEN DURING THE TIME PERIOD. /BPR/ KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Physical condition KW - Psychological aspects KW - Test results KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214441 AU - DeFoe, J H AU - Mainfort, R C AU - Michigan Department of State Highways TI - COMPACTION CONTROL OF A MAJOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT WITH THE MICHIGAN NUCLEAR GAGE PY - 1966/09 AB - DURING THE 1965 FIELD TESTS THE MICHIGAN COMBINATION-TYPE NUCLEAR MOISTURE-DENSITY GAUGE PROVED TO BE A SATISFACTORY MEANS OF EMBANKMENT COMPACTION CONTROL FOR ALL SOIL AND AGGREGATE MATERIALS TESTED. THE TESTING TIME USING THE NUCLEAR GAUGE WAS ABOUT ONE-HALF THAT REQUIRED WITH CONVENTIONAL METHODS. THE CONVENTIONAL RAINHART CHECK TEST INDICATED PROPER JOB CONTROL WITH THE NUCLEAR METHOD. NORMAL JOB SAMPLING PROCEDURES WERE COMPARED WITH STATISTICALLY RANDOM SAMPLING WITH PROMISING RESULTS. FURTHER EXPERIMENTATION IS PLANNED DURING CY 1966 OPERATIONS ON THIS PROJECT DURING WHICH TIME MORE CAREFUL AND COMPLETE EVALUATION OF THE STATISTICAL RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES WILL BE PERFORMED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Compaction KW - Embankment compaction KW - Embankments KW - Nuclear moisture-density determinations KW - Nuclear tests KW - Quality control KW - Randomization KW - Soil compaction KW - Soils KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207840 AU - Derecho, A T AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - STRESS CONCENTRATION AT EXTERNAL NOTCHES IN MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOADINGS PY - 1966/09 AB - THE PRINCIPAL OBJECT OF THIS STUDY WAS THE DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS CHARACTERIZING THE PROFILES OF PROJECTING NOTCHES ON THE ASSOCIATED STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS. IN PARTICULAR, NOTCHES WITH CIRCULAR TRANSITION CURVES OCCURRING SYMMETRICALLY IN A RECTANGULAR BAR SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOADING ARE CONSIDERED. THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS USED ACCOMPLISHES THE STUDY INDIRECTLY BY CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON THE MAGNITUDE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHEARING STRESSES ALONG THE BASE SECTION OF A PROJECTING NOTCH. AS A PRELIMINARY STEP, THE STRESSES ALONG SELECTED SECTIONS IN A PROJECTING NOTCH IN A HALF- PLANE WERE OBTAINED USING A SOLUTION GIVEN BY H. NEUBER. USING THESE DATA AND A SOLUTION FOR THE STRESSES IN A RECTANGULAR BAR RESULTING FROM SURFACE STRESS LOADS /DUE TO L.N.G. FILON/, IT IS SHOWN THAT THE MAXIMUM LONGITUDINAL STRESS ALONG THE BASE SECTION OF A PROJECTING NOTCH IS PRODUCED PRIMARILY BY THE SHEARING STRESS COMPONENT ALONG THE BASE SECTION. THE EFFECT OF THE NORMAL STRESS COMPONENT ALONG THE SAME SECTION IS SHOWN TO BE NEGLIGIBLE. THIS HAS LED TO THE OBSERVATION THAT THE MAXIMUM STRESS IN A PROJECTING NOTCH MAY BE REASONABLY APPROXIMATED BY THE LONGITUDINAL STRESS IN A PLAIN RECTANGULAR BAR SUBJECTED TO AN AXIAL LOAD AND A SURFACE-SHEAR STRESS LOADING OF THE PROPER MAGNITUDE AND DISTRIBUTION. USING THE RESULTS OF THE EQUIVALENT SURFACE-SHEAR LOAD METHOD, WHICH APPROXIMATES THE STRESS-RAISING ACTION OF A PROJECTING NOTCH, A PROCEDURE WAS DEVELOPED FOR ESTABLISHING A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR AND THE GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS CHARACTERIZING THE PROFILE OF PROJECTING NOTCHES. THE PROCEDURE DEVELOPED ALLOWS THE EXTENSION OF RESULTS OF CALCULATIONS FOR A RELATIVELY FEW CASES TO A WIDER RANGE OF VALUES OF THE GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS. THE RESULTING RELATIONSHIPS, OBTAINED FOR THE CASE OF NEUBERS NOTCHES AND ALSO FOR IDEALIZED PROJECTING NOTCHES /IN WHICH THE STRESSES WERE OBTAINED USING A FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION/, PROVIDE A CLEAR INDICATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS PARAMETERS CONSIDERED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axial loads KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Finite differences KW - Metals KW - Notch strength KW - Shear stress KW - Shear tests KW - Strength of materials KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207836 AU - Davis, R E AU - California Division of Highways TI - STRUCTURE BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT PY - 1966/09 AB - RESULTS ARE REPORTED OF EXPERIMENTS ON A FULL SCALE REINFORCED ARCH CULVERT OF TEN-FOOT SPAN UNDER A FILL OF 200 FEET. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN TO FIND THE CAUSES OF OBSERVED STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR IN WHICH SEVERE DISTRESS WAS OBSERVED. THE PROTOTYPE TEST STRUCTURE WAS EXTENSIVELY INSTRUMENTED TO MEASURE EMBANKMENT PRESSURES ACTING UPON THE SIDES AND CROWN OF THE ARCH AS WELL AS THOSE DEVELOPED UNDER THE FOOTINGS, INTERNAL BENDING STRAINS IN THE REINFORCING STEEL, STRAINS AND INTERNAL FORCES IN THE CONCRETE, PRESSURES DEVELOPED IN THE EMBANKMENT AT SEVERAL LEVELS AND POSITIONS RELATIVE TO THE CULVERT, AND THE DISTORTIONS AND RIGID BOND DISPLACEMENTS OF THE BARREL. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WERE ' /1/ TO DEVELOP ACCURATE METHODS FOR PREDICTION OF THE EARTH PRESSURES ACTING UPON SUCH RIGID CULVERTS UNDER HIGH FILLS, AND TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF USE OF METHOD B BACKFILL, CONSISTING OF LAYERS OF ORGANIC MATERIAL OF LOW MODULUS PLACED ABOVE THE CROWN, UPON THESE PRESSURES, AND /2/ TO DETERMINE WHAT CONSIDERATIONS MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL REPONSE OF THE ARCH TO THESE PRESSURES. THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA INDICATES THAT, AFTER INITIAL STAGES OF FILL ARE COMPLETED, THERE IS A LINEAR INCREASE OF SOIL PRESSURE AT ANY SPECIFIC LOCATION WITH THE INCREASE OF FILL HEIGHT. THE ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL REPONSE OF THE ARCH WAS CARRIED OUT BY A COMPUTER PROGRAM BASED ON ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE ARCH BUT CAPABLE OF CORRECTING THE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS OF SUCH ELEMENTS AS WERE STRESSED INTO THE CRACKING RANGE. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED' /1/ PRESENT ASSUMPTIONS USED IN CULVERT DESIGN LEAD TO INADEQUATE INTENSITIES IN SOIL PRESSURES, /2/ BACKFILL METHOD B ACHIEVES ITS PURPOSE OF REDUCING VERTICAL FORCES ON THE CROWN, BUT IS HIGHLY DETRIMENTAL TO THE STRUCTURAL REPONSE DUE TO LACK OF PASSIVE SUPPORT AT THIS POINT AND A HIGHLY UNFAVORABLY DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD, /3/ COMPARATIVELY SMALL DIFFERENTIAL DISPLACEMENT AND ROTATIONS OF THE FOOTINGS CAN CAUSE EXTREME STRESSES IN THE ARCH, AND /4/ CUTTING OFF ALTERNATE BARS IN THE ARCH BARREL CAUSES ABRUPT CHANGES IN STIFFNESS AND PROMOTES FORMATION OF CRACKING AND HINGE FORMATION. KW - Arches KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Computers KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Earth pressure KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Embankments KW - Footings KW - Height KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214442 AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSIS, PART III, CONCRETE AND CONCRETE AGGREGATES PY - 1966/09 AB - THIS IS THE THIRD AND LAST REPORT ON THE QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. IT DEALS WITH THE STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF DATA FROM SEVERAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS TO DETERMINE VARIABILITY OF SLUMP AND OF AGGREGATES. THE ANALYSIS INDICATED /1/ THAT THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF MOST OF THE DATA TEND TO FOLLOW NORMAL DISTRIBUTION, /2/ THAT THERE IS CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION FROM BATCH TO BATCH, /3/ THAT FOR FINE AGGREGATE, THE STOCKPILE COMPONENT OF VARIANCE CONTRIBUTES MORE TO THE OVERALL VARIANCE THAN SAMPLES WITHIN STOCKPILE COMPONENT, AND /4/ THAT IN THE CASE OF COARSE AGGREGATES THE SAMPLE WITHIN STOCKPILE COMPONENTS SHOW LARGER VARIANCE THAN BETWEEN STOCKPILE COMPONENTS. THE STUDY REVEALED HOW CONTROL CHARTS CAN BE USED FOR CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OF P.C. CONCRETE. THE REPORT INCLUDES AN ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS OF PAVEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF BITUMINOUS HOT MIX DENSITY AND DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Building materials KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Density KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Statistical quality control KW - Thickness UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20024.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207816 AU - Heins, C P AU - Looney, CTG AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission TI - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EIGHT DIFFERENT TYPES OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE STRUCTURES PY - 1966/09 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS CALCULATED MOMENTS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR EIGHT HIGHWAY BRIDGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES. THE LIVE LOADING USED ON ALL BRIDGES IS THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS TEST TRUCK LOADED TO APPROXIMATE AN H20-S16, AASHO DESIGN LOADING. THE BRIDGES ARE TREATED AS ORTHOTROPIC PLATES. TWO METHODS ARE USED TO SOLVE THE PLATE EQUATION, A SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD, AND A FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD. RESULTS FROM THE TWO METHODS COMPARE WELL FOR EACH BRIDGE. SOME COMPARISONS ARE MADE BETWEEN RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DESIGN VALUES BASED ON THE 1961 AASHO BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS AND THE CALCULATED VALUES. STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS BASED ON SPECIFICATIONS WERE ALWAYS HIGHER THAN THOSE OBTAINED FROM THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS. APPENDIXES TO THE REPORT CONTAIN SEVERAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS WHICH WERE USED IN THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Deflection KW - Finite differences KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Highway bridges KW - Live loads KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Orthotropic KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Slope deflection method KW - Slopes KW - Stresses KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200056 AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - A METHOD TO DETERMINE CONTRACT WORK DAYS PY - 1966/09 AB - PRESENTED ARE OBJECTIVE AND SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF WORK DAYS REQUIRED TO COMPLETE A ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PERMITTING LESS RELIANCE ON EXPERIENCE AND JUDGMENT. THE RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES INCLUDE THE USE OF PERT NETWORK CALCULATIONS AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS. REQUIRED COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE INCLUDED. DATA FROM 90 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS WERE REVIEWED AND INCLUDED IN THE REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Estimating KW - Hours of labor KW - Methodology KW - PERT KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Regression analysis KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204610 AU - Zak, J M AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONTROLLING DRIFTING SAND DUNES ON CAPE COD PY - 1966/09 AB - VARIOUS SPECIES OF GRASS AND LEGUMES WERE PLANTED TO DETERMINE THE USEFULNESS OF DIRECT SEEDING (COMPARED TO PLANTING AMERICAN BEACHGRASS) ON SAND DUNES. COASTAL PANICGRASS (PANICUM AMARULUM), SWITCHGRASS (PANICUM VIRGATUM L.) AND KENTUCKY 31 FESCUE (FESTUCA ELATIOR VAR. ARUNDINACEA) GAVE THE BEST RESULTS, BUT THEY FAILED TO SURVIVE AS A PERMANENT COVER. SEVERAL MULCH MATERIALS (ASPHALT, HAY, FUEL OIL, ETC.) WERE APPLIED TO DETERMINE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN AIDING VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT, BUT THEY APPEAR TO BE OF QUESTIONABLE VALUE. MACHINE PLANTING OF CULMS OF BEACHGRASS PRODUCED EXCELLENT COVER BY THE SECOND YEAR AND DESIRABLE SPACING IS INDICATED IF THEY ARE SPRING PLANTED. BLOW-OUT AREAS OF SAND CAN PRODUCE NEW DUNES BY PROPERLY LOCATING SLAT-TYPE FENCING. HOWEVER, REVEGETATION MUST BE ACCOMPLISHED IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN STABILITY OF THE SAND. ESTABLISHING TREES AND SHRUBS AS PERMANENT COVER FOR SAND DUNES IS A PROBLEM DUE TO LACK OF MOISTURE, LOW FERTILITY, SAND BLASTING AND HIGH TEMPERATURES. SOME ECOLOGICALLY ADAPTED PLANTS SUCH AS BAYBERRY AND BEACH PLUM APPEAR TO BE MOST SUCCESSFUL WHEN PLANTED IN A MEDIA OF PEAT, SOIL AND VERMICULATE. THE APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER WILL CAUSE INJURY AT THE TIME OF INSTALLATION OF WOODY PLANTS, HOWEVER, CONTINUED GROWTH OF SOME PLANTS CAN BE BENEFITED BY FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS FOLLOWING ESTABLISHMENT. TERRACES, EITHER MULCHED OR SPRAYED WITH OIL- BASE PRODUCTS WERE OF LITTLE VALUE IN AIDING PLANT ESTABLISHMENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Drift KW - Dune sands KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilizers KW - Grasses KW - Legumes KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210362 AU - Silver, H F AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - COAL HYDROGENATION STUDY-FINAL REPORT - PHASE 2 PY - 1966/09 AB - BITUMENS ARE PRODUCED FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION BY THE HYDROGENATION OF VARIOUS PULVERIZED COALS DISPERSED IN VARIOUS CARRIERS USING DIFFERENT CATALYTIC, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND TIME TREATMENTS IN A LABORATORY REACTOR. DATA TABULATIONS ARE INCLUDED PERTAINING TO THE MATERIALS, PROCESSES, RESULTANT PRODUCTS AND THE VOLATILE, RHEOLOGICAL AND ADHESIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE PRODUCTS. INFORMATION PERTAINING TO THE KINETICS OF THE PROCESSESS AND MECHANISMS OF REACTIONS ARE INCLUDED. IT WAS FOUND THAT A SUPERIOR PRODUCT COULD BE OBTAINED FROM A CHARGE CONSISTING OF FOUR PARTS LOW TEMPERATURE DISTILLATE, A COAL TAR FRACTION PRODUCED BY CF&I CORP., TO ONE PART ELKOL COAL, IMPREGNATED WITH 0.5 WEIGHT PERCENT FERROUS IRON. THE STABILITY OF THE BITUMEN PRODUCT AS MEASURED BY ITS RETAINED VISCOSITY INCREASED AS THE REACTION TEMPERATURE, TIME AND HYDROGENATION PRESSURE INCREASED. THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CARRIERS IN CONVERTING THE COAL TO BENZENE-SOLUBLE PRODUCTS CORRELATED WITH THE SOLUBILITY PARAMETER OF THE CARRIER USED AND ITS HYDROGENATION DONOR CAPABILITIES. A MIDDLE BOILING RANGE, HYDROGENATED COAL-DERIVED CARRIER APPEARS TO GIVE THE MAXIMUM YIELD OF HIGH QUALITY BITUMEN AND REQUIRES NO CATALYST. THE VISCOSITY TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE BITUMENS PRODUCED RANGED FROM 4.2 TO 5.2. INCREASED CONVERSION WAS OBTAINED WITH INCREASED AMOUNTS OF FERROUS IRON CATALYST, UP TO A CONCENTRATION OF 1.0 WEIGHT PERCENT OF THE COAL. THE RETAINED VISCOSITY /RATIO OF VISCOSITY OF A MODIFIED THIN FILM OVEN TEST RESIDUE OF THE BITUMEN PRODUCT AND THE VISCOSITY OF THE BITUMEN PRODUCT/ APPEARED TO INCREASE AS THE CARBON CONTENT OF THE COAL INCREASED. RANDOM VARIATIONS WERE FOUND IN THE VISCOSITY TEMPERATURE SUSCE- PTIBILITY OF THE PRODUCTS. THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGENATED COAL BITUMENS AS BY-PRODUCTS FROM A COAL CONVERSION PROCESS IS FEASIBLE. KW - Adhesion KW - Bitumen KW - Coal KW - Comminution KW - Hydrogenation KW - Kinetics KW - Laboratory equipment KW - Nuclear reactors KW - Production KW - Reaction time KW - Reactor KW - Rheological properties KW - Road construction KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Temperature KW - Testing equipment KW - Viscosity KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210361 AU - Fisher, C P AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission TI - STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF MINUS 200 MESH MATERIALS ON THE USEFULNESS OF CERTAIN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE AGGREGATES PY - 1966/09 AB - THIS RESEARCH PROJECT WAS UNDERTAKEN IN AN ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE IF CERTAIN NATURAL SANDS IN NORTH CAROLINA WERE SUITABLE FOR USE IN BITUMINOUS MIXTURES WITHOUT THE NECESSITY OF ADDING SEPARATE MINERAL FILLER AS REQUIRED BY PRESENT PAVEMENT SPECIFICATIONS. THE INVESTIGATION WAS FOCUSED ON STUDYING THE PROPERTIES OF THE MINUS NO. 200 SIEVE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN LOCAL SANDS. THE PROPERTIES INVESTIGATED WERE /1/ SPECIFIC GRAVITY AS DETERMINED IN MEDIA OF WATER, VARSOL AND BENZENE, /2/ BULK VOLUME, /3/ ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT - RATIO OF BULK VOLUME TO SOLID VOLUME, /4/ ADSORPTION - WITH VARIABLES OF DRYING TEMPERATURE, DRYING TIME, ADSORBATES /WATER AND NO. 2 FUEL OIL/ AND ADSORPTION TIME, AND /5/ X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS. CORRELATION OF THESE MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH BITUMINOUS MIXTURE PROPERTIES WAS NOT ATTEMPTED. ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT VALUES RANGED FROM 2.31 TO 6.02 FOR 12 MATERIALS TESTED. DATA ON THE RESULTS OF THE WATER ADSORPTION TESTS ARE PRESENTED FOR ONLY 3 OF THE AGGREGATES INVESTIGATED. THE TEST DATA FOR OIL ADSORPTION ARE NOT INCLUDED. IT WAS FOUND THAT WATER ADSORPTION INCREASED WITH INCREASED DRYING TEMPERATURE AND THAT DRYING TIME DID NOT APPEAR TO BE SIGNIFICANT. THE AUTHORS ANALYSIS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION SPECTRA INDICATED NO APPRECIABLE CHANGE IN MATERIAL COMPOSITION AFTER DRYING AT 600 F. THE FINE AGGREGATES WERE ESSENTIALLY SILICA WITH MUSCOVITE MICA. THE PRINCIPLE CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY IS THAT THE MATERIALS INVESTIGATED DID NOT HAVE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE INDEX PROPERTIES CHOSEN FOR STUDY. NO RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE REGARDING THE SUITABILITY OF THE FINE AGGREGATES INVESTIGATED FOR USE IN BITUMINOUS MIXTURES IN NORTH CAROLINA. /BPR/ KW - Activity coefficient KW - Adsorbates KW - Adsorption KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bulk KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Diffraction KW - Drying KW - Drying temperature KW - Fine aggregates KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Natural sand fine aggregate KW - North Carolina KW - Sand KW - Specific gravity KW - Temperature KW - Time KW - Volume KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207822 AU - STALLMEYER, J E AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - BEHAVIOR OF WELDED BUILT-UP BEAMS UNDER REPEATED FLEXURAL LOADS PY - 1966/09 AB - THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED FLEXURAL MEMBERS OF THE TYPE USED IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, TO FIND MEANS OF INCREASING THE FATIGUE LIFE OF SUCH WELDED STRUCTURES, AND TO DEVELOP RELATED INFORMATION WHICH WILL ADVANCE THE ART OF BRIDGE DESIGN. FOR THIS PURPOSE, FLEXURAL FATIGUE TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT ON SMALL ALL-WELDED BEAMS FABRICATED FROM A NUMBER OF STEELS RANGING FROM A-373-58T WITH A YIELD POINT OF 32,000 PSI TO A-514-65 WITY A YIELD POINT OF 100,000 PSI. MANUAL ARC WELDING, WITH E-7016 ELECTRODES OR E-11018 ELECTRODES, WHERE APPROPRIATE, WAS USED IN THE FABRICATION OF MOST OF THE SPECIMENS INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT. SEVERAL SPECIMENS WERE FABRICATED WITH THE SUBMERGED ARC WELDING PROCESS FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES. IN ONE PHASE OF THE INVESTIGATION A ROLLED SECTION WAS USED AS THE BASIC ELEMENT OF THE SPECIMEN. INITIAL STUDIES ON THIS PROGRAM WERE CONDUCTED ON BEAMS WITHOUT SPLICES TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF THE FLANGE THICKNESS TO WEB THICKNESS RATIO. SEVERAL FIELD SPLICE CONFIGURATIONS WERE USED IN THE INVESTIGATION AND STUDIES MADE OF THE DIFFERENCE IN THEIR MODES OF FAILURE AS WELL AS THE DIFFERENCE IN THEIR FATIGUE STRENGTH. THE FIELD SPLICE CONFIGURATIONS WERE TESTED UNDER THE STRESS CYCLES WHICH VARIED FROM ZERO TO A MAXIMUM TENSION, FROM A PARTIAL TENSION TO A MAXIMUM TENSION AND FROM A COMPRESSION STRESS TO AN EQUAL TENSILE STRESS. IN ADDITION TO THE SPLICE STUDY THE INVESTIGATION INCLUDED A STUDY OF STIFFENER DETAILS, A STUDY OF COVER PLATE DETAILS AND A STUDY OF TRANSITIONS IN THE FLANGE THICKNESS OR WIDTH. THE PROGRAM ALSO INCLUDED FATIGUE TESTS ON CONTROL SPECIMENS TO DETERMINE THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF THE A-373-58T STEEL AS RECEIVED FROM THE MILL AND ALSO WITH BUTT-WELDED JOINTS, EITHER PARALLEL OR PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF STRESS. ALL DETAILS WERE NOT STUDIED FOR ALL OF THE MATERIALS AND ALL FATIGUE STRESS CYCLES. NEVERTHELESS, A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE SAME DETAIL IN SPECIMENS MADE OF THE DIFFERENT STRENGTH STEELS BUT SUBJECTED TO THE SAME STRESS CYCLE TO PROVIDE A GOOD INDICATION OF THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF THE VARIOUS STEELS UNDER IDENTICAL CONDITIONS. A SUMMARY OF THE TESTS PERFORMED AND INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT IS PRESENTED IN A TABLE WHICH CONTAINS INFORMATION REGARDING THE NATURE OF THE SPECIMEN, THE BASE MATERIAL, THE TYPE OF DETAIL, THE DEPTH OF THE BEAM, THE WELDING PROCEDURE USED, THE STRESS CYCLE EMPLOYED AND THE NUMBER OF TESTS CONDUCTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Butt welds KW - Construction KW - Electric arc welding KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flanges KW - Flexural strength KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Repeated loads KW - Specimens KW - Splicing KW - Steel KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Stress cycle KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Submerged arc welding KW - Thickness KW - Webbing KW - Welded joints KW - Welding KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212005 AU - Ivey, D L AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE AND MORTAR PY - 1966/09 AB - THIS PAPER REPORTS PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES ON CONCRETE AND CEMENT MORTARS, COMPARES THE VARIABILITY OF MORTAR TESTS WITH THE VARIATIONS ENCOUNTERED IN CONCRETE TESTS, AND SHOWS THE DEGREE OF CORRELATION OF THESE TESTS WITH TESTS ON CONCRETE. THE DATA PRESENTED PROVIDE A BASIS FOR UTILIZING A STANDARD MORTAR FOR QUALITY CONTROL TESTS OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES. MOST OF THE WORK IS CONCENTRATED ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, SHRINKAGE, AND TIME OF SET. ALSO INCLUDED ARE THE RESULTS OF DURABILITY TESTS ON ADMIXTURE CONCRETE AND A SECTION ON THE CONTROL OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE UNIFORMITY. A THEORETICAL SOLUTION FOR RESTRAINED SHRINKAGE CRACK SPACING IS DEVELOPED AND A COMPARISON OF THIS THEORY WITH LIMITED TEST DATA IS SHOWN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Cement mortars KW - Chemical compounds KW - Chemicals KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Durability KW - Mortar KW - Physical properties KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Shrinkage KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202572 AU - Manguam, S E AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - DETERMINATION OF CAPABILITIES OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FOR USE IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY PY - 1966/09 AB - TWO ELECTRONIC DEVICES WERE TESTED AND EVALUATED IN ACTUAL PRODUCTIVE WORK AS WELL AS IN SITUATIONS WHERE THEIR FULL CAPABILITIES COULD BE DETERMINED. THE ELECTROTAPE MODEL DM-20 /DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENT/ AND THE AUTO- TROL SCALES, MODEL 3900 /PRODUCES CROSS SECTION INFORMATION FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY/ WERE EVALUATED. IN GENERAL, BOTH PERFORMED WELL AND IN CERTAIN APPLICATIONS CAN PRODUCE QUALITY WORK AT A REDUCED COST. THE ELECTROTAPE WAS FOUND TO BE FASTER AND MORE ACCURATE THAN NORMAL FIELD METHODS OF MEASURING DISTANCES LONGER THAN 1500 FEET. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE USE OF THE ELECTROTAPE WILL SAVE AS MUCH AS $1,000 OVER CONVENTIONAL METHODS ON A TYPICAL HIGHWAY DESIGN PROJECT. THE AUTO-TROL SCALER WAS FOUND TO PRODUCE VERY GOOD CROSS SECTIONS FOR USE IN DETERMINATION OF EARTHWORK QUANTITIES, IN HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF RIVERS AND STREAMS, IN DETERMINATION OF VOLUMES OF BORROW PITS, ETC. ALSO, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE USE OF THE AUTO-TROL DEVICE WILL SAVE BETWEEN $500 AND $600 PER LINEAR MILE OF CROSS SECTIONS OVER NORMAL FIELD METHODS. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Auto-trol scales model 3900 KW - Borrow KW - Cross sections KW - Determination KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Earthwork KW - Economic benefits KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electrotape model dm-20 KW - Evaluation KW - Photogrammetry KW - Pits KW - Testing KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207814 AU - Kormanik, R AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - BOLTED HYBRID JOINTS PY - 1966/09 AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF HYBRID STEEL BUTT JOINTS OF A36, A440 AND A514 STEEL. THE JOINTS WERE FASTENED BY EITHER A325 OR A490 BOLTS. THE STUDIES WERE DESIGNED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS VARIABLES ON THE JOINT STRENGTH. THE MAJOR VARIABLES STUDIED WERE JOINT LENGTH AND THE RATIO OF THE NET PLATE AREA, A SUB N, TO THE TOTAL FASTENER SHEAR AREA, A SUB S. THE STUDIES INDICATED THAT THE AVERAGE SHEAR STRENGTH OF HYBRID JOINTS WAS EQUAL OR GREATER THAN THE AVERAGE SHEAR STRENGTH OF HOMOGENEOUS JOINTS. HYBRID JOINTS BEHAVED SIMILARLY TO HOMOGENEOUS JOINTS IN THAT AS THE JOINT LENGTH WAS INCREASED, THE AVERAGE SHEAR STRENGTH DECREASED. ALSO, A DECREASE IN A SUB N / A SUB S RATIO IN HYBRID JOINTS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE DECREASE IN AVERAGE SHEAR STRENGTH EXPERIENCED WITH HOMOGENEOUS JOINTS. CURRENTLY USED (1966) DESIGN STRESSES WERE EXAMINED AND IT WAS DEMONSTRATED THAT INCREASING ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN BOTH A325 AND A490 BOLTS WOULD HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON THE MINIMUM FACTOR OF SAFETY IN BEARING-TYPE CONNECTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Area KW - Area ratio KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Butt joints KW - Fasteners KW - Hybrid joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Length KW - Plate metal KW - Shear strength KW - Steel KW - Studies KW - Study analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203126 AU - California Division of Highways TI - A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF WRONG-WAY BARRIERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY PY - 1966/09 AB - THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT ARE: /1/ TO DEVELOP PARAMETER WARRANTS FOR THE EVALUATION OF DEVICES WHICH HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR USE AS WRONG-WAY DRIVING BARRIERS OR DETERRANTS AND /2/ TO CLASSIFY AND EVALUATE THESE DEVICES SO THAT THE MOST PROMISING CAN BE IDENTIFIED AND CONSIDERED FOR DETAILED DESIGN, PROTOTYPE FABRICATION, AND POSSIBLE FULL SCALE TESTING. WARRANTS ESTABLISHED IN THE REPORT STATE THAT THE DEVICE SHOULD BE REASONABLY INEXPENSIVE, RELIABLE, AND NOT PRESENT, OR APPEAR TO PRESENT, A HAZARD TO RIGHT-WAY TRAFFIC. THE REPORT RECOMMENDS THAT ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF DEVICES BE CHOSEN FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND STUDY: /1/ FALSE CURB /ELECTRO-MECHANICAL/, /2/ GATE /ELECTRO-MECHANICAL/, /3/ TIRE PUNCTURING /ELECTRO- MECHANICAL/, AND /4/ COLLAPSING PLATES /MECHANICAL/. THE REPORT NOTES THAT DESIGN POSSIBILITIES SHOULD FIRST BE ESTABLISHED BY A MECHANICAL ENGINEER AS TO THE OPERATING FEASIBILITY OF COLLAPSING PLATES. /BPR/ KW - Barrier types KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Collapse KW - Curbs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Development KW - Electromechanical devices KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Gates KW - Machinery KW - Mechanical devices KW - Mechatronics KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Punctures KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207815 AU - Ferguson, P M AU - Liao, H M AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SHEAR STRENGTH OF BENT CAPS BETWEEN COLUMNS PY - 1966/09 AB - SHEAR AND BOND STRESSES PERMISSIBLE IN BENT CAPS INSIDE THE SUPPORTS, BUT CLOSE TO THEM, WERE STUDIED, FOR COMPARISON WITH EARLIER STUDIES ON SHORT OVERHANGING ENDS. BEHAVIOR WAS NOT QUITE THE SAME, BOND SPLITTING TENDING TO LOWER THE SHEAR STRENGTH SLIGHTLY BELOW THE VERY HIGH LIMITS PERMISSIBLE ON THE OVERHANGING ENDS. IT ALSO APPEARS NECESSARY TO CALCULATE BOND STRESSES, BUT THE PERMISSIBLE STRESSES RECOMMENDED BOTH IN SHEAR AND BOND ARE IN EXCESS OF THOSE COMMONLY SPECIFIED. ALTHOUGH THE STRENGTH ADDED BY VERTICAL STIRRUPS AT A/D OF 0.5 WAS NEGLIGIBLE, IT WAS FOUND SAFE AND EFFICIENT TO COMBINE THE RECOMMENDED SHEAR VALUE OF CONCRETE WITH THE FULL SHEAR VALUE OF STIRRUPS AS ORDINARILY COMPUTED. THE STIRRUPS DELAYED SPLITTING IN THOSE LENGTHS WERE SPLITTING TENDED TO LOWER SHEAR STRENGTH. WHERE STIRRUPS WERE LESS EFFECTIVE, THE SHEAR STRENGTH WITHOUT STIRRUPS WAS ALREADY HIGHER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bents KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Columns KW - Concrete KW - Overhang KW - Shear strength KW - Stirrups KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202571 AU - Ghosh, Soumya K AU - Ramey, E H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - SUPER-WIDE-ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION IN HIGHWAY MAPPING PY - 1966/09 AB - SUPERWIDE ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY HAS BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE MAPPING; THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO EVALUATE SUPERWIDE-ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY FOR LARGE SCALE MAPPING /HIGHWAY MAPPING/. ONE ASPECT OF THE EVALUATION WAS TO ESTABLISH TEST PROCEDURES AND THEN TEST THE PROCEDURES UTILIZING FIRST ORDER STEREOPLOTTERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTER, AP/C. THE EVALUATION ALSO INCLUDED COMPARISON OF THE SUPERWIDE-ANGLE SYSTEM TO THE STANDARD WIDE-ANGLE SYSTEM. ESTABLISHED TEST PROCEDURES INVOLVED INTERIOR ORIENTATION, FILM DISTORTION, CALIBRATION OF FIDUCIAL SYSTEM, CORRECTION FOR FILM DISTORTION, LENS DISTORTION, EARTH CURVATURE, ATMOSPHORIC REFRACTION, CORRECTOR PLATES, RELATIVE ORIENTATION AND ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION. TESTING THE PROCEDURES INVOLVED PROCESSING AN AEROTRIANGULATION PROBLEM WITH PHOTOGRAPHS OF A CONTROLLED TEST AREA. RESULTS OBTAINED FROM AP/C WERE COMPARED WITH RESULTS FROM THE ANALOGUE STEREOPLOTTER /WILD A7/. DOCUMENTATION FOR THE CALIBRATION PROCEDURES FOR INTERIOR ORIENTATION, FORMULAS FOR ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION, LINEAR TRANSFORMATION OF STRIP COORDINATES, STRIP ADJUSTMENT, FORMULAS AND COMPUTER COEFFICIENTS FOR RELATIVE ORIENTATION ARE PRESENTED IN THE APPENDIX OF THE REPORT. THE CONCLUSIONS INDICATE THE TESTS EXCEEDED EXPECTATIONS. HOWEVER, BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED SCOPE AND SIZE OF THE TEST, THE RESULTS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR PLANNING PURPOSES. THE REPORT PRESENTS SEVERAL STRONG RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONTINUING STUDY OF THE SUBJECT MATTER. /BPR/ KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Angle photography KW - Calibration KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Mapping KW - Photographic methods KW - Photography KW - Stereographic projection KW - Stereoscopic map plotters KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237426 AU - Dunphy, W J AU - Bigelow, N AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Department of Commerce AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INSULATION OF SUBGRADE-SECOND YEAR SUMMARY PY - 1966/09 AB - THE EFFECTIVENESS WAS EVALUATED OF AN INSULATING MATERIAL INSTALLED TO PREVENT OR REDUCE FREEZING OF THE SUBGRADE SOILS AND CONSEQUENTLY TO REDUCE OR ELIMINATE DIFFERENTIAL FROST HEAVES IN PAVEMENTS. THE INSULATION USED WAS STYROFOAM WHICH WAS PLACED IN TWO LANES OF A RELOCATED MAJOR HIGHWAY ABOUT TEN MILES SOUTH OF BANGOR, MAINE. THE ADJACENT TWO LANES, WHICH ARE UNINSULATED, SERVE AS A NORMAL ROADWAY FOR COMPARISON WITH THE INSULATED SECTIONS. BY MEANS OF MORE THAN 250 THERMOCOUPLES, THE SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURES WERE MONITORED THROUGHOUT TWO FREEZING SEASONS. THE SOILS BENEATH THE CENTER OF THE INSULATION WERE PREVENTED FROM COOLING TO 32 F. WATER CONTENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE SOILS BOTH ABOVE AND BELOW THE INSULATION WERE OBTAINED BY MEANS OF NUCLEAR DEPTH PROBES. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE STYROFOAM FORMS AN EFFECTIVE BARRIER TO THE MIGRATION OF MOISTURE. THE PRIMARY BENEFIT OF THE STYROFOAM IS THE UNFROZEN SUBGRADE WHICH EXPERIENCED LESS HEAVE DURING THE BREAK-UP PERIOD THAN THE UNINSULATED SECTION. THE HEAVE MEASUREMENTS WERE OBTAINED FROM SUCCESSIVE LEVEL SURVEYS WHICH WERE COMPARED WITH A REFERENCE ELEVATION OBTAINED PRIOR TO EACH FREEZING SEASON. BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED AT INTERVALS THROUGHOUT EACH FREEZING SEASON INDICATE LESS DEFLECTION ON THE INSULATED SECTIONS DURING THE BREAK-UP PERIOD. THE UNINSULATED SECTION DEVELOPED NUMEROUS PAVEMENT CRACKS, BUT BECAUSE OF THE UNFROZEN SUBGRADE, THE PAVEMENT IN THE INSULATED SECTIONS EXHIBITS NO EVIDENCE OF CRACKING. A DISC PRESSURE CELL SYSTEM WAS INSTALLED TO MEASURE SOIL PRESSURE ABOVE AND BELOW THE STYROFOAM. UNFORTUNATELY THIS MEASURING SYSTEM PROVED UNSATISFACTORY. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection KW - Earth pressure KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Experimental roads KW - Foams KW - Freezing KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Insulating materials KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Polystyrene KW - Prevention KW - Soil freezing KW - Soils KW - Styrofoam KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thermocouples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237209 AU - Dunphy, W J AU - Bigelow, N AU - Maine State Highway Commission TI - INVESTIGATION OF INSULATING EFFECT OF MATERIALS ON SUBGRADE PY - 1966/09 AB - THIS PROJECT WAS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSULATING MATERIAL INSTALLED TO PREVENT OR REDUCE FREEZING OF THE SUBGRADE SOILS AND CONSEQUENTLY TO REDUCE OR ELIMINATE DIFFERENTIAL FROST HEAVES. THE INSULATION EMPLOYED WAS STYROFOAM, A PRODUCT OF THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, AND WAS PLACED IN TWO LANES OF A RELOCATED MAJOR HIGHWAY ABOUT 10 MILES SOUTH OF BANGOR, MAINE. THE ADJACENT TWO LANES, WHICH ARE UNINSULATED, SERVE AS A NORMAL ROADWAY FOR COMPARISON WITH THE INSULATED SECTIONS. BY MEANS OF MORE THAN 250 THERMOCOUPLES, THE SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURES WERE MONITORED THROUGHOUT TWO FREEZING SEASONS. THE SOILS BENEATH THE CENTER OF THE INSULATION WERE PREVENTED FROM COOLING TO 32 DEGREES F. HOWEVER, THE TWO WINTERS WERE NOT AS COLD AS CAN BE EXPECTED IN THE REGION, AND NO ESTIMATE OF THE REDUCTION IN THE PENETRATION OF 32 DEGREES F TEMPERATURES CAN BE GIVEN. WATER CONTENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE SOILS BOTH ABOVE AND BELOW THE INSULATION WERE OBTAINED BY MEANS OF NUCLEAR DEPTH PROBES. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE STYROFOAM FORMS AN EFFECTIVE BARRIER TO THE MIGRATION OF MOISTURE. THE PRIMARY BENEFIT OF THE STYROFOAM WAS THE UNFROZEN SUBGRADE, WHICH EXPERIENCED LESS HEAVE DURING THE BREAK-UP PERIOD THAN THE UNINSULATED SECTION. THE HEAVE MEASUREMENTS WERE OBTAINED FROM SUCCESSIVE LEVEL SURVEYS WHICH WERE COMPARED WITH A REFERENCE ELEVATION OBTAINED PRIOR TO EACH FREEZING SEASON. BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED AT INTERVALS THROUGHOUT EACH FREEZING SEASON INDICATE LESS DEFLECTION ON THE INSULATED SECTIONS DURING THE BREAK-UP PERIOD. BECAUSE OF THE UNFROZEN SUBGRADE , THE PAVEMENT IN THE INSULATED SECTIONS EXHIBITS NO EVIDENCE OF CRACKING. HOWEVER, THE UNINSULATED SECTION, ALTHOUGH IN SATISFACTORY CONDITION, HAS DEVELOPED NUMEROUS PAVEMENT CRACKS. A SYSTEM OF STRAIN GAGE UNITS WAS INSTALLED TO MEASURE THE SURFACE DEFLECTION OF THE STYROFOAM. NO DEFINITE RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBTAINED BECAUSE OF THE DIFFICULTY IN RELATING STRAIN TO DEFLECTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bangor (Maine) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Control structures KW - Deflection KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Freezing KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Geological surveying KW - Insulating materials KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Prevention KW - Styrofoam KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Surface phenomena KW - Thermocouples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240815 AU - Smith, Wilbur & Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF BUS TRANSIT DEMAND IN MIDDLE-SIZED URBAN AREAS PY - 1966/09 AB - THE BASIC PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL USE OF BUS TRANSIT IN MIDDLE-SIZED URBAN AREAS AND THEREBY REDUCE HIGHWAY CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS. THE STUDY /1/ ESTIMATES TOTAL TRAFFIC DEMAND, /2/ REVIEWS THE EXISTING ALLOCATION OF DEMAND BY MODE, /3/ PROPOSES TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS ON MODAL SPLIT BY VARIOUS TYPES OF IMPROVEMENTS IN BUS SERVICE AND FACILITIES, AND /4/ CONSIDERS THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF PUBLIC POLICY IN PROMOTING THIS DIVERSION. THE STUDY REVEALS OVERWHELMING CONCENTRATION OF EXISTING BUS RIDERSHIP IN THE FIVE STUDY AREAS AMONG CAPTIVE PATRONS /PERSONS WITHOUT ACCESS TO AN AUTOMOBILE/, RANGING FROM 80 TO 88 PERCENT. THEREUPON, THE STUDY PROCEEDS TO ANALYZE THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL TRIP MAKERS AND OF TRANSIT RIDERS. THE VARIABLES CAREFULLY ANALYZED INCLUDED AGE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, NUMBER OF EMPLOYED PERSONS, HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT CARS, AND THE EFFECT OF CAR OWNERSHIP INCLUDING MULTICAR AVAILABILITY. THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED ARE CLEAR FOR TRIP MAKING: THE HIGHER THE INCOME THE GREATER THE NUMBER OF TRIPS AND WHEN INCOME IS HELD CONSTANT, TRIPS INCREASE WITH BOTH THE SIZE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND WITH THE NUMBER OF AUTOMOBILES. THESE CONCLUSIONS ARE IMPRESSIVELY PRESENTED IN TABULAR AND GRAPHIC FORM. /BPR/ KW - Age KW - Allocations KW - Automobiles KW - Bus transportation KW - Cost allocation KW - Demand KW - Employment KW - Estimates KW - Evaluation KW - Highway capacity KW - Households KW - Improvements KW - Income KW - Modal split KW - Ownership KW - Passengers KW - Public transit KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Requirement KW - Social factors KW - Specifications KW - Traffic KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215848 AU - Calkins, J M AU - Silver, H F AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie TI - A STUDY OF THE HYDROGENATION OF A WYOMING COAL PY - 1966/08/22 AB - A REPORT IS PRESENTED ON WORK DONE IN HYDROGENATING A COAL FOR PRODUCTION OF BITUMENS THAT MIGHT BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. IT CONSISTS LARGELY OF DESCRIPTIONS OF MATERIALS, PROCESS CONDITIONS, YIELDS, AND CONTAINS INFORMATION ON THE KINETICS OF THE PROCESSES AND ON SEVERAL MECHANISMS TO EXPLAIN PRODUCT FORMATION. SOME INFORMATION IS ALSO GIVEN TO INDICATE THE CHARACTER OF THE BITUMENS PRODUCED UNDER DIFFERENT PROCESS CONDITIONS. THE BITUMENS APPEAR TO HAVE ADHESIVE PROPERTIES COMPARABLE TO THOSE OF ROAD TAR AND SUPERIOR TO THOSE OF PETROLEUM ASPHALTS. VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE IN A MODIFIED THIN FILM OVEN TEST OF THE HYDROGENATED PRODUCT APPEAR TO BE INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THOSE OF ASPHALT AND ROAD TARS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT PRODUCTION OF A ROAD BINDER FROM A WYOMING COAL BY A HYDROGENATION PROCESS IS FEASIBLE. /BPR/ KW - Adhesives KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen tests KW - Coal KW - Evaluation KW - Hydrogenation KW - Materials tests KW - Oven tests KW - Performance tests KW - Process variables KW - Production KW - Properties of materials KW - Road construction KW - Sensitivity KW - Temperature KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity index KW - Wyoming KW - Wyoming coal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219677 AU - COPPIN, R S AU - Oldenbeek, G V AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - CONTROL OF THE NEGLIGENT DRIVER, PART 3 PY - 1966/08/15 AB - THE SIX YEAR POST-ACTION DRIVING PERFORMANCE OF THE NEGLIGENT DRIVER IN CALIFORNIA IS REPORTED AND THE PERCENTAGE OF DRIVERS WHO EITHER REMAINED IN OR RETURNED TO THE NEGLIGENT DRIVER CATEGORY WAS EXAMINED. THE DRIVER PERIOD OF 4,034 NEGLIGENT DRIVERS WERE ANALYZED FOR THE SIX YEAR PERIOD AFTER THEIR FIRST CONTACT WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES. DESCRIPTIVE VARIABLES WERE ANALYZED TO ARRIVE AT A PROFILE OF THE DRIVERS WHO REMAINED NEGLIGENT DRIVERS. THIS HARD-CORE NEGLIGENT DRIVER DOES NOT IMPROVE HIS DRIVING RECORD TO ANY APPRECIABLE DEGREE IN SPITE OF REPEATED DRIVER IMPROVEMENT CONTACTS. THE ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT ONE IN SIX NEGLIGENT DRIVERS REMAINED NEGLIGENT DURING THE FIRST THREE YEAR PERIOD AFTER ACTION AND ONE-FOURTH OF THESE REMAINED NEGLIGENT FOR THE ENTIRE SIX YEAR PERIOD. ONE IN THIRTEEN OF THE REMAINING FIVE-SIXTHS BECAME NEGLIGENT AGAIN DURING THE SECOND THREE YEARS AFTER ACTION. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN DRIVING RECORD WAS FOUND FOR ENTIRE SAMPLE FOR SECOND THREE YEARS WHEN COMPARED WITH THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER ORIGINAL ACTION. THE ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT OF NEGLIGENT DRIVERS OVER-ALL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN FOR CALIFORNIA DRIVING POPULATION AND THE TREND OF HIGH SUBSEQUENT CONVICTIONS AND ACCIDENTS COUNTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH PRIOR COUNTS. THE PERCENTAGE OF MALE NEGLIGENT DRIVERS WHO REMAINED NEGLIGENT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN FEMALE NEGLIGENT DRIVERS. THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT AGE TREND FOR NEGLIGENT DRIVERS WHO REMAINED NEGLIGENT DRIVERS FOR THREE OR SIX YEARS AFTER THE FIRST ACTION. THE AVERAGE NEGLIGENT OPERATOR COUNT OF SUSPENDED OR REVOKED DRIVERS WAS ABOVE THE TOTAL SAMPLE AVERAGE FOR BOTH THREE YEAR POST-ACTION PERIODS. KW - Age KW - Analysis KW - California KW - Control KW - Convictions KW - Crash rates KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Negligence KW - Personnel performance KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207804 AU - Pool, R B AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TWO COLUMN RIGID FRAME PIER BENT PY - 1966/08/01 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES 22 COMPUTER PROGRAMS DEVELOPED FOR THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TWO COLUMN RIGID FRAME PIERS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. THE PROGRAMS WERE DEVELOPED IN THE FORTRAN PROGRAMING LANGUAGE FOR AN IBM 1620 DIGITAL COMPUTER WITH A BASIC STORAGE CAPACITY OF 20,000 UNITS. THE 22 PROGRAMS, EACH OF WHICH REQUIRE PRACTICALLY ALL STORAGE AVAILABLE, ARE COMPILED AND INTEGRATED TO FORM A SYSTEM BY CARRYING PERTINENT DATA FORWARD, FROM ONE PROGRAM TO ANOTHER. THE PROGRAMS DETERMINE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS, SHEARS AND REACTIONS AT NUMEROUS POINTS ON THE STRUCTURES DUE TO LIVE LOAD, DEAD LOAD, WIND LOADS, AND LONGITUDINAL FORCES. THESE RESULTS ARE PRINTED ALONG WITH THE MAXIMUM COMBINATIONS OF MOMENTS AND SHEARS FOR LOADING GROUPS I, II AND III AS PROVIDED FOR IN THE AASHO SPECIFICATION. LONGITUDINAL STEEL AREAS, STIRRUP SIZES AND SPACINGS ARE COMPUTED. IN ADDITION, AN INFLUENCE LINE PROGRAM IS INCLUDED WHICH DETERMINES COEFFICIENTS FOR BENDING MOMENTS AT QUARTER POINTS OF A FOUR SPAN CONTINUOUS GIRDER. THE INFLUENCE LINE ORDINATES ARE DETERMINED FOR A UNIT LOAD APPLIED AT THE TENTH POINTS OF THE FOUR SPANS. /BPR/ KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge piers KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Digital computers KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Frames KW - Highway bridges KW - IBM 1620 computer KW - Rigid frames KW - Shear strength KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207812 AU - Dallam, L N AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - University of Missouri, Columbia TI - STUDY OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE STRINGERS - PUSHOUT TESTS WITH HIGH-STRENGTH PRETENSIONED BOLTS PY - 1966/08 AB - TWELVE STATIC PUSHOUT TESTS USING HIGH STRENGTH PRETENSIONED BOLTS AS SHEAR CONNECTORS WERE PERFORMED. BOLTS WITH DIAMETERS OF 1/2, 5/8, AND 3/4 INCHES WERE TENSIONED BY THE TURN-OF-NUT METHOD AND EMBEDDED IN NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE SLABS. THE LOAD-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF BOLTS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF STUDS. COMPANION SPECIMENS WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF TENSION INDUCED IN A BOLT BY THE TURN-OF-NUT METHOD AND TO DETERMINE THE IMPORTANCE OF EDGE CLEARANCE IN HAUNCHED MEMBERS. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS WERE' /1/ HIGH STRENGTH PRETENSIONED BOLTS EXHIBIT PRACTICALLY ZERO SLIP IN THE WORKING RANGE OF THE LOAD. /2/ BOLTS ATTAIN A CRITICAL LOAD OR USEFUL CAPACITY THAT IS TWICE THAT OF STUDS. /3/ THERE IS APPARENTLY NO LOSS IN PRESTRESS WITH TIME IN HIGH QUALITY CONCRETE. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bolts KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Concrete KW - Fasteners KW - High strength bolts KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pretensioning KW - Pushout tests KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Slabs KW - Slippage KW - Static tests KW - Stringers KW - Studs UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/Dallam1966_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205345 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Herber, F AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A REPORT ON THE CONTINUITY BETWEEN A CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND A CONTINUOUS SLAB BRIDGE PY - 1966/08 AB - AN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT WAS COMPLETED IN WHICH REINFORCING STEEL WAS USED TO TIE THE TERMINAL END OF A CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT /CRCP/ TO AN OVERPASS APPROACH SLAB WHICH, IN TURN, WAS TIED TO BOTH THE ABUTMENT AND THE OVERPASS DECK SLAB. THE PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT WAS TO MAINTAIN ROADWAY CONTINUITY AS A MEANS OF MINIMIZING MAINTENANCE AND ROUGHNESS PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION AT BRIDGE AND OVERPASS APPROACHES. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE DETAILS OF THE CONTINUOUS SYSTEM AND PRESENTS OBSERVATIONAL INFORMATION DURING THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF SERVICE. AN IDENTICAL OVERPASS STRUCTURE IN THE OPPOSITE ROADWAY WITH CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES SERVED AS A CONTROL. PERIODIC INSPECTIONS INCLUDED /1/ THE RECORDING OF ALL CRACKS IN THE APPROACH SLABS AND IN SEVERAL HUNDRED FEET OF THE CRCP IN EACH DIRECTION FROM THE OVERPASS AND /2/ CLOSE EXAMINATION OF THE OVERPASS ABUTMENTS. IN THE EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION, THE 40-FOOT APPROACH SLABS ON EITHER SIDE OF THE OVERPASS DEVELOPED A TRANSVERSE CRACK NEAR THE STRUCTURE AND ANOTHER TRANSVERSE CRACK OF HALF-MOON OR PARABOLIC PATTERN NEAR THE PAVEMENT END, WITH THE LATTER CRACK BEING IN EXCESS OF 0.1 INCH. AFTER TWO YEARS OF SERVICE THE APPEARANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION WAS SUPERIOR TO THE CONTROL INSTALLATION WITH ITS WIDE EXPANSION JOINTS. CLOSE EXAMINATION OF THE OVERPASS ABUTMENTS DID NOT REVEAL ANY DISTRESS. ON THE BASIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION, THE INVESTIGATORS CONCLUDE THAT A MARKED IMPROVEMENT CAN BE MADE OVER CURRENT DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE HIGHWAY PAVEMENT AND BRIDGE OR OVERPASS DECKS. THE RECOMMENDATION WAS MADE THAT, IN FUTURE EXPERIMENTS, THE APPROACH SLABS BE ELIMINATED, THE CRCP BE CONTINUOUS TO THE BRIDGE OR OVERPASS DECK AND THE END OF CRCP BE ANCHORED INTO THE ABUTMENT, BUT NOT TO THE DECK SLAB . /BPR/ KW - Abutments KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Continuity KW - Continuous structures KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design standards KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental roads KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway pavement KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Overpasses KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Slabs KW - Texas KW - Transition zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207810 AU - Long, J R AU - Buettner, D R AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - University of Missouri, Columbia TI - PART 3C DEFLECTIONS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1966/08 AB - THE EFFECT OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE ON THE DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS WAS STUDIED IN THE LABORATORY. DEFLECTION WAS DETERMINED BEFORE AND AFTER PRESTRESS TRANSFER AND AFTER A PERIOD OF LIVE LOADING. AT THE SAME TIME CREEP AND SHRINKAGE DATA WERE TAKEN ON CONCRETE PRISMS AND CYLINDERS. THESE EXPERIMENTAL DATA WERE COMPARED WITH DEFLECTIONS PREDICTED BY TWO THEORETICAL METHODS IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE CREEP COEFFICIENTS AND THE SHRINKAGE POTENTIALS OBTAINED FROM COMPANION SPECIMENS CAN PREDICT DEFLECTION DURING ALL STAGES OF LOADING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH REASONABLE ACCURACY. KW - Beams KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Shrinkage KW - Specimens KW - Theory UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP67-2_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205343 AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - AUTOMATIC ICY ROAD SIGN STUDY PY - 1966/08 AB - A BRIDGE DECK SURFACE WHEN IT BECOMES ICY PRESENTS A SERIOUS HAZARD TO A MOTORIST. IN SOME STATES HE IS WARNED OF THE IMPENDING DANGER BY SIGNS WHICH ARE PUT OUT AND TAKEN IN AS NEEDED. HOWEVER, THEY REQUIRE SOMEONE TO MANUALLY DO THIS OPERATION. ACCORDINGLY, THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE RESULT OF TESTS TO EVALUATE THE ABILITY OF A CONTROL DEVICE TO DETECT, AND AUTOMATICALLY INDICATE WHEN SUCH AN ICY CONDITION EXISTS. THE ICY CONDITION IS DETERMINED BY ELECTRONIC SENSORS WHICH ARE INSTALLED IN THE PAVEMENT AND DETECT WHEN BOTH THE TEMPERATURE OF THE PAVEMENT IS LESS THAN 30 DEGREES F AND A FILM OF WATER EXISTS. ONLY WHEN THESE TWO CONDITIONS EXIST ARE THE ICY ROAD WARNING SIGNS AUTOMATICALLY TURNED ON. THE OPERATION OF THE SIGNS WAS EVALUATED BY ANALYZING THEIR OPERATIONAL RECORDS. ALSO, CONTINUOUS RECORDINGS OF AIR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY WERE TAKEN SIMULTANEOUSLY. AN IMPORTANT CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY IS THAT THE PROPER INSTALLATIONAL LOCATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE SENSORS IS CRITICAL. /BPR/ KW - Automatic control KW - Bridge decks KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Humidity KW - Ice KW - Installation KW - Location KW - Moisture content KW - Recording KW - Sensors KW - Temperature sensors KW - Test results KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219668 AU - Penn, H S AU - Calfornia Highway Patrol TI - CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE CAR ACCIDENTS, FIRST FOLLOW-UP PY - 1966/08 AB - THIS IS AN INTERIM REPORT ON A LONG RANGE INVESTIGATION OF THE IDENTIFYING CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE CAR ACCIDENTS IN CALIFORNIA. THE PRESENT STUDY IS A SEQUEL TO THE ORIGINAL STUDY WHICH BEGAN IN 1961 AND WAS PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR IN 1965. THE PURPOSE OF BOTH THE ORIGINAL STUDY AND THE FOLLOW-UP IS TO RELATE THE INCIDENCE OF SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS TO CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS THE MOTORISTS OCCUPATION, AGE GROUP, AND PREVIOUS DRIVING RECORD. IN A SURVEY SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE ORIGINAL STUDY, OCCUPATIONAL STATUS, DRIVING RECORD, AND AGE WERE FOUND TO BE CORRELATED WITH SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE LISTED ACCIDENT FACTORS WOULD PERMIT THE IDENTIFICATION OF A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF HIGH ACCIDENT RISK DRIVERS. /BPR/ KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - California KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Drivers KW - Occupations KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Single-car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206296 AU - Lamb, D R AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Gietz, R H AU - PAVLOVICH, R D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie TI - ROADWAY FAILURE STUDY NO 1 PY - 1966/08 AB - EXPANSIVE CLAY SOILS WERE INVESTIGATED BY DETERMINATION OF WATER INFILTRATING A TYPICAL EXPANSIVE CLAY SUBGRADE, INCLUDING MOISTURE CONTENT, DENSITY, AND SURFACE ELEVATION CHANGES FOR SELECTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SECTIONS. EVALUATION WAS CONDUCTED OF CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZATION METHODS, INCLUDING TYPES OF STABILIZATION, DEPTH TO WHICH STABILIZATION IS NEEDED AND METHODS OF INJECTING THE CHEMICAL STABILIZER INTO UNDISTURBED SOIL. TWO ADJACENT SECTIONS OF I-25 ON THE CODY SHALE FORMATION WERE STUDIED, EACH HAVING AN ASPHALT-TREATED BASE COURSE ON A VARIABLE THICKNESS OF SELECT-MATERIAL SUBBASE, BUT ONE SECTION HAVING A PLASTIC MEMBRANE WITHIN THE SUBBASE. SOIL SAMPLING AND NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS SHOWED THAT BENTONITE LENSES HAD A HIGHER MOISTURE CONTENT THAN THE SHALEY CLAY AND THAT WATER MOVED THROUGH THESE LENSES. SINCE THERE WAS PRACTICALLY NO CHANGE IN MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY DURING THE FALL AND WINTER MONTHS, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT OBSERVATIONS WERE NEEDED OVER A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME. LABORATORY TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON A BULK SAMPLE OF THE CLAY FOR STABILIZATION OF THE SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS AND A DETERMINATION OF LIME MIGRATION. WATERPROOFING AGENTS WERE USED AND THOSE WITHOUT LIME WERE FOUND INEFFECTIVE IN REDUCING SWELL. LABORATORY TESTS ON IN-PLACE STABILIZATION WITH LIME UTILIZED SLURRIES OF TWO LIMES WITH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, APPLIED PRESSURE AND ELECTRIC CURRENT TO FORCE LIME MIGRATION. THERE WAS NO LIME MOVEMENT. WITH 75 PSI PRESSURE, WATER MOVEMENT OCCURRED BUT NO LIME WAS DETECTED AT 1/2 INCH FROM THE SOIL-SLURRY INTERFACE. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVERBURDEN PRESSURE AND VOLUME CHANGE OF AN EXPANSIVE CLAY WAS DETERMINED. LATERAL CRACKING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS ON UNTREATED BASE COURSES IN WYOMING WAS INVESTIGATED. BASIC STRESS-RESPONSIVE PROPERTIES OF PAVEMENT MIXTURES WERE DETERMINED FROM SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM FOUR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THERMAL STRESSES ARE ORIENTED IN SUCH A MANNER AS TO CAUSE LATERAL CRACKING AND THAT SUCH CRACKING IS NOT DUE TO SUPERIMPOSED LOADING. KW - Bentonite KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bulk sampling / statistical/ KW - Chemical means KW - Chemical substances KW - Earth pressure KW - Expansive clays KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Infiltration KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lenses (Geology) KW - Lenses /soils/ KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear tests KW - Overburdens KW - Sampling KW - Shale KW - Soil densification KW - Soil deposits KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thermal stresses KW - Thickness KW - Volume changes KW - Water sources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201182 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 45 ON CONROE, TEXAS PY - 1966/08 AB - THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE NEW BY-PASS ROUTE /IH 45/ ON THE CONROE STUDY WERE MEASURED AND ANALYZED IN TERMS OF CHANGES IN LAND VALUES, LAND USES, BUSINESS ACTIVITIES, TRAVEL PATTERN AND GENERAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. THE SUMMARY OF THESE FINDINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS' /1/ IH 45 INCREASED STUDY AREA LAND VALUES CONSIDERABLY, /2/ IH 45 HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE INFLUENCE ON LAND USE CHANGES, /3/ IH 45 INFLUENCED BUSINESS ACTIVITY CONSIDERABLY, /4/ IH 45 SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED THE TRAVEL PATTERN OF HIGHWAY USERS, AND ESSENTIALLY THE MAJORITY OF THE THROUGH TRAFFIC, INCLUDING TRUCKS, WAS SUCCESSFULLY ROUTED AROUND CONROE. /5/ CONROE AND MONTGOMERY COUNTY HAVE MADE CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH SINCE THE CONSTRUCTION OF IH 45. KW - Businesses KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201181 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 10 ON CHAMBERS COUNTY, TEXAS PY - 1966/08 AB - THIS IS A REPORT INVOLVING RESEARCH IN A RURAL AREA ALONG INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 10 ABOUT 50 MILES EAST OF HOUSTON, BETWEEN STATE HIGHWAY 61 AND WINNIE, IN CHAMBERS COUNTY. A BEFORE AND AFTER ANALYSIS OF SALES ALONG THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY AND IN A NEARBY CONTROL AREA, INDICATES POSITIVE LAND VALUE INFLUENCES TRACEABLE TO THE BUILDING OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 10. THE LAND USE CHANGES IN THE STUDY AREA WERE TO HIGHER USES WITH NEW COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES APPEARING NEAR THE INTERCHANGES. THE RESEARCHER CONCLUDES THAT THE PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS SUGGESTS THAT THE ECONOMIC BASE OF CHAMBERS COUNTY HAS BEEN MODESTLY STIMULATED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 10. DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1958 TO 1963 RETAIL TRADE SALES INCREASED FROM $8 MILLION TO $11 MILLION. BANK DEPOSITS INCREASED BY OVER FIFTY PERCENT FROM 1959 TO 1964. COUNTY TAX VALUATIONS FOR THE PERIOD 1959 TO 1964 INCREASED FROM SLIGHTLY OVER $40 MILLION TO NEARLY $62 MILLION. /BPR/ KW - Banking industry KW - Before and after studies KW - Deposits KW - Deposits (Geology) KW - Economic impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Rural areas KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222554 AU - Waller, J A AU - California State Dept Public Health TI - SUBSTUDY A'INDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM DRINKING AMONG DRUNK DRIVERS SUBSTUDY B'CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AGING, AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1966/08 AB - PHASE I. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECTS FIRST PHASE WAS TO DETERMINE WHAT PROPORTION OF A SAMPLE OF PEOPLE WITH DRUNK DRIVING RECORDS MIGHT BE IDENTIFIED WITHIN A SHORT TIME AFTER ARREST AS PROBABLY HAVING A SERIOUS DRINKING PROBLEM OR AS SUFFERING FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM. THE SCREENING CRITERIA FOR PROBLEM DRINKING WERE TWO OR MORE ARRESTS INVOLVING ALCOHOL OR AN IMPRESSION OF PROBLEM DRINKING OR ALCOHOLISM BY A COMMUNITY AGENCY. FROM A TOTAL SAMPLE OF 600 MALE RESIDENTS, THESE CRITERIA WERE MET BY 63 PERCENT OF THE DRUNK DRIVER SAMPLE, HALF OF THE ACCIDENTS INVOLVED DRINKING DRIVERS, 30 PERCENT OF THE WARRANT GROUP SAMPLE, 14 PERCENT OF THE SOBER DRIVERS IN ACCIDENTS SAMPLE, 8 PERCENT OF DRIVERS WITH CITATIONS, AND 3 PERCENT OF THE INCIDENT FREE FREE DRIVERS SAMPLE. PHASE II. A COMPARISON OF ACCIDENT RATES OF 444 DRIVERS OVER 60 YEARS OF AGE IS MADE WITH 267 DRIVERS WHOSE AGES VARIED FROM 30-59. THE OVER 60 GROUP HAS BEEN SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES' /1/ HEALTHY, /2/ SENILE, /3/ CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES, AND /4/ CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES AND SENILITY. SIGNIFICANT INCREASES ABOVE THE AGE 30-59 GROUP IN MEAN INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENT RATES WERE FOUND ONLY AMONG DRIVERS WITH SENILITY OR WITH BOTH SENILITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES. /BPR/ KW - Age KW - Alcohols KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Crash rates KW - Dementia KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Mental disorders KW - Problem drivers KW - Traffic citations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201191 AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAY SEVERANCE STUDY NUMBER 9, WESTERN KENTUCKY PARKWAY, ELIZABETHTOWN TO LEITCHFIELD PY - 1966/08 AB - THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY WERE TO ANALYZE THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF INTERSTATE RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION ON ADJOINING FARMLAND, AND THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS AS REFLECTED BY THE PURCHASE AND SALES OF PROPERTY ADJOINING THE RIGHT-OF- WAY SUBSEQUENT TO THE TAKING. THE STUDY AREA SELECTED PROVIDED A CROSS SECTION OF FARMS IN VARIOUS STATES OF CULTIVATION, INCLUDING POTENTIALLY HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE LAND TO VERY MARGINAL FARMLAND. AMONG THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY WERE: (1) THAT THE MERE NUMBER OF PROPERTY OWNERS ADJOINING A LANDLOCKED TRACT HAS NOT NECESSARILY INFLUENCED ITS AFTER VALUE, (2) THAT THE MAJORITY OF THE ISOLATED (64%) AND MAIN (88%) TRACTS WERE PURCHASED BY INDIVIDUALS AS HOMESITES WITH ALL THE PURCHASERS OF MAIN TRACTS HOLDING FULL-TIME OFF-FARM EMPLOYMENT, AND (3) THAT MOST FARMERS IN THE STUDY AREA HAVE MADE ONE OR MORE OPERATIONAL ADJUSTMENTS BECAUSE OF THE SEPARATION OF THEIR ACREAGE BY THE RIGHT-OF-WAY TAKING, SUCH AS THE SALE OF ALL OR PART OF THEIR REMAINDER TRACT, THE REARRANGEMENT OF INTERNAL FENCING, FIELD REALINEMENTS, DIGGING PONDS TO REPLACE STOCK WATER TAKEN FOR THE RIGHT-OF- WAY, AND CONVERTING OF ACREAGE TO THE FEED GRAIN PROGRAM. KW - Acre KW - Conversion KW - Economic impacts KW - Excavation KW - Farms KW - Fences KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land values KW - Loss and damage KW - Ownership KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Properties of materials KW - Property acquisition KW - Purchasing KW - Remainders (Property law) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Sales KW - Severance KW - Tract UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206290 AU - Forsyth, R AU - Hannon, J AU - California Division of Highways TI - STATEWIDE FOLLOW-UP DEFLECTION STUDY OF OVERLAYS AND ROADWAY RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1966/08 AB - THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THE FIRST PART OF THE STUDY IS TO ESTABLISH, FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS, A CORRELATION BETWEEN TOLERABLE DEFLECTION, STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND TRAFFIC LOADINGS . THIS COMPRISES ANNUAL DEFLECTION AND RUT DEPTH MEASUREMENTS, AND CRACK SURVEYS ON SELECTED TEST SECTIONS HAVING VARIOUS STRUCTURAL DESIGNS. ASPHALT CONCRETE CORES ARE OBTAINED FROM EACH TEST SECTION AND ARE SUBJECTED TO THE FOLLOWING LABORATORY TESTS: /1/ EXTRACTION AND GRADATION, /2/ PENETRATION, DUCTILITY AND SOFTENING POINT OF THE RECOVERED ASPHALT, /3/ DENSITY AND VOID CONTENT, /4/ STABILITY, /5/ COHESION, /6/ WATER PERMEABILITY AND, /7/ CENTER-POINT LOADING SIMPLE BEAMS, DEFLECTIONS ARE MEASURED IN THE SPRING BY THE CALIFORNIA TRAVELING DEFLECTOMETER. A TRAFFIC INDEX IS DETERMINED FOR EACH SECTION. THE SECOND PART OF THE STUDY RELATES TO THE DETERMINATION OF THE DEFLECTION ATTENUATION RESULTING FROM VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF RESURFACING ON SELECTED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS HAVING DIFFERENT DESIGNS. IN THE THIRD PORTION OF THE STUDY, RELATIONS BETWEEN PAVEMENT DEFLECTION, SURFACE CURVATURE AND PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE ARE BEING INVESTIGATED. A MEASURE OF CURVATURE IS OBTAINED BY THE DEHLEN CURVATURE METER. THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ARE REPORTED: /1/ DEFLECTIONS TEND TO DECREASE DURING THE FIRST 3 YEARS OF PAVEMENT LIFE AND INCREASE AFTER ABOUT 4 YEARS, /2/ PENETRATION TEST RESULTS ON RECOVERED ASPHALT IS GENERALLY RELATED TO THE AIR VOID CONTENT AND FILM THICKNESS, /3/ THERE IS AN INCREASE IN THE RATE OF DEFLECTION ATTENUATION AS THE THICKNESS OF RESURFACING IS REDUCED, AND /4/ THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE IS INDIRECTLY RELATED TO THE DEFLECTION. ALTHOUGH THE CURVATURE METER IS THE MORE SENSITIVE, NEITHER TYPE OF MEASUREMENT SHOWS SUPERIORITY AS A PREDICTOR OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cohesion KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cracking KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Density KW - Depth KW - Flexible pavements KW - Gradation KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance KW - Reconstruction KW - Resurfacing KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Structural design KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Surveys KW - Test sections KW - Traffic KW - Traveling deflectometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219671 AU - Rowan, N J AU - McCoy, P T AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - A STUDY OF ROADWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS PY - 1966/08 AB - HORIZONTAL ILLUMINATION DATA IS PRESENTED FOR A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF LUMINAIRE PLACEMENT, BOTH HEIGHT AND SPACING, FOR ROADWAY LIGHTING PURPOSES. SEVERAL DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS EQUIPMENT WERE USED. CHARTS AND TABLES WERE PREPARED ON WHICH ENGINEERING DESIGN SELECTION CAN BE MADE. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED' /1/ THE INITIAL AVERAGE ILLUMINATION ON THE ROADWAY WAS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MOUNTING HEIGHTS, LONGITUDINAL SPACING, AND TRANSVERSE SPACING OF THE LUMINAIRE AS WELL AS TO ROADWAY WIDTH, /2/ THE UNIFORMITY OF ILLUMINATION OF THE ROADWAY WAS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MOUNTING HEIGHT OF THE LUMINAIRES, /3/ 1000-WATT LUMINAIRES COULD BE USED TO PROVIDE A HIGHER AMOUNT AND MORE UNIFORM ILLUMINATION THAN 400-WATT LUMINAIRES EVEN AT GREATER LONGITUDINAL SPACINGS, /4/ THERE WERE LARGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE LUMINAIRES CLAIMED TO BE EQUAL BY THE VARIOUS MANUFACTURERS, /5/ THE HIGHER THE MOUNTING HEIGHT OF THE LUMINAIRES, THE LESS THE EFFECT OF ROADWAY WIDTH ON UNIFORMITY, AND /6/ EVEN THOUGH INITIAL AVERAGE ILLUMINATION WAS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MOUNTING HEIGHT OF THE LUMINAIRES, THE INITIAL MINIMUM ILLUMINATION WAS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MOUNTING HEIGHT AT THE LONGER SPACINGS AND ON THE WIDER ROADWAYS. /BPR/ KW - Height KW - Highways KW - Light KW - Location KW - Luminaires KW - Placement KW - Spacing KW - Standardization KW - Street lighting KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214444 AU - Wahls, H E AU - Fisher, C P AU - Langfelder, L J AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - THE COMPACTION OF SOIL AND ROCK MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY PURPOSES PY - 1966/08 SP - 457 p. AB - THE MANY FACTORS RELATED TO THE PHENOMENUM OF SOIL AND SOIL-AGGREGATE COMPACTION IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE AND THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SOIL-MOISTURE MASS WHEN SUBJECTED TO STRESS ARE REVIEWED. THE REPORT PROVIDES A REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE EQUIPMENT AND PROCESSES THAT INFLUENCE THE COMPACTION OPERATION AND THE PROPERTIES OF THE RESULTANT MASS BOTH IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD. NO ORIGINAL RESEARCH WAS DONE IN THIS PHASE. THE AUTHORS COMPILED AND ANALYZED CURRENT STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT COMPACTION SPECIFICATIONS AND FIELD PRACTICES, AND REVIEWED COMPACTION CONTROL PROCEDURES. METHODS WERE OFFERED TO DETERMINE THE VARIABILITY AND CONTROL OF QUALITY OF COMPACTED MASSES BY STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL DISCIPLINES. ON THE BASIS OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE STATE OF THE ART OF SOIL COMPACTION, THE AUTHORS OFFER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CURRENT PRACTICES AND SPECIFICATIONS AS WELL AS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. /BPR/ KW - Compaction KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Methodology KW - Moisture content KW - Reviews KW - Road construction KW - Soil aggregate mixtures KW - Soil aggregates KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210357 AU - Skog, J AU - California Division of Highways TI - DURABILITY OF PAVING ASPHALT - PART II, A STUDY OF THE ROSTLER AND HEITHAUS TEST METHODS FOR PAVING GRADE ASPHALTS PY - 1966/07/01 AB - THE ROSTLER ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED ON RECOVERED ASPHALTS FROM THE ZACA-WIGMORE TEST ROAD AND ON A SERIES OF 85-100 PENETRATION GRADE ASPHALTS THAT WERE WEATHERED IN A LABORATORY INFRARED OVEN. ASPHALTENE, NITROGEN BASE, FIRST AND SECOND ACIDIFFINS AND PARAFFIN FRACTIONS WERE OBTAINED BEFORE AND AFTER AGING. THE HEITHAUS TEST WHICH PROVIDES A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE PEPTIZING POWER OF THE MALTENES AND THE PEPTIZABILITY OF THE ASPHALTENES IN ASPHALT TOGETHER WITH A MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT OF THESE FACTORS TO OBTAIN A STATE OF PEPTIZATION OF THE SYSTEM WAS APPLIED TO A SERIES OF 85-100 PENETRATION GRADE PAVING ASPHALTS. SOME OF THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY ARE' /1/ THE ROSTLER COMPOSITIONAL PARAMETER, A RATIO OF NITROGEN BASES PLUS FIRST ACIDIFFINS TO PARAFFINS PLUS SECOND ACIDIFFINS ON THE ORIGINAL ASPHALT, APPEARS TO RELATE TO ABRASION LOSS AFTER WEATHERING OF THE ASPHALT IN AN INFRARED OVEN. THERE IS NO DEFINITE RELATION WHEN THIS PARAMETER IS COMPARED WITH THE SHEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WEATHERED ASPHALTS AND ONLY A TREND OF A RELATION IS NOTED WHEN THE PARAMETER IS COMPARED WITH THE VISCOSITY OF THE RESIDUE AFTER A SPECIAL DURABILITY TEST, /2/ A FAIR TREND WAS FOUND WHEN SHEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WEATHERED ASPHALTS WAS COMPARED TO A RATIO OF THE ASPHALTENE TO THE NITROGEN BASE CONTENT, /3/ A FAIRLY GOOD RELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE PEPTIZABILITY OF THE ASPHALTENES AND THE VISCOSITY OF A SPECIAL DURABILITY TEST RESIDUE, /4/ NEITHER PEPTIZABILITY OF THE ASPHALTENES OR PEPTIZING POWER OF THE MALTENES CORRELATED WITH THE SHEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE RESIDUE BUT THE STATE OF PEPTIZATION OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDE A FAIRLY GOOD RELATION, AND /5/ THE RATIO OF NITROGEN BASIS TO PARAFFINS PROVIDED A DEFINITE TREND WHEN COMPARED TO THE PEPTIZING POWER OF THE MALTENES. /BPR/ KW - Abrasion tests KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical analysis KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Durability KW - Infrared radiation KW - Materials selection KW - Ovens KW - Test procedures KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238464 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966 PY - 1966/07 AB - THE HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH INFORMATION CENTER OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, DESCRIBES THE CONTENTS OF A DOCUMENT BY A FACETED SUBJECT INDEX SYSTEM. THE SUBJECT INDEX FACETS FURNISHED FOR THIS DOCUMENT ARE: FEDERAL/NATIONAL, GOVT, SOCIETY, LEGISLATIVE, MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS, CODES, LAWS, LEGAL, HISTORY, METHODS. KW - Coding systems KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - History KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210358 AU - Skog, J AU - California Division of Highways TI - DURABILITY OF PAVING ASPHALT-PART III, EVALUATION OF THE THELEN SPHERICITY TEST FOR MEASURING THE ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVING GRADE ASPHALTS IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER PY - 1966/07 AB - THE THELEN SPHERICITY INDEX MEASURES THE DEGREE OF ADHESION OF AN ASPHALT TO PYREX GLASS IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER. A TENTATIVE RELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE SPHERICITY INDEX AND THE PERCENTAGE OF STRIPPING AS MEASURED BY THE DYE STRIPPING TECHNIQUE. HOWEVER, THE ADHESION TEST WAS ABANDONED DUE TO UNSATISFACTORY REPEATABILITY. KW - Adhesion KW - Asphalt KW - Characteristics KW - Test procedures KW - Thelen sphericity test KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233686 AU - Brown, C B AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Public Works AU - California Division of Highways TI - THE FORCES ON RIGID CULVERTS UNDER HIGH FILLS PY - 1966/07 AB - THE FORCES ACTING ON THE BARREL OF A RIGID CULVERT DUE TO THE DEAD LOAD OF A HIGH FILL DEPEND UPON THE CONSTRUCTION METHOD, THE PRESENCE OF HETEROGENEOUS INCLUSIONS OR ORGANIC MATERIAL, THE MATERIAL OF THE EARTHS CRUST, THE FILL PROPERTIES AND FILL AND CULVERT GEOMETRIES. THESE FEATURES ARE ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD FOR OBTAINING APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS TO LINEAR ELASTICITY PROBLEMS. THE ANALYTICAL METHODS ARE APPLIED TO AN ACTUAL EMBANKMENT OVER A RIGID CULVERT, THE BARREL OF WHICH WAS INSTRUMENTED WITH PRESSURE METERS. THE ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR TWO CONDITIONS OF THE EARTHS CRUST, VARIOUS FILL PROPERTIES AND FOR A HAY BLOCK DELIBERATELY PLACED ABOVE THE CROWN OF THE CULVERT /AS IN THE ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION/ ARE COMPARED WITH THE RECORDED PRESSURES. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT GIVEN A PROPER DESCRIPTION OF THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES, IN PARTICULAR THE RATIO OF FILL HAY MODULUS, AN ACCURATE DISTRIBUTION OF BARREL PRESSURE MAY BE OBTAINED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Construction management KW - Culverts KW - Earth materials KW - Engineering soils KW - Fills KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Force KW - Pressure gages KW - Rigid tubing KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Static loads KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203960 AU - Richey, E P AU - Nece, R E AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - REFLECTED WAVES IN LAKE WASHINGTON PY - 1966/07 AB - SOME PHENOMENA ON THE SHORELINE OF LAKE WASHINGTON HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE CAUSED BY WAVES REFLECTED FROM THE EVERGREEN POINT /FLOATING/ BRIDGE. AN EXPLORATORY OR PHASE I STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO ASCERTAIN THE LIMITS OF REFLECTED WAVES AND THEIR FREQUENCY AS RELATED TO WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION. WIND DATA FROM THREE OFFICIAL RECORDING STATIONS WERE UTILIZED TO DETERMINE PROBABLE WIND-WAVE CONDITIONS. FOUR SETS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS WERE TAKEN UNDER DIFFERENT WIND CONDITIONS FOR THE PURPOSES OF OBTAINING WAVE LENGTHS AND GENERAL PATTERNS. A PORTABLE SENSING UNIT WAS USED TO MEASURE WAVE HEIGHT AND FREQUENCY FROM PIERS EXTENDING INTO THE LAKE FROM SELECTED SHORE LOCATIONS. THESE MEASUREMENTS WERE FOUND TO AGREE FAVORABLY WITH PREDICTIONS FROM STANDARD TECHNIQUES. A 16-MM. MOTION PICTURE FILM WAS TAKEN UNDER A MODERATE WIND CONDITION TO SHOW SOME OF THE TYPICAL PHENOMENA ADJACENT TO THE BRIDGE AND THE SHORELINE. AN ANALYSIS WAS DEVELOPED TO DESCRIBE THE ADVANCE OF A WAVE TRAIN AGAINST A WIND. PREDICTIONS OF THE DECAY WITH DISTANCE OF SUCH A WAVE BASED ON THIS ANALYSIS FIT FIELD OBSERVATIONS QUITE REALISTICALLY. GENERALIZED INTERPRETATIONS WERE MADE FOR THE INTERACTION OF THE REFLECTED WAVES WITH THE SHORELINE AND SHORELINE STRUCTURES. THE POSSIBILITIES OF APPLYING A PNEUMATIC OR HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER TO DISSIPATE THE WAVES AT THE BRIDGE WERE INVESTIGATED IN CONSIDERABLE DETAIL. THE SCARCITY OF KNOWN EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THE DEEP WATER WAVES ENCOUNTERED, PRECLUDED A POSITIVE CONCLUSION ON REQUIRED DIMENSIONS WITHOUT TEST DATA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Breakwaters KW - Bridges KW - Coastal KW - Coasts KW - Dissipation KW - Evergreen point /floating/ bridge KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Floating structures KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Interaction KW - Lake Washington KW - Measurement KW - Pneumatic devices KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Studies KW - Velocity KW - Wavelength KW - Waves KW - Wind KW - Wind direction KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206289 AU - KUMMER, H W AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - RESEARCH EQUIPMENT FOR THE STUDY OF RUBBER FRICTION AND SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1966/07 AB - A COMPILATION IS PRESENTED OF THE RESEARCH EQUIPMENT DEVELOPED AT THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY FOR THE STUDY OF RUBBER FRICTION AND SKID RESISTANCE. THE REPORT CONTAINS THE TEST FUNCTIONS, OPERATING PRINCIPLES, SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR TWELVE LABORATORY DEVICES AND TWO AUXILIARY PIECES OF EQUIPMENT. THE LABORATORY DEVICES INCLUDE MODIFIED BRITISH PORTABLE TESTER, RUBBER HARDNESS TEST STAND, IMPACT DAMPING TEST STAND, DECAY DAMPING TESTER, FORCED OSCILLATION DAMPING TEST STAND, INTERFACE SHEAR TEST STAND, BEARING PRESSURE TEST STAND, LOW SPEED FRICTION ANALYZER, HIGH SPEED FRICTION ANALYZER, RECIPROCATING PAVEMENT POLISHER, ROTARY WEAR MACHINE AND CIRCULAR TIRE- TRACK FACILITY. THE FIELD TEST EQUIPMENT INCLUDES THE PENN STATE SINGLE WHEEL SKID TESTER, THE PENN STATE DRAG TESTER, PAVEMENT PROFILE TRACER, PAVEMENT DRAINAGE METER AND WATER DEPTH GAGES. THE AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT DISCUSSED INCLUDES RUBBER SAMPLE CUTTING TOOLS AND A TIRE BREAK-IN STAND. /BPR/ KW - Equipment KW - Field tests KW - Friction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pennsylvania KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Rubber KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212000 AU - Rushing, H B AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - SHELL CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1966/07 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE TESTING PERFORMED WITH REEF SHELL, CLAM SHELL AND A COMBINATION OF REEF AND CLAM SHELL USED AS COARSE AGGREGATE TO DETERMINE IF A LOW MODULUS CONCRETE COULD BE DEVELOPED FOR USE AS A BASE MATERIAL AS AN ALTERNATE TO THE PRESENTLY USED CEMENT STABILIZED BASES. THE TESTS INCLUDED, COMPRESSIVE, FLEXURAL AND TENSILE STRENGTH, DRYING SHRINKAGE, BOND TO REINFORCING STEEL, FREEZE AND THAW DURABILITY AND DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY . A TOTAL OF TWENTY CONCRETE MIXES WERE EVALUATED, INCLUDING TWO GRAVEL AND SAND MIXES FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES. CEMENT CONTENTS OF THE MIXES WERE 4.0, 5.0 AND 6.0 SACKS PER CUBIC YARD FOR EACH VARIABLE TESTED. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT A 4.0 SACK MIX USING REEF SHELL AS THE COARSE AGGREGATE PRODUCED THE LOWEST MODULUS OF ELASTICITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Bonds KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete bases KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drying tests KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Shell aggregates KW - Shrinkage KW - Tensile strength KW - Testing KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20025.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214440 AU - Worrell, D T AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia State Road Commission TI - COMPARISON TESTS OF STABILIZING MATERIALS USING THE ROLLING LOAD MACHINE PY - 1966/07 AB - RESULTS ARE DESCRIBED OF LABORATORY TESTS ON FULL-SCALE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE HAVING VARIOUS TREATED AND UNTREATED LAYERS SURFACED WITH ASPHALTIC CONCRETE. THE TESTS WERE MADE BY MEANS OF A UNIQUE, LARGE CAPACITY ROLLING-LOAD TESTING MACHINE. THE PERFORMANCE OF TREATED SANDSTONE BASE COURSES WERE COMPARED WITH UNTREATED SANDSTONE AND LIMESTONE BASES. A ROLLING LOAD WAS APPLIED THROUGH A SINGLE TRUCK TIRE TO THE SURFACE AREA OF A SPECIMEN BY A RECIPROCATING LONGITUDINAL MOTION OF THE WHEEL AT 20 CYCLES PER MINUTE AND A SIMILAR LATERAL MOTION OF ABOUT, EITHER 3 OR 12 CYCLES PER HOUR, DEPENDING ON THE TRACKING WIDTH. THE PERMANENT VERTICAL DEFORMATION WAS PERIODICALLY MEASURED AT THE SURFACE AND AT EACH INTERFACE OF THE LAYERS COMPRISING THE PAVEMENT SYSTEM. ALL SPECIMENS WERE SUPPORTED BY 22 INCHES OF A-6/8/ SOIL AND WERE SURFACED WITH EITHER 1 OR 3 INCHES OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE PRESENTED' /1/ POOR QUALITY SANDSTONE BASE COURSES /LOS ANGELES WEAR OF 70-85 PERCENT/, TREATED WITH THE VARIOUS STABILIZING MATERIALS USED, GENERALLY WITHSTOOD A RELATIVELY LARGE NUMBER OF REPETITIONS OF THE TEST LOAD QUITE WELL AND PERFORMED BETTER THAN UNTREATED LIMESTONE BASES, /2/ TREATMENT OF THE SANDSTONE BASE COURSES GREATLY IMPROVED THE UNIFORMITY OF THEIR PERFORMANCE, /3/ ONLY A VERY SMALL PART OF THE TOTAL PAVEMENT DEFORMATION OCCURRED IN THE ROADBED SOIL, AND /4/ SPECIMENS HAVING PORTLAND-CEMENT AND ASPHALT-CEMENT TREATED BASES SHOWED THE BEST PERFORMANCE FOLLOWED IN ORDER, BY THOSE HAVING ASPHALT-EMULSION TREATED, UNTREATED LIMESTONE AND UNTREATED SANDSTONE BASES. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Deformation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone KW - Measurement KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Portland cement KW - Rollers KW - Sandstones KW - Stabilized materials KW - Surfacing KW - Testing equipment KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206278 AU - Georgia State Highway Department TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE SKID RESISTANCE LEVELS OF PRESENT ROADS PY - 1966/07 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A STUDY OF THE SKID RESISTANCE OF GEORGIA FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN TERMS OF AGGREGATE TYPE. SKID RESISTANCE VALUES WERE OBTAINED FOR EIGHT PAVEMENT-AGGREGATE TYPES' SURFACE TREATMENT-COASTAL LIMESTONE, PLANT MIX- CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE, SURFACE TREATMENT-CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE, PLANT MIX-GRANITE, SURFACE TREATMENT-QUARTZITE, SURFACE TREATMENT-SLAG, PLANT MIX-GNEISS, AND SURFACE TREATMENT-GNEISS. ALL SKID RESISTANCE VALUES WERE DEVELOPED FROM MEASUREMENTS TAKEN IN THE RIGHT WHEEL TRACK OF THE OUTSIDE TRAFFIC LANE WITH A BRITISH PORTABLE SKID RESISTANCE TESTER. THE LEAST SQUARES METHOD WAS EMPLOYED TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECTS OF PAVEMENT AGE AND TRAFFIC VOLUME ON THESE VALUES. WEAR INDEXES WERE PLOTTED AGAINST RESPECTIVE SKID RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS FOR EACH PAVEMENT-AGGREGATE TYPE. SKID RESISTANCE VALUES AT WEAR INDEX 1.0 WERE USED FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSES. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ARE' /1/ THE BRITISH PORTABLE TESTER WILL PROVIDE DATA THAT CAN BE USED TO DERIVE VARIATIONS IN THE SKID RESISTANCES OF DIFFERENT PAVEMENT-AGGREGATE TYPES, /2/ GNEISSIC STONE SHOWED THE HIGHEST AND LIMESTONE THE LOWEST LEVEL OF SKID RESISTANCE WITH GRANITE, QUARTZITE AND SLAG AGGREGATES HAVING SATISFACTORY CHARACTERISTICS, /3/ ALL PAVEMENT-AGGREGATE TYPES HAVE GOOD INITIAL SKID RESISTANCE BUT SOME TEND TO DEVELOP A POLISH IN TIME WHICH MAKES THEM HAZARDOUS, AND /4/ A SKID RESISTANCE VALUE BELOW 50 IS DEEMED HAZARDOUS AND THE PAVEMENT SURFACE IS IN NEED OF TREATMENT. KW - Age KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - British portable skid tester KW - Durability KW - Flexible pavements KW - Georgia KW - Gneiss KW - Gneisses KW - Granite KW - Least squares method KW - Limestone KW - Materials tests KW - Plant mix KW - Quartzite KW - Skid resistance KW - Slag KW - Surface treating KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214439 AU - Miller-Warden Associates AU - West Virginia State Road Commission TI - DETERMINATION OF STATISTICAL PARAMETERS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1966/07 AB - THIS WAS A 2 YEAR PROJECT TO DETERMINE THE RANGE AND MAGNITUDE OF VARIATIONS OF MEASURED CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATE, AGGREGATE BASE COURSES, PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AND BITUMINOUS MIXTURES USED IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN WEST. VA. DATA WAS OBTAINED FROM /1/ HISTORICAL RECORDS OF SATISFACTORILY CONSTRUCTED PROJECTS AND /2/ FROM STATISTICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS OF CURRENT NORMAL CONSTRUCTION. THE AUTHORS ANALYZED THE DATA BY USE OF COMPUTERS AND CONCLUDED THAT' /1/ THE AMOUNT OF SAMPLING AND TESTING COULD BE REDUCED IN SEVERAL INSTANCES, /2/ IMPROVED SAMPLING METHODS WOULD MATERIALLY DECREASE VARIATIONS OF MEASURED VALUES FOR SEVERAL CHARACTERISTICS, /3/ ANALYSIS OF STANDARD DEVIATIONS INDICATED CLOSE COMPLIANCE WITH CURRENT SPECIFICATIONS, AND /4/ STATISTICAL TYPE SPECIFICATIONS MIGHT PERMIT ACCEPTANCE OF BORDERLINE MATERIAL AT A REDUCED PRICE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Characteristics KW - Computers KW - History KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road construction KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210346 AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - New York Department of Public Works TI - WIRE MESH REINFORCEMENT OF BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS PY - 1966/07 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF AN INVESTIGATION INITIATED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WELDED WIRE MESH IN PREVENTING OR RETARDING REFLECTION CRACKING IN ASPHALTIC SURFACE COURSES OF COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS AND IN ASPHALTIC OVERLAYS OF OLD CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MESH WAS EVALUATED IN TERMS OF THE PERCENT OF UNDERLYING JOINTS OR CRACKS WHICH REFLECTED THROUGH COMPARATIVE REINFORCED AND PLAIN OVERLAYS. INSTALLATIONS OF WIRE MESH IN THE OVERLAYS OF THREE GROUPS OF PAVEMENTS WERE INVESTIGATED' /1/ FOUR NEW COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS IN WHICH 5-FT WIDE MESH STRIPS WERE PLACED OVER THE LONGITUDINAL AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS OF THEIR CONTINUOUSLY CONSTRUCTED PLAIN CONCRETE BASES, /2/ FOUR OLD CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN WHICH 5 OR 8-FT WIDE MESH STRIPS WERE PLACED OVER THE LONGITUDINAL JOINTS FORMED BY THE OLD PAVEMENTS AND WIDENING STRIPS, AND /3/ FIVE OLD CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN WHICH MESH STRIPS OF DIFFERENT WIDTHS AND STYLES WERE PLACED OVER THE TRANSVERSE EXPANSION JOINTS OF SELECTED SECTIONS. THESE INSTALLATIONS WERE OBSERVED OVER SERVICE PERIODS RANGING FROM TWO TO TEN YEARS AND THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS DRAWN' /1/ WIRE-MESH STRIPS WERE INEFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING REFLECTION CRACKING IN COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS AND MAY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO MULTIPLE CRACKING OF THE ASPHALTIC SURFACING, /2/ WIRE-MESH DID NOT PREVENT REFLECTION CRACKING OF LONGITUDINAL JOINT ASSOCIATED WITH THE WIDENING OF OLD PAVEMENTS, AND /3/ WIRE-MESH STRIPS TENDED TO RETARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFLECTION CRACKING OVER TRANSVERSE EXPANSION JOINTS SPACED AT 80 FEET OR LESS IN OLD CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Composite structures KW - Concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Existing pavements KW - Expansion joints KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Surface treating KW - Weldments KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237208 AU - Biddiscombe, J F AU - Zoller, J H AU - Sanborn, J L AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham TI - FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE BASE MATERIALS PY - 1966/07 AB - THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FROST HEAVE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE HIGHWAY BASE, SUBBASE AND SUBGRADE MATERIALS IS BEING STUDIED. THE MECHANICS OF FROST HEAVE, BASED ON A LITERATURE SURVEY ARE DISCUSSED. THE LABORATORY EVALUATION, BY USE OF FREEZING APPARATUS DEVELOPED BY THE U.S. ARMYS COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY, SUPPLEMENTED BY VARIOUS PHYSICAL-PROPERTY TESTS, OF UNSATISFACTORY BASE COURSE MATERIALS FROM THREE SOURCES IS ALSO REPORTED. THE FREEZING TESTS WERE MADE ON SAMPLES OF' /1/ UNALTERED MATERIAL AND /2/ ON SPECIMENS FOR WHICH THE NORMAL PERCENTAGE SMALLER THAN 0.02 MM. WAS REDUCED BY EITHER REMOVING SOME OF THE MATERIAL PASSING THE NO. 200 SIEVE OR ADDING MATERIAL RETAINED ON THE NO. 4 SIEVE. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS WERE' /1/ SOME OF THE PAVEMENT DISTRESS IN THE SAMPLED SECTIONS WAS NOT THE RESULT OF DETRIMENTAL FROST ACTION IN THE BASE COURSE; /2/ REDUCTION IN FINES REDUCED THE FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MATERIALS; AND /3/ IN ADDITION TO PERCENTAGE SMALLER THAN 0.02 MM., GRADATION OR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CAPILLARITY AND PERMEABILITY AFFECT THE FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MATERIALS, AND SHOULD BE FURTHER INVESTIGATED. IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE CRREL FREEZING TEST, PARTICULARLY TO REDUCE THE TIME REQUIRED FOR TESTING A MATERIAL AND SIMPLIFY THE APPARATUS SO IT WILL BE MORE ADAPTABLE TO STATE HIGHWAY LABORATORIES, A PORTABLE FREEZING APPARATUS UTILIZING A PELTIER BATTERY /FORM OF HEAT-PUMP/ WAS ASSEMBLED. PRELIMINARY TESTS SHOWED THAT MATERIALS TESTED IN THE NEW APPARATUS HAD A MUCH HIGHER RATE OF FROST HEAVE THAN BY THE CRREL METHOD. FURTHER EVALUATION OF THIS RAPID TEST METHOD IS PLANNED. KW - Base KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Device KW - Equipment KW - Freezing KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Highways KW - Laboratory tests KW - New Hampshire KW - Reviews KW - Specimens KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207827 AU - Fidler, L M AU - Sds Data Systems TI - A DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR MONITORING THE PHYSICAL PHENOMENA OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES IN SERVICE PY - 1966/07 AB - THE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM DESCRIBED IS AN EXTREMELY FLEXIBLE, LOW SPEED DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION SYSTEM INCORPORATING THE LATEST ADVANCES IN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY. IT WAS DESIGNED TO SATISFY THE INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS OF MONITORING, PROCESSING AND RECORDING PHYSICAL PHENOMENA OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES IN SERVICE. THE SYSTEM IS USED FOR GATHERING AND RECORDING INFORMATION FORM SPECIFIC POINTS ON BRIDGES NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THE TEST OBJECTIVE. THE SYSTEM INPUT SECTION WILL ACCOMODATE 15 CHANNELS OF LOW LEVEL TRANSDUCER ANALOG INFORMATION. THE CONDITIONED LOW-LEVEL ANALOG SIGNALS ARE PRESENTED TO 15 WIDE-BAND DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS FOR AMPLIFICATION AND SELECTIVE FILTERING. THE DIGITAL PROCESSING SECTION ACCEPTS INFORMATION FROM THE ACQUISITION SECTION AND CONVERTS IT TO A FORM SUITABLE FOR ENTRY TO THE SPECIAL PURPOSE STORED PROGRAM DATA PROCESSOR. THE OUTPUT SECTION CONTAINS THE PRINTER AND/OR PAPER TAPE PUNCH. THIS DEVICE, WITH AN ON-LINE DATA PATH TO THE STORED PROGRAM DATA PROCESSOR, AND THE STORED PROGRAM DATA PROCESSOR WITH AN ON-LINE CONTROL PATH BACK TO THE DIGITAL PROCESSOR, ALLOWS THE STORED PROGRAM DATA PROCESSOR TO MONITOR DATA AND CONTROL PROCESSING PARAMETERS WITH GREAT FLEXIBILITY AND EFFICIENCY. DIGITAL DATA FROM 10 PRIMARY INPUT CHANNELS IS MONITORED FOR CYCLIC VARIATIONS BY 10 PROGRAMMED DATA REGISTERS AND SORTING IN COUNTERS THE ACCUMULATED NUMBERS OF OCCURRENCES OF EACH LEVEL. AT THE END OF EVERY TIME SUB-INTERVAL, THE STORED PROGRAM DATA PROCESSOR WILL MONITOR ALL 15 CHANNELS FOR 30 SECONDS. TIME IS ON AN ELAPSED TIME BASIS THROUGH THE USE OF A REAL TIME CLOCK. KW - Analog computers KW - Analog systems KW - Data collection KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Highway bridges KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Paper tape readers KW - Recording KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207830 AU - Hudson, F M AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - INVESTIGATION OF A FULL-SIZE CONTINUOUS CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE PART II PY - 1966/07 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES AND PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A MOVING LOAD TEST ON A FULL-SIZED /BUT ONLY HALF CROSS-SECTION/ THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS REINFORCED CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE. THE BRIDGE WAS LOADED WITH A SIMULATED H20-S16 DESIGN TRUCK AT SPEEDS RANGING FROM CRAWL TO 20 MPH. ONLY THE CRAWL SPEED RESULTS ARE REPORTED IN THIS REPORT. REINFORCING BAR STRAINS AT 41 POINTS, REACTIONS UNDER FOUR SUPPORTS, AND DEFLECTIONS AT MIDSPAN OF ALL THREE SPANS WERE MEASURED AND RECORDED ON OSCILLOGRAPH TRACES. SOME CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY WERE' /1/ ELASTIC ANALYSIS BASED UPON THE ASSUMPTION THAT CONCRETE HAS NO TENSILE STRENGTH IS HIGHLY CONSERVATIVE WITHIN THE RANGE OF LOADS APPLIED. /2/ FOR TRANSIENT LOADS, TENSION OF THE CONCRETE CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE BRIDGE. /3/ LIVE-LOAD DEFLECTIONS CAN BE PREDICTED WITH FAIR ACCURACY BY CLASSIC THEORY AND THE SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTION THAT THE GROSS CONCRETE SECTION ALONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STIFFNESS OF THE STRUCTURE. /BPR/ KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Continuous reinforcement KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection tests KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Motion KW - Moving industry KW - Oscillographs KW - Recording KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Strain measurement KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207818 AU - Hudson, F M AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - INVESTIGATION OF A FULL-SIZE CONTINOUS CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE PART I PY - 1966/07 AB - A FULL-SIZE THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE WAS BUILT OFF-THE-HIGHWAY TO PERMIT A LONG-TERM STUDY OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF SUCH A STRUCTURE SUBJECTED ONLY TO DEAD-LOAD AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS. THE BRIDGE WAS OF A TYPE WHICH HAS EXHIBITED EXCESSIVE DEFLECTIONS AND ABNORMAL CRACKING EVEN THOUGH DESIGNED IN COMPLETE ACCORDANCE WITH AASHO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS. MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE OF REACTIONS, DEFLECTIONS, CONCRETE AND STEEL STRAINS, LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENTS AND TEMPERATURES OVER A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR IN AN ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF SUCH FACTORS AND POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR THE DETRIMENTAL BEHAVIOR. THE CONDITION OF EXCESSIVE CRACKING OR SAG DID NOT OCCUR IN THIS BRIDGE, UNFORTUNATELY. RELATIVE CORRELATIONS OF BAR STRESSES, SPAN DEFLECTIONS AND REACTIONS WITH TEMPERATURE WERE OBTAINED, ALTHOUGH DIRECT NUMERICAL RELATIONSHIPS WERE NOT POSSIBLE. /BPR/ KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Deflection KW - Highway bridges KW - Longitudinal movement KW - Measurement KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural analysis KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215840 AU - Kersten, M S AU - Skok, E L AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR MOISTURE AND DENSITY GAGES PY - 1966/06/30 AB - A SERIES OF LABORATORY TESTS WERE MADE BY COMPACTING 18 DIFFERENT SOILS AT A VARIETY OF DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS IN BOXES. DENSITY DETERMINATIONS WERE MADE WITH TWO TYPES OF NUCLEAR DENSITY APPARATUS, A DIRECT TRANSMISSION DEVICE AND A BACKSCATTER DEVICE AND WITH THE SAND CONE. ACCURACY OF THE SAND CONE AND THE DIRECT TRANSMISSION DEVICE WAS ABOUT THE SAME, AND SLIGHTLY BETTER THAN THE BACKSCATTER DEVICE. FIELD TESTS ON SOILS PERMITTED THE COMPARISON OF A LARGE NUMBER OF NUCLEAR TESTS BY BOTH DIRECT TRANSMISSION AND BACKSCATTER TAKEN IN A LIMITED AREA ON SEVERAL PROJECTS WITH SAND CONE RESULTS. THE DIRECT TRANSMISSION RESULTS CHECKED AND SAND CONE DENSITIES MUCH BETTER THAN THE BACKSCATTER RESULTS. THE NUCLEAR DENSITIES WERE CALCULATED BOTH FROM THE LABORATORY BOX-VOLUME CORRELATION CURVES AND FROM A CORRELATION WITH THE FIELD SAND CONE DENSITIES. COMPARISON OF MOISTURE CONTENTS MEASURED WITH THE BACKSCATTER DEVICE TO OVEN DRY VALUES AS WELL AS OTHER METHODS AND THE EFFECT OF THESE DETERMINATIONS ON CALCULATED DRY DENSITIES ARE PRESENTED. NUCLEAR DENSITY MEASUREMENTS OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS CHECK DISPLACEMENT DENSITIES MADE ON CORES QUITE CLOSELY. THE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS LIST THE PROBABLE ERRORS IN THE NUCLEAR METHODS USING THE BOX-VOLUME OR SAND CONE RESULTS AS STANDARDS. THE DIRECT TRANSMISSION DEVICE GIVES BETTER RESULTS THAN THE BACKSCATTER, PARTICULARLY IN THE FIELD TESTS. KW - Backscattering KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Density KW - Direct transmission KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear moisture-density determinations KW - Nuclear tests KW - Sand cone device KW - Soil compaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210349 AU - Mcgarry, F AU - Desio, P AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - PEEL STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF VARIOUS ASPHALT-STONE ADHESIVE JOINTS PY - 1966/06/30 AB - THE EFFECTS OF METHODS OF JOINT FORMATION, TYPE OF STONE /AGGREGATE/, TYPE OF ASPHALT, AND TEST TEMPERATURES ON ASPHALT-STONE /AGGREGATE/ ADHESION WERE MEASURED BY A PEEL TEST APPLIED TO ADHESIVE JOINT SPECIMENS IN THE FORM OF STONE-ASPHALT-ALUMINUM FOIL SANDWICHES. THE RESEARCHERS CONCLUDED' /1/ EXPOSURE TESTS CONCERNED WITH THE EFFECTS OF WATER ON ASPHALT-STONE ADHESIVE JOINTS REVEAL NO HARMFUL EFFECTS ON JOINT STRENGTH, /2/ AT 140 DEGREES F, PEEL TESTS OF JOINTS FORMED IN AIR SHOW HIGHER PEELING RATES THAN AT 77 DEGREES F AND THE JOINTS FAIL COHESIVELY WITH A MORE SYMMETRICAL RESIDUAL DISTRIBUTION OF ADHESIVE, /3/ AT 77 DEGREES F, PEEL TESTS OF JOINTS FORMED UNDER WATER WITH NO CLAMPED PERIOD REVEAL A LACK OF ADHESION REGARDLESS OF THE TYPE OF STONE OR ASPHALT USED. JOINTS FORMED UNDER THE SAME CONDITION BUT TESTED AT 140 DEGREES F SHOW SOME ADHESION BUT NOT TO THE EXTENT OBSERVED FOR SIMILAR JOINTS FORMED IN AIR, AND /4/ JOINTS FORMED AND CLAMPED UNDER WATER FOR SIXTEEN HOURS INDICATE THAT THE CONTACT INTERVAL IS NOT SUFFICIENT FOR GOOD ADHESION, WHEN TESTED AT 77 DEGREES F AND 140 DEGREES F. /BPR/ KW - Adhesion KW - Adhesion tests KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Foil KW - Impacts KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Methodology KW - Sandwich construction KW - Stone KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Testing temperature KW - Types KW - Water KW - Water effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217461 AU - Platts, W R AU - Lloyd, C J AU - Alaska Department of Highways TI - DEGRADATION OF GRANULAR EMBANKMENTS AND FOUNDATION MATERIALS PY - 1966/06/10 AB - THERE ARE MANY AREAS IN THE STATE OF ALASKA WHICH CONTAIN MATERIAL OF QUESTIONABLE AND INFERIOR QUALITY FOR USE AS SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE MATERIAL DUE TO THEIR DEGRADING CHARACTERISTICS. THE GREAT MAJORITY OF THESE AGGREGATES WILL PASS PRESENT SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND, THEREFORE, A QUALITY TEST WHICH WILL SATISFACTORILY PREDICT DEGRADING CHARACTERISTICS IS BADLY NEEDED. THIS REPORT PRESENTS AN EVALUATION OF DEGRADATION TEST METHODS PRESENTLY BEING USED IN THE STATES OF OREGON, WASHINGTON, CALIFORNIA, IDAHO, AND ALASKA. THIS EVALUATION WAS BASED UPON' /1/ CORRELATION BETWEEN TEST RESULTS AND ACTUAL FIELD PERFORMANCE OF THE AGGREGATE, /2/ SIMPLICITY OF PROCEDURE AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS, /3/ ABILITY TO BE ADAPTED TO FIELD USE, AND /4/ COST OF NECESSARY EQUIPMENT. A TOTAL OF 19 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS WERE SELECTED, 4 OF WHICH WERE FIELD TEST SITES, EACH USING A DIFFERENT TYPE OF AGGREGATE. SAMPLES WERE SECURED AT THE SOURCE, AFTER PLACEMENT, AFTER 1-12 MONTHS SERVICE, AND THE FIELD PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH THE DEGRADATION TEST RESULTS. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE WASHINGTON DEGRADATION TEST BE ADOPTED FOR USE BY THE ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Costs KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Embankments KW - Equipment KW - Equipment cost KW - Evaluation KW - Field performance KW - Foundations KW - Granular materials KW - Materials tests KW - Performance KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reproducibility KW - Sampling KW - Subbase materials KW - Test procedures KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219664 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - RELATIONSHIP OF ACCIDENT RATES AND ACCIDENT VOLUMES WITH HOURLY VOLUMES PY - 1966/06/08 AB - ACCIDENTS AND ACCIDENT RATES ARE RELATED TO HOURLY TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND ARE BASED ON 1,305 ACCIDENTS OCCURING ON A 3.8 MILE SECTION OF U.S. ROUTE 22 IN NEW JERSEY. ACCIDENT DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM THE FILES OF THE STATE DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLES. VOLUME DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. ACCIDENTS AND ACCIDENT RATES FOR CARS AND TRUCKS ARE COMPARED WITH RESPECT TO THE HOURLY TRAFFIC VOLUMES. THE RESEARCH DATA INDICATE THAT FOR LOW VOLUMES /LESS THAN 600 VEH/HR/ ACCIDENT RATES ARE LOWER FOR TRUCKS THAN FOR PASSENGER CARS, FOR HIGH VOLUME CONDITIONS, /GREATER THAN 1,200 VEH/HR/ TRUCKS HAVE HIGHER ACCIDENT RATES, AND FOR THE 600-1200 VEH/HR VOLUME RANGE, ACCIDENT RATES FOR PASSENGER CARS AND TRUCKS ARE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME. FOR PURPOSES OF THE STUDY, A TRUCK WAS DEFINED AS ANY VEHICLE WITH MORE THAN FOUR TIRES. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE HIGHER TOTAL ACCIDENT RATES OCCUR IN THE LOW AND HIGH HOURLY VOLUME RANGES WITH THE LOWER RATES OCCURING IN THE INTERMEDIATE HOURLY VOLUME RANGE. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Trucks KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230600 AU - Ault, J G AU - Maine State Highway Commission TI - EDDINGTON EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT PY - 1966/06 AB - THE PERFORMANCE IS DESCRIBED ON FROST-SUSCEPTIBLE SOILS IN A SECONDARY ROAD IN' /1/ BITUMINOUS-ENVELOPE BASE FOR THREE SECTIONS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT, AND /2/ 8 CULVERTS WITH VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF BACKFILLING AND BEDDING. THE BITUMINOUS ENVELOPES WERE COMPOSED OF MIXTURES OF RT-6 AND CRUSHED GRAVEL-SAND AGGREGATE, WITH A DESIGNED THICKNESS OF 2 INCHES, AND COVERED WITH 2-IN. BITUMINOUS-GRAVEL SURFACING. THE ENVELOPED SOIL RANGED FROM SILTY SAND TO SILTY SANDY GRAVEL, AND THE SUBGRADE SOIL RANGED FROM SANDY SILT TO SILTY GRAVEL. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TREATED SECTIONS WAS COMPARED TO ADJACENT SECTIONS HAVING GRAVEL BASE COURSE OF CONVENTIONAL DESIGN. THE CULVERTS WERE OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE. TYPES OF EMBEDMENT RANGED FROM NATURAL PARENT SOIL/NORMALLY SILTY SAND TO SILTY GRAVEL/ TO GRAVEL, AND THE BACKFILL RANGED FROM NATURAL PARENT MATERIAL TO GRAVEL PLACED IN TRAPEZOIDAL TRENCHES. PRECIPITATION IN THE NOV-APR PERIOD, RANGED FROM 15-28 IN. AT DOW AIR FORCE BASE, ABOUT 6-8 MILES FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT. THE ANNUAL FREEZING INDEX AVERAGED 1,372 DEGREE-DAYS. THE AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC ON THE ROAD RANGED FROM ABOUT 700 IN 1950 TO 1,685 IN 1965. ELEVATION READINGS WERE TAKEN AT 50-FT. INTERVALS ON THE CENTERLINE AND EACH EDGE OF THE PAVEMENT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS. BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE IN THE FALL AND 5 TIMES DURING THE SPRING BREAK-UP PERIOD. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS REGARDING BITUMINOUS ENVELOPE WERE' /1/ ENVELOPE SECTIONS USUALLY HAD A GREATER AMOUNT OF FROST HEAVE THAN THE ADJACENT GRAVEL-BASE SECTIONS, /2/ THE MAGNITUDE OF HEAVE WAS ABOUT THE SAME FOR THE 24-IN. AS FOR THE 18-IN. BITUMINOUS ENVELOPE BASE, /3/ BENEKELMAN BEAM DEFELCTIONS WERE ABOUT THE SAME FOR BOTH SECTIONS, /4/ BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS ALONG THE CENTERLINE DURING THE SPRING BREAK-UP PERIOD WERE GREATER FOR THE ENVELOPE SECTIONS THAN FOR ADJACENT GRAVEL-BASE SECTIONS, /5/ BITUMINOUS-ENVELOPE BASE CONSTRUCTION IS CONSIDERED TO BE ECONOMICALLY PRACTICAL IN AREAS OF MAINE WHERE OVERHAUL DISTANCES EXCEED 15 MILES. THE CONCLUSION REGRADING CULVERTS WAS THAT THOSE BEDDED ON EXISTING PARENT MATERIAL AND BACKFILLED WITH GRAVEL, AND HAVING A BLEEDER SYSTEM TO DRAIN WATER TOWARD THE ENDS OF THE CULVERT, WERE MOST DESIRABLE. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Backfilling KW - Bedding KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous bases KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Economic analysis KW - Envelopes KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freezing KW - Freezing index KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Gravel KW - Performance KW - Sand KW - Secondary roads KW - Silts KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119368 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00210545 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Welborn, J Y AU - Oglio, E R AU - Zenewitz, J A TI - A STUDY OF VISCOSITY-GRADED ASPHALT CEMENTS PY - 1966/06 AB - THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS HAS UNDERTAKEN A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMME DIRECTED TOWARDS USING FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE TO DEFINE THE ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT /BITUMEN/ AND RECOMMENDING REALISTIC TESTS AND MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFICATION WRITERS. TESTS WERE MADE TO INVESTIGATE THE FEASIBILITY OF GRADING AND SPECIFYING ASPHALTS BY VISCOSITY AT 140 DEGREES F IN LIEU OF PENETRATION AT 77 DEGREES F. VISCOSITY AND TEMPERATURE RELATIONS WERE MEASURED AND A DISCUSSION OF THE DUCTILITY AND DURABILITY IS MADE WITH REFERENCE TO THE SHEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY. /RRL/ KW - Asphalt cement KW - Bitumen KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Shear strength KW - Specifications KW - Susceptibility KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100806 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00210544 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Halstead, W J AU - Rostler, F S AU - White, R M TI - PROPERTIES OF HIGHWAY ASPHALTS - PART 3 INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION PY - 1966/06 AB - THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS UNDERTOOK CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND LABORATORY ABRASION TESTS ON SPECIAL GRADE ASPHALTS /BITUMEN/, AND THE RELATIVE CEMENTING QUALITY OF ASPHALTS OVER VARYING TEMPERATURE RANGES. ASPHALTS WERE GRADED IN TERMS OF VISCOSITY AND PENETRATION AND A LINEAR MATHEMATICAL RELATION HAS BEEN DERIVED BY WHICH ABRASION RESISTANCE CAN BE ESTIMATED FROM THE COMPOSITION PARAMETER AND THE VISCOSITY OF THE ASPHALT. /RRL/ REFERENCES' PROPERTIES OF HIGHWAY ASPHALTS - PART I, 85-100 PENETRATION GRADE, J.Y. WELBORN AND W.J. HALSTEAD, PUBLIC ROADS, WASHINGTON, 30 /9/, 197-207, 1959. PROPERTIES OF HIGHWAY ASPHALTS - PART II. VARIOUS GRADES. J.Y. WELBORN, D.J. HALSTEAD, AND J.G. BOONE, PUBLIC ROADS, WASHINGTON, 31 /4/, 73-85, 99, 1960. KW - Abrasion tests KW - Abrasions KW - Asphalt KW - Bitumen KW - Bonding KW - Cementing KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical composition KW - Estimates KW - Highways KW - Linear equations KW - Materials selection KW - Pendulum tests KW - Resistance KW - Temperature KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206286 AU - Scrivner, F H AU - Moore, W M AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DYNAFLECT DATA USED FOR ESTIMATING THE STIFFNESS OF INDIVIDUAL LAYERS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1966/06 AB - THIS INTERIM REPORT ON THE RESEARCH STUDY /APPLICATION OF THE AASHO ROAD TEST RESULTS TO TEXAS CONDITIONS/ DESCRIBES AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LANE-WELLS DYNAFLECT AS A NONDESTRUCTIVE MEANS FOR ESTIMATING THE RELATIVE STIFFNESS OF INDIVIDUAL LAYERS IN A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM. AN EVALUATION WAS PERFORMED ON DYNAFLECT DEFLECTION DATA OBTAINED IN TESTS OF A STATISTICALLY DESIGNED GROUP OF 27 EXPERIMENTAL TEST SECTIONS. THREE LEVELS OF EACH OF THREE VARIABLES WERE INCLUDED IN THE EXPERIMENT. A COMPOSITE EXPERIMENT DESIGN WAS SELECTED, WHICH BASICALLY CONSISTED OF TWO PARTS /1/ A 1/4 REPLICATE OF A 26 FACTORIAL AND /2/ A STAR CONSISTING OF A CENTER POINT AND 12 POINTS ON THE STAR. THE REPORT INCLUDES /1/ A DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST FACILITY , /2/ THE DYNAFLECT DEFLECTION DATA, /3/ THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FROM ELASTICITY THEORY, /4/ A DISCUSSION OF ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES, AND /5/ RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS. IN ADDITION, RESULTS OF SEISMIC TESTS ON THE MATERIALS USED IN THE TEST FACILITY, AND A MULTIPLE ERROR REGRESSION TECHNIQUE ARE DESCRIBED IN THE REPORT. THE RESEARCH LED TO THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS' /1/ THE DYNAFLECT DEFLECTION BASINS OF EACH TEST SECTION CAN BE PREDICTED WITH ACCEPTABLE ACCURACY BY AN EQUATION DEVELOPED FROM THE DATA, /2/ THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE EQUATION, EACH RELATED TO THE STIFFNESS OF ONE OF THE 8 MATERIALS INCLUDED IN THE EXPERIMENT, APPEAR TO BE LOGICALLY ORDERED WHEN DEVELOPED IN A SINGLE ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE ENTIRE FACILITY, /3/ LOGICAL MATERIAL STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS COULD NOT BE FOUND BY ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM A SINGLE TEST SECTION. /4/ RAY THEORY SEISMOLOGY APPEARED TO BE INVALID, BUT VELOCITIES DETERMINED BY THE PULSE TECHNIQUE ARE BELIEVED TO BE CORRECT, AND /5/ THE MULTIPLE ERROR REGRESSION TECHNIQUE HAS ADVANTAGES OVER THE CLASSICAL METHOD AND SHOULD BE FURTHER EXPLOITED. /BPR/ KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Lane-wells dynaflect KW - Materials KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Regression analysis KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Stiffness KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206288 AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - CLIFTON-HIGHLINE CANAL EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT NO. I 7021/14/33 INTERIM REPORT PY - 1966/06 AB - THE INSTRUMENTATION AND EARLY PERFORMANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT TEST SECTIONS ON MANCOS SHALE IN WESTERN COLORADO ARE DESCRIBED. THE UPPER 26 INCHES OF THE PAVEMENT IS THE SAME FOR ALL THE 33 TEST SECTIONS. BELOW 26 INCHES, THE PAVEMENT DESIGNS OR SUBGRADE TREATMENT ARE' FOUR TYPES OF GRANULAR MATERIAL, SOIL LIME SUBGRADE, DRILLED-LIME TREATMENT TO DEPTH OF 20 FEET IN SUBGRADE, ASPHALT MEMBRANE ON SUBGRADE AND OVERLAIN BY SAND OR FINE-GRAINED SOIL LAYER, ADDITION OF MOISTURE TO SUBGRADE BOTH DURING AND AFTER COMPACTION, AND UNTREATED /CONTROL/. INSTRUMENTATION INCLUDES CHLOE PROFILOMETER, BENKELMAN BEAM, CURVATURE METER , RUT DEPTH GAGE, TEMPERATURE POTENTIOMETER, ROUGHOMETER, AND NUCLEAR MOISTURE-DENSITY APPARATUS. PAVING OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT WAS COMPLETED IN MAY 1965. PSI AT TIME OF PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION RANGED FROM 3.4 TO 4.4 FOR THE VARIOUS SECTIONS, WITH AN AVERAGE OF 4.0. ALTHOUGH SWELLING HAS OCCURRED IN THE SUBGRADE OF MOST OF THE SECTIONS, PERFORMANCE OF ALL THE TEST SECTIONS HAS BEEN QUITE GOOD. NO SPECIFIC CONCLUSIONS CAN BE DRAWN AT THIS TIME REGARDING THE COMPARABLE PERFORMANCE OR VALUE OF THE VARIOUS TREATMENTS. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Benkelman beam KW - Chloe profilometer KW - Colorado KW - Curvature KW - Depth KW - Depth indicators KW - Experimental roads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Granular materials KW - Instrumentation KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear moisture-density determinations KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Potentiometers KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219667 AU - HULBERT, S F AU - California Division of Highways AU - University of California, Los Angeles TI - EXPLORATORY WORK ON THE PROBLEM OF REDUCED VISIBILITY-FINAL REPORT PY - 1966/06 AB - A SYSTEM HAS BEEN DEVELOPED BY USING THIN SHEETS OF PLASTIC WITH CIRCULAR SCRATCHES TO PROVIDE A SATISFACTORY ILLUSION OF FOG IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR AT UCLA. IN ADDITION, THE PROBLEMS OF DARKNESS AND RAINFALL CAN NOW BE SIMULATED. A SYSTEM TO SIMULATE BROADCAST WARNING MESSAGES HAS BEEN INSTALLED. SPECIFICATIONS ARE DEVELOPED FOR A PROJECTION SYSTEM TO PROVIDE A SATISFACTORY ILLUSION OF MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO THE PRECEEDING VEHICLE. /BPR/ KW - Broadcasting KW - Driving simulators KW - Fog KW - Night KW - Plastics KW - Rainfall KW - Reduced visibility KW - Scratches KW - Visibility KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222552 AU - Waller, J A AU - California State Dept Public Health AU - California Division of Highways TI - A GUIDE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION, AND REGULATION OF PERSONS WITH MEDICAL HANDICAPS TO DRIVING PY - 1966/06 AB - THIS IS A GUIDE FOR IDENTIFYING, EVALUATING, AND REGULATING PERSONS WITH EPILEPSY, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES MELLITUS, ALCOHOLISM, MENTAL ILLNESS, DRUG ADDICTION AND OTHER SOCIOPATHIC DISTURBANCES RELATIVE TO DRIVING. THE REPORT BRIEFLY DISCUSSES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, GENERAL PRINCIPLES TO BE EMPLOYED IN IDENTIFYING DRIVERS WITH MEDICAL HANDICAPS, AND HOW TO EVALUATE THE EXTENT TO WHICH MEDICAL IMPAIRMENT MAY AFFECT ONES ABILITY TO DRIVE. PARTICULAR ATTENTION IS GIVEN IN THE REPORT TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS AS THEY AFFECT DRIVER LICENSING PERSONNEL, HEALTH DEPARTMENTS, PHYSICIANS, COURTS, POLICE DEPARTMENTS, AND OTHER PERSONS OR AGENCIES INVOLVED IN REPORTING AND IN REGULATION PROCESSES. IN THE EXTENSIVE DISCUSSION OF IMPAIRMENT RELATED TO THE ABOVE DESCRIBED MEDICAL CONDITIONS, AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO DESCRIBE THE UNDERLYING PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND LONG TERM OUTLOOK WHICH ARE OF GREATEST CONCERN TO THE PHYSICIAN, AS WELL AS THE SPECIFIC MANIFESTATIONS PERTINENT TO OPERATION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE WHICH PRESENT PROBLEMS FOR DRIVER LICENSING AUTHORITIES. THE DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL CONDITIONS ARE WRITTEN SO THAT THEY CAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY PERSONS WITHOUT A MEDICAL BACKGROUND. ONE CHAPTER OF THE REPORT IS DEVOTED TO LISTING REQUIREMENTS, RELATIVE TO MEDICAL IMPAIRMENT, FOR THE OPERATION OF COMMERCIAL AND EMERGENCY VEHICLES. /BPR/ KW - Alcohols KW - Crash investigation KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Driver restriction KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Evaluation KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Physical condition KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210350 AU - Paquette, R J AU - Wright, P H AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia State Highway Department TI - THE INFLUENCE OF HAUL DISTANCE ON HARDENING OF ASPHALTIC BINDER IN HOT BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PY - 1966/06 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF HAULING DISTANCE ON ASPHALT HARDENING IN HOT ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURES. IN ADDITION TO DISTANCE /TIME/, THE FACTORS STUDIED WERE ASPHALT SOURCE, MIX TEMPERATURE AND LOCATION AND DEPTH IN THE HAULING TRUCK. ALL BUT TWO OF THE MIXTURES STUDIED WERE WEARING COURSE TYPES /GEORGIA TYPE E/ AND INCLUDED 60/70 PENETRATION ASPHALT FROM 3 REFINERY SOURCES. THE PRINCIPAL HARDENING CRITERION WAS VISCOSITY. MODIFIED STANDARD DUCTILITY TESTS AT 50 F AND INFRARED SPECTRA WERE USED AS OTHER HARDENING CRITERIA. THE FINDINGS INDICATED THAT ALL THREE ASPHALTS HARDENED DURING HAUL BUT TO DIFFERENT DEGREES AND THAT THE AMOUNT OF HARDENING DEPENDED ON HAUL TIME. IT WAS FOUND THAT MATERIAL NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE LOAD DID NOT HARDEN TO THE SAME EXTENT AS INTERIOR PORTIONS. MATERIAL LOCATED AT THE FRONT OF THE TRUCK ALSO TENDED TO SHOW LESS HARDENING. INFRARED SPECTRA REFLECTED HARDENING AS CHANGES IN THE 2.9, 5.9 AND 9.7 MICRON REGIONS OF THE SPECTROGRAMS. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Concrete hardening KW - Ductility tests KW - Hardness KW - Haul time KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Mixing KW - Mixing temperature KW - Sources KW - Temperature KW - Trip length KW - Viscosity KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212018 AU - Welsh, W A AU - Sozen, M A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF ANCHORAGE - ZONE CRACKING IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PY - 1966/06 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF AN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ANCHORAGE ZONE CRACKING IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS. SEVERAL ANALYTICAL METHODS ARE REVIEWED AND EVALUATED AND ONE METHOD IS SELECTED FOR COMPARISON WITH TEST RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED IN FOUR SEPARATE LABORATORIES. BOTH PRE-TENSIONED AND POST- TENSIONED MEMBERS WERE TESTED. THE PRIMARY VARIABLES INCLUDED IN THE TEST PROGRAMS WERE: (1) SHAPE OF CROSS SECTION, (2) ECCENTRICITY OF THE PRESTRESSING FORCE, (3) TYPE OF PRESTRESSING, (4) RATIO OF LOADED AREA TO CROSS SECTIONAL AREA, (5) DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRESTRESSING FORCE, (6) CONCRETE QUALITY, (7) TIME-DEPENDENT EFFECTS, AND (8) AMOUNT, LOCATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT. A TOTAL OF 177 TESTS WERE ANALYZED. TWO ZONES IN WHICH LONGITUDINAL CRACKING WAS LIKELY TO OCCUR WERE IDENTIFIED. THESE WERE (1) THE BURSTING STRESS ZONE, WHICH LIES ALONG THE AXIS OF THE PRESTRESSING FORCE, AND (2) THE SPALLING STRESS ZONE WHICH IS SOME DISTANCE AWAY FROM THE PRESTRESSING FORCE. THE MEASURED LOADS AT THE INITIATION OF CRACKING IN THE BURSTING AND SPALLING ZONES WERE COMPARED WITH THE CALCULATED VALUES, AND A DESIGN PROCEDURE BASED ON THE ANALYSIS WAS PROPOSED FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE TRANSVERSE STRESSES AND THE SELECTION OF THE TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT. TWO NUMERICAL EXAMPLES OF THE DESIGN PROCEDURE ARE INCLUDED IN THE REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Anchorages KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Cross sections KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Eccentricity KW - Experiments KW - Laboratory tests KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shape KW - Shape factor KW - Spalling KW - Stresses KW - Tearing KW - Time KW - Time effects KW - Transverse distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207798 AU - Yen, B T AU - Mueller, J A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - FATIGUE TESTS OF LARGE-SIZE WELDED PLATE GIRDERS PY - 1966/06 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE FATIGUE TESTS OF NINE LARGE-SIZE , WELDED PLATE GIRDERS. THE PURPOSE OF THE TESTS WAS TO EXAMINE THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WEB GIRDERS, PARTICULARLY THE WEBS, FOR THE FORMULATION OF DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS. THE GIRDERS WERE SUBJECTED TO LOADING CONDITIONS OF HIGH SHEAR, PURE BENDING, AND THEIR COMBINATION. MAXIMUM APPLIED LOADS WERE AT A LEVEL COMPARABLE TO PRACTICAL MAGNITUDES. THREE FAILURE MODES EXISTED, CORRESPONDING TO THE THREE LOADING CONDITIONS. THE WEB MEMBRANE STRESSES WERE FOUND TO BE AGREEABLE WITH THE PREDICTIONS OF THE BEAM THEORY. ALONG THE FLANGES, THE SECONDARY BENDING STRESSES IN THE THIN WEBS CORRELATED WELL WITH THE LOCATIONS AND THE NUMBER OF CYCLES AT THE FIRST OBSERVATION OF THE CRACKS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bending KW - Fatigue tests KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Plate girders KW - Shear strength KW - Theory KW - Webbing KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215842 AU - Hughes, R D AU - Scott, J W AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS-DETERIORATION AND REPAIR, PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND ADMIXTURES PY - 1966/06 AB - THIS REPORT IS A HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF DAMAGE SUSTAINED BY NEW AND OLD CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. AN EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE TO EVALUATE ALL BRIDGE DECKS IN KENTUCKY WHICH /1/ HAVE HAD SPECIAL ADMIXTURES IN THE CONCRETE, /2/ HAVE BEEN REPAIRED BY USE OF VARIED MATERIALS, AND /3/ HAVE HAD VARIOUS PROTECTIVE COATINGS APPLIED TO THEM. WHILE NO CONCLUSIVE DISCOVERIES HAVE BEEN MADE, SEVERAL WORTHWHILE, GENERALIZED IDEAS HAVE EVOLVED. SOME OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS WHICH WERE MADE FOR CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS ARE AS FOLLOWS' A MINIMUM OF 2 INCHES OF CONCRETE SHOULD BE MAINTAINED ABOVE REINFORCEMENT, FULL-WIDTH SCREEDING AND FLOATING MACHINES SHOULD BE REQUIRED, CONCRETING SHOULD NOT BE STARTED UNTIL IT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED THAT THERE IS SUFFICIENT EQUIPMENT FOR RAPID DELIVERY AND PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE, EXCESS CONCRETE SHOULD BE MAINTAINED IN FRONT OF SCREED, SLUMP AND AIR-CONTENT TESTS SHOULD BE PERFORMED ON EACH BATCH OF CONCRETE, BATCHES NOT MEETING SPECIFICATIONS SHOULD BE REJECTED. EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO PREVENT WORKMEN FROM WALKING IN FRESH CONCRETE, LOW AREAS SHOULD BE OVER-FILLED WITH FRESH CONCRETE, EXCESSIVE VIBRATION AND OVER-FINISHING SHOULD BE DISCOURAGED, AND TEMPERING PROHIBITED, CURING COMPOUNDS SHOULD BE APPLIED IMMEDIATELY AFTER WATER-SHEEN HAS DISAPPEARED, CLEANING AND RINSING OF DECKS AFTER HEAVY APPLICATION OF DEICING CHEMICALS AND SAND SHOULD BE STANDARD PRACTICE, BOILED LINSEED OIL SHOULD BE APPLIED AT 2 TO 4-YEAR INTERVALS, IN MAKING REPAIRS, REMOVE ALL UNSOUND CONCRETE AND PERIMETER OF SUCH AREAS SAWED TO ELIMINATE FEATHER-EDGING, AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE IS RECOMMENDED FOR PATCHES, 2 INCHES IN DEPTH OR GREATER, AND STUDIES AND EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE CONTINUED IN THE AREA OF CONCRETING PRACTICES, PERFORMANCE OF DECK CONCRETE, PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND REPAIRS. /BPR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Air content KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Consistency KW - Deterioration KW - Evaluation KW - Kentucky KW - Location KW - Patching KW - Performance KW - Placement KW - Protective coatings KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205342 AU - Shirley, E AU - Anderson, D AU - California Division of Highways TI - A REPORT ON THE DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURAL SECTION OF CITY AND COUNTY ROADS PY - 1966/06 AB - IN 1963, A REVISED THICKNESS DESIGN FORMULA FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS WAS INTRODUCED BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS. THIS FORMULA CONSIDERS THE STRENGTH OF THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE, THE EFFECT OF THE SUPPORTING SOIL AND THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF TRAFFIC. THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF TRAFFIC IS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF THE NUMBER OF PASSAGES OF A 5,000-POUND WHEEL LOAD WHICH IS EQUIVALENT, IN DESTRUCTIVE POTENTIAL, TO THE ACTUAL WHEEL LOAD. CERTAIN CONSTANTS ARE USED TO FACILITATE CONVERSION OF THE VARIOUS WHEEL LOADS OCCURRING IN MIXED TRAFFIC TO EQUIVALENT 5,000- POUND WHEEL LOADS. THESE CONSTANTS, TERMED TRUCK OR EQUIVALENT WHEEL LOAD CONSTANTS, ARE DERIVED FROM STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF TRUCK AXLE LOADS AND ARE CALCULATED SEPARATELY FOR EACH GROUP OF TRUCKS CATEGORIZED ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF AXLES. THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF AN EXAMINATION OF THE NEED FOR SEPARATE SETS OF TRUCK CONSTANTS FOR STATE HIGHWAYS AND FOR CITY STREETS AND COUNTY ROADS. THE DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON CERTAIN CITY STREETS AND COUNTY ROADS IS EVALUATED AND COMPARED WITH WHEEL LOADS FOUND ON STATE HIGHWAYS. DATA FOR THE LOCAL TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WERE OBTAINED FROM 25 LOADOMETER LOCATIONS WHICH COVER COMMERCIAL, FARM-TO-MARKET, CONNECTOR AND COLLECTOR STREETS AND ROADS. LOADOMETER STATIONS WERE OPERATED BETWEEN THE HOURS OF 7 TO 12 A.M. AND 1 TO 4 P.M. THE STUDY DEVELOPED THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION' /1/ THE TRUCK CONSTANTS DETERMINED FOR LOCAL ROAD TRAFFIC WERE FOUND TO BE APPRECIABLY LESS THAN THOSE THAT HAD BEEN DEVELOPED FOR STATE HIGHWAY TRAFFIC, /2/ THE TRAFFIC INDEX FOR TYPICAL LOCAL ROAD TRAFFIC WAS REDUCED 7% BY USING THE TRUCK CONSTANTS DETERMINED IN THIS STUDY, AND /3/ APPLICATION OF THE REDUCED TRAFFIC INDEX TO TYPICAL LOCAL ROAD DESIGN SITUATIONS RESULTED IN THICKNESS REDUCTIONS THAT VARIED FROM 6 TO 11% FOR THE DIFFERENT LAYERS OF THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM. /BPR/ KW - Axle loads KW - California KW - County roads KW - Data collection KW - Destruction KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulas KW - Loadometers KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - State highways KW - Streets KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Traffic KW - Trucks KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211998 AU - Hollrah, R L AU - Buettner, D R AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission TI - CREEP RECOVERY AND CREEP OF PRESHRUNK CONCRETE PY - 1966/06 AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE ANALYSIS OF A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO CREEP TESTS. IT WAS A CONTINUATION STUDY OF A COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM, STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE ON THE DEFLECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES. CHANGES IN CREEP, APPARENT STRAIN, AND MODULAS OF ELASTICITY WERE DETERMINED FOR PRISM SPECIMENS WHICH HAD BEEN UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSIVE LOADS FOR ABOUT THREE YEARS AND WERE THEN UNLODDED AND RELOADED. PRISMS WHICH HAD BEEN DRYING FOR ABOUT THREE YEARS, AND WERE ESSENTIALLY PRESHRUNK, WERE CREEP TESTED. ALSO THE EFFECT OF TIME, CONSTITUENTS, AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE ELASTIC MODULUS AND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WERE STUDIED. THE CREEP RECOVDRY BEHAVIOR FOR THE SPECIMENS IN THIS STUDY WAS CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENT FROM THAT PREVIOUSLY REPORTED FOR SPECIMENS LOADED FOR A SHORTER PERIOD OF TIME. FROM THIS STUDY IT APPEARS THAT THE MAGNITUDE OF CREEP RECOVERY MAY BE RELATED TO THE LENGTH OF TIME WHICH THE SPECIMENT HAS BEEN UNDER SUSTAINED LOAD. SIMILARLY IT WAS FOUND THAT THE BASIC, OR VISCOUS, CREEP APPEARS TO BE A FUNCTION OF THE AGE AT THE TIME OF LOADING. FINALLY IT WAS FOUND THAT FOR THE SIZE OF SPECIMEN USED, BOTH THE ELASTIC MODULUS AND THE ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE GENERALLY DECREASES WITH TIME FROM THE VALUES OBTAINED AT 28 DAYS AFTER CASTING. /BPR/ KW - Age KW - Axial loads KW - Compression KW - Concrete KW - Creep KW - Laboratory studies KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Preshrunk concrete KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Shrinkage KW - Specimens KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Testing KW - Time UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP67-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206280 AU - Nichols, F P AU - Gunn, R W AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - MEASUREMENTS OF DEFLECTION AND CURVATURE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS - 1964-1965 PY - 1966/06 AB - THIS INTERIM REPORT ON ONE PHASE OF THE RESEARCH STUDY ENTITLED PAVEMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DESCRIBES THE RESULTS OF BENKELMAN BEAM AND SOUTH AFRICA CURVATURE METER TESTS ON 53 SELECTED SECTIONS OF IN-SERVICE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. ELEVEN OF THESE SECTIONS ARE INCLUDED IN THREE SPECIALLY PLANNED AND CONSTRUCTED EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENTS IN THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. THE REPORT PRESENTS SUMMARY TABULATIONS OF DEFLECTION, CURVATURE, STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DATA FOR EACH PAVEMENT PROJECT, BY PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES. THE ANALYSES REPORTED INCLUDE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN /1/ STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DEFLECTION, /2/ STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CURVATURE, AND /3/ DEFLECTION AND CURVATURE. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS ARE MADE FROM THE ANALYSES' /1/ DEFLECTION AND CURVATURE MAY BE CORRELATED WITH THE STRUCTURAL NUMBER /STRENGTH/ OF THE PAVEMENT ONLY WHEN THE PAVEMENTS BEING COMPARED ARE OF ESSENTIALLY THE SAME TYPE. /2/ A FAIR CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN PAVEMENT DEFLECTION AND CURVATURE, /3/ DEFLECTION AND CURVATURE MEASUREMENTS, TOGETHER, FURNISH THE BEST AVAILABLE SOURCE OF DATA FOR ESTIMATING THE SERVICE LIFE OF A LARGE MILEAGE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS, /4/ PAVEMENTS HAVING CEMENT OR ASPHALT STABILIZED BASES CANNOT WITHSTAND EVEN A CONSIDERABLY LESSER DEFLECTION OR CURVATURE THAN THE MORE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT TYPES, AND /5/ A COURSE OF UNTREATED NON-FROST SUSCEPTIBLE MATERIAL IS NEEDED BETWEEN A SOIL-CEMENT COURSE AND THE ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE TO PREVENT OR MINIMIZE REFLECTION CRACKING. /BPR/ KW - Benkelman beam KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Experimental KW - Experiments KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inservice KW - Measurement KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Service life KW - South africa curvature tests KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201168 AU - Heimbach, C L AU - Vick, H D AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission TI - THE EXPLORATION OF ECONOMIC, SAFETY, MAINTENANCE AND/OR OPERATION OF PAVED VERSUS UNPAVED SHOULDERS PY - 1966/06 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS INFORMATIVE SUMMARIES OF PERTINENT REFERENCES USED IN EXPLORING WHAT HAS BEEN DONE IN THE PAST CONCERNING THE ECONOMY, MAINTENANCE, SAFETY, AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF PAVED VERSUS UNPAVED SHOULDERS AND OF CURRENT PRACTICES AND COSTS OF SHOULDERS IN NORTH CAROLINA AND OTHER STATES. LIMITATIONS OF MAINTENANCE COST DATA CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN NORTH CAROLINA IS REVIEWED ALONG WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE NEEDS IF SHOULDER STUDIES ARE TO BE MADE. EIGHT PLANS FOR POSSIBLE RESEARCH ARE DESCRIBED AND EMBELLISHED WITH PERTINENT EVALUATIONS. RECOGNITION IS GIVEN TO THE BENEFITS DERIVED FROM PAVED SHOULDERS BUT THE SHOULDER PROBLEM MUST BE STUDIED CONCOMITANTLY WITH ALL OTHER ROADWAY AND TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS TO DETERMINE THEIR EFFECTS AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS. /BPR/ KW - Economics KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highways KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Paved KW - Reviews KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety KW - Traffic KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200913 AU - Doom, I F AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - LINEAR PROGRAMMING-PHASE II -SOLUTION OF THE MULTIPLE DISCOUNT PROBLEM PY - 1966/06 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS A TECHNIQUE CAPABLE OF DETERMINING OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO MULTIPLE OFFERS OF QUANTITY DISCOUNTS FROM DIFFERENT DELIVERY POINTS. AN EXAMPLE OF THE TECHNIQUES APPLICATION IS INCLUDED IN THE REPORT. THE EXAMPLE COVERS GASOLINE SUPPLIERS BIDDING ON THE NEEDS OF ONE, TWO, OR ALL DISTRICTS WITHIN A STATE, WITH THE NUMBER OF LOCATIONS BID LEFT TO THE SUPPLIERS DISCRETION. WITH THIS CHOICE, EACH PROSPECTIVE SUPPLIER COULD OFFER ALTERNATIVE BIDS. BY DETERMINING THE COMBINATION OF BIDS REFLECTING THE GREATEST ECONOMIES OF DISTRIBUTION AND SCALE, AS OUTLINED IN THE REPORT, THE STATE MAY OBTAIN THE LOWEST COST GASOLINE. /BPR/ KW - Bids KW - Contracts KW - Discount KW - Economic analysis KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Gasoline KW - Linear programming KW - Methodology KW - Multiple discounts KW - Pricing KW - Supply KW - Supply contracts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206277 AU - Crawford, R A AU - Anderson, D AU - South Dakota Department of Highways TI - BRIDGE DECK STUDY FINAL REPORT PY - 1966/06 AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS RESULTS OF A STUDY ON FACTORS CAUSING ROUGHNESS OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS IN SOUTH DAKOTA. FIELD OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE ON 47 BRIDGES CONSTRUCTED DURING 1964 AND 1965. DATA WAS OBTAINED RELATING TO DESIGN, CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION, TYPE OF FALSE-WORK, FINISHING EQUIPMENT, WORK METHODS, CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL, MATERIAL TEST RESULTS, WEATHER CONDITIONS AND OTHER FACTORS BELIEVED TO AFFECT ROUGHNESS. THESE DATA WERE SUPPLEMENTED BY MANY PHOTOGRAPHS. DURING 1965, COMPLETED BRIDGE DECKS WERE EVALUATED FOR ROUGHNESS. ATTEMPTS TO USE MECHANICAL MEASURING DEVICES WERE NOT SUCCESSFUL. A PROCEDURE WAS DEVELOPED INVOLVING SUBJECTIVE RATINGS OF RIDING QUALITY, TEXTURE AND APPEARANCE PLUS MEASUREMENT OF AREAS WHICH HAD BEEN PATCHED OR GROUND DURING CONSTRUCTION. RESULTS OF THE RATINGS ARE PRESENTED AND RELATED TO BRIDGE DESIGN, TYPE OF FINISHING EQUIPMENT, WEATHER CONDITIONS, AND CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION. THE MAJOR IMPORT OF CONCLUSIONS WAS THAT ALL OF THE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FINISHING EQUIPMENT WAS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING SMOOTH DECKS, THAT SHORT SPAN LENGTHS WERE CONDUCIVE TO ROUGHNESS AND THAT THE CONTRACTING ORGANIZATIONS SKILL WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT SINGLE FACTOR. /BPR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete finishing KW - Contractors KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Materials tests KW - Pavements KW - Riding qualities KW - Roughness KW - South Dakota KW - Structural design KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207801 AU - Cooper, P B AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - STATIC STRENGTH OF LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS PY - 1966/06 AB - THE GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THIS REPORT IS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF LONGITUDINAL STIFFENERS ON THE STATIC BEHAVIOR OF PLATE GIRDERS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS OF TEST GIRDERS, AND TO DEVELOP METHODS OF ESTIMATING THE STATIC STRENGTH OF LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS. BENDING TESTS ON LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS INDICATE THAT BY CONTROLLING LATERAL WEB DEFLECTIONS, A LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER CAN MAINTAIN A LINEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION UNTIL THE ULTIMATE MOMENT IS REACHED, THUS ELIMINATING THE NEED FOR A REDUCTION IN ULTIMATE BENDING STRESS. STIFFENER POSITIONING AND PROPORTIONING REQUIREMENTS ARE FORMULATED TO ENSURE THAT THE BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION REMAINS LINEAR. FOR TEST GIRDERS WITH STIFFENERS WHICH FULFILL THESE REQUIREMENTS, THE OBSERVED ULTIMATE LOADS AGREE VERY CLOSELY WITH THOSE PREDICTED BY THE THEORY. SHEAR TESTS ON LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS REVEAL THAT A LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER CAN CONTROL LATERAL WEB DEFLECTIONS TO THE EXTENT THAT SEPARATE TENSION FIELDS CAN BE DEVELOPED IN THE SUBPANELS FORMED BY THE STIFFENER. ACCORDINGLY, A SHEAR STRENGTH THEORY IS FORMULATED BY ASSUMING THAT THE SHEAR STRENGTHS OF THE SUBPANELS CAN BE DEVELOPED INDEPENDENTLY OF ADJACENT SUBPANELS AND THAT THE ULTIMATE SHEAR FORCE OF THE STIFFENED PANEL IS THE SUM OF THE ULTIMATE SHEAR FORCES OF THE SUBPANELS. USING THIS THEORY, THE SHEAR STRENGTH IS COMPUTED FOR A NUMBER OF PANEL SIZES AND STIFFENER POSITIONS. COMPARISON OF THESE PREDICTIONS WITH TEST RESULTS INDICATES THAT THE THEORY PROVIDES A RELIABLE, THOUGH SOMEWHAT CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATE OF THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PLATE GIRDERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bend tests KW - Breaking loads KW - Control KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Longitudinal KW - Plate girders KW - Shear tests KW - Static conditions KW - Statics KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Strength of materials KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224844 AU - Cribbins, P D AU - Horn, J W AU - Beeson, F V AU - TAYLOR, R D AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - INVESTIGATION OF MEDIANS AND MEDIAN OPENINGS ON DIVIDED HIGHWAYS IN NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1966/06 AB - ACCIDENT INFORMATION AND ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS FOR EVERY SECTION OF MULTI-LANE DIVIDED HIGHWAY WITHOUT ACCESS CONTROL AND WITH NON-CROSSABLE MEDIANS WERE STUDIED TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM OPENING SPACING WITH SAFETY, ROADSIDE ACCESS, AND LEVEL OF SERVICE BEING STUDIED SIMULTANEOUSLY. THE ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS CONSIDERED WERE MEDIAN WIDTH, SPEED LIMIT, ADT VOLUME, THE NUMBER OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PER MILE WITH AND WITHOUT LEFT TURN STORAGE, THE NUMBER OF UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PER MILE WITH AND WITHOUT LEFT TURN STORAGE, AND THE AMOUNT OF ROADSIDE INGRESS AND EGRESS PER MILE. THE EFFECT OF THESE CHARACTERISTICS ON THE ACCIDENT RATE AND LEVEL OF SERVICE WAS INVESTIGATED. DATA ARE STRATIFIED BY LOCATION TYPE AND ARE ANALYZED BY MULTIPLE REGRESSION TECHNIQUES. IT WAS DETERMINED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PREDICTION EQUATION FOR ACCIDENTS THAT THE AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUME AND ROADSIDE ACCESS COMBINED WITH THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF MEDIAN OPENINGS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT PREDICTORS OF ACCIDENT RATES. REAR-END COLLISIONS ACCOUNT FOR 33 PERCENT OF ALL ACCIDENTS ON FOUR-LANE, NON-ACCESS CONTROLLED HIGHWAYS, WITH UNSIGNALIZED AND SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS BEING THE MOST HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS, RESPECTIVELY. ACCIDENT RATES AND LEVEL OF SERVICE CAN BE PREDICTED FOR GIVEN SECTIONS OF EXISTING HIGHWAYS BY THE USE OF REGRESSION MODELS. THE FOLLOWING GENERAL CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED' /1/ AS TRAFFIC VOLUME AND ROADSIDE DEVELOPMENT INCREASE, USAGE OF MEDIAN OPENINGS RAPIDLY BECOMES HAZARDOUS , AND /2/ AS ROADSIDE DEVELOPMENT INCREASES AND CROSSOVERS OF ANY TYPE ARE PERMITTED, ACCIDENTS WILL INCREASE. SEVERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ARE OFFERED AS GUIDES FOR FORMULATING POLICIES REGARDING /1/ MEDIAN PLACEMENT ON FUTURE FACILITIES , AND /2/ THE CLOSING OR ADDITION OF MEDIAN OPENINGS ON EXISTING FACILITIES. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Crash rates KW - Crossovers KW - Design KW - Divided highways KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Handling and storage KW - Hazards KW - Intersections KW - Left turn only KW - Left turns KW - Level of service KW - Median openings KW - Medians KW - Multilane highways KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Regression analysis KW - Regulatory signs KW - Roadside improvement KW - Spacing KW - Speed limits KW - Storage facilities KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic volume KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240408 AU - David, J H AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 1966 PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPARISON OF LAND USE AREAS ADJACENT TO INTERCHANGE LIMITS OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM PY - 1966/06 SP - 245 p. AB - THIS INTERIM REPORT IS THE SECOND OF A CONTINUING STUDY TO DETECT CHANGES IN LAND USE PATTERNS NEAR ALABAMAS INTERSTATE INTERCHANGES. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND ON-SITE INSPECTIONS ARE COMBINED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION SUCH AS THE LOCATION AND TYPE OF INTERCHANGE, THE GENERAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE AREA AND NATURE AND EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT BY QUADRANT. THESE DATA ARE BEING SUPPLEMENTED BY THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE BUREAUS PR-1030 SEVERANCE FORMS WHICH WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR THOSE INTERCHANGES WHERE SALES OF LAND PARCELS ARE TRANSACTED. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Alabama KW - Change KW - Economic factors KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/128958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207795 AU - Tide, RHR AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Lehigh University TI - A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE STATIC AND FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH PRESTRESSING STRAND PY - 1966/06 AB - AN INVESTIGATION HAS BEEN MADE OF THE STATIC AND FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF 1/2-IN. 270 KSI 7-WIRE PRESTRESSING STRAND. THE SPECIFIC PROPERTIES INVESTIGATED WERE THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP UP TO ULTIMATE LOAD, FATIGUE LIFE UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS, AND THE EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON THE FATIGUE LIFE. SAMPLES OF STRAND FROM FIVE DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS WERE USED TO ESTABLISH THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT ALL SAMPLES MEET THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFIED IN ASTM A416-64. THE S-N RELATIONSHIPS WERE DEVELOPED FOR STRAND FROM THREE OF THE MANUFACTURERS. IN EACH CASE, TWO DIFFERENT MINIMUM STRESS LEVELS /40% AND 60% OF THE MINIMUM SPECIFIED ULTIMATE STRENGTH/ WERE USED. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF THE DATA, AND EQUATIONS ARE DEVELOPED WHICH EXPRESS THE FATIGUE LIFE AS A FUNCTION OF THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM STRESS LEVELS. THE RESULTING S-N RELATIONSHIPS ARE COMPARED WITH THOSE DEVELOPED IN EARLIER WORK FOR 7/16-IN. 250 KSI 7-WIRE STRAND. FINALLY, A PILOT STUDY WAS MADE OF THE EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE /O DEGREES F/ ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF THE 1/2-IN. 270 KSI STRAND. SAMPLES FROM ALL FIVE MANUFACTURERS WERE INCLUDED IN THIS PART OF THE INVESTIGATION. THE SPECIMENS TESTED AT LOW TEMPERATURE WERE COMPARED WITH A GROUP TESTED AT NORMAL LABORATORY TEMPERATURE. ONE STRESS RANGE WAS USED IN ALL TESTS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THIS DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE APPARENTLY HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF THE STRAND. /AUTHOR/ KW - Deformation curve KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strand KW - Static tests KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203958 AU - French, J L AU - National Bureau of Standards /US TI - NONENLARGED BOX CULVERT INLETS - FIFTH PROGRESS REPORT ON HYDRAULICS OF CULVERTS, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT 9327 PY - 1966/06 AB - THE HYDRAULIC CAPACITIES OF BOX CULVERTS OPERATING WITH FLOW CONTROL AT THE INLET WERE INVESTIGATED BY USE OF SCALE MODELS. THE EFFECTS OF BARREL SHAPE, WINGWALL FLARE ANGLE AND SKEW OF INLET ON CAPACITY WERE ESTABLISHED FOR PRESENT TYPES OF BOX CULVERTS AND EXPRESSED IN ENERGY EQUATIONS RELATING RATE OF FLOW TO BARREL DIMENSIONS AND HEADWATER DEPTH. IMPROVED CAPACITY WAS OBTAINED BY USE OF BEVELS AT THE INLET EDGES AND BY RELOCATION OF WINGWALLS. THE DIMENSIONS REQUIRED FOR IMPROVEMENT OF CAPACITY ARE REPORTED. /BPR/ KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Box culverts KW - Capacity KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culverts KW - Design standards KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Dimensional measurement KW - Edges KW - Equations KW - Flow KW - Headwater depth KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Rates KW - Ratios KW - Scale (Ratio) KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00216115 AU - Townsend, M AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Government Printing Office TI - CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CULVERTS' STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDED INSTALLATION PRACTICES PY - 1966/06 AB - A DESIGN METHOD IS PRESENTED HEREIN WHICH TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION THE MAJOR FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CULVERTS. THE FACTORS TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE MANY YEARS OF FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE CULVERTS AND THE VAST AMOUNT OF RESEARCH STUDIES ON BURIED FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES. BASED ON THESE FACTORS, DESIGN CRITERIA ARE PRESENTED AND A DESIGN CHART HAS BEEN PREPARED FOR EACH TYPE OF CORRUGATION SHOWING MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE FILL HEIGHTS FOR EACH OF THE DESIGN CRITERIA. INASMUCH AS THE ADEQUACY OF ANY PIPE DESIGN CAN BE NULLIFIED BY POOR INSTALLATION PRACTICES SUCH AS LACK OF UNIFORMITY IN PIPEBED BEARING, POOR QUALITY OF SIDEFILL MATERIAL OR LACK OF ADEQUATE COMPACTION THEREOF, A SECTION ON INSTALLATION PRACTICES IS INCLUDED WHICH SETS UP BASIC INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS NECESSARY TO OBTAIN SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE OF PIPE CULVERTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Charts KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Corrugated pipe culverts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Fills KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible tubing KW - Installation KW - Research KW - Tubing KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214489 AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN INTERIM REPORT ON THE USE OF WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES IN CRPCC ON THE SOUTHWEST EXPRESSWAY PY - 1966/06 AB - INFORMATION IS PRESENTED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF TWO WATER- REDUCING ADMIXTURES USED IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION. THE STUDY OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF THESE ADMIXTURES ON THE WORKABILITY AND OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE. MIXES CONTAINING THE ADMIXTURES WERE COMPARED WITH MIXES WITHOUT THE ADMIXTURES. TEST RESULTS SHOW THAT THE CONCRETES CONTAINING THE ADMIXTURES HAD BETTER WORKABILITY AND SLIGHTLY MORE THAN 30% HIGHER 28-DAY AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS THAN THE COMPARATIVE CONCRETES WITHOUT THE ADMIXTURES. /BPR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete tests KW - Paving KW - Physical properties KW - Water reducing agents KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207820 AU - Toprac, A A AU - Lew, H S AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - FATIGUE STRENGTH OF HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS UNDER CONSTANT MOMENT PY - 1966/06 AB - TWO SERIES OF FATIGUE TESTS ON WELDED HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS ARE DESCRIBED. THE FIRST SERIES CONSISTED OF FOURTEEN PANEL SPECIMENS AND THE SECOND SERIES CONSISTED OF SIX FULL LENGTH SPECIMENS. IN BOTH SERIES, THE CENTER TEST PANEL /OR PANELS/ WAS SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING MOMENT. THE TEST SPECIMENS HAD ASTM A514 STEEL FLANGES AND ASTM A36 STEEL WEBS. FLANGE DIMENSIONS WERE KEPT CONSTANT IN ALL TEST SPECIMENS. THE WEB THICKNESSES USED WERE 1/8, 1/4, AND 3/8 INCH. THE MAXIMUM STRESSES APPLIED TO EACH OF THE TWO GROUPS OF SPECIMENS WERE 20, 30, 40 AND 50 KSI WITH STRESS RANGES OF 10, 15, AND 25 KSI. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THE INVESTIGATION WERE' /1/ TO DETERMINE THE MANNER IN WHICH THIN WEB HYBRID GIRDERS FAIL WHEN SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADS, AND /2/ TO DETERMINE WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF THIN WEB GIRDERS. THE TEST SETUP AND TEST PROCEDURES ARE DESCRIBED AND THE TEST RESULTS ARE ANALYZED AND DISCUSSED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT, REGARDLESS OF THE WEB THICKNESS, FOR THE SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO APPLIED STRESS BELOW THE YIELD POINT OF THE WEB MATERIAL, NO CRACKS WERE FOUND WITHIN TWO MILLION CYCLES. HOWEVER, WHEN APPLIED STRESSES EXCEEDED THE YIELD POINT OF THE WEB STEEL, THE WEB FLEXING ACTION COUPLED WITH THE MEMBRANE STRESS CAUSED THE DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE CRACKS ALONG THE TOE OF THE COMPRESSION FLANGE TO WEB FILLET WELD AND NEAR THE END OF THE TRANSVERSE STIFFENER. VARIOUS FATIGUE CRACKS CAUSED BY FABRICATION IRREGULARITIES WERE ALSO FOUND IN THE SPECIMENS STRESSED BEYOND THE WEB YIELD POINT. IN ALL CASES THE FINAL FAILURE OF THE SPECIMEN WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A FRACTURE IN THE TENSION FLANGE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Analysis KW - Bending moments KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flanges KW - Flexing KW - Flexure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Full scale specimens KW - Girders KW - Hybrid girders KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Panels KW - Plate girders KW - Repeated loads KW - Specimens KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Tension KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Webbing KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203959 AU - French, J L AU - National Bureau of Standards /US TI - TAPERED BOX CULVERT INLETS - SIXTH PROGRESS REPORT ON CULVERTS, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT 9355 PY - 1966/06 AB - THE HYDRAULIC CAPACITIES OF BOX CULVERTS WITH INLET FACE AREAS LARGER THAN THE BARREL AREA WERE INVESTIGATED UNDER CONDITIONS OF FLOW CONTROL AT EITHER THE INLET FACE OR THE THROAT SECTION AT THE END OF THE INLET TAPER. SCALE MODELS WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE CAPACITY OF INLETS WITH THE TOP TAPERED AND WALLS NOT TAPERED, AND WITH SIDE WALL TAPER FROM A WIDE FACE, WITH THE INLET FLOOR AND TOP COPLANAR WITH THE BARREL. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS INLET CONFIGURATIONS WERE ESTABLISHED AND EXPRESSED IN ENERGY EQUATIONS RELATING THE RATE OF FLOW TO HEADWATER DEPTH AND TO INLET FACE AREA OR BARREL DIMENSIONS, EACH IN CONNECTION WITH THE INLET TAPER ANGLE. THE DIMENSIONS OF TAPERED INLETS REQUIRED FOR SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF HYDRAULIC CAPACITY ARE REPORTED. /BPR/ KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Box culverts KW - Capacity KW - Configuration KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culverts KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Flow equations KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Ratios KW - Scale (Ratio) KW - Shape KW - Taper KW - Tapers (Work zone traffic control) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426092 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - NARRATIVE REPORTS OF HIGHWAY SEVERANCE EFFECTS: INDEX AND SUMMARY ANALYSIS PY - 1966/06 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Remainders (Property law) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roads KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238314 AU - Helstad, O L AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison TI - A SURVEY AND CRITIQUE OF HIGHWAY CONDEMNATION LAW AND LITIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1966/05 AB - THE WRITTEN LAW OF CONDEMNATION THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES WAS REVIEWED TO ATTEMPT TO PINPOINT THE PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF LITIGATION. A GENERAL VIEW OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF CONDEMNATION LAW IS PROVIDED WITH IDENTIFICATION OF THE ISSUES THAT HAVE ARISEN, THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH THEY HAVE PROMPTED ATTENTION BEING FOCUSED ON THE ISSUES. TABLES ARE PRESENTED SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF HIGHWAY AND NONHIGHWAY CONDEMNATION CASES, CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES OF PROCEEDINGS INVOLVED, ISSUES RAISED AND RECORD OF SUCCESS OF PARTIES ON APPEAL. APPROXIMATELY 1,900 HIGHWAY TAKING CASES WERE COVERED IN THE STUDY, WITH 12.5 PERCENT OF THE CASES APPEALED. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE ISSUES ON APPEAL ARE DISCUSSED. THE STATUTORY AUTHORITY OF THE POWER TO CONDEMN PROPERTY FOR HIGHWAY PURPOSES IS DISCUSSED AND EXAMPLES FURNISHED TO INDICATE THE RANGE OF POINTS WITH WHICH SUCH STATUTES DEAL AMONG DIFFERENT STATES. THE SUBJECT OF COMPENSATION IS TREATED RATHER EXTENSIVELY UNDER THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF SUBJECT MATTER INVOLVING SPECIFIC RIGHTS OR INTERESTS, RELATING TO PROCEDURE OR PRACTICE WITH A REVIEW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS DEALING WITH THE SUBJECT OF EMINENT DOMAIN. THE STUDY PRESENTS A PROTOTYPE FOR CONDEMNATION PROCEDURE LEGISLATION PATTERNED AFTER MODEL LAWS. KW - Case studies KW - Compensation KW - Condemnation KW - Condemnation procedures KW - Data collection KW - Eminent domain KW - Employee compensation KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Property condemnation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214438 AU - Prysock, R H AU - Watkins, R O AU - California Division of Highways TI - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF EMBANKMENT COMPACTION PY - 1966/05 AB - THIS STUDY STATISTICALLY EXAMINED THE DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENT RELATIVE COMPACTION OBTAINED WITH CURRENT COMPACTION CONTROL PROCEDURES USED IN CALIF. ON THREE EMBANKMENT PROJECTS WHERE THE SOILS VARIED FROM HOMOGENEOUS TO VARY HETEROGENEOUS MATERIAL. ANALYSIS OF PERCENT RELATIVE COMPACTION RESULTS REVEALED AVERAGE VALUES OF 92.9, 90.5 AND 93.5 PERCENT WITH STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF 2.4, 3.1 AND 5.5 PERCENT RESPECTIVELY. THE GREATEST DISPERSION IN RESULTS WAS FOUND WITH THE HETEROGENEOUS SOIL. THE DISTRIBUTION CURVES OF PERCENT RELATIVE COMPACTION AGREED GENERALLY WITH THOSE REPORTED BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION AND THE AASHO ROAD TEST. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DISPERSION OF PERCENT COMPACTION WERE FOUND TO BE TESTING PROCEDURE, THE SOIL, AND IN THE COMPACTION PROCESS. CURVES ARE PRESENTED WHICH PROVIDE A COMPARISON OF FIELD CONTROL TEST RESULTS AND RANDOMLY SAMPLED TEST RESULTS. A PARTIAL REVIEW OF PROBLEMS EXPECTED TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF PURELY STATISTICAL SPECIFICATIONS IS PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - California KW - Compaction KW - Embankment compaction KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Heterogeneity KW - Homogeneity KW - Methodology KW - Percent compaction KW - Samples KW - Soil compaction KW - Soils KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207803 AU - Gergely, P AU - Sozen, M A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE-ZONE REINFORCEMENT IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1966/05 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE DESIGN OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT NEAR THE END ZONES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS TO RESTRAIN ANCHORAGE ZONE CRACKS. THE METHOD IS CONFIRMED BY TEST RESULTS. THE DESIGN METHOD IS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT LONGITUDINAL CRACKS WILL FORM IN THE END ZONE. THE ANALYSIS OF THE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE CRACKED END ZONE YIELDED EXPRESSIONS FOR THE LOCATION OF THE CRACK AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE UNBALANCED MOMENT WHICH CREATES THE TENSION FORCES IN THE TRANSVERSE STEEL. A SIMPLE PROCEDURE RESULTED FOR THE DESIGN OF STIRRUPS TO RESTRAIN THE CRACKS. ONE SERIES OF TESTS CONFIRMED THE PROPOSED METHOD AND PREDICTED THE LOCATION OF THE CRACK AND THE FORCES IN THE REINFORCEMENT. A SECOND SERIES OF TESTS RESULTED IN A FORCE-SLIP RELATIONSHIP THAT WAS USED TO DEVELOP AN EXPRESSION TO LIMIT THE WIDTH OF THE CRACK. THE INVESTIGATION BROUGHT OUT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPALLING STRESSES, TRANSVERSE TENSILE STRESSES AWAY FROM THE LINE OF THE LOAD, AND SHOWED THAT FOR ECCENTRIC PRESTRESSING FORCES THESE STRESSES ARE LARGER FOR RECTANGULAR THAN FOR I-SHAPED END BLOCKS. /BPR/ KW - Anchorages KW - Beams KW - Design KW - End-zone KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Methodology KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prevention KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Spalling KW - Stirrups KW - Stresses KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202570 AU - Turpin, R D AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - NUMERICAL METHODS FOR RADIAL TRIANGULATION PY - 1966/05 AB - IN AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF FIELD WORK NECESSARY IN PROVIDING CONTROL IN PREPARATION OF DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS FROM AERIAL PHOTOS, THE POSSIBLE USES OF ESTABLISHING CONTROL BY MEANS OF RADIAL TRIANGULATION USING PHOTOGRAPHS WAS INVESTIGATED. EQUATIONS WERE DEVELOPED USING THE RESECTION AND INTERSECTION PRINCIPLES AND A DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS WORKED OUT FOR THEIR SOLUTION. THE EQUATIONS WERE TESTED USING ACTUAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF CONTROL POINTS ON THE PHOTO. THE EFFECTS OF TILT AND ERROR PROPAGATION IN THIS PROCESS WERE ANALYZED. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN REGARDING ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS, SELECTION OF STRONGEST POSSIBLE TRIANGULATION ARRANGEMENTS AND AREAS WHERE FUTURE RESEARCH IS DESIRABLE. /BPR/ KW - Accuracy KW - Aerial photography KW - Measurement KW - Numerical analysis KW - Numerical control KW - Topographic mapping KW - Topographic maps KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224822 AU - Allen, T M AU - Smith, G M AU - Janson, M H AU - Dyer, F N AU - Michigan Department of State Highways TI - SIGN BRIGHTNESS IN RELATION TO LEGIBILITY PY - 1966/05 AB - USING AN INTERNALLY ILLUMINATED SIGN, VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF BLACK-AND-WHITE LETTERS AND BACKGROUNDS WERE TESTED IN THE FIELD AT NIGHT UNDER A WIDE RANGE OF AMBIENT LIGHTING CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIGN LUMINANCE AND LEGIBILITY. THREE AGE GROUPS FOR THE OBSERVERS WERE USED. CONTRAST LEVEL AND DIRECTION WERE CONTROLLED AS WELL AS THE LEVEL OF HEADLAMP GLARE. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM BRIGHTNESS VALUES ARE DISCUSSED FOR TYPICAL RURAL, SUBURBAN, AND DOWNTOWN URBAN AMBIENT ILLUMINATION CONDITIONS. IF ALL SIGNS WERE ILLUMINATED UNIFORMLY AT 20 FT-L, LEGIBILITY WOULD BE VERY GOOD, EVEN IF LUMINANCES AS LOW AS 10 FT-L WERE ALLOWED AT THE DARKEST PART OF THE SIGN. /BPR/ KW - Brightness KW - Environment KW - Field tests KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - Night KW - Observation KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114735 ER - TY - SER AN - 00238381 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Thiel, F I TI - SEVERANCE CASE STUDIES-BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN FINDINGS AND THEIR APPLICATION PY - 1966/04 AB - AMOUNTS BEING RECEIVED BY OWNERS OF LAND TAKEN FOR HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY CONSTRUCTION FOR THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INTERSTATE AND DEFENSE HIGHWAYS AND OTHER FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAYS, AS PAYMENTS FOR LAND TAKEN, DAMAGES AND SALES, OFTEN TOTAL MORE THAN HAD BEEN ANTICIPATED ACCORDING TO FINDINGS FROM STUDIES OF SEVERANCE EFFECTS. RECEIPTS OFTEN HAVE TOTALED MORE THAN THE ESTIMATED VALUES, AND LOSSES HAVE BEEN RELATIVELY FEW AND SMALL. THE DISPARITIES IN THE ESTIMATED VALUES AND THE ACTUAL VALUES SHOWN BY ANALYSES OF FINDINGS-FROM THE CASE STUDIES IN THE PUBLIC ROADS SEVERANCE EFFECTS BANK AND 2,262 NARRATIVE REPORTS ON REMINDER SALES-EMPHASIZE THE SAVINGS THAT CAN BE MADE. THE FINDINGS ALSO INDICATE THAT UNDERPAYMENTS TO LANDOWNERS SOMETIMES ARE BEING MADE. THE IMPORTANCE OF APPLYING THE AVAILABLE FINDINGS FROM PREVIOUS CASE STUDIES TO NEW ACQUISITIONS IS STRESSED IN THIS ARTICLE. ATTENTION IS CALLED TO THE POSSIBLE SOURCE/S/ OF INFORMATION, ESPECIALLY FOR CURRENT ACQUISITIONS THAT INVOLVE TAKING FOR UNUSUAL TYPES OF PROPERTIES SUCH AS CHURCHES, GOLF COURSES, AND/OR SCHOOLS. BY APPLYING THESE FINDINGS, HIGHWAY TAKINGS CAN BE EVALUATED MORE CLOSELY SO THAT RIGHT-OF-WAY CAN BE ACQUIRED ECONOMICALLY AND OWNERS CAN BE PAID EQUABLY. FINDINGS FROM THE PUBLIC ROADS SEVERANCE BANK OF CASES HAVE BEEN EVALUATED ACCORDING TO THE BENEFITS OR LOSSES TO LANDOWNERS, AND FINDINGS FROM 2,262 REMINDER SALES HAVE BEEN ANALYZED ON AN AGGREGATE BASIS FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS. SOME OF THE FACETS OF THE ANALYSES PERTAINED TO THE RELATION OF ESTIMATED VALUES OF REMAINDER SALES TO USAGE BEFORE AND AFTER SEVERANCE, AND WHETHER THE REMAINDER WAS LANDLOCKED OR LOCATED NEAR AN INTERCHANGE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Evaluation KW - Golf courses KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Loss and damage KW - Losses KW - Payment KW - Property acquisition KW - Religion KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Schools KW - Severance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206272 AU - Beecroft, G W AU - Oregon State Highway Commission TI - SURVEY OF CRACKING IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN OREGON PY - 1966/04 AB - FROM 1959 THROUGH 1963 ABOUT 87 LANE MILES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN OREGON BUILT ON I-15 DURING 1958-59-60, WERE OBSERVED FOR THE PURPOSE OF EVALUATING DESIGN IN REGARD TO THE AMOUNT OF REINFORCING STEEL AND THE SPACING OF CONTRACTION JOINTS. THE PAVEMENT WAS 8 INCHES THICK, 24-FEET WIDE AND LANE-AT-A-TIME CONSTRUCTION. CONTRACTION JOINTS WERE SPACED AT 61.5 FEET AND THE SLABS WERE REINFORCED WITH 6X12-1/4 WELDED WIRE FABRIC PLACED AT A NOMINAL DEPTH OF 2 1/2 INCHES BELOW THE PAVEMENT SURFACE. ONE-INCH DIAMETER, 18-INCH LONG DOWELS ON 12-INCH CENTERS WERE USED IN ALL CONTRACTION JOINTS. NO. 5 DEFORMED BARS, 3 FEET LONG AND SPACED AT 3 TO 3 1/2 FEET WERE USED IN THE LONGITUDINAL JOINT. THE PAVEMENT WAS CURED WITH VARYING AMOUNTS OF A MEMBRANE FORMING COMPOUND. NEARLY ALL OF THE CRACKS WERE TRANSVERSE OF THE PAVEMENT, HAIRLINE IN NATURE, FREE OF SPALLING AND APPEARED TO HAVE NO EFFECT ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. CRACKING WAS FAR MORE PREVALENT IN THE OUTER THAN IN THE INNER LANES OF THE PAVEMENT AND IN THE CONCRETE PLACED IN THE MORNING THAN IN THAT PLACED AFTER MIDDAY. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE REINFORCING STEEL USED IN THE 61.5-FOOT SLABS MET THE REQUIREMENTS OF SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE AND MINIMIZATION OF CRACKING COULD HAVE BEEN ACCOMPLISHED BY MORE LIBERAL APPLICATION OF THE MEMBRANE CURING COMPOUND OR BY AFTERNOON AND EVENING PAVING. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Contraction joints KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Evaluation KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Observation KW - Oregon KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quantities KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Rigid pavements KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99674 ER - TY - SER AN - 00222664 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gordon, D A TI - PERCEPTUAL BASIS OF VEHICLE GUIDANCE PY - 1966/04 AB - THE PERCEPTUAL PROBLEMS OF VEHICLE GUIDANCE WERE CONSIDERED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POSITIONAL, VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION FIELDS AROUND THE MOVING VEHICLE. THESE ARE VERY GENERAL AND PERSISTANT ASPECTS OF THE DRIVERS VISUAL ENVIRONMENT. THE EQUATIONS GOVERNING THESE FIELDS, AND THE FIELDS THEMSELVES, WERE CONSIDERED FOR FEATURES AND REGULARITIES THAT MIGHT EXPLAIN HUMAN SPATIAL PERCEPTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Drivers KW - Equations KW - Guidance KW - Location KW - Position fixing KW - Vehicles KW - Velocity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200058 AU - Paterson, R W AU - University of Missouri, Rolla TI - FORECASTING TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING THE POTENTIAL DEMAND FOR HIGHWAYS-1966 PY - 1966/04 AB - RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO IMPROVE THE METHODOLOGY OF FORECASTING POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY REQUIRED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BALANCED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY NEEDS. METHODS IN USE WERE EVALUATED. IMPROVED FORECASTING TECHNIQUES WERE RECOMMENDED AND A MANUAL ON FORECASTING METHODOLOGY WAS PREPARED. A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STUDIES INCLUDING PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES, AND EVALUATIONS OF PERTINENT FORECAST IS INCLUDED AS AN APPENDIX TO THE REPORT. KW - Bibliographies KW - Economic conditions KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Needs assessment KW - Population growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201352 AU - Margolis, M A AU - RAND Corporation TI - COST ANALYSIS: CONCEPTS AND METHODS OUTLINE PY - 1966/04 AB - SUBJECTS IN THESE NOTES INCLUDE THE ROLE OF RESOURCE ANALYSIS IN COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, THE NATURE OF RESOURCE ANALYSIS, THE ANALYTICAL TOOLS IT EMPLOYS, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE EFFECTIVENESS SIDE OF THE EQUATION. THE COVERAGE IS LIMITED TO DOD AND NASA, WHICH HAVE BEEN THE BREEDING GROUNDS OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS BECAUSE OF THEIR UNIQUELY COMPLICATED PLANNING PROBLEM. EMPHASIS IS ON ENUMERATING AND DISTINGUISHING AMONG THE VARIETIES OF RESOURCE ANALYSIS COMMONLY REQUIRED IN COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS. VARIATIONS DUE TO DIFFERING LEVELS OF APPLICATIONS (SUCH AS FORCE STRUCTURES, INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS, OR INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT) AND ALSO VARIATION DUE TO LONG-RANGE VERSUS SHORT-RANGE TIME CONTEXT ARE COVERED. /BPR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Methodology KW - Natural resources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200077 AU - Stearns, P N AU - Hodgens, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PROGRAMING AND SCHEDULING HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1966/04 AB - BASICS OF THE CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF PROGRAMING HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS, SCHEDULING WORK ACTIVITIES, MONITORING SCHEDULES AND MANAGEMENT ACTION NEEDED TO CONTROL SCHEDULES ARE RELATED TO THE OVERALL PLANNING PROCESS. WORKABLE TECHNIQUES FOR PROGRAMING, SCHEDULING, AND LEVELING RESOURCES ARE PRESENTED TO ASSIST MANAGEMENT TO: (1) SELECT PROJECTS MOST IN NEED OF IMPROVEMENT, (2) MEET TARGET DATES FOR CONTRACT LETTINGS, AND (3) OBTAIN EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES. /BPR/ KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programming KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Scheduling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214436 AU - Zube, E AU - Skog, J AU - Kemp, G AU - California Division of Highways TI - INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLING PROCEDURE OF PAVING GRADE ASPHALTS PY - 1966/03/16 AB - THE OBJECT OF THE INVESTIGATION DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT WAS TO DETERMINE STATISTICALLY THE RELIABILITY OF FIELD SAMPLING PROCEDURES OF PAVING GRADE ASPHALTS. THIS STUDY WAS OF THE AUDIT TYPE IN THAT THE STATES PLANT INSPECTOR DID NOT KNOW WHEN OR HOW OFTEN THE SPECIAL LABORATORY SAMPLER WOULD APPEAR. THE REPORT PRESENTS ASSOCIATED PENETRATION TEST RESULTS OF 119 FIELD AND 121 SPECIAL SAMPLES TAKEN IN 1963 AND 1965. A 6% PROBABILITY OF OBTAINING AN OFF-GRADE PENETRATION, BASED ON 16,000 SAMPLES, IS GIVEN AS INFORMATION IN THE REPORT. THE AUTHORS LIST FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO OBTAINING NON-REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES FROM A SAMPLING SPIGOT AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN SPIGOT. THE CONCLUSION REACHED BY THE INVESTIGATORS IS THAT IMPROPER SAMPLING BY THE STATES FIELD REPRESENTATIVE WAS NOT THE CAUSE OF FAILURE OF ASPHALT SHIPMENTS TO COMPLY WITH PENETRATION TEST REQUIREMENTS. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Sampling KW - Soil penetration test KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224829 AU - Starrett, J A AU - Ehrlich, R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - HIGHWAY CENTER BARRIER INVESTIGATIONS PART II MODEL STUDY PY - 1966/03 AB - THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO SIMULATE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A MOTOR VEHICLE AND RIGID CONCRETE BARRIERS WITH SLOPING FACES, THROUGH MATHEMATICAL AND SCALE MODELS. THE 1/8 SCALE MODEL WAS CONSTRUCTED ON THE BASIS OF A TYPICAL 1964 LOW-PRICED SEDAN BY GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION. TEN RUNS INVOLVING THE SPEEDS OF 20 TO 60 MPH AND STRIKING ANGLE UP TO 15 DEGREES WERE CONDUCTED FOR EACH OF THE TWO TYPES OF BARRIERS. THE PRINCIPAL RESULT WAS A SET OF MOVIE RECORDS OF TEST RUNS. QUALITATIVE AGREEMENT WITH GM TESTS ON A FULL SCALE 1962 CAR WAS CONSIDERED GOOD FOR LOW SPEEDS AND FAIR FOR HIGH SPEEDS. MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION WAS ATTEMPTED, WITH NO REPORTABLE, TANGIBLE RESULTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Concrete structures KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Model tests KW - Motion pictures KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rigid KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206273 AU - Rand AU - French AU - Reed AU - Maine State Highway Commission TI - NEWBURGH-HAMPDEN - AN EXPERIMENTAL PAVING PROJECT CONTAINING 13 COMBINATIONS OF FILLERS AND GRADES OF ASPHALT PY - 1966/03 AB - THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION IS DESCRIBED OF 13 BITUMINOUS CONCRETE TEST SECTIONS ON 8 MILES OF PAVEMENT AND OBSERVATION OF THESE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. THE MAIN VARIABLES WERE THREE GRADES OF ASPHALT CEMENT AND FOUR TYPES OF MINERAL FILLER. AN ADDITIONAL SECTION CONTAINED A POLYMER BLENDED ASPHALT. SAMPLES OF MIXTURE WERE OBTAINED FROM CONSTRUCTION AND THE PAVEMENT WAS SAMPLED AT TWO SUBSEQUENT PERIODS. SAMPLES WERE TESTED FOR DENSITY AND HARDENING OF THE ASPHALT CEMENT. GENERALLY, THE MIXTURES DENSIFIED WITH TIME AND TRAFFIC ALTHOUGH IT WAS FOUND THAT DENSIFICATION CONTINUED DURING WINTER MONTHS WHICH WAS NOT EXPECTED. THE FILLER HAD INFLUENCE ON DENSIFICATION THAN DID THE ASPHALT GRADE. THE TRENDS FOR HARDENING OF THE ASPHALT WERE INCONCLUSIVE IN THAT MOST OF THE RESULTS SHOWED SOFTENING FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION. VISUAL OBSERVATIONS INDICATED LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MIXTURES DURING CONSTRUCTION AND AFTER FOUR YEARS OF SERVICE. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Blended asphalt KW - Concrete hardening KW - Density KW - Grades KW - Hardness KW - Mineral fillers KW - Performance KW - Polymers KW - Slopes KW - Test sections KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202569 AU - Prescott, W G AU - Ghosh, Soumya K AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - GLOBAL ADJUSTMENT OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION PY - 1966/03 AB - THREE ANGULAR AND THREE LINEAR PARAMETERS ARE USED TO SET UP PHOTOGRAMMETRIC STEREOPLOTTERS /KELSH PLOTTER/ FOR MAP CONSTRUCTION ON A TIMESAVING BASIS. THE DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS IS ACCOMPLISHED ON THE WILD A-7 STEREOPLOTTER AND THE AP/C ANALYTICAL PLOTTER. SEVERAL METHODS AND PROCEDURES WERE INVESTIGATED FOR OBTAINING THE PARAMETERS. KW - Ap/c analytical plotter KW - Data plotters KW - Kelsh plotter KW - Mapping KW - Methodology KW - Parameters KW - Photogrammetry KW - Productivity KW - Stereoscopic plotters KW - Time savings KW - Wild a-7 stereoplotter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207790 AU - Hilton, M H AU - Gloeckner, K M AU - Regnier, F M AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - A COMPARISON OF BRIDGE DECK ROUGHNESS' 1963 AND 1965 PY - 1966/03 AB - THE RIDING QUALITY OF BRIDGE DECKS, CONSTRUCTED BEFORE AND AFTER ADOPTION OF THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR FINISHING BRIDGE DECKS, ARE COMPARED. THIS INCLUDES 34 BRIDGE DECKS CONSTRUCTED PRIOR TO THE ISSUANCE OF THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS, AND 25 BRIDGE DECKS CONSTRUCTED /AFTER APRIL 1, 1964/ AFTER ISSUANCE. FOR PURPOSES OF DATA ANALYSIS, THESE BRIDGE DECKS WERE DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS IN ACCORDANCE WITH METHOD OF SCREEDING, NAMELY, LONGITUDINAL WITH MECHANICAL OSCILLATING SCREED, TRANSVERSE WITH MECHANICAL OSCILLATING SCREED AND TRANSVERSE WITH MANUAL VIBRATORY SCREED. ALL ROUGHNESS DATA WERE OBTAINED WITH A BPR-TYPE ROUGHOMETER. CONCLUSIONS DRAWN WERE' /1/ BRIDGE DECKS CONSTRUCTED SUBSEQUENT TO THE 1964 SPECIAL PROVISIONS HAD APPRECIABLY BETTER RIDING QUALITIES THAN THOSE CONSTRUCTED PRIOR TO 1964, /2/ LONGITUDINAL SCREEDING PRODUCED THE SMOOTHER BRIDGE DECKS, AND /3/ CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE ROUGHNESS OF BRIDGE DECKS SCREEDED BY THE SAME METHOD SUGGESTS THAT CONTROL AND QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP AND EQUIPMENT MUST BE MAINTAINED AT HIGH STANDARDS TO OBTAIN RESULTS CAPABLE OF BEING ACHIEVED. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Comparative analysis KW - Methodology KW - Oscillation KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Screeds KW - Specifications KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207792 AU - Newton, J G AU - Walker, L G AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - EXPERIMENTAL USE OF HIGH-STRENGTH REINFORCING STEEL PY - 1966/03 AB - THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND STUDY OF A FULL SCALE EXPERIMENTAL OVERPASS STRUCTURE IS REPORTED. A-432 REINFORCING STEEL HAVING A MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH OF 60,000 PSI WAS USED IN THE FOUR SPAN /55 FEET-88 FEET-88 FEET-55 FEET/ CONTINUOUS HAUNCHED CONCRETE GIRDER UNIT. ULTIMATE STRENGTH THEORY WAS USED IN THE DESIGN, AND STRESSES WERE ALSO CHECKED BY ELASTIC METHODS. ELECTRICAL STRAIN GAGES WERE INSTALLED AT SELECTED POINTS ON THE REINFORCING STEEL AND DEFLECTION GAGES EMPLOYING ELECTRICAL STRAIN GAGES WERE MOUNTED ON THE COMPLETED STRUCTURE. OSCILLOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION WERE TAKEN FOR A SERIES OF LIVE LOAD TESTS. A THREE AXLE TRUCK WAS USED IN THE LIVE LOAD TESTS. SPEED AND LANE POSITION WERE VARIED FOR PURPOSES OF STUDYING IMPACT, STRESS DISTRIBUTION, VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS. COMPARISONS OF OBSERVED AND CALCULATED STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS WERE MADE. A STUDY OF CRACK WIDTH AND DISTRIBUTION WAS MADE AT SEVERAL TIMES DURING THE TEST PROGRAM. OBSERVED CRACK FORMATION IS COMPARED WITH VARIOUS CRACK PREDICTION METHODS. TIME DEPENDENT DEFLECTIONS WERE OBSERVED THROUGHOUT THE TEST PERIOD AND COMPARED WITH DEFLECTION PREDICTIONS. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE STRUCTURE APPEARS TO BE SATISFACTORY. CRACK FORMATION IS NOT CONSIDERED EXCESSIVE AND OBSERVED STRAINS INDICATE AN ADEQUATE FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST STATIC FAILURE. /BPR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Electrical strain gages KW - High strength steel KW - Impacts KW - Lanes KW - Live loads KW - Location KW - Measuring instruments KW - Oscillographs KW - Overpasses KW - Position fixing KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Speed KW - Strain gages KW - Structural design KW - Structures KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207831 AU - Lewitt, C W AU - Chesson, E JR AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - RESTRAINT CHARACTERISTICS OF FLEXIBLE RIVETED AND BOLTED BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS PY - 1966/03 AB - THE BEHAVIOR OF FLEXIBLE RIVETED AND BOLTED BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS IS DESCRIBED ALONG WITH THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THEIR MOMENT-ROTATION CHARACTERISTICS. THE LOCATION OF THE CENTER-OF-ROTATION OF THE CONNECTION ANGLES AND THE LOAD-DEFORMATION RELATIONSHIPS, AS DETERMINED FOR SHORT ANGLE SEGMENTS, ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FACTORS NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOMENT AND ROTATION OF A CONNECTION. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE LOAD-DEFORMATION EXPRESSIONS FOR ANGLE SEGMENTS CAN BE DETERMINED ANALYTICALLY FOR DEFORMATIONS THAT ARE SUFFICIENTLY LARGE TO INSURE PLASTIC HINGES AT THREE CRITICAL LOCATIONS IN THE ANGLES. BASED ON THE DATA FROM TESTS CONDUCTED ON FULL SIZE FLEXIBLE CONNECTIONS THE LOCATION OF THE CENTER-OF-ROTATION CAN BE SHOWN TO BE A FUNCTION OF THE DEFORMATION OF THE CONNECTION ANGLES. MOMENT-ROTATION INFORMATION IS READILY DETERMINED FOR CONNECTION ANGLES OF THICKNESSES UP TO AND INCLUDING THOSE 7/16 INCHES THICK, AND WITH FROM TWO TO TEN ROWS OF FASTENERS. IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE RELATIONSHIPS THE INFLUENCE OF VARIABLES SUCH AS GAGE, FILLET RADIUS, YIELD POINT, FASTENER SIZE AND ANGLE THICKNESS ARE ALSO CONSIDERED . RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR THE UTILIZATION OF THE RESTRAINT CHARACTERISTICS OF FLEXIBLE CONNECTIONS IN DESIGN. THE SAVINGS IN BEAM WEIGHT ARE SHOWN TO BE AS GREAT AS SIX OR SEVEN PER CENT AND THE REDUCTION IN DEPTH USUALLY 2 OR 4 INCHES, DEPENDING ON LOADING CONDITION AND FRAMING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Beams KW - Bolted connectors KW - Connectors KW - Constraints KW - Couplers KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Fasteners KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible couplings KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Riveted joints KW - Rivets KW - Rotation KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210338 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL REPORT ON DATA OBTAINED BY RANDOM SAMPLING TYPE 1 SPECIAL ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE PY - 1966/03 AB - ASPHALTIC CONCRETE 3 IN. THICK, 24 FT WIDE, 6.8 MILES LONG WAS LAID IN A SURFACE COURSE, NORTH OF UNION CORNER, NEBRASKA. MATERIAL WAS PREPARED IN A CONTINUOUS BATCH PLANT USING CRUSHED LIMESTONE WITH CRUSHED SAND, ASPHALTIC CONTENT 5.1 PERCENT /DESIGN/. RANDOM SAMPLING WAS PERFORMED TO OBTAIN DATA ON TEMPERATURE, THICKNESS AND DENSITY IN THE FIELD. LABORATORY TESTS ON STABILITY, GRADATION, ASPHALT CONTENT AND VOIDS WERE PERFORMED. DATA SHEET COPIES AS WELL AS THE COMPILTATION OF THE STATISTICAL PARAMETERS FOR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE INCLUDED. THE STATISTICAL PARAMETERS INCLUDE STANDARD DEVIATION, VARIANCE DUE TO MATERIAL, SAMPLING AND TESTING, AND OVERALL COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION. THEY WILL DISCLOSE ANY WEAKNESS OF UNIFORMITY OF MATERIALS, SAMPLING OR TESTING PROCEDURES. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Continuous mixing plant KW - Density KW - Gradation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixing plants KW - Nebraska KW - Sampling KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Standard deviation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Thickness KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210345 AU - Todor, P C AU - Florida State Road Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REPORT ON THE USE OF TROXLER 104 PROBE AND 115 GAUGE FOR ASPHALT CONTENT DETERMINATION - FINAL REPORT PY - 1966/03 AB - THE EVALUATION OF TWO COMMERCIAL MOISTURE CONTENT GAGES - A DEPTH PROBE AND A SURFACE GAGE FOR ASPHALT CONTENT DETERMINATION OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES BY NEUTRON SCATTERING IS DESCRIBED. TWO PROCEDURES WERE TRIED, ONE FOR EACH TYPE OF EQUIPMENT. THE DEPTH PROBE PROVED TO BE UNSUITABLE DUE TO HEATING PROBLEMS. CALIBRATION STANDARDS WERE MOLDED FOR THE SURFACE GAGE AT SIX DIFFERENT ASPHALT CONTENTS. LINEAR REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR COUNT RATIO VS. ASPHALT CONTENT PRODUCED ESTIMATED ERRORS OF PLUS OR MINUS 0.8 TO PLUS OR MINUS 1.1 PERCENT ASPHALT. THESE VALUES WERE HIGHER THAN THE STATE'S REQUIREMENT OF PLUS OR MINUS 0.4 PERCENT. /BPR/ KW - 115Surface gage KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Calibration KW - Depth KW - Depth indicators KW - Evaluation KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Methodology KW - Moisture content KW - Neutron scattering KW - Neutrons KW - Regression analysis KW - Scattering KW - Surface phenomena KW - Troxler 104 probe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207800 AU - Buttry, K E AU - University of Missouri, Columbia TI - STUDY OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE STRINGERS/BEHAVIOR OF STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS IN LIGHTWEIGHT AND NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE PY - 1966/03 AB - THE FABRICATION AND TESTING OF TWENTY-FIVE PUSHOUTS ALONG WITH THE NECESSARY COMPANION SPECIMENS TO GIVE PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT. THE RESULTS FROM THESE TWENTY-FIVE PUSHOUTS AND THIRTY-TWO ADDITIONAL PUSHOUTS CAST PREVIOUSLY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI WERE ANALYZED TO DEVELOP A COMPLETELY GENERAL EXPRESSION FOR THE LOAD-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF A STUD SHEAR CONNECTOR. THE VARIABLES STUDIED WERE DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF STUD, TYPE AND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, AND GEOMETRY OF THE SLAB. EQUATIONS WERE DEVELOPED FOR THE CAPACITY WHEN THE STUD SHEARED AND WHEN THE CONCRETE CRACKED. THE EQUATIONS WERE GRAPHICALLY PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF A DESIGN CHART. KW - Behavior KW - Concrete KW - Diameter KW - Equations KW - Fasteners KW - Geometry KW - Length KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Loads KW - Materials KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Slippage KW - Strength of materials KW - Studs KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222542 AU - Waller, J A AU - California State Dept Public Health TI - EVALUATION OF REPORTS TO THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES ON PEOPLE WITH MEDICAL CONDITIONS PY - 1966/02/14 AB - THE PRESENT REPORT DEALS WITH THE ACCIDENT AND VIOLATION EXPERIENCE OF A SAMPLE OF DRIVERS WITH ALCOHOLISM AND WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOBRIETY BOTH AMONG THOSE WITH ALCOHOLISM AND AMONG DRIVERS WITH OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS /DIABETES, EPILEPSY, MENTAL ILLNESS, ETC./ OR WITH NO KNOWN CONDITION. FOR EACH LEVEL OF SOBRIETY AND EACH MEDICAL GROUP THE ACCIDENTS WERE ANALYZED BY TIME OF OCCURRENCE, NUMBER OF VEHICLES, SPEED OF VEHICLES, DIRECTIONAL COMPONENTS, NUMBER INJURED, AND ERRORS OR VIOLATIONS LEADING TO THE ACCIDENT. MORE DRIVERS WITH ALCOHOLISM HAD ACCIDENTS AND VIOLATIONS THAN DID THOSE WITH OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS, WHILE DRIVERS WITH NO MEDICAL CONDITION WERE LEAST LIKELY TO HAVE ACCIDENTS AND VIOLATIONS. DRIVERS WITH ALCOHOLISM WERE INNOCENT VICTIMS IN ONLY ONE OUT OF EIGHT OF THEIR ACCIDENTS , THOSE WITH ANOTHER MEDICAL CONDITION IN ONE OF THREE, AND DRIVERS WITH NO MEDICAL CONDITION IN ONE HALF OF THEIR ACCIDENTS. RESULTS SHOWED THAT ACCIDENTS INVOLVING DRIVERS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS OR COLLISIONS WITH PARKED OR STOPPED CARS THAN ARE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING SOBER DRIVERS. ALSO, DRIVERS WITH ALCOHOLISM WERE FOUND TO HAVE TWICE AS MANY CONVICTIONS FOR DRIVING WITH A SUSPENDED OR REVOKED LICENSE OR WITHOUT A LICENSE IN THEIR POSSESSION AS DO DRIVERS WITH OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS DESPITE A PROBABLY EQUAL NUMBER OF REVOCATION OR SUSPENSION NOTICES. /BPR/ KW - Alcohols KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Diabetes KW - Direction KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epilepsy KW - Evaluation KW - Injuries KW - Medical condition KW - Mental illness KW - Numbers KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Reports KW - Revocation KW - Speed KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Suspensions KW - Time KW - Vehicles KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201351 AU - Pearman, E H AU - General Research Corporation TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY ON COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND PLANNING- PROGRAMMING-BUDGETING PY - 1966/02/08 AB - THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY WAS PREPARED IN CONNECTION WITH THE RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORPORATION'S WORK IN PRINCIPLES OF COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, AND PLANNING- PROGRAMMING-BUDGETING. THIS LISTING IS NOT INTENDED TO BE EXHAUSTIVE, BUT IS MEANT TO SERVE AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RAPIDLY EXPANDING BODY OF LITERATURE. MOST OF THE ENTRIES ARE UNCLASSIFIED. THE CITATIONS ARE ARRANGED BY BROAD SUBJECT CATEGORIES, AND ALPHABETICALLY BY AUTHOR WITHIN THESE CLASSIFICATIONS. THE MATERIAL WAS OBTAINED FROM REFERENCES IN INDIVIDUAL DOCUMENTS AND IN PUBLISHED BIBLIOGRAPHIES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bibliographies KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programming KW - Planning KW - Programming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00770529 AU - WILLIAMSON, T G AU - Witczak, M W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF THE NUCLEAR MOISTURE AND DENSITY METERS PY - 1966/02 SP - 91 p. AB - The rapid determination of soil density and moisture content is of the utmost importance in the control of highway construction. Soil strength is determined, among other things, to a large extent by the soil's density and moisture content. In the past several years, a method of measuring soil density and moisture content has been developed through the use of radioactive attenuation. This method was developed on the theory that attenuation of gamma rays can be correlated to soil density while moderation of fast neutrons can be directly associated with the presence of water. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nuclear moisture-density technique and to study the feasibility of using the methods in control of routine highway construction in Indiana. To accomplish this end, several commercially available instruments were tested. The variables used as the foundation of the testing program were: 1) substrate material properties, 2) instrument stability, and 3) testing procedure factors. Extensive laboratory work was conducted in the initial phase on the project. The objective of the laboratory work was to provide a basis for establishing testing techniques that were later employed in the field study. Heavy liquids, soils, and soil-aggregate mixtures were the materials tested in the laboratory. The test sites selected for the field testing phase included natural ground areas, compacted fills, cut areas, loose and compacted subbases, borrow pits and soil waste areas. Material types tested included silts and clays of varying plasticity, granular materials and granular-soil mixtures. KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Instrument stability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Nuclear moisture gages KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Substrates UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313696 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205341 AU - Scrivner, F H AU - Moore, W M AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - A TENTATIVE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN FORMULA AND ITS RESEARCH BACKGROUND PY - 1966/02 AB - TRIAXIAL CLASS OF MATERIALS, /5/ TRAFFIC, AND /6/ PERFORMANCE DATA WHICH LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PAVEMENT DESIGN FORMULA AND A TENTATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR USE IN TEXAS IS DESCRIBED. THE FOLLOWING DATA FROM 188 OF THE 376 SELECTED TEST SECTIONS INCLUDED IN THE RESEARCH PROJECT WERE UTILIZED IN THE ANALYSIS' /1/ LOCATION, /2/ SERVICEABILITY INDEX, /3/ LAYER THICKNESSES, /4/ TEXAS TRIAXIAL CLASS OF MATERIALS, /5/ TRAFFIC, AND /6/ DEFLECTION. THE ANALYSIS CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF THE FOLLOWING STEPS' /1/ A DEFINITION OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF AXLE LOAD APPLICATIONS AND LOSS IN SERVICEABILITY WAS DEVELOPED, /2/ SINCE THE INITIAL PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY WAS NOT KNOWN, AN ALTERNATE EQUATION FOR PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF DEFLECTION WAS DEVELOPED FROM SELECTED AASHO ROAD TEST DATA, /3/ AN EQUATION FOR THE DESIRED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE, PAVEMENT DESIGN /LAYER THICKNESSES AND STRENGTHS/ AND REGIONAL EFFECTS WAS FORMULATED, /4/ AN INDEX TO REPRESENT DESIGN IN TERMS OF LAYER THICKNESS AND STRENGTH WAS CREATED, /5/ A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TEXAS TRIAXIAL CLASS OF PAVEMENT SYSTEM MATERIALS AND LAYER STRENGTH WAS INTRODUCED, AND /6/ VALUES OF REGIONAL EFFECTS WERE COMPUTED BY THE EQUATION OF STEP 3 FOR EACH TEST SECTION. BASED ON THE RESULTS, THE STATE WAS ARBITRARILY DIVIDED INTO 3 REGIONS OF SIMILAR PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHOD BASED ON THE ANALYSIS IS ILLUSTRATED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT, /1/ THE METHOD IS SUFFICIENTLY RELIABLE TO WARRANT ITS USE ON A TRIAL BASIS IN TEXAS, /2/ ADDITIONAL STUDY IS NEEDED TO FIND THE CAUSES OF REGIONAL EFFECTS INDICATED BY THE DATA, AND /3/ THE REPORT IS PRELIMINARY AND THE SUGGESTED DESIGN METHOD IS TENTATIVE. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Axle loads KW - Data KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Flexible pavements KW - Location KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Performance KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Test sections KW - Texas KW - Thickness KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214435 AU - Gray, E W AU - Chen, C F AU - Mullen, W G AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INDIGENOUS MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1966/02 AB - 165 ANNOTATED REFERENCES HAVE BEEN GROUPED AS HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS UNDER' /1/ IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION, /2/ DETERMINATION OF THE AVAILABILITY, /3/ DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS, /4/ IMPROVEMENT OF ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS, AND /5/ RELATION OF DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. KW - Availability KW - Bibliographies KW - Characteristics KW - Classification KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Engineering KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Improvements KW - Local materials KW - Materials KW - North Carolina KW - Road construction KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206270 AU - Rizenbergs, R L AU - Ward, H A AU - Kentucky Department Highways TI - SKID TESTING WITH AN AUTOMOBILE PY - 1966/02 AB - A STANDARD SKID TEST, UTILIZING AN AUTOMOBILE INSTRUMENTED TO RECORD THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH A VEHICLE IN SKID WAS DEVELOPED. THE MAJOR PARAMETERS STUDIED WERE TIME, DISTANCE, VELOCITY AND DECELERATION. IN ADDITION, INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED ON TIME OF WHEEL-LOCK, BRAKE-PEDAL APPLICATION AND THE INSTANT THE BRAKE-LIGHT WAS ENERGIZED. SKID RESISTANCE VALUES WERE DETERMINED FOR TWENTY-FIVE DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF THE PARAMETERS AND THEIR LEVELS. THESE VALUES WERE GROUPED INTO THREE CATEGORIES' VELOCITY AND DISTANCE, VELOCITY AND TIME, AND DECELERATION. FIVE TEST SITES HAVING DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS AND SKID RESISTANCES WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY. EACH SITE WAS TESTED AT 40 MPH IN THREE ROUNDS DURING A TWO-MONTH PERIOD. FIVE TESTS PER SITE WERE CONDUCTED IN ROUND I AND TEN IN EACH OF THE REMAINING TWO ROUNDS. THE TEST VEHICLE WAS A 1962 FORD SEDAN EQUIPPED WITH ASTM, E-M, STANDARD TIRES INFLATED TO 24 PSI. A REGRESSION ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF THE DATA FOR EACH SET OF CONDITIONS. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS' 1. MEASURING TIME AND VELOCITY OF A SKIDDING AUTOMOBILE FULFILLS THE REQUIREMENTS OF AN INTERIM STANDARD METHOD OF TESTING. 2. THE USE OF AN AUTOMOBILE AS A REGULAR PAVEMENT- SLIPPERINESS TESTING DEVICE IS EXTREMELY UNSATISFACTORY IN TERMS OF TIME, EXPENSE AND HAZARD. 3. AIR RESISTANCE AND VEHICLE DYNAMICS HAVE NEGLIGIBLE EFFECTS ON SKID RESISTANCE. 4. MUCH REMAINS TO BE LEARNED CONCERNING THE VARIATION OF SKID RESISTANCE WITH SEASON, TEMPERATURE AND PAVEMENT WASHING. THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OBTAINED FROM THE MEASUREMENT OF ELAPSED TIME IN THE VELOCITY INCREMENT BETWEEN 30 AND 20 MPH OF THE 40 TO 0 RANGE IN VELOCITY WAS SELECTED AS THE STANDARD BECAUSE /1/ TIME CAN BE MEASURED ACCURATELY, /2/ TEST RESULTS SHOWED GOOD REPEATABILITY /3/ CHART COULD BE READILY INTERPRETED AND /4/ COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IN THIS VELOCITY INCREMENT IS NEARLY LINEAR. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Deceleration KW - Distance KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Skidmarks KW - Test sections KW - Time KW - Velocity KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207784 AU - Badaliance, R AU - Van, HORN DA AU - Lehigh University TI - ULTIMATE FLEXURAL BOND IN BEAMS PRE-TENSIONED WITH HIGH- STRENGTH STRAND PY - 1966/02 AB - THE BOND CHARACTERISTICS OF 1/2-IN. 270 K PRESTRESSING STRAND WERE INVESTIGATED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF EMBEDMENT LENGTH ON THE AXIAL STRESS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE GENERAL BOND SLIP. THE PRINCIPAL VARIABLE WAS THE EMBEDMENT LENGTH OF THE STRAND. THE RESULTS OF THIRTEEN TESTS CONDUCTED ON TWELVE BEAMS PRE-TENSIONED WITH 1/2-IN. 270 K STRAND ARE PRESENTED AND COMPARED WITH THE TEST RESULTS OBTAINED IN TESTS CONDUCTED ON BEAMS PRE-TENSIONED WITH 1/2- IN. CONVENTIONAL STRAND. THE OBSERVED CRITICAL LENGTH FOR THE 1/2-IN. 270 K STRAND WAS FOUND TO BE 80 INCHES, AS COMPARED WITH 135 INCHES FOR THE CONVENTIONAL STRAND. IN GENERAL, IT WAS FOUND THAT HIGHER STRESSES WERE REQUIRED TO CAUSE GENERAL BOND SLIP WITH THE 270 K STRAND, THAN WITH THE CONVENTIONAL STRAND. AN ANALYTICAL CONCEPT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED, BUT A COMPARISON WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IS NOT INCLUDED, MAINLY DUE TO THE LACK OF SUFFICIENT INFORMATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRICTION, MECHANICAL ACTION, AND THE COEFFICIENT OF CREEP IN CONCRETE. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Anchoring KW - Axial loads KW - Axial stress KW - Beams KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Embedments (Concrete) KW - Flexural bond KW - Flexural strength KW - High strength steel KW - Laboratory tests KW - Length KW - Pretensioning KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101835 ER - TY - SER AN - 00233823 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Barber, E S TI - EFFECT OF SOIL BLANKETS AND PRELOADING ON SETTLEMENT PY - 1966/02 AB - EXCESSIVE SETTLEMENT MAY OCCUR IN COMPRESSIVE SOILS. FOUNDATION STRUCTURES OFTEN MAY BE PLACED ON COMPRESSIBLE MATERIAL TO WHICH SOIL BLANKETS AND NATURAL OR MANMADE PRELOADS HAVE BEEN APPLIED, MAKING DEEP FOUNDATIONS UNNECESSARY. CHARTS AND TABLES ARE INCLUDED FOR CALCULATING VERTICAL STRESSES AND SETTLEMENT OCCURRING UNDER PRELOADS OF DIFFERENT SHAPES. A METHOD FOR DESIGNING PRELOAD DURATION, RATHER THAN BASING DURATION ON AVERAGE CONSOLIDATION, IS PRESENTED. KW - Charts KW - Compressive strength KW - Design KW - Designing KW - Preloading KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soils KW - Subgrade materials KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208376 AU - Butler, H D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INSULATION OF BRIDGE DECKS FOR ICE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES PY - 1966/02 AB - A DISCUSSION IS CONDUCTED ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSULATING A BRIDGE DECK FOR ICE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES. THE SITE SELECTED FOR THIS STUDY WAS THE TWIN STRUCTURES WHICH CARRY U.S. HIGHWAY 287 OVER THE FORT WORTH AND DENVER RAILROAD IN WICHITA FALLS, TEXAS. THE WEST STRUCTURE WAS INSULATED WITH SPRAYED URETHANE FOAM 3/4-INCH THICK FOR THE SOUTH HALF AND 1 1/4-INCH THICK FOR THE NORTH HALF. THE ADJACENT STRUCTURE WAS NOT INSULATED AND SERVES AS THE CONTROL STRUCTURE. TEMPERATURE DATA WERE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED FOR VARIOUS LOCATIONS WITHIN THE BRIDGE SLABS. RESULTS OF THIS ANALYSIS SHOW THAT THERE WAS NO REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES BECAUSE OF THE INSULATION. HOWEVER, THE AVERAGE FREEZE-THAW CYCLE LENGTH FOR THE TOP SURFACE OF THE INSULATED SLAB BETWEEN I-BEAMS WAS APPROXIMATELY TWO HOURS SHORTER THAN THE CYCLE LENGTH FOR THE UNINSULATED SLAB. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Control structures KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Ice prevention KW - Insulating materials KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Productivity KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Temperature KW - Time savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226982 AU - Bullard, B G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPING AND ANALYZING FUNCTIONALLY CLASSIFIED NETWORKS UTILIZING TRAFFIC SIMULATION - PHASE I PY - 1966/02 AB - THE RESULTS ARE REPORTED OF A PROJECT AIMED AT ADAPTING COMPUTER-ORIENTED TECHNIQUES OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION TO THE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY CLASSIFIED HIGHWAY NETWORKS. USING DATA FROM A SMALL URBAN AREA, TOOLS WERE DEVELOPED TO PERMIT: (1) FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION BASED ON A RANKING OF TRAFFIC ZONES BY VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL GENERATED AND THE FUNCTIONAL CRITERIA OF TRAFFIC SERVICE, SPACING, AND CONTINUITY OF ROUTES, AND (2) FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION BASED ON TRAFFIC VOLUMES, TRIP ROUTINGS, AND TRIP LENGTHS IN RELATION TO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION OF THE HIGHWAY NETWORK. RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION AND THE COMPUTER TECHNIQUES OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION ARE COMPATIBLE. THE ANALYSIS OF A FUNCTIONALLY CLASSIFIED HIGHWAY NETWORK BY MEANS OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION PROVIDED EXCELLENT VERIFICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF HOW TRAFFIC SHOULD FLOW IN SUCH A NETWORK. /AUTHOR/ KW - Information processing KW - Length KW - Networks KW - Roadnet KW - Roads KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel KW - Trip KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454355 AU - Hanna, Steven John AU - McLaughlin, John Francis AU - Lott, A P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Statistical Quality Control Procedures to Production of Highway Pavement Concrete : Technical Paper PY - 1966/01 SP - 50p AB - This investigation was concerned with the collection of data by a systematic procedure for the purpose of evaluating the variability present in the manufacture of portland cement concrete for highway pavements. The data were analyzed to provide information concerning the magnitude of the variance components for the Bureau of Public Roads' data system and to provide information and illustrate procedures for the establishment of a quality control program that could be used by the Indiana State Highway Commission. Plastic Portland cement concrete was chosen as the area of investigation. The specific area was limited to concrete paving projects under contract in Indiana. and tests for air content, slump and unit weight were made on the concrete. Air content was determined using both the pressure type air meter and the Chace air meter. These tests were conducted by a research team from Purdue University and all tests were made independent of Indiana State Highway Commission control tests. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Procedures KW - Statistical quality control UR - http://archive.org/details/applicationofsta00hann UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2016&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2016&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313695 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454353 AU - Mulinazzi, Thomas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Correlation of Design Characteristics and Operational Controls with Accident Rates on Urban Arterials PY - 1966/01 SP - 147p AB - The purpose of this research was to evaluate the design characteristics and operational controls which affect the traffic accident rates on an urban arterial street where full control of access is not practical. To attain this objective, the design characteristics and operational controls on one-hundred segments of the arterial street system in the State of Indiana were analyzed in detail to determine their relationships to urban traffic accidents. Accident data on these one-hundred sections were collected for the period starting January 1, 1963, and ending December 31, 1965. The data were analyzed by a simple correlation coefficient analysis, a multiple linear regression technique, and a case study approach. Two different types of accident rates, the number of accidents per 100 million vehicle miles and the number of accidents per mile, were computed and compared. This study found that traffic accidents on an urban arterial decreased as the volume on the arterial decreased, the number of traffic signal per mile decreased, the amount of parking decreased, and the number of heavily used driveways per mile decreased. These ware the most important correlations found between individual variables and the dependent variables. Although this study only included one-hundred segments of the urban arterial street system in Indiana, the findings should be of considerable value on similar facilities throughout the state and the nation. KW - Arterial highways KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Geometric design KW - Indiana KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Urban areas UR - http://archive.org/details/correlationofdes00muli UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2050&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2050&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313702 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454352 AU - Smith, Thorold G AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Scheduling Traffic Signal Maintenance : Technical Paper PY - 1966/01 SP - 77p AB - The purpose of this investigation was to develop a comprehensive traffic signal and flasher maintenance program that was both economical and practical for a typical maintenance district in a state highway department. All phases of the emergency and preventive maintenance operations were analyzed to determine the best maintenance program. The optimum lamp replacement, involving the determination of the proper time Intervals for scheduling group lamp replacements and the most economic lamp life, was ascertained. The shortest routes for preventive maintenance operations were determined for several maintenance alternatives, and by comparing the anticipated annual costs, the most economic option was revealed. The staff necessary for effective traffic signal and flasher operation was ascertained for the maintenance activities performed by state personnel. A scientific maintenance program enables the traffic engineer to discharge his principal assignment of providing safe, efficient, and economic travel by insuring that the traffic signals and flashers are dependable and operating in accordance with the predetermined schedules. The investment in traffic control devices is protected by eliminating the deterioration of equipment and the resulting costly failures caused by a policy of neglect. Traffic signals that are clean, well painted, and in proper working condition provide the traffic engineering profession with a medium for establishing good public acceptance. KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Scheduling KW - Traffic signals UR - http://archive.org/details/schedulingtraffi00smit UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2054&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2054&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313706 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454351 AU - Shaw, Robert B AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Delays and Accidents at Intersections to Warrant Construction of a Median Lane PY - 1966/01 SP - 226p AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the conditions on which the construction, maintenance, and interest costs for a median lane would be warranted at suburban and rural approaches to an intersection. To achieve this objective, delay times and accident rates to through vehicles caused by left-turning vehicles were analysed in depth at three right-angle intersections which already possessed median lanes, and at eight right-angle intersections which did not have median lanes. Seconds of delay per hour to through vehicles caused by left-turning vehicles were determined for the major approaches to the eleven intersections during daylight-weekday hours; 6 AM to 6 PM, Monday through Friday. The accidents caused by left- turning vehicles were collected for an almost five-year period and analyzed to determine accident rates for each major intersection approach. This study found a substantial reduction in the number of accidents attributed to left-turning vehicles and negligible delay times to through vehicles at the intersection approaches which possessed median lanes. The accident rates and delay times were analyzed by a multiple linear regression analysis. Although this study is based only on daylight-weekday hours, the findings are of considerable value in planning the construction of median lanes. The total cost reduction estimate for a period of years resulting from the construction of a median lane is used to justify the construction, maintenance and interest costs of the median lane at an intersection approach. KW - Crash rates KW - Four leg intersections KW - Left turns KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Median lanes KW - Project justification KW - Traffic delays UR - http://archive.org/details/evaluationofdela00shaw UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2067&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2067&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313697 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454350 AU - Harr, Milton Edward AU - Head, William Joseph AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Extension of Road Test Performance Concepts PY - 1966/01 SP - 206p AB - This report finds that pavement performance, defined as the trend of PSI (present serviceability index) with increasing axle applications, was found to be functionally related at the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) Road Test to stresses and displacements. The well-known Boussinesq solution was used in the determination of stresses and normalized deflections. A more sophisticated (although not necessarily more correct) multi-layer theory was found to be no more useful than the simple Boussinesq solution in determining the relationships between stresses, displacements, and performance. KW - Boussinesq equation KW - Deflection tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Stresses KW - Tests specific to a material, structure or device UR - http://archive.org/details/extensionofroadt00harr UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2042&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2042&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313694 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454348 AU - Treadway, Theodore B AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Statistical Modeling of Travel Speeds and Delays on a High-Volume Highway : Technical Paper PY - 1966/01 SP - 57p AB - This investigation was a part of a project designed to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic engineering applied to problems of traffic movement on the U.S. 52 Bypass in Lafayette, Indiana. The specific purposes of this research were to determine the significant factors which influence travel speeds and delays and to develop statistical models for the estimation of these travel characteristics. The movements of traffic on the highway were classified as uninterrupted flow between intersections and as interrupted flow at the signalized intersections. Factor analysis and multiple linear regression techniques were applied to express overall travel speeds and delays as functions of factors and variables that were descriptive of the traffic stream, roadway geometry, and roadside development. The most significant factors in accounting for the variations in travel speeds of uninterrupted flow were the types of roadside development (commercial, urban, and rural) and stream friction. Vehicular delays at traffic signals were largely dependent on the signal timing, traffic volume, and the chance of whether or not stops occurred. KW - Factor analysis KW - High volume roads KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Roadside improvement KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic speed UR - http://archive.org/details/statisticalmodel00trea UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2048&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2048&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313700 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454347 AU - Deno, D W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Influence of Fine Aggregate Gradation Characteristics on Air Entrainment in Portland Cement Mortar PY - 1966/01 SP - 262p AB - This investigation was undertaken to determine how certain fine aggregate gradation characteristics influence air entrainment in portland cement mortar. A local sand of glacial origin was used for most of the work although a quartzite sand was used in one instance for comparison purposes. A number of separate, investigations were conducted. One of these was concerned with the entraining ability of different mixer paddles. It was found that different paddles do entrain differing amounts of air. It was found that air content varies with changes in both fineness modulus and specific surface, with fineness modulus having the most predominant influence. However, fineness modulus and specific surface were found not to be enough gradation control to predict air contents. The two sands investigated gave similar, but not identical results. Thus, air entrainment may also be influenced by mineralogical composition, aggregate shape or other aggregate characteristics. An investigation of single size fractions of sand showed that size fractions No. 8 - No. 16 and No. 50 - No. 100 entrain similar amounts of air and this amount is less than that entrained by size fractions No. 16 - No. 30 and No. 30 - No. 50. A good relationship was found between air content and the amount of No. 8 - No. 16 sand present in the aggregate gradation. A poor relationship was found between air content and the amount of No. 30 - No. 50 present. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air entrainment KW - Fine aggregates KW - Physical properties KW - Portland cement UR - http://archive.org/details/influenceoffinea00deno UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2047&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2047&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313699 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454346 AU - Shaw, Robert B AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Delays and Accidents at Intersections for Median Lane Construction : Technical paper PY - 1966/01 SP - 44p AB - This paper summarises the research report previously submitted to this Board and includes the development of predictive equations for delays and accident rates resulting to through traffic because of the absence of a median lane. Two examples of application of the equations to determine if median lane construction is warranted on an economic basis are given. The results of this research can be applied immediately to determine if construction of a median lane in any suburban or rural area is warranted. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. KW - Crash rates KW - Intersections KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Median lanes KW - Road construction KW - Traffic delays UR - http://archive.org/details/evaluationofdela6617shaw UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2053&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2053&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313705 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454344 AU - Busching, Herbert William AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Laboratory Investigation of the Structural Design of Bituminous Mixtures : Progress Report PY - 1966/01 SP - 270p AB - This research was undertaken to investigate theory and tests that would be useful in describing the behavior of transversely anisotropic bituminous mixtures. It was also the purpose of this study to instrument a typical element of bituminous mixture to obtain measurements that could be used in describing the stress-deformation behavior of the material tested. The theory and testing procedures were complementary and provided quantitative parameters that describe the response of a bituminous mixture subjected to creep loading. Stiffness and shear moduli as well as values of Polsson's ratios were obtained for various orientations within the mixture Testing results for the mixture compacted in the laboratory substantiated the anisotropic nature of the material. Three loads applied at three test temperatures were utilized in determining the coefficients that could be used to describe behavior of the material. The results of this investigation indicate that the concepts of the research have potential application when utilized in the design of bituminous mixtures. The concepts and parameters verified in laboratory testing have possible use in proportioning constituents of bituminous mixtures as well as in unifying mixture design and pavement design procedures. KW - Anisotropic materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Creep properties KW - Deformation KW - Mix design UR - http://archive.org/details/laboratoryinvest00busc UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2051&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2051&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313703 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454343 AU - Lanphear, Frederick O AU - Spangler, Ronald L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Weed Control In Roadside Plantings : Progress Report PY - 1966/01 SP - 41p AB - The problem of weed control in roadside plantings is of major concern in any highway landscaping program. The high cost of continual maintenance around these plantings is primarily related to the problem of weed control. Presently the practice is to mulch during the planting operation, frequently with materials such as corncobs or sawdust that very often accentuates an already acute nutritional deficiency, and then to use manual labor to remove the weeds the mulch does not control in subsequent years. The presence of weeds in these plantings is not only unattractive but they compete with the woody ornamental plants for nutrients and moisture that are not always very plentiful under highway conditions. This weed control was considered most important to solve initially in the overall problem of selection, establishment, and maintenance of roadside plantings, since it affects both selection and establishment and probably is the most costly phase of the landscape program over a period of years. The primary objectives in this phase of the research program were to 1) investigate methods of chemical weed control specifically designed for roadside plantings; 2) devise new techniques to facilitate the application of these chemical herbicides and 3) provide protective measures for woody ornamental plants that may be injured by the herbicides. These three objectives are considered separately under the following headings: Herbicide Combinations; Incorporation of Herbicides in Mulches; and The Use of Activated Carbon for Localized Herbicide Protection. KW - Herbicides KW - Progress reports KW - Roadside flora KW - Weed control UR - http://archive.org/details/weedcontrolinroa00lanp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2055&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2055&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313707 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454342 AU - Williamson, T G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Factors Influencing the Application of Nuclear Techniques to Soil Compaction Control PY - 1966/01 SP - 61p AB - The use of nuclear backscatter moisture -density gages for soil compaction control has gained a great deal of favor during the past several years . However, before this type of equipment can be applied to routine field control, several factors influencing the operation of the gage must be investigated. Various techniques for expressing nuclear results were studied, and the results indicate that the use of count ratio at constant high voltage should be adopted. This technique along with the use of standard calibration blocks provide for reproducibility of results and account for aging to some extent. These factors are especially important from the standpoint of recalibrating the gages. .Results of tests performed on various materials and calibration blocks of different chemical composition indicate that material composition has a major effect on the development of calibration curves for the density gages . This was not found to be true for the moisture gages. .Soil pH as an indication of soil type was investigated, and calibration curves based on this parameter were developed. The effect of grain size distribution resulted in a different calibration curve for coarse grained versus fine grained soils. .Along with typical calibration curves, guidelines for field application were developed. A statistical decision theory based on a "t" test was also developed to aid in making a decision involving the validity of using a given calibration curve. KW - Calibration KW - Nuclear moisture gages KW - Soil compaction UR - http://archive.org/details/factorsinfluenci00will UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313701 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454279 AU - Schoene, George W AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of a Change In the Control Device on Intersection Accidents : Technical Paper PY - 1966/01 SP - 32p AB - The paper basically includes the findings of a research project on changes in accident characteristics and numbers resulting from the installation of traffic signals at intersections with prior two-way stop control. The before and after study technique was chosen as the method to be used for this research. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash characteristics KW - Signalized intersections KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic control devices KW - Two-way stop control UR - http://archive.org/details/effectsofchangei6621scho UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2056&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2056&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313708 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454278 AU - Spaman, G R AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Effect of Bar Cut-Off on the Shear Strength of Restrained Reinforced Concrete Beams PY - 1966/01 SP - 68p AB - A prior Joint Highway Research Project found that a definite lack of safety existed in the present American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" with respect to allowing longitudinal bars to be cut off in the tension zone. Beams having the AASHO cut-off point were found to have a reduction in both the diagonal cracking load and the ultimate shear strength. The objective of this study was to observe the behavior of beams having different cut-off points for the longitudinal tension reinforcement. In addition, the effects of web reinforcement and concrete strength on the beams were also observed. The tests were limited to beams of rectangular cross section and one set of loading conditions. KW - Beams KW - Concrete bridges KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Restrained concrete KW - Safety KW - Shear strength UR - http://archive.org/details/studyofeffectofb00spam UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2818&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2818&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314469 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454277 AU - Golenberg, Marvin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation of Methods for Updating Origin and Destination Studies PY - 1966/01 SP - 236p AB - This study was concerned with the evaluation of commonly used methods for updating previous origin and destination studies. Investigated were methods of trip end prediction and interzonal trip distribution models. The trip and prediction techniques were regression analysis and two types of direct growth factors, interaction and average factor. The trip distribution techniques were the Fratar growth factor model, the Detroit growth factor, and the Gravity Model. The evaluation was performed in Lafayette, Indiana and was based on a 1952 origin and destination study conducted by the Indiana State Highway Commission. A method of synthesizing trip purposes was developed based on statistical techniques. Future trip ends were predicted by the three methods and distributed using the Fratar and Detroit Models. Trip ends predicted by regression analysis were distributed by the Gravity Model. Results show that growth factor trip distribution methods can be developed to account for new zones. The distribution of trips by purpose in urban areas is the same regardless of city size. The evaluation against the screen line indicated that regression analysis for trip prediction combined with the Fratar model and with the Gravity Model yielded the best results. KW - Fratar method KW - Gravity models KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Origin and destination KW - Regression analysis KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation UR - http://archive.org/details/evaluationofmeth00gole UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2815&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2815&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314466 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454276 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Owen County, Indiana PY - 1966/01 SP - 102p AB - This report completes a portion of the Joint Transportation Research Project concerned with development of county engineering soils maps of the state of Indiana. This is the 39th report in the series. The soils mapping of Owen County was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. Several soil profiles were sampled by the Soil Conservation Service and soil tests were performed by the Soil Testing Laboratory of the Joint Highway Research Project. Engineering test data on various soil horizons are included in the report and generalized soil profiles of the major soil groups are presented on the Soil Map. An ozelid print of the engineering soils map is included In the report. KW - Aerial photogrammetry KW - Engineering soils KW - Owen County (Indiana) KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles UR - http://archive.org/details/airphotointerpre6611yehp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2817&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2817&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314468 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454275 AU - Shunk, Gordon AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Engineering Demonstration Project on U.S. 52 Bypass: Inventory, Analysis and Recommendations : Progress Report PY - 1966/01 SP - 334p AB - The project reported here was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of applied traffic engineering for attaining the ultimate operating potential of an arterial highway in a suburban area. Its seeds were in the work done by the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads on Wisconsin Avenue in Washington, D.C. The Wisconsin Avenue Study demonstrated that application of traffic engineering principles could yield significant results in the improvement of traffic operation on an urban arterial street. The present project proposed to demonstrate how these same techniques could yield similar improvements for a different situation, the suburban arterial highway. This type facility was chosen because of its similarity to several situations in Indiana, as well as other states, and the generalized applicability that could thereby be derived. It is felt that results obtained here will be helpful to the State Highway Commission in decisions relating to how to utilize limited available funds for improving existing facilities so as to obtain maximum benefit for each dollar spent. The results will also demonstrate means of obtaining temporary relief for areas badly in need thereof, but for which remedial major construction is currently financially infeasible. KW - Arterial highways KW - Demonstration projects KW - Highway operations KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic engineering UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficengineeri00shun UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2814&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314465 UR - http://ia600408.us.archive.org/25/items/trafficengineeri00shun/trafficengineeri00shun.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454274 AU - Rib, Harold Teddy AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Optimum Multisensor Approach for Detailed Engineering Soils Mapping, Volume II : Progress Report PY - 1966/01 SP - 270p AB - Information on soils is not directly observable on the photography or imagery. It is interpreted by deduction and inference based on the evaluation of the pattern elements of form, and tone and texture. Therefore, the optimum system would be the one with the maximum potential for evaluating the pattern elements. To determine the optimum system, various types of aerial photography and imagery were obtained over selected test sites during a one year period. The initial test flights were utilized to finalize the study sites and to plan the subsequent multisensor flight coverages. In conjunction with the aerial flights, field measurements were made in an attempt to evaluate some of the pertinent parameters affecting the aerial photography and imagery. The amount and type of field measurements performed were limited during the initial flights. The attempts at that stage were to choose the final areas for detailed study and to determine the type of information that should be recorded during aerial flights. A quantitative approach also was evaluated as part of this study. In the quantitative approach, densitometric scans were performed over various land forms in an attempt to determine whether typical patterns existed for the various land forms studied and to determine what parameters affected the patterns obtained. Limited investigations were also made to determine what parameters should be measured and to what degree they could be used to evaluate or distinguish between different engineering soils. In addition, a rapid technique was developed utilizing the densitometers to determine the colors present on color photography and to classify it according to the Munsell color system. KW - Aerial photography KW - Data fusion KW - Densitometers KW - Engineering soils KW - Progress reports KW - Soil mapping UR - http://archive.org/details/optimummultisens02ribh UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2819&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2819&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314470 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454271 AU - Shurig, D G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Allen County, Indiana PY - 1966/01 SP - 46p AB - Development of an engineering soils map of Allen County, Indiana was the primary objective of this project. The purpose of this report is to supplement the information appearing on the engineering soils map. The soils mapping was performed primarily by using annotated aerial photographs produced as field surveys by the Soil Conservation Service. Several soil profiles were sampled by the Service and the Indiana State Highway Commission. Engineering test data on various soil horizons are included in the report. The Engineering Soils Map is presented as a blackline print. KW - Aerial photography KW - Allen County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping UR - http://archive.org/details/airphotointerpre00shur UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2816&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2816&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314467 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454269 AU - Rib, Harold Teddy AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Optimum Multisensor Approach for Detailed Engineering Soils Mapping, Volume I : Progress Report PY - 1966/01 SP - 205p AB - This research study investigated the potential of available types of remote sensing systems for the evaluation of soils and soil conditions for the purpose of developing an optimum multisensor approach for detailed engineering soils mapping. Other objectives of the study were: (l) to investigate the value of quantitative measurements on aerial photography and imagery for assistance in interpretation; and (2) to perform a limited study to determine which parameters would be of value to measure at the time of flights. Three test sites were selected which contained a variety of land forms and soil units. A total of nine flight programs were obtained over the test sites during the period from May 1965 to June I966. Coverage was obtained with various types of aerial films (color, color -infrared, color negative, black-and-white panchromatic and black-and-white infrared), a multiband camera, a radar sensor (K-band), infrared sensors (far infrared), and a multichannel sensor (ultraviolet through far infrared). All of these types were not obtained in any one flight program, but generally several combinations were obtained at one time. Daytime and nighttime imagery were also obtained during one flight. The field investigations included field radiometer readings (taken during last two flight programs), soil moisture content measurements, and resistivity surveys . Ground photographs were taken during aerial flights to record the conditions existing at flight time. Meteorological data were also collected during flights . The resistivity surveys were performed to add to the existing information known about the test areas . The remainder of the data were used to help evaluate the influence of various parameters on the data collected. Quantitative aspects of the project included performing continuous scans with reflection and transmission densitometers, to determine if typical density patterns existed for various land forms . Attempts were also made to prepare isotonal maps. Densitometers were used to prepare normalized response curves from multichannel data. A system was also developed which determines the Munsell color notation on aerial photographs based on densitometer readings with four filters. Based on this color measuring system a method was developed to prepare isochromal maps (maps showing areas of uniform colors). Major conclusions obtained in this study include: (l) the optimum multisensor system for detailed engineering soils mapping is a multichannel sensor (minimum of seven bands in ultraviolet through far infrared) obtained simultaneously with medium scale color aerial photography; (2) alternate systems depending on availability of equipment and security restrictions are color and color-infrared photography and infrared imagery obtained simultaneously, or color and photography obtained simultaneously; (3) spectral response curves obtained by normalizing multichannel data has great, potential for differentiating between various soils and soil conditions automatically; (k) typical patterns for various land forms are not obtained by densitometric scans - influence of various parameters results in more variations within land forms than between them; (5) the technique of determining Munsell notations by means of densitometer readings is a simple, rapid method whose accuracy (for the intended purpose) is commensurate with other color measuring systems; and (6) field measurements found to be of greatest value in evaluating the photography and imagery include field radiometer readings, ground photographs taken at. the time of flight and meteorological data. KW - Aerial photography KW - Data fusion KW - Densitometers KW - Engineering soils KW - Photointerpretation KW - Progress reports KW - Radiometers KW - Remote sensing KW - Soil mapping UR - http://archive.org/details/optimummultisens02ribh UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2057&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2057&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313709 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454268 AU - Tittemore, Lawrence H AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Regional Travel Patterns of a Small Metropolitan Area : Technical Paper PY - 1966/01 SP - 130p AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that generate highway travel between the central city of a region and the communities in its surrounding zone of influence. The central city, Fort Wayne, Indiana, depends on the people in the smaller communities to sustain its regional facilities. In the same manner, these smaller cities depend upon the central city for various needs. This interdependence that produces and attracts these traffic movements was analyzed in this investigation. This development of regional travel patterns included the modeling of trips attracted to and trips produced by the central city. The basic form of the regression equations used to describe this flow of traffic was the gravity model; that is, trip production or attraction is directly proportional to the product of a given mass function of the two cities and inversely proportional to some power of the distance between these communities. Internal and external competition factors were introduced into the models to describe more completely the variations in regional trip generation and distribution. The separation of trips into specific trip purpose categories (work, shopping, social-recreational, and all-purpose) and travel types (produced and attracted) provided better estimation models. In addition, the division of the total study region into core and fringe areas demonstrated that the internal competition within a city had a negative effect on trip generation throughout the study region. However, the external competition of other cities was only significant in reducing trip generation for communities in the fringe area. A total of 24 statistical models was developed to describe the various arrangements of trip purpose, travel type, and area designation. KW - Fort Wayne (Indiana) KW - Gravity models KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip purpose UR - http://archive.org/details/regionaltravelpa00titt UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2820&context=jtrp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2820&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314471 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206312 AU - Lee, A AU - Chow, C H AU - Starkey, C E AU - Maryland State Roads Commission TI - EXPERIMENTAL USE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS ON MARYLAND I-85 PY - 1966/01 AB - THESE REPORTS PRESENT A BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE EXPERIMENTAL CRCP BUILT IN 1959 AND 1960. DETAILS AND OBSERVATIONS HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN PUBLISHED IN HRB AND STATE AND UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND REPORTS. TWO PROJECTS ARE INVOLVED, ONE MADE UP OF 9 TEST SECTIONS, CONTAINS BAR MATS HAVING 0.5, 0.6, OR 0.7 PERCENT LONGITUDINAL STEEL CONSISTING OF NO. 5 BARS, AND 0.5 PERCENT STEEL CONSISTING OF NO. 4 AND NO. 6 BARS. THE OTHER PROJECT, CONTAINING 6 TEST SECTIONS, HAS 0.6 PERCENT LONGITUDINAL STEEL COMPOSED OF NO. 5 BARS OR WELDED WIRE FABRIC. ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES INCLUDE RESTRAINT LUGS AND JOINT DESIGNS. TRAFFIC DATA IN TERMS OF EQUIVALENT 18-KIP SINGLE AXLES ARE PRESENTED FOR EACH YEAR SINCE 1960. OBSERVED CRACK PATTERNS, MEASURED CRACK WIDTHS, MEASURED SLAB-END MOVEMENTS, PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FAILED OR DISTRESSED AREAS ARE PRESENTED. BRIEFLY THE FINDINGS TO DATE ARE: (1) CRACKING STABILIZED AFTER 3 YEARS, (2) GREATER AMOUNTS OF OR FINER STEEL DISTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTED TO CLOSER CRACK SPACINGS AND NARROWER CRACKS, (3) THE LESSER RESTRAINED END SECTIONS HAVE FEWER CRACKS, (4) LONGITUDINAL CRACKING IS RELATED TO INSUFFICIENT SAWED DEPTH AT THE JOINT, (5) SOME CRACKS OPEN AND CLOSE ERRATICALLY, (6) PAVEMENT SECTIONS ARE GROWING, AND (7) THE JOINT TYPES ARE UNSATISFACTORY. OBSERVATIONS OF THE STEEL STRAINS HAVE CEASED TO BE NOTED AFTER EXCELLENT RESULTS WERE OBTAINED AND REPORTED EARLIER. /BPR/ KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Test sections KW - Welded wire fabrics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200051 AU - California Division of Highways TI - DATA TRANSMISSION STUDY-SUPPLEMENT TO-A STUDY FOR THE SELECTION OF COMPUTING EQUIPMENT-JAN66 PY - 1966/01 AB - SIGNIFICANT SAVINGS CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH THE USE OF RAPID DATA TRANSMISSION FACILITIES FOR SENDING ENGINEERING DATA AND PROBLEM SOLUTIONS BETWEEN THE CENTRAL OFFICE AND THE FIELD OFFICE. THE REPORT INCLUDES FACTUAL INFORMATION THAT WAS USED TO EVALUATE COST, SPEED, RELIABILITY, AND COMPATIBILITY AMONG THE VARIOUS SUPPLIERS OF RAPID TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT. KW - Central office KW - Computers KW - Costs KW - Data KW - Data communications KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Engineering KW - Field office KW - Interoffice KW - Reliability KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230699 AU - Plaster, R W AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REACTIONS IN PORTLAND CEMENT-CLAY MIXTURES, PHASE 3 PY - 1966 AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A LABORATORY STUDY ON THE CEMENT STABILIZATION OF THREE COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED VIRGINIA SOILS. THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF AN EXTENSIVE STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE THREE SOILS. THE REACTION BETWEEN THE THREE SOILS AND PORTLAND CEMENT WAS MONITORED USING UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, X-RAY DIFFRACTION, PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ACID AND WATER LEACHATES FROM SOIL-CEMENT PASTES. SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS DEVELOPED BY THE AUTHOR ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) WHEN THE MAJOR CLAY MINERALS ARE CONSIDERED MONTMORILLONITIC SOILS SUFFERED THE GREATEST DETERIORATION FROM CEMENT TREATMENT, KAOLINITIC SOILS LESS AND ILLITIC SOILS LEAST, (2) IRON IN THE IREDELL SOIL APPEARED TO REACT OR DISSOLVE READILY WITH CEMENT, (3) THE AMOUNT OF CLAY PRESENT RATHER THAN THE TYPE OF CLAY APPEARED TO AFFECT THE SHORT TERM STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT, AND (4) THREE MECHANICSMS RESPONSIBLE FOR REACTION OF SOIL AND DETERIORATION OF SOIL CONSTITUENTS ARE OFFERED. THESE MECHANISMS ARE: (A) CALCIUM HYDROXIDE FROM HYDRATED CEMENT REACTS WITH CLAY MINERALS OR AMORPHOUS MATERIAL YIELDING CALCIUM COMPOUNDS OF SILICA, ALUMINA AND IRON; (B) SILICA, ALUMINA AND IRON DISSOLVED FROM SOIL CONSTITUENTS REACT WITH CALCIUM HYDROXIDE FORMING CALCIUM COMPOUNDS; AND (C) SILICA, ALUMINA AND IRON DISSOLVED FROM SOIL ARE PHYSICALLY ADSORBED ONTO PARTIALLY HYDRATED CEMENT GRAINS. /BPR/ KW - Adsorption KW - Calcium compounds KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical properties KW - Chemical reactions KW - Clay KW - Clay minerals KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Diffraction KW - Iron KW - Microscopy KW - Mineralogy KW - Petrography KW - Physical properties KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Unconfined compression KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230595 AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - REACTIONS AND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT IN PORTLAND CEMENT-CLAY MIXTURES PY - 1966 AB - THE REACTIONS AND RATES OF REACTIONS IN MIXTURES OF CEMENT AND RELATIVELY PURE CLAYS WERE STUDIED. MIXTURES OF THREE CLAYS CONTAINING 40 PERCENT CEMENT WERE PREPARED AND CURED AT 100 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND 25 C FOR 3, 7, 14, 56 AND 112 DAYS. CURED MIXTURES WERE STUDIED BY PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE, X-RAY DIFFRACTION, PH MEASUREMENTS OF DILUTE SUSPENSIONS AND ANALYSES OF LEACHATES MADE WITH DISTILLED WATER AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID. AMONG THE AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS ARE' /1/ CEMENT HYDRATES MOST RAPIDLY IN ANNA KAOLINITE MIXTURES, CEMENT HYDRATES 1/2 TO 3/4 AS RAPIDLY IN CEMENT- FITHIAN ILLITE MIXTURES AND MOST SLOWLY IN MIXTURES CONTAINING ABERDEEN MONTMORILLONITE, /2/ STRENGTH GAIN RESULTS FROM FLOCCULATION OF CLAY, HYDRATION OF CEMENT AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF CA/OH/2 AND /3/ HYDRATION CEMENT CAUSED DETERIORATION OF CLAYS. /BPR/ KW - Clay KW - Concrete curing KW - Diffraction KW - Flocculating KW - Flocculating agents KW - Geological surveying KW - Hydration KW - Petrographic investigations KW - Petrography KW - pH value KW - Portland cement KW - Reaction KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Strength of materials KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227497 AU - Missouri State Highway Commission TI - ESTIMATING TRAFFIC LOADINGS ON TEST PAVEMENTS IN MISSOURI: An Interim Report PY - 1966///Interim Report AB - INITIAL WORK IS DESCRIBED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING, FOR A GIVEN TEST SECTION, THE ACCUMULATED NUMBER OF EQUIVALENT 18-KIP SINGLE-AXLE LOADS DURING A SELECTED PERIOD OF TIME. THE SPECIFIC PURPOSES ARE TO' /1/ CONSIDER SEVERAL POSSIBLE PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING THE LOADS AND TO COMPARE THEIR COSTS, /2/ INVESTIGATE THE PRINCIPAL FACTORS INVOLVED, /3/ CONSIDER THE REQUIRED DEGREE OF PRECISION AND, /4/ DEVELOP DETAILED SAMPLING METHODS AND A COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE BASED ON DATA OBTAINED. THE THREE PROCEDURES CONSIDERED FOR ESTIMATING THE LOADS WERE BASED ON : /1/ CONTINUOUS WEIGHING OF ALL VEHICLES, /2/ WEIGHING OF ALL VEHICLES DURING SELECTED SAMPLING PERIODS AND, /3/ ESTIMATING, FROM WEIGHINGS AT PERMANENT SCALE LOCATIONS, THE STATEWIDE AVERAGE EQUIVALENT 18-KIP SINGLE-AXLE LOAD PER VEHICLE FOR EACH VEHICLE TYPE. THEIR ESTIMATED COSTS ARE $109,500,000, $720,000 AND $299,000, RESPECTIVELY. THE LEAST COSTLY PROCEDURE WAS ADOPTED. THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPAL PERTINENT FACTORS WERE INVESTIGATED' /1/ WEEK DAY VERSUS WEEKEND TRAFFIC, /2/ AVERAGE EQUIVALENCIES PER VEHICLE FOR EACH VEHICLE TYPE, AND /3/ DIRECTION OF TRAVEL. A DESIRED STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE NO GREATER THAN 10 PERCENT WAS ADOPTED. IN THE FISCAL YEAR 1965-66 CLASSIFICATION COUNTS WERE MADE AT EACH OF 8 TEST SECTION LOCATIONS. VEHICLE WEIGHT INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE FROM 9 PERMANENT SCALE LOCATIONS. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axle loads KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Continuity KW - Costs KW - Estimating KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Methodology KW - Sampling KW - Traffic KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Vehicles KW - Weekdays KW - Weekends KW - Weight indicators KW - Weight measurement UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/EstimatingTrafficLoad_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00954327 AU - DROSENDAHL, RICHARD G AU - SMITH, CHARLES L AU - CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SECOND PROGRESS REPORT ON TRIP ENDS GENERATION RESEARCH COUNTS. T2 - TRIP ENDS GENERATION RESEARCH COUNTS PY - 1966 AB - No abstract provided. KW - California KW - Origin and destination KW - Research KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/607188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200803 AU - West Virginia State Road Commission TI - WEST VIRGINIA HIGHWAY SEVERANCE STUDY MANUAL PY - 1966 AB - THIS MANUAL ON RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISTIONS, RESULTED FROM WEST VIRGINIAS COLLECTION OF SEVERANCE STUDIES AND FROM THEIR CATALOGUE OF HISTORICAL DATA FOR ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY ACQUISTION ON THE INDIVIDUAL, THE COMMUNITY, AND THE NATION. THIS MANUAL WHEN USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A MANUAL PUBLISHED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS, SUPPLIES THE RIGHT-OF- WAY AGENT WITH ALL THE APPROPIATES FORMS FOR AN ACQUISTION CASE STUDY. THE INFORMATION AND DATA CONTAINED IN THE MANUAL CAN BE USED FOR FUTURE COMMUNITY PLANNING AND ZONING AS WELL AS FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN. KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Loss and damage KW - Manuals KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Severance KW - West Virginia KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203125 AU - Treiterer, J AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - IMPROVEMENT OF TRAFFIC FLOW AND SAFETY BY LONGITUDINAL CONTROL PY - 1966 AB - A THEORY OF LONGITUDINAL TRAFFIC CONTROL /MONITORING THE SPACING OF A PLATOON OF VEHICLES TRAVELLING IN A SINGLE TRAFFIC LANE/ IS DEVELOPED. TWO CONCEPTS ARE INVESTIGATED' /1/ SAFE TRAFFIC FLOW BY CONSIDERING THE POSSIBILITY THAT A LEADING VEHICLE MAY COME TO A SUDDEN STOP BY RUNNING INTO A STATIONARY /FIXED/ OBJECT, AND /2/ MARGINALLY SAFE FLOW BY CONSIDERING THE POSSIBILITY THAT A LEADING VEHICLE IS FORCED TO BRAKE TO A STOP IN AN EMERGENCY. THE INFLUENCE OF REACTION /PIEV/ TIME AND SPACING IS STUDIED FOR BOTH SAFETY CONCEPTS, AND THE THEORETICALLY POSSIBLE TRAFFIC FLOW IS DETERMINED FOR A VELOCITY RANGE UP TO 60 MPH. VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES OBTAINED BY AERIAL SURVEY METHODS IN FIELD STUDIES WERE EVALUATED TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF SAFETY IN PRESENT CAR FOLLOWING SITUATIONS. FIVE DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF SAFETY FLOW OR MARGINALLY SAFE FLOW WITH REACTION TIME WERE STUDIED. IT IS FOUND THAT AT LEAST 40 PERCENT OF THE DRIVERS DO NOT MEET THE ENTAILED SPACING FOR SAFE DRIVING ACCORDING TO THE DIFFERENT SAFETY CONCEPTS. DIAGRAMS OF THE CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VELOCITY AND THE MEAN SAFETY FACTOR ARE GIVEN. TWO FEASIBLE LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPED AND THEIR MERITS IN REGARD TO FLOW AND STABILITY OF TRAFFIC MOVEMENT ARE DISCUSSED FOR A MARGINALLY SAFE SYSTEM. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEM CAN CONTRIBUTE AN IMPORTANT STEP FORWARD TO IMPROVE PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC FLOW AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ON FREEWAYS. KW - Aerial photography KW - Automatic control KW - Car following KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Headways KW - Improvements KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Reaction time KW - Spacing KW - Theory KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238313 AU - Maiolo, J R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - GUIDELINES FOR ESTIMATING THE ADOPTION OF HIGHWAY PROTECTION MEASURES PY - 1966 AB - THE REPORT TREATS TWO QUESTIONS' /1/ HOW HIGHWAY PLANNERS CAN ESTIMATE THE PROBABILITY OF AN INTERCHANGE COMMUNITY ADOPTING LAND USE CONTROLS TO PROTECT THE NEW HIGHWAY FACILITY, AND /2/ HOW THE PLANNERS CAN PROMOTE THE ADOPTION OF SUCH CONTROLS. IT POINTS OUT THAT COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TOWARD SUCH CONTROLS ARE DETERMINED BY' /1/ THE EXISTENCE OF A PLANNING AGENCY AT THE COUNTY OR HIGHER LEVEL, AND /2/ THE NUMBER OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS TO THE COMMUNITY. IT EXPLAINS THAT AN ACTIVE COUNTY PLANNING AGENCY SETS THE STAGE FOR RATIONAL CONTROL AND THAT MOST IMMIGRANTS /AT LEAST OF THOSE FROM LARGER URBAN AREAS/ ARE PREDISPOSED IN FAVOR OF CONTROLS. THE HIGHWAY PLANNER CAN INDUCE FAVORABLE ATTITUDES BY PROMOTING COUNTY PLANNING AGENCIES, BY PROVIDING INFORMATION TO THE COMMUNITY, AND BY PROMOTING IMMIGRATION. /BPR/ KW - Attitudes KW - City planning KW - Communities KW - Governments KW - Guidelines KW - Highway planning KW - Information dissemination KW - Interchanges KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Protection KW - Public UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206282 AU - Crawford, R A AU - Dauberman, W H AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - FACTORS AFFECTING ROUGHOMETER MEASUREMENTS PY - 1966 AB - DURING 1965 AND 1966 SPECIAL STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN TO ESTABLISH IMPROVED TECHNIQUES FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE ROAD ROUGHOMETER, TO REVIEW THE TWO ROUGHNESS MEASURING SYSTEMS EMPLOYED, TO ANALYZE UNUSUAL RESULTS AND SEARCH FOR AN EXPLANATION OF THEM, AND TO EVOLVE, IF POSSIBLE, A BETTER INTERPRETATION OF ROUGHOMETER MEASUREMENTS AS RELATED TO ROAD PASSENGER COMFORT. THE STUDY OF ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS WAS EXTENDED TO EARLIER TESTS TO MAKE ANY CONCLUSIONS AS GENERAL AS POSSIBLE. THE STUDY INDICATED THAT TWO COUNTING SYSTEMS ARE DESIRABLE PARTIALLY AS A CHECK SINCE ONE SYSTEM HAD FAULTED ON A NUMBER OF TEST DAYS BUT MORE SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE IT WAS LEARNED THAT ON SOME TYPES OF SURFACES, WITH ONE SENSOR ON EACH SIDE OF THE ROUGHOMETER, ONE MEASURING SYSTEM WOULD READ A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ROUGHNESS THAN THE OTHER AND AN AVERAGE READING WOULD PROVIDE A FAR MORE RELIABLE VALUE. ALSO THERE WERE INDICATIONS THAT THE DIFFERENCE IN BUMP RESOLUTION OF THE TWO SYSTEMS CAUSED ONE TO MEASURE LESS ON ROUGHER BITUMINOUS CONCRETE ROADS. TOWING ARRANGEMENTS AS A RESULT OF THE TOWING SYSTEMS AND ROUGHOMETER DYNAMICS INFLUENCE THE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS AND ON SOME SURFACES, TOWING SPEED TOLERANCE IS ONLY PLUS ONE OR TWO MILES PER ERROR TO AVOID ERRORS GREATER THAN FIVE PERCENT. ON SHORT TEST SECTIONS OF HIGHWAY; LESS THAN A MILE, IT WAS SHOWN THAT SINGLE TESTS ARE TOTALLY UNRELIABLE. FINALLY, THERE ARE HIGHWAYS WHICH THE ROUGHOMETER AND A CORRESPONDING PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX WOULD ACCLAIM FOR THEIR SMOOTHNESS AND HIGH SERVICEABILITY, BUT WHICH ARE DEFINITELY UNSATISFACTORY FOR PASSENGER TRAFFIC. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bump resolution KW - Dynamics KW - Highway pavement KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Pavements KW - Road meters KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Speed KW - Test sections KW - Towing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206279 AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - PAVEMENT STUDY-PROJECT I 092-2 /4/ PY - 1966 AB - FIVE CONCRETE TEST SECTIONS OF VARIOUS DESIGNS WERE CONSTRUCTED IN THE SOUTHBOUND ROADWAY OF THE DENVER-CASTLE ROCK PORT OF INTERSTATE 25 IN COLORADO TO DEVELOP INFORMATION ON THE BEHAVIOR AND REQUIREMENTS OF RIGID PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED ON SWELLING SOILS. ALL TEST SECTIONS WERE 1/2 MILE LONG, EXCEPT THE CONTROL SECTION WHICH WAS ONE MILE LONG. GRADING SPECIFICATIONS REQUIRED 95% STANDARD T-99 AASHO COMPACTION, AND AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO COMPACT THE SOIL AS MUCH ON THE WET SIDE OF OPTIMUM MOISTURE AS FEASIBLE. BASED ON EIGHT YEARS OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE, THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN: (1) A-6 AND A-7 SOILS HAVE THE CAPABILITY OF LARGE VOLUME CHANGE AND SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS SWELLING SOILS, (2) STANDARD AASHO T-99 COMPACTION IS NECESSARY IN AT LEAST THE TOP 4 FEET OF FILLS AND IN SUBEXCAVATED AND BACKFILLED CUTS, (3) NONE OF THE TEST SECTIONS EXPERIENCED MUCH CHANGE IN ROUGHNESS DURING THE EIGHT YEAR PERIOD, AND (4) BASED ON PERFORMANCE TO DATE, THE EXTRA COST OF THE REINFORCEMENT IS NOT JUSTIFIED WHEN THE SUBGRADE SOIL SWELL IS LESS THAN 3% AND THE SUBGRADE HAS UNIFORM AASHO T-99 MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY. KW - Analysis KW - Colorado KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Interstate 25 KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Paving KW - Rigid pavements KW - Studies KW - Study analysis KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218002 AU - McLaughlin, R AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COST STUDY PY - 1966 AB - A BRIEF SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF THE STUDY HISTORY, A STATEMENT OF METHODOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS. FIELD DATA FOR TWO OR THREE YEAR PERIODS ON A NUMBER OF TEST SECTIONS WERE SUMMARIZED AND PRESENTED IN TABLES WHICH SHOW' 1/ CHARACTERISTICS OF TEST SECTION, 2/ TOTAL AND AVERAGE PER MILE COST FOR VARIOUS MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS /PAVEMENT, BERM, ETC./ ON EACH SECTION, AND 3/ SUMMARY OF AVERAGE COSTS BY SYSTEM, PAVEMENT AND TYPE, YEAR, ETC. KW - Berms KW - Costs KW - Definitions KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Methodology KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Studies KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204598 AU - Zickefoose, P W AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces TI - THE EFFECT OF HIGHWAY BILLBOARD ADVERTISING UPON SELECTED SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO MOTELS AND THEIR GUESTS, SUMMER 1966 PY - 1966 AB - TO ASSIST IN THE FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT OF 1965, THE NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY HAS CONDUCTED A STUDY FOR THE NEW MEXICO STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY BILLBOARD ADVERTISING UPON SELECTED MOTELS AND THEIR GUESTS. OVER A 6-WEEK PERIOD, 855 GUESTS CHECKING IN BETWEEN 2-10 P.M., MONDAY-SUNDAY AT 7 MOTELS /SELECTED BECAUSE OF THE BILLBOARD ADVERTISING OR LACK OF IT/ WERE INTERVIEWED TO DETERMINE WHY THEY STOPPED AT THE MOTEL WHERE THEY WERE STAYING, HOW THEY USUALLY MADE THEIR DECISION AS TO MOTEL ACCOMMODATION, THEIR DIRECTION AND DISTANCE TRAVELED, AND SIMILAR DATA. IN ADDITION, EACH MOTEL MANAGER WAS INTERVIEWED TO DETERMINE PRESENT EXPENDITURES FOR BILLBOARD ADVERTISING, HIS APPRAISAL OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS, AND ANY PLANNED SUBSTITUTES FOR SIGNBOARDS AFTER THEIR REMOVAL. AMONG VACATIONING MOTORISTS 170% OF THOSE INTERVIEWED/, ONLY 6% EITHER GAVE BILLBOARDS AS THE PRIMARY REASON FOR STOPPING OR CREDITED THEM WITH CALLING ATTENTION TO A PARTICULAR MOTEL IN THE FIRST INSTANCE. /MENTION OF BILLBOARDS AS AN AID IN LOCATING A MOTEL ALREADY DECIDED UPON FOR OTHER REASONS WAS NOT TABULATED./ FOR THREE OF THE LARGER MOTELS, EITHER NATIONALLY FRANCHISED CHAINS OR INDEPENDENTS WITH STRONG ASSOCIATIONAL DRAWING POWER, HIGHWAY SIGNS RANKED 6TH TO 8TH OUT OF 9 POSSIBLE REASONS WITH ONLY 2 OR 3 PERCENT OF THE GUESTS CITING THEM. HIGHWAY ADVERTISING MAY BE MORE IMPORTANT TO SMALL INDEPENDENT MOTELS. BILLBOARDS WERE THE THIRD MOST FREQUENTLY MENTIONED REASON FOR STOPPING AT 3 MOTELS AND SECOND AT ONE OTHER MOTEL. PERCENTAGES OF GUESTS MENTIONING BILLBOARDS RANGED FROM 21 DOWN TO 9. DISTANCE TRAVELED PER DAY AND PRICE ARE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MOTORISTS WHO FOLLOW BILLBOARDS. THE MOTELS WHICH ATTRACT THE SIGN WATCHERS TYPICALLY HAVE A GREATER-THAN- PROPORTIONATE SHARE OF THOSE WHO DRIVE 600 OR MORE MILES PER DAY AND/OR CHECK IN AFTER 8 P.M. THE 7 MOTELS INVOLVED IN THIS REPORT ARE PAYING A TOTAL OF $22,095 ANNUALLY FOR BILLBOARD ADVERTISING WITH A RANGE OF $5,940 TO $450 A YEAR. THE EMINENT PROSPECT OF THE EFFECTS OF SIGN REMOVAL DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE FRIGHTENING TO THE MOTEL MANAGERS. SEVERAL INDICATED THAT THEY WOULD BE HAPPY TO SAVE THEIR PRESENT BILLBOARD EXPENDITURES AND THOUGHT IT WOULD DO NO HARM PROVIDED THE COMPETITION HAD TO DO IT LIKEWISE. THE MANAGER OF A SMALL MOTEL, WHERE 20% OF THE GUESTS HAD MENTIONED BILLBOARDS AS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN SELECTING IT FOR ACCOMMODATIONS, INDICATED HIS WILLINGNESS TO TAKE HIS CHANCES ON HIS PRESENT 1-2 PUNCH, APPEARANCE AND REPEAT VISITS, AFTER SIGNS ARE REMOVED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Analysis KW - Beautification KW - Distance KW - Highways KW - Interviewing KW - Motels KW - New Mexico KW - Prices KW - Roadside advertising KW - Studies KW - Study analysis KW - Tourists KW - Traffic signs KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201167 AU - Gratto, C P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING HIGHWAY USE PY - 1966 AB - THIS WAS A STUDY OF HOUSEHOLD GENERATION OF PRIVATE PASSENGER-CAR TRIPS, CARRIED OUT IN FOUR NONURBAN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE AREAS. THE RESEARCH IDENTIFIED SOME 14 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND RELATED THESE VARIABLES TO THE HOUSEHOLD NEED FOR AND ABILITY TO USE HIGHWAY SERVICE. THE REPORT DID NOT INDICATE THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE VARIABLES. NO RELIABLE PREDICTIVE EQUATION OF HIGHWAY USE BY INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS WAS OBTAINED. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Economic factors KW - Highway travel KW - Households KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Rural areas KW - Social values KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238316 AU - Bass, C G AU - Hartsock, C M AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission TI - REMAINDER AND ECONOMIC STUDY, INTERSTATE 95 PY - 1966 AB - THE STUDY AREA OF THIS PROJECT INCLUDED 36 RURAL INTERCHANGES ON I-95 FROM THE VIRGINIA BORDER SOUTH TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA LINE AND INCLUDED ALL INTERCHANGES ON SECTIONS OF THIS HIGHWAY THAT WERE COMPLETED AND OPEN TO TRAFFIC EXCEPT FOR FIVE INTERCHANGES THAT FOR VARIOUS REASONS DID NOT LEND THEMSELVES TO ANALYSIS AT THIS TIME. LAND USES WERE CLASSIFIED FOR THE 31 INTERCHANGES AND IN 52 PERCENT OF THE QUADRANTS THE MOST IMPORTANT SINGLE USE WAS COMMERCIAL. THE NEXT MOST IMPORTANT SEGREGATION WAS VACANT. NO FURTHER ANALYSIS WAS MADE ON THE BASIS OF DIFFERENT LAND USE CLASSIFICATIONS. INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT THE AMOUNT OF COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE 31 INTERCHANGES WAS AS FOLLOWS' 1.38, SERVICE STATIONS PER INTERCHANGE, .32, MOTELS PER INTERCHANGES, .29 RESTAURANTS PER INTERCHANGE, AND .09, TRUCK STOPS PER INTERCHANGE. THE PREDOMINENT SIZE AND RANGE OF VALUES OF SITES FOR SERVICE STATIONS WAS ONE ACRE AND $20,000-$50,000, FOR MOTELS, EIGHT ACRES AND $50,000- $100,000. /BPR/ KW - Classification KW - Commercial KW - Economic analysis KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate 95 KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Remainders (Property law) KW - Rural areas KW - Vacant UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204604 AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - COST OF MOWING ROADSIDES IN INDIANA PY - 1966 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS RESULTS OF A FOUR YEAR INVESTIGATION INTO FACTORS AFFECTING THE COSTS OF MOWING HIGHWAY ROADSIDES IN INDIANA. CHAPTERS I AND II BRIEFLY DESCRIBE STUDY OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURE. CHAPTER III PRESENTS DATA OBTAINED DURING THE 1966 MOWING SEASON FROM FOUR SELECTED SUB-DISTRICTS. CHAPTER IV COMPARES THE DATA FOR THE 1966 SEASON WITH SIMILAR DATA ABSTRACTED FROM PROGRESS REPORTS PREPARED FOR THE 1963, 1964 AND 1965 MOWING SEASONS. IT THEN DISCUSSES THESE DATA AND PUTS FORTH CONCLUSIONS ABOUT CERTAIN FACTORS WHICH AFFECT MOWING COSTS. CHAPTER IV ALSO DISCUSSES THE RELIABILITY OF THE BASIC DATA AND POINTS OUT THE POSSIBILITY THAT THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT ERRORS IN SOME CASES. /BPR/ KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Mowing KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222548 AU - Senders, J AU - Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Incorporated TI - VEHICLE CONTROL AND DRIVER INFORMATION PROCESSING PY - 1966 AB - A METHOD IS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE THE DRIVERS ATTENTIONAL DEMAND. A VISOR-SHUTTER DEVICE WAS CONSTRUCTED, WHOSE LIGHT- DARK RATIO COULD BE CONTROLLED AND VARIED. UNDER MILD TRAFFIC CONDITIONS, THE DRIVER WOULD BE EXPECTED TO TOLERATE A RELATIVELY LONG DARK INTERVAL; UNDER HEAVY TRAFFIC, HE WOULD TOLERATE NO INTERRUPTION OF HIS VIEW OF THE ROAD. THE DEVICE WAS VALIDATED BY DETERMINING THE LONGEST DARK INTERVAL WHICH WOULD BE TOLERATED, WHEN THE CAR TRAVELLED AT VARIOUS SPEEDS ON A STRAIGHT SECTION OF INTERSTATE, AND ON A CURVED TRACK. A FORMULA WAS DEVELOPED TO EXPLAIN THE FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTENTIONAL DEMAND. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Attention value KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Demand KW - Drivers KW - Equipment KW - Formulas KW - Interference KW - Measurement KW - Service interruptions KW - Speed KW - Traffic KW - Vision KW - Visor shutter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211995 AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - CONCRETE JOINT SURVEY PY - 1966 AB - RESULTS OF A STUDY OF SAWED-JOINT CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN COLORADO ARE PRESENTED. THE PERFORMANCE OF SAWED AND FORMED TRANSVERSE JOINTS ARE COMPARED. INFORMATION ON TIME OF SAWING THAT WOULD BE APPLICABLE TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF SAWED-JOINT SPECIFICATIONS IS DEVELOPED. DATA ON THE EFFECT OF JOINT SPACING, WELDED WIRE FABRIC AND BASE STABILIZATION ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE ARE PROVIDED. FIVE PROJECTS WERE INCLUDED. THE TEST PAVEMENT WAS 8 INCHES THICK, EXCEPT FOR A SINGLE 10-INCH THICK SECTION. THE MAJOR DESIGN FEATURES WERE' /1/ SAWED VERSUS FORMED TRANSVERSE JOINTS, /2/ TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN CONCRETE PLACEMENT AND JOINT SAWING, /3/ PLAIN VERSUS REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. /4/ JOINT SPACING, /5/ DEPTH OF TRANSVERSE SAW CUT, AND /6/ THICKNESS OF CEMENT-TREATED SUBBASE. THE DESIGN FEATURES WERE PRIMARILY EVALUATED IN TERMS OF TRANSVERSE, LONGITUDINAL AND DIAGONAL CRACKING OF THE PAVEMENT SLABS. THIS EVALUATION CONSIDERED THE EFFECTS ON CRACKING OF SUCH FACTORS AS SOIL CHARACTERISTICS, CONCRETE MIX AND STRENGTH, AIR TEMPERATURE AND TRAFFIC DENSITY. SOME CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ARE' /1/ CONCRETE PAVEMENTS WITH SAWED JOINTS ARE AS RESISTANT TO CRACKING AS THOSE WITH FORMED JOINTS, /2/ PLAIN CONCRETE SLABS OF 25 FEET ARE AS RESISTANT TO CRACKING AS THOSE OF 20 FEET, /3/ OPTIMUM TIME FOR SAWING TRANSVERSE JOINTS IS FROM 12 TO 24 HOURS AFTER PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE, AND /4/ A 1 1/2- INCH DEEP SAW CUT APPEARS TO BE ADEQUATE FOR TRANSVERSE JOINTS IN 8-INCH THICK CONCRETE PAVEMENT. KW - Admixtures KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Cracking KW - Formed joints KW - Foundations KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Sawed joints KW - Slabs KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Spacing KW - Specifications KW - Stabilization KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Traffic density KW - Transverse joints KW - Welded wire fabrics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206292 AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - USE OF TEXAS DYNAFLECT APPARATUS ON MINNESOTA TEST SECTIONS PY - 1966 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES A SERIES OF TESTS PERFORMED COOPERATIVELY ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN MINNESOTA BY PERSONNEL OF THE MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE. A MAJOR PORTION OF THE TESTS WAS CONDUCTED IN CONJUNCTION WITH NCHRP PROJECT 1-6, STANDARD MEASUREMENTS FOR SATELLITE PROGRAM-MEASUREMENT TEAM. MOST OF THE TEST SECTIONS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY ARE A PART OF MINNESOTAS HPR SATELLITE STUDY TITLED APPLICATION OF AASHO ROAD TEST FINDINGS TO DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN MINNESOTA. THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THE TESTS WAS TO /1/ DEVELOP CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DYNAFLECT READINGS, BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS AND PLATE BEARING VALUES AND /2/ COMPARE PRESENT SERVICEABILITY RATINGS /PSRS/ ESTABLISHED BY A THREE-MAN PANEL WITH PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEXES /PSIS/ CALCULATED WITH READINGS OBTAINED BY THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER AND BPR-TYPE ROUGHOMETERS OF TEXAS AND MINNESOTA. COMPARATIVE DATA WERE ACQUIRED FROM TEN SELECTED 1200-FOOT LONG TEST SECTIONS. THESE SECTIONS WERE LOCATED ON TEN DIFFERENT HIGHWAY ROUTES HAVING A WIDE RANGE IN AGE, SOIL TYPE, PAVEMENT STRUCTURE AND PRESENT SERVICEABILITY. THE FOLLOWING MAJOR CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED: /1/ DYNAFLECT READINGS, BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS AND PLATE BEARING VALUES CORRELATE REASONABLY WELL WITH EACH OTHER. WHETHER ONE TEST METHOD IS BETTER THAN ANOTHER MUST AWAIT FURTHER STUDY BASED ON WHICH METHOD WILL MORE RELIABLY PREDICT PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. /2/ EITHER THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER OR THE BPR-TYPE ROUGHOMETER CAN REASONABLY PREDICT A SERVICEABILITY RATING. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bpr roughometer KW - Chloe profilometer KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect apparatus KW - Flexible pavements KW - Minnesota KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Plate bearing test KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222546 AU - STEVENS, H AU - Tignor, S C AU - Lojacono, J F AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OFFTRACKING CALCULATION CHARTS FOR TRAILER COMBINATIONS, JANUARY 1966 PY - 1966 AB - THE OFFTRACKING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE UNIT AND COMBINATION VEHICLE ARE DESCRIBED. THE OFFTRACKING DATA ARE SHOWN IN TWO CHARTS, ONE FOR 90-DEGREE TURNS, AND ONE FOR 270-DEGREE TURNS FOR VEHICLE WHEEL BASES RANGES FROM 5 FEET TO 55 FEET INDIVIDUAL VEHICLE OFFTRACKINGS ARE INFLUENCED BY THREE VARIABLES' THE DEGREE OF TURN, THE LENGTH OF VEHICLE WHEELBASE, AND THE TURNING RADIUS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE OFFTRACKING MEASUREMENTS OF A TRAILER COMBINATION MAY BE CALCULATED BY ADDING THE OFFTRACKING MEASUREMENTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES IN THE COMBINATION. THE OFFTRACKING IS GREATEST WHEN THE PROJECTION OF THE REAR AXLE AXIS PASSES THROUGH THE TURNING RADIUS CENTER, EVEN THOUGH THE PROJECTIONS OF THE OTHER AXLES ON THE VEHICLE OR TRAILER COMBINATION DO NOT, AT THE SAME TIME, PASS THROUGH THE TURNING RADIUS CENTER. REFERENCES' OFFTRACKING CALCULATIONS CHARTS FOR TRAILER COMBINATIONS, SAE, NO 650271. KW - Axial movements KW - Calculation KW - Charts KW - Computation KW - Length KW - Measurement KW - Offtracking KW - Trailers KW - Turning path KW - Turning radius KW - Vehicles KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217465 AU - Montana State Highway Commission TI - BENEFICIATION OF AGGREGATES PY - 1966 AB - UPGRADING TESTS ARE CONDUCTED ON SUBSTANDARD MATERIALS OF EASTERN MONTANA FOR USE AS ROADBUILDING AGGREGATE. THE BULK OF THE TESTING WAS DEVOTED TO THE STABILIZATION OF SAND /DECOMPOSED SANDSTONE/ WITH ASPHALT AND PORTLANT CEMENT. FIVE TO SEVEN PERCENT CEMENT TREATMENT ADEQUATELY STABILIZED THE DECOMPOSED SANDSTONE FOR BASE COURSE, WHILE NINE PERCENT CEMENT WAS REQUIRED TO STABILIZE A CLEAN STREAM SAND. NO DEFINITE CONCLUSION CONCERNING THE FEASIBILITY OF ASPHALT STABILIZATION WAS MADE BECAUSE OF ERRATIC TEST RESULTS. THE MOST PRACTICAL USE FOR THESE SANDS IS FOR SUBBASE WHERE THE SUBGRADE IS EXPANSIVE SHALE OR CLAY, PROVIDED THAT THE SAND IS PROTECTED FROM EROSION AND EXTREME MOISTURE CHANGES. SAND-ASPHALT AND BAKED SHALE-SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURES WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE THEIR SUITABILITY AS SURFACING MATERIALS. SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURES WERE UNSUITABLE FOR SURFACING, WHILE SOME BAKED SHALE-SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURES WERE ACCEPTABLE. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Beneficiation KW - Expansive clays KW - Portland cement KW - Sand KW - Sand stabilization KW - Shale KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224843 AU - Carter, Everett C AU - Jain, R P AU - West Virginia State Road Commission AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown TI - ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR SPEED LIMITS IN SCHOOL ZONES PY - 1966 AB - A CRITERIA WAS DEVELOPED FOR ESTABLISHING SPEED LIMITS IN SCHOOL ZONES AND TO ISOLATE THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SPEEDS IN SCHOOL ZONES. STUDY SITES WERE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO TYPE OF SCHOOL, TYPE OF HIGHWAY AND THE AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC. DATA COLLECTED INCLUDED VEHICLE SPEEDS /MEASURED BY RADAR/, TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE ROADWAY AND SCHOOL AREA. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT APPROACH SPEED LIMIT, DISTANCE OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS FROM ROADWAY EDGE, TRAFFIC VOLUMES, LENGTH OF SCHOOL ZONE, PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF SCHOOL, AND TYPE OF SCHOOL ARE ALL SIGNIFICANT FACTORS INFLUENCING MEAN SPEEDS IN SCHOOL ZONES. KW - Approach KW - Approach speed KW - Average daily traffic KW - Criteria KW - Data collection KW - Geometric design KW - Highways KW - Mean (Statistical) KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Radar KW - Schools KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Types KW - Vehicles KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219956 AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Westat, Incorporated TI - EVALUATION OF CRITERIA FOR SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS ON THE HIGHWAYS PY - 1966 AB - PROCEDURES FOR GENERATING LISTS OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS ARE DESCRIBED AND METHODS PRESENTED FOR FORECASTING THE EXPECTED PERCENT REDUCTIONS IN ACCIDENTS TO BE EXPECTED FOR THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS. METHODS ARE PRESENTED FOR ESTIMATING THE COSTS FOR EACH OF THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS, CONVERTING THE FORE- CASTED ACCIDENT REDUCTIONS DESCRIBED INTO THE EXPECTED SAFETY BENEFITS OF EACH OF THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS, AND EVALUATING THE RELATIVE MERITS OF COMPETING HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS. THE BASES FOR AND DESCRIPTIONS OF PROCEDURES AND METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE RELATIVE MERITS OF COMPETING HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT COSTS AND BENEFITS ARE PRESENTED. EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN WHICH ILLUSTRATE HOW THE COSTS AND BENEFITS ARE ESTIMATED AND HOW THE RELATIVE MERITS OF ALTERNATE PROJECTS ARE EVALUATED. A COMPARISON IS PRESENTED OF THE OBSERVED LEVELS OF COSTS AND BENEFITS FOR SPOT IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS AND MODERNIZATION PROJECTS IS PRESENTED. CURRENT METHODS OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS USED ARE REVIEWED. A HIGHWAY ACCIDENT RECORD SYSTEM FOR USE IN THE EVALUATION PROCEDURE IS RECOMMENDED. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash reports KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Prevention KW - Recording KW - Recording systems KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201172 AU - Moore, C T AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CAPITAL AND INCOME EFFECTS OF SIGNBOARD REGULATION, CONTROL AND REMOVAL ON SELECTED KINDS OF BUSINESSES AND LAND SEGMENTS LOCATED ON INTERSTATE AND PRIMARY HIGHWAY SYSTEMS IN ALABAMA PY - 1966 AB - A SCALAR ANALYSIS USING A PAIRED COMPARISON TECHNIQUE WAS MADE OF MOTORIST TRAVELERS AND MOTEL MANAGERS IN THE METROPOLITAN BIRMINGHAM AREA TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF A NUMBER OF INFORMATION SOURCES AND CUES IN THE SELECTION OF LODGING AND EATING ESTABLISHMENTS. FOR EXAMPLE, LODGING PATRONS AND MANAGERS WERE ASKED TO INDICATE , IN THEIR JUDGMENT, THE IMPORTANCE BETWEEN PAIRED SOURCES OF INFORMATION SUCH AS, COMMERCIAL BILLBOARDS VS. CREDIT CARDS, COMMERCIAL BILLBOARDS VS. RADIO AND TV ADVERTISING, AND COMMERCIAL BILLBOARDS VS. OFFICIAL HIGHWAY SIGNS. FOR THE PATRONS, COMMERCIAL BILLBOARDS RANK 6TH IN IMPORTANCE, WHILE FOR THE MANAGERS, COMMERCIAL BILLBOARDS RANK 7TH. BOTH MANAGERS AND PATRONS INDICATED THAT PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE, ADVICE OF INDIVIDUALS, PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT, REFERRAL SERVICES, AND RESERVATION SERVICES RANKED ABOVE COMMERCIAL BILLBOARDS. MANAGERS OF 12 OUTDOOR ADVERTISING FIRMS WERE SURVEYED TO OBTAIN ESTIMATES OF EXPECTED LOSSES RESULTING FROM SIGN CONTROLS. EXPECTED LOSSES OF RECEIPTS RANGED FROM 110 THOUSAND TO OVER 1 MILLION DEPENDING ON THE TYPE AND EXTENT OF CONTROLS ASSUMED. EMPLOYMENT LOSSES RANGED FROM 9 TO 91 EMPLOYEES FOR THE 12 COMPANIES SURVEYED. /BPR/ KW - Alabama KW - Businesses KW - Capital KW - Control KW - Food KW - Income KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Motels KW - Primary highways KW - Regulations KW - Roadside advertising KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219672 AU - Brenner, R AU - Fisher, G R AU - MOSHER, W W AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT DATA AS A BASIS FOR PLANNING SELECTIVE ENFORCEMENT-PHASE I REPORT PY - 1966 AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO INVESTIGATE VARIOUS STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES WHICH COULD BE APPLIED TO ACCIDENT DATA AND COULD AID OPERATIONAL DECISION MAKING BY ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES. THE TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED MUST DETERMINE A STABLE ACCIDENT PATTERN AND EVALUATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANY VARIATIONS FROM THIS PATTERN. THE REPORT DEALS WITH THE USE OF CONTROL CHARTS. IT IS PROPOSED THAT CONTROL CHARTS, WHICH ARE SUCCESSFULLY USED FOR QUALITY CONTROL IN INDUSTRY, BE USED TO CONTINUOUSLY EVALUATE ACCIDENT DATA FLUCTUATIONS. THE REPORT CONTAINS A DISCUSSION OF THE UNDERLYING THEORY OF CONTROL CHARTS AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY PROPOSED FOR THEIR USE WITH ACCIDENT DATA. ONE OF THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH TO DATE IS THAT THE TRADITIONAL RELATIONSHIP OF TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS MAY NOT BE APPROPRIATE FOR USE WITH ACCIDENT DATA. IN MOST APPLICATIONS OF CONTROL CHART LOGIC, ONE ATTEMPTS TO MINIMIZE THE POSSIBILITY OF A TYPE I ERROR AND ALLOWS A SOMEWHAT HIGHER POSSIBILITY FOR TYPE II ERRORS. THE RESEARCHERS PROPOSE THAT AN INCREASE IN TYPE I SHOULD BE TOLERATED SO THAT A LOWER TYPE II ERROR CAN BE OBTAINED. THE THEORY BEHIND THEIR PROPOSAL IS THAT IT WOULD BE BETTER TO DETECT SPURIOUS CHANGES IN THE ACCIDENT PATTERNS THAN TO NOT DETECT LEGITIMATE CHANGES. /BPR/ KW - Charts KW - Control KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Decision making KW - Highway safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201190 AU - Dodge, W H AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INFLUENCE OF A MAJOR HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT UPON AN AGRICULTURAL-BASED ECONOMY PY - 1966 AB - RESEARCH FINDINGS ARE REPORTED CONCERNING THE EFFECTS UPON THE AGRICULTURAL AND TRADE ECONOMY IN THE CORRIDOR THROUGH DUNN AND ST. CROIX COUNTIES, WISCONSIN, OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MAJOR HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT--I-94. THE STUDY CONSIDERS THE AREA AS A WHOLE AND ATTEMPTS TO DISCOVER GRADATIONS OF CHANGE WITHIN THE TOTAL STUDY AREA OF THE TWO COUNTIES. CONCLUSIONS REACHED IN THIS REPORT WERE VERY GENERAL. IT APPEARS THAT THIS STUDY WAS ATTEMPTED TOO SOON AFTER THE "BEFORE" STUDY, AND THAT IT WILL TAKE LONGER THAN THE THREE TO FIVE YEARS TO IDENTIFY MATERIAL CHANGES IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND TRADE ECONOMY. RELIEF OF CONGESTION ON THIS ROUTE RESULTED IN BENEFITS TO LONG-HAUL TRAFFIC, TO LOCAL RESIDENTS WITH LONGER TRIPS, AND TO USERS OF THE PARALLEL ROUTE, U.S. 12. THESE BENEFITS, SUCH AS LOWERED OPERATING COSTS BECAUSE OF THE NEW HIGHWAY, DO NOT MANIFEST THEMSELVES IN HIGHER FARM REAL ESTATE VALUES. THE RELIEF OF CONGESTION HAS SPURRED LAND RECLASSIFICATION, ESPECIALLY NEAR LARGER COMMUNITIES. THE RESEARCHERS CONCLUDE THAT AS THE RECLASSIFICATION OF LAND CREATES NEWER AND MORE PRODUCTIVE USES FOR LAND, AND AS BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE AREA ORIENT TO NEW HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC CONDITIONS, SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT WILL BE FELT ON INCOME AND GROSS PRODUCT. /BPR/ KW - Agriculture KW - Classification KW - Community consequences KW - Distance KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Income KW - Intercity transportation KW - Land KW - Land classifications KW - Land use KW - Long distance traffic KW - Operating costs KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Retail trade KW - Social impacts KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207723 AU - Erickson, E L AU - Paulet, E G AU - Government Printing Office AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY CRITERIA. REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE MEMBERS. ULTIMATE DESIGN PY - 1966 AB - THIS MANUAL IS DESIGNED TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES /AASHO/, ADOPTED IN 1961. IT HAS BEEN COMPILED TO ASSIST BRIDGE ENGINEERS CONCERNED WITH THE PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE MEMBERS FOR CONDITIONS OF ULTIMATE LOADING. THE EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON DESIGN METHODS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS WHOSE BEHAVIOR IS LIMITED BY THE ULTIMATE STAGE OF BEHAVIOR AT ULTIMATE LOADING. WHEN THE SAFETY LIMITS OF THE MATERIALS ARE CONSIDERED, THE ULTIMATE DESIGN METHOD PRODUCES SUPERIOR ECONOMY OVER THE WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge members KW - Criteria KW - Highway bridges KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Serviceability KW - Strength of materials KW - Ultimate design method KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200681 AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - A STUDY TO DEVELOP METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE TRAINING OF CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS INSPECTORS PY - 1966 AB - THIS REPORT AND TRAINING MANUAL PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE TOOL FOR TRAINING AND DEVELOPING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS INSPECTORS. THE REPORT WAS QUITE BRIEF BUT WAS SUPPLEMENTED BY THE COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING MANUAL. RECOMMENDATIONS WERE CONTAINED IN THE REPORT TEXT. THE TRAINING MANUAL INCLUDED SECTIONS ON SURFACE GEOLOGY, SOILS AND SOIL SOIL TESTING, COMPACTION, EARTHWORK, SUBBASES AND BASES, CONCRETE PAVEMENT , STRUCTURES AND BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS. /BPR/ KW - Construction inspection KW - Development KW - Education KW - Improvements KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Manuals KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453924 AU - Treadway, Theodore B AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Analysis of Travel Conditions on the U.S. 52 Bypass in Lafayette, Indiana PY - 1965/12/09/Technical Paper SP - 22p AB - In recent years vehicular travel has increased at a tremendous rate. The construction of new highways and the improvement of existing facilities have failed to keep pace with the growth of motor-vehicle travel. The problem is especially acute in urban areas where major arterial highways lack needed capacity for handling the large movements of intracity travel. Many urban roads were constructed decades ago, when the present status of vehicular travel was inconceivable. Inadequate planning and improvement of these facilities have resulted in congestion and delays which are costly and irritable to road users. Relationships were developed to express overall travel speeds and delays as functions of elements that were descriptive of the traffic stream, roadway geometry, and roadside development. These equations permit the evaluation of traffic engineering improvements designed to improve travel conditions. KW - Arterial highways KW - Highway capacity KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313692 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453755 AU - Wright, Darrell A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 82: Truck Weight-Speed Study : Progress Report PY - 1965/12/09/Progress Report SP - 27p AB - This report is the annual, continuing study of the relationship between truck weight and truck speed. The weight and speed of trucks on two-lane and four-lane highways in Indiana were taken during August and September 1965. Analysis of the date indicated that as truck weight increased, truck speed decreased slightly. However, it was found that the weight of the truck only accounted for a small portion of the variability in truck speeds. The average speeds for trucks were lower than the value for the previous study. However, the trend in average speed still seems to be increasing with the trend for heavier trucks on four-lane highways tending to level near the speed limit. KW - Four lane highways KW - Indiana KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314464 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453720 AU - Wright, Darrell A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 81: Progress Report PY - 1965/12/09/Progress Report SP - 50p AB - This report is the latest in a series of annual studies which have been conducted for more than 20 years. The primary purpose of the studies is to provide data for speed trend information on the several types of state highways. The speeds are taken each year at the same locations, if conditions at the sites have not changed. Speeds are recorded for only free-flowing vehicles. KW - Free flow speeds KW - Indiana KW - Monitoring KW - Speed data KW - State highways KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314463 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204151 AU - Herr, L A AU - Bossy, H G AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HYDRAULIC CHARTS FOR THE SELECTION OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS PY - 1965/12 AB - THE SUBJECTS FURNISHED FOR THIS DOCUMENT BY HSRI ARE: DRAINS, ROADSIDE, WAYS (ROADS), HYDRAULIC, PROCESSES, PHYSICAL ASPECT, CIVIL, ENGINEERING, DISCIPLINES, DESIGN, ENGINEERING, METHODS, INSTRUCTIONS/SPECIFICATIONS, CONTENTS, STUDY-REPORT TYPE, DIAGRAMS/PLANS. KW - Charts KW - Construction KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culverts KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Installation KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211990 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE MIXES ON SIDNEY-POTTER AND KIMBALL-SIDNEY PAVING SN-FA-149D /4/ AND SN-FA-149E /3/ PY - 1965/12 AB - CONCRETE MIXES WERE USED ON TWO PAVING PROJECTS IN WESTERN NEBRASKA. AGGREGATES FROM THE SAME SOURCE WERE USED ON BOTH PROJECTS, BUT DIFFERENT CEMENTS WERE USED. PROPERTIES OF THE CEMENTS ARE NOT GIVEN IN THIS REPORT. TESTS WERE MADE ON BEAMS CAST FROM THE CONCRETES AND PERIODIC SURVEYS WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE PAVEMENT CONDITION. BEAMS FROM ONE PROJECT EXPANDED FOUR TIMES AS MUCH AS THOSE FROM THE OTHER PROJECT. THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF EXPANSION OF THE PAVEMENT, THOUGH ONE PROJECT WAS IN WORSE CONDITION THAN THE OTHER PROJECT. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Beams KW - Cement KW - Conditions KW - Crash investigation KW - Expansion KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Kimball-sidney KW - Nebraska KW - Pavements KW - Sidney-potter KW - Studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200050 AU - Mannix, J F AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1965/12 AB - THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT HAS DEVELOPED A NUMBER OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR THE CDC 1604-A COMPUTER. SOME OF THE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT WORK INVOLVED MODIFICATION OF IBMS 650 PROGRAMS FOR USE ON THE CDC COMPUTER. THE MACHINE LANGUAGES USED FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM ARE NOT SPECIFIED. THESE PROGRAMS COVER ACCOUNTING, MANAGEMENT CONTROL, GENERAL UTILITY, AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING AREAS. KW - Accounting KW - Cdc 1604-a KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Development KW - Highway engineering KW - Ibm 650 program KW - Machine languages KW - Management KW - Public utilities KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211994 AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - CONCRETE WEAR STUDY PY - 1965/12 AB - THE WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE USING VARIOUS CEMENT CONTENTS AND THREE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF AGGREGATES WERE INVESTIGATED. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS AND DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY DATA WERE OBTAINED TO ASSIST IN EVALUATION OF THESE VARIOUS MIXES. THE TESTING PROGRAM COVERED SOME 342 CONCRETE SPECIMENS REPRESENTING VARIOUS AGES, CEMENT CONTENTS, AIR CONTENTS, AND AGGREGATES. THE AGGREGATES USED WERE FROM SOURCES READILY AVAILABLE AND SUITABLE FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES IN LOUISIANA. WEAR TESTS WERE MADE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM TENTATIVE METHOD C 418-58 T. THESE TESTS SHOW THAT THE WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE VARIES WITH THE AGE, CEMENT CONTENT, AIR CONTENT, AND THE AGGREGATES USED. KW - Age KW - Aggregates KW - Air content KW - Astm c 418-58-t KW - Cement content KW - Characteristics KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Crash investigation KW - Durability tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Specimens KW - Studies KW - Wear UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20034.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203119 AU - Hutchinson, J W AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - MEDIANS OF DIVIDED HIGHWAYS-FREQUENCY AND NATURE OF VEHICLE ENCROACHMENT PY - 1965/12 AB - PRIMARY EFFORTS HAVE BEEN DEVOTED TO SEEKING INFORMATION NEEDED FOR MEDIAN DESIGN TO ACHIEVE OPTIMUM SAFETY AND SERVICE TO TRAFFIC. THE FACTORS UNDER CONSIDERATION WERE' /1/ THE EXTENT TO WHICH MEDIAN WIDTH AND CROSS-SECTION CAN AND SHOULD REDUCE HEADLIGHT GLARE AND DELINEATE ROADWAY ALIGNMENT. /2/ THE EFFECT OF SHRUBS, SIGNS AND OTHER MEDIAN APPURTENANCES ON THE SAFETY OF ENCROACHING VEHICLES, AND /3/ THE DIMENSIONS OF MEDIAN WIDTHS AND CROSS-SECTIONS NECESSARY TO STOP AND RECOVER ENCROACHING VEHICLES AND PREVENT ACCIDENTS. KW - Crashes KW - Cross sections KW - Design KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Dimensional measurement KW - Encroachments KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway user services KW - Medians KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Optimization KW - Prevention KW - Recovering KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Requirement KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Vehicles KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207817 AU - Brecht, H E AU - Hanson, J M AU - Hulsbos, C L AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - ULTIMATE SHEAR TESTS OF FULL-SIZED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1965/12 AB - STATIC TESTS TO FAILURE OF FOUR FULL-SIZED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS ARE DESCRIBED. TWO OF THE BEAMS WERE 18 INCH X 36 INCH I-BEAMS, TWO WERE 36 INCH X 36 INCH BOX BEAMS. THE BEAMS HAD VARIABLE AMOUNTS OF WEB REINFORCEMENT, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO CONDUCT A TOTAL OF NINE ULTIMATE STRENGTH TESTS ON THE FOUR BEAMS. SHEAR SPAN TO EFFECTIVE DEPTH RATIOS RANGED FROM 2.92 TO 5.84. DIAGONAL TENSION AND FLEXURE SHEAR INCLINED CRACKING WERE OBSERVED. SIX SHEAR FAILURES AND TWO FLEXURAL FAILURES OCCURRED, AND IN ONE TEST THE SPECIMEN FAILED PREMATURELY, DUE TO DAMAGE SUSTAINED IN THE PREVIOUS TEST. RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH A PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION WHICH USED SMALLER, 9 INCH X 18 INCH I-BEAMS. IT WAS FOUND THAT BOTH THE INCLINED CRACKING STRENGTH AND THE ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE FULL-SIZED TEST BEAMS WERE SOMEWHAT LESS THAN THE STRENGTH OF THE SMALLER BEAMS. HOWEVER, THE PROPOSED SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN OF WEB REINFORCEMENT, WHICH WAS CONSERVATIVELY BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THE SMALL BEAM TESTS, SATISFACTORILY PREDICTED THE ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE FULL-SIZED BEAMS. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Box beams KW - Failure KW - Forecasting KW - I beams KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear strength KW - Shear tests KW - Static tests KW - Ultimate strength KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210336 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE AGGREGATES PY - 1965/12 AB - ANALYSES WERE MADE OF THE AGGREGATE GRADATION AND ASPHALT CONTENT VARIABILITY IN HOT BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE MIXTURES CONSISTENT WITH THOSE GUIDE PRINCIPLES SET FORTH BY THE BPR TASK FORCE ON QUALITY CONTROL. A SUMMARY OF STATISTICAL DATA WERE INCLUDED FOR THE ARITHMETIC MEAN MATERIAL, SAMPLING AND TESTING VARIANCE, OVERALL VARIANCE OVERALL VARIANCE AND OVERALL STANDARD DEVIATION /SIGMA/ OF OF EACH SIEVE SIZE AND ASPHALT CONTENT USED / ON EACH PROJECT/ IN EACH MIXTURE. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Analysis KW - Arithmetic mean KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Quality control KW - Sampling KW - Sieve analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222535 AU - Surti, V H AU - Gervais, E AU - Nat Prvg Fwy Sur Controls, Detroit TI - PEAK PERIOD COMFORT AND SERVICE EVALUATION OF AN URBAN FREEWAY AND AN ALTERNATE SURFACE STREET PY - 1965/11/24 AB - DATA WERE COLLECTED ON THE JOHN C. LODGE FREEWAY IN DETROIT UTILIZING GSR /GALVANJC SKIN RESPONSE/ AND DRIVMETER EQUIPMENT. AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DETERMINE A COMFORT INDEX UTILIZING THE NORMALIZED SCORES OF /1/ STEERING REVERSALS /2/ SPEED CHANGES /3/ ACCELERATOR REVERSALS /4/ BRAKE APPLICATIONS /5/ NUMBER OF RESPONSES ON THE GSR AND /6/ THE MAGNITUDE OF GSR RESPONSES, A SERVICE INDEX WAS FORMULATED USING THE VARIABLES INCLUDED IN THE COMFORT INDEX ABOVE AND ADDING A TRAVEL TIME VARIABLE WITH A WEIGHT EQUAL TO THE OTHER SIX VARIABLES. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATE THAT BOTH THE COMFORT INDEX AND THE SERVICE INDEX PROVIDE A MEASURE OF THE LEVEL OF SERVICE OF THE FACILITY. /BPR/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - Comfort KW - Data collection KW - Detroit (Michigan) KW - Drivers KW - Drivometer KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Galvanic skin response KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - John C. Lodge Freeway KW - Level of service KW - Parallel routes KW - Service KW - Speed changes KW - Steering KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211983 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - FIELD STUDIES OF CONCRETE MIXES CONTAINING REGULAR AND AIR- ENTRAINING CEMENT ON PROJECT SN-FA-29/7/ PY - 1965/11 AB - THIS INVESTIGATION WAS PERFORMED TO DEVELOP INFORMATION TO REDUCE OR PREVENT THE PROGRESSIVE SURFACE DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN NEBRASKA. THE CONCRETES USED CONTAINED TWO BRANDS OF TYPE I AND TYPE IA CEMENT, AN AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE AND TWO COMBINATIONS OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES . THE AGGREGATES WERE COMPOSED OF 75 PERCENT SAND-GRAVEL AND 25 PERCENT COARSE AGGREGATE, A LIMESTONE OR A SANDSTONE. SINCE THIS TEST ROAT WAS BUILT IN 1944 AND 1945, THE USE OF AIR-ENTRAINMENT WAS A NEW CONCEPT IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO EVALUATE THE PROPERTIES OF THE PLASTIC CONCRETE AND THE STRENGTH OF THE HARDENED CONCRETE. CONDITION SURVEY WAS MADE OF THE FINISHED PAVEMENT PERIODICALLY. THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED WERE AS FOLLOWS' DEFINITE CONCLUSIONS WERE UNWARRANTED BECAUSE OF INSUFFICIENT TEST ON ALL VARIABLES. THE LIMESTONE WAS OF POOR QUALITY AND VARIED IN DURABILITY. THE SANDSTONE APPEARS TO BE MORE DURABLE THAN THE LIMESTONE USED BUT LESS DURABLE THAN LIMESTONE FOUND IN EAST CENTRAL NEBRASKA. THE AIR-ENTRAINMENT WAS BENEFICIAL IN REDUCING MIXING WATER. THE AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE APPEARED TO BE MORE DURABLE IN FREEZING AND THAWING. /BPR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Air entrainment KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Condition surveys KW - Deterioration KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Fine aggregates KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Gravel KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Nebraska KW - Physical properties KW - Polymer concrete KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Sand KW - Sandstones KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233681 AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - SHEAR STRENGTH AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES PY - 1965/10/01 AB - THE SHEAR STRENGTH AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL-LIME MIXTURES AND THE EFFECTS OF CURING TIME AND SOIL TYPE ON THESE PROPERTIES WERE STUDIED USING FOUR TYPICAL ILLINOIS SOILS. REGRESSION EQUATIONS RELATING COHESION AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY TO UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WERE DEVELOPED . AMONG THE AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS ARE' 1. LIME SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASES SHEAR STRENGTH DUE TO LARGE INCREASES IN COHESION AND SMALL INCREASES IN THE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION. 2. LIME INCREASES MODULUS OF ELASTICITY. 3. INCREASED CURING TIME INCREASES SHEAR STRENGTH AND MODULI OF ELASTICITY. 4. ULTIMATE FAILURE STRAIN FOR LIME-SOIL MIXTURES IS LESS THAN THAT FOR UNTREATED SOIL. ULTIMATE FAILURE STRAIN IS INDEPENDENT OF SOIL TYPE AND CURING TIME. 5. THE SHEAR STRENGTHS OF THE MIXTURES STUDIED WERE SUFFICIENT TO PREVENT SHEAR FAILURE OF THE LIME STABILIZED LAYER OF A TYPICAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE. FLEXURAL STRENGTH WILL THUS BE THE CONTROLLING FACTOR IN RATIONAL DESIGN OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES. KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cohesion KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Development KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Electricity KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flexural strength KW - Illinois KW - Modulus KW - Modulus of electricity /soil/ KW - Pavement design KW - Regression analysis KW - Shear strength KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Time KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453895 AU - Ricks, Stephen W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Synthesis of Urban Travel Patterns in Metropolitan Lafayette, Indiana PY - 1965/10//Final Report SP - 88p AB - This study was concerned with the application of eight previously evolved regression models for vehicle trip prediction. The models were derived from data obtained from the census and from recent transportation studies for ll; cities, each of which were part of a standard metropolitan statistical area. The application was made on the metropolitan area of Lafayette-West Lafayette, Indiana which was not a part of a standard metropolitan statistical area. The models provided estimates of the total vehicle trips in a study area, the ratio of external vehicle trips to total vehicle trips, the ratio of local vehicle trips to internal vehicle trips, the vehicle trips to and from the central business district, intraaonal central business district vehicle trips, vehicle trips generated and attracted by a zone, vehicle trips between a zone and the central business district, and interzonal vehicle trips. An important contribution from the research deals with the methodology and techniques utilized to provide estimates of the variables required as inputs to the models. KW - Central business districts KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic models KW - Travel patterns KW - Vehicle trips KW - West Lafayette (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313690 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219219 ER - TY - SER AN - 00210304 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Goode, J F AU - Lufsey, L A TI - VOIDS, PERMEABILITY, AND FILM THICKNESS RELATED TO ASPHALT HARDENING PY - 1965/10 AB - THE POSSIBILITY OF USING AIR PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS AS CONTROL FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES WAS INVESTIGATED DURING THE STUDY REPORTED IN THIS ARTICLE. ALTHOUGH AIR PERMEABILITY AS A POSSIBLE CONTROL FACTOR IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT COMPACTION ALSO IS OF INTEREST TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERS, THIS INVESTIGATION WAS LIMITED ONLY TO THE EFFECT OF AIR PERMEABILITY ON THE COMPOSITION OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES. THE AUTHORS OBTAINED NO CONFIRMATION THAT AIR PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS SHOULD BE A FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES. THEY DID, HOWEVER, DETERMINE THAT A CRITERION BASED ON A COMBINATION OF /1/ THE THICKNESS OF THE ASPHALT COATING ON THE AGGREGATE PARTICLES AND /2/ THE AIR VOID CONTENT OF THE BITUMINOUS MIXTURE SHOULD PROVIDE A DESIGN FOR A MORE SERVICEABLE MIXTURE. BITUMINOUS MIXTURES DESIGNED ACCORDING TO THIS CRITERION SHOULD NOT BE SO SUBJECT TO EARLY PAVEMENT FAILURE CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE HARDENING OF THE ASPHALT DURING SERVICE. /NAPA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Coatings KW - Compaction KW - Control KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Measurement KW - Permeability KW - Permeability measurement KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219655 AU - Stillman, I L AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated TI - ACCIDENT SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PY - 1965/10 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF AN ACCIDENT SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM TO BE USED TO RECORD ON VIDEO TAPE EVENTS LEADING UP TO AND INCLUDING A MOTOR VEHICLE COLLISION AT URBAN INTER- SECTIONS. A LABORATORY MODEL OF THE SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED AND EVALUATED. THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO VIRTUALLY INDEPENDENT SUBSYSTEMS- A DETECTION-DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM AND A SURVEILLANCE-STORAGE SYSTEM. THE DETECTION- DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY THOSE SOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES, WHILE DISREGARDING OTHER SOUNDS COMMON TO URBAN INTERSECTION ENVIRONMENTS. THE SURVEILLANCE-STORAGE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A PAIR OF CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING; NARROW BAND WIDTH TELEVISION SYSTEMS AND TWO MAGNETIC TAPE UNITS. THE TELEVISION SYSTEMS VIDEO SIGNALS ARE CONTINUOUSLY RECORDED ON ONE TAPE UNIT CONTAIN- ING A TAPE LOOP. WHEN A DETECT SIGNAL IS RECIEVED FROM THE DETECTION-DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM, THE INFORMATION IS READ FROM THE TAPE LOOP AND RE-RECORDED ON A PERMANENT STORAGE TAPE FOR LATER ANALYSIS. THE LABORATORY MODEL OF THE SYSTEM OPERATING AT 15 FRAMES PER SECOND DEMONSTRATED A CAPABILITY OF TELEVISING AND RECORDING THE IMAGE OF AN AUTOMOBILE 230 FEET FROM THE CENTER OF AN INTERSECTION WITH A RESOLUTION PERMITTING A MEASUREMENT OF ITS INSTANTANEOUS POSITION TO WITHIN PLUS OR MINUS 5 FEET. /BPR/ KW - Crashes KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Intersections KW - Laboratory tests KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recording KW - Surveillance KW - Television cameras KW - Urban areas KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207799 AU - Kuo, S S AU - Tufts University TI - THE COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF ORTHOTROPIC STEEL PLATE SUPERSTRUCTURES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1965/10 AB - A COMPUTER ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED OF FOUR ORTHOTROPIC PLATE BRIDGE DECK DESIGNS USING STEEL PLATE SUPERSTRUCTURES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES AND OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION BRIDGE SPAN DESIGNS. COST COMPARISONS FOR THE BRIDGE DESIGNS SHOWS THAT FOR MODERN SHORT SPAN HIGHWAY BRIDGES, THE INTRODUCTION OF ORTHOTROPIC PLATE DESIGN OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE CAN BE MORE ECONOMICAL ABOVE 130 FEET SPAN LENGTH THAN THE CONVENTIONAL BRIDGE DESIGN. ADDITIONAL SAVING MIGHT ACCRUE IN FAVOR OF THE ORTHOTROPIC BRIDGES BY USING LESS EXPENSIVE SUB-STRUCTURES, SAVING BY LESSER MAINTENANCE FOR STEEL DECKS, AND STANDARDIZING DETAILS TO FABRICATING PROCEDURES. THE PELIKAN-ESSLINGER METHOD WAS USED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE ORTHOTROPIC PLATE BRIDGE DECK. THREE SETS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS WERE PREPARED IN FORTRAN LANGUAGE TO ANALYZE' /1/ AN ORTHOTROPIC PLATE BRIDGE DECK ON TWIN I-SHAPE GIRDERS WHERE THE DECK SPAN CONSISTS OF CLOSED RIBS, FLOOR BEAMS AND PLATES, /2/ AN ORTHOTROPIC PLATE BRIDGE DECK ON TWIN BOX GIRDERS WITH CLOSED RIBS, FLOOR BEAMS, PLATES AND CANTILEVERS, AND /3/ AN ORTHOTROPIC PLATE BRIDGE DECK ON TWIN BOX GIRDERS WITH CLOSED RIBS, FLOOR BEAMS AND PLATES. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Computers KW - Economic analysis KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway bridges KW - Orthotropic KW - Steel plates KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214433 AU - Todor, P C AU - Florida State Road Department TI - REPORT ON THE EVALUATION OF A CORING RIG FOR THE PURPOSE OF REDUCING THE TIME INVOLVED TO DIG A UNIFORM DENSITY HOLE PY - 1965/10 AB - A SUITABLE CORRELATION HAS BEEN MADE OF DUPLICATE DENSITY TESTS MADE BY A NUCLEAR GAGE AND A WATER-BALLOON APPARATUS IN HOLES DRILLED WITH A PORTABLE CORING RIG. THE DRILLED HOLES ARE COMPLETED IN ABOUT ONE-HALF THE TIME NEEDED WHEN USING CONVENTIONAL METHODS IN LIMEROCK BASE COURSES. THE CORING RIG METHOD IS NOW USED FOR ROUTINE CONSTRUCTION CONTROL TESTING. KW - Balloons KW - Construction control procedures KW - Construction management KW - Core drilling KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Drilling KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Holes KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Standardization KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207779 AU - Kinnier, H L AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - A DYNAMIC STRESS STUDY OF THE ALUMINUM BRIDGE OVER THE APPOMATTOX RIVER AT PETERSBURG PY - 1965/10 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES A DYNAMIC STRESS STUDY OF THE ONLY ALUMINUM HIGHWAY BRIDGE IN THE VIRGINIA SYSTEM OF HIGHWAYS. THIS STRUCTURE IS A 97FT. SIMPLE SPAN WITH COMPOSITE ACTION BETWEEN THE ALUMINUM GIRDERS AND THE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE DECK SLAB AND IS LOCATED ON ROUTE 36 AT THE NORTH CITY LIMITS OF PETERSBURG. GIRDER STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS WERE MEASURED AND RECORDED AT MIDSPAN, AND ADDITIONAL STRAINS WERE MEASURED AND RECORDED AT BEARING PEDESTALS, SECONDARY BRACING MEMBERS AND ON THE WEBS OF THE GIRDER MODULES FOR 120 CROSSINGS OF A TEST VEHICLE /H20-S16 LOADING/ AT A VARIETY OF SPEEDS AND LATERAL POSITIONS. DATA INCLUDED IN THE REPORT AND COMMENTED UPON ARE DOUBLE AMPLITUDES OF OSCILLATION, LOGARITHMIC DECREMENTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCIES, IN ADDITION TO THE STRESSES /FROM THE STRAINS/ AND DEFLECTIONS MENTIONED ABOVE. FROM BOTH THE STUDY OF THE TEST DATA AND CLOSE OBSERVATION OF THE STRUCTURE DURING AND AFTER THE DYNAMIC TESTS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THIS ALUMINUM STRUCTURE WAS DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH GOOD STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE AND PERFORMS ITS FUNCTION IN AN ADEQUATE MANNER. /BPR/ KW - Aluminum KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design information KW - Dynamic loads KW - Field tests KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Petersburg (Virginia) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain measurement KW - Strains KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207780 AU - Zuk, W AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - SUMMARY REPORT ON THERMAL STRESSES IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1965/10 AB - THE REPORT SUMMARIZES A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES CAUSED BY A THERMAL GRADIENT. THREE TYPES OF BRIDGES WERE INVESTIGATED EXPERIMENTALLY' COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE BRIDGES, REINFORCED CONCRETE MONOLITHIC BEAM AND SLAB BRIDGES, AND FOUR VARIATIONS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAM BRIDGES. THE FIELD STUDIES INVOLVED THE SIMULTANEOUS RECORDING OF STRAINS AND TEMPERATURES AT VARIOUS EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR POINTS ON THE BRIDGES FOR SEVERAL SEASONS. A PORTION OF ONE BRIDGE WAS INSULATED WITH URETHANE FOAM IN ORDER TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SUCH INSULATION ON THE THERMAL STRESSES. EMPIRICAL AS WELL AS RIGOROUS THEORETICAL EQUATIONS WERE DEVELOPED IN ORDER TO PREDICT THE THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF EACH BRIDGE TYPE. SOME CONCLUSIONS BASED ON THIS STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS' 1. IN COMPOSITE BRIDGES, STRESSES AS HIGH AS 3000 PSI CAN RESULT FROM A THERMAL GRADIENT OF 25 DEGREES F. LARGER DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURES WOULD INDUCE HIGHER STRESSES, AND IT IS CONCEIVABLE THAT DESIGN ALLOWABLE STRESSES COULD BE EXCEEDED IF THERMAL STRESSES ARE COMBINED WITH DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD AND SHRINKAGE STRESSES, 2. IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS, SUBJECTED TO NORMAL CYCLIC SOLAR AND ATMOSPHERIC FLUCTUATIONS, THE THERMALLY INDUCED STRESSES APPEAR TO BE ABSORBED BY CURRENT DESIGN PROCEDURES AND SAFETY FACTORS, AND 3. IN MASSIVE REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES, THERMALLY INDUCED STRESSES SEEM TO PRESENT NO SERIOUS PROBLEM. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Composite construction KW - Deformation curve KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Empirical equations KW - Equations KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Insulating materials KW - Monoliths KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Slabs KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Temperature KW - Theory KW - Thermal stresses KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224813 AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - STUDY OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES AS TRAFFIC AIDS-APPENDIX 1X, INVESTIGATION AND MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC DYNAMICS PY - 1965/10 AB - THIS REPORT IS A COMPILATION OF A SERIES OF STUDIES IN THE AREA OF TRAFFIC DYNAMICS. STUDIES INCLUDED ARE' 1/ AN INVESTIGATION OF A SAFETY CRITERION FOR THE USE OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES AS TRAFFIC AIDS, 2/ TRAFFIC FLOW STUDIES INCLUDING DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE DETECTOR EQUIPMENT, INVESTIGATION OF SPEED-VOLUME-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP, HEAD-WAY CHARACTERISTICS STUDY, AND METHODS FOR THE CONSISTENT REDUCTION OF TRAFFIC FLOW DATA, 3/ DATA ACQUISITION BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, 4/ APPLICATION OF FACTOR ANALYSIS TO THE INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC VARIABLES, AND 5/ STUDIES OF THE CAR- FOLLOWING SITUATION. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Analysis KW - Car following KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Factor analysis KW - Headways KW - Safety factors KW - Studies KW - Study analysis KW - Traffic aids KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114733 ER - TY - SER AN - 00216042 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chaiken, B TI - ABRASION RESISTANCE OF BRIDGE PAINTS FOR USE IN ALASKA - FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS EVALUATED PY - 1965/10 AB - FINDINGS FROM A STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE OF PAINT SYSTEMS TO ABRASION IN THE ALASKA COPPER RIVER DELTA AREA ARE REPORTED IN THIS ARTICLE. THE STUDY WAS INSTITUTED BECAUSE OF THE RAPID AND PREMATURE FAILURE OF A CONVENTIONAL HIGHWAY PAINT SYSTEM APPLIED TO OLD RAILROAD BRIDGES MODIFIED FOR HIGHWAY USE AS PART OF THE COPPER RIVER HIGHWAY-EDGERTON CUTOFF. TESTS WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE MOST SUITABLE PAINT SYSTEM FOR THIS AREA WHERE IT MUST RESIST ABRASION FROM EXTREMELY LARGE AMOUNTS OF AEOLIAN SAND, SILT, AND ICE CRYSTALS CARRIED BY WINDS HAVING HIGH VELOCITIES, AS MUCH AS 90 M.P.H. A FIELD STUDY AND ACCELERATED LABORATORY ABRASION TEST WERE MADE TO EVALUATE NINE DIFFERENT PAINT SYSTEMS. THE SUPERIORITY OF A CATALYZED POLYSULFIDE PAINT SYSTEM WAS DEMONSTRATED BY RESULTS OF THE FIELD STUDY AND CONFIRMED BY THE LABORATORY TESTS. THE OTHER PAINT SYSTEMS EVALUATED WERE COAL TAR, DRYING OIL, ALKYD, VINYL, EPOXY ESTER, ZINC-RICH INORGANIC, NEOPRENE, AND A CONVENTIONAL RED LEAD PRIMER AND ALUMINUM VARNISH SYSTEM. LABORATORY CONFIRMATION WAS NEEDED TO ASSESS THE VALIDITY OF THE FIELD FINDINGS AS THE THICKNESSES FOR THE APPLIED PAINT SYSTEMS VARIED CONSIDERABLY IN THE FIELD STUDY. THE LABORATORY TESTS CONFIRMED THAT THE POLYSULFIDE COATING WAS INHERENTLY MORE RESISTANT TO ABRASION THAN THE OTHER PAINTS WHEN COMPARABLE FILM THICKNESSES WERE TESTED. THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDS THAT A CATALYZED LIQUID POLYSULFIDE RUBBER COATING REPLACE THE ORDINARY RED LEAD PRIMER AND ALUMINUM VARNISH PAINT SYSTEM FOR MAINTENANCE OF STEEL BRIDGES EXPOSED TO THE EXTREME ABRASIVE FORCES PREVALENT IN THE COPPER RIVER DELTA OF ALASKA. HE RECOMMENDS THAT THE DRY COATING THICKNESSES BE LIMITED TO 12 TO 15 MILS AND SUGGESTS THAT INCORPORATION OF A RUST-INHIBITIVE PRIMER WOULD IMPROVE THE RESISTANCE OF THE PAINT SYSTEM TO CORROSION. /RRL/A/ KW - Abrasion resistant coatings KW - Abrasion tests KW - Abrasions KW - Alaska KW - Alkyd KW - Alkyd resins KW - Aluminum KW - Bridges KW - Catalyzed polysulfide paint KW - Coal tars KW - Copper River Delta (Alaska) KW - Drying oils KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Esters KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Neoprene KW - Paint KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Red lead KW - Resistance KW - Rubber coatings KW - Systems KW - Varnish KW - Varnishes KW - Zinc-rich inorganic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00770527 AU - Schultz, T G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SAFETY AT RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS PY - 1965/09/24 SP - 115 p. AB - The purpose of this research investigation was to analyze the effects of environment, topography, geometry, and highway and rail traffic patterns with respect to rail-highway grade crossing accidents in rural areas. The mathematical tools of factor analysis and regression analysis were used to develop models for predicting the relative hazard at a railroad grade crossing. These models are based on rail volume, highway volume, and roadside distractions, such as houses, businesses and advertising signs. To evaluate the proposed mathematical relationships, it was necessary to collect sufficient data on many variables deemed to have an influence on safety. Therefore, 56 variables were measure at the 289 accident locations and 28 variables at the 241 non-accident locations. Previous research efforts were concerned either with long period accident experience or with before-and-after studies of the various protection devices. In this research, locations which experienced accidents in a two-year period were compared to non-accident locations. The results of this study can be used to determine the type of protection which a crossing warrants. KW - At grade intersections KW - Crash locations KW - Environment KW - Factor analysis KW - Geometry KW - Highways KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Regression analysis KW - Rural areas KW - Topography KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313691 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453797 AU - McKittrick, David P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Subsurface Investigation for Indiana Highways PY - 1965/09//Final Report SP - 202p AB - This report examines the problem of programming subsurface investigations for highway design and construction by a case study approach. The results showed that the usefulness of the tools of geologic, pedologic and airphoto coverage of a site provided optimal results where each was available and wisely used. The study indicated for each case study made that a subsurface investigation program based on the office use of geologic, pedologic and airphoto coverage resulted in an economic savings. KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Engineering geology KW - Geological surveying KW - Highway design KW - Road construction UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314461 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453771 AU - Tittemore, Lawrence H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Regional Travel Patterns for a Medium-Sized Community: Thesis PY - 1965/09 SP - 123p AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that generate highway travel between the central city of a region and its surrounding zone of influence. The central city, Fort Wayne, Indiana, depends on the people in the smaller communities to sustain its regional facilities. In the same manner, these smaller cities depend upon Fort Wayne for various needs. It is this interdependence that produces and attracts the traffic movements that were analyzed. The two types of traffic flow analyzed in this investigation were trips attracted to and trips produced by the central city. The basic form of the regression equations was the gravity model: that is, trip production or attraction is directly proportional to the product of a given mass function of the two cities and inversely proportional to some power of the distance between the communities. Internal and external competition forces were introduced into the models to describe more completely the variations in regional trip generation and distribution. KW - Central business districts KW - Medium sized cities KW - Regional planning KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Trip purpose UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314462 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228625 AU - Johnson, L E AU - Vanderbilt University TI - SONIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES PY - 1965/09 AB - EXPERIMENTAL DATA TAKEN ON THE RADIATION PRESENTED TO A PISTON RESTING ON THE SURFACE OF A SOIL HAS BEEN STUDIED AS A MEANS OF DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DENSITY, MOISTURE CONTENT AND SOIL TYPE OF THE SOIL IN PLACE. VARIATIONS IN THAT IMPEDANCE WITH STATIC LEADING OF THE PISTON AND WITH CHANGES IN FREQUENCY OF EXCITATION HAVE BEEN DETERMINED. THE EXPERIMENTAL ERROR OF RELEVANT DATA ON SOILS NEAR THE CONDITIONS FOR OPTIMUM COMPACTION AND THE VARIATION OF IMPEDANCE FROM SOIL TO SOIL LIMIT THE FIELD APPLICATION OF THIS EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE AT THE PRESENT TIME. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE AUTOMATIC IMPEDANCE COMPUTER, ASSEMBLED FOR USE IN THE RESEARCH, IS GIVEN IN AN APPENDIX TO THE REPORT. PREVIOUS, UNPUBLISHED REPORTS DESCRIBED: (1) THE APPARATUS ASSEMBLED TO MEASURE THE RADIATION IMPEDANCE OF A RIGID PISTON ON THE SURFACE OF SOIL, AND (2) THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automatic control KW - Electrical impedance KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear radiation KW - Physical properties KW - Radiation measurement KW - Soil densification KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Sonic testing KW - Sonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228608 AU - Suhrbier, J H AU - Prokopy, J C AU - Feldman, R C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - TERRAIN-TEMPLATE CROSS-SECTION PLOTTING PROGRAM PY - 1965/09 AB - THE TERRAIN-TEMPLATE CROSS-SECTION PLOTTING PROGRAM IS DESIGNED FOR USE WITH THE DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL SYSTEM UTILIZING A GERBER VP-600 PLOTTER ON-LINE WITH AN IBM 1620 COMPUTER. IT PRODUCES AUTOMATICALLY PLOTTED TERRAIN CROSS- SECTIONS AND TEMPLATES AT SPECIFIED STATIONS APPROPRIATELY ANNOTATED. PROVISION IS MADE FOR A NUMBER OF OPTIONS ON PAPER LAYOUT, STYLE OF PLOTTING AND TYPE OF ANNOTATION. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE PROGRAM, ITS OPERATION AND USE AND SOME OF ITS POTENTIALITIES AND LIMITATIONS. /BPR/ KW - Automation KW - Computers KW - Data plotters KW - Development KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Digital terrain model system KW - Gerber VP 600 plotter KW - IBM 1620 computer KW - Templates KW - Terrain KW - Terrain-template cross-section plotter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219670 AU - Olson, R M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF COLLISIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES WITH BREAK-AWAY HIGHWAY SIGN SUPPORTS PY - 1965/09 AB - A SERIES OF SIX FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS EMPLOYING AN AUTOMOBILE TOWED INTO A COLLISION WITH ONE SUPPORT OF A TWO SUPPORT HIGHWAY ROADSIDE SIGN WAS CONDUCTED. FIXED BASE SIGN SUPPORTS WERE STRUCK IN TWO OF THE TESTS, AND BREAK-AWAY BASE SIGN SUPPORTS WERE STRUCK IN TWO OF THE TESTS, AND BREAK-AWAY BASE SIGN SUPPORTS WERE STRUCK IN THE REMAINING FOUR TESTS. HIGH-SPEED MOTION PICTURE FILMS WERE MADE OF EACH OF THE CRASH TESTS. THESE FILMS PROVIDED A DISPLACEMENT -TIME RECORD OF EACH COLLISION. A PIEZOELECTRIC ACCELEROMETER WAS INSTALLED ON THE FRAME OF EACH CRASH VEHICLE. THE SIGNAL FROM THIS ACCELEROMETER WAS TRANSMITTED TO A RECORDING OSCILLOGRAPH, AND A TRACE OF THE ACCELEROMETER BEHAVIOR WAS RECORDED ON LIGHT-SENSITIVE PAPER . THIS TRACE PROVIDED AN ACCELERATION-TIME RECORD OF EACH COLLISION. OTHER ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION WAS INSTALLED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE STRAIN-TIME INFORMATION ABOUT THE COLLISION. A METHOD OF SUCCESSIVE SUMMATION OF AREAS CONTAINED BY THE ACCELEROMETER TRACE IS PRESENTED WHICH RESULTS IN A DISPLACEMENT-TIME PLOT WHICH HAS BEEN COMPARED WITH THE CORRESPONDING DATA RECORDED FROM EXAMINATION OF THE HIGH-SPEED FILMS. EXAMINATION AND COMPARISON OF INFORMATION FROM EACH OF THE RECORDS OBTAINED FROM THE FINAL TWO TESTS HAS LED TO A TIME DEPENDENT DESCRIPTION, OR CHRONOLOGY OF COLLISION. THIS DESCRIPTION OF THE COLLISION INCIDENT AND DEFINITION OF CRITICAL EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE COLLISION PROVIDES AN ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF BREAK-AWAY SIGN SUPPORTS SUBJECTED TO COLLISION BY AN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerometers KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Fixed base operations KW - Impact tests KW - Motion pictures KW - Oscillographs KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Testing KW - Time KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215835 AU - Rowan, N J AU - Olson, R M AU - Gaddis, A M AU - Edwards, T C AU - Williams, T G AU - Hawkins, D L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF SIGN SUPPORTS - II, A STAFF PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1965/09 AB - THE IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF CERTAIN TYPES OF SIGN SUPPORTS IS BEING STUDIED. PART A' PHENOMENOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF SIGN SUPPORTS, IS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS OF MOTION PICTURE FILMS OF 27 CRASH TESTS ENCOMPASING SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF SIGN SUPPORTS. FOLLOWING A DESCRIPTION OF CRASH TEST PROCEDURES IS A SECTION DESCRIBING THE TESTS ON SMALL GORE TYPE SIGNS EACH CONSISTING OF TWO SUPPORTS WITH A 5-FOOT BY 6-FOOT SIGN. THE SLIP BASES USED WERE EITHER HORIZONTAL OR INCLINED AT 10 DEGREES. ALL BUT TWO OF THE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON STEEL SUPPORT POSTS. THE FINAL TWO TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON WOOD POST SUPPORTS, ONE OF WHICH WAS A PENNSYLVANIA DESIGN AND THE OTHER A TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE DESIGN. SOME PRELIMINARY TESTS OF MECHANICAL FUSES WERE PERFORMED IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF USING A NOTCHED PLATE INSTEAD OF A CAST IRON PLATE FOR THE MECHANICAL FUSE. SINGLE AND DUAL PIPE SUPPORTS FOR SMALL SIGNS WERE TESTED WITH SLIP BASES IN HORIZONTAL POSITION AND INCLINED AT 10 AND 20 DEGREES. PART B' AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF BREAK-AWAY SIGN SUPPORTS FOR ROADSIDE SIGNS, DESCRIBES SIX FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS WHICH PROVIDED HIGHSPEED MOTION PICTURE RECORDS, ACCELEROMETER RECORDS, AND ELECTRIC RESISTANCE STRAIN GAGE RECORDS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL EXPRESSING THE SUPPORT POST BEHAVIOR IS DESCRIBED. KW - Accelerometers KW - Behavior KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cast iron KW - Crashes KW - Electrical strain gages KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Motion pictures KW - Notch KW - Pipe KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Steel KW - Strain gages KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Testing KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224814 AU - Worrall, R D AU - Coutts, D W AU - Echterhoff-Hammerschmid, E AU - Berry, D S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - MERGING BEHAVIOR AT FREEWAY ENTRANCE RAMPS PY - 1965/09 AB - THE REPORT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN SECTIONS. SECTION I DISCUSSES THE PHENOMENA OF MERGING BEHAVIOR IN GENERAL TERMS AND PRESENTS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GAP- ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION AT A FREEWAY ENTRANCE RAMP. THIS SECTION ALSO CONTAINS A BRIEF CRITICAL REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH WORK IN THE FIELD, BOTH EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL. SECTION II DESCRIBES A SERIES OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES, CONDUCTED DURING THE SUMMER OF 1965 AT ONE LEFT-HAND AND ONE RIGHT-HAND ENTRANCE RAMP IN THE CHICAGO AREA. APART FROM BEING LOCATED ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE TRAVELLED WAY THESE TWO RAMPS HAD BASICALLY SIMILAR DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS. INCLUDED IN THIS SECTION ARE EMPIRICAL COMPARISONS OF ALTER- NATIVE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, A CONSIDERATION OF GAP- ACCEPTANCE AND MERGING BEHAVIOR AS BOTH A DYNAMIC AS WELL AS A STATIC PHENOMENA, AN EVALUATION OF CRITICAL GAP SIZE AND GAP STRUCTURE, AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE MERGING SPEED ON GAP ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA AND A STUDY OF MULTIPLE VEHICLE MERGES. IN EACH OF THE ABOVE ANALYSES, COMPARISONS ARE ALSO DRAWN BETWEEN THE RESULTS OBTAINED AT LEFT-HAND AND RIGHT-HAND RAMPS. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Design KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway ramps KW - Gap acceptance KW - Location KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramp location & spacing KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Spacing KW - Speed KW - Studies KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210335 AU - Bonilla, V AU - Laguros, J G AU - Reid, G W AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman TI - DETERMINATION OF ASPHALT CONTENTS IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS BY NEUTRON SCATTERING PY - 1965/09 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEUTRON SCATTERING METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ASPHALT CONTENT IN HOT BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES. THE REPORT INCLUDES THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS, MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND RESULTS OF LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS. THE TEST RESULTS VERIFY A SEMI-LOGARITHMIC STRAIGHT LINE RELATION BETWEEN COUNT READINGS AND ASPHALT CONTENT, AS DETERMINED BY EXTRACTION TESTS. THE VARIABLES STUDIED INCLUDED TYPE AND GRADE OF ASPHALT, MIXTURE TYPE, MOISTURE CONTENT, SAMPLE SIZE AND METHOD OF COMPACTION. IN THE FINAL TEST METHOD, SAMPLES OF HOT, LOOSE MIXTURE WERE PLACED IN A 16 IN. DIAM. BY 10 IN. HIGH CYLINDRICAL CONTAINER WITH A HOLE IN THE CENTER TO RECEIVE THE PROBE OF A COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR GAGE /NUCLEAR CHICAGO MODEL P-19/. IT WAS FOUND THAT, WITH A FOUR -MINUTE COUNTING PERIOD, ASPHALT CONTENTS WITH AN AVERAGE ERROR OF LESS THAN 0.1 PERCENT, COULD BE OBTAINED IN ABOUT TEN MINUTES. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Chemical analysis KW - Compaction KW - Development KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Field tests KW - Grades KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology KW - Moisture content KW - Neutron scattering KW - Neutrons KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Resource extraction KW - Sample size KW - Scattering KW - Slopes KW - Statistical sampling KW - Testing KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203118 AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - MODELLING HIGHWAY LOCATION AS A HIERARCHICALLY-STRUCTURED SEQUENTIAL DECISION PROCESS PY - 1965/09 AB - BAYES THEOREM, A BASIC FORMULA OF PROBABILITY THEORY, IS APPLIED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPT FOR UTILIZING A PROBABILITY MODEL TO AID THE ENGINEER IN THE SERIES OF SEQUENTIAL DECISIONS REQUIRED IN A HIGHWAY LOCATION STUDY. /BPR/ KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Decision theory KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Probability theory KW - Sequential analysis KW - Studies KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210331 AU - Mcgarry, E J AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - PHYSICAL RESEARCH ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS PY - 1965/09 AB - THE CENTRAL PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH PROGRAM, AS INDICATED BY ITS TITLE, WAS TO ENHANCE THE UNDERSTANDING OF LAYERED PAVEMENTS COMPOSED OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. TO REALIZE THIS PURPOSE, THE PROGRAM WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE RELATED COMPONENTS OR TOPICS. THE FIRST OF THESE TREATED THE EFFECTS WHICH ASPHALT VISCOSITY EXERTS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF COMPACTED BITUMINOUS MIXTURES. THE SECOND WAS CONCERNED WITH BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE ASPHALT MATERIAL ITSELF, ESPECIALLY AS RELATED TO ADHESION PHENOMENA. THE THIRD COMPONENT, ESSENTIALLY THOUGH NOT EXCLUSIVELY ANALYTICAL IN CHARACTER, CONCENTRATED UPON THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF LAYERED SYSTEMS , SEEKING TO ESTABLISH THE STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS RESULTING FROM LOADS IMPOSED UPON TYPICAL PAVEMENT CONFIGURATIONS. ALSO AS PART OF THIS COMPONENT, A DESIGN METHOD FOR LAYERED PAVEMENTS WAS DEVELOPED FOR USE IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, DERIVED FROM THE RESULTS OF THE AASHO TEST ROAD EXPERIMENT. IN THIS REPORT, THE WORK IN EACH OF THESE THREE TOPIC AREAS IS SUMMARIZED AND THE PRINCIPAL RESULTS IDENTIFIED. MORE DETAILED INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE IN THE THIRTEEN RESEARCH REPORTS ISSUED DURING THE PROGRAM. /AUTHOR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Behavior KW - Bituminous materials KW - Construction management KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Massachusetts KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Pavements KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217455 AU - California Division of Highways TI - WEATHERING OF SERPENTINE AGGREGATES PY - 1965/08/31 AB - THIS REPORT DEALS WITH THE RAPID WEATHERING OF SERPENTINE AGGREGATES IN AN AUTOCLAVE-TYPE DEVICE. SAMPLES OF SERPENTINE AGGREGATE FROM THREE SOURCES WERE SUBJECTED TO 10 WEATHERING CYCLES EACH AND THE RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH THE RESISTANCE TO RAPID WEATHERING OF A STANDARD AGGREGATE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT SERPENTINE AGGREGATES ARE NOT HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO CHEMICAL WEATHERING. AT THIS TIME WE HAVE NO REASON TO EXPECT A POOR PERFORMANCE FROM SERPENTINE AGGREGATES THAT PASS ALL OF THE REQUIRED PHYSICAL TESTS. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Autoclaves KW - Chemicals KW - Samples KW - Serpentine KW - Silicates KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222537 AU - Bezkorovainy, G AU - Chih-cheng, K AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - THE INFLUENCE OF HORIZONTAL CURVE ADVISORY SPEED LIMITS ON SPOT-SPEEDS PY - 1965/08 AB - THE EFFECTS OF ADVISORY SPEED LIMITS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF DRIVERS OF PASSENGER VEHICLES WERE EXAMINED ON HORIZONTAL CURVES OF TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. TWELVE HORIZONTAL CURVES RANGING FROM 2 TO 12 DEGREES IN CURVATURE AND TWO TYPES OF SPEED SIGNS, ONE STANDARD AND ONE EXPERIMENTAL WERE USED IN THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. STUDENTS T TEST AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TECHNIQUES WERE USED IN THE ANALYSIS. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE SPEED AT WHICH DRIVERS NEGOTIATED THE CENTERS OF THE CURVES DURING FAVORABLE WEATHER AND DAYLIGHT HOURS, WAS NOT RELATED TO THE POSTED ADVISORY SPEED AND THAT DRIVERS DID NOT DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE TWO TYPES OF ADVISORY SPEED SIGNS. /BPR/ KW - Analysis of variance KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Drivers KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Rural highways KW - Signs KW - Speed limits KW - Spot speed KW - Spot speed study KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238309 AU - David, J H AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1965 PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPARISON OF LAND USE AREAS ADJACENT TO INTERCHANGE LIMITS OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM PY - 1965/08 SP - 215 p. AB - THIS INTERIM REPORT IS THE SECOND OF A CONTINUING STUDY TO DETECT CHANGES IN LAND USE PATTERNS NEAR ALABAMAS INTERSTATE INTERCHANGES. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND ON-SITE INSPECTIONS ARE COMBINED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION SUCH AS THE LOCATION AND TYPE OF INTERCHANGE, THE GENERAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE AREA AND NATURE AND EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT BY QUADRANT. THESE DATA ARE BEING SUPPLEMENTED BY THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE BUREAUS PR-1030 SEVERANCE FORMS WHICH WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR THOSE INTERCHANGES WHERE SALES OF LAND PARCELS ARE TRANSACTED. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Alabama KW - Development KW - Economic analysis KW - Field tests KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Insitu methods KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Land use surveys KW - Land values KW - Location KW - Severance KW - Surveys KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210326 AU - Skog, J AU - California Division of Highways TI - FINAL REPORT ON STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF WATER ACTION ON BITUMINOUS MIXTURES PY - 1965/08 AB - A MODIFIED METHOD HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR USING THE ASTM TRACER SALT TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE PERCENTAGE OF STRIPPING OF THE TOTAL MIX GRADATION. STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE REPEATABILITY OF THE MODIFIED TRACER SALT METHOD IS NOT AS GOOD AS THE DYE SOLUTION PROCEDURE. THE PERCENTAGE OF STRIPPING DETERMINED BY THE DYE AND TRACER SALT METHODS WAS COMPARED WITH THE SURFACE WATER ABRASION TEST RESULTS ON A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT AGGREGATES. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE ABRASION LOSS AND PERCENTAGE OF STRIPPING ARE RELATED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Abrasion tests KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Astm tracer salt technique KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Change KW - Development KW - Dye solution method KW - Dyes KW - Gradation KW - Impacts KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Percent KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Surface waters KW - Test procedures KW - Total mix KW - Tracer salt method KW - Water KW - Water areas KW - Water effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219651 AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - RAILING TYPE BRIDGE LIGHTING PY - 1965/08 AB - TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON FIVE TYPES OF LOW MOUNTED RAILING TYPE LIGHTING FIXTURES TO DETERMINE WHETHER IT WAS FEASIBLE TO USE THIS METHOD OF LIGHTING FOR A PARTICULAR INTERCHANGE IN THE ALBANY AREA. FACTORS INVESTIGATED INCLUDED' SPACING AND MOUNTING HEIGHT OF THE FIXTURES, ILLUMINATION, ROADWAY BRIGHTNESS, GLARE, VISIBILITY, EFFECTS OF SNOW ON OPERATION, AND COSTS OF INSTALLATION AND OPERATION. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT INSTALLATION WAS FEASIBLE AND A NUMBER OF SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS WERE MADE. /BPR/ KW - Albany (New York) KW - Bridge railings KW - Brightness KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fixtures KW - Frost damage KW - Glare KW - Height KW - Illuminating engineering KW - Illumination engineering KW - Installation KW - Interchanges KW - Light KW - Lighting equipment KW - Low mounted KW - Machinery KW - Mounting KW - Operating costs KW - Operations KW - Railing KW - Snow and ice control KW - Spacing KW - Street lighting KW - Studies KW - Testing KW - Types KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207758 AU - Segner, E P AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman TI - SPLICES IN TENSILE REINFORCING BARS PY - 1965/08 AB - EVALUATION IS BEING MADE OF VARIOUS METHODS OF CONNECTING TENSILE REINFORCING BARS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. A SERIES OF 122 DIFFERENT BAR SAMPLES WERE PREPARED AND TESTED TO FAILURE. THE DEFORMED BAR SIZES WERE NOS. 9, 10, 11, AND 14S FOR MATERIAL HAVING A NOMINAL YIELD STRENGTH OF 40,000 PSI /ASTM-A15 AND ASTM-A408/ AND A NOMINAL YIELD STRENGTH OF 60,000 PSI /ASTM-A432/. EIGHT DIFFERENT SPLICING SYSTEMS WERE STUDIED PLUS A SERIES OF CONTROL BARS /CONTINUOUS BARS WITHOUT ANY SPLICES/. STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAMS ARE INCLUDED FOR ALL SAMPLES THAT YIELDED SUFFICIENT DATA. THE MOST PROMISING TYPES OF SPLICING DEVICES WERE SELECTED FOR FLEXURAL TESTS. EACH BEAM WAS REINFORCED IN THE BOTTOM WITH A SINGLE NO. 11 SIZE /ASTM-A15/ DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT BAR. THE BEAMS WERE TWELVE FEET IN LENGTH AND HAD CROSS SECTIONS 8 INCHES WIDE BY 12 INCHES DEEP. A TOTAL OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPLICING DEVICES WERE STUDIED IN THIS SERIES PLUS ONE BEAM WHICH CONTAINED A SIMILAR CONTINUOUS REINFORCING BAR /WITHOUT A SPLICE/ FOR CONTROL PURPOSES. THE RESEARCH RESULTS INDICATED THAT THERE WAS NO EQUIVALENT SUBSTITUTE FOR A CONTINUOUS BAR IN A MEMBER WITHOUT SACRIFICING SOME ULTIMATE CAPACITY AND STIFFNESS. AT POINTS WHERE A SPLICE MUST BE USED, GREATER DEFLECTION AND REDUCED ULTIMATE CAPACITY SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED BY THE DESIGNER. THE LAP DISTANCE REQUIRED BY THE 1961 AASHO SPECIFICATIONS SHOULD BE INCREASED TO 25 BAR DIAMETERS. IF A LAP SPLICE IS NOT FEASIBLE, A SPLICE CONSISTING OF A SLEEVE WITH METAL FILLER WAS THE NEXT MOST SUITABLE METHOD FOR SPLICING TENSILE REINFORCING BARS. THE ADDITION OF STIRRUPS IN THE LAP ZONE, AT A SPACING OF NOT MORE THAN ONE-HALF THE DEPTH OF THE MEMBER ADDS APPROXIMATELY 60 PERCENT TO THE STRENGTH OF A LAP JOINT WITHOUT INCREASING THE LAP DISTANCE REQUIRED. KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Beams KW - Construction KW - Deformation curve KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Flexural strength KW - Joining KW - Lap joints KW - Methodology KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Samples KW - Splicing KW - Stirrups KW - Systems KW - Tensile KW - Tensile properties KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203955 AU - Laushey, L M AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - DESIGN CRITERIA FOR EROSION PROTECTION AT THE OUTLET OF CULVERTS PY - 1965/08 AB - STUDIES WERE MADE OF DUMPED ROCK TO CONTROL EROSION AT THE OUTLET OF CULVERTS. THE VARIABLES INCLUDED FULL AND PART- FULL FLOW FROM CULVERTS OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS ONTO BEDS OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND SHPAES. EXPERIMENTS DETERMINED THE VELOCITY REQUIRED TO CAUSE INCIPIENT MOTION OF THE BED, THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE ULTIMATE EQUILIBRIUM HOLE, THE TIME RATE OF PROGRESSION OF EROSION, AND THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE AND DENSE PACKING OF THE BED. /BPR/ KW - Beds KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Experiments KW - Flow KW - Hole size KW - Holes KW - Outlets KW - Rates KW - Rocks KW - Shape KW - Size KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Submergence (Geology) KW - Submergence effect UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233682 AU - CHAN, P C AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY - SOIL DYNAMICS AND SOIL RHEOLOGY PY - 1965/08 AB - THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY IS PRESENTED IN TWO MAIN SECTIONS, THE FIRST ONE ON SOIL DYNAMICS, AND THE SECOND ONE ON SOIL RHEOLOGY. /BPR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Dynamics KW - Rheology KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211979 AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - CEMENT STUDY PY - 1965/08 AB - THE REGULAR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON 66 CEMENTS AND ATTEMPTS MADE TO CORRELATE THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION WITH VARIOUS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. GOOD CORRELATION WAS FOUND ONLY BETWEEN COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE STRENGTHS, BETWEEN THESE PROPERTIES AND THE AMOUNT OF C SUB3 -S, AND BETWEEN THE TURBIDIMETER, BLAINE, AND 325 MESH SIEVE FINENESSES. /BPR/ KW - 325Mesh sieve KW - Cement KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical composition KW - Compressive strength KW - Correlation analysis KW - Physical properties KW - Physical tests KW - Tensile strength KW - Turbidimeters KW - Turbidity UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20039.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219646 AU - Penn, H S AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE ROLE OF CARBON MONOXIDE, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN FATAL SINGLE CAR ACCIDENTS PY - 1965/07/20 AB - THE PART PLAYED BY CERTAIN CHEMICAL AGENTS IN PRODUCING FATAL ACCIDENTS IS STUDIED. IT WAS SPECULATED THAT MUCH OF THE SEEMINGLY SELF-DESTRUCTED BEHAVIOR OF FATAL ACCIDENT DRIVERS MIGHT BE EXPLAINED BY NARCOSIS. BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF AN IMPLIED CONSENT LAW, IT IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO OBTAIN BREATH OR BLOOD SAMPLES FROM LIVING DRIVERS ON A SYSTEMATIC BASIS, HENCE, FATAL ACCIDENTS BECAME THE DOMAIN OF THE INVESTIGATION. SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS ARE THE ONLY TYPE IN WHICH RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE OUTCOME IN MOST CASES IS UNEQUIVOCALLY FIXED. THE SEARCH FOR CARBON MONOXIDE IMPOSED AN ADDITIONAL RESTRICTION-THE VICTIM MUST DIE INSTANTANEOUSLY OR WITHIN A VERY SHORT TIME AFTER THE IMPACT , OTHERWISE, THE ACT OF BREATHING WILL CLEAR THE CARBON MONOXIDE FROM HIS BLOOD. A TIME LIMIT OF FIFTEEN MINUTES WAS IMPOSED. OF 698 CASES SELECTED BY TRAFFIC OFFICERS IN THE FIELD DURING THE YEAR NOVEMBER 1963 THROUGH OCTOBER 1964, 380 WERE CONSIDERED AS VALID TESTED CASES, THE REMAINING BEING BEING EXCLUDED BECAUSE OF BAD BLOOD SAMPLES, BLOOD NOT SENT TO THE INVESTIGATING LABORATORY, DEATH RESULTING FROM NATURAL CAUSES AND VICTIMS WERE SHORT-TERMED CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS /NOT BEING COMPARABLE WITH PERMANENT CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS IN THAT THEY WOULD HAVE INCOMPLETE DRIVING AND CRIMINAL HISTORIES/. A SIZEABLE GROUP OF DRIVERS WAS FOUND TO HAVE SUCCUMBED TO ORGANIC FAILURES, ALMOST ENTIRELY HEART SEIZURES OF ONE TYPE OR ANOTHER. THIS SUB-SAMPLE, NUMBERING 63, IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE 380 EFFECTIVE SAMPLE CASES. INITIAL ANALYSIS INDICATES THE FOLLOWING' 1. CARBON MONOXIDE WAS FOUND TO BE OF NEGLIGIBLE IMPORTANCE. 2. DRUGS WERE DETECTED IN APPROXIMATELY TWELVE PERCENT OF THE CASES, BUT THE DETECTION PROCESS WAS NECESSARILY NON- EXHAUSTIVE. 3. SEVENTY-SIX PERCENT OF THE MALE VICTIMS HAD BEEN DRINKING, AND ABOUT SEVENTY PERCENT HAD BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS IN EXCESS OF .10 PERCENT. 4. FIFTY-ONE PERCENT OF THE FEMALE DRIVERS HAD BEEN DRINKING, FORTY PERCENT HAD BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL OF .10 PERCENT OR MORE. 5. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF ARRESTS FOR DRUNKENNESS AND ALCOHOLISM WERE FOUND TO INCREASE WITH THE ALCOHOL LEVEL INDICATING HABITUATION AND PROBLEM DRINKING. 6. THE ORGANIC FACTOR ELEMENT INCLUDED APPROXIMATELY 10 PERCENT OF THE CASES ORIGINALLY SELECTED IN THE FIELD. THIS GROUP CONSISTED OF MIDDLE-AGED OR ELDERLY MALES. 7. IT CAN BE GENERALLY STATED THAT BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION IN EXCESS OF .0975 PERCENT PRODUCES MORE THAN NORMAL RISK OF FATAL CONSEQUENCES. KW - Agents KW - Alcohols KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Cardiac disorder KW - Chemicals KW - Crash causes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Failure KW - Fatalities KW - Narcosis KW - Organic compounds KW - Production KW - Single KW - Testing KW - Time management KW - Time restriction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215847 AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT MARKINGS PY - 1965/07 AB - TRAFFIC LANE STRIPING MATERIALS INCLUDING HOT-APPLIED THERMOPLASTICS, PREFORMED PLASTICS, PRECAST BUTTONS, AND ARKANSAS STANDARD PAINT WERE EVALUATED FOR DURABILITY AND RELATIVE ECONOMY AND OBSERVED OVER A PERIOD OF 2 YEARS ON A 2 1/2 MILE SECTION OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY IN ARKANSAS, THAT INCLUDED CONCRETE AND BITUMINOUS SURFACES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT PRECAST BUTTONS AND PREFORMED PLASTICS DID NOT PROVIDE ADEQUATE DURABILITY BECAUSE OF POOR ADHESION TO CONCRETE SURFACES. IT WAS FURTHER CONCLUDED THAT THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS, AS COMPARED TO STANDARD PAINT, ARE ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIED WHERE TRAFFIC DENSITY EXCEEDS 6000 VEHICLES PER DAY. /BPR/ KW - Adhesion KW - Arkansas KW - Arkansas standard paint KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Buttons KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Economic benefits KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Plastics KW - Preforms KW - Road marking materials KW - Striping materials KW - Surface treating KW - Test sections KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207761 AU - Lindley, J F AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - A PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DESIGN REQUIREMENTS IN CONTINUOUS SKEWED SLAB BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1965/07 AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM MOMENTS IN A THREE-SPAN CONTINOUS SKEWED SLAB BRIDGE DECK UNDER SINGLE VEHICLE LOADING. INFLUENCE CO- EFFICIENTS FOR REGULARLY-SPACED POINTS OF LOAD APPLICATION, WHICH WERE DEVELOPED IN A PREVIOUS STUDY, ARE USED FOR DETERMINING THE MOMENTS AT SPECIFIED NODE POINTS UNDER A PARTICULAR LOADING. A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR USE WITH THE IBM 1410 WAS DEVELOPED TO CARRY OUT THE PROCEDURE IN COMBINATION WITH A LIBRARY OF INFLUENCE COEFFICIENT SETS FOR A VARIETY OF SYMMETRICAL THREE-SPAN STRUCTURES OF DIFFERENT ANGLE OF SKEW AND WIDTH TO CENTER-SPAN RATIOS FOR PRIMARY INPUT. A VALUE OF 0.8 FOR END TO CENTER-SPAN RATIO IS ASSUMED FOR ALL STRUCTURES. THE ANGLE OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT AND THE VEHICLE WEIGHT AND AXLE SPACING ARE TREATED AS VARIABLES /BPR/ KW - Axles KW - Computer programs KW - Computor programs KW - Continuous skewed slab bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Determination KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Methodology KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Skew bridges KW - Spacing KW - Transverse distribution KW - Vehicles KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211977 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON CEMENT-AGGREGATE REACTION IN CONCRETE PY - 1965/07 AB - THIS INVESTIGATION WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE WHAT EFFECT VARIOUS AMOUNTS OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE WOULD HAVE ON CEMENT AGGREGATE REACTION FOR THREE CLASSES OF CONCRETE /47B, AX AND 47B PS/ USED IN NEBRESKA HIGHWAYS. CONCRETES WERE PREPARED WITH 0,1,2, AND 4 PERCENT CALCIUM CHLORIDE FOR CLASSES 47B AND AX, AND WITH 0 AND 2 PERCENT FOR CLASS 47B PS. THE INITIAL CURING FOR CLASSES 47B AND AX WAS MOIST STORAGE, AND FOR CLASS 47B PS IT WAS STEAM CURING. AFTER THE INITIAL CURING, DURABILITY TESTS WERE MADE ON 3X4X16-INCH BEAMS SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS EXPOSURE CONDITIONS. THIS INCLUD- ED THE FOLLOWING' CONTINUOUS MOIST CURING, OUTDOOR EXPOSURE DIRECTIONAL FREEZING AND UNIFORM THAWING, AND ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS WERE DETERMINED ON MOIST CURED SPECIMENS AT AGES OF 7, 28, 90, AND 365 DAYS. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THESE TESTS' /1/ CALCIUM CHLORIDE INCREASES STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE AT ALL AGES FOR ALL MIXES, /2/ CALCIUM CHLORIDE WAS NOT DETRIMENTAL TO DURABILITY OF OF STEAM-CURER CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO ANY EXPOSURE, /3/ CLASS AX CONCRETE WAS LESS DURABLE IN FREEZING AND THAWING AND WETTING AND DRYING WHEN CALCIUM CHLORIDE WAS USED, /4/ ADDITIONS OF 4 PERCENT CALCIUM CHLORIDE SHOULD BE AVOIDED BECAUSE OF THE ACCELERATED SET. /BPR/ KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Calcium chloride KW - Cement-aggregate reaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Crash exposure KW - Durability KW - Exposure KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Highways KW - Increase KW - Moist condition KW - Moisture content KW - Nebraska KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222536 AU - Webster, L A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - DRIVER OPINION AND CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO RURAL SPOT SPEEDS PY - 1965/07 AB - ANALYSIS WOULD PROBABLY BE MORE FRUITFUL IF OTHER REPLIES TO TO QUESTIONS COULD BE TRANSFORMED INTO INTERVAL-SCALE VARIABLES. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH A DRIVERS CHOICE OF SPEED INCLUDE EXPECTED ARRIVAL TIME, FREQUENCY OF ROAD USE, OPINION OF SPEED LIMIT, VEHICLE TYPE, AMOUNT OF DRIVING CONNECTED WITH WORK, AND TRAFFIC, WEATHER, AND ROAD CONDITIONS. /BPR/ KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Highway travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206263 AU - Mullen, W G AU - Clingan, W R AU - Paulis, E T AU - Maryland State Roads Commission TI - STATEWIDE INVESTIGATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS--FIRST INTERIM REPORT PY - 1965/07 AB - THE STUDY WAS INITIATED IN 1955 TO DEVELOP INFORMATION ON THE DEFLECTION BEHAVIOR OF SEVERAL SELECTED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS OF DIFFERENT DESIGN, BY MEANS OF THE NEWLY DEVELOPED BENKELMAN BEAM TEST. IN 1960 THE STUDY WAS EXPANDED TO INCLUDE ALL NEWLY CONSTRUCTED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. ROUTINE OBSERVATIONS INCLUDED BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS FOR A 11.2-KIP WHEEL LOAD IN BOTH WHEEL PATHS OF ONE LANE. DATA ON PAVEMENT STRUCTURE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, TRAFFIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WERE COMPILED. INFORMATION ON THE ROADBED MATERIAL WAS COMPILED FROM PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND OTHER SOIL MAPS AND FROM CONSTRUCTION RECORDS. A MORE INTENSIVE STUDY WAS MADE OF ONE OF THE ORIGINALLY SELECTED PAVEMENTS /U.S. 40 WEST/ THAT HAS PERFORMED EXCEPTIONALLY WELL. SEVEN TEST SITES WERE INCLUDED. THESE SITES WERE SELECTED TO REPRESENT THE RANGE IN DEFLECTION AND PERFORMANCE ENCOUNTED THROUGHOUT THE 16-MILE LENGTH OF THE TEST SECTION. ONE OR TWO 12-INCH DIAMETER CORES WERE DRILLED AND SAMPLES OF EACH PAVEMENT COMPONENT AND THE ROADBED SOIL WERE OBTAINED AT EACH SITS. FLEXURE AND SONIC MODULUS TESTS OF BEAMS, AND PERMEABILITY TESTS OF CUBES SAWED FROM THE CORES WERE CONDUCTED. THE VOID CONTENT OF THE MIX AND THE PENETRATION OF EXTRACTED ASPHALT CEMENT WERE DETERMINED. HVEEM STABILOMETER TESTS WERE MADE ON SOIL SAMPLES. THE PRINCIPAL FINDINGS OF THE STUDY TO DATE ARE AS FOLLOWS' 1. FOR A GIVEN WHEEL LOAD' DEFLECTIONS OF A PAVEMENT OF CONSTANT DESIGN ARE DEPENDENT ON THE ROADBED SOIL TYPE, FOR EACH PAVEMENT, OUTER WHEEL PATH DEFLECTIONS ARE GENERALLY LARGER AND MORE DISPERSED THAN THOSE OF THE INNER WHEEL PATH, AND SPRINGTIME DEFLECTIONS OF A GIVEN PAVEMENT AND WHEEL PATH ARE LARGER AND MORE DISPERSED THAT FALL DEFLECTIONS, 2. DISTRESS IN A PAVEMENT IS NOT SIGNALED BY A CHANGE IN MAGNITUDE OF DEFLECTION. 3. THE EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE OF THE U. S. 40 WEST PAVEMENT IS THE RESULT OF AN ADEQUATE STRUCTURAL SECTION, PROTECTION OF THE ROADBED SOIL BY AN IMPERVIOUS, LOW VOID CONTENT SURFACE COURSE, CONTINUED VIABILITY OF THE ASPHALT CONCRETE AND GOOD DRAINAGE. /BPR/ KW - Benkelman beam KW - Core drilling KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Determination KW - Drilling KW - Environment KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flexure KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Measurement KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Permeability KW - Permeability measurement KW - Roadbed material KW - Sonic testing KW - Sonic tests KW - Subgrade materials KW - Testing KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222534 AU - Hageman, L AU - Calfornia Highway Patrol TI - ROAD CHARACTERISTICS AND MANPOWER DEPLOYMENT STUDY /PHASE 1/ COMMERCIAL VEHICLES AND NON-MOVING VIOLATIONS PY - 1965/07 AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PHASE OF THE STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE SCOPE AND NATURE OF THE PROBLEM OF STATUATORY VIOLATIONS BY COMMERICAL VEHICLE OWNERS AND DRIVERS IN CALIFORNIA. DURING THE STUDY, 2200 TRUCKS WERE SUBJECTED TO CLOSE SCRUTINY BY TRAINED SPECIALISTS IN THE FIELD OF COMMERICAL ENFORCEMENT. ALL VIOLATIONS WERE NOTED WHICH FAILED TO CONFORM WITH CALIFORNIA STATUTES. COMMERICAL VIOLATIONS WERE DEFINED AS THOSE REGISTRATION, WEIGHT, AND EQUIPMENT VIOLATIONS FOUND IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLES AND WHICH ARE CITABLE UNDER APPROPRIATE PROVISIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA VEHICLE CODE. THE VIOLATIONS WERE DIVIDED INTO NINE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES RANGING FROM FAILURE TO DISPLAY REQUIRED IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS TO THOSE INVOLVING DEFECTIVE BRAKING SYSTEMS. MORE THAN 87 PERCENT OF THE 2200 TRUCKS INSPECTED HAD ONE OR MORE VIOLATIONS. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS WAS 3.7 PER TRUCK, WITH AT LEAST ONE OF THESE BEING A BRAKE VIOLATION. LIGHTING VIOLATIONS, INCLUDING FAULTY REFLECTORS AND TURN SIGNALS, ACCOUNTED FOR ABOUT 33 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL FOUND. LICENSE VIOLATIONS AMOUNTED TO APPROXIMATELY 14 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Brakes KW - California KW - California vehicle code KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Equipment KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Laws KW - Licenses KW - Lighting KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Registrations KW - Signals KW - Studies KW - Study analysis KW - Turning traffic KW - Violations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215824 AU - Christopher, R J AU - Kulak, G L AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University TI - CALIBRATION OF ALLOY STEEL BOLTS PY - 1965/07 AB - THIS REPORT IS BASED ON RESULTS OF TESTS OF A LARGE SAMPLE OF A354 AND A490 BOLTS STUDIED TO DETERMINE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ALLOY STEEL STRUCTURAL BOLT WHEN SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF INSTALLATION AND LOAD. VARIABLES INCLUDED BOLT DIAMETER, GRIP LENGTH, THREAD LENGTH UNDER NUT, AND THREAD LUBRICATION. BOTH 7/8-AND 1-INCH HEAVY AND REGULAR SEMI-FINISHED HEXAGON HEAD BOLTS WERE TESTED. ASTM A194 GRADE 2H NUTS WITH HEAVY SEMI-FINISHED HEAD WERE USED WITH ALL BOLTS TESTED AND HARDENED WASHERS WERE USED UNDER ALL NUTS. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS ARE BASED UPON THE TESTS DESCRIBED IN THE REPORT. 1. COUPON TESTS DO NOT ACCURATELY REFLECT THE TRUE STRENGTH OF A BOLT. 2. THE ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS IN DIRECT AND IN TORQUED TENSION CAN BE PREDICTED USING THE SIMPLE THEORY FOR DEFORMATION OF AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS. 3. ALL BOLTS HAD LOWER ULTIMATE LOADS WHEN TESTED IN TORQUED TENSION THAN IN DIRECT TENSION. 4. A DECREASE IN THE LENGTH OF THREAD UNDER THE NUT RESULTS IN INCREASED ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND REDUCED ELONGATION CAPACITY FOR BOTH DIRECT AND TORQUED TENSION TESTS OF ALLOY STEEL BOLTS. 5. THE USE OF HEAVY GREASE OR WAX AS A THREAD LUBRICANT HAD LITTLE APPARENT EFFECT ON THE TORQUED TENSION CHARACTERISTICS. 6. DIRECT TENSION TESTS AFTER PRELOADING THE BOLT INDICATE THAT PRELOADING WITH A WRENCH DOES NOT REDUCE THE TENSILE STRENGTH. 7. ALLOY STEEL BOLTS TORQUED CONTINUOUSLY TO A GIVEN NUT ROTATION DOES NOT DIFFER FROM THAT OF INCREMENTALLY- TIGHTENED BOLTS. 8. REPEATED TIGHTENING OF ALLOY STEEL BOLTS INTO THE INELASTIC RANGE RESULTED IN A MARKED REDUCTION IN INDUCED TENSION WITH EACH INSTALLATION AND A MARKED INCREASE IN INSTALLATION TIME. /BPR/ KW - 354 Bolts KW - 490 Bolts KW - A194 grade 2h nuts KW - Alloy steel KW - Bolts KW - Calibration KW - Diameter KW - Fibers KW - Grip length KW - Hardened washers KW - Hexagonal-head bolts KW - Installation KW - Length KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Lubrication KW - Performance KW - Samples KW - Structural bolts KW - Structural materials KW - Testing KW - Threads KW - Under nut UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239035 AU - Chapin, F S AU - Weiss, S F AU - Institute for Research Social Science AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SOME INPUT REFINEMENTS FOR A RESIDENTIAL MODEL PY - 1965/07 AB - THE FIRST AND SECOND SECTIONS OF THE REPORT CONTAIN A BRIEF RESTATEMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MODEL FROM A PRIOR REPORT BY THE AUTHORS TITLED "FACTORS INFLUENCING LAND DEVELOPMENT" AND A SUMMARY STATEMENT OF THE MODEL DEVELOPED BY THE AUTHORS AND THOMAS G. DONNELLY TITLED "A PROBABILISTIC MODEL FOR RESIDENTIAL GROWTH." ALSO INCLUDED IS AN INDICATION OF THE KINDS OF REVISIONS MADE TO THE ORIGINAL MOCK-UP VERSION OF THE MODEL AND SOME OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING FURTHER CHANGES ANTICIPATED IN THE FUTURE. THE THIRD SECTION DISCUSSES THE DATA INPUT FOR THE REFINED VERSION OF THE MODEL. IN THE FOURTH SECTION, THE RESULTS OF THE FINAL RUNS OF THE MODEL ARE PRESENTED STATISTICALLY AND IN MAP FORM. THE FINAL SECTION EXAMINES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MODEL WITH ITS NEW REFINEMENTS, CONSIDERING RESULTS IN TERMS OF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA USED IN EVALUATING TESTS OF THE MODEL, AND IT INDICATES DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. /BPR/ KW - Development KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Real estate development KW - Residential areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238317 AU - Kentucky Department Highways TI - HIGHWAY SEVERANCE STUDY NUMBER 7. INTERSTATE 64 & 264, RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES - A STUDY OF PARTIAL RIGHT OF WAY TAKINGS. RELOCATION - A STUDY OF FAMILIES DISPLACED PY - 1965/07 AB - IN THIS REPORT THE RESEARCHERS EXPLORE THE DESIRABILITY AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE, THOSE DWELLINGS IN AN URBAN AREA WHICH ARE LOCATED IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY. THE AREA SELECTED FOR STUDY IS LOCATED IN THE PORTLAND AREA OF LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKYS WEST END. A DETAILED COMPARISON OF DAMAGES IN THIS STUDY WAS CONFINED TO RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN THE 9,000-9,500 PRICE RANGE BECAUSE ONLY IN THIS PRICE RANGE WERE THE RESEARCHERS ABLE TO ESTABLISH A CONTROL AREA FOR AFFECTED PROPERTIES. CONCLUSIONS WERE THAT THE MARKET HAS RECOGNIZED A REDUCTION IN VALUE TO THE TEST AREA PROPERTIES IN THE APPROXIMATE AMOUNT OF THE APPRAISED VALUE OF THE TAKING OF LAND AND SPECIAL LAND IMPROVEMENTS. THIS REDUCTION IN VALUE DOES NOT REFLECT DAMAGES TO THE REMAINDER , BUT, INSTEAD HAS TENDED TO RESULT FROM SEVERE REDUCTION OF REAR LOT SIZE AND LOSS OF OFF-STREET PARKING. THUS, PROXIMITY AND GRADE CHANGE HAVE NOT BEEN INDICATED BY THE MARKET AS DAMAGING FACTORS. IN THE FAMILY RELOCATION SEGMENT OF THE STUDY THE RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT OF 63 CASE STUDIES, 75 PERCENT OF THE FAMILIES PURCHASED REPLACEMENT HOUSES WITHIN THE NEIGHBORHOOD NEAR THEIR FORMER RESIDENCE, MOSTLY WITHIN A SIX-BLOCK RADIUS. FORTY-THREE FAMILIES MOVED INTO HOUSING OF A HIGHER DOLLAR VALUE THAN PRIOR HOUSING, WHILE 20 MOVED INTO HOUSING OF LOWER VALUE THAN BEFORE. OF THE 63 FAMILIES THAT WERE RELOCATED NEARLY 25 PERCENT COMPLAINED THAT THEY WERE NOT GIVEN SUFFICIENT TIME TO FIND SUITABLE HOUSING. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dwellings KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Loss and damage KW - Louisville (Kentucky) KW - Partial taking KW - Property acquisition KW - Proximity KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Residents KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Severance KW - Taking (Property) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222533 AU - Jones, H V AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion TI - VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF SIGNAL LOCATION AND DISTANCE PY - 1965/06/16 AB - THE INVESTIGATION CONSISTED OF TWO SEPARATE EXPERIMENTS. IN THE FIRST EXPERIMENT THE EFFECTS OF SIGNAL DISTANCE ON VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE WAS DETERMINED. EIGHTEEN SUBJECTS WERE USED. A SUBJECT VIEWED FIVE BANKS OF SIGNAL LIGHTS WITH EACH BANK LOCATED PROGRESSIVELY FURTHER FROM HIM. IT WAS FOUND THAT SIGNAL DETECTION VARIED AS A FUNCTION OF THE DISTANCE IT WAS LOCATED FROM THE OBSERVER. SIGNALS ON THE BANK NEAREST THE OBSERVER WERE MISSED LESS FREQUENTLY THAN SIGNALS ON THE MORE DISTANT BANKS. THERE WAS A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF SIGNALS MISSED AND THE DISTANCE OF THE SIGNALS FROM THE SUBJECT. THE SECOND EXPERIMENT WAS CONCERNED WITH VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE IN A SITUATION WHERE DISTANCE OF THE SIGNAL FROM THE OBSERVER WAS CONSTANT BUT THE LOCATION OF SIGNALS VARIED IN BOTH A HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DIMENSION. EIGHTEEN SUBJECTS WERE TESTED. IT WAS FOUND THAT THEY MISSED MORE SIGNALS IN PERIPHERAL LOCATIONS AND ALSO MORE SIGNALS WERE MISSED THAT WERE PLACED IN THE UPPER LEVEL OF THE DISPLAY. IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS, NO RELATIONSHIP WAS FOUND TO EXIST BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF TIME A SUBJECT HAD SPENT IN THE VIGILANCE SESSION AND LOCATION OF THE SIGNAL IN TERMS OF THE PROBABILITY OF DETECTING A GIVEN SIGNAL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Distance KW - Experiments KW - Location KW - Observation KW - Performance KW - Signal lights KW - Signals KW - Testing KW - Vigilance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218001 AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF ASPHALT CEMENT SUBSEALING AND LIME- CEMENT JACKING PY - 1965/06/15 AB - TWO METHODS CURRENTLY USED IN NEW YORK TO REHABILITATE STRUCTURALLY DISTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, NAMELY, ASPHALT SUBSEALING AND LIME-CEMENT JACKING, WERE EVALUATED. SEVEN EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT SECTIONS OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, WHICH WERE SUBSEALED IN 1963, AND FIVE SECTIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE THRUWAY, WHICH WERE LIME-JACKED DURING 1963-64, WERE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY. THE EVALUATION WAS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF FAULTING MEASUREMENTS AT CRACKS AND JOINTS, PRECISE ELEVATION MEASUREMENTS OF THE PAVEMENT SURFACE, DETERMINATIONS OF PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEXES, AND SURVEYS OF THE GENERAL CONDITION OF THE PAVEMENT. WHEREVER PRACTICABLE, DATA FROM THESE SOURCES WERE OBTAINED BEFORE TREATMENT AND AT PERIODIC INTERVALS THEREAFTER FOR A PERIOD OF APPROXIMATELY ONE YEAR. THE EVALUATION INDICATED THAT ASPHALT SUBSEALING, SUCH AS SPECIFIED BY THE NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, DID NOT IMPROVE THE CONDITION OF THE PAVEMENTS AND THAT THE VOIDS BENEATH THE PAVEMENTS WERE NOT ADEQUATELY FILLED. IN CONTRAST, LIME- CEMENT JACKING MARKEDLY IMPROVED PAVEMENT CONDITION AND MANIFESTATIONS EXISTED THAT LONG-TERM SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE COULD BE ANTICIPATED. IT WAS RECOMMENDED THAT THE DEPARTMENT DISCONTINUE THE PRACTICE OF ASPHALT SUBSEALING TO REHABILITATE CONCRETE PAVEMENTS AND SUBSTITUTE LIME-CEMENT JACKING. KW - Altitude KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt subsealing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Cracking KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Elevation KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental roads KW - Faulting KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lime cement KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - New York (State) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Serviceability KW - State highways KW - Studies KW - Surfaces KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547278 AU - Grubbs, Edward C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Preliminary Study of Soil Stabilization Procedures PY - 1965/06 SP - 87p AB - The purpose of this report is: (a) to review the published work on soil stabilization and provide the Arkansas Highway Department with a summary of the information with suggestions and recommendations as to its applicability to Arkansas Highway Construction; (b) to investigate the possible use of several industrial by-products as economical additives for stabilizing Arkansas soils; and (c) to report the results of the above studies together with appropriate conclusions and recommendations to the Arkansas Highway Department. KW - Arkansas KW - Recommendations KW - Road construction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Waste products UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333159 ER - TY - SER AN - 00227058 JO - Traffic Flow and Transportation AU - Drake, Jennifer AU - Schofer, J AU - May, A TI - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SPEED-DENSITY HYPOTHESES PY - 1965/06 AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO TEST AND EVALUATE SEVEN DIFFERENT SPEED-DENSITY MODELS: THE GREENSHIELD, GREENBERG, UNDERWOOD, EDIE, 2-REGIME LINEAR, 3-REGIME LINEAR, AND BELL CURVE MODELS. DATA WERE COLLECTED ON THE EISENHOWER EXPRESSWAY DURING NORMAL TRAFFIC AND WEATHER CONDITIONS. AFTER FAILING TO ACHIEVE ANY CONCLUSIVE RESULTS FROM THE STATISTICAL TESTS, THE AUTHORS RECOMMENDED THE RELATIONSHIP ADVANCED BY EDIE ON INTUITIVE GROUNDS. /FHWA/ KW - Data collection KW - Expressways KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217451 AU - Huang, E Y AU - Boutilier, O D AU - Michigan Technological University, Houghton TI - AN ANNOTATED BIRLIOGRAPHY ON THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERAL AGGREGATES FOR PAVEMENT PURPOSES PY - 1965/06 AB - THE REFERENCES AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION ARE ARRANGED UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS' PARTICLE SHAPE, PARTICLE ANGULARITY, PARTICLE SURFACE TEXTURE, PARTICLE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS COMBINED. AN AUTHOR INDEX IS APPENDED. KW - Bibliographies KW - Geometric design KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Particle shapes KW - Particle size distribution KW - Particles KW - Paving KW - Shape KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203115 AU - FIELD, R N AU - JOHNSON, M H AU - California Division of Highways TI - DYNAMIC FULL SCALE IMPACT TESTS OF CABLE TYPE MEDIAN BARRIERS TESTS SERIES 9 PY - 1965/06 AB - TEST SERIES IX REPRESENTING SIX FULL SCALE DYNAMIC IMPACT TESTS OF CABLE TYPE MEDIAN BARRIERS, USING BOTH SPORTS CARS AND STANDARD SIZE VEHICLES, WAS CONDUCTED ON CABLE-CHAIN LINK BARRIERS PLACED ON SIMULATED RAISED AND SAWTOOTHED MEDIANS WERE PRECEDED BY TEN PRELIMINARY VEHICLE JUMP TESTS. THE PURPOSE OF THE JUMP TESTS WAS TO DEVELOP TEST CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING THE MOST EFFECTIVE CABLE HEIGHT AND SPACING TO BE USED IN THE SUBSEQUENT DYNAMIC IMPACT TESTS. THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE TEST PROCEDURES AND RESULTS BASED ON DATA SECURED FROM THE TEN PRELIMINARY JUMP TESTS AND THE SIX HIGH SPEED IMPACT TESTS. RECOMMENDATIONS, BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THIS TEST SERIES /IX/, ARE MADE FOR ESTABLISHING THE CRITERIA TO BE USED IN DETERMINING THE PHYSICAL PLACEMENT OF CABLE TYPE BARRIERS ON FLAT, RAISED AND SAWTOOTH TYPE MEDIANS. RADIO CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTATION USED FOR THIS TEST SERIES WERE IDENTICAL TO THOSE USED IN PREVIOUS BARRIER TEST SERIES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cables KW - Chain link fencing KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Development KW - Dynamic tests KW - Fences KW - Flat surfaces KW - Full scale specimens KW - Height KW - Impact tests KW - Jump tests KW - Location KW - Median barriers KW - Medians KW - Placement KW - Raised separators KW - Sawtooth median KW - Sawtoothed medians KW - Simulation KW - Spacing KW - Specimens KW - Sports cars KW - Surfaces KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203950 AU - Hughes, R D AU - Kentucky Department Highways TI - FIFTH ANNUAL PERFORMANCE SURVEY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS PY - 1965/06 AB - IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUEST OF BPR CIRCULAR MEMORANDUM 22-42 DATED NOVEMBER 12, 1959, THAT A NUMBER OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS BE DESIGNED AND INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH OUTLINED PROCEDURES, AND BE INSPECTED PERIODICALLY AND EVALUATED, A NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS WERE MADE. THE CULVERTS SELECTED FOR YEARLY INSPECTIONS ARE IN JEFFERSON, SHELLY, FRANKLIN, CLARK, MONTGOMERY, SCOTT, GRANT , AND KENTON COUNTIES. EACH CULVERT WAS INSPECTED ONCE EACH SUMMER DURING THE FIVE SUMMERS FROM 1960 THROUGH 1964. THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FACTORS AND THE PERFORMANCE FOR EACH PIPE INSPECTED DURING THE FIVE SUMMERS. FINDINGS OF THE FIRST YEARLY INSPECTION RESULTED IN WIDESPREAD ALARM; AND, AS A CONSEQUENCE, GREAT EMPHASIS WAS PLACED UPON RIGID INSPECTION OF ALL REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE INSTALLATIONS. THE FINAL CONCLUSION WAS THAT THE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION CRITERIA OF BPR WAS VALID BUT IT WAS IMPORTANT TO ADHERE TO THE PRESCRIBED BEDDING DETAILS. /BPR/ KW - Bedding KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Inspection KW - Kentucky KW - Performance tests KW - Pipe culverts KW - Reinforced concrete culverts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233679 AU - David, J H AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - PRESPLITTING TECHNIQUES IN ROCK EXCAVATION PY - 1965/06 SP - 25 p. AB - PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN USING UNCONTROLLED BLASTING TECHNIQUES FOR ROCK EXCAVATIONS IN ALABAMA ARE PRESENTED. A COMPARATIVELY NEW DEVELOPMENT IN ALABAMA ROCK EXCAVATION METHODS, ROCK PRESPLITTING IS DISCUSSED. THIS METHOD OF BLASTING TO CONTROL CUT SLOPES IS DESCRIBED, INCLUDING SPECIFICATIONS AND VARIATIONS IN DRILL HOLE SIZE, DEPTH AND ON-CENTER SPACING, EXPLOSIVES AND STEMMING. AN EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE TO LOCATE BOREHOLES IN A PRESPLIT CUT IS DESCRIBED CONCLUSIONS REACHED WERE THAT THE PRESPLITTING METHOD PRODUCED EXCELLENT RESULTS IN CONTROLLING THE BACK SLOPES IN ROCK EXCAVATIONS, AND THAT AT THIS TIME, NO GUIDELINES ARE AVAILABLE TO SELECT DRILL HOLE SPACING AND CHARGE USED IN BLASTING ROCK BY THE PRESPLITTING METHOD. KW - Alabama KW - Boreholes KW - Constraining KW - Constraints KW - Control KW - Depth KW - Excavations KW - Explosives KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Rock excavation KW - Rock presplitting KW - Size KW - Slopes KW - Spacing KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238308 AU - Sands, C D AU - MCGEE, M C AU - University of Alabama, University TI - ALABAMA HIGHWAY LAWS STUDY PY - 1965/06 AB - A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF EXISTING ALABAMA HIGHWAY LAWS, INCLUDING RELEVANT CASE DECISIONS, WAS CONDUCTED AS THE BASIS FOR THIS REPORT. THIS REPORT HAS THE EFFECT OF CODIFYING AND ORGANIZING ALABAMA HIGHWAY LAW INTO A COMPREHENSIVE BODY OF LAW, INCLUDING SECTIONS WHICH WERE LOST IN THE STATUTES, POINTING OUT INCONSISTENCIES AND SUGGESTING AREAS WHERE REVISIONS AND ADDITIONS WOULD PROVE BENEFICIAL. THE REPORT IS COMPARTMENTALIZED BY STANDARD TOPICS AND THE LAW IS COVERED ON A SECTION BY SECTION BASIS WITH CASE DECISIONS, REVISORS NOTES, AND COMMENTS FOLLOWING EACH SECTION, RATHER THAN BEING ORGANIZED BY COLUMN AS SOME OF THE OTHER LAW STUDIES HAVE BEEN. /BPR/ KW - Alabama KW - Analysis KW - Case studies KW - Change KW - Codification KW - Extension KW - Highway law KW - Labor unions KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Organization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203957 AU - Schaake, J C AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore TI - SYNTHESIS OF THE INLET HYDROGRAPH PY - 1965/06 AB - A GENERAL METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR SYNTHESIZING THE HYDROGRAPH OF RUNOFF FROM AN IMPERVIOUS AREA. FROM A KNOWN PATTERN OF RAINFALL STORM, AND A CERTAIN GEOMETRY OF THE AREA WITH AN ACCURATELY DETERMINED ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT, THE INLET /SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE INLET/ HYDROGRAPH CAN BE COMPUTED THROUGHT DIRECT ROUTING OF THE OVERLAND FLOW. THE BASIC EQUATIONS USED ARE THE CONTINUITY EQUATION AND THE DYNAMIC EQUATION FOR GRADUALLY VARIED UNSTEADY FLOW. THE COMPUTED INLET HYDROGRAPHS OF SEVERAL SMALL RECTANGULAR SHAPED IMPERVIOUS DRAINAGE AREAS SHOWED GOOD AGREEMENT WITH THOSE MEASURED. SENSITIVITY TEST OF THE COMPUTED HYDROGRAPH TO CHANGES OF THE ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT WAS INVESTIGATED. COMPARISON OF THIS METHOD WITH SEVERAL EXISTING METHODS WAS MADE. /BPR/ KW - Culvert inlets KW - Drainage KW - Geometry KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrographs KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Roughness coefficient KW - Runoff KW - Syntheses KW - Synthesis (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204001 AU - Knapp, J W AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF URBAN AND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS PY - 1965/06 AB - URBAN AND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED TO CONTROL FLOODING, BUT LITTLE HAS BEEN DONE IN THE PAST TO ASSESS POTENTIAL FLOOD DAMAGES OR TO DEVELOP METHODS FOR BALANCING THE COST OF PROTECTIVE WORKS AND RESIDUAL FLOOD DAMAGES. CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOOD LOSSES ARE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. INFORMATION COLLECTED ON THE COST OF DRAINAGE FACILITIES AND DAMAGES IN URBAN AREAS IS ANALYZED. FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE, INTERRUPTION OF TRAFFIC FLOW IS INTERPRETED AS A MAJOR FLOOD DAMAGE. MATHEMATICAL MODELS ARE DEVELOPED FOR THE SOLUTION OF SPECIFIC DRAINAGE PROBLEMS. SIMULATION IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE RANDOM EFFECTS OF RUNOFF AND TRAFFIC IN A MODEL FOR SELECTING PUMPING FACILITIES TO REMOVE STORM WATER AT A HIGHWAY UNDERPASS. TWO MODELS FOR FINDING THE OPTIMUM SPACING OF INLETS ARE DEVELOPED AND SOLVED. SENSITIVITY OF THE MODELS IS INVESTIGATED TO DETERMINE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS. THE MODELS ALSO ARE USED TO FIND COSTS IMPUTED BY PRESENT DESIGN STANDARDS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design standards KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic factors KW - Flood damage KW - Flood protection KW - Highway drainage KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Pumps KW - Runoff KW - Simulation KW - Spacing KW - Surface drainage KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Underpasses KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200046 AU - Burke, J E AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - A TECHNIQUE OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR USE WITH THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD PY - 1965/06 AB - PROCEDURES AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE DESCRIBED FOR ADJUSTING A TIME SCHEDULE FOR PROJECT ACCOMPLISHMENT DEVELOPED BY THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD SO AS TO CONFORM TO CONSTRAINTS OF LIMITED RESOURCES. FLOW CHARTS AND FORTRAN STATEMENTS ARE INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Adjustment factors KW - Allocations KW - Computer programs KW - Cost allocation KW - Critical path method KW - Development KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Methodology KW - Natural resources KW - Scheduling KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212471 AU - Puerto Rico Department Public Works AU - Department of Commerce AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE INDIRECT TENSION TEST FOR CONCRETE PY - 1965/06 AB - THE DISADVANTAGES AND SHORTCOMINGS ARE LISTED OF THE BEAM TESTS FOR MEASURING THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE. THE INDIRECT TENSION TEST WAS INVESTIGATED AS A POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO THESE DIFFICULTIES. THE INDIRECT TENSION TEST METHOD IS DESCRIBED AND TEST RESULTS REPORTED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THERE IS A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OBTAINED BY TESTING BEAMS AND BY TESTING CYLINDERS LENGTHWISE. BY ADOPTING THE SPLIT CYLINDER TESTING PROCEDURES AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE STANDARD BEAM TESTS, A NET SAVING OF 60% IN THE COST OF THE CONCRETE ALONE SAMPLED FOR TESTING PURPOSE IS WARRANTED. THE VALUE FOR THE SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH USING CYLINDERS IS ESTIMATED AS 400 PSI, CORRESPONDING TO A FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF 550 PSI USING BEAMS. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Cylinders KW - Economic benefits KW - Flexural strength KW - Indirect method KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207808 AU - Baldwin, J W AU - Henry, J R AU - SWEENEY, G M AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - University of Missouri, Columbia TI - STUDY OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE STRINGERS, PHASE II PY - 1965/05 AB - THE PHASE OF THE INVESTIGATION DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE BRIDGE BEAMS AND TO CHECK THE VALIDITY OF PREDICTING THIS BEHAVIOR USING A RATIONAL NUMERICAL ANALYSIS WHICH HAS BEEN PROGRAMMED IN THE FORTRAN II LANGUAGE. EIGHT COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WIDELY VARYING PROPERTIES WERE TESTED ALONG WITH SEVENTEEN COMPANION PUSHOUT SPECIMENS. VARIABLES INCLUDED' /A/ STEEL STRENGTH, /B/ SIZE, TYPE AND NUMBER OF SHEAR CONNECTORS, /C/ CONCRETE STRENGTH, AND /D/ TYPE OF CONCRETE /NORMAL AND LIGHTWEIGHT/. THE TEST BEAMS WERE GAGED TO MEASURE DEFLECTION, SLIP AND STRAIN AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS. A TWO- POINT CONCENTRATED LOAD WAS APPLIED IN SMALL INCREMENTS UP TO APPROXIMATELY WORKING LOAD, THEN RELEASED AND REAPPLIED UNTIL THE BEAMS FAILED. THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA WERE EVALUATED AND COMPARED WITH THE THEORETICAL BEHAVIOR PREDICTED FROM THE COMPUTER ANALYSIS. A DISCUSSION OF THIS ANALYSIS AND A PRINTOUT OF THE PROGRAM ARE APPENDED TO THE REPORT. TWO OF THE CONCLUSIONS WERE THAT 1. THE COMPUTER ANALYSIS WILL ADEQUATELY PREDICT THE BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE COMPOSITE BEAMS, AND 2. THE BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS UTILIZING EITHER LIGHTWEIGHT OR NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE IN THE SLAB MAY BE PREDICTED EQUALLY WELL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Behavior KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Concrete KW - Deflection KW - Fasteners KW - Forecasting KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Measurement KW - Numerical analysis KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Slip surfaces KW - Specimens KW - Steel KW - Strain measurement KW - Strength of materials KW - Stringers KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219648 AU - Lundy, R A AU - California Department of Public Works TI - THE EFFECT OF RAMP TYPE AND GEOMETRY ON ACCIDENTS PY - 1965/05 AB - A THREE-YEAR STUDY OF 722 FREEWAY RAMPS CARRYING OVER 2- BILLION VEHICLES ON WHICH 1643 ACCIDENTS OCCURRED WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INVESTIGATE THE GEOMETRIC FEATURES WHICH PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN RAMP SAFETY AND TO CLASSIFY THESE GEOMETRIC FEATURES BY RAMP TYPE AND RELATIVE SAFETY MEASURES THE STUDY INCLUDED CLASSIFICATION OF RAMP TYPE AND PRESENTED THE RESULTS OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ACCIDENT RATES AND VARIOUS GEOMETRIC AND NON-GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS. A BASIC ASSUMPTION MADE WAS THAT RAMP EXPERIENCE IS ESSENTIALLY RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES USING THE RAMP WITHOUT REGARD TO THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED. THE 722 STUDY RAMPS, OF WHICH 32 PERCENT WERE ACCIDENT- FREE, EXPERIENCED 18 PERCENT OF THE ACCIDENTS OCCURRING ON THE FREEWAYS WHICH THEY SERVED. GENERALLY, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT DESIGN DIFFERENCES OF THE RAMPS STUDIED DID NOT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE WHEN COMPARISONS WERE MADE OF ACCIDENT- FREE RAMPS AND THOSE RAMPS WITH ACCIDENTS. IT WAS FOUND, HOWEVER, THAT THE OFF-RAMP ACCIDENT RATES WERE CONSISTENTLY HIGHER THAN THE ON-RAMP ACCIDENT RATES, THE DIFFERENCES BEING ATTRIBUTED PRIMARILY TO THE DIFFERENCE IN NUMBER OF SINGLE-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS OCCURRING ON THE RAMPS. IT WAS ALSO CONSIDERED THAT ACCELERATION LANES OF 800 FEET OR GREATER AND DECELERATION LANES OF 900 FEET OR GREATER RESULT IN LOWER ACCIDENT RATES THAN SHORTER SPEED-CHANGE LANES. /BPR/ KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Freeway ramps KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric shapes KW - Geometry KW - Ramps KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Types KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206256 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - REPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT RESURFACING PY - 1965/05 AB - THE CONDITION OF A ROAD CONSTRUCTED IN 1929 AND RESURFACED AND WIDENED FROM 20 TO 24 FEET IN 1948 IS GIVEN IN THIS REPORT. SIX TYPES OF RESURFACING WERE USED ON THIS PROJECT. THEY WERE AS FOLLOWS' A. GRADE RAISED. OLD SLAB LEFT, 2.5 FEET OF FILL THEN 8-INCH CONCRETE PAVEMENT. B. OLD SLAB LEFT IN PLACE, 3- TO 8-INCH SAND CUSHION, THEN 8-INCH CONCRETE PAVEMENT. C. OLD SLAB REMOVED, BROKEN UP AND INCORPORATED IN SUBGRADE, 8-INCH CONCRETE PAVEMENT. D. SIX-INCH CONCRETE PAVEMENT PLACED DIRECTLY ON OLD SLAB E. SAME AS D EXCEPT 1 1/2-INCH SAND CUSHION BETWEEN OLD AND NEW SLABS. F. FIVE-INCH CONCRETE PAVEMENT PLACED DIRECTLY ON 1 1/2- INCH BITUMINOUS MAT PLACED ON OLD SLAB IN 1943. THE POOREST CONDITION IS FOUND IN THE RESURFACING PLACED DIRECTLY UPON THE OLD SLAB. THE BEST, WHERE THE RESURFACING SLAB AND THE OLD SLAB ARE SEPARATED BY AN INSULATING LAYER OF SAND. THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT THE CONDITION OF THE OLD PAVEMENT IS BEING REFLECTED IN THE CONDITION OF THE OVERLAY PAVEMENT WHERE THE TWO ARE IN CONTACT. THE TOTAL TRAFFIC HAS INCREASED 55 PERCENT SINCE RESURFACING, BUT TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS HAVE DROPPED 49 PERCENT. /BPR/ KW - Conditions KW - Experimental roads KW - Pavement widening KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Widening pavement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219650 AU - Johnson, R P AU - Tamburri, T N AU - California Division of Highways TI - CONTINUOUS FREEWAY ILLUMINATION PY - 1965/05 AB - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTINUOUS HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION, PARTICULARY ON FREEWAYS, IN REDUCING NIGHTTIME ACCIDENTS IS EVALUATED. THREE INDIRECT PROCEDURES USED WERE COMPARISON OF THE RATIO OF THE NUMBER OF DAY TO NIGHTTIME ACCIDENTS OF TWO ILLUMINATED FREEWAYS VERSUS THESE RATIOS ON NON- ILLUMINATED FREEWAYS /PARTIALLY ILLUMINATED AT INTERCHANGES/ , COMPARISON OF ILLUMINATED AND NONILLUMINATED FREEWAYS CONSIDERED TO BE SIMILAR IN DESIGN AND COMPARABLE AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC, AND COMPARIOSN OF THE ACCIDENTS OCCURRING BETWEEN 5 P.M. AND 7 P.M. IN JUNE, WHICH IS DAYLIGHT, VERSUS ACCIDENTS OCCURRING BETWEEN THE SAME HOURS IN DECEMBER, WHICH IS DARK, ON BOTH ILLUMINATED AND NONILLUMINATED FREEWAYS. ACCIDENT DATA ON THE FREEWAYS IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY FROM JAN, 1960 THROUGH JUNE 30, 1962 WERE UTILIZED. THE ILLUMINATED FREEWAYS STUDIED HAD AVERAGE MAINTAINED LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION RANGING FROM 0.20 FOOTCANDLES TO 0.35 FOOTCANDLES WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY 1/2 OF THE RECOMMENDED LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION BY AASHO. THE STUDY DID NOT SHOW CONCLUSIVELY THAT ILLUMINATION IS NOT BENEFICIAL OR THAT IT IS BENEFICIAL IN REDUCING NIGHT ACCIDENTS. THERE WAS SOME INDICATION THAT CONTINUOUS ILLUMINATION WAS REDUCING ACCIDENTS NOT INVOLVING FIXED OBJECTS AND WAS INCREASING THE FIXED OBJECT ACCIDENTS PRIMARILY DUE TO THE DISPROPORTIONATE FREQUENCY OF LIGHT POLE COLLISIONS. THE FREQUENCY OF LIGHT POLE COLLISONS WAS ATTRIBUTED TO THE DARK COLOR OF THE LIGHT POLES AND THEIR CLOSENESS TO THE PAVEMENT EDGE. PERHAPS THE MOST MEANINGFUL RESULTS OF THE STUDY WERE OBTAINED FROM THE COMPARISON OF THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS OCCURRING IN JUNE TO THOSE OCCURRING IN DECEMBER. FROM THIS INVESTIGATION IT WAS FOUND THAT DARKNESS IS A CAUSATIVE FACTOR AND THAT ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION DID NOT COMPLETELY COUNTERACT THE EFFECTS OF DARKNESS. DAY-NIGHT ACCIDENT RATIOS WERE FOUND TO BE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME FOR ILLUMINATED FREEWAYS AS FOR NONILLUMINATED FREEWAYS /PARTIALLY ILLUMINATED/. THE RATIO OF DAY TO NIGHT ACCIDENTS INCREASES WITH INCREASING TOTAL DAY TRAFFIC VOLUME EVEN THOUGH THE RATIO OF DAY TO NIGHT TRAVEL REMAINED APPROXIMATELY CONSTANT. THE ILLUMINATED FREEWAYS HAD NIGHTTIME AND DAYTIME ACCIDENT RATES WHICH WERE CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN THE RATES FOR THE SAME CATE- GORIES ON THE NONILLUMINATED FREEWAYS, BOTH IN THE INJURY PLUS FATAL ACCIDENT AND THE PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENT ONLY CATEGORIES. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Continuous highway illumination KW - Crashes KW - Daylight KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway lighting KW - Freeways KW - Night KW - Nonilluminated KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222547 AU - FOX, P D AU - Stanford Research Institute TI - THE VALUE OF TIME FOR PASSENGER CARS'A BEHAVIORAL STUDY OF DRIVER ROUTE CHOICE PY - 1965/05 AB - DRIVER ROUTE CHOICE IS PREDICTED AND EXPLAINED. DRIVERS ARE ASSUMED TO CONSIDER THE VARIABLES THAT ARE RELEVANT TO HIS CHOICE SEQUENTIALLY, RATHER THAN ATTEMPTING TO EVALUATE THEM SIMULTANEOUSLY. DATA WERE OBTAINED ON 171 EMPLOYEES OF THE STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUE FOR SUCH ITEMS AS TRAVEL TIME , DISTANCE, NUMBER OF TURNS, STOPS, TRAFFIC SIGNALS, INCLUDING ACTUAL DRIVING OF THE ROUTES. CONCLUSIONS' /1/ ROUTE CHOICE WAS NOT INFLUENCED BY RELATIVE DISTANCE, INDEPENDENT OF TIME, /2/ STOP AND GO TRAVEL TIME IS EVALUATED DIFFERENTLY FROM CONSTANT SPEED TIME, /3/ DRIVERS DO CONSCIOUSLY VARY THEIR ROUTES ON WORK TRIPS, MEN MORE SO THAN WOMEN, AND /4/ TRAVEL TIME TO AND FROM WORK WAS OVERESTIMATED BY 2.54 MINUTES AND THE DISTANCE WAS UNDERESTIMATED BY 0.19 MILES. KW - Behavior KW - Distance KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Interviewing KW - Present value KW - Route choice KW - Stopping KW - Traffic signals KW - Travel time KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204060 AU - Searcy, J K AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DESIGN OF ROADSIDE DRAINAGE CHANNELS, HYDRAULIC DESIGN SERIES NO 4 PY - 1965/05 AB - METHODS OF OPEN-CHANNEL DESIGN INCLUDING THE DETERMINATION OF BOTH SIZE OF CHANNEL AND THE PROTECTION REQUIRED TO PREVENT EROSION ARE DISCUSSED. THE ESTIMATION OF STORM- WATER RUN-OFF FROM SMALL AREAS, THE HYDRAULICS OF DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, AND ECONOMICS ARE PRESENTED. KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Economics KW - Erosion control KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Maintenance KW - Open channels KW - Protection KW - Roadside KW - Size KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203951 AU - Berg, V E AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - A CULVERT MATERIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PY - 1965/04/01 AB - FOLLOWING THE ADOPTION OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS SPONSORED POLICY ON USE OF ALTERNATE MATERIALS FOR CULVERTS, THE WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS CONDUCTED A STATE-WIDE CONDITION SURVEY OF EXISTING CULVERTS. THE PARAMOUNT PURPOSE OF THIS SURVEY WAS TO ESTABLISH A PERFORMANCE RECORD OF THE VARIOUS MATERIALS IN ALL AREAS OF THE STATE, AND TO DETERMINE FROM THIS PERFORMANCE RECORD IF ANY RESTRICTIONS SHOULD BE APPLIED TO THE ALTERNATE MATERIAL POLICY TO ASSURE ADEQUATE SERVICE LIFE FOR CULVERT INSTALLATIONS. INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE SURVEY FORMED THE BASIS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS TO MODIFY CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE ALTERNATE CULVERT POLICY AS WELL AS CERTAIN STANDARD CULVERT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Condition surveys KW - Construction KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Highways KW - Materials KW - Performance KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224802 AU - Taylor, W C AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - THE EFFECT OF SPEED ZONING ON TRAFFIC OPERATIONS PY - 1965/03/09 AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TWOFOLD, /1/ TO DETERMINE IF THERE IS A GREATER NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS ON SECTIONS OF HIGHWAY THAT HAVE A NORMAL SPEED DISTRIBUTION THAN ON SECTIONS WITH A NON-NORMAL SPEED DISTRIBUTION, AND /2/ TO DETERMINE IF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SPEED ZONES WOULD CHANGE THE SPEED DISTRIBUTION FROM NON-NORMAL TO NORMAL WITH AN ACCOMPANYING REDUCTION IN ACCIDENTS. A 15 MILE SECTION OF HIGHWAY, ON WHICH 117 ACCIDENTS HAD OCCURRED, WAS DIVIDED INTO 22 SUBSECTIONS. THE SECTIONS WITH NON-NORMAL SPEED DISTRIBUTION HAD A HIGHER ACCIDENT RATE THAN THE NORMAL SECTIONS. TWO YEARS OF ACCIDENT RECORDS WERE THEN ANALYZED FOR 51 SPEED ZONES. THE ZONES WERE CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR CATEGORIES BASED ON THE NORMALITY OR NON-NORMALITY OF THE SPEED DISTRIBUTION BEFORE AND AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF THE SPEED ZONES. ABOUT ONE HALF OF THE ZONES IN WHICH THE SPEED DISTRIBUTION WAS NON-NORMAL BEFORE WERE CHANGED TO NORMAL BY INSTALLATION OF THE SPEED ZONE. FURTHER, A REDUCTION IN ACCIDENT RATE ACCOMPANIED THIS CHANGE. /BPR/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Highway operations KW - Highways KW - Normal distributions KW - Physical distribution KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Speed limits KW - Speed studies KW - Speed zones KW - Studies KW - Test sections KW - Traffic KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224805 AU - Bergsman, S AU - Nat Prvg Fwy Sur Controls, Detroit TI - THE ABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN OBSERVERS OF CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PY - 1965/03/02 AB - TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE DETROIT FREEWAY, USING FOUR TELEVISION OBSERVERS, IN AN EFFORT TO DETERMINE' 1/ THE EXPECTED DEGREE OF ACCURACY IN REPORTING INCIDENTS, 2/ IF THE AMOUNT OF TRAFFIC AFFECTS THE OBSERVERS RELIABILITY, 3/ WHEN OBSERVER FATIGUE BEGINS TO AFFECT RELIABILITY, AND 4/ IF ONE OBSERVER VARIES FROM ANOTHER AND FROM THE GROUP IN ABILITY TO OBSERVE AND RECORD EVENTS. THE DEGREE OF ACCURACY IN REPORTING INCIDENTS WAS CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO OBSERVED IMPINGEMENTS OF CARS ON ROAD SHOULDERS. WHEN THE RECORDS OF THE TWO BEST OBSERVERS WERE COMBINED, APPROXIMATELY 90 PERCENT OF TOTAL ACCIDENTS WERE REPORTED. AS MAY HAVE BEEN EXPECTED, THE AMOUNT OF TRAFFIC OBSERVER RELIABILITY /ADVERSELY/. NO FATIGUE EFFECTS WERE FOUND OVER A FOUR HOUR PERIOD. THE STUDY SHOWS INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN REPORTING ACCIDENTS, PARTICULARLY DURING THE PERIOD OF PRACTICE AND TRAINING. KW - Accuracy KW - Closed circuit television KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Freeways KW - Human factors KW - Motor skills KW - Observation KW - Observers KW - Occurrences KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Systems KW - Television cameras KW - Testing KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00231078 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR COMPACTED FILLS PY - 1965/03 SP - 58 p. AB - THIS STUDY IS CONCERNED WITH THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH MAN-MADE FILLS UPON WHICH SINGLE-OR MULTI-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES WILL BE ERECTED, AND THE EFFECTS OR SUCH FILLS ON STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONS, PAVEMENTS AND WALKS, UTILITIES, AND INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. DIVERSE PROBLEMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MAN-MADE FILLS, PARTICULARLY WITH FILLS SUPPORTING LIGHT, SHALLOW FOUNDATION RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES. IN THIS REPORT ARE PRESENTED MEANS OF RECONIZING PROBLEMS AT A SITE, PROCEDURES FOR IMPROVING THE SITE, AND MINIMUM CRITERIA BY WHICH THE SITE CAN BE EVALUATED FOR ACCEPTANCE. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION IS PROVIDED IN SUPPORT OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS, I.E., SITE INVESTIGATION, ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS, FILL CONSTRUCTION, AND EXISTING FILLS. CONSIDERED UNDER SITE INVESTIGATION ARE PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION, SOIL INVESTIGATION, AND LABORATORY TESTING, UNDER ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS, SETTLEMENT SHRINKAGE AND EXPANSION, SLOPE STABILITY, BEARING CAPACITY, DRAINAGE AND EROSION CONTROL, AND SANITARY ENGINEERING ASPECTS, UNDER FILL CONSTRUCTION, SITE PREPARATION, DRAINAGE, FILL MATERIAL, FILL PLACEMENT, AND INSPECTION AND CONTROL, AND UNDER EXISTING FILLS, SITE INVESTIGATION AND ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Compaction KW - Construction KW - Criteria KW - Drainage KW - Dwellings KW - Erosion control KW - Expansion KW - Fills KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Ground settlement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavements KW - Public utilities KW - Sewage disposal KW - Shrinkage KW - Site investigation KW - Slope stability KW - Soil tests KW - Utilities KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219652 AU - Doty, R N AU - Ledbetter, C R AU - California Department of Public Works AU - California Division of Highways TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL GLARE SCREEN INSTALLATION ON U.S. 101 IV-MRN-1-C BETWEEN TAMALPAIS ROAD AND CORTE MADERA CREEK PY - 1965/03 AB - THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SIX DIFFERENT TYPES OF SCREEN MATERIAL EXPOSED UNDER EXPERIMENTAL FIELD CONDITIONS. THE TYPES INCLUDED CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE COATED NYLON WEBBING WOVEN INTO TWO INCH GALVANIZED STEEL CHAIN LINK MESH, POLYPROPYLENE WEBBING WOVEN INTO CHAIN LINK MESH, PREPAINTED ALUMINUM SLATS, AMORPHOUS PHOSPHATE-CHROMATE COLOR TREATED ALUMINUM SLATS, EXPANDED GALVANIZED STEEL AND EXPANDED PREPAINTED ALUMINUM. THE OBJECTIVES WERE TO TEST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH TYPE AS A HEADLIGHT GLARE SCREEN AND TO TEST DURABILITY AND RELATIVE MAINTENANCE COSTS AND EASE OF REPLACEMENT. THE RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS AND TESTS WERE THE BASIS FOR RECOMMENDING PREPAINTED EXPANDED ALUMINUM MESH FOR GLARE SCREENS ON CABLE TYPE MEDIAN BARRIERS. /BPR/ KW - Airfoils KW - Aluminum KW - Amorphous KW - Chains KW - Chlorosulfonated KW - Chromates KW - Coatings KW - Corte Madera Creek KW - Durability KW - Ethylene resins KW - Expanded metal KW - Experimental design KW - Experimental road devices KW - Field tests KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Materials tests KW - Nylon KW - Painting KW - Phosphates KW - Polyethylene KW - Polypropylene KW - Screens KW - Slats KW - Tamalpais Road (Marin County, California) KW - Us 101 KW - Webbing KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202564 AU - Ory, T R AU - Balmer, H E AU - HRB-Singer Incorporated TI - INFRARED IMAGERY APPLICATIONS IN DETERMINING HIGHWAY ENGINEERING DATA PY - 1965/03 AB - THE OVERALL OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYING USING INFRARED IMAGERY TO DETERMINE SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS IN A REMOTE SWAMP AREA. THE AREA SELECTED WAS IN THE DARIEN GAP SECTOR OF THE PROPOSED PAN AMERICAN HIGHWAY IN COLOMBIA. THE SWAMP EXTENDS SOUTHWARD ABOUT 100 MILES FROM THE BAY OF COLOMBIA, ALONG EACH SIDE OF THE RIO ATRATO, AND VARIES IN WIDTH FROM 20 TO 40 MILES IN THE NORTHERN HALF. THE SWAMP HAS RESULTED FROM GRADUAL DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS FROM THE ADJACENT HILLS INTO A MORE SOUTHERLY EXTENSION OF THE BAY OF COLOMBIA, AND HAS A DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTENSE GROWTH OF SWAMP VEGETATION. THE MORE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES WERE TO' /1/ DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM ALTITUDE, TIME OF DAY, SPECTRAL REGION AND OTHER PARAMETERS IN TYPICAL SWAMP AREAS IN A FIRST PHASE; AND /2/ UTILIZING THE INFORMATION OBTAINED IN THE FIRST PHASE, OBTAIN INFRARED IMAGERY THAT WOULD BE USEFUL IN SELECTING A FEASIBLE ROUTE FOR THE HIGHWAY ACROSS THE SWAMP. IT WAS HOPED THAT INFORMATION WOULD BE OBTAINED ON DEPTH OF WATER, DEPTH TO A STABLE FOUNDATION STRATUM FOR EMBANKMENTS, AND CHARACTER OF THE SEDIMENTS, PARTICULARLY THE LOCATION OF GRANULAR MATERIALS. BASED ON FLIGHTS MADE OVER SELECTED, REPRESENTATIVE AREAS OF THE SWAMP, DURING THE DAYTIME AND AT NIGHT, IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE SYSTEM BEING USED WAS NOT PRODUCING IMAGERY THAT WOULD BE SUITABLE FOR FURTHER HIGHWAY LOCATION STUDY, SO THE WORK WAS TERMINATED AT AN EARLY STAGE. BASED ON INSTRUMENT CHECK-OUT AFTER RETURN TO THE UNITED STATES THE CONTRACTER ATTRIBUTED THE OVERALL FAILURE TO OBTAIN SUITABLE IMAGERY TO' /1/ A MALFUNCTION IN THE VACUUM SYSTEM OF THE APPARATUS AND /2/ DAMAGE TO THE INFRARED DETECTOR IN SHIPMENT TO COLOMBIA. CONTRIBUTING TO THE LACK OF SUCCESS WERE THE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, PARTICULARLY THE MINUTE THERMAL DIFFERENCES IN THE SWAMP. /BPR/ KW - Aerial surveying KW - Colombia KW - Depth KW - Embankment foundations KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geological surveying KW - Granular materials KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Infrared detectors KW - Infrared radiation KW - Location KW - Pan American Highway System KW - Sediment sampling KW - Sediments KW - Selecting KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strata KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Swamps KW - Texture KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222531 AU - Jones, H V AU - Heimstra, N W AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERFORMANCE ON A SPEED ANTICIPATION TEST AND SELECTED DRIVER TASKS PY - 1965/02/10 AB - THE RESULTS OF A LABORATORY SPEED ANTICIPATION TEST PREVIOUSLY INDICATED TO BE A RELIABLE DISCRIMINATOR BETWEEN DRIVERS WITH AND WITHOUT A HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS WERE CORRELATED WITH JUDGEMENTS OF CLEARANCE AND INTERSECTION TIME OF VEHICLES ON THE HIGHWAY. SUBJECTS WERE TESTED ON A SPEED ANTICIPATION TEST ON THREE TASKS. IN ONE OF THE CONDITIONS, A SUBJECT VIEWED A MOVING BLOCK WHICH DISAPPEARED BEHIND A BARRIER. THE SUBJECT ESTIMATED THE AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED FOR THE BLOCK TO REACH A POINT ON THE BARRIER. THE SECOND CONDITION INVOLVED A SUBJECTS ESTIMATION OF THE POINT OF INTERSECTION TWO POINTS OF VIEW - DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE APPARATUS AND FROM A TOP VIEW AT THE SIDE OF THE DEVICE. THE ROAD TEST CONSISTED OF THE SUBJECTS ESTIMATION OF CLEARANCE TIME AND INTERSECTION TIME. IN THE FORMER, THE SUBJECT ESTIMATED THE LAST POSSIBLE MOMENT IN WHICH HE FELT HE COULD SAFELY PASS A LEAD CAR IN THE FACE OF AN ONCOMING VEHICLE. IN THE LATTER TASK, THE SUBJECT ESTIMATED THE TIME IN WHICH AN APPROACHING VEHICLE WOULD INTERSECT WITH THE VEHICLE IN WHICH HE WAS RIDING. CORRELATIONS WERE COMPUTED BETWEEN THE VARIOUS MEASURES. IT WAS FOUND THAT PERFORMANCE ON THE SPEED ANTICIPATION TEST DID NOT PREDICT PERFORMANCE ON THE DRIVING TASKS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Clearances KW - Correlation analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Estimates KW - Forecasting KW - Intersection time KW - Laboratory tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Relationships KW - Road tests KW - Speed anticipation KW - Testing KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453785 AU - Evans, Eugene G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 80 - Truck Speed Study : Progress Report PY - 1965/02/04 SP - 26p AB - This report is an analysis of the 1964 annual truck weight-speed data that were collected during the months of August and September in conjunction with the Highway Planning Survey Unit of the Indiana State Highway Construction. The Highway Planning Survey Unit makes an annual study of truck weights, size, material hauled, etc. at 23 truck weight stations throughout the state. The truck weight-speed study compares the weight of a truck and the speed of the truck. KW - Data collection KW - Indiana KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck traffic KW - Weigh stations KW - Weight UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314460 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443404 AU - United States. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Public Roads. TI - Guide for traffic volume counting manual PY - 1965/02 SP - 43p KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Methodology KW - Methodology KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic count KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic management KW - Traffic measurement KW - Traffic statistics KW - Urban highways KW - Urban road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206255 AU - Rizenbergs, R L AU - Kentucky Department Highways TI - ACCELEROMETER METHOD OF RIDING-QUALITY TESTING PY - 1965/02 AB - ROAD ROUGHNESS IS MEASURED BY MEANS OF A SENSING MECHANISM CONSISTING OF THREE ACCELEROMETERS. THESE ACCELEROMETERS ARE MOUNTED ON AN ALUMINUM PLATE WHICH REST ON THE CHEST OF A TEST PASSENGER OF MEDIUM BUILD AND FRAME AND WEIGHING BETWEEN 150 AND 175 POUNDS. WHILE THE VEHICLE IS IN TRAVEL, AUTOMATIC RECORDINGS ARE MADE SIMULTANEOUSLY OF VERTICAL, TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL ACCELERATIONS OF THE TORSO OF THE TEST PASSENGER. THESE RECORDINGS ARE SUMMATED OR INTEGRATED WITH RESPECT TO TIME. THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ROUGHNESS INDEX RESULTING FROM THIS METHOD DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON THE ROAD PROFILE, BUT ALSO ON THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLE AND THE SPEED AT WHICH THE TRAVERSE IS MADE. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES, SUCH AS VEHICLE SPRINGS, SHOCK ABSORBERS AND SEAT, TIRES, VEHICLE LOAD AND SPEED, MUST BE CONTROLLED IN MAKING COMPARISONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT PAVEMENT SURFACES. THE REPORT PROVIDES INFORMATION ON HOW CLOSELY THESE VARIABLES MUST BE CONTROLLED. SOME CONCLUSIONS WERE THAT TEST EXCURSION MAY BE MADE AT A SPEED THAT IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE NORMAL FLOW OF TRAFFIC AT MODERATE COST AND THAT TEST RESULTS ARE CLOSELY REPEATABLE, ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH RIDING COMFORT AND ARE AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerometers KW - Chest type KW - Control KW - Magnitude KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Passengers KW - Profiles KW - Recorders KW - Recording instruments KW - Riding qualities KW - Road tests KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Roughness coefficient KW - Smoothness KW - Speed KW - Variables KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210378 AU - MARTINEZ, J E AU - Donham, B J AU - WANG, W L AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDY OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS IN NEW MEXICO USING THE GYRATORY TESTING MACHINE. GYRATORY TESTING OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS PY - 1965/02 AB - THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH PROJECT WAS TO STUDY THE PLASTICITY, DENSITY, AND STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES BY MEANS OF THE GYRATORY TESTING MACHINE. THE FIRST PHASE OF THIS PROJECT WAS DEVOTED TO THE CORRELATION OF THE RESULTS FROM THE GYRATORY MACHINE TO THE RESULTS OBTAINED USING THE STANDARD MARSHALL METHOD OF ASPHALTIC MIX DESIGN. ALSO INCLUDED IN THE FIRST PHASE OF STUDY WERE THE /1/ DEGRADATION OF AGGREGATES DUE TO KNEADING COMPACTION AS INDICATED BY THE SAND EQUIVALENT TEST, /2/ STRENGTH OR STABILITY OF ASPHALTIC MIXES AFTER IMMERSION IN WATER, AND /3/ CORRELATION OF DENSITY OF TRAFFIC-COMPACTED PAVEMENT TO THE DENSITY OBTAINED IN THE LABORATORY BY MEANS OF GYRATORY COMPACTION. THE SECOND PHASE OF THIS PROJECT WAS AN EXTENSION OF THE FIRST PHASE WITH RESPECT TO THE CORRELATION STUDY BETWEEN MARSHALL TEST RESULTS AND GYRATORY COMPACTION RESULTS. IN ADDITION, THE FOLLOWING STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED DURING THE SECOND PHASE' /1/ SHEAR STRENGTH OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES OBTAINED WITH THE AIR-FILLED ROLLER ATTACHMENT ON THE GYRATORY TESTING MACHINE, /2/ THE EFFECT OF WATER IMMERSION ON SHEAR STRENGTH OF ASPHALT CONCRETE, /3/ AGGREGATE DEGRADATION OF A CALICHE-TYPE AGGREGATE, /4/ CORRELATION OF LABORATORY DENSITY AND FIELD DENSITY OF A NEWLY PLACED PAVEMENT BY MEANS OF AIR PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS, AND /5/ A CONTINUATION OF THE STUDY OF FIELD DENSITY OF A TRAFFIC-COMPACTED PAVEMENT WITH THE LABORATORY DENSITY OF A SIMILAR ASPHALT CONCRETE PREPARED IN THE LABORATORY. THE FOLLOWING GENERAL CONCLUSIONS HAVE BEEN REACHED FROM THESE STUDIES' /1/ THE GYRATORY TESTING MACHINE MAY BE USED FOR THE DESIGN OF AN ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX USING RECOMMENDED VALUES FOR COMPACTION PRESSURE, GYRATORY ANGLE, AND NUMBER OF LOAD REPETITIONS, /2/ THE GYRATORY TESTING MACHINE MAY BE USED AS A DEVICE FOR REPETITIVE LOADING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE SPECIMENS. DEGRADATION OF THE AGGREGATE WHICH OCCURS DURING REPETITIVE LOADING IS OBSERVED BY GRADATION ANALYSIS AND SAND EQUIVALENT VALUES, /3/ THE BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT CONCRETE UNDER VARIOUS LOADING CONDITIONS MAY BE STUDIED BY COMPUTING SHEAR STRENGTH /GYRATORY STABILITY/ AND SHEAR MODULUS/ GYRATORY MODULUS/ VALUES FROM GYRATORY TEST RESULTS. DECREASE IN STRENGTH DUE TO DEGRADATION OF AGGREGATE MAY THUS BE OBSERVED DURING THE DESIGN PHASE. THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES MAY BE OBSERVED BY OBTAINING VALUES OF GYRATORY STABILITY AND GYRATORY MODULUS FOR MIXTURES THAT HAVE BEEN IMMERSED IN WATER PRIOR TO TESTING, AND /5/ A COMPARISON OF DENSITY VALUES OF TRAFFIC- COMPACTED SPECIMENS WITH THOSE OF LABORATORY-PREPARED SPECIMENS SHOWED THAT THE FIELD SPECIMENS WERE LESS DENSE THAN THE CORRESPONDING SPECIMENS PREPARED BY EITHER THE MARSHALL METHOD OR THE GYRATORY COMPACTION PROCEDURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Compaction KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Density KW - Field density KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Immersion KW - Marshall mix design KW - Measurement KW - Mix design KW - Permeability KW - Permeability measurement KW - Plasticity KW - Sand equivalent test KW - Shear strength KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239742 AU - Kinney, P T AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES AND RETAIL SALES IN CHAMPAIGN-URBANA, ILLINOIS PY - 1965/02 AB - MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS WAS EMPLOYED TO MEASURE THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC CONDITIONS ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES AND RETAIL SALES. THE TRAFFIC-RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY ANALYSIS WAS SUPPLEMENTED BY A HOUSEHOLD INTERVIEW STUDY OF ATTITUDES REGARDING TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGES IN VALUE AND FREQUENCY OF SALES ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN TRAFFIC CONDITIONS. A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AND RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES WAS NOT FOUND IN EITHER OF THE ABOVE ANALYSES. THIS IS EXPLAINED LARGELY AS A RESULT OF THE RELATIVELY HOMOGENEOUS TRAFFIC, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE STUDY AREA AND OF IMPRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF TRAFFIC AND LAND VALUES. AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RETAIL SALES AND TRAFFIC REVEALED THAT IMPROVEMENTS IN TRAFFIC CONDITIONS CAUSED AN EXPANSION OF RETAIL SALES, BUT GENERALLY AT THE EXPENSE OF SALES IN COMPETING LOCATIONS KW - Champaign (Illinois) KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway traffic KW - Interviewing KW - Present value KW - Properties of materials KW - Regression analysis KW - Residential areas KW - Sales KW - Urban areas KW - Value KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203979 AU - Jefferson, P O AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PERFORMANCE OF CHANNEL CHANGES PY - 1965/02 AB - INVESTIGATIONS WERE MADE OF THE CONDITION IN 1964 OF NINE CHANNEL CHANGES EXCAVATED IN CONNECTION WITH HIGHWAY BRIDGES CONSTRUCTED IN THE PERIOD 1951 TO 1963. CHANNEL CHANGES MADE TO CUT THROUGH A MEANDER NECK OF THE ORIGINAL CHANNEL TO PERMIT ADVANTAGEOUS PLACEMENT OF THE BRIDGE HAVE FUNCTIONED SATISFACTORILY. FOR CHANNELS NOT RESTRICTED BY THE BRIDGE, SOME BANK STABILIZATION MAY BECOME NECESSARY. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ACTIVITIES BE SUSPENDED UNTIL HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OBSERVATIONS REVEAL SPECIFIC DAMAGE TO A CHANNEL AND INDICATE A NEED FOR A RESEARCH INVESTIGATION. /BPR/ KW - Change KW - Ditches KW - Embankments KW - Highway bridges KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98907 ER - TY - SER AN - 00206547 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Timms, A G TI - FRICTION REDUCING MEDIUMS FOR RIGID PAVEMENT SUBBASES PY - 1965/02 AB - INCREASED INTEREST IN THE USE OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS HAS BEEN ACCOMPANIED BY AN AWARENESS OF THE NEED FOR FRICTION REDUCING MEDIUMS BETWEEN THE SUBBASE AND THE SLAB IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE THE REQUIRED PRESTRESSING FORCE. THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS HAS TESTED SEVERAL DIFFERENT MEDIUMS IN A WINTER-SPRING STUDY AND A SUMMER STUDY. THE FINDINGS FROM THESE STUDIES ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS ARTICLE. IN THE STUDIES, CONCRETE SLABS 6 FEET SQUARE WERE MOVED HORIZONTALLY ALTERNATELY FORWARD AND BACKWARD, SEVERAL TIMES TO SIMULATE THE MOVEMENT OF PAVEMENTS IN SERVICE. THE THRUST NECESSARY TO CAUSE HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT AND THE MAGNITUDE OF DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY THE THRUST WERE MEASURED FROM THE FIRST DETECTABLE MOVEMENT UNTIL FREE SLIDING OF THE SLAB BEGAN. ALL THE SLABS USED IN THE TEST WERE 5 INCHES THICK BUT WEIGHTS WERE ADDED FOR TWO SETS OF TESTS SO THAT THE EFFECTS OF 8- AND 11-INCH SLABS WERE OBTAINED. RESISTANCE TO SLAB MOVEMENT WAS DETERMINED FOR THE SEVER UNDERLYING MATERIALS' A PLASTIC SUBGRADE, TWO TYPES OF GRANULAR SUBBASES, AND FOUR TYPES OF MEDIUMS ON A GRANULAR SUBBASE. MOST OF THE TESTS WERE MADE AT A VERY SLOW RATE OF LOADING, BUT FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES SOME TESTS WERE RUN AT MEDIUM AND FAST RATES. THE LEAST RESISTANCE WAS RECORDED WHEN THE MEDIUM WAS EITHER A THIN LAYER OF SAND OR A DOUBLE LAYER OF POLYETHYLENE SHEETING ON A THIN, LEVELING COURSE OF SHEET ASPHALT. BOTH OF THESE MEDIUMS WERE CONSIDERED EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING FRICTION BETWEEN THE SUBBASE AND THE SLAB. /RRL/A/ KW - Base KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Friction KW - Granular materials KW - Horizontal variation KW - Measurement KW - Motion KW - Plastic subgrade KW - Polyethylene KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Resistance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sand KW - Sheathing KW - Sheet asphalt KW - Slabs KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Thin films KW - Thin layers KW - Thrust UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207771 AU - Matlock, H AU - Haliburton, T A AU - University of Texas, Arlington TI - A FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD OF SOLUTION FOR LINEARLY ELASTIC BEAM-COLUMNS PY - 1965/02 AB - A COMPUTER METHOD IS DEVELOPED FOR THE SOLUTION OF BEAM AND BEAM-COLUMN PROBLEMS. A VARIETY OF EXTERNAL LOADING AND RESTRAINT CONDITIONS ARE APPLIED TO A FINITE-ELEMENT BEAM- COLUMN MODEL, AND A GENERAL BEAM-COLUMN EQUATION IS DEVELOPED FOR APPLICATION AT EACH STATION. INPUT LOADS AND RESTRAINTS CAN BE APPLIED AT ANY STATION, AND THE BENDING STIFFNESS MUST BE STATED AT EACH STATION. THE COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPS THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS AND CONTINUITY COEFFICIENTS FROM THE INPUT DATA AND SOLVES FOR THE DEFLECTIONS. ONCE THE DEFLECTIONS HAVE BEEN COMPUTED, THE FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVES ARE DETERMINED NUMERICALLY TO YIELD THE SLOPE AND BENDING MOMENT AT EACH STATION. SEVERAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ARE GIVEN. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Bending moments KW - Computer programs KW - Constraints KW - Deflection KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Loading intensity KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Matrix methods KW - Models KW - Numerical analysis KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/101788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457555 AU - Treadway, Theodore B AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Analysis of Travel Speed and Delay on a High-Volume Highway PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 142p AB - This investigation was a part of a project designed to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic engineering applied to problems of traffic movement on the U.S. 52 Bypass in Lafayette, Indiana. The specific purposes of this research were to identify the locations of delays on the bypass, to determine the significant factors causing these delays, and to make recommendations for improving the flow of traffic. The movements of traffic on the highway were classified as uninterrupted flow between intersections and as interrupted flow at the signalized intersections. Factor analysis and multiple linear regression techniques were applied to express overall travel speeds and delays as functions of factors and variables that were descriptive of the traffic stream, roadway geometry, and roadside development. The most significant factors in accounting for the variations in travel speeds of uninterrupted flow were the types of roadside development (commercial, urban, and rural) and stream friction. Vehicular delays at traffic signals were largely dependent on the signal design, volume, and the chance of whether or not stops occurred. These results formed the basis of suggestions for reducing delays on the bypass. Proposed short-range improvements included the limitation and channelization of access points, the improvement of the geometric design of signalized intersections, and the critical evaluation of the signal-cycle phases. A long-range recommendation was the reconstruction of the bypass as a four-lane, divided highway to provide the proper highway and intersection capacities. KW - Average travel speed KW - Bypasses KW - High volume roads KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313674 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457554 AU - Aylward, Thomas J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Studies of Volume Change in Expansive Cements PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 87p AB - Expansive cements containing proportions of Portland cement, high-alumina cement, and gypsum were prepared. Pastes were made with these mixtures at two different water contents. The pastes were molded into small cylinders which were kept immersed in water. These cylinders were tested to determine their linear expansion, change in weight, and content of tricalcium aluminate trisulfate (ettringite) at various times. The ettringite was determined by quantitative X-ray diffraction. The amount of ettringite, in general, increased very rapidly in the first few hours and then became more or less constant for a similar period. If the mixture contained sufficient gypsum the ettringite contents increased further after either the stripping of the mold or the onset of visible surface cracking. The expansion was negligible at first and gradually became progressively greater to the point of disintegration of the sample. Visible surface cracking occurred at about two percent linear expansion, but the specimen remained intact to about ten percent expansion. The weight gain was of the same nature and relative extent as the expansion. The results indicate that greater expansions are associated with greater amounts of real and potential ettringite and with greater water contents, but the association is not simple. Much, but not all, of the relatively large amount of initially formed ettringite is non-expansive in character. Limitation of water is probably an important factor in limiting the production of ettringite. Ingress of curing water to form additional ettringite is probably an important cause of expansion in these cementitious systems. KW - Aluminous cement KW - Ettringite KW - Expansive cement KW - Gypsum cement KW - Moisture content KW - Portland cement KW - Volume changes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313666 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457553 AU - Evans, Eugene G AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impact of Kokomo By-Pass from 1950-1964 : Technical Paper PY - 1965/01 SP - 40p AB - The tremendous increase in population and vehicle registration within the United States in recent years has created traffic snarls which are threatening to strangle many urban areas. An attempt to alleviate this congestion problem in the central portion of small to medium sized cities frequently has included the construction of by-pass routes which skirt the periphery of a city. Kokomo, Indiana was faced with this congestion problem, and in 1950 a by-pass facility east of the city was opened to traffic. Initially the U.S. 31 By-pass satisfactorily served its intended purpose of conveniently and safely routing the through traffic around Kokomo, but the "long-range" usefulness of the by-pass for this purpose appears to be decreasing because of Increased travel times and a large Increase in accidents. The Kokomo By-pass, unfortunately, was constructed with little or no control of access. The purpose of the investigation, which served as the basis for this paper, was to study the long-range effects of a by-pass with little or no control of access. The study included an analysis of traffic volumes, travel times, accidents, land use, land value, and an investigation of the properties which were partially taken for the right-of-way of the improvement. The primary purpose of the investigation was to provide informatlon which could profitably be used when planning other by-pass facilities. KW - Bypasses KW - Economic development KW - Highway safety KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313680 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457551 AU - Peterson, Arvid O AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Analysis of Traffic Accidents on a High-Volume Highway : Progress Report PY - 1965/01 SP - 245p AB - The major objective of this study was to contribute to a factual basis on which recommendations for traffic engineering improvements could be made for the U. S. 52 By-Tass at Lafayette-West Lafayette, Indiana. To achieve this objective, each accident resulting in $50 or more property damage, an injury or a death on the by-pass or within 200 feet of the by-pass on intersecting streets in the period January 1, 1961, through December 31, 1963, was analysed in depth. The 834 accidents involving 374 injuries and ten deaths were analysed by multiple linear regression analysis and quality control techniques. Several different types of accident rates were computed and evaluated and collision-condition diagrams were utilized to determine specific causes of accidents at intersections and nonintersection study sections. In addition accident rates for weekend vs. weekday, day vs. night and clear vs. inclement weather were compared. These were but a few of the comparisons made in the analysis of data. Although this study has only been of one seven-mile high-accident facility, the findings may be of considerable value on similar facilities in other locations. KW - Bypasses KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - High volume roads KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313677 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457549 AU - Schultz, Thomas Gordon AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Safety at Railroad Highway Grade Crossing PY - 1965/01 SP - 17p AB - A recent report by the Interstate Commerce Commission concluded that the major cause of rail-highway grade crossing accidents is the failure of motor vehicle drivers to yield to trains. The purpose of this research study was to investigate existing conditions which might have encouraged drivers not to take reasonable precautions. This study constitutes an analysis of highway-rail grade crossing accidents with respect to the affects of environment, crossing geometry, highway and rail traffic patterns, existing protective devices, and other relevant elements and their relative importance as a basis for determining a more effective and economic means of establishing the necessary railroad crossing protection. KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Railroad crashes KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warning devices UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313673 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457542 AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Milhous, Robert T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comparison of Different Methods of Measuring Pavement Conditions : Technical Paper PY - 1965/01 SP - 90p AB - This report presents the results of a field study of the precision of various roughometers and profilometers for predicting serviceability. Forty-five pavement sections of three types (flexible, rigid and overlay) were rated by a lay panel, the AASHO Road Test panel and the Highway Research Board Committee on Pavement Condition Evaluation. These same pavements were evaluated using the roughness and profilometer equipment. Statistical relationships, following techniques adopted at the AASHO Road Test, were developed between rating and objective measurements. The lay panel tended to rate the pavements higher than the professional panels. The results indicated little difference regarding the precision of the various instruments in so far as predicting serviceability is concerned. The data suggest that the BPR type roughometer can be used successfully for predicting serviceability. Data from this study were combined with those from the AASHO Road Test and serviceability equations were developed for these combined data on the basis of the Slope Profilometer. Correlations between roughometers and the Slope Profilometer were presented. Equations are presented which should permit engineers who have past records of roughometer readings to interpret these data in terms of Present Serviceability Indices. KW - Condition surveys KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Serviceability KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313665 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457538 AU - Larson, Roy Hilton AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Procedural Guide for Estimating Axle Loadings on a Statewide Basis PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 132p AB - The number and magnitude of axles passing over a section of highway is an important consideration in the design of the surface course, the base, and the subbase of a highway. The purpose of this research report was to provide a method for estimating the axle loadings on the statewide highway system. The Procedural Guide which was developed provides a statistical approach to establishing station similarities on a statewide basis. The Guide is composed of five parts. They are: 1. Sections; 2. Data collection; 3. Data analysis; 4. Continuing phase; and 5. Calculation of axle loadings. Each part contains recommendations for the different phases of a study. The analysis of data is given in a step by step procedure. The analysis provides for the determination of station similarities by stations or by truck types. Data collected at one station may be used to estimate equivalent axle loadings for all similar stations. Each year, similar stations are to be replaced with additional stations until a statewide coverage is obtained. In the following years only a classification count will have to be performed at the similar stations. The statistical techniques which were used include the Analysis of Variance, the Foster- Burr Test for homogeneity of variance, the Newman-Keuls Sequential Range Test, and the T-Test. The analysis of the 1963 data indicated that the procedure suggested in the Guide is a feasible approach to the problem of statewide axle loading prediction. KW - Axle loads KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Pavement performance KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Trucks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313671 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457537 AU - Antrim, John deCourey AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Mechanism of Fatigue in Cement Paste and Plain Concrete PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 155p AB - This investigation was concerned with the determination of the mechanism of fatigue in cement paste and plain concrete. The cement pastes used were made with water-cement ratios of 0.70 and 0.45 by weight and these same water-cement ratios were used in concretes containing natural aggregates and concrete containing synthetic aggregates. Cylindrical specimens, 2 inches in diameter by 4 inches in height, were used for testing the cement paste and cylindrical specimens; 3 inches in diameter by 6 inches in height, were used for testing the concretes. Specimens were tested in a saturated condition and at moisture contents less than that at saturation. The unconfined static compressive strength of each series was determined by testing numerous cylinders in static compression. Other cylinders were tested in compression at specific stress levels at a speed of 1000 cycles per minute in the Krouse-Turdue Axial-load Fatigue Testing Machine. Over 150 specimens were tested in fatigue and over 500 specimens were tested statically. It was found that the fatigue behavior of cement paste is sensitive to changes in the water-cement ratio of the paste and to changes in the moisture content of the paste. It was also found that within the limits of the investigation, the fatigue characteristics of plain concrete are apparently governed primarily by the fatigue characteristics of the cement paste. The fatigue mechanism proposed for cement paste and plain concrete is basically the same and it is that fatigue failure occurs because small cracks form and propagate in the cement paste under repeated applications of loads less than the static failure load. The resulting crack pattern weakens the section to the point where it cannot maintain the applied load. The development of this damaging crack pattern depends primarily on the water-cement ratio of the cement paste and the presence of shrinkage stresses in the cement paste. KW - Cement paste KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313669 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457536 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airphoto Interpretation of Engineering Soils of Interstate Highway Route I-65 in Marion, Johnson, Shelby and Bartholomew Counties, Indiana PY - 1965/01 SP - 33p AB - This report and series of photographic strip maps represents the airphoto interpretation of engineering soils for the section of Interstate 65 in Marion, Johnson, Shelby and Bartholomew Counties, Indiana. The proposed route extends from the northwest part of Marion County southward through the city of Indianapolis to the completed section of 1-65 west of Taylorsville in Bartholomew County. Unrectified aerial photographs of a scale of l/20,000 obtained in the summer of 1941 by the United States Department of Agriculture were used in this study. The reader should be aware of the fact that, many cultural or surface features in the area have changed since the aerial photography was taken. The aerial photographic strip map is presented in a mosaic at an approximate scale of one inch representing 1,500 feet (18,000). Since unrectified aerial photographs were used, the aerial mosaic may not be matched perfectly from one to the other. The engineering soil maps were prepared by airphoto interpretation methods. The procedures used were similar to those employed in county mapping projects previously completed by the staff of the Joint Highway Research Project KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Indiana KW - Interstate highways KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313667 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457534 AU - Hanna, Steven John AU - Lott, A P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Statistical Quality Control Procedures to Production of Highway Pavement Concrete : Progress Report PY - 1965/01 SP - 148p AB - This investigation was concerned with the collection of data by a systematic procedure for the purpose of evaluating the variability present in the manufacture of portland cement concrete for highway pavements. The data were analyzed to provide information concerning the magnitude of the variance components and to provide information and illustrate procedures for the establishment of a quality control programs which could be used by the Indiana State Highway Commission. Plastic portland cement concrete was chosen as the area of investigation. The specific area was limited to concrete paving projects under contract in Indiana during the summer months of 1964. Three paving projects were selected and tests for air content slump and unit weight were made on the concrete. The projects were chosen on the basis of their geographic location in the state and the paving schedule of the contractors. Each project was performed by a different: contractor all of whom were operating under the same specification requirements. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Manufacturing KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313668 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457533 AU - Lal, Narindra Bansi AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Two Dimensional Stress-Strain Relationships of a Fine Asphalt-Aggregate System PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 151p AB - The study was undertaken to provide the equations necessary to solve a two-dimensional deformable system for a sheet-asphalt mixture knowing the boundary conditions imposed on the material. Whereas the two general two-dimensional equations of motion involve five unknowns, three independent equations were sought to solve the system completely. The required three equations were determined on the basis of experimental data obtained from two different types of laboratory tests. Uniaxial Tension and Simple Shear tests were chosen for this purpose. It was concluded that three independent stress -strain relationships exist as functions of time and temperature. These expressions contain four basic material constants which are independent of time and temperature and type of test. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Deformation curve KW - Fine aggregates KW - Shear tests KW - Tension tests KW - Uniaxial stress UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313676 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457532 AU - Evans, Eugene G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impact of Kokomo By-Pass from 1950-1964 PY - 1965/01 SP - 239p AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the "long-range" effects of a noncontrolled urban by-pass. This research was concerned with the impact that the U.S. 31 By-pass at Kokomo has had on traffic volumes, travel times, accidents, land use, and land value. Travel time, volume, and accident data illustrate the trends from 1951 through 1964. Traffic movement characteristics at the major intersections along the by-pass are shown on turning movement diagrams. An economic analysis of the travel times and accident rates on the by-pass indicated that a sizeable economic loss has been absorbed by the motorist because the Kokomo By-pass was not constructed as a fully controlled access facility. The land use growth pattern indicated that a large percentage of the development directly adjacent to the by-pass is industrial and commercial. Subdivisions have also been platted and developed adjacent to the by-pass. Land use trends indicated that the major growth of Kokomo is occurring to the east and in the vicinity of the by-pass. Land value changes have resulted as a direct consequence of the Kokomo By-pass. Land on the city side of the by-pass has shown the most pronounced increase in value while all land within the study area has shown some increases. The most significant increase in land value has occurred when land was changed from one land use to another. A portion of this study was devoted to an analysis of . the partial taking of property for right-of-way purposes. The objective of this portion of the study was to provide additional knowledge in property damage and enhancement resulting from highway improvements. KW - Access KW - Bypasses KW - Economic impacts KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Real estate development KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313675 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457528 AU - McLaughlin, Wallice Alvin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Assignment by Systems Analysis PY - 1965/01//Final Report SP - 166p AB - This research report is concerned with the assignment of traffic to a network of streets by systems techniques. Since the choice of route used by a traveller is not random, it follows that they use some general principles for route choice. A literature review of value theories and field studies governing route choice was undertaken. It was concluded from this review that various physical and psychological factors do govern the route choice made by individuals. However, a value function which would deterministically reflect the psychological factors subjectively used by the aggregate of travellers could not be determined. It was therefore postulated that cost of travel and time of travel would satisfactorily reflect the indeterminate value parameters used by an aggregate of travellers. Two types of value functions were used. One, involved a straight cost variable where cost included operating, accident, quality of flow and time costs. The other involved a variable that was a product of time and cost where the cost included all of the prior items except time. A relationship between speed and cost was developed such that a continuous value function in relation to flow could be employed. It is a hypothesis of this report that travellers will, under equilibrium conditions, distribute themselves such that between any origin and destination, the value function will be equal on the alternate paths developed by the path finding algorithm. The techniques of linear graph theory were used to assign traffic to the developed paths. To evaluate the postulated value functions, path finding algorithm and linear graph assignment techniques, a synthetic network with synthetic loadings was assigned traffic by the various current techniques and compared to the assignments of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm compared favourably with the other techniques. The city of Brockville, Ontario was used to further evaluate the technique. Assigned volumes and ground counts were compared. The results showed that the value function which employed a straight cost variable would more precisely predict the traffic flow. The results also showed that the proposed algorithm predicted trips quite accurately. KW - Algorithms KW - Costs KW - Origin and destination KW - Route choice KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic assignment KW - Travel time UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313670 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219199 ER -