TY - RPRT AN - 00207976 AU - Heins, C P AU - Schelling, D R AU - Desrosiers, R D AU - Looney, C T AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF EFFECT OF NEW VEHICLE WEIGHT LAW ON STRUCTURES PY - 1969/06 AB - THE EFFECT OF THE REVISION OF THE MARYLAND MOTOR VEHICLE WEIGHT LAW (1962-1963) ON BRIDGE STRUCTURES HAS BEEN EXAMINED BY CONSIDERING: THE ACTUAL VEHICLE LOADINGS ON PARTICULAR BRIDGES, THE ACTUAL INDUCED STRESSES, AND PROBABLE FATIGUE LIFE. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE NEW LAW HAS TENDED TO DECREASE THE LIFE OF THE VARIOUS BRIDGE STRUCTURES BY 1% TO 10% OF THE ESTIMATED LIFE PRIOR TO THE REVISION. HOWEVER, THE FINAL ESTIMATED FATIGUE LIFE CONSIDERING THE CODE REVISION IS CONSIDERABLE, THUS INDICATING NEGLIGIBLE FATIGUE DISTRESS FOR THE CRITERIA CONSIDERED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Highway capacity KW - Loads KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218057 AU - Breckwoldt, E J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTION CRACK SEALING STUDY PY - 1969/06 AB - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF "RECLAMITE" WHEN USED AS A SEALANT IS COMPARED WITH THAT OF THE MATERIAL NOW IN USE (CATIONIC EMULSFIED ASPHALT-RS-3K). THE EVALUATION WAS LIMITED TO REFLECTION CRACKS DEVELOPED IN HMAC PAVEMENTS PLACED ON PCC PAVEMENTS OR PORTLAND CEMENT STABILIZED BASES. NEITHER SEALANT WAS SATISFACTORY. FURTHER STUDIES SHOULD BE MADE TO EVALUATE OTHER MATERIALS. AT TWO SPECIFIC LOCATIONS THE JOINTS WERE 78% SEALED WITH OREIGN MATTER. IT WAS RECOMMENDED THAT OBSERVATIONS CONTINUE ON THESE UNTREATED SECTIONS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF NOT SEALING AND WHETHER SEALING IS EVEN NECESSARY OR DESIRABLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cationic emulsified asphalt KW - Concrete pavements KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Pavement cracking KW - Paving KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sealing compounds UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20038.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233724 AU - Smith, T AU - McCauley, M L AU - Mearns, R W AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF ROCK SLOPE PROTECTION MATERIAL PY - 1969/06 AB - SAMPLES OF ROCK SLOPE PROTECTION MATERIAL WERE OBTAINED AND CLASSIFIED AS "GOOD" OR "UNSATISFACTORY" ON THE BASIS OF VISUAL EXAMINATION AND PAST PERFORMANCE ON INSTALLATIONS. TEST DATA FOR THE DURABILITY AND RAPID ABRASION TESTS AND FOR THE DURABILITY ABSORPTION RATIO WERE OBTAINED AND ANALYZED. SPECIFICATIONS FOR THESE QUALITY DETERMINATION METHODS WERE ESTABLISHED. ALL OF THE NEW METHODS WERE MORE ACCURATE IN DETERMINING MATERIAL QUALITY THAN THE 1969 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS USED BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS. BECAUSE THE DURABILITY ABSORPTION RATIO IS THE MOST ACCURATE AND SHOWS LESS TENDENCY TO DISCRIMINATE AGAINST SOME ROCK TYPES, IT IS RECOMMENDED AS THE STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF ROCK SLOPE PROTECTION MATERIAL. /BPR/ KW - Abrasion tests KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Materials tests KW - Quality control KW - Rocks KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224937 AU - Leland, S AU - COLEMAN, F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A GENERAL TRAFFIC FLOW SIMULATION MODEL FOR FREEWAY OPERATIONS PY - 1969/06 AB - A TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL IS PRESENTED TOGETHER WITH A USER'S MANUAL. THE PURPOSE OF THE MODEL IS TO SIMULATE A TRAFFIC FLOW ON A FREEWAY WITH VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF DESIGN AND OPERATION. THE MODEL SHOULD SERVE HIGHWAY ENGINEERS AS A TOOL FOR INVESTIGATING, EVALUATING AND SOLVING THE EXPRESSWAY DESIGN PROBLEMS. THE MODEL CAPACITY IS FIVE MILE SECTION OF EXPRESSWAY WITH UP TO SEVEN LANES DIRECTIONALLY, TEN ON-RAMPS, AND TEN OFF-RAMPS WITH UP TO 1000 VEHICLES IN THE SYSTEM AT ANY ONE TIME. THE PROGRAM RUNNING ON THE COMMERCIAL TYPE 32K UNIVAC III TAKES UP TO THREE MINUTES IN ORDER TO SIMULATE ONE MINUTE OF REAL TIME. THE VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS CONSIDERED IN THE MODEL ARE: GAP ACCEPTANCE, DESIRED SPEED, HEADWAY PREFERENCE, ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION. THE REPORT INCLUDES A VERY BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL, ITS PHILOSOPHY, LOGIC, VALIDATION, FIELD DATA ANALYSIS, AND MODEL IMPLEMENTATION. THE PRINCIPAL LIMITATION OF THE MODEL APPEARS TO BE THAT IT DOES NOT RELATE VEHICLE PERFORMANCE TO THE PROFILE OF THE ROADWAY; THEREFORE, THE EFFECTS OF GRADES (ESPECIALLY TRUCK EFFECTS) ON CAPACITY AND TRAFFIC FLOW ARE NOT ACCOUNTABLE. /BPR/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Deceleration KW - Expressways KW - Freeway design KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Gap acceptance KW - Grades KW - Headways KW - Highway design KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237223 AU - Lytton, R L AU - Kher, R K AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PREDICTION OF MOISTURE MOVEMENT IN EXPANSIVE CLAYS PY - 1969/06 AB - TWO COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE DESCRIBED FOR DETERMINING CHANGING MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION WITH TIME. PROGRAM FLOPIP1 IS ARRANGED TO WORK ONE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS AND COMPUTER PROGRAM GCHPIP1 SOLVES MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION PROBLEMS IN TWO DIMENSIONS. THE EQUATION GOVERNING THE FLOW OF MOISTURE IS A CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENT, PARABOLIC, PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WHICH IS SOLVED NUMERICALLY USING THE IMPLICIT CRANK-NICOLSON METHOD OF MARCHING FORWARD IN TIME. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ARE WORKED TO DEMONSTRATE THE CAPABILITIES AND BREADTH OF APPLICATION OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND TO PROVE THE VALIDITY OF THE APPROACH. THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ARE CONCERNED WITH MATCHING MEASURED FIELD DATA AND WITH PRESENTING THE RESULTS OF A PARAMETER STUDY OF VARIOUS SUCTION AND PERMEABILITY FACTORS. THE FIELD DATA CAN BE DUPLICATED TO WITHIN VERY CLOSE TOLERANCES. THE TWO- DIMENSIONAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ARE ARRANGED TO DEMONSTRATE THE VERSATILITY OF COMPUTER PROGRAM GCHPIP1. PROBLEMS SOLVED INCLUDE A TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION PROBLEM, PENDING PROBLEMS, AND A PROBLEM OF PREDICTING MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN A CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE GIRDER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Consolidations KW - Expansive clays KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture movement KW - Motion KW - Partial differential equations KW - Permeability KW - Soil permeability KW - Soil suction KW - Soils KW - Suction KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207929 AU - Walker, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATION OF IMPACT ON HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1969/06 AB - THE INVESTIGATION WAS CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO OBTAIN INFORMATION WHICH MAY SERVE AS A GUIDE IN THE SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE IMPACT FACTORS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE DESIGN, AS A GUIDE FOR FUTURE WORK IN BRIDGE DYNAMICS WITH PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS TO THE PLANNING AND INTERPRETATION OF FIELD STUDIES OF BRIDGE BEHAVIOR AND AS AN AID IN PREDICTING THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF BRIDGES. ANALYSES AND PARAMETRIC STUDIES WERE MADE ON SIMPLE-SPAN, THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS AND CANTILEVER BRIDGE TYPES, LOADED BY THREE-AXLE SPRING VEHICLES. THE STUDIES WERE PRIMARILY ANALYTICAL, SUPPLEMENTED BY SMALL-SCALE LABORATORY TESTS. WHILE NO CHANGE HAS BEEN PROPOSED FOR THE IMPACT SPECIFICATION COMMONLY USED FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES, THE INVESTIGATION HAS CONTRIBUTED TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE RATIONALE WHICH SHOULD BE USED IN DEVELOPING AN IMPACT SPECIFICATION. HOWEVER, A CHANGE IN THE IMPACT SPECIFICATION IS NOT WARRANTED UNTIL A RE-EXAMINATION HAS BEEN MADE OF LOADING CONDITIONS, DESIGN LOADS, METHODS OF COMPUTATION OF THE STATIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION OF BRIDGES AND THE GENERAL PHILOSOPHY OF SETTING FATIGUE AND DEFLECTION CRITERIA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Design load KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Impact factor KW - Life span KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Simple span KW - Static loads KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00209021 AU - Goodpasture, D W AU - Goodwin, W A AU - Tennessee Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHASE I REPORT ON AN EVALUATION OF BRIDGE VIBRATION AS RELATED TO BRIDGE DECK PERFORMANCE PY - 1969/05/26 AB - A SERIES OF FIELD TESTS WAS CONDUCTED ON 11 TYPICAL HIGHWAY BRIDGES IN TENNESSEE TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF BRIDGE VIBRATION ON BRIDGE DECK PERFORMANCE. THE THEORETICAL FREQUENCIES AND STATIC DEFLECTIONS DUE TO THE CONTROL LOAD WERE COMPUTED FOR EACH BRIDGE. A WILD THEODOLITE WAS USED TO VISUALLY OBSERVE THE AMOUNT OF DEFLECTION CAUSED BY THE CONTROL LOAD. THE CONTROL LOAD WAS A SCALES TRUCK WITH A GROSS LOAD OF ABOUT 36,000 POUNDS. THE TRUCK WAS DRIVEN OVER THE BRIDGE AT CRAWL SPEED, 20 MPH AND 40 MPH. A COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE STATIC DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS AND THE COMPUTATION OF THE NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF VIBRATION AND ASSOCIATED MODAL SHAPES FOR ANY BRIDGE. THE PROGRAM USES A FINITE DIFFERENCE TECHNIQUE TO FORMULATE THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS. ONE BRIDGE WAS INSTRUMENTED WITH FOIL STRAIN GAGES AT FIVE LOCATIONS TO CHECK THE GAGING TECHNIQUE AND DETERMINE THE STRAINS CREATED IN THE BRIDGE DUE TO NORMAL TRAFFIC. TRANSVERSE CRACKING WAS MORE EVIDENT ON THE BRIDGES SUBJECTED TO HIGHER VOLUMES OF TRAFFIC. THE CONTINUOUS SPAN STEEL BRIDGES DISPLAYED THE MOST CRACKING THAT COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH TRAFFIC INDUCED VIBRATIONS. VARIABLES WHICH DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF BRIDGE VIBRATION ON BRIDGE DECK PERFORMANCE ARE CONSTRUCTION METHODS, SELECTION AND HANDLING OF MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN. BRIDGES WITH HIGHER FREQUENCIES GENERALLY HAD THE LEAST AMOUNT OF CRACKING. THE HIGHER FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCIES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CONCRETE AND PRESTRESSED BRIDGES. KW - Bridge decks KW - Computer programs KW - Construction management KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Control KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Finite differences KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Highway bridges KW - Loads KW - Materials management KW - Metal bridges KW - Mix design KW - Performance KW - Steel bridges KW - Strain gages KW - Theodolites KW - Traffic KW - Transverse cracking KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/103084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227287 AU - Andrews, F C AU - System Development Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STATISTICAL THEORY OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON HIGHWAYS- PART II, THREE-CAR INTERACTIONS AND THE ONSET OF QUEUING PY - 1969/05/15 AB - THE MODEL OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON HIGHWAYS INTRODUCED IN A PREVIOUS PAPER (T-1089) IS ANALYZED IN THE FORM OF AN EXPANSION IN DENSITY FOR STEADY-STATE FLOW ON UNIFORM ROADWAYS. CORRECTIONS ARE DEVELOPED TO ACCOUNT FOR THREE-CAR INTERACTIONS, WHICH INVOLVE TWO-CAR QUEUES. THE INTERESTING PROBABILITIES ARE DERIVED TO THIS ORDER AND SAMPLES ARE WORKED OUT SHOWING THE INITIATION OF DECREASED AVERAGE SPEED DUE TO QUEUING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Average spot speed KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Queuing KW - Statistics KW - Steady state KW - Theory KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454671 AU - Nakkash, Tamman Zaki AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Activity-Accessibility Models of Trip Generation : Progress Report PY - 1969/05/06 SP - 259p AB - This research examined the trip generation process with the specific purpose of evaluating the effect of activity-accessibility variables on trip generation The study utilized data obtained from the surveys for the Indianapolis Regional Transportation and Development Study (IRTADS). Multiple linear regression predictive models of person-trip productions and attractions, by purpose, were developed. The developed models differ from the traditional trip generation models. The independent variables were not restricted to socio-economic and land use measures of the zones, but included also measures of the relative accessibility of the zone to different activities and land uses. The locational aspects that affect trip generation were also investigated. It was hypothesized that central locations in the study area, generally, afford greater accessibility; and the convergence of the street network on the city center favors the core location. The zones of the study area were stratified into two groups: a central and a non central. This stratification was entered as an independent dummy- variable in the trip generation analysis A comparison of the forecast trip generation by the suggested approach with the forecast by the traditional approach was conducted. KW - Accessibility KW - Activity choices KW - Forecasting KW - Gravity models KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Trip generation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313753 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454518 AU - Berg, William D AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Accident Analysis at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings in Urban Areas : Technical Paper PY - 1969/05/06 SP - 40p AB - The purposes of this research Investigation were to develop mathematical models that measure the relative safety or hazard of urban grade crossings and to establish a priority rating system, based on these models, for determining protection improvements in urban areas. The mathematical techniques of discriminant analysis and regression analysis were utilized to develop discriminant models with linearly assigned probabilities. These models permit potential hazards to be expressed as the probability that a grade crossing is accident prone. A grade crossing where a vehicle-train accident had occurred during a two-year period was considered as a representative member of the population of accident prone crossings. A location which had not experienced a vehicle-train accident for at least five years prior to the date of the field investigation was assumed as a representative member of the population of non-accident prone grade crossings. Data were collected at 295 accident locations and 281 non-accident locations in urban portions of the State of Indiana. The best discriminant model is 74-percent successful in classifying the true group membership of the sample grade crossings. This model expresses potential hazard as a function of protective device, average daily highway traffic, average daily train traffic, degree of effective sight distance, and roadside distractions. A methodology was developed for selecting a minimum level of grade crossing protection and for establishing priorities for the improvement of protection at urban railroad-highway grade crossings. KW - Crash analysis KW - Discriminant analysis KW - High risk locations KW - Mathematical models KW - Protection KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Regression analysis KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313754 UR - http://ia600403.us.archive.org/20/items/accidentanalysis00berg/accidentanalysis00berg.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454452 AU - Turner, A Keith AU - Miles, Robert Douglas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Computer-Aided Regional Highway Location Studies : Technical Paper PY - 1969/05/06 SP - 47p AB - Present highway location procedures concentrate on the geometric and economic aspects of only a few alternatives. New techniques are required to assist the design engineer in rapidly generating and objectively assessing larger numbers of alternatives, particularly during the initial planning phases when regional studies are undertaken and generalized corridors determined. A prototype model of a "Generalized Computer-Aided Route Selection (GCARS) System" has been designed and tested at two Indiana test sites. The GCARS System utilizes the man and machine according to their capabilities; the man controls the analysis and makes assessments of alternatives on the basis of data storage, retrieval, and manipulation functions undertaken by the computer. Information exchanges are facilitated through the use of statistical and graphical displays. The system processes suitable measures of each highway location factor selected by the engineer to produce a series of utility surfaces. These surfaces may be combined in various proportions to produce multiple factor utility surfaces. Repeated minimum path analysis of these utility surfaces generates a series of alternative locations between any origin and destination, in terms of selected location factors alone or in combination. The sensitivity of the locations to the various factors and combinations is measured by comparing subsequent choices to the first choice. These procedures are illustrated by examples from the test studies. The results show how the selection of new highway corridors is affected by the various location factors reflecting either construction costs or service benefits. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Route surveying KW - Routes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314504 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454450 AU - Tanguay, Marc Giles AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Aerial Photography of Multispectral Remote Sensing for Engineering Soils Mapping : Progress Report PY - 1969/05/06 SP - 353p AB - This research investigated color aerial photography and other remote sensing techniques including multispectral imagery and their application to engineering soil mapping. The principal objectives were to study the incremental gain in information through the use of these techniques and to determine the cost savings if any. Other objectives included (1) the investigation of some of the variables influencing the reflectance of materials and their diurnal thermal behavior, as it affects thermal imagery; and (2) the generation of engineering soils maps by computer analysis of digitized multispectral data. A test corridor was selected from Indianapolis southwest to Bedford. Laboratory investigations included spectral reflectance of characteristic soil and rock samples. Field investigations included infrared radiometer readings, temperature and moisture measurements at different test sites, and diurnal apparent temperature measurements obtained for periods of 24 and 49 hours for characteristic materials. KW - Aerial photography KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Engineering soils KW - Multispectral imagery KW - Remote sensing KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314505 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218048 AU - Hargett, E R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - WINTER MAINTENANCE OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS PY - 1969/05 AB - THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS ARE DESCRIBED OF A TWO-YEAR STUDY ON THE MATERIALS EQUIPMENT AND PRACTICES USED BY THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT FOR WINTER MAINTENANCE OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS. THE FIRST SECTION DESCRIBES AND SUMMARIZES RESULTS OF A FIELD SURVEY DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY CURRENT PRACTICES AND PROBLEMS (DETAILED RESULTS ARE SHOWN IN APPENDIX A). MOST OF THE DISTRICTS INDICATED THEY HAD SEVER- AL SPECIFIC PROBLEM AREAS. THOSE AREAS MOST FREQUENTLY MENTIONED WERE SLICK PAVEMENTS, LOCALIZED FAILURES, RUTTING, SETTLEMENTS AND CRACKING. SEVERAL PROBLEM AREAS WERE SELECTED FOR INTENSIVE INVESTIGATION IN ORDER TO DEVELOP IMPROVED MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND PRACTICES FOR REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES. THESE INCLUDED CRACKING, POT HOLES, EDGE RAVELING AND POOR WORKABILITY OF COLD-LAY PATCHING MIXTURES. THE RESULTS OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS ARE DESCRIBED IN THE SECOND SECTION OF THE REPORT. CONCEPTS AND PRELIMINARY DESIGNS FOR SOME EQUIPMENT UNITS WERE DEVELOPED. A TEST FOR WORKABILITY OF COLD-LAY MIXTURES WAS DEVELOPED AND TESTED (DETAILS IN APPENDIX B). A CONCEPT OF PELLETIZING MIXTURES WAS EXPLORED BY PREPARING SMALL BATCHES IN THE LABORATORY, TESTING FOR WORKABILITY AND STABILITY AND PLACING TEST PATCHES. SEVERAL OTHER ITEMS WERE SUBJECTED TO PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS. THE FINAL SECTION OF THE REPORT CONTAINS A DIGEST AND COMMENTS ON THE CAUSES, CURRENT REMEDIAL ACTIVITIES AND POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS TO ALLEVIATE TEN WIDESPREAD PROBLEM AREAS IN THE WINTER MAINTENANCE OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS. /BPR/ KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cold weather KW - Operations KW - Patching KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Plastic deformation KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212059 AU - Pratt, H A AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE TEST CYLINDERS PY - 1969/05 AB - CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DATA FROM BRIDGE PROJECTS COVERING A 2-YEAR PERIOD WERE COMPILED AND COMPUTER PROCESSED IN A STUDY ATTEMPTING TO VERIFY SUSPECTED VARIATIONS IN STRENGTH, AND TO RELATE STRENGTHS TO POSSIBLE CAUSES OF VARIATIONS. CONCRETE STRENGTHS FOR 1966 WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE FOR 1965 FOR THE SAME TYPE OF MIX. CORRELATIONS WERE ALSO CALCULATED COMPARING CYLINDER STRENGTH WITH SUCH VARIABLES AS WATER, SLUMP, AIR CONTENT, AND THE FINENESS MODULUS OF THE FINE AGGREGATE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air content KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete tests KW - Fine aggregates KW - Fineness KW - Fineness modulus KW - Mix design KW - Modulus KW - Moisture content KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slump test KW - Slumps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222583 AU - Larrabee, E E AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AUTOMOBILE DYNAMICS-COMPARISON OF CORNERING AND RIDE RESPONSE PREDICTIONS WITH LINEAR THEORY AND WITH A NON- LINEAR COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - 1969/05 AB - A SERIES OF LINEARIZED SMALL PERTURBATION ANALYSES MADE OF THE RIDE AND LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL MOTIONS OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE VEHICLE ARE DOCUMENTED. RESPONSE PREDICTIONS BASED ON LINEAR THEORY ARE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE 11-DEGREE OF FREEDOM NONLINEAR MATHEMATICAL MODEL WHICH HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY VALIDATED. THIS REPORT SHOWS THAT RESPONSE PREDICTIONS BASED ON SIMPLE LINEAR MODELS FOR SEPARATE RIDE AND LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL MOTIONS, CAN BE MADE TO FIT THE MORE COMPLEX NONLINEAR SIMULATION RESULTS FOR SMALL INPUT LEVELS (E.G., A RIDE DISTURBANCE OF 1 INCH AMPLITUDE WITH NO CORNERING, AND A LATERAL ACCELERATION OF 0.25G ON FLAT, HORIZONTAL TERRAIN.). HOWEVER, AS THE MAGNITUDES OF THE INPUTS ARE INCREASED, THE COMPUTER SIMULATION EXHIBITS EFFECTS OF NONLINEARITIES BEYOND THE SCOPE OF LINEAR THEORY THAT ARE WELL KNOWN IN COMPETITION DRIVING. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Lateral movement KW - Linear systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Perturbation theory KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207914 AU - Patterson, P J AU - Corrado, J A AU - Huang, J S AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PROOF-TESTS OF TWO SLENDER-WEB WELDED PLATE GIRDERS PY - 1969/05 AB - THE TESTING OF TWO FULL-SIZE SLENDER-WEB WELDED PLATE GIRDERS IS DESCRIBED FOR THE PURPOSE OF ASCERTAINING THE ACCEPTABILITY OF PROPOSED DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BRIDGE GIRDERS UNDER REPEATED LOADING. THE GIRDERS WERE 32 FT.-6 IN. AND 35 FT-3 IN. LONG WITH ONE-QUARTER INCH WEBS, RESULTING IN NOMINAL WEB SLENDERNESS RATIOS OF 200 AND 380. PANEL ASPECT RATIOS RANGED FROM 1.0 TO 1.50. ASTM A36 MATERIAL WAS USED. THESE GIRDERS WERE SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADING TO 2.2 AND 4.5 MILLION CYCLES RESPECTIVELY WITHOUT DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE CRACKS AND WERE TESTED SUBSEQUENTLY UNDER STATIC LOADS TO DETERMINE THE ADEQUACY OF THE STIFFENERS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS ARE SUFFICIENTLY CONSERVATIVE FOR ORDINARY BRIDGE PLATE GIRDERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aspect ratio KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Load tests KW - Plate girders KW - Ratios KW - Repeated loads KW - Slenderness ratio KW - Static loads KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Structural design KW - Thinness KW - Webbing KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224917 AU - Ringland, R AU - Alex, F AU - Cassel, A AU - Farber, E AU - Reilly, R AU - CAMERON, B AU - Weir, D AU - Franklin Institute AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OVERTAKING & PASSING UNDER ADVERSE VISIBILITY CONDITIONS, VOL 1-4 PY - 1969/05 AB - THE RESEARCH REPORTED REPRESENTS ONE PART OF AN OVERALL PROGRAM TO DEVELOP A SYSTEM OR SYSTEMS TO ASSIST DRIVERS IN SOLVING DISCRIMINATION AND JUDGMENT PROBLEMS ON RURAL HIGHWAYS THAT LEAD TO HAZARDOUS OVERTAKING AND PASSING SITUATIONS AND TO REDUCTIONS IN LEVEL OF SERVICE. THE STUDY SOUGHT TO DEFINE THE REQUIREMENTS OF OVERTAKING AND PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS IN TERMS OF BOTH DRIVER JUDGMENT AND CONTROL PROCESSES UNDER ADVERSE VISIBILITY CONDITIONS. THE REPORT IS PRESENTED IN FOUR VOLUMES. VOLUME I, A SUMMARY REPORT, DISCUSSES THE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM AND DESCRIBES THEIR RELATION TO THE TECHNICAL APPROACHES ADOPTED BY THE INVESTIGATORS. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PRESENTED AND THE RESEARCH SUPPORTING THEM IS SUMMARIZED. VOLUME II REPORTS ON THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM DEVOTED TO DRIVER JUDGMENT AND DECISION-MAKING IN ACCELERATIVE PASSES UNDER ADVERSE VISIBILITY CONDITIONS ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. THE GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH IS DISCUSSED AND THE OBJECTIVES, PROCEDURES, AND RESULTS OF FIVE EXPERIMENTS ARE PRESENTED IN DETAIL. VOLUME III, PREPARED BY BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC., REPORTS ON DRIVER BEHAVIOR IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE OVERTAKING STATE TO THE FOLLOWING STATE AND FOR ONCOMING-CAR-LIMITED FLYING PASSES UNDER ADVERSE VISIBILITY CONDITIONS. A SERIES OF SEVEN CONTROLLED FIELD EXPERIMENTS DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY THE VISUAL AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS UNDERLYING DRIVER DECISIONS AND ACTIONS IN OVERTAKING AND PASSING MANEUVERS ARE PRESENTED. VOLUME IV, PREPARED BY SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC., DESCRIBES RESEARCH ON DRIVER CONTROL DURING OVERTAKING AND PASSING MANEUVERS. THE REPORT PRESENTS ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WHICH SHOW THE EFFECT OF ADVERSE PERCEPTUAL AND ROADWAY CONDITIONS ON DRIVER STEERING RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE. A MAIN RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH IS THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN OPERATIONAL MODEL FOR THE DRIVER/VEHICLE/ROADWAY SYSTEM WHICH CAN BE USED IN IDENTIFYING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN THIS AREA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Behavior KW - Control KW - Decision making KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Level of service KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Passing KW - Personnel performance KW - Rural highways KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212053 AU - Bukovatz, J E AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FIELD EXPOSURE OF CONCRETE SPECIMENS PY - 1969/05 AB - IN 1961 AND 1962, TEST BLOCK SPECIMENS WERE PREPARED FROM SLABS OF CONCRETE MADE WITH THE FACTORS OF SLUMP, VIBRATION, AND ADMIXTURES AS VARIABLES. THE BLOCKS WERE TESTED UNDER NATURAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, AND DURING THE COLD SEASON FREEZE-THAW CYCLES WERE EXPERIENCED BY USING SODIUM AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE, EITHER SEPARATELY OR COMBINED AS THE DEICING MATERIAL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Admixtures KW - Calcium chloride KW - Climate KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Slabs KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Sodium chloride KW - Specimens KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215902 AU - Brewster, D R AU - Capelli, J T AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN EVALUATION OF EMULSION-TYPE PAVEMENT MARKING PAINTS PY - 1969/05 AB - THE EMULSION OR WATERBASE TYPE PAINTS WERE FIELD TESTED IN 1964 AND 1967 TO EVALUATE THEIR PERFORMANCE AS PAVEMENT MARKINGS. ALSO INVESTIGATED WERE THE EFFECTS ON DURABILITY OF PRE-HEATING THE EMULSIONS. AS A RESULT OF THESE FIELD TESTS IT WAS FOUND THAT THE EMULSION TYPE TRAFFIC PAINT WOULD NOT BE A SUITABLE REPLACEMENT FOR NEW YORK STATE'S STANDARD MODIFIED ALKYO PAINTS. THE USEFUL LIFE OF THE EMULSIONS DID NOT EXCEED THREE MONTHS ON BITUMINOUS SURFACES AND FOUR MONTHS ON PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SURFACES. IN ADDITION, THE EMULSION PAINTS PLACED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE APPEARED TO OUT-PERFORM THOSE THAT WERE HEATED, HOWVER, THE RAPID DETERIORATION OF THE PAINT STRIPES MADE A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS ON DURABILITY OF PRE-HEATING DIFFICULT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alkyd resins KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Emulsions KW - Field tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Preheating KW - Road marking materials KW - Surface treating KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218039 AU - Pattengill, M G AU - Crumpton, C F AU - McCaskill, G A AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SPOT TREATMENT OF HOLLOW AREAS BY REBONDING WITH INJECTED EPOXY RESIN PY - 1969/05 AB - CERTAIN TYPES OF EPOXY CAN BE USED TO REBOND NEAR- HORIZONTAL FRACTURES IN CONCRETE USING SIMPLIFIED INJECTION EQUIPMENT. THE FRACTURES ARE OFTEN CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE REINFORCING STEEL OR WITH LARGE AGGREGATE PARTICLES. THIS METHOD OF REPAIR IS RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE, NOT TIME CONSUMING, AND CAN BE DONE WITH LITTLE EQUIPMENT AS COMPARED TO OTHER REPAIR TECHNIQUES. FURTHERMORE THE ORIGINAL DECK SURFACE IS RETAINED. SURVEYS OF THE REBONDED AREAS, TWO YEARS AFTER REBONDING, SHOWED THAT ONLY 15 PER CENT OF THE AREAS REBONDED WERE AGAIN HOLLOW. THIS IS IN CONTRAST TO A 130 PER CENT AVERAGE YEARLY INCREASE IN THE HOLLOW AREAS OVER A FIVE YEAR PERIOD IN THE NON-BONDED AREAS. THIS TECHNIQUE HOLDS PROMISE FOR HOLLOW PLANE REPAIR IN BRIDGE DECKS. BETTER RESULTS COULD POSSIBLY BE OBTAINED WITH MORE REFINED INJECTION EQUIPMENT, OTHER EPOXY TYPES, OR DIFFERENT LIQUID ADHESIVES SUCH AS CERTAIN ELASTOMERS MORE SUITED TO THIS PURPOSE. /BPR/ KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Epoxy resins KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Injection KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239041 AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Milwaukee County, Wisconsin TI - AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TRANSIT EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS FOR MILWAUKEE COUNTY PY - 1969/05 AB - THE SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION (SEWRPC) PRODUCED, IN THE FALL OF 1966, A REGIONAL LAND-USE TRANSPORTATION PLAN. AS A PART OF ITS PROPOSED TRANSPORTATION PLAN, SEWRPC RECOMMENDED THAT A NEW MASS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BE CREATED TO SERVE THE MILWAUKEE METROPOLITAN AREA. A MASS TRANSIT PLANNING STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN BASED ON THIS RECOMMENDATION. THIS REPORT, PART OF THE MASS TRANSIT PLANNING STUDY, CONTAINS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXISTING TRANSIT SYSTEMS AS WELL AS PRINCIPAL EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS NOW IN VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS, AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF A SYSTEM MOST APPROPRIATE TO MILWAUKEE. /FHWA/ KW - Bus transportation KW - Equipment KW - Land use KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215917 AU - Azar, D G AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF PAINTS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL-NORMAL ATMOSPHERE PY - 1969/05 AB - VARIOUS PAINT SYSTEMS WERE STUDIED IN AN EFFORT TO MINIMIZE THE CORROSION PROBLEM WHICH EXISTS IN LOUISIANA. THE MAJOR FINDINGS ARE PRESENTED, INCLUDING THOSE FROM A CORRELATED STUDY OF FIELD AND ACCELERATED EXPOSURES. EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON THE ACTUAL CORRELATION OF FIELD AND ACCELERATED EXPOSURES OF PAINT FILMS AND EVALUATING THE BEST PAINT SYSTEM. RESULTS INDICATED THE FOLLOWING: (1) LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAY (LDH) SPECIFICATION OF THREE COATS OF RED LEAD, MIL THICKNESS 4.5 AND ONE COAT OF ALUMINUM, MIL THICKNESS 1.0, MAY BE REDUCED TO TWO COATS OF RED LEAD, MIL THICKNESS 4.0, AND ONE COAT OF ALUMINUM, MIL THICKNESS 1.0, AND YIELD EXCELLENT PROTECTION. (2) THE CORRELATION OF WEATHEROMETER EXPOSURE TO FIELD EXPOSURE IS AS FOLLOWS: BATON ROUGE AREA - ONE HOUR WEATHEROMETER EXPOSURE = 15 HOURS FIELD EXPOSURE; CHASE AREA - ONE HOUR WEATHEROMETER EXPOSURE = 17 HOURS FIELD EXPOSURE; AND HOUMA AREA - ONE HOUR WEATHEROMETER EXPOSURE = 16 HOURS FIELD EXPOSURE. (3) THE MOST ECONOMICAL PAINT SYSTEM STUDIED FOR STRAIGHT ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE WAS LDH SPECIFICATION RED LEAD PRIMER AND LDH SPECIFICATION ALUMINUM TOPCOAT, BASED MAINLY UPON THE ABILITY OF THE ALUMINUM TOPCOAT TO REPEL ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT WAVES. (4) THE FIELD EXPOSURE IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL LOUISIANA APPEARS TO BE LESS SEVERE THAN IN SOUTHERN LOUISIANA. /BPR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aluminum KW - Correlation analysis KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion tests KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Paint KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Protective coatings KW - Red lead KW - Specifications KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225610 AU - Farber, E AU - Cassel, A AU - Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OVERTAKING AND PASSING UNDER ADVERSE VISIBILITY CONDITIONS - VOLUME I, SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1969/05 AB - THE RESEARCH REPORTED IN THIS STUDY REPRESENTS ONE PART OF AN OVERALL PROGRAM TO DEVELOP A SYSTEM OR SYSTEMS TO HELP DRIVERS SOLVE DISCRIMINATION AND JUDGMENT PROBLEMS ON RURAL HIGHWAYS THAT LEAD TO HAZARDOUS OVERTAKING PASSING SITUATIONS AND REDUCTIONS IN LEVEL OF SERVICE. THE STUDY SOUGHT TO DEFINE THE REQUIREMENTS OF OVERTAKING AND PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS IN TERMS OF BOTH DRIVER JUDGMENT AND CONTROL PROCESSES UNDER ADVERSE VISIBILITY CONDITIONS. VOLUME I DISCUSSES GOALS AND OBJECTIVES AND DESCRIBES THEIR RELATION TO THE TECHNICAL APPROACHES ADOPTED BY THE INVESTIGATORS. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PRESENTED AND THE RESEARCH SUPPORTING THEM IS SUMMARIZED. THE BEST TYPE OF INFORMATION TO PRESENT TO THE DRIVER IS A DISPLAY OF LEAD-CAR-ON-COMING-CAR TIME SEPARATION. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE VELOCITY AND DISTANCE JUDGMENTS IN SITUATIONS WHERE A TIME DISPLAY WOULD NOT BE FEASIBLE WERE ALSO MADE. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING PERFORMANCE DURING OVERTAKING AND PASSING MANEUVERS INCLUDED SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE ROADWAY, STANDARDIZING MARKINGS AND PASSING ZONES, PROPER VEHICLE DESIGN AND OPERATION, AND DRIVING TRAINING IN PASSING TASKS. KW - Distance KW - Driver training KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Level of service KW - Passing KW - Road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Time KW - Traffic marking KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicles KW - Velocity KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206391 AU - Walker, R S AU - Roberts, F L AU - Hudson, W R AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A PROFILE MEASURING, RECORDING AND PROCESSING SYSTEM PY - 1969/05 AB - A DESCRIPTION OF THE SURFACE DYNAMICS PROFILOMETER MEASURING SYSTEM IS INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS SYSTEM IS TO PROVIDE THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT WITH THE CAPABILITY TO MEASURE AND EVALUATE HIGHWAY PROFILES. THE PROFILOMETER MEASURING SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF TWO ROAD-FOLLOWING WHEELS MOUNTED ON TRAILING ARMS BENEATH A VEHICLE, ONE IN EACH WHEEL PATH. THE WHEELS ARE HELD IN CONTACT WITH THE ROAD BY A 300-LB SPRING FORCE. THE RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN THE VEHICLE AND THE ROAD-FOLLOWING WHEEL IS MEASURED BY A POTENTIOMETER WHILE THE ACCELEROMETER MEASURES THE ACCELERATION OF THE VEHICLE BODY. THESE SIGNALS ARE INPUT INTO A SPECIAL PURPOSE ANALOG COMPUTER CARRIED IN THE MEASURING VEHICLE. THE COMPUTER INTEGRATES THE ACCELERATION SIGNAL TWICE AND ADDS TO IT THE POTENTIOMETER SIGNAL. THIS SIGNAL IS CONDITIONED, DEPENDING ON THE FILTER SELECTION; TO MAKE THE RIGHT AND LEFT PROFILES. SINCE THESE DATA ARE IN ANALOG FORM, AND DIGITAL PROCESSING WAS CONSIDERED DESIRABLE, AN ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED. IT IS DESCRIBED IN DETAIL. AN OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR USE WITH THE PROFILOMETER IS PRESENTED ALONG WITH DETAILED CALIBRATION PROCEDURES FOR BOTH THE PROFILE-COMPUTER AND THE SENSING DEVICES. AN ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM INCLUDES AN EXPERIMENT WHICH WAS CONDUCTED TO CHECK THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE CALIBRATION SIGNALS, THE ERRORS IN THE DIGITIZATION PROCESS, AND VERIFICATION OF THE OVERALL FREQUENCY-RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerometers KW - Analog computers KW - Analog to digital converters KW - Calibration KW - Highways KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Potentiometers KW - Profiles KW - Profilometers KW - Recording KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214505 AU - Ivey, D L AU - Dunlap, W A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DESIGN PROCEDURE COMPARED TO FULL SCALE TESTS OF DRILLED SHAFT FOOTINGS PY - 1969/05 AB - A THEORY WHICH WILL PREDICT THE ULTIMATE RESISTANCE OF A DRILLED SHAFT FOOTING TO OVERTURNING LOADS WAS PRESENTED IN RESEARCH REPORT 105-1 AND WAS CORRELATED WITH MODEL TESTS REPORTED IN RESEARCH REPORT 105-2. IN THIS PAPER THE RESULTS OF FULL-SCALE TESTS ON DRILLED SHAFT FOOTINGS ARE PRESENTED AND COMPARED TO A "TENTATIVE DESIGN PROCEDURE" BASED ON THE PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED THEORY. DESIGN CURVES ARE GIVEN AS A PART OF THE DESIGN PROCEDURE, WHICH RESULT IN EASY APPLICATION OF THE THEORY. ALSO INCLUDED IS AN EXAMPLE PROBLEM AND A SECTION ON ESTIMATING THE SOIL PARAMETERS NECESSARY FOR THE DESIGN OF THESE FOOTINGS. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY HAVE NOW REACHED THE STAGE WHERE FULL IMPLEMENTATION CAN BE ACHIEVED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Breaking loads KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Drilling KW - Footings KW - Full scale specimens KW - Model tests KW - Overturning KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Specimens KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214502 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONSTRUCTION OF THE WHITEWATER EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT PY - 1969/05 AB - THE CONSTRUCTION, INSTRUMENTATION, AND INITIAL DATA EVALUATION ARE DESCRIBED OF A SMALL EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT FIVE MILES SOUTH OF GRAND JUNCTION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH PROJECT IS TO ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE THE SOURCE AND CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MOISTURE WHICH COLLECTS ON THE TOP OF SUBGRADES COVERED BY OPEN-GRADED SUBBASE MATERIAL. TWO TEST SECTIONS WERE SET UP IN THE SPRING OF 1968 IN A SHALE CUT. EACH HAD A 24-INCH DEEP OPEN-GRADED GRANULAR SUBBASE AND A 3 1/4 INCH ASPHALT SURFACE MAT. IN THE TEST SECTION, A PLASTIC MEMBRANE WAS USED TO PROTECT THE SUBGRADE FROM MOISTURE GENERATED IN THE SUBBASE. IN THE CONTROL SECTION, NO PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE WAS PROVIDED. FOR THE FIRST SIX MONTHS, IT APPEARED THAT THE PLASTIC MEMBRANE BETWEEN THE SUBBASE AND THE SUBGRADE PREVENTED A MOISTURE GAIN IN THE SUBGRADE, BUT AFTER THE SPRING THAW THE MOISTURE IN THE SUBGRADE OF THE TEST SECTION CLOSELY APPROXIMATED THE MOISTURE IN THE SUBGRADE OF THE CONTROL SECTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Granular materials KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Plastics KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Shale KW - Soil water KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Surface treating KW - Test sections KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207911 AU - Zuk, W AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DOUBLE PLATED STEEL BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1969/04/10 AB - FOUR SPECIAL COMPOSITE TEST PANELS WERE FABRICATED AND TESTED. THESE TEST PANELS CONSISTED OF TWO THIN PARALLEL STEEL PLATES HELD TOGETHER BY A GROUP OF THIN STUDS WELDED TO THE PLATES. THE SPACE BETWEEN THE PLATES WAS FILLED WITH AN EXPANDING CEMENT - LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. TWO TEST PANELS WERE TESTED IN FLEXURE, AND TWO IN DIRECT COMPRESSION. THE OBJECT OF THIS PILOT STUDY WAS TO SEE HOW SUCH SANDWICH PANELS BEHAVED UNDER LOAD. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF THE PANELS WAS 50 PERCENT GREATER THAN COMPARABLE REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS. HOWEVER, CRACKS APPEARED EARLY IN THE TESTS. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge decks KW - Compression tests KW - Cracking KW - Expansive cement KW - Flexure KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Metal bridges KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Sandwich construction KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel plates KW - Studs KW - Testing KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230696 AU - McDonald, E B AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXPERIMENTAL STABILIZATION OF PIERRE SHALE - PROJECT F 039-1 (1) LYMAN COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1969/04 AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A FIELD STUDY ON THE STABILIZATION OF PIERRE SHALE BY LIME, LIME-ASPHALT, PHOSPHORIC ACID PLUS FERRIC SULFATE AND PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY STABILIZER (PDC). THE OBJECTIVE OF STABILIZATION WAS TO PREVENT WARPING OF ROAD SURFACES BY TREATMENT OF HIGHLY EXPANSIVE IN-PLACE SOILS AND TO DETERMINE IF CHEMICAL TREATMENT WAS MORE EFFECTIVE AND MORE ECONOMICAL FOR REDUCING WARPING THAN REPLACEMENT WITH NON-EXPANSIVE SOILS. TO EVALUATE THE PERMANENCY OF TREATMENT, STABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF WARPING CONTROL AND MAINTENANCE COSTS ANNUAL COMPARATIVE LIQUID LIMIT, PI, CALCIUM CARBONATE, MODIFIED FIELD AND LABORATORY CBR, MOISTURE-DENSITY, VOLUME CHANGE, PH AND PLATE LOAD TESTS WERE PERFORMED. PRECISE LEVEL DATA AND HIGH SPEED ROUGHOMETER RESULTS WERE CORRELATED TO DETERMINE WARPING EFFECTS ON RIDABILITY. FROST PENETRATION, PATCHING AND CRACK STUDIES WERE MADE TO PROVIDE RELATIVE MAINTENANCE COSTS. BASED ON SERVICEABILITY INDEX RATINGS, ALL OF THE STABILIZED SECTIONS, EXCEPT PHOSPHORIC ACID, ARE SUPERIOR TO THE STANDARD DESIGN WITH RESPECT TO REDUCING SURFACE WARPING, OVERALL, IT APPEARS THAT IME- TREATED SOIL IS MORE ECONOMICAL THAN USING NON-EXPANSIVE SOILS BY REDUCING THE LONG-RANGE MAINTENANCE COSTS. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chemically treated bases KW - Economics KW - Ferric sulfate KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Phosphoric acid KW - Prevention KW - Replacing KW - Riding qualities KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Shale KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Stabilizers KW - Sulfates KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Warpage KW - Warping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206373 AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Pattengill, M G AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SPECIAL STUDY OF BLUE RAPIDS BRIDGE DECK PY - 1969/04 AB - THE LOCATION AND PROGRESS OF THE SPALL AND HOLLOW PLANE TYPE OF DAMAGE OCCURRING IN A SCALE FREE AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE DECK OF A PONY TRUSS BRIDGE NEAR BLUE RAPIDS, KANSAS WAS STUDIED BY 'TAPPING AND MAPPING'. MAPS WERE MADE TWICE EACH YEAR BETWEEN AUGUST 1931 AND MAY 1964 TO SHOW THE PROGRESS OF THE DAMAGE. THESE STUDIES REVEALED THAT THE DAMAGE INCREASED FAR MORE DURING THE WINTER THAN DURING THE SUMMER. FREEZE-THAW OF WATER ENTERING A PRE-EXISTING PLANE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MAJOR CAUSE OF THE INCREASE IN DAMAGE. FREEZE-THAW SUSCEPTIBLE AND ALKALI- REACTIVE CHERT COARSE AGGREGATES CAUSED POPOUTS AND CONTRIBUTED TO THE FORMATION AND EXTENSION OF HOLLOW AREAS AND SURFACE SPALLS. VIBRATIONS DUE TO LIVE LOADS ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO THE FORMATION AND EXTENSION OF THE FRACTURE PLANES. PACHOMETERS WERE USED TO MAKE BAR DEPTH MAPS OF MORE THAN ONE-FOURTH OF THE DECK SURFACE IN AREAS OF HEAVY DAMAGE AND IN AREAS OF VERY LITTLE DAMAGE. THESE MAPS REVEALED THAT DAMAGE WAS RELATED TO SHALLOW STEEL. SURFACE SPALLS WERE PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED WITH STEEL LESS THAN 1 INCH DEEP AND HOLLOW AREAS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH STEEL UP TO 1-1/2 INCHES DEEP. STEEL 2 INCHES OR MORE DEEP WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH SPALLS OR HOLLOW AREAS. THERE WAS A SHARP DECREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE WHEN THE AVERAGE STEEL DEPTH EXCEEDED 1-1/2 INCHES. DAMAGE BEGAN PRIMARILY AT THE SHALLOWEST STEEL AND PROGRESSED TO DEEPER STEEL. SAW CUTS WERE MADE THROUGH THE CONCRETE SURFACE TO THE CLEAVAGE PLANE AND A SLAB OF THE CONCRETE SURFACE WASH PULLED OUT TO REVEAL THE CONDITIONS IN THE PLANE. CORES WERE USED TO SUPPLEMENT INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THE PULLOUTS. THE SURFACE OF THE CONCRETE HAD A HARD, CARBONATED CRUST BELOW WHICH THERE WAS A WEAKENED ZONE DUE TO WATER GAIN FROM BLEEDWATER TRAPPED BELOW THE CRUST WHILE THE CONCRETE WAS HARDENING. WHEN THE STEEL WAS SHALLOW IT TOO WAS IN THE WATER GAIN ZONE RESULTING IN A DOUBLY WEAK ZONE NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE CONCRETE. VERTICAL SUBSIDENCE CRACKS OVER THE STEEL ALLOWED WATER AND DEICING SALT TO PENETRATE TO THE STEEL. CORROSION OF THE STEEL AND FREEZE- THAW DISTRESS OF THE CONCRETE FOLLOWED INITIATING THE FRACTURE PLANES AND SURFACE SQUALLS. PH MEASUREMENTS REVEALED SPOTS ON THE REINFORCING STEEL OF THIS AND OTHER BRIDGES IN KANSAS THAT WERE QUITE ACID WITH PH OF E OR LESS EVEN THOUGH THE PH OF THE CONCRETE IN GENERAL WAS 12 TO 14. THE LOW PH AREAS WERE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH CORROSION PITS IN THE STEEL. /BPR/ KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Bridge decks KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Corrosion KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Live loads KW - Loss and damage KW - Mapping KW - Pavement cracking KW - pH value KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Spalling KW - Truss bridges KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210420 AU - Arena, P J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXPANDED CLAY HOT MIX STUDY PY - 1969/04 AB - THIS IS PART I OF A TWO PART FINAL REPORT ON EXPANDED CLAY HOT MIX TO: (1) EVALUATE THE USE OF VARIOUS EXPANDED CLAY BITUMINOUS MIXTURES UNDER HEAVY TRAFFIC, (2) DETERMINE ADEQUATE AGGREGATE AND MIXTURE TESTING PROCEDURES AND CONSTRUCTION CONTROL PROCEDURES, AND (3) PREPARE A SUITABLE SPECIFICATION FOR EXPANDED CLAY BITUMINOUS MIXTURES. FOUR STANDARD GRAVEL HOT MIX CONTROL SECTIONS AND SIXTEEN EXPANDED CLAY HOT MIX SECTIONS WITH VARYING PERCENTAGE OF EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE, MINERAL FILLER, AND ASPHALT WERE EVALUATED. THE EVALUATION CONSISTED OF A STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PLANT MIXES, THE LAYDOWN AND COMPACTION OPERATION, DENSITY AND VOID ANALYSIS OF CORES TAKEN FROM THE PAVEMENT IMMEDIATELY AFTER CONSTRUCTION AND ONE YEAR LATER, ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS, SKID RESISTANCE AND PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX MEASUREMENTS AT FOUR MONTH INTERVALS AFTER CONSTRUCTION. EXPANDED CLAY HOT MIXES APPEAR TO BE SATISFACTORY FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION. PROBLEMS WERE ENCOUNTERED IN DETERMINING THE TRUE DENSITY OF PAVEMENTS AFTER ROLLING AND THE CORRECT VALUES OF VOIDS AND RELATED PROPERTIES DUE TO THE GREAT DIFFERENCES IN SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE EXPANDED CLAY AND THE SAND AND FILLER COMPONENTS OF THE AGGREGATE MIXTURES. IN THIS STUDY IT WAS FOUND NECESSARY TO EXTRACT THE ASPHALT FROM THE PAVING MIXTURES AND DETERMINE THE ACTUAL PERCENTAGE OF EXPANDED CLAY IN THEM. CORRECTIONS WERE THEN MADE FOR THE THEORETICAL MAXIMUM DENSITY VALUES IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE CORRECT DENSITY AND PERCENTAGE OF AIR VOIDS IN THE PAVEMENTS. THE AVERAGE SKID NUMBERS FOR THE EXPANDED CLAY SECTIONS WERE INFLUENCED MORE BY THE PERCENTAGE OF COARSE EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE THAN BY THE ASPHALT CONTENT. SKID NUMBERS SHOW A CONTINUOUS RISE WITH WEAR AS MEASURED AT O, 4, 8 AND 12 MONTH PERIODS. THE AVERAGE SKID NUMBER ROSE FROM 45 TO 57 FOR EXPANDED CLAY MIXTURES WHEREAS THE CONTROL SECTIONS ROSE FROM 35 TO 47 IN THE SAME PERIOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Construction control procedures KW - Construction management KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Expansive clays KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Plant mix KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214495 AU - Smith, N L AU - Parrish, A S AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION INTO THE USES OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN SPECIFICATION WRITING AND QUALITY CONTROL PY - 1969/04 AB - THE APPLICATION OF SEVERAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TO ACCEPTED TESTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WAS DEMONSTRATED. THE RESULTS VARY RATHER WIDELY IN NUMERICAL VALUES. SOME TECHNIQUES COULD AND HAVE BEEN PUT IN ROUTINE USE AS A RESULT OF THE STUDY. OTHER TECHNIQUES ON CERTAIN MATERIALS YIELDED SUCH EXTREME VALUES THAT THE AUTHORS QUESTIONED THEM AS BEING IN ERROR OR THE METHOD BEING INAPPROPRIATE. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDED THAT THERE ARE AREAS WHERE STATISTICAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES ARE SUITABLE FOR USE AND OTHER AREAS EXIST WHERE THERE IS A NEED FOR CHANGE IN STATISTICAL CONCEPTS OR TEST METHODS, OR BOTH BEFORE THE S.R.C. PROCEEDS WITH WRITING AND ENFORCEMENT OF STATISTICALLY ORIENTED SPECIFICATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Building materials KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205361 AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL REPORT ON PHASE D: AASHO ROAD TEST FINDINGS APPLIED TO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1969/04 AB - THE METHOD FOR DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PRESENTED IS BASED ON THE AASHO ROAD TEST MODEL EQUATION AND A THEORETICAL EQUATION FOR PAVEMENT DEFLECTION, AND IS RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN VIRGINIA. THE EQUATIONS USED ARE PRESENTED. THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES EVALUATED ARE: (1) THE THICKNESSES OF THE LAYERS OF THE PAVEMENT, (2) STRENGTH EQUIVALENCIES OF THE MATERIALS IN EACH LAYER OF THE PAVEMENT, (3) SUBGRADE SUPPORT VALUE INCLUDING THE SOIL RESILIENCY AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING IT, AND (4) TRAFFIC. THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE DYNAFLECT DEFLECTIONS MEASURED DURING THE SPRING SEASONS OF 1967 AND 1968. THE THICKNESS EQUIVALENCIES OF THE MATERIALS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN VIRGINIA HAVE BEEN DETERMINED. A SOIL CLASSIFICATION MAP OF VIRGINIA HAS BEEN PREPARED FROM DATA OBTAINED FROM 200 PROJECTS COVERING THE ENTIRE STATE. THIS MAP SHOWS FIVE SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON RESILIENCY, THE AASHO SOIL CLASSIFICATION, AND THE TEXTURE OF THE SOILS. IT WAS FOUND THAT NO RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN THE DATA OBTAINED WITH THE DYNAFLECT AND THE PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS DATA OBTAINED WITH THE BPR TYPE ROUGHOMETER. A DESIGN METHOD FOR VIRGINIA IN THE FORM OF A NOMOGRAM IS PROPOSED AS A DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE TOOL. ALSO, TWO ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DESIGN ARE GIVEN. ALL THESE ARE BASED ON THE PRESENT DESIGN OCNCEPTS, STANDARDS, AND PRACTICE IN VIRGINIA. /AUTHOR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Resilence KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Roughness KW - Soil classification KW - Soil properties KW - Soil texture KW - Soil types KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206374 AU - Larson, T D AU - Cady, P D AU - Theisen, J C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DURABILITY OF BRIDGE DECK CONCRETE PY - 1969/04 AB - A DETAILED DESCRIPTION IS PRESENTED OF THE DETERIORATION OF 15 BRIDGE DECKS, SOME OF WHICH HAVE BEEN PERIODICALLY EXAMINED OVER A PERIOD OF 5 YEARS. SOME OF THE BRIDGES WERE OLD ENOUGH TO SHOW SEVERE DETERIORATION ON THE FIRST INSPECTION, AND SEVERAL WERE OBSERVED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS. AMONG THE FACTORS NOTED WERE DEPTH OF STEEL, CRACKING, HAIR CRACKING, FRACTURE PLANES, POTHOLES, SURFACE MORTAR DETERIORATION, AND PITTING OR POPOUTS. /BPR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Inspection KW - Pitting KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99990 ER - TY - SER AN - 00215203 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McMahon, T F TI - QUALITY ASSURANCE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION: QUALITY ASSURANCE OF EMBANKMENTS AND BASE COURSES-PART II PY - 1969/04 AB - PROPER COMPACTION IS ESSENTIAL TO THE PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND ROCK MATERIAL. THE CONTROL OF THE COMPACTION PROCESS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS IN BASE AND EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT NUCLEAR DENSITY MEASUREMENTS PRODUCE MORE PRECISE DATA THAN CAN BE OBTAINED BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS. VALID MEASUREMENTS OF THE ACTUAL QUALITY OF THE COMPACTION CAN BE MADE ONLY IF THE SAMPLE IS A TRUE REPRESENTATION OF THE TOTAL COMPACTED MATERIAL. THE USE OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS TO ESTABLISH THE REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIFICATIONS AND TO AID IN THE ANALYSIS OF TEST DATA PROVIDES NEEDED IMPROVEMENT. UNIFORMITY MUST BE CONTROLLED AS WELL AS DEGREE OF COMPACTION. SEVERAL STATES HAVE DEVELOPED SPECIFICATIONS FOR EMBANKMENT OR BASE CONSTRUCTION THAT ARE IMPROVEMENTS OVER PRESENT METHODS AND ARE BASED PARTLY ON STATISTICS. VIRGINIA IS USING A CONTROL STRIP TECHNIQUE FOR CONTROL OF THE COMPACTION OF AGGREGATE BASE. THEY USED THE NUCLEAR FIELD DENSITY TESTING DEVICE, THE SPEED OF WHICH PERMITS DETERMINATION TO BE MADE FOR EACH SECTION OF MATERIAL. RESEARCH IS SHOWING THAT OVERALL STANDARD DEVIATION, A MEASURE OF VARIABILITY, IS NOT IN ITSELF A TRUE INDICATION OF CONTRACTOR-PERFORMANCE VARIABILITY. THE VARIATION IN DENSITY OF ACCEPTED EMBANKMENTS AND BASES HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE MUCH GREATER THAN EXPECTED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS RESEARCH PROGRAM. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT TEST RESULTS ON BASE AND EMBANKMENT MATERIALS EXHIBIT A GREAT VARIATION. THESE VARIATIONS CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO MATERIAL VARIANCE, SAMPLING VARIANCE, AND TO TESTING VARIANCE. STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS SHOULD TAKE STEPS TO IMPLEMENT RANDOM SAMPLING IN THE CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OF BASE AND ENBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION. KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Density KW - Embankment compaction KW - Embankments KW - Materials KW - Nuclear tests KW - Quality control KW - Randomization KW - Road construction KW - Soil compaction KW - Standardization KW - Statistical analysis KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219724 AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FOG ACCIDENT PREVENTION STUDY: VISIBILITY OF COLORED LUMINOUS AREAS IN FOG PY - 1969/04 AB - A SERIES OF SUBJECTIVE VISIBILITY TESTS, PERFORMED WITH LUMINOUS-AREA, RED-LIGHT SOURCES OF DIFFERENT SIZES IN ARTIFICIALLY GENERATED FOG, SHOW THAT IN DAYTIME FOG OF 50-FT VISUAL RANGE AND NIGHTTIME FOG OF 100-FT VISUAL RANGE, THERE WAS NO APPRECIABLE DIFFERENCE IN VISIBLILTY BETWEEN 2-IN. -DIAMETER AND 6-IN. -DIAMETER SOURCES OF EQUAL INTENSITIES. IN NIGHTTIME FOG OF 500-FT VISUAL RANGE, THE LARGER SOURCE WAS FOUND TO BE SOMEWHAT MORE VISIBLE THAN THE SMALLER ONE. ANOTHER SERIES OF SUBJECTIVE TESTS WERE PERFORMED UNDER VARIOUS VISIBILITY CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE THE VISUAL DETECTION CONTRASTS FOR RED, AMBER AND GREEN LUMINOUS AREA TARGETS VIEWED AGAINST CORRESPONDINGLY COLORED BACKGROUNDS. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT UNDER CLEAR-WEATHER CONDITIONS, DAYTIME OR NIGHTTIME, THERE WAS NO APPRECIABLE DIFFERENCE IN TARGETS-TO-BACKGROUND DETECTION CONTRASTS FOR THE THREE COLORS. IN FOG OF 100- 150-FT VISUAL RANGE, HOWEVER, FOR AMBER BEING INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THE OTHER TWO COLORS. THESE DIFFERENCES WERE MORE PRONOUNCED IN DAYTIME FOG THAN IN NIGHTTIME FOG OF THE SAME DENSITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Color KW - Daylight KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Fog KW - Night visibility KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224915 AU - Barton, J E AU - Stoffers, K AU - Kubel, L G AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A PULSE TYPE INDUCTIVE LOOP SENSOR PY - 1969/04 AB - THE PULSE SENSOR IS USED FOR INDUCTIVE LOOP VEHICLE DETECTION. IT PRODUCES AN OUTPUT PULSE OF CONSTANT LENGTH (50-100 MS) AND IS ACTUATED BY THE RATE OF CHANGE OF THE LOOP INDUCTANCE. THE NEW SENSOR DIFFERS FROM THE CUSTOMARY PRESENCE SENSOR IN THAT IT LOSES FEWER COUNTS DUE TO COINCIDENT ACTUATIONS WHEN USED WITH MULTIPLE LOOPS. THIS PULSE SENSOR EXHIBITS MORE THAN ONE PULSE FOR EXTREMELY SLOW VEHICLES (SPEEDS BELOW 1I MPH IF A 6 X 6 FOOT LOOP IS USED). /BPR/ KW - Coils (Electromagnetism) KW - Inductance KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114789 ER - TY - SER AN - 00223152 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tsongos, N G AU - Weiner, S TI - COMPARISON OF DAY AND NIGHT GAP-ACCEPTANCE PROBABILITIES PY - 1969/04 AB - OF THE MANY FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE ABILITY OF THE DRIVER TO SEE AND PERFORM THE DRIVING TASK AT NIGHT, ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT IS THE EFFECT OF THE HEADLIGHT BEAMS OF OTHER VEHICLES. THE HEADWAY DISTRIBUTION AND GAP-ACCEPTANCE PROBABILITIES BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT ON AN ISOLATED, UNLIGHTED, SUBURBAN INTERSECTION WERE COMPARED, AND THE DRIVER'S BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF THE CHANGE IN LIGHTING CONDITIONS EXPLORED. THE TEST FOR CONDITIONAL HOMOGENEITY, AN ANALYTICAL METHOD, AND RUFF'S METHOD, A PURELY GRAPHICAL METHOD, WERE USED TO ANALYZE AND COMPARE THE DATA OBTAINED. ALTHOUGH NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE GAP-ACCEPTANCE PROBABILITIES WERE SHOWN BY THE RUFF METHOD, THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE ANALYTICAL METHOD INDICATED THAT THE GAP- ACCEPTANCE PROBABILITIES FOR DAY AND NIGHT CANNOT BE CONSIDERED CONDITIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS, PARTICULARLY FOR VERY SHORT AND LONG GAPS. FOR THE MEDIUM SIZE GAPS, THE ACCEPTANCE PROBABILITIES DID NOT INDICATE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. IT WAS SHOWN THAT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT IN THE FORMATION OF THE AVAILABLE GAPS UNDER LIGHT TRAFFIC-VOLUME CONDITIONS; BUT AS THE VOLUME INCREASED, THERE WAS A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF LONGER GAPS AT NIGHT THAN DURING THE DAY. FURTHER EXPERIMENTATION WILL BE NECESSARY BEFORE IT CAN BE DECIDED THAT THE GAP ACCEPTANCE DEPENDS ON LIGHTING CONDITIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Daylight KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Light KW - Lighting KW - Night KW - Opposing traffic KW - Probability theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207053 AU - Holman, F L AU - Filand, E N AU - Hinesley, C E AU - Edwards, J H AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AND DEFLECTION STUDIES OF ALABAMA HIGHWAYS PY - 1969/04 SP - 312 p. AB - THE ALABAMA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT ACCUMULATED BENKELMAN BEAM DEFELCTION DATA ON SELECTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS SINCE 1958, AND ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS SINCE 1961. FIELD WORK WAS CONDUCTED FOR FIVE YEARS TO OBTAIN PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AND DEFLECTION DATA TO BE USED AS AN AID IN EVALUATING ROADBED STRUCTURE DESIGN. PAVEMENT SURFACE DEFLECTIONS WERE MEASURED BY BENKELMAN BEAMS. BASED ON THE AVAILABLE DEFLECTION DATA, THE PAVEMENT DESIGNS USED BY THE ALABAMA DEPARTMENT FOR INTERSTATE AND PRIMARY ROUTES APPEAR GENERALLY ADEQUATE. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT PAVEMENT DEFLECTIONS BE MEASURED AT RANDOM LOCATIONS WITHIN THE PAVEMENT SECTIONS SO THAT STATISTICAL PARAMETERS TO DESCRIBE THE DATA CAN BE USED WITH GREATER CONFIDENCE. THE PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED FROM 1960-1964 WITH A BPR ROUGHOMETER. IN JULY 1964 A CHLOE PROFILOMETER WAS OBTAINED. THE AVERAGE ROUGHNESS INDEX FOR NEW BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS WAS ABOUT 88 INCHES PER MILE. THE AVERAGE INCREASE IN ROUGHNESS INDEX WAS ABOUT 4 INCHES PER MILE PER YEAR. RESURFACING OF THE BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT WITH 150 POUNDS PER SQ. YD. OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE ROUGHNESS INDEX OF THE ROUGHER PAVEMENTS. NEW CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN ALABAMA HAVE AN AVERAGE ROUGHNESS INDEX OF ABOUT 105 INCHES PER MILE. THE PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX OF NEW CONCRETE PAVEMENT IS ABOUT 4.2. THE AVERAGE INCREASE FOR THE PAVEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY WAS ABOUT 3 INCHES PER MILE PER YEAR. THE RATING SCALE PRESENTLY USED APPEARS TO BE REASONABLE WHEN APPLIED TO BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS, HOWEVER, THE SAME SCALE APPEARS TO BE SEVERE WHEN APPLIED TO JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. THE APPENDICES PRESENT SUMMARY OF DATA FOR EACH PAVEMENT SECTION. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Smoothness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454668 AU - Lewis, Karl Harcourt AU - Harr, Milton Edward AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Concrete Slabs on Ground and Subjected to Warping and Moving Loads: Technical Paper PY - 1969/03/21 SP - 56p AB - A theory has been developed whereby stresses and deflections could be calculated for a series of rectangular slabs lying on a viscoelastic foundation and subjected to a moving load. The stresses and deflections are caused by the weight of the slab, the moving concentrated load, and by linear temperature (or moisture) variations that cause sufficient warping so that the slab is only partially supported by its foundation. Part I considers the problem of partial support caused by warping (in this study, the temperature at the top of the slab is smaller than that at the bottom}, while Part II concerns itself with the effect of a reduction in subgrade support over some narrow region. In both parts, the support conditions were simulated by a Kelvin viscoelastic model, and zones (which depended on the value of subgrade reaction) were set up so that the solutions to the governing differential equations could be reduced to a set of simultaneous algebraic equations. For the problem studied in Part I, the resulting simultaneous equations were non-linear and a method of functional iteration equivalent to an N-dimensional Newton's Method was used. In the case of Part II, the equations were linear and the Method of Crout Reduction was used. In both parts, the equations were solved with the aid of an IM 7090 digital computer using a Fortran source program. It was found that when partial support due to warping exists, the tensile stress in the slab can increase with increasing velocity of load. Moreover, the maximum deflection (downward) need not occur when the velocity of the load is equal to zero. The reduction in subgrade support over a narrow region (approximately 8 feet or less) does lead to deflections and stresses which are higher than those calculated using the initial value of subgrade reaction. This is particularly evident when the load is over the region of reduced subgrade reaction. KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Deflection KW - Live loads KW - Slabs KW - Stresses KW - Warpage UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313752 UR - http://ia600407.us.archive.org/17/items/analysisofconcre6909lewi/analysisofconcre6909lewi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454614 AU - Tons, Egons AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Flow in Aggregate-Binder Mixes PY - 1969/03/21/Final Report SP - 211p AB - The main purpose of this research was to develop concepts for a unified approach in bituminous mix design using different aggregates. The work involved defining and measuring parameters of aggregates, analyzing the functions of asphalt, and performing laboratory experiments in the flow (non-brittle) region. A hypothesis was proposed suggesting that aggregate gradation by packing volume instead of size is a unifying description of rock pieces. Since some types of aggregates are rounded and smooth (rounded gravel) and others are angular and rough (crushed rocks), a so-called rugosity volume was introduced to describe the roughness numerically. Packing volume of a piece of rock includes solids plus voids plus surface roughness or rugosity volume. In mix design, the rugosity is neutralized with rugosity asphalt and binding of the particles is achieved by flow asphalt. To test the above hypothesis, three types and three sizes of rocks were used, first in dry condition and afterwards mixed with asphalt. Vibratory compaction experiments combined with tests in tension, compression, and cyclic deformation were performed and the results were evaluated by the use of regression, analysis of variance and contact area model equation. All the work was concerned with mono-volume (one-size) rocks only. Three rates of deformation at three temperatures were used, staying largely in the flow region of mix behavior (no brittle failures). The results show that the aggregate packing volume and flow asphalt concepts can be used to design mixes which behave similarly, whether they contain crushed or rounded aggregate. Analytic means, (using the contact area model), permit a reasonably close prediction of tensile and compressive strength. A foundation has been laid for unified mix design. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Binder content KW - Binders KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Flow KW - Mix design UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313751 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227286 AU - Andrews, F C AU - System Development Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STATISTICAL THEORY OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON HIGHWAYS - PART I, STEADY STATE FLOW IN LOW-DENSITY LIMIT PY - 1969/03/01 AB - A SIMPLE BUT REALISTIC MODEL OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON HIGHWAYS IS DEVELOPED FOR ANALYSIS BY AN INCREASINGLY SOPHISTICATED THEORY. THE MODEL UTILIZES A DISTRIBUTION OF DESIRED SPEEDS BY THE CARS AND CERTAIN DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE PASSING BEHAVIOR OF THE CARS.STEADY-STATE FLOW ON UNIFORM ROADWAYS IS TREATED IN THE LIMIT OF DENSITIES SO LOW THAT NO QUEUING NEED BE CONSIDERED. CORRECTIONS TO THE DESIRED LANE BEHAVIOR CAUSED BY PASSING ARE FORMULATED EXPLICITLY, AND EXAMPLES ARE WORKED OUT FOR BOTH CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE VELOCITY SPACES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Passing KW - Physical distribution KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Steady state KW - Theory KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224916 AU - Gillfillan, W E AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BAY AREA FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY - EIGHTH INTERIM REPORT PY - 1969/03 AB - THIS REPORT, THE EIGHTH IN A SERIES, CONTAINS A REVIEW OF THE DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES AND ANALYSIS METHODS USED FOR THE BAY AREA FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE PRELIMINARY WORK WHICH PRECEEDED THE SELECTION OF THE DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES. IT CONTAINS A SUMMARY OF THE MAN-HOURS EXPENDED AND COST FOR DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE DATA COLLECTION AND REDUCTION. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE GAINED DURING THIS STUDY ARE PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Freeway operations KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224919 AU - Cassel, A AU - Janoff, M S AU - Amos, W E AU - Franklin Institute AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS FOR PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS - VOLS 1-5 PY - 1969/03 AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE OVERTAKING AND PASSING MANEUVER ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS, TO INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS AND DEVICES TO FACILITATE PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS AND TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS. THE STUDY INCLUDED INVESTIGATION INTO THE AVAILABILITY OF ELECTRONIC AND ELECTROMECHANICAL REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS, THEIR COSTS, EFFECTS ON TRAFFIC FLOW--INCLUDING VOLUME AND ACCIDENTS--AND BENEFIT/COST RATIOS OF ALTERNATIVE REMEDIAL AIDS. THE RESEARCH FOR THIS STUDY IS REPORTED IN DETAIL IN FIVE VOLUMES, EACH OF THE LAST FOUR ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE FIRST VOLUME. VOLUME II DESCRIBES THE TRAFFIC FLOW AND SAFETY PROBLEMS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS AND IDENTIFIES THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PARAMETERS AFFECTING TRAFFIC FLOW AND SAFETY DURING OVERTAKING AND PASSING. VOLUME III REPORTS A STATE-OF-ART REVIEW OF ELECTRONIC AND ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC AND OTHER MODES OF TRANSPORTATION TO DETERMINE IF ANY OF THESE SYSTEMS WERE DIRECTLY APPLICABLE TO THE PASSING SITUATION. VOLUME IV DESCRIBES A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF A TWO-LANE RURAL ROAD WHICH WAS DEVELOPED, TESTED, AND USED TO EVALUATE THE TRAFFIC FLOW AND SAFETY BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC OR ELECTROMECHANICAL REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS FOR PASSING MANEUVERS. VOLUME V DESCRIBES AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS. THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY ARE GIVEN. /BPR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic analysis KW - Electromechanical devices KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passing KW - Remedies KW - Rural highways KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224920 AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BAY AREA FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY - SUMMARY OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PHASE PY - 1969/03 AB - A DISCUSSION IS PRESENTED OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED DURING THE FIRST PHASE OF A TWO PHASE STUDY ON OPERATIONS OF APPROXIMATELY 70 MILES OF FREEWAYS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA. THE REPORT CONTAINS A HISTORY OF PREVIOUS INTERIM REPORTS PREPARED DURING THE COURSE OF THE STUDY AND PROVIDES AN OUTLINE OF FUTURE STUDY OBJECTIVES. /BPR/ KW - Freeway operations KW - Metropolitan areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219722 AU - Goolsby, M E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FREEWAY ACCIDENT REPORTING AND CLEARANCE PROCEDURES ON THE GULF FREEWAY PY - 1969/03 AB - INVESTIGATION IS MADE OF THE DELAY TO FREEWAY TRAFFIC INDUCED BY THE OCCURRENCE OF MINOR ACCIDENTS. THE GULF FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL CENTER USES A TELEVISION SYSTEM FOR SURVEILLANCE AND A DIGITAL COMPUTER FOR DATA COLLECTION AND CONTROL. THESE WERE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A VIDEO TAPE RECORDER TO STUDY THE POST-ACCIDENT EVENTS. ANALYSES OF REPORTING, ARRIVAL, CLEARANCE, AND INVESTIGATION SITES OUT OF SIGHT OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC COULD SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE DELAY CAUSED BY GAPERS BLOCK. CONSTRUCTION OF A SERIES OF INVESTIGATION AREAS UNDERNEATH THE FREEWAY OVERPASSES IS PROPOSED FOR IMPLEMENTATION. /BPR/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Digital computers KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Television cameras KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240559 AU - Boyce, D E AU - Day, N D AU - University of Pennsylvania Law School TI - SUMMARY OF REPORT: METROPOLITAN PLAN EVALUATION METHODOLOGY PY - 1969/03 AB - THIRTEEN METROPOLITAN LAND-USE AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROGRAMS WERE REVIEWED. BASED ON THIS REVIEW, GUIDELINES WERE FORMULATED ON: (1) THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS IN A CONTINUING PLANNING PROCESS, (2) THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS, AND (3) RECOMMENDATIONS ON RESEARCH PRIORITIES. THE ANALYSES PERFORMED ARE SUMMARIZED IN A TABLE. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - City planning KW - Guidelines KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Reviews KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224908 AU - Delays, N J AU - MCHENRY, R R AU - Anderson, T E AU - Mudrowsky, E F AU - THARP, K J AU - Theiss, C M AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS RELATED TO RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS-A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHY AND A COMPUTER-GRAPHICS DISPLAY OR TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1969/03 AB - THE RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED OF A THREE MONTH RESEARCH STUDY RELATED TO AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS IN THE VICINITY OF RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS. THE RESEARCH ACTIVITY WAS CONFINED TO THREE AREAS: (1) FIELD MEASUREMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC DATA AT APPROXIMATELY 100 GRADE CROSSINGS, (2) DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUXILIARY COMPUTER-GRAPHICS DISPLAY FOR A BPR SIMULATION OF VEHICLE DYNAMICS, (3) THE TASK OF ANALYTICALLY EVALUATING TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES TO HAZARDOUS LOSSES OF VEHICLE CONTROL. THE FIELD MEASUREMENT OF RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS WERE MADE TO PROVIDE DATA FOR COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF AUTOMOBILES TRAVERSING RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS AND PROVIDE AN INVENTORY OF TYPICAL TYPES OF RURAL RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS. THE RAILROAD CROSSINGS SELECTED HAD TRAFFIC SPEEDS OF 40 MPH OR GREATER AND INCLUDED ONLY TWO-LANE ROADWAYS. TWELVE OF THE 100 CROSSINGS INCLUDED IN THE INVENTORY HAD OVER TWO SETS OF TRACKS. THE DIGITAL COMPUTER ROUTINE WAS DEVELOPED WITHIN A PREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED FORTRAN IV LANGUAGE PROGRAM FOR DISPLAYING THE SIMULATED TRAFFIC FLOW OF HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND A TRAIN IN THE VICINITY OF A RAILROAD CROSSING. THE COMPUTER GRAPHICS DISPLAY IS CAPABLE OF DESCRIBING THE TIME MOTIONS OF UP TO 200 HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND/OR A TRAIN AND THE ACTIONS OF UP TO 10 HIGHWAY SIGNALS & CROSSING GATES. AS AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF OUTPUT, STILL PICTURES MAY ALSO BE PRODUCED THROUGH THE USE OF DIGITAL PLOTTERS. AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH NINE CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTOR OF LOSS OF CONTROL AT RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS OCCURRED AT CROSSINGS AT THE CREST OF A VERTICAL CURVE. THIS CAUSE RESULTED FROM THE APPLICATION OF EXCESSIVE STEER CONTROL INPUTS WHILE THE FRONT WHEELS ARE EITHER LIGHTLY LOADED OR OUT OF CONTACT WITH THE TERRAIN SURFACE. /BPR/ KW - Control KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Digital computers KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Steering KW - Topography KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233718 AU - Smith, T W AU - Weber, W G AU - California Division of Highways TI - MOVEMENT WITH LARGE FILLS, RIDGE ROUTE PROJECT PY - 1969/03 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASURING THE MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MOVEMENTS WITHIN EMBANKMENTS OF UP TO 240 FEET IN HEIGHT AND THE MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED DURING CONSTRUCTION ARE REPORTED. REVISIONS TO DESIGN OF INSTRUMENTATION AND PROTECTION OF READING DEVICES ARE DISCUSSED. DATA OBTAINED DURING AND IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION OF TWO EMBANKMENTS ON I- 95, 12 MILES NORTH OF CASTAIC IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED. THE USE OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL INSTRUMENT SHELTERS PROVED TO BE ENTIRELY EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING DAMAGE OF INSTRUMENTATION PLACED ON EMBANKMENT SLOPES. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN DESIGN OF INSTRUMENTATION AND READING METHODS ARE DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Construction KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Horizontal loads KW - Loads KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motion KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210414 AU - Worona, V AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL REPORT OF PHASE I - EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT DENSITY GAGES PY - 1969/03 AB - A FIELD EVALUATION OF THREE TYPES OF NUCLEAR BITUMINOUS DENSITY GAUGES WAS CONDUCTED ON BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS MADE FROM FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGREGATES. NUCLEAR DENSITY READINGS WERE COMPARED TO DENSITIES OF CORED AND SAWED SAMPLES REMOVED FROM THE PAVEMENT. REPEATABILITY, STANDARD ERROR AND CORRELATION OF THE SYSTEMS WERE DETERMINED. THE SENSITIVITY OF NUCLEAR GAGES TO ASPHALT PAVEMENT COMPOSITION WAS DISCUSSED. RESULTS INDICATED THAT NUCLEAR GAUGES HAVE RELIABILITY EQUAL TO CONVENTIONAL METHODS IN DETERMINING DENSITIES IF THE GAUGE CALIBRATION CURVES ARE CORRECTED FOR THE COMPOSITION OF MATERIAL TESTED. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Calibration KW - Nuclear tests KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239039 AU - SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN REGIONAL PLANNING AU - Milwaukee County, Wisconsin TI - TRANSIT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS PY - 1969/03 AB - THE SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION (SEWRPC) PRODUCED, IN THE FALL OF 1966, A REGIONAL LAND-USE TRANSPORTATION PLAN. AS A PART OF ITS PROPOSED TRANSPORTATION PLAN, SEWRPC RECOMMENDED THAT A NEW MASS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BE CREATED TO SERVE THE MILWAUKEE METROPOLITAN AREA. A MASS TRANSIT PLANNING STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN BASED ON THIS RECOMMENDATION. THIS REPORT, PART OF THE MASS TRANSIT PLANNING STUDY, SETS FORTH TRANSIT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, COMPLEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, AND SUPPORTING STANDARDS FOR USE IN THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TRANSIT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PLANS. /FHWA/ KW - Bus transportation KW - Land use KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225613 AU - Cassel, A AU - Janoff, M S AU - Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS FOR PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS-VOLUME II PY - 1969/03 AB - THE TRAFFIC FLOW AND SAFETY PROBLEMS ARE DESCRIBED ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS AND IDENTIFIED AS THE RESULT OF AN EXTENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW, THE MOST SIGNIFICANT ROADWAY, TRAFFIC, VEHICLE, DRIVER AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AFFECTING OVERTAKING AND PASSING IN TERMS OF TRAFFIC FLOW AND TRAFFIC SAFETY. IN ADDITION, ALTERNATE GENERAL CLASSES OF REMEDIATION FOR PASSING MANEUVERS WHICH COULD INCREASE SAFETY AND SERVICE VOLUME ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS ARE DETERMINED AND MATCHED WITH THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PARAMETERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Passing KW - Reviews KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225612 AU - Cassel, A AU - Janoff, M S AU - Amos, W E AU - Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS FOR PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS-VOLUME I PY - 1969/03 AB - THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES WERE TO DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE OVER-TAKING AND PASSING MANEUVER ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS, TO INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS AND DEVICES TO FACILITATE PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS AND TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS. THE STUDY INCLUDED INVESTIGATION INTO THE AVAILABILITY OF ELECTRONIC AND ELECTROMECHANICAL REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS, THEIR COSTS, EFFECTS ON TRAFFIC FLOW--INCLUDING VOLUME AND ACCIDENTS--AND BENEFIT/COST RATIOS OF ALTERNATIVE REMEDIAL AIDS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Electromechanical devices KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Mechatronics KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Passing KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225614 AU - Janoff, M S AU - Amos, W E AU - Cassel, A AU - Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL AID SYSTEMS FOR PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS-VOLUME III PY - 1969/03 AB - A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW, A CONCEPTUALIZATION, AND PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ARE PRESENTED OF POSSIBLE SYSTEMS OR DEVICES WHICH CAN BE USED AS REMEDIAL AIDS FOR PASSING MANEUVERS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Passing KW - Rural highways KW - State of the art studies KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454609 AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Selection of Soil Strength Values for the Design of Flexible Pavements : Technical Paper PY - 1969/02/14 SP - 37p AB - Recent studies of quality control, soil and material variance have shown that considerable variation can exist in a completed highway project. These studies have served to point out the need for developing design techniques which take into account this variation. This paper presents a method, based on economics, for selecting a design value from an array of soil test data for a soil area. This analysis indicated that the optimum design strength value is generally, but not always, less than the mean test value and that it is dependent upon amount of traffic, environmental conditions, soil variability, compaction variability and pavement costs. Procedures were developed for setting up a field sampling program to evaluate soil strength on an area basis. These criteria are based on traffic that will use the road, anticipated moisture conditions in the completed subgrade and soil variance. Guide lines for soil sampling and selection of soil strength values are presented. These guide lines are based on the factors of traffic, anticipated degree of saturation and soil variance. KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Pavement design KW - Sampling KW - Soil tests KW - Strength of materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313750 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454463 AU - Fouad, Monira Y AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Campus Transportation Planning: a Case Study of the Lafayette Campus of Purdue University PY - 1969/02/14 SP - 165p AB - This study examined the problems and future requirements related to transportation on the Purdue Lafayette campus. A number of feasible alternative solutions were proposed to meet future transportation requirements for an established ultimate campus population. On the campus, a central academic zone was identified, and pedestrian and automobile circulation in this zone and commuting to and from it were analyzed. Future requirements related to the pedestrian circulation system in the academic zone, to the major pedestrian-vehicle conflicts in and around the academic zone, and to parking facilities were estimated. A number of alternative plans were developed to meet the future needs for circulation in the academic zone and for commuting to and from it. These alternatives were evaluated in terms of cost as well as a number of other qualitative criteria. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Campus parking KW - Campus transportation KW - Parking facilities KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Purdue University KW - Transportation planning UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314503 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454460 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Benton County, Indiana PY - 1969/02/14 SP - 45p AB - The Engineering Soils Map of Benton County, Indiana which accompanies this report was compiled from aerial photographs taken in September, October and December of 1938. Aerial photographic interpretation of the land forms and engineering soils of this county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference. The text of this report largely represents an effort to overcome the limitation imposed by adherence to a standard symbolism. Although no soil samples were collected and tested, general soil profiles were developed and are shown on the soils map. The soil profiles were compiled from the agriculture literature, information from the adjacent counties, and from boring data. KW - Aerial photography KW - Benton County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314502 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230695 AU - Puerto Rico Department Public Works AU - Puerto Rico Highway Authority AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PART II - CHEMICAL STABILIZATION OF PUERTO RICO LOW-GRADE SOILS PY - 1969/02 AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A LABORATORY STUDY ON THE STABILIZATION OF A NUMBER OF PUERTO RICO SOILS. PLASTIC SOILS WERE STABILIZED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID, PDC (A COMMERCIAL ADDITIVE:CASEIN, LIME AND CEMENT) AND BY THE ADDITION OF SAND. PORTLAND CEMENT WAS USED WITH A NON- PLASTIC SAND. DENSITY, PLASTICITY, CBR AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS WERE USED IN EVALUATING STABILIZATION EFFECTS. WITH PLASTIC SOILS: (1) PHOSPHORIC ACID INCREASED DENSITY AND STRENGTH BUT THERE WERE MIXING DIFFICULTIES, (2) PDC DECREASED PLASTICITY AND INCREASED STRENGTH WHILE PRESENTING NO MIXING PROBLEMS, AND (3) SAND LOWERED PLASTICITY BUT REDUCED STRENGTH. PORTLAND CEMENT WAS EFFECTIVE WITH THE SANDY SOIL. /BPR/ KW - Additives KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Compressive strength KW - Phosphoric acid KW - Plastic soils KW - Plasticity KW - Portland cement KW - Sand KW - Soil densification KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Testing KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00232772 AU - Karrh, J B AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING STANDARD DENSITIES FOR EMBANKMENT AND SUBGRADE SOILS PY - 1969/02 SP - 88 p. AB - AN INVESTIGATION WAS MADE TO DEVELOP A RAPID AND RELIABLE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE OPTIMUM STANDARD SOIL DENSITY (AASHO METHOD T-99) FOR EMBANKMENT AND SUBGRADE SOILS ENCOUNTERED IN ALABAMA. A LITERATURE SURVEY WAS MADE TO SEEK OUT ANY RAPID METHODS FOR ESTIMATING DENSITY VALUES REPORTED BY OTHERS AND TO EVALUATE THE RELATIVE MERITS OF EACH BASED ON THE REPORTED INFORMATION. AS A RESULT OF THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION, IT WAS DETERMINED THAT TYPICAL MOISTURE- DENSITY CURVES AND MOISTURE-PENETRATION RESISTANCE CURVES WOULD BE THE BEST METHOD TO MEET THE OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT, NAMELY TO PROVIDE HIGHWAY SOILS INSPECTORS WITH RAPID AND SUFFICIENTLY RELIABLE METHODS FOR ESTIMATING STANDARD SOIL DENSITIES WHEN TIME OR CIRCUMSTANCES PREVENTED A MORE DETAILED LABORATORY TEST. A DETAILED LABORATORY INVESTIGATION WAS MADE OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 85 SOIL SAMPLES CHOSEN TO REPRESENT THE TYPES OF SOIL COMMONLY OCCURING IN ALABAMA, AND A SET OF MOISTURE-DENSITY AND MOISTURE-PENETRATION RESISTANCE RELATIONSHIPS WERE DEVELOPED TO DESCRIBE THESE SOILS. A NOMOGRAPH USING ALABAMA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT SOIL DENSITY DATA WAS DEVELOPED FOR DETERMINING MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE FROM A ONE-POINT DENSITY TEST. BY THE USE OF THE METHODS DEVELOPED, IT IS POSSIBLE FOR A SOILS INSPECTOR IN THE FIELD TO DETERMINE THE APPROXIMATE STANDARD DENSITY OF EMBANKMENT OR SUBGRADE SOILS IN A MATTER OF MINUTES, WHEREAS TYPICAL PROCEDURES MAY REQUIRE AS MUCH AS AN HOUR OR MORE IN SOME CASES. THE METHODS DEVELOPED IN THIS REPORT ARE NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE THE STANDARD LABORATORY METHODS CURRENTLY BEING USED TO DETERMINE MAXIMUM DENSITY, BUT TO SIMPLY FURNISH FIELD INSPECTORS WITH A RAPID AND RELIABLE APPROXIMATION WHEN MORE EXACT INFORMATION IS NOT AVAILABLE AND JOB CONDITIONS WARRANT THE USE OF EXPEDIENT DENSITY CONTROL MEASURES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Dry density KW - Dry density (Soils) KW - Embankments KW - Estimating KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Moisture content KW - Optimum moisture content KW - Penetration resistance KW - Penetration resistance curves KW - Reviews KW - Site investigation KW - Soil densification KW - Soil tests KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929488 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM STANDARDS PY - 1969/02 SP - 32 p. AB - This objective of this paper is to describe the highway safety program standards which include: periodic motor vehicle inspection; motor vehicle registration; motorcycle safety; driver education and licensing; codes and laws; traffic courts; alcohol in relation to highway safety; identification and surveillance of accident locations; traffic records; emergency medical services; highway design, construction and maintenance; traffic control devices; pedestrian safety; police traffic services; and debris hazard control and cleanup. KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash locations KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Emergency medical services KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Registration KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic courts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237221 AU - Lytton, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THEORY OF MOISTURE MOVEMENTS IN EXPANSIVE CLAY PY - 1969/02 AB - A THEORETICAL BASIS IS PROVIDED FOR FURTHER STUDIES OF SWELLING CLAYS AND THE PROCESSES OF MOISTURE MOVEMENT IN THEM. EQUATIONS ARE PROPOSED AND QUESTIONS ARE RAISED, THE ANSWERS TO WHICH WILL LEAD TO A MORE COMPREHENSIVE AND ACCURATE KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF EXPANSIVE CLAY. MOISTURE FLOWS THROUGH CLAY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A VARIETY OF POTENTIALS. THE SIZE OF THE POTENTIALS IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING THE EASE WITH WHICH THE WATER TRAVELS. THE PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL IS TREATED AS A CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENT TENSOR. THE WEIGHTED SUM OF DRIVING POTENTIALS IS TERMED SUCTION. A COMPREHENSIVE DISCUSSION OF THE SUCTION-MOISTURE CONTENT RELATION IS PRESENTED, TOGETHER WITH SOME SPECULATIVE COMMENTS ON THE REASONS FOR THE SHAPE OF THE CHARACTERISTIC SUCTION AND PERMEABILITY CURVES. THE AMOUNT OF STRESS TRANSFERRED TO THE SOIL MINERAL SKELETON BY THE WATER IS DISCUSSED IN DETAIL AND SOME FINE DISTINCTIONS ARE DRAWN CONCERNING THE UNSATURATED SOIL STRESS PARAMETERS. THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR FLOW OF MOISTURE IN AN UNSATURATED MEDIUM IS DERIVED AND TWO ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF THIS EQUATION ARE CONSIDERED. ONE DESCRIBES A 'DIFFUSION' OF SUCTION AND THE OTHER USES A DIFFUSION OF VOLUMETRIC MOISTURE CONTENT. ADVANTAGES OF EACH PROCEDURE ARE DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Differential equations KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Expansive clays KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture movement KW - Motion KW - Permeability KW - Soil permeability KW - Soil suction KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Stress conditions (Soil) KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Swelling soils KW - Theory KW - Unsaturated soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206375 AU - Walbeck, E S AU - Stromberg, F J AU - Lee, A AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL REPORT ON STATEWIDE RIGID PAVEMENT SURVEY - VOLS 1 & 2 PY - 1969/02 AB - IN 1959, MARYLAND UNDERTOOK A FIELD SURVEY OF ALL THE RIGID PAVEMENTS IN EXISTENCE IN THE STATE. THE FIRST SURVEY WAS COMPLETED IN 1960 AND A FOLLOW-UP COMPLETED IN 1966. DEFECTS IN EACH PAVEMENT SLAB WERE CLASSIFIED AS MAJOR OR MINOR - (1) INNER OR OUTER CORNER BREAKS, (2) TRANSVERSE OR LONGITUDINAL JOINT SPALLS, (3) LONGITUDINAL OR TRANSVERSE CRACKS, AND (4) END FAILURES, ALL ACCORDING TO PREDETERMINED SURVEY DEFINITIONS. AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO CORRELATE PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS WITH THE VARIOUS DEFECTS. RUDIMENTARY COMPARISONS WERE MADE BETWEEN DEFECTS AND DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, PAVEMENT PROPERTIES, TRAFFIC AND ENVIRONMENT. THE CONCLUSIONS ARE NECESSARILY VAGUE BECAUSE OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE MANY UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEFECTS AND AGGREGATE TYPE, SUBBASE TYPE, SHOULDER TYPE, CURING METHOD, JOINT FORMATION TECHNIQUE, AND PAVEMENT THICKNESS ARE ALL EXAMINED. SPECIAL SECTIONS OF THE REPORT ARE DEVOTED TO DESCRIBING SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS WHICH WERE ESTABLISHED TO INVESTIGATE (1) PAVEMENT GROWTH IN THE FIELD AND LABORATORY, (2) BLOW-UPS, (3) NEW JOINT SEALS, (4) CONCRETE OVERLAYS, AND (5) AVERAGE STRENGTH AND DENSITY OF PAVEMENT CONCRETE. VOL. 2 IS AN APPENDIX AND CONTAINS THE TABULATED INFORMATION FROM THE SURVEY. THIS FINAL REPORT WAS PRECEDED BY A REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST SURVEY AND EIGHT (ONE FOR EACH DISTRICT OF THE STATE AND A SUMMARY) REPORTS ON THE SECOND SURVEY. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Field studies KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement blowups KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Roughness KW - Spalling KW - Subbase materials KW - Surveys KW - Thickness KW - Transverse cracking KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212058 AU - Gergely, P AU - Cornell University AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SPLITTING CRACKS ALONG THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE MEMBERS PY - 1969/02 AB - RESULTS OF A STUDY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN THE SPLITTING ALONG THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE MEMBERS ARE PRESENTED. THE EXPERIMENTAL PARTS OF THE INVESTIGATION INCLUDED THE FOLLOWING TEST SERIES: (1) CONCENTRIC PULLOUT TESTS, (2) ECCENTRIC PULLOUT TESTS, (3) BEAM-END TESTS, AND (4) AGGREGATE INTERLOCKING TESTS. THE ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION CONSISTED OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF AXISYMMETRIC MODELS AND BEAM-END SEGMENTS. SOME OF THE MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY WERE: (1) THE DOWEL FORCE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR PRODUCING SPLITTING IN BEAMS WITHOUT STIRRUPS, (2) AGGREGATE INTERLOCKING ALONG DIAGONAL TENSION CRACKS CARRIES A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION (AS MUCH AS 40 TO 50%) OF THE SHEAR IN A BEAM, (3) A STIRRUP CLOSE TO THE DIAGONAL TENSION CRACK IS VERY EFFECTIVE IN POSTPONING OR PREVENTING DOWEL SPLITTING, AND (4) WEDGING ACTION OF THE REINFORCEMENT PRODUCES HIGH CIRCUMFERENTIAL AND RADIAL STRESSES AROUND THE BAR AT TRANSVERSE CRACKS. THE VARIOUS THEORETICAL ANALYSES PROVIDED STRESS, CRACKING, AND DISPLACEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS THAT EXPLAINED THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SPECIMENS AND AGREED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete tests KW - Diagonal tension KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Interlocking KW - Materials tests KW - Model tests KW - Pull out test KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Splitting KW - Splitting (Communications) KW - Stirrups KW - Stresses KW - Structural tests KW - Tension KW - Theory KW - Wedging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224911 AU - Whitten, J R AU - Ludewig, F A AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - General Electric TI - A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPMENT OF AN AREA TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1969/02 AB - A TWENTY-TWO MONTH STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING AN AREA TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR COLLECTION OF TRAFFIC DATA FOR USE IN RESEARCH DEALING WITH THE THEORY OF TRAFFIC FLOW, AND FOR APPLICATION TO REAL TIME CONTROL OF A SYSTEM OF STREETS AND HIGHWAYS. DURING THE STUDY A SURVEY OF EXISTING SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS WAS PERFORMED AND THE CAPABILITIES OF THESE SYSTEMS WERE EVALUATED. UPON COMPLETION OF THIS REVIEW, NEW AND ADVANCED DETECTION SYSTEMS AND MOUNTING PLATFORMS WERE INVESTIGATED AND SEVERAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS WERE FORMULATED AND EVALUATED ACCORDING TO NEWLY DEVELOPED COST-EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA. RECOMMENDATIONS WERE MADE CONCERNING THE FEASIBILITY OF EACH SYSTEM, THE AREAS OF ADDITIONAL RESEARCH WERE IDENTIFIED, AND NECESSARY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS WERE OUTLINED. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY SHOW THAT DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ARE NEEDED TO SATISFY THE REQUIREMENTS OF A REAL TIME CONTROL SYSTEM AND OF A SYSTEM FOR COLLECTION OF TRAFFIC FLOW DATA FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES. A GROUND-BASED SYSTEM USING DISCRETE SENSORS AND HARDWIRE TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS IS THE MOST ATTRACTIVE SURVEILLANCE DEVICE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF COST AS WELL AS OF RELIABILITY. THE DISCRETE SENSOR SYSTEM CAN ALSO BE USED FOR COLLECTION OF RESEARCH DATA, BUT THE AREA UNDER SURVEILLANCE WOULD HAVE TO BE SATURATED WITH SENSORS WHICH WOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE ITS COSTS. A MM RADAR DEVICE APPEARS TO HAVE PROMISE FOR LOCAL AREA COVERAGE IN A REAL TIME SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM. HOWEVER, THE COST IS GREATER THAN THAT OF THE DISCRETE SENSOR, AND A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT WORK WOULD BE NEEDED TO PERFECT SUCH A RADAR SENSOR. THE RADIO FREQUENCY LOOP DETECTOR WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST PROMISING AND RELIABLE SENSOR FOR THE CONTROL APPLICATION. FOR COLLECTION OF RESEARCH DATA, LARGE VIEW SYSTEMS WERE FOUND TO BE MOST PROMISING. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING THE REQUIRED MEASUREMENTS OF TRAFFIC FLOW TO THE DESIRED ACCURACY, BUT THESE SYSTEMS ARE VERY SENSITIVE TO INCLEMENT WEATHER CONDITIONS AND TO POOR VISIBILITY. THE MOBILITY OF AIRBORNE SYSTEMS, ON THE OTHER HAND, MAKE THEM IDEALLY SUITED FOR USE AS RESEARCH TOOLS. A PROBLEM OF GREAT SIGNIFICANCE IN ALL LARGE VIEW SYSTEMS IS THAT OF DATA REDUCTION. THE STUDY DESCRIBES METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC REDUCTION OF DATA FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS, AND OUTLINES A PROGRAM OF FUTURE RESEARCH IN THIS AREA. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Information processing KW - Loop detectors KW - Radio equipment KW - Radio frequency KW - Radiofrequency loop detector KW - Sensors KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114787 ER - TY - SER AN - 00215167 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McMahon, T F AU - Halstead, W J AU - Government Printing Office TI - QUALITY ASSURANCE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, PART I - INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTS PY - 1969/02 AB - THIS ARTICLE IS THE FIRST OF A CONTINUING SIX-PART SERIES SUMMARIZING A RESEARCH EFFORT INITIATED TO IMPROVE QUALITY ASSURANCE METHODS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. IN ADDITION TO THIS REPORT THE PRESENTATION WILL CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING: (1) QUALITY ASSURANCE OF EMBANKMENTS AND BASE COURSES, QUALITY ASSURANCE OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE (2) VARIATIONS OF BITUMINOUS CONSTRUCTION (3) SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE OF AGGREGATES, (4) AND CONTROL CHARTS. STATISTICALLY BASED QUALITY-CONTROL METHODS HAVE BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY IN INDUSTRY, PARTICULARLY IN THE DEFENSE PROGRAM, FOR MANY YEARS. ACCORDING TO RESEARCH RESULTS, STATISTICAL QUALITY-ASSURANCE METHODS ALSO SHOULD BE ADAPTABLE TO HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, PROVIDED THAT GOVERNING SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROPERLY WRITTEN AND SAMPLING AND TESTING VARIATIONS ESTABLISHED TO CONFORM TO THE CONDITIONS OF THE LOCALITY IN WHICH THEY WILL BE APPLIED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous construction KW - Embankments KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Quality control KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207933 AU - Powell, G H AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Buckle, I G AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BEHAVIOR OF SKEW HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1969/02 AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF AN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE BEHAVIOR OF SKEWED SLAB AND STRINGER TYPE BRIDGES. SIMPLE AND TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS BRIDGES WERE TREATED. SEVERAL ANALYTICAL APPROACHES WERE REVIEWED AND EVALUATED, BUT THE ANISOTROPIC PLATE METHOD WITH A FINITE ELEMENT SLAB SUBDIVISION WAS THE MAIN ANALYTICAL TOOL IN THIS REPORT. VARIABLES CONSIDERED WERE POSITION AND TYPE OF LOADING, ANGLE OF SKEW, AND GIRDER TO DIAPHRAGM STIFFNESS RATIO. A STUDY OF THE LOCAL BEHAVIOR OF SKEW-SUPPORTED DECK SLABS WAS ALSO CARRIED OUT. SOME CONCLUSIONS FROM THIS WORK WERE: (1) ALTHOUGH THIS PLATE THEORY PREDICTS NEGATIVE MOMENTS AT DISCONTINUOUS OBTUSE CORNERS, THESE MOMENTS ARE VERY LOCAL AND ARE ELIMINATED BY VERY SLIGHT CRACKING OF THE CONCRETE, (2) FOR RHOMBOIDAL SHAPED SKEW SLABS, THE LARGEST POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MOMENTS ACT ESSENTIALLY PARALLEL TO LINES JOINING THE OBTUSE CORNERS, AND (3) FOR SKEW SLABS WHICH ARE VERY LONG, ONE-WAY SLAB BEHAVIOR OCCURS FOR LOADS APPLIED AWAY FROM THE ENDS. /BPR/ KW - Anisotropy KW - Anisotropy (Physics) KW - Continuous skewed slab bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Highway bridges KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Simple span KW - Skew bridges KW - Slabs KW - Stiffness KW - Stringers KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203149 AU - Ghosh, Soumya K AU - Chopra, K C AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ADVANCED PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE GEOMETRY PY - 1969/01 AB - THE DOCUMENT GIVES A VERY COMPREHENSIVE PRESENTATION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE LEAST SQUARES METHOD (LSM) TO THE SOLUTION OF VARIOUS GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS THAT OCCUR IN HIGHWAY AND INTERCHANGE DESIGN AREAS. THE REPORT INCLUDES DISCUSSIONS ON THE SUMULTANEOUS ADJUSTMENT OF CRITICAL POINTS, SUCH AS, P.I., P.T., P.C., P.C.C., P.R.C., AND OTHERS. ALTHOUGH IT COVERS AN EXTENSIVE THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION, INCLUDING THE USE OF MATRIX ALGEBRA, THE HIGHLIGHT OF THE REPORT IS A DESCRIPTION OF AN APPLICATION OF LSM TO THE PROBLEMS OF DESIGNING, STAKING AND CONSTRUCTING HIGHWAY INTERCHANGES. FOR DESIGN, THE INVESTIGATOR'S SYSTEM, USING LSM, GIVES COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE ALINEMENT, SUCH AS, CURVE LENGTHS, CENTRAL LENGTHS, CENTRAL ANGLES, DEFLECTION ANGLES, TANGENTS, AZIMUTHS OF TANGENTS AND RADII, STATIONING AND COORDINATE VALUES FOR VARIOUS POINTS. FOR STAKING, THE LSM APPROACH CAN GIVE THE PLANE COORDINATES OF ANY POINT ON THE ADJUSTED ROAD OR RAMP ALINEMENT. THE COORDINATE INFORMATION CAN BE USED SUBSEQUENTLY IN COMPUTING THE HORIZONTAL ANGLES FOR STAKING PURPOSES. FOR CONSTRUCTION, THE LSM APPROACH, IN CONJUNCTION WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRY, CAN BE USED FOR CHECKING CONSTRUCTION ACCURACY OF INTERCHANGE RAMPS. /BPR/ KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Least squares method KW - Photogrammetry KW - Ramps KW - Road construction KW - Staking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214492 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - NEBRASKA EXPERIMENTAL ASPHALTIC CONCRETE RESURFACING PROJECT F-171/12/, PART III PY - 1969/01 AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF TESTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE DENSITY STUDY MADE ON THE EXPERIMENTAL RESURFACING PROJECT. ONE OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT WAS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS ROLLER COMBINATIONS AND THE AMOUNT OF ROLLING NEEDED TO ACQUIRE A SPECIFIED DENSITY. THIS OBJECTIVE WAS NOT REALIZED-BUT OTHER INFORMATION WAS GATHERED THAT MAY BE SIGNIFICANT IN A PRACTICAL SENSE. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE DENSITY OF A NEWLY-COMPACTED ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENT IS EXTREMELY VARIABLE, AND THAT SEVERAL SAMPLES, SELECTED ON A RANDOM BASIS, MUST BE TAKEN TO BE TRULY REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PAVING SECTION. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT NO ROLLER, COMBINATION OF ROLLERS OR ROLLING PROCEDURES PRODUCED A UNIFORM DENSITY THAT COULD NOT BE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BY TRAFFIC. NO ROLLER OR COMBINATION OF ROLLERS SHOWED EVIDENCE OF ANY MARKED SUPERIORITY IN THIS STUDY. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TRAFFIC WILL INCREASE THE DENSITY OF THE SURFACE TO ALMOST ITS ULTIMATE DENSITY WITHIN A FEW WEEKS AFTER CONSTRUCTION IN HOT WEATHER. THE AVERAGE DENSITY OF ALL TEST SECTIONS WAS 93.4 PERCENT OF MARSHALL DENSITY IMMEDIATELY AFTER CONSTRUCTION, 97.9 PERCENT WITHIN 3 MONTHS AND 98.6 PERCENT AFTER SEVEN YEARS. THE DATA INDICATES THAT MIXTURES WITH HIGH PERCENTAGES OF AIR VOIDS COMPACT TO MARSHALL DENSITY MORE EASILY THAN MIXTURES WITH LOW PERCENTAGES OF AIR VOIDS. CONSEQUENTLY, COMPLIANCE WITH A SPECIFICATION BASED ON PERCENT OF MARSHALL DENSITY WOULD BECOME EASIER AS THE PERCENTAGE OF AIR VOIDS INCREASED IN THE PAVING MIXTURE. NO CORRELATION WAS FOUND WITH INITIAL DENSITY OF THE TEST SECTIONS AND THE AMOUNT OF RUTTING EXPERIENCED DURING THE FIRST TWO YEARS THE PAVEMENT WAS IN SERVICE. TO DATE, THE DEGREE OF RUTTING IS NEGLIGIBLE IN ALL SECTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Density KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Pavement performance KW - Resurfacing KW - Rollers KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207907 AU - Hanson, J M AU - Hulsbos, C L AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SHEAR FATIGUE TESTS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAMS WITH WEB REINFORCEMENT PY - 1969/01 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF LABORATORY FATIGUE TESTS TO DETERMINE THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS. SIX I-BEAMS WITH A FLANGE WIDTH OF 9 INCHES, DEPTH OF 18 INCHES, AND A FLANGE TO WEB RATIO OF 3 WERE TESTED. EACH BEAM WAS FIRST LOADED STATICALLY TO APPROXIMATELY 80 PERCENT OF ITS ULTIMATE FLEXURAL CAPACITY, AFTERWHICH IT WAS SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADS VARYING IN MAGNITUDE BETWEEN 20 AND 45 PERCENT OF ITS FLEXURAL CAPACITY FOR ABOUT 2,000,000 CYCLES. THE LOAD RANGE WAS THEN INCREASED AND CONTINUED UNTIL FAILURE OCCURRED. ONE BEAM FAILED IN SHEAR FATIGUE, ANOTHER BEAM FAILED IN FLEXURAL FATIGUE AFTER SHEAR FATIGUE DAMAGE HAD OCCURRED IN ONE SHEAR SPAN, AND THE OTHER FOUR BEAMS FAILED IN FLEXURAL FATIGUE. THE TESTS DEMONSTRATED THAT PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS HAVE A REMARKABLE SHEAR FATIGUE RESISTANCE. FURTHERMORE, SHEAR FATIGUE FAILURES DO NOT OCCUR SUDDENLY, BUT GIVE CONSIDERABLE WARNING AS INDICATED BY INCREASING DEFLECTION AND INCREASING CRACK WIDTH BEFORE FAILURE OCCURS. /BPR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Beams KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flanges KW - Flexural strength KW - I beams KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Repeated loads KW - Shear failures KW - Shear strength KW - Shear tests KW - Static loads KW - Webbing KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207909 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - Meyer, C AU - California Division of Highways AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - WHEEL LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1969/01 AB - AN IMPROVED DESIGN METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR DETERMINING THE WHEEL LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN MULTI-CELLED NON-SKEW BOX GIRDER BRIDGES. THE BASIC APPROACH USED WAS TO ANALYZE A LARGE NUMBER OF SELECTED TYPICAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGES TO DETERMINE ANALYTICAL VALUES FOR THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WHEEL LOADS TAKEN BY EACH GIRDER LOADED BY STANDARD HS 20-44 TRUCKS IN CRITICAL POSITIONS. THE TYPICAL BRIDGES ANALYZED INCLUDED, (1) VARIATIONS IN THE IMPORTANT PARAMETERS AFFECTING LOAD DISTRIBUTION SUCH AS: SPAN, TOTAL WIDTH, NUMBER OF LANES, NUMBER OF CELLS, CELL WIDTH (WEB SPACING), AND (2) FIXITY AT THE SUPPORTS. IN ALL, THE RESULTS FROM ABOUT 120 SEPARATE COMPUTER ANALYSES OF BOX GIRDER BRIDGES UNDER DIFFERENT LOADINGS WERE USED IN THE STUDY. BASED ON THESE RESULTS, A DESIGN METHOD FOR WHEEL LOAD DISTRIBUTION WAS DEVELOPED WHICH IS BELIEVED TO REPRESENT MORE ACCURATELY THE TRUE DESIGN LOADS TO BE CARRIED BY EACH GIRDER OF A GIVEN BRIDGE, THAN DOES THE PRESENT METHOD OF DESIGN. A DESIGN EXAMPLE IS PRESENTED OF A 60FT THREE-CELL SIMPLY SUPPORTED BOX GIRDER BRIDGE. COMPARISONS ARE MADE WITH THE ACCURATE METHOD, SIMPLIFIED METHOD, AND THE PRESENT AASHO METHOD. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE PRESENT AASHO METHOD DIFFERS IN SOME INSTANCES FROM THE ACCURATE METHOD BY AS MUCH AS 15% ON THE UNCONSERVATIVE SIDE. /BPR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design load KW - Girder bridges KW - Information processing KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Trucks KW - Wheel load distribution KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207906 AU - Barnoff, R M AU - Hoblitzell, J R AU - McClure, R M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THROUGH-VOIDED AND CONVENTIONAL BOX BEAMS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION PY - 1969/01 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF LABORATORY TESTS OF FOUR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX BEAMS. THE BEAMS WERE SUBJECTED TO STATIC LOADS WHICH PRODUCED PURE BENDING AS WELL AS COMBINED BENDING AND TORSIONAL STRESSES. ONE BEAM WAS 36 INCHES DEEP AND WAS CONSTRUCTED WITH END BLOCKS AND INTERIOR DIAPHRAGMS. THE OTHER BEAMS WERE 36 INCHES, 27 INCHES, AND 17 INCHES DEEP, AND WERE THROUGH VOIDED. SOME CONCLUSIONS RESULTING FROM THE STUDY WERE: (1) END BLOCKS AND INTERIOR DIAPHRAGMS DO NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT THE TORSIONAL RIGIDITY OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX BEAMS, (2) THE LATERAL TIE-ROD FORCES WHICH WERE REQUIRED TO HOLD THE BEAMS IN LINE WHILE APPLYING AN ECCENTRIC LOAD WERE SMALL, AND (3) DIAPHRAGM STRESSES IN THE PLANE OF THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE 36 INCH DEEP BEAM WERE SMALL. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Bending KW - Blocks KW - Box beams KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - End blocks KW - Interior KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Static loads KW - Stresses KW - Tie rods KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222579 AU - Hulbert, S AU - Beers, J AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF DRIVER PERFORMANCE CRITERIA PY - 1969/01 AB - THIS RESEARCH, EXPLORATORY IN NATURE, ATTEMPTED TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DRIVING TASK AND ACCIDENT BEHAVIOR. MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE ON DRIVING SIMULATOR BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS PERFORMANCE ON WRITTEN TESTS. THE RESULTS WERE INCONCLUSIVE. /BPR/ KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Driving tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219719 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Ivey, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEHICLE IMPACT ATTENUATION BY BARREL PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS PY - 1969/01 AB - THE RESULTS OF FIVE DEVELOPMENTAL CRASH TESTS ON BARREL PROTECTIVE BARRIERS ARE DISCUSSED. TWO TESTS WERE HEAD-ON, TWO AT AN IMPACT ANGLE OF 30 DEGREES, AND ONE AT 20 DEGREES. THE SYSTEMS TESTED RESULTED IN EXCELLENT BEHAVIOR FOR THE TWO HEAD-ON TESTS (56 MPH WITH A 4500 LB. CAR, AND 53 MPH WITH A 3400 LB. CAR). STOPPING DISTANCES WERE 16 AND 12 FEET RESPECTIVELY AND VEHICLE DAMAGE WAS MINOR. THE FIRST OBLIQUE TEST RESULTED IN A FAILURE OF THE CABLE ANCHORAGE. IN THE SECOND OBLIQUE TEST A 12 GAGE W SECTION SURROUNDED THE BARRELS, THE 3600 LB. VEHICLE STRUCK THE BARRIER AT 50 MPH AND 30 DEGREE POCKETING IN THE BARRIER. THE THIRD OBLIQUE TEST INVOLVED A 3900 LB. VEHICLE STRIKING THE BARRIER (WITHOUT THE ADDED W SECTION) AT 41 MPH AND 20 DEGREES. ALTHOUGH AVERAGE DECELERATIONS WERE TOLERABLE IN THIS TEST THE VEHICLE DID POCKET AND ROLL BACK ON THE ROADWAY. AS A RESULT OF THESE TESTS THREE BARREL BARRIERS HAVE BEEN INSTALLED IN HOUSTON AND ONE IN DALLAS WITH OTHERS UNDER CONTRACT. AS A RESULT OF THE LAST OBLIQUE TEST A CRUSHABLE SUPPORT FOR THE ANCHORAGE CABLE WAS INCORPORATED TO REDUCE THE TENDENCY FOR THE BARRIER TO PUSH A VEHICLE BACK ON THE ROADWAY AFTER A HIGH ANGLE COLLISION. /BPR/ KW - Angles KW - Angularity KW - Attenuation KW - Attenuators KW - Cables KW - Containers KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222576 AU - Daughaday, H AU - Tung, C AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDROPLANING PHENOMENA PY - 1969/01 AB - A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS IS DEVELOPED FOR PREDICTING PHENOMENA ENCOUNTERED WHEN A TIRE ROLLS OR SKIDS ON A PAVEMENT COVERED WITH A WATER FILM. PARTIAL HYDROPLANING IS CONSIDERED WHERE PART OF THE NORMAL FORCE ON THE TIRE IS CARRIED BY DRY CONTACT BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE PAVEMENT AND ALSO THE ONSET OF TOTAL HYDROPLANING WHERE THE TIRE FIRST BECOMES ENTIRELY SUPPORTED BY HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURES. THE FLOW IS DIVIDED INTO A FOOTPRINT REGION, AN INLET REGION FORWARD OF THE FOOTPRINT REGION WHERE THE GAP BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE PAVEMENT IS COMPARATIVELY LARGE, AND AN EXTERIOR FLOW REGION. A PERTURBATION ANALYSIS IS USED ASSUMING THE FLOW IS PRIMARILY VISCOUS IN THE FOOTPRINT REGION AND PRIMARILY INVISCID IN THE INLET REGION. PRESSURES IN THE EXTERIOR FLOW REGION ARE TAKEN EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. THE SOLUTIONS FOR THE SEPARATE REGIONS ARE MATCHED TOGETHER AT THEIR BOUNDARIES. IN PARTIAL HYDROPLANING, A THICK FLUID FILM PENETRATES BETWEEN THE TIRE AND PAVEMENT OVER A PORTION OF THE FOOTPRINT WHILE SEMIDRY CONTACT IS ASSUMED TO EXIST IN THE REMAINDER OF THE FOOTPRINT. THE FLOW THROUGH THE SEMIDRY PORTION OF THE FOOTPRINT IS ANALYZED USING EFFECTIVE FILM THICKNESSES BASED UPON PAVEMENT DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS. AN APPROACH FOR DETERMINING THE TIRE DEFORMATION IN THE THICK-FILM PORTION OF THE FOOTPRINT AND THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE THICK-FILM AND SEMIDRY REGIONS IS TAKEN UP. RESULTS OF COMPUTATIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURES AND FLOW FIELDS IN TOTAL HYDROPLANING WHICH WERE OBTAINED ASSUMING THE TIRE SURFACE TO BE PLANE IN THE FOOTPRINT REGION. FOR THE CASE OF PARTIAL HYDROPLANING, THE COMPUTER VARIATIONS IN THE THICK-FILM PENETRATION DISTANCE AND TOTAL FRICTION COEFFICIENT WITH FORWARD SPEED ARE GIVEN FOR A REALISTIC TIRE SURFACE DEFORMATION SUCH THAT A THICK-FLUID FILM EXISTS IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE FOOTPRINT. THE SOURCE OF FRICTION IN THE SEMIDRY REGION OF THE FOOTPRINT IS STUDIED BY ANALYZING THE HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURES GENERATED WHEN A RUBBER SURFACE SLIDES OVER SIMPLIFIED ASPERITY CONFIGURATIONS. THIS INDICATES THAT DRY CONTACT BETWEEN AN ASPERITY TIP AND THE TIRE SURFACE CAN BE OBTAINED IF THERE IS A SHARP EDGE WHERE THE RUBBER FIRST STARTS TO SLIDE OVER THE ASPERITY AND PROVIDED THERE IS AN ACUTE ANGLE BETWEEN THE SIDE AND TOP FACES OF THE ASPERITY WHOSE INTERSECTION FORMS THIS EDGE. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, THE EXTREMELY HIGH HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURES WHICH CAN DEVELOP AT THE VERTEX OF A CONVERGING FLUID WEDGE ARE AVOIDED. COMPUTATIONS OF FRICTION COEFFICIENTS FOR THE SEMIDRY REGION WERE NOT UNDERTAKEN WHICH WOULD INVOLVE A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE FORMS OF PAVEMENT ASPERITIES. IN THE ANALYTICAL MODEL, LOCAL EMPIRICAL FRICTION COEFFICIENTS ARE USED FOR THE SEMIDRY REGION IN FINDING THE TOTAL FRICTION FORCE ON THE TIRE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Highway drainage KW - Highway pavement KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Hydroplaning KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavements KW - Perturbation theory KW - Pressure KW - Rubber KW - Surface drainage KW - Thickness KW - Tires KW - Viscous flow KW - Water KW - Water film UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224905 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Bourget, L AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - WIND SCREEN SUBDUES GALE FORCE WINDS ON A MOUNTAIN BRIDGE PY - 1969/01 AB - STUDY IS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF EMPLOYING WIND SCREENS AS A MEANS OF PREVENTING VEHICLE ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY HIGH VELOCITY CROSSWINDS. AN EXPERIMENTAL WIND SCREEN WAS INSTALLED ON A MOUNTAIN BRIDGE WHERE TRUCK TRAILERS HAD BEEN OVERTURNED BY SPORADIC GALE FORCE SIDE WINDS. THE 10-FOOT HIGH SCREEN WAS MADE OF 9 GAUGE GALVANIZED STEEL CHAIN LINK MESH FENCING WITH ALL OF THE APERTURES FILLED WITH VERTICALLY PLACED CRIMPED ALUMINUM SLATS. THE SPACES BETWEEN THE SLATS RESULTED IN A POROSITY OF 20 PERCENT. THE SCREEN HAS BEEN COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL IN PREVENTING EITHER THE OVERTURNING OF VEHICLES OR LOSS OF DRIVER CONTROL DURING A TWO YEAR TEST PERIOD. THE REPORT SUGGESTS OTHER TYPES OF LOCATIONS THAT MAY BENEFIT FROM WIND PROTECTION AND OFFERS BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Galvanizing KW - Highway bridges KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Mountains KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Screens KW - Steel wire fabrics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind load KW - Wind velocity KW - Windbreaks KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207899 AU - Yinh, J AU - Toprac, A A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDY OF FATIGUE OF HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS UNDER CONSTANT MOMENT PY - 1969/01 AB - FATIGUE TESTS OF FOUR HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS COMPRISED OF ASTM A514 STEEL FLANGES AND ASTM A36 STEEL WEB UNDER CONSTANT MOMENT CONDITION ARE REPORTED. FOR ALL THE GIRDERS THE WEB WAS 36 IN. DEEP. TWO GIRDERS HAD A SLENDERNESS RATIO OF 197 WHILE THE SAME FOR THE OTHER TWO WAS 267. ALL FOUR GIRDERS WERE SUBJECTED TO A STRESS RANGE OF 30 KSI WITH A MAXIMUM APPLIED STRESS OF 50 KSI. THE PURPOSE OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO COLLECT NECESSARY DATA TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOR OF HYBRID PLATE GIRDERS IN THE REGION OF HIGH STRESS RANGE AND RELATE THE RESULTS WITH THE AVAILABLE TEST DATA IN LOWER STRESS RANGES. THE TEST RESULTS ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED IN COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS TEST DATA. A LIMITED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IS MADE IN AN ATTEMPT TO FIND THE INFLUENCE OF PARAMETERS WHICH AFFECT THE FATIGUE LIFE OF HYBRIDE PLATE GIRDERS. SEVERAL DESIGN CRITERIA BASED ON THE TEST RESULTS AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSES ARE SUGGESTED. TEST RESULTS SHOWED THAT BY LIMITING CERTAIN VARIABLES, THE SECONDARY BENDING STRESSES IN THE WEB CAN BE REDUCED SO THAT THEIR EFFECT WILL NOT BE ENOUGH TO PRODUCE FATIGUE CRACKS IN THE COMPRESSION SIDE OF THE GIRDERS. HOWEVER, CRACKS WILL APPEAR IN THE TENSION SIDE DUE TO OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS NOTCHES DUE TO FABRICATION AND VARIOUS STRESS CONCENTRATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Cracking KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flanges KW - Hybrids KW - Plate girders KW - Slenderness ratio KW - Statistical analysis KW - Steel KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Thinness KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215900 AU - Hatch, L M AU - Idaho Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - USE OF INSULATION TO ATTENUATE FROST HEAVING PY - 1969/01 AB - THE USE OF POLYSTYRENE INSULATION BOARD TO PREVENT DETRIMENTAL FROST HEAVING WAS EVALUATED IN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF A SECTION OF I-15 THAT HAD SHOWN DISTRESS DUE TO FROST HEAVING IN THE SUBGRADE. THE POLYSTYRENE BOARD WAS PLACED ON THE SUBGRADE, IN THICKNESSES OF 1, 1 1/2 AND 2 INCHES, IN THREE CONTIGUOUS SECTIONS, AND COVERED WITH A 1.3 FT. PAVEMENT SECTION. THERMISTORS AND FROST DEPTH INDICATORS WERE USED IN THE THREE TEST SECTIONS TO MONITOR TEMPERATURE AND FREEZING DURING THE WINTER SEASONS OF 1966-67 AND 1967- 68. VISUAL OBSERVATIONS AND THERMISTOR AND FROST DEPTH MEASUREMENTS WERE ALSO MADE IN CONTROL SECTIONS (NORMAL I-15 CONSTRUCTION AT EACH END OF THE INSULATED SECTIONS). FREEZING INDEXES, BASED ON AIR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS, WERE DETERMINED FOR THE TWO WINTERS. BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE IMMEDIATELY AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF THE INSULATED SECTIONS AND ONE YEAR LATER. A CONSTRUCTION COST COMPARISON OF INSULATED SECTIONS WITH NORMAL (CONTROL) SECTIONS WAS MADE. IT HAD BEEN ESTIMATED THAT THE FREEZING INDEX WOULD BE ABOUT 2,000 DEGREE-DAYS AT THE CONSTRUCTION SITE. HOWEVER, THE MEASURED FREEZING INDEX WAS ABOUT 400 DEGREE-DAYS LESS THAN NORMAL DURING THE TWO WINTERS IN WHICH OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE. VISUAL OBSERVATIONS INDICATED NO FROST HEAVE IN THE INSULATED SECTIONS AND CONSIDERABLE HEAVE IN THE CONTROL SECTIONS AND OTHER SECTIONS BEYOND THE EXPERIMENTAL AREA. ALTHOUGH FREEZING TEMPERATURES WERE MEASURED BELOW THE 2-IN. INSULATION IN THE SECOND WINTER, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT 2 INCHES OF THE INSULATION WOULD PREVENT EXCESSIVE FROST PENETRATION OF THE SUBGRADE UNDER THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AT THIS TEST SITE. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Benkelman beam KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Deflection tests KW - Depth KW - Depth indicators KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Freezing KW - Freezing index KW - Frost KW - Frost effects KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost penetration KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Insulating board KW - Insulating materials KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Polystyrene KW - Reconstruction KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thermistors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108022 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01410775 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - Transportation and community values PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - 178p U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - Social values KW - Sociology KW - Sociology KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas KW - Values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1178573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01119907 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Virginia Division of Traffic and Planning TI - Sufficiency ratings on Virginia's arterial and other rural primary highways, 1968 PY - 1969 SP - 66 p. KW - Roads KW - Traffic safety KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206426 AU - South Dakota Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOUTH DAKOTA FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STUDY PY - 1969 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES A COMPREHENSIVE STATEWIDE INVESTIGATION OF SELECTED IN-SERVICE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. THE STUDY WAS INITIATED IN 1957 TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF GEOLOGY, SOILS, CLIMATE, TRAFFIC, AND MATERIALS ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND COST, AND TO EVALUATE THE EXISTING DESIGN METHOD. MOST OF THE DATA WAS COLLECTED PRIOR TO 1963. HOWEVER, THE PEDOLOGICAL MAPPING OF EACH PAVEMENT PROJECT INCLUDED IN THE STUDY WAS NOT CONCLUDED UNTIL 1968. THIRTY-FOUR PROJECTS, EACH HAVING ONE OF THREE DIFFERENT SURFACE COURSE TYPES AND LOCATED IN ONE OF SIX DIFFERENT MAJOR SOIL AREAS, WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY. TRAFFIC HISTORY WAS ALSO CONSIDERED. TESTING OPERATIONS INCLUDED: (1) PLATE BEARING, (2) FIELD CBR, (3) BENKELMAN BEAM, (4) BPR-TYPE ROUGHOMETER, (5) CONDITION SURVEYS, (6) THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS, (7) MATERIAL SAMPLING, AND (8) LIMITED LABORATORY TESTS OF MATERIALS. FIELD TESTING WAS GENERALLY CONDUCTED IN THE SPRING, SUMMER AND FALL OF EACH YEAR. RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOPED INCLUDE: (1) PAVEMENT STRUCTURE THICKNESS VERSUS PAVEMENT SYSTEM STRENGTH (UNIT LOAD ON 18-INCH PLATE AT 0.1-INCH GROSS DEFLECTION), (2) FIOELD CBR VERSUS PAVEMENT STRENGTH, (3) BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION VERSUS PAVEMENT STRENGTH AND, (4) DEFLECTION AND STRENGTH VERSUS CONDITION RATING AND ROUGHNESS. A PAVEMENT THICKNESS DESIGN CURVE BASED ON THESE RELATIONSHIPS AND PERTINENT TRAFFIC INFORMATION IS DEVELOPED. FINALLY, FOR EACH PROJECT, THE ORIGINAL DESIGN THICKNESS IS COMPARED WITH ACTUAL THICKNESS AND THE THICKNESS FOUND BY THE NEWLY DEVELOPED METHOD. THE REQUIRED INCREASE IN THICKNESSES RANGES FROM 0 TO 7 INCHES BUT IN 70 PERCENT OF THE CASES, IS 3 INCHES OR LESS. /FHWA/ KW - Benkelman beam KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Climate KW - Costs KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Geology KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Plate bearing test KW - Road meters KW - Soils KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Texture KW - Thickness KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210421 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALTIC MATERIALS - FINAL REPORT PY - 1969 AB - A LABORATORY STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AGING ON THE FUNDAMEN- TAL RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES & BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALTIC MIXTURES IS REPORTED. A PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE WAS TO FIND RELATIONS BETWEEN ASPHALT AGING AND MIXTURE BEHAVIOR WHICH COULD BE USED TO PREDICT FIELD BEHAVIOR. GRADED OTTAWA SAND-ASPHALT AND ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURES MADE FROM THREE AGGREGATES AND FOUR ASPHALTS AT DIFFERENT DEGREES OF AGING AT 325, 375 AND 425 F WERE STUDIED. MIXTURE BEHAVIOR WAS EVALUATED BY VISCOELASTIC RESPONSE DURING CREEP AND RELAXATION TESTS. VISCOELASTIC PARAMETERS USED FOR THE EVALUATIONS INCLUDED INSTANTANEOUS AND ELASTIC MODULI, NEWTONIAN AND RETARDED VISCOUS COEFFICIENTS AND RELAXATION MODULI. THE RELATION OF ACTIVATION ENERGY AND CREEP RESPONSE WAS ALSO EVALUATED. AN ILLUSTRATION IS GIVEN TO SHOW HOW, WITH CERTAIN RESERVATIONS, THE RESULTS MIGHT BE USED TO "PREDICT" DEFLECTIONS AND STRESSES IN THE WEARING COURSE OF A TYPICAL PAVEMENT SERVICE, UNDER A HYPOTHETICAL WHEEL LOAD. AMONG OTHER RESULTS, THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE INDICATED FOR THE MIXTURES STUDIED: (1) THE VISCOELASTIC PARAMETERS OF THE MIXTRUES WERE AFFECTED BY THE DEGREE OF AGING OF THE ASPHALTIC BINDERS, AND MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS WERE DERIVED FOR THESE RELATIONS. (2) DYNAMIC RESPONSE CALCULATED FROM CREEP DATA REFLECTED BINDER AGING AT LOW FREQUENCIES, (3) STIFFNESS OF THE MIXTURE AS MEASURED BY CREEP RESPONSE INCREASES WITH DEGREE OF AGING AND THE AMOUNT OF INCREASE APPEARED TO DEPEND UPON ASPHALT TYPE AND TEST TEMPERATURE, (4) RELAXATION RESPONSE OF THE MIXTURE WAS ALSO AFFECTED BY THE DEGREE OF AGING OF THE BINDERS, (5) APPLICATION OF ACTIVATION ENERGY CONCEPTS TO ANALYSIS OF AGING PHENOMENA INDICATES THAT IT IS NOT A SIMPLE TOLL SINCE IT APPEARS THAT TIME-TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCY OF ACTIVATION ENERGY MAY NOT BE LINEAR, AND (6) A RELATION WAS DEVELOPED MIXTURE, DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF CREEP COMPLIANCE (AGED) TO CREEP COMPLIANCE (UNAGED). IT WAS INDICATED THAT THIS RATIO WAS INDEPENDENT OF TIME AND SPECIMEN GEOMETRY AND MIGHT BE USEFUL IN COMPARING DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES. /BPR/ KW - Activation KW - Activation (Chemistry) KW - Aging KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Binders KW - Bituminous materials KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Durability KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Rheological properties KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97743 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239919 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Boulding, Kenneth E AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - THE FORMATION OF VALUES AS A PROCESS IN HUMAN LEARNING PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 31-45 AB - THE EVOLUTION OF VALUES SYSTEMS AND VALUE THEORY IS DESCRIBED AND DISCUSSED. ECONOMISTS INSIST THAT ACTUAL CHOICE DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON THE VALUE SYSTEM BUT ALSO UPON THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE OPEN. THE CONCEPT OF A POSSIBILITY BOUNDARY PRODUCES ANOTHER VALUE CONCEPT OF ALTERNATIVE COST. IT IS SHOWN THAT A SMALL CHANGE IN EITHER THE OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE OR IN THE PREFERENCE STRUCTURE CAN PRODUCE LARGE CHANGES IN THE OPTIMUM POINT THAT IS CHOSEN. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH TO VALUATION IS REVIEWED. IT SEEMS TO CLARIFY CERTAIN CONCEPTS AND DEVELOPS THE POSSIBILITY OF SOME IMPORTANT PROPOSITIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS HAS SERIOUS DEFECTS WHICH RELATE TO THE ABSENCE OF ANY ADEQUATE DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS. A COMMON VALUE SYSTEM IS DERIVED FROM COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN A CULTURE OR A SUBCULTURE, WHICH CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE ALL OF WHOM HAVE RATHER SIMULAR VALUE SYSTEMS AND WELFARE FUNCTIONS. A COMMON VALUE SYSTEM USUALLY DETERMINES AN ETHICAL SYSTEM. THE PHENOMENON OF SOCIAL MUTATION IS EXPLORED TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES BY WHICH VALUE SYSTEMS CHANGE. TRANSPORTATION IN RELATION TO VALUE SYSTEMS OR AS A VALUE SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED. A PROBLEM OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE TO THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY IS THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS THAT EXIST BETWEEN POLITICAL DECISIONS AND VALUE SYSTEMS OF THE ELECTORATE. OBSERVATION IS MADE THAT EVEN THOUGH EVERY INSTITUTION, ORGANIZATION, AND SECTOR OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM DEPENDS HEAVILY FOR ITS SURVIVAL AND SUCCESS ON ITS VALUE ENVIRONMENT, THE INFORMATION SYSTEM REGARDING ITS VALUE ENVIRONMENT IS ALMOST UNIVERSALLY DEFECTIVE. THIS IS PERHAPS ONE OF THE PRIME CAUSES OF DECISIONS THAT LEAD TO DISASTER. RECOGNITION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VALUE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM THAT CAN CREATE MORE ACCURATE IMAGES OF IT MUST IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DECISION-MAKING. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - Community values KW - Decision making KW - Economic analysis KW - Information systems KW - Politics KW - Present value KW - Social factors KW - Social values KW - Theory KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133925 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239923 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Olson, Mancur AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - COMMUNITY VALUES, SOCIAL MEASUREMENT, AND TRANSPORTATION POLICY PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 95-106 AB - THE DIFFICULTY IS DISCUSSED OF USING VALUE SYSTEMS TO OBTAIN QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION ON VALUES A TRANSPORTATION PLANNER MUST HAVE. SOCIAL INDICATORS ARE DISCUSSED TO DETERMINE HOW MUCH IS OF VALUE. AT THE LEVEL OF THE CITY OR COMMUNITY, THE LACK OF SOCIAL INDICATORS IS A PROBLEM. IF THESE WERE AVAILABLE, BETTER JUDGEMENTS ABOUT COMMUNITY VALUES WOULD BE AVAILABLE, ALSO. AGGREGATE INDEXES USED IN NATIONAL INCOME STATISTICS ARE DISCUSSED. ONE AGGREGATION INDEX THAT MAY BE HELPFUL IS AN INDEX OF THE POPULATION'S HEALTH AND LIFE EXPECTANCY. THE POSSIBILITY OF AGGREGATING SOCIAL PHENOMENA THAT DO NOT HAVE A MARKET PRICE IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT. ASSUMING THAT ALL DESIRED SOCIAL INDICATORS WERE AVAILABLE AND COMMUNITY VALUES WERE WELL KNOWN, IT IS STILL NECESSARY TO KNOW WHICH SOCIAL POLICIES WOULD BE MOST EFFECTIVE IN ACHIEVING THE COMMUNITY'S ENDS. THE NEED TO COMPARE THE VALUE A COMMUNITY PLACES UPON A PARTICULAR PUBLIC OBJECTIVE WITH THE COST OF ATTAINING THAT OBJECTIVE IS PARTICULARLY EMPHASIZED IN THE PLANNING- PROGRAMMING-BUDGETING (PPB) SYSTEM. SOME OF THE FEATURES OF THE PPB SYSTEM ARE REVIEWED. THE NEED TO CONSIDER THE WHOLE RANGE OF SOCIAL MECHANISMS FOR ACHIEVING AN OBJECTIVE IS CLEAR IN THE CASE OF HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION POLICY IN URBAN AREAS. THE TEXTBOOK VARIETY OF PPB SYSTEMS IS FOCUSED TOO EXCLUSIVELY ON BUDGET COSTS TO PROVIDE THE IDEAL ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL URBAN TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS. A COMPLEX SYSTEM ANALYSIS IS NEEDED THAT WOULD ACCOUNT FOR MOVEMENTS IN ALL OF THE RELATED SOCIAL INDICATORS IN A METROPOLITAN AREA. THIS BROAD SYSTEMS ANALYSIS WOULD USE THE OPTIMIZATION APPROACH, AND THUS BE A LOGICAL EXTENSION OF THE PPB SYSTEM. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - Budgeting KW - Community values KW - Computer programming KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Planning KW - Present value KW - Programming KW - Social factors KW - Social values KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133929 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239924 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Legarra, J A AU - Lammers, T R AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - THE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATOR LOOKS AT VALUES PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 109-116 AB - THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS EMPHASIZES THE NEED FOR ADEQUATE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE HIGHWAY ORGANIZATION AND THE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN EVERY ROUTE STUDY. THE CALIFORNIA STATE LEGISLATURE ADOPTED A MASTER PLAN FOR FREEWAYS AND EXPRESSWAYS IN 1959. OF THIS 12,600-MILE SYSTEM, 7,700 MILES HAVE BEEN ADOPTED AND 5,900 MILES COMPLETED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION. THE FINAL DECISION ON A SPECIFIC ROUTE LOCATION, WITHIN THE GENERAL DESCRIPTION ESTABLISHED BY THE LEGISLATURE, IS MADE BY A 7-MEMBER LAY COMMISSION, APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR, CALLED THE CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY COMMISSION. THE THREE PRINCIPAL FACTORS THAT ARE CONSIDERED BY THE COMMISSION IN REACHING A DECISION ARE (1) COMMUNITY EFFECTS, (2) TRAFFIC SERVICE, AND (3) RIGHT-OF-WAY AND CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF THE FREEWAY. THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECT ON THE COMMUNITY IS NOW GENERALLY THE ITEM OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE. PROCEDURES FOLLOWED INCLUDE: (1) LOCAL APPROVAL OF THE PROJECT LIMITS, (2) INITIAL AND CONTINUING CONTACT WITH THE GOVERNING BODIES AND TECHNICAL STAFFS OF LOCAL AGENCIES DURING THE STUDY PERIOD, (3) FULL DISSEMINATION OF THE RESULTS OF STUDIES THROUGH A PUBLIC HEARING WITH THE PRESENTATION OF THE LOCAL AGENCIES' AND PUBLIC'S VIEWS OF COMMUNITY EFFECTS, (4) DISTRIBUTION OF THE STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEERS' RECOMMENDATION TO OTHER STATE AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH RESOURCES AND PLANNING, AND ALSO TO THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AFFECTED, (5) A RECOMMENDATION AS TO A SPECIFIC LOCATION BY THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS TO THE CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY COMMISSION AFTER HAVING TAKEN ALL FACTORS INTO CONSIDERATION, (6) NOTIFICATION TO ALL LOCAL AGENCIES THAT THE CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY COMMISSION INTENDS TO ADOPT A ROUTE, (7) A SECOND PUBLIC HEARING BY THE HIGHWAY COMMISSION IF REQUIRED BY A LOCAL AGENCY, OR CONSIDERED DESIRABLE BY THE COMMISSION, (8) ADOPTION OF A ROUTE LOCATION BY THE HIGHWAY COMMISSION WITH A REPORT DETAILING THE REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF THIS SPECIFIC LOCATION, AND (9) AFTER THE ADOPTION, AND BEFORE RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION OR CONSTRUCTION CAN BEGIN, AN AGREEMENT MUST BE REACHED WITH THE LOCAL AGENCY CONCERNING THE EFFECT ON ITS STREETS. ATTEMPT IS MADE TO COMMUNICATE WITH ALL ELEMENTS IN THE COMMUNITY THAT ARE CONCERNED. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - City planning KW - Community consequences KW - Community values KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Expressways KW - Freeway location (Selection) KW - Freeway planning KW - Freeways KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Social impacts KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133930 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239922 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Hand, Irving AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - THE URBAN PLANNER LOOKS AT VALUES PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 87-94 AB - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND VALUES ARE DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO COMMUNITY VALUES. PART OF THE DIFFICULTY LIES IN THE FACT THAT URBAN TRANSPORTATION IS NOT SERVING THE DISADVANTAGED. SURVEYS SHOW THAT THE LOW INCOME GROUPS ARE USING REGIONAL RECREATION FACILITIES TO THE SAME EXTENT AS THE HIGHER INCOME GROUPS. AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORTATION COULD BE THE PROBLEM. EXAMPLES ARE PRESENTED WHICH REFLECT ON THE COMPLEXITY AND DIFFICULTY OF MAKING VALUED JUDGMENTS AND GAINING A CONSENSUS. THE UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNITY VALUES APPEARS TO BE DIFFICULT FROM THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING STANDPOINT. THOSE CONCERNED WITH TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT MUST GAIN THE TRUST OF THE PEOPLE BY BECOMING AWARE OF THE INDIVIDUAL DIFFICULTIES IN UNDERSTANDING THE LOCATION AND DESIGN OF FACILITIES. AN APPRECIATION OF COMMUNITY VALUES IS NECESSARY FOR THIS UNDERSTANDING. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - Access KW - Community values KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Recreational facilities KW - Social values KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation systems KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207919 AU - Uyanik, M E AU - Jetter, F R AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EXPLORATION OF FACTORS DETERMINING FATIGUE STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH A REDUCED NUMBER OF SHEAR CONNECTORS IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1969 AB - THE RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED OF A LABORATORY STUDY OF THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF WELDED STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS FOR COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION. THIS STUDY WAS INITIATED BECAUSE THE DESIGN PROCEDURE STATED IN THE 1961 AASHO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES WAS BASED ESSENTIALLY ON STATIC TEST INFORMATION, AND THEREFORE WAS OVERLY CONSERVATIVE. IN THE SUBJECT RESEARCH, COMPOSITE BEAMS WERE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED ON THE FOLLOWING BASES: (1) 1961 AASHO SPECIFICATIONS, (2) THE EXPECTED STRESSES AND FATIGUE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHEAR CONNECTORS, AND (3) ON THE BASIS OF (2) WITH AN ADDITIONAL FACTOR OF SAFETY. THE FATIGUE AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ABOVE BEAMS WERE DETERMINED. EVALUATION OF THE RESEARCH PERFORMED INDICATES THAT THE DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF SHEAR CONNECTORS TO BE USED FOR A COMPOSITE BEAM SHOULD BE BASED ON FATIGUE CONSIDERATIONS. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Shear strength KW - Specifications KW - Stresses KW - Studs KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218042 AU - Bukovatz, J E AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SPECIAL BRIDGE DECK SURFACE TREATMENTS PY - 1969 AB - TWENTY-SEVEN BRIDGE DECK SURFACES WERE USED TO TEST VARIOUS SEAL MATERIALS. EIGHT DIFFERENT MATERIALS WERE PLACED ON A TOTAL OF 16 DECKS. ELEVEN BRIDGE DECKS REMAINED UNTREATED TO SERVE AS CONTROLS. THE CONDITION OF THE 27 DECKS WERE EVALUATED ANNUALLY FOR FIVE YEARS. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN FROM THIS STUDY: (1) SEVERAL OF THE MATERIALS USED FAILED TO OFFER PROTECTION INASMUCH AS 25 PERCENT OR MORE OF THE DECK SURFACE WAS DETERIORATED AT THE END OF THE TEST, (2) THE PERFORMANCE OF THE APPARENTLY GOOD SEALS IS UNCERTAIN BECAUSE SEVERAL UNSEALED CONTROL DECKS AND UNSEALED CONTROL PORTIONS OF DECKS ALSO HAD LITTLE OR NO DAMAGE, AND (3) UNTREATED BRIDGE DECK SURFACES WITH LOW TRAFFIC VOLUMES HAD LITTLE DETERIORATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Performance tests KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Sealing experiments KW - Surface treating KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206379 AU - Teng, T C AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT OBSERVATION PROGRAM-REPORT 2 PY - 1969 AB - THE SECOND ANNUAL REPORT IS PRESENTED ON OBSERVATIONS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF MISSISSIPPI'S 49 CRCP PROJECTS WHICH COMPRISE 275 FOUR-LANE MILES AND 90 TWO-LANE MILES OF PAVEMENT. THE OBJECTIVES ARE (1) TO CONTINUE DESOTA AND JONES COUNTIES RESEARCH, (2) TO MAINTAIN STATEWIDE OBSERVATIONS OF PAVEMENT CONDITIONS, FAILURE INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR, (3) TO INVESTIGATE CONSTRUCTION PHENOMENA, AND (4) TO MAKE A STATEWIDE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE. MOVEMENTS AND CRACK PATTERNS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE DESOTA PROJECT WHICH HAS PILE ANCHORAGES AND THE JONES PROJECT WHICH HAS TRANSVERSE LUGS. FAILURES SUCH AS BLOW-UPS, DETERIORATING CONCRETE, EXCESSIVE OR WIDE CRACKING, AND FOUNDATION PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED FOR PROJECTS ON I-55 IN DESOTA, MADISON, CARROLL, AND COPIAK, I-59 IN JONES AND PEARL RIVER, I-20 IN WARREN AND U.S. 82 IN LEFLORE COUNTIES. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF MAKING ADEQUATE REPAIRS ARE ALSO PRESENTED BUT NO OVERALL CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN. THIS REPORT IS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME AS THE FIRST REPORT MADE IN 1968. BOTH REPORTS WERE FOR PRESENTATION AT THE HRB MEETINGS. /BPR/ KW - Anchorages KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Concrete KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Lugs KW - Motion KW - Observation KW - Pavement blowups KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218500 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - PRESIDENT'S TASK FORCE ON BRIDGE SAFETY. COMMITTEE NO 3 REPORT PY - 1969 AB - THE REPORT IS PRESENTED OF THE PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE WHICH WAS DIRECTED TO EVALUATE THE CONDITION OF HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY BRIDGES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. THIS COMMITTEE WAS APPOINTED SUBSEQUENT TO THE COLLAPSE OF THE SILVER BRIDGE IN THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY. BRIDGE INSPECTION PRACTICES OF ALL AGENCIES WERE INVESTIGATED THAT CONSTRUCT, OPERATE, AND MAINTAIN HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY BRIDGES. THE PROCEDURES ARE OUTLINED WHICH WERE FOLLOWED IN DEVELOPING INFORMATION REGARDING BRIDGES UNDER CONTROL OF STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS, THOSE WHICH ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF OTHER UNITS OF COUNTY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, RAILROAD BRIDGES, TOLL BRIDGES, AND FEDERALLY OWNED BRIDGES FOR WHICH MANY DIFFERENT FEDERAL AGENCIES HAVE RESPONSIBILITY. AN APPENDIX PRESENTS INFORMATION FROM THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS WHICH PROVIDES INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRACTICES OF RAILROADS RELATING TO THE MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF THEIR BRIDGES. PROGRESS IS BEING MADE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE BRIDGE INSPECTION MANUAL AND CRITERIA THROUGH THE COOPERATION OF THE ASHO BRIDGE COMMITTEE AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS AS DIRECTED BY THE 1968 FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY ACT. KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Railroad bridges KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215904 AU - McCaskill, G A AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PAINT STRIPE AND GLASS BEAD STUDY - REPORT I-FIELD TEST SECTION PY - 1969 SP - 62 p. AB - ONE HUNDRED INDIVIDUAL TEST SECTIONS INVOLVING OVER 230 MILES OF PAVEMENT WITH MORE THAN 24,000 INDIVIDUAL CENTER- LINE STRIPES WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. ALSO, 69 MILES OF CONTINUOUS EDGELINES WERE PLACED AND STUDIED. PAINT THICKNESS RANGED FROM 5.4 TO 20.2 MILS. BEAD APPLICATION RATES VARIED FROM 1.4 TO 9.3 POUNDS PER GALLON. ON THE BASIS OF AREA COVERED THE BEADS VARIED FROM .010 TO .068 POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOT OF STRIPE. NINETY-NINE PERCENT OF THE STRIPES WERE PERFORMING SATISFACTORILY AT THE END OF ONE YEAR. SOME OF THE STRIPES ON ASPHALT WERE IN TEST NEARLY TWO YEARS AND STILL PERFORMING SATISFACTORILY. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT THINNER PAINT STRIPES AND LOWER BEAD APPLICATION RATES THAN COMMONLY RECOMMENDED CAN BE UTILIZED. THE STUDIES SHOW THAT PAINT THICKNESS CAN BE SAFELY REDUCED TO TEN MILS AND BEAD RATE TO FOUR POUNDS PER GALLON AND HAVE BETTER REFLECTING, FASTER DRYING, MORE DURABLE STRIPE THAN AT 18 MILS AND SIX POUNDS OF BEADS PER GALLON. STUDIES SHOW THAT IN KANSAS PAINT CHIPPING IS THE MOJOR PROBLEM OF PAINT LOSS. WEAR OR ABRASION IS A MINOR PROBLEM. THERE IS ALSO MINOR LOSS DUE TO SNOWPLOW OPERATIONS, PATCHING, CRACK FILLER AND JOINT COMPOUND. THE SERVICE LIFE OF THE PAINT STRIPES IS OFTEN MORE DEPENDENT UPON THE SURFACE CONDITIONS OF THE ROAD THAN UPON THE THICKNESS OF THE PAINT FILM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Center lines KW - Chippings KW - Edge lines KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Glass beads KW - Reflective beads KW - Service life KW - Striping KW - Test sections KW - Texture KW - Thickness KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240415 AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING LAND DEVELOPMENT, SUBDIVISION DEVELOPMENT REPORT PY - 1969 AB - THE STUDY EXAMINES THE IMPACT INTERSTATE I-71 HAS HAD ON RESIDENTIAL SALES IN 16 NEARBY SUB-DIVISIONS. SALES INFORMATION WAS COLLECTED FROM 1952, FOUR YEARS BEFORE THE RIGHT-OF-WAY LOCATION WAS ANNOUNCED, TO 1966, FOUR YEARS AFTER FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION WAS COMPLETED. THE SUBDIVISIONS WERE NORTHEAST OF COLUMBUS, OHIO IN AN AREA WHERE SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT WAS JUST BEGINNING IN 1952. BY 1966, 90 PERCENT OF THE AREA WAS IN RESIDENTIAL USE. NINE OF THE 16 SUBDIVISIONS ABUTTED THE FREEWAY. BY COMPARING THE SUCCESS RATING (THE NUMBER OF LOTS SOLD BY THE DEVELOPER PER MONTH AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL LOTS ORIGINALLY AVAILABLE) OF THE NINE ABUTTING SUBDIVISIONS WITH THE OTHER SEVEN, THE RESEARCHERS SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY THE INFLUENCE THE FREEWAY MAY HAVE HAD ON RESIDENTIAL SALES. THE ANALYSIS INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SUCCESS RATINGS OF THE NINE SUBDIVISIONS ADJACENT TO THE FREEWAY AND THE OTHER SEVEN. NO CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE PERCENTAGE OF THE SUBDIVISION BORDERING THE FREEWAY AND THE SUBDIVISION'S SUCCESS RATING. THE RESEARCHERS FOUND NO CONSISTENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RATE OF SALES AND PRICES PAID FOR HOUSES ADJACENT TO THE FREEWAY COMPARED WITH THOSE IN THE REMAINDER OF THE SUBDIVISION. THE RELATIVE SUCCESS OF THE SUBDIVISION WAS NOT CONSIDERED TO HAVE BEEN INFLUENCED BY THE DIFFERENCES IN DRIVING TIME TO THE CBD OR THE AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL SHOPPING OR RECREATIONAL FACILITIES. THE FREEWAY IS ASSUMED TO HAVE HAD AN OVERALL POSITIVE INFLUENCE ON RESIDENTIAL SALES, BECAUSE SINCE 1958--A YEAR AFTER THE LOCATION OF THE FREEWAY AS ANNOUNCED--THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF LOTS SOLD IN THE STUDY AREA INCREASED BY 120 PER QUARTER OVER THE PERIOD FROM 1952-1958. THE TWO VARIABLES IDENTIFIED AS HAVING THE MOST POSITIVE EFFECT ON THE SUCFESS OF THE SUBDIVISIONS WERE HOW RECENTLY THE SUBDIVISION HAD BEEN DEVELOPED AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPER. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Central business districts KW - Development KW - Dwellings KW - Economic impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land values KW - Real estate development KW - Recreational facilities KW - Residential areas KW - Residential development KW - Sales KW - Shopping facilities KW - Suburbs KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207904 AU - Dallam, L N AU - Gaudini, P AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STATIC BEHAVIOR OF CONTINUOUS-COMPOSITE-BOLTED BEAMS PY - 1969 AB - A FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS DESCRIBED OF THE USE OF HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS FOR A MORE RIGID CONNECTION BETWEEN A CONCRETE SLAB AND A STEEL BEAM. THIS INVESTIGATION COVERS THE BEHAVIOR OF THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION OF CONTINUOUS - COMPOSITE MEMBERS LOADED TO FAILURE. EACH OF THE THREE MEMBERS TESTED CONSISTED OF A SIMPLY-SUPPORTED SPAN CONTINUING INTO A CANTILEVER. LOAD-DEFLECTION CURVES, STRAIN PROFILES, AND SLIP DISTRIBUTION CURVES WERE USED IN INVESTIGATING THE COMPOSITE BEHAVIOR OF THE MEMBERS. PREDICTED LOADS WERE COMPARED WITH THE ACTUAL LOADS OBTAINED. SIX TENSION - PUSHOUT SPECIMENS WERE ALSO INVESTIGATED. LOAD-SLIP CURVES WERE DETERMINED AND COMPARED WITH THOSE OBTAINED FROM THE COMPOSITE MEMBERS. FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS MADE FROM THIS INVESTIGATION: (1) BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF THE LOAD-SLIP PER BOLT DATA FOR THE COMPOSITE MEMBERS,A CONCLUSION FOR THE VALIDITY OF USING TENSION PUSHOUTS TO PREDICT CONNECTOR BEHAVIOR IN A MEMBER CAN NOT BE JUSTIFIED, (2) FOR THOSE MEMBERS WITH CONNECTORS OVER THEIR NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS, THERE WAS PRACTICALLY NO SLIP AT THEIR WORKING LOADS, (3) SIMPLE ULTIMATE STRENGTH THEORY CAN BE USED TO SATISFACTORILY PREDICT THE ULTIMATE CAPACITY IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION OF MEMBERS WITH CONNECTORS OVER THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS, AND (4) THE ELIMINATION OF CONNECTORS OVER THE NEGATIVE MOVEMT REGION OF THE COMPOSITE MEMBER REDUCED THE WORKING THE FIRST YIELDING LOADS OF THAT MEMBER BY APPROXIMATELY 15%. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Bolts KW - Composite construction KW - Concrete KW - Connectors KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Deflection KW - Fasteners KW - High strength bolts KW - Loads KW - Slabs KW - Steel KW - Tension KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP70-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218036 AU - Fletchall, O H AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF JOHNSONGRASS PY - 1969 AB - STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO TEST SEVERAL FORMS OF HERBICIDES, RATES AND TIMES OF APPLICATION, AND OTHER ASPECTS OF JOHNSONGRASS CONTROL TO ENABLE THE MISSOURI STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION TO ESTABLISH EFFECTIVE ERADICATION PRACTICES. DALAPON AND DISODIUM METHANEARSONATE ARE SHOWN TO BE THE MOST EFFECTIVE SYSTEMIC HERBICIDE CONTROLS. DALAPON AT 7.4 POUNDS PER ACRE PER APPLICATION APPLIED OVER A THREE- YEAR PERIOD (88.8 POUNDS TOTAL) GAVE 95.3 PERCENT CONTROL. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS CHEMICAL WAS INCREASED WITH APPROPRIATELY TIMED MOWING. DISODIUM METHANEARSONATE WAS EFFECTIVE AT THREE POUNDS PER ACRE PER APPLICATION, WITH A TOTAL OF 39 POUNDS APPLIED DURING THREE YEARS, A CONTROL OF 97 PERCENT WAS ACCOMPLISHED. THIS CHEMICAL WAS SUPERIOR TO DALPON BECAUSE TIMING IS LESS CRITICAL. IT IS MORE SELECTIVE AND IS EFFECTIVE AT HALF THE RATE OF DALAPON AND COSTS ABOUT HALF AS MUCH PER POUND. MONURON AND BROMACIL WERE THE MOST EFFECTIVE STERILANTS TESTED. IT IS NOTED THAT JOHNSONGRASS IS ONE OF THE FIRST SPECIES TO INVADE AN AREA AFTER THE EFFECTS OF A STERILANT BEGIN TO DISSIPATE. KW - Grasses KW - Herbicides KW - Mowing KW - Sterilants KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00580229 AU - Scholer, C F AU - PAVLOVICH, R D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT FOR PAVEMENT THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS PY - 1969 SP - 20p AB - This study used commercially available equipment, a V-Scope and an E-meter to non-destructively determine the thickness of portland cement concrete pavements. Pulse velocity and longitudinal resonant frequency in the thickness direction are determined by use of the ultrasonic equipment. Two series of tests are reported; one set consists of measurements of thickness of control slabs at the ISHC Research Training Center and the other set was run on actual pavement slabs in the field. Field test locations were 1. I-A65; Indianapolis 2. U.S. 40; Terre Haute 3. U.S. 50; Versailles 4. 1-70; Knightstown 5. 1-65; Haubstadt. Sonic thickness measurements of pavement slabs were compared, at the site, with ISHC cores that were taken from the same location. Discussion A brief introduction to the principles of operation of this equipment is included to show why errors are introduced and perhaps how these can be overcome. Thickness determination is based on measuring two parameters: pulse velocity and slab resonant frequency. Pulse velocity is the speed that sound travels through a material and resonant frequency is that condition where the slab will have a maximum vibration for a given force. There are three basic resonant frequencies: longitudinal, flexural, and torsional. We measured the longitudinal resonant frequency in the thickness dimension. KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Testing KW - Thickness KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313748 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221983 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON FEDERAL-AID AND OTHER HIGHWAY SYSTEMS/1968 PY - 1969 SP - 41 p. AB - THE STATISTICS IN THE REPORT ARE COMPILED FROM SUMMARIES OF FATAL AND PERSONAL INJURY ACCIDENT DATA AND EXPOSURE DATA SUBMITTED TO THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION BY THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS. THE REPORTS CONTAIN NUMBERS OF FATAL ACCIDENTS, INJURY ACCIDENTS, FATALITIES AND INJURIES--AND ASSOCIATED RATES--CLASSIFIED BY STATE AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM FOR RURAL AND URBAN AREAS. THESE REPORTS ARE PUBLISHED AS BASIC REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR USERS OF MOTOR-VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STATISTICS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221982 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON FEDERAL-AID AND OTHER HIGHWAY SYSTEMS/1967 PY - 1969 SP - 41 p. AB - THE STATISTICS IN THE REPORT ARE COMPILED FROM SUMMARIES OF FATAL AND PERSONAL INJURY ACCIDENT DATA AND EXPOSURE DATA SUBMITTED TO THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION BY THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS. THE REPORTS CONTAIN NUMBERS OF FATAL ACCIDENTS, INJURY ACCIDENTS, FATALITIES AND INJURIES--AND ASSOCIATED RATES--CLASSIFIED BY STATE AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM FOR RURAL AND URBAN AREAS. THESE REPORTS ARE PUBLISHED AS BASIC REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR USERS OF MOTOR-VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STATISTICS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111744 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00217404 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration Special Report PB - Federal Highway Administration Special Report AU - Morikuni, M AU - NISHIMURA, M AU - Kajima Inst Constr Tech /Japan TI - ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF COAL ASH PY - 1969 SP - p. 157-62 AB - THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF COAL ASH WERE INVESTIGATED TO SEE IF THE THEORIES OF SOIL MECHANICS COULD BE APPLIED TO SUCH A CASE. TWO ASHES PRODUCED AT DIFFERENT STEAM-POWER STATIONS WERE TESTED. ONE WAS MAINLY COMPOSED OF FLYASH AND CLASSIFIED AS SILT, AND THE OTHER WAS COMPOSED OF CLINKER AND CINDER AND CLASSIFIED AS SAND. DUE TO THEIR ORIGIN, MANY OF THE GRAINS HAD A GLASSY TEXTURE WITH VERY HIGH POROSITY. RESULTS OF THE LABORATORY AND IN-SITU TESTS SHOWED THAT THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE ASHES CAN BE CALCULATED BY USING SOIL MECHANICS THEORIES. KW - Fly ash KW - Soil mechanics KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/111465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221206 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON FEDERAL-AID AND OTHER HIGHWAY SYSTEMS/1969 PY - 1969 AB - TABLES ARE PRESENTED ON: FATALITY RATE TRENDS BY HIGHWAY SYSTEM; FATALITY AND FATAL-ACCIDENT RATES BY HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND STATE; INJURY AND INJURY-ACCIDENT RATES BY HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND STATE; FATALITY AND INJURY ACCIDENT DATA RELATED TO VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS, POPULATION, AND LICENSED DRIVERS; FATALITIES, FATAL ACCIDENTS, AND TRAVEL; AND INJURIES, INJURY ACCIDENTS, AND TRAVEL. KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid KW - Injuries KW - Population KW - Registrations KW - Tables (Data) KW - Travel KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00221126 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON FEDERAL-AID AND OTHER HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1969 AB - ACCIDENT STATISTICS INCLUDE SECTIONS ON FATALITY RATE TRENDS BY HIGHWAY SYSTEM; FATAL ACCIDENTS BY STATE AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM; INJURY ACCIDENTS BY HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND STATE; FATALITIES AND INJURIES RELATED TO VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS, POPULATION, AND LICENSED DRIVERS; FATAL ACCIDENTS AND TRAVEL. FATALITIES AND INJURIES ARE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO RURAL AND URBAN ACCIDENT RATES. /HSL/ KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Population KW - Registrations KW - Travel KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206412 AU - Chou, Y T AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN VISCOELASTIC PAVEMENT SYSTEMS UNDER A MOVING LOAD PY - 1969 AB - THE ANALYSIS DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS REQUIRE A KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS INDUCED BY TRAFFIC. THIS PAPER IS A STUDY OF THE RESPONSE OF VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS TO MOVING LOADS IN PAVEMENT SYSTEMS. BY NEGLECTING THE INERTIA EFFECT, EXPRESSIONS FOR STRESSES AND DISPLACEMMENTS IN SINGLE-AND TWO- LAYERED VISCOELASTIC SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPED FOR A MOVING CONCENTRATED LOAD BASED ON THE ELASTIC-VISCOELASTIC CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE. NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF MATERIALS AT VARIOUS SPEEDS OF THE LOAD. DISCUSSIONS OF THE INFLUENCE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOLUTIONS ARE PRESENTED. COMPARISONS ARE MADE BETWEEN EXISTING FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF STRESS AND DISPLACEMENT AND THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN THIS STUDY. THE COMPUTED STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS DECREASE WITH INCREASING SPEED OF THE LOAD AS WELL AS WITH INCREASING VALUE OF RETARDATION TIME OF THE VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL. FOR VISCOUS MATERIALS, DISPLACEMENTS CONTINUE TO INCREASE AS THE LOAD MOVES AWAY FROM THE STATION. THE STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN THE SUBGRADE SOILS ARE REDUCED WHEN A REINFORCING LAYER IS PRESENT. THE DEGREE OF REDUCTION DEPENDS ON THE SPEED OF THE LOAD AND THE RELATIVE MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR EACH LAYER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Measurement KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pavement design KW - Repeated loads KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228656 AU - Tice, J A AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SOIL RESILIENCE TEST FOR VIRGINIA FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHOD PY - 1969 AB - SUBGRADE SOIL STRENGTH IS PRESENTLY DETERMINED BY THE CBR TEST IN VIRGINIA. SINCE SOME SOILS IN THE STATE ARE HIGH IN MICA CONTENT AND ARE RESILIENT, THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF THE EXISTING CBR TEST COULD BE MODIFIED TO MEASURE RESILIENT CHARACTERISTICS. REPEATED CBR AND TRIAXIAL TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON THREE SOILS AT TWO DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS. THE TEST RESULTS DID NOT CORRELATE. THE AUTHORS ASSUMED THE TRIAXIAL TEST AS REFEREE AND CONCLUDE THAT THE REPEATED CBR TEST IS NOT SUITABLE FOR MEASURING RESILIENCY. THEY RECOMMEND THAT ANY FURTHER WORK BE DIRECTED TOWARD A METHOD RELATING MICA CONTENT TO RESILIENCY AS DEVELOPED BY ROSTRON FOR SOUTH CAROLINA, OR TOWARD A REPEATED CONSOLIDATION TEST DEVELOPED BY SHEPHARD IN VIRGINIA. /BPR/ KW - California bearing ratio KW - Flexible pavements KW - Micaceous soils KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Properties of materials KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201216 AU - Walton, L E AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A RETURN OF INVESTMENT ANALYSIS OF VIRGINIA'S INTERSTATE SYSTEM PY - 1969 AB - THE RESEARCHER ESTIMATES THAT THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM IN VIRGINIA GENERATED NEARLY TWO AND ONE HALF BILLION DOLLARS OF ADDITIONAL PERSONAL INCOME AS A RESULT OF INCREASED EMPLOYMENT FROM 1961 TO 1968. IN ADDITION, INTERSTATE HIGHWAY INVESTMENT STIMULATED ADDITIONAL PRIVATE CAPITAL INVESTMENT OF NEARLY THREE BILLION DOLLARS BETWEEN 1964 AND 1968 AND REAL ESTATE TAXES AND STATE INCOME TAXES INCREASED BY OVER 200 MILLION DOLLARS. AFTER COMPARING THE COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM WITH THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY GENERATED BY THE HIGHWAY INVESTMENT, THE RESEARCHER CONCLUDES THAT THE HIGHWAY INVESTMENT ACHIEVED AN 11.7 PERCENT ANNUAL RETURN. THOSE ESTIMATES WERE DEVELOPED BY COMPARING PROJECTED GROWTH OF EMPLOYMENT AND TAXES FOR 15 STUDY AREAS WITH THE ACTUAL CHANGE IN THESE INDICATORS SUBSEQUENT TO HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. THE AUTHOR STATES THAT EVEN THOUGH THIS AGGREGATIVE APPROACH MAY NOT CONSIDER SOME TEMPORARY LOSSES TO SMALL BUSINESSES, THE USE OF THE RETURN ON INVESTMENT APPROACH IS SUPERIOR TO THE BENEFIT-COST RATIO BECAUSE IT PROVIDES AN INDICATION OF THE BROAD IMPACT OF THIS INVESTMENT ON THE STATE. /BPR/ KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Income KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Investments KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Rate of return KW - Real property KW - Road construction KW - Taxation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36662/70-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206392 AU - Walker, H N AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DETERIORATION OF THE PENTAGON NETWORK OF ROADS PY - 1969 AB - THE PENTAGON BUILDING IS SERVED BY 30 MILES OF ACCESS HIGHWAYS, INCLUDING CLOVER LEAF RAMPS, OVERPASSES, AND BRIDGES. THE ROADS WERE CONSTRUCTED UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE U.S. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS, WHICH RETAINED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR MAINTENANCE UNTIL 1965, WHEN THIS RESPONSIBILITY WAS ASSUMED BY THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. CERTAIN PORTIONS OF THE ROAD SYSTEM DETERIORATED SEVERELY AND IN AN INORDINATELY SHORT TIME SHOWED EXCESSIVE CRACKING, SCALING, AND LOOSENING OF THE AGGREGATE. IN ORDER THAT THE CAUSE OF THE DETERIORATION MIGHT BE ASCERTAINED, SEVERAL CORES WERE REMOVED FROM THE PAVEMENT BEFORE THE ROADS WERE RESURFACED IN 1957. THE CORES CONTAINED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CRACKS, CRUSHED AGGREGATE, DETERIORATED PASTE, AND VOLUMINOUS DEPOSITS OF SILICA GEL. ALTHOUGH THE EVIDENCE OF AN ALKA-SILICA REACTION WAS ABUNDANT, THE DISTRESS THAT HAD DISRUPTED THE PAVEMENT SURFACE WAS HORIZONTAL CRACKING, WHICH WAS MAINLY DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF WATER IN THE CONCRETE DURING RECURRENT CYCLES OF FREEZING AND THAWING. /BPR/ KW - Access roads KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Defects KW - Deterioration KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Highway maintenance KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100060 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239921 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Altshuler, Alan AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - THE VALUES OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION POLICY PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 75-86 AB - LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WERE ENCOURAGED BY THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY PROGRAM TO CONSTRUCT NEW HIGHWAYS THROUGH DEVELOPED NEIGHBORHOODS. THE AVAILABILITY OF 100 PERCENT FEDERAL-STATE AID CONVINCED LOCAL POLITICAL SYSTEMS IN FAVOR OF LETTING IT BE DONE. A CHANGE IS ADVOCATED IN NATIONAL POLICY TO OFFER MUCH WIDER SCOPE FOR THE IMAGINATIVE USE OF SIDE-PAYMENTS AND FOR THE EXPRESSION OF LOCAL VALUES IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE ROOT CAUSE OF UNREST IN FIELD OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION IS THE RIGIDITY OF NATIONAL POLICY. IT IS FELT THAT EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION WOULD BE BETTER SERVED BY A POLICY THAT LEFT A GREAT MANY MORE CHOICES TO THE STATE AND LOCAL POLITICAL PROCESSES. THE FOLLOWING STEPS ARE DISCUSSED THAT MERIT CONSIDERATION TO: (1) ADAPT FEDERAL URBAN TRANSPORTATION POLICY TO THE VARYING PRIORITIES OF THE NATION'S DIVERSE URBAN AREAS AND SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS, AND (2) MAXIMIZE POLITICAL SUPPORT FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT BY: (1) IMPROVING THE BALANCE BETWEEN HIGHWAY AND INVESTMENT, (2) INCREASING FLEXIBILITY IN THE TYPES OF HIGHWAY INVESTMENT PERMITTED IN THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM, (3) STREET USE PRICING, AND (4) TEAM PLANNING, MULTIPLE PURPOSE DEVELOPMENTS, GREATER CITIZEN PARTICIPATION, AND MORE GENEROUS COMPENSATION. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - Community values KW - Economic factors KW - Federal aid highways KW - Investments KW - Multiple purpose projects KW - Politics KW - Social factors KW - Social values KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133927 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239920 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Ylvisaker, Paul N AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - THE RESIDENT LOOKS AT COMMUNITY VALUES PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 49-71 AB - SITUATIONS ARE DISCUSSED WHERE HUMAN VALUES AND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES COLLIDE. THERE WOULD BE NO CONFLICTS OF VALUES WITH TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES IF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS APPLIED: (1) IF A TRANSPORTATION FACILITY WERE BUILT ON OPEN LAND THAT IS OTHERWISE UNUSABLE, (2) THAT LAND WERE SOLD AT HALF THE PRICE THE PUBLIC EXPECTS TO PAY AND TWICE WHAT THE SELLERS EXPECTED TO GET, (3) THE FACILITY EXTENDED BETWEEN TWO POINTS WHERE EVERYBODY WANTS TO GO, AT TWICE THE FORMER SPEED AND HALF THE FORMER TRAFFIC, (4) IT IS BUILT BY CONTRACTORS WHO HAVE NO POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT AND BY ENGINEERS TRAINED AS SOCIOLOGISTS ON BUDGETS THAT PROVIDE FOR ALL THE EXTRAS AND DO NOT REQUIRE TOOLS OR TAXES, AND (5) IT INSURES THAT BOTH THE INCUMBENTS AND THE OPPONENTS ARE GOING TO WIN IN THE NEXT ELECTION. THE TWO VALUES THAT SEEM TO BE FELT MOST BY ALL ARE MOBILITY AND STABILITY. THESE ARE DISCUSSED FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. ACHIEVING STABILITY HAS BECOME ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE IN THE NATION'S GHETTOS BECAUSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TRANSPORTATION ROUTES THROUGH THESE AREAS. THE NATURE OF SOCIETY HAS CHANGED FROM THAT OF MASS PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS GOODS AS THE BASIS OF PLANNING COMMUNITIES AND CITIES. A SERVICE CITY IS THE RESULT OF THIS TYPE OF PLANNING. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING MUST BE COORDINATED WITH THE PLANNING OF HOUSING, RELOCATION, COMMUNITY VALUES AND NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING. CENTRALIZATION MIGHT BE MADE NATIONALLY OF THE PROBLEMS OF MOBILITY, HOUSING, COMMUNITY BUILDING, MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS. INCOME MAINTENANCE IS SUGGESTED AS A RADICAL SOLUTION. ZONING APPEARS TO FOSTER SEGREGATION IN REGIONAL PLANNING. A MASTER PLAN SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED VALID UNLESS IT MAKES PROVISION FOR HOUSING AND EMPLOYMENT AND DOES NOT DISCRIMINATE. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - Community values KW - Employment KW - Housings KW - Human factors KW - Mobility KW - Neighborhoods KW - Regional transportation KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Social factors KW - Social values KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation systems KW - Urban transportation KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133926 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239926 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Pikarsky, Milton AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - CHICAGO'S CROSSTOWN EXPRESSWAY: MOD-HIGHWAY FOR URBAN AMERICA PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 123-137 AB - CHICAGO'S PRESENT TRANSPORTATION NETWORK CONTAINS A SERIES OF RADIAL ROUTES THAT CONVERGE SLIGHTLY TO THE WEST OF THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT. THE PROPOSED CROSSTOWN EXPRESSWAY WOULD RUN NORTH AND SOUTH AT THE EDGE OF THE CITY, CONNECTING THE VARIOUS ARMS OF THE EXISTING NETWORK AND EASING THE DEMAND ON THESE RADIAL ROUTES. THE GENERAL LOCATION FOR THE CROSSTOWN WAS SELECTED THROUGH STUDY OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION ON ARTERIAL STREETS IN THE AREA, DAILY TRIP COMPUTATION TO DETERMINE THE TRAFFIC-ATTRACTING POWER OF THE CHICAGO LOOP, AND A SURVEY OF EXISTING ROADWAY FACILITIES. STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE HOW JOINT DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS COULD BE SPECIFICALLY APPLIED TO THE PROPOSED ALIGNMENT. THE CROSSTOWN EXPRESSWAY MUST SERVE THE TRAFFIC CORRIDOR CONCEPT AND BE A COMMUNITY FACILITY AND BACKBONE FOR COMMUNITY IMPROVEMENT. THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA OR GROUND RULES WERE ESTABLISHED: (1) MINIMUM DISRUPTION OF COMMUNITIES, (2) MINIMUM DISPLACEMENT OF HOMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES, (3) ACCOMMODATION WITHIN THEIR OWN COMMUNITY OF ALL DISPLACED FAMILIES, STORES, AND INDUSTRIES WHO CHOSE TO STAY, (4) ADEQUATE COMPENSATION FOR THOSE WHO DID NOT CHOOSE TO STAY, (5) PROVISION OF SPACE FOR MASS TRANSIT AS PART OF CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT, (6) ALLOWANCE OF ADEQUATE SPACE FOR JOINT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, AND (7) PROVISION OF A SECONDARY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TO INTEGRATE THE EXPRESSWAY AND THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES. TO SATISFY ALL THE GROUND RULES ESTABLISHED, TWO PLANS WERE REQUIRED: (1) AN ALIGNMENT PLAN THAT WAS A LAYOUT OF THE ACTUAL EXPRESSWAY, AND (2) A DEVELOPMENT PLAN THAT SUGGESTED WAYS OF USING THE NEW HIGHWAY AS A BASIS FOR COMMUNITY IMPROVEMENTS. THE FOLLOWING THREE CATEGORIES CONSTITUTED THE FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY: (1) ENGINEERING ASPECTS, (2) COMMUNITY IMPACT, AND (3) POTENTIAL LAND USE IMPROVEMENTS. IF ONE ALIGNMENT EMERGED AS BEST IN ALL THREE CATEGORIES, IT WOULD OBVIOUSLY BE THE BEST SOLUTION. THESE CATEGORIES WERE THEN RELATED TO A PROCESS OF ANALYSIS. THE DIVIDED ALIGNMANT WITH INTERIOR ACCESS, THE REVERSED SPLIT ALIGNMENT, WAS THE ONE RECOMMENDED. IT PROVIDES A HIGH-ACCESSIBILITY CORRIDOR, DISPLACING FEW FAMILIES AND ENHANCES THE EXISTING RESIDENTIAL AREAS BOTH WITHIN AND ADJACENT TO THE EXPRESSWAY CORRIDOR. THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IS DESCRIBED. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - Arterial highways KW - Central business districts KW - Chicago, Illinois, USA KW - City planning KW - Community values KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Freeway location (Selection) KW - Freeways KW - Housings KW - Joint development KW - Land use planning KW - Location KW - Social values KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133932 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239925 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Hill, Stuart L AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - WATTS-CENTURY FREEWAY PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 117-121 AB - ROUTE STUDIES IN CALIFORNIA TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION THREE MAJOR FACTORS: (1) THE EFFECTS THAT THE ALTERNATE WILL HAVE ON THE COMMUNITIES THROUGH OR AROUND WHICH IT MAY PASS, (2) THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE ALTERNATE WILL FULFILL EXISTING AND FUTURE TRAFFIC DEMANDS, AND (3) THE INITIAL COST OF THE ALTERNATE, INCLUDING BOTH CONSTRUCTION AND RIGHT-OF-WAY. ON THE CENTURY FREEWAY STUDIES, COST FACTORS SEEMED TO FAVOR THE NORTHERLY ALTERNATES. THEREFORE, COMMUNITY IMPACT WAS DECISIVE IN DETERMINING THE LOCATION OF THE ROUTE. THE ADOPTED ROUTE OF THE CENTURY FREEWAY HAS RECEIVED ADVOCACY FROM THE COMMUNITY IT MOST SEVERELY AFFECTS, THE COMMUNITY OF WATTS. THE KEY STRATEGY FOR LAND ACQUISITION IN WATTS INVOLVES REPLACEMENT HOUSING. REPLACEMENT HOUSING LEGISLATION PASSED BY THE LEGISLATURE PROVIDES THAT THE DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS MAY ACQUIRE AND CONDEMN VACANT UNOCCUPIED PROPERTY OUTSIDE FREEWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY AND THAT IT MAY CONTRACT WITH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ENTITIES FOR THE FINANCING, PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, MANAGEMENT, SALE, AND EXCHANGE OR LEASE OF REPLACEMENT HOUSING, IN ORDER TO PROVIDE REPLACEMENT HOUSING FOR LOW-INCOME INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES WHO RESIDE IN ECONOMICALLY DEPRESSED AREAS OF THE STATE AND WHO ARE DISPLACED BY FREEWAYS. SINCE THE RIOTS, NORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY DWINDLED IN WATTS. IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE IMPROVEMENT OF HOUSING WILL STIMULATE ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADJACENT TO AND IN THE VICINITY OF THE HOUSING. THE REPLACEMENT HOUSING PROGRAM WILL BE RECOMMITTED TO CONTINUED COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT. ALTHOUGH THE CENTURY FREEWAY DISPLACES THOUSANDS OF RESIDENTS IN AN AREA WHERE A DEPRESSED REAL ESTATE MARKET MAKES REPLACEMENT IMPOSSIBLE THROUGH NORMAL MEANS, IT OFFERS THE COMMUNITY AND THE PEOPLE OF WATTS AN OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE AND REVITALIZE THE COMMUNITY THROUGH TOTAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN A REPLACEMENT HOUSING PROGRAM. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - City planning KW - Communities KW - Community values KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Equipment replacement KW - Freeway location (Selection) KW - Freeway planning KW - Freeways KW - Highway planning KW - Housings KW - Laws KW - Location KW - Property acquisition KW - Public relations KW - Replacement KW - Social values KW - Watts (Los Angeles, California) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00239927 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Mantel Jr, Samuel J AU - Dean, Burton V AU - Highway Research Board (HRB) TI - COMMUNITY VALUES AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH PY - 1969 IS - 105 SP - pp 139-146 AB - DECISION MAKING PROBLEMS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND LAND- USE PLANNING ARE DISCUSSED. A DECISION PROBLEM MUST BE FORMULATED OR MODELED. VALUES ENTER DIRECTLY INTO THE PROCESS OF PROBLEM FORMULATION. MATHEMATICAL MODELS ARE BECOMING A REQUIREMENT FOR RATIONAL PLANNING AND DECISION- MAKING IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. THE EXACT WAY IN WHICH EACH VALUE IS INCLUDED IN THE DECISION MODEL DEPENDS ON THE WAY IN WHICH THAT VALUE IS DEFINED AND ON ITS MEASURABILITY. THE APPROACH TO THE SELECTION OF A TRANSPORTATION PLAN IS SUGGESTED THROUGH THE USE OF STATISTICAL DECISION THEORY. OPERATIONS RESEARCH METHODS WILL HELP TO SYSTEMIZE INFORMATION AND DECISION PROCESSES. THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN OPERATIONS RESEARCH MODEL IS A CREATIVE ACT AS IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION THAT ARE TO BE EVALUATED. THE PROCESS OF MODELING INTRODUCES A SENSE OF LOGIC OR ORDER INTO ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND, CONTROL AND COORDINATE COMPLEX, DYNAMIC SYSTEMS. U1 - Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation and Community ValuesNational Research CouncilFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment of TransportationDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWarrenton,VA,United States StartDate:19690202 EndDate:19690205 Sponsors:National Research Council, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Department of Housing and Urban Development KW - Community values KW - Decision making KW - Decision theory KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Operations research KW - Social values KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470906 AU - Turner, A Keith F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Computer-Assisted Procedures to Generate and Evaluate Regional Highway Alternatives, Part 1 PY - 1968/12/19/Final Report SP - 318p AB - Present highway location analysis procedures concentrate on the geometric and economic aspects of only a few alternatives. This study in concerned with the definition and development of improved procedures to assist the design engineer in rapidly generating and objectively assessing a larger number of alternatives. The primary aims of the study were to investigate and evaluate numerical surface analysis procedures and to apply them, in conjunction with minimum path analysis procedures, to the analysis of alternative regional highway locations. These aims were achieved by designing and testing a prototype Generalized Computer-Aided Route Selection (GCARS) System. The GCARS System processes suitable measures of each highway location factor selected by the design engineer to produce value surfaces that are later converted to utility surfaces. Utility surfaces may be combined in various proportions to produce multiple factor utility surfaces. Utility networks are constructed on these surfaces. Repeated minimum path analysis of these networks generates a series of alternative locations between any origin and destination, in terms of the selected factors alone or in combination. Evaluation of these alternatives with respect to the first choice alternative determines the sensitivity of the alternatives to the various factors and combinations. The GCARS System was applied to two test areas within the state of Indiana. Five different factors representing potential costs or benefits were studied in an area covering 3740 square miles in south-central Indiana. Alternative data sources were collected and utilized as measures for several factors, so that a total of nine measures were studied. A second smaller area, including the Greater Lafayette, Indiana area, was selected for more detailed studies. Four factors represented by eight different measures were evaluated in this area. The main conclusions reached by this research are: (1) computer-aided regional highway location procedures, as utilized by the prototype GCARS System, can assist design engineers in analyzing a large number of alternatives; (2) numerical surface analysis procedures have important applications in the GCARS System during data collection and analysis operations; (3) there are four important factors which affect regional highway locations: earthwork cost, pavement construction cost, right of way acquisition cost and service benefits; (4) regional analysis can be performed using generally available data as measures of these factors; however, more detailed analyses require specially collected data for several of these factors; and (5) generation of single and multiple factor alternatives can be accomplished by repeated application of minimum path analysis procedures to utility networks. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer aided design KW - Highway design KW - Path analysis KW - Prototypes KW - Regional planning UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314499 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00213811 AU - WINSLOW, D N AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE PY - 1968/12/18/Final Report - Phase I SP - 127p AB - AN INVESTIGATION WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE. IN ADDITION TO MEASURING PORE DIAMETERS OVER A WIDE RANGE, THE EFFECTS OF WATER/CEMENT RATIO AND DEGREE OF HYDRATION (AGE) WERE INVESTIGATED. A REVIEW WAS MADE OF PUBLISHED PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES AND THEORIES OF PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE CALLED ATTENTION TO THE METHOD OF MEASUREMENT AND THE RANGE OF PORE DIAMETERS MEASURED. MERCURY INTRUSION WAS USED TO MEASURE PORES WITH DIAMETERS BETWEEN 1000 MUN 0.0085 MUN AND CAPILLARY CONDENSATION (USING WATER VAPOR) WAS USED BETWEEN THE PORE DIAMETER LIMITS OF 0.1000 MUN AND 0.0030 MUN. EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS OF THE MERCURY INTRUSION TECHNIQUE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL INCLUDE NECESSARY MODIFICATIONS TO A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE POROSIMETER, THE DESIGN AND USE OF THE NEW MACROW-POROSIMETER AND SPECIFIC ASSESSMENT OF SUCH FACTORS IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEORETICAL AND EFFECTIVE MERCURY COMPRESSIBILITY AND HEATING DUE TO COMPRESSION. THE METHODS OF MERCURY INTRUSION AND CAPILLARY CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOR ARE BOTH APPLICABLE AND USEFUL TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE. THE RESULTS OF MERCURY INTRUSION TESTS INDICATE THAT, AN ANY STAGE IN HYDRATION, THERE IS A CHARACTERISTIC PORE DIAMETER LARGER THAN A COMPARATIVELY SMALL VOLUME OF PORES AND IMMEDIATELY SMALLER THAN A LARGE VOLUME OF PORES. THE MERCURY INTRUSION PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS INVARIABLY DISPLAY A CHARACTERISTIC PORE DIAMETER ABOVE WHICH LITTLE PORE VOLUME IS DETECTED AND IMMEDIATELY BELOW WHICH AN APPRECIABLE FRACTION OF THE TOTAL MEASURED PORE VOLUME IS INTRUDED. THIS THRESHHOLD DIAMETER DECREASED WITH INCREASING AGE AND DECREASING WATER/CEMENT RATIO. THE WATER VAPOR PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE FOR THE 0.6 WATER/CEMENT RATIO PASTE SHOWS REMARKABLE AGREEMENT WITH THE MERCURY INTRUSION CURVES. IN ALL CASES, THE WATER VAPOR MEASURES A GREATER PORE VOLUME THAN DOES THE MERCURY AND THE DEVIATIONS ARE PRESUMED TO BE CAUSED BY RESTRICTED ENTRYWAYS INTO PORES. KW - Capillary water KW - Condensation KW - Diameter KW - Hydration KW - Measurement KW - Mercury KW - Ores KW - Pastes KW - Portland cement KW - Size KW - Water vapor UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313747 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233714 AU - Beayers, J AU - Cox, A AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EROSION CONTROL STUDY (PHASE 1) PY - 1968/12/05 AB - THIS IS A FINAL REPORT FOR A FIVE-YEAR STUDY DESIGNED PRIMARILY TO DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR ESTABLISHING PERMANENT VEGETATIVE COVER ON SUBSOIL SLOPE AREAS ALONG LOSUSIANA HIGHWAYS. THE PREVALENCE OF ACID SOILS IN MOST OF THE STATE MAKES NECESSARY THE ADDITION OF AN AVERAGE OF 1 1/2 TONS OF LIME PER ACRE. BASIC NUTRIENT ELEMENTS MUST ALSO BE USED TO OBTAIN A SATISFACTORY STAND OF TURF. EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS INITIAL SEEDBED PREPARATION (THE AUTHORS STATE THAT THIS IS THE KEY TO PRODUCING AN EFFECTIVE COVER ON ROADSIDE SLOPES). WEEPING LOVEGRASS IS A GOOD EROSION CONTROL SPECIES IN ALL BUT THE MARSH AREAS OF THE STATE. MOWING SHOULD BE MINIMUM. AS MANY AS THREE MOWINGS PER YEAR WILL RETARD VIGOROUS GROWTH. AS A GENERAL RULE-OF- THUMB, MOWING SHOULD NOT BE DONE EXCEPT TO CONTROL WEEDS AND MAINTAIN SIGHT LINES. /BPR/ KW - Acid soils KW - Calcium oxide KW - Erosion control KW - Ground cover KW - Mowing KW - Planting KW - Roadside improvement KW - Slopes KW - Subsoil KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218034 AU - Foote, L E AU - Kill, D L AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CANADA THISTLE CONTROL ON ROADSIDES PY - 1968/12/05 AB - THE CONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE, SCOP.) IS AN IMPORTANT FACET OF THE VEGETATION MAINTENANCE PROGRAM CONDUCTED BY THE MINNESOTA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. PICLORAM APPLIED AT 3/4 LB/ACRE REDUCED THISTLE STANDS BY 80 TO 100 PERCENT AS COMPARED TO A MAXIMUM OF 55 PERCENT ACHIEVED WITH 2, 4-D AT 4 LB/ACRE. WHERE LEGUMES CONSTITUTE A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE ROADSIDE COVER PICLORAM SHOULD NOT BE USED. THE BEST TIME TO APPLY PICLORAM IS LATE SUMMER WHEN THERE IS THE LEAST DANGER OF POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO CROPS IN ADJACENT FIELDS. /BPR/ KW - Control KW - Herbicides KW - Maintenance KW - Roadside improvement KW - Thistle KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222575 AU - MCHENRY, R R AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEHICLE DYNAMICS IN SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS-VALIDATIONS AND EXTENSIONS OF A COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - 1968/12 AB - RESULTS OF THE SECOND YEAR OF A PROGRAM OF COMBINED THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ARE SUMMARIZED THAT AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL MEANS OF STUDYING THE ENERGY CONVERSION CHARACTERISTICS OF ROADSIDE TERRAIN FEATURES AND OBSTACLES. THE REPORT OF THE RESEARCH CONSTITUTES ONE PART OF A BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS PROGRAM AIMED AT REDUCING THE INCIDENTS OF INJURY-PRODUCING ACCIDENTS THAT OCCUR IN COLLISIONS BETWEEN SINGLE VEHICLES AND FIXED OBJECTS ON OR NEAR THE ROADWAY. A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IS VALIDATED BY MEANS OF COMPARISON OF THE MODEL PREDICTIONS OF VEHICLE RESPONSES WITH MEASURED RESULTS FROM A SERIES OF FULL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS. EXCELLENT CORRELATION IS ACHIEVED FOR A VARIETY OF VIOLENT MANEUVERS, MOST OF WHICH INCLUDE SIMULTANEOUS RIDE AND CORNERING RESPONSES. THE TEST PROCEDURES AND INSTRUMENTATION OF THE FULL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS ARE DESCRIBED IN DETAIL. PROPERTIES AND DIMENSIONS OF THE TEST VEHICLE, AS MEASURED BY THE FORD MOTOR COMPANY UNDER A SUBCONTRACT, AND TIRE PROPERTIES, AS MEASURED AND MADE AVAILABLE BY THE GENERAL MOTORS ENGINEERING STAFF, ARE SUMMARIZED. AN AUXILLIARY COMPUTER-GRAPHICS PROGRAM THAT PRODUCES PERSPECTIVE DISPLAYS OF THE SIMULATED VEHICLE AND TERRAIN FEATURES, OR OBSTACLES, IS BRIEFLY DESCIRBED AND SAMPLE DISPLAYS ARE PRESENTED. THE RESULTS OF FEASIBILITY STUDIES OF CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL OF THE SIMULATED VEHICLE, EXTENSION OF THE GENERALITY OF SPRUNG MASS IMPACT CAPABILITIES, AND APPLICATION OF THE SIMULATION TO THE TASK OF ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION ARE DISCUSSED. A SPECIALIZED VERSION OF THE VEHICLE SIMULATION THAT IS BEING DEVELOPED FOR USE IN STUDIES OF THE DETAILED DYNAMICS OF BRAKING IS DESCRIBED. SINCE REFINEMENTS AND MINOR CORRECTIONS HAVE BEEN INCORPORATED IN THE COMPUTER SIMULATION DURING THE COURSE OF THE VALIDATION STUDY, THE PRESENT REPORT INCLUDES UPDATED VERSIONS OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL DESCRIPTION AND OF THE EQUATIONS AND LOGIC THAT APPEARED IN AN EARLIER REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Energy conversion KW - Fixed object KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200809 AU - MEUTH, H G AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RIGHT OF WAY EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED ACCESS TYPE HIGHWAY ON A RANCHING AREA IN MADISON COUNTY, TEXAS PY - 1968/12 AB - THIS REPORT ENUMERATES THE EFFECTS AND THE PROBABLE EFFECTS ON SMALL RANCH OPERATING UNITS BY THE ACQUISITION OF RIGHT-OF-WAY FOR AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN 18 MILE SECTION OF INTERSTATE 45 IN MADISON COUNTY, TEXAS. SINCE THIS IS PRIMARILY A RANCHING AREA, THIS REPORT PRESENTS FINDINGS DEVELOPED THROUGH PERSONAL INTERVIEWS WITH AFFECTED OPERATORS OF LAND ACQUIRED FOR I-45 AND WITH CONTROL AREA OPERATORS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF THE NEWLY CONSTRUCTED HIGHWAY, WHICH IS ALL ON NEW LOCATION, ON LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS. THE OBJECTIVES WERE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION ON: (1) CHANGES IN KIND AND INTENSITY OF RURAL LAND USE, (2) CHANGES IN NUMBER OF FARM AND RANCH UNITS, TENURE AND INTENSITY OF OPERATIONS, (3) COST OF ADJUSTMENTS TO NEW FARM AND OPERATING CONDITIONS, AND (4) CHANGES IN FARM INCOME CAUSED BY DECREASING FARM ACREAGE AND DIVISION OF UNITS INTO SEPARATE TRACTS. DATA WERE COLLECTED FOR 1962, 1964, AND 1966. THESE PERIODS REPRESENTED THE BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION PERIODS FOR THE I-45 SECTION UNDER STUDY. THUS, A MODIFIED BEFORE AND AFTER APPROACH WAS USED FOR THIS STUDY. THE RESEARCHERS SELECTED A CONTROL GROUP OF OPERATING UNITS IN THE VICINITY OF THE STUDY GROUP AREA BUT OUTSIDE THE DIRECT INTEREST OF THE NEW HIGHWAY TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT EXTERNAL OR GENERAL INFLUENCES DURING THE STUDY PERIOD. AMONG THE FINDINGS FROM THIS RESEARCH WERE: (1) THAT MORE INTENSIVE LAND USE ALLOWED THE OPERATORS TO REDUCE THE ACRE-ANIMAL RATIO FROM 10.1 ACRES PER COW IN 1962 TO 7.4 IN 1966. THE CONTROL AREA HAD A 9.6 RATIO IN 1962 COMPARED TO 8.7 IN 1966, (2) THAT SOME ADVERSE ECONOMIC AFFECTS WERE NOTED IN 1964, HOWEVER, BY 1966 THE OPERATORS HAD MADE THE NECESSARY ADJUSTMENTS TO OFFSET THE LOSS OF ACREAGE AND SHOWED AN INCREASE IN INCOME, AND (3) THAT SOME ADDITIONAL TRAVEL HAD BECOME NECESSARY BECAUSE OF INCREASED DISTANCES TO TOWN, BUT THIS WAS OFFSET BY THE LESS CONGESTED ROUTE. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Distance KW - Economic impacts KW - Farms KW - Freeways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Property acquisition KW - Ranches KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Rural areas KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206376 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL REPORT FOR ROADWAY FAILURE STUDY NO. 111 PY - 1968/12 AB - THIS WAS THE THIRD STUDY IN A SERIES CONCERNED WITH PAVEMENT FAILURE OVER EXPANSIVE CLAY FOUNDATION SOIL. THE FIRST TWO STUDIES INDICATED THAT INCREASING WATER CONTENT AND SOFTENING OF THE UPPER FEW FEET OF THE CLAY WAS THE MAIN CAUSE OF PAVEMENT FAILURE AT THE SITES STUDIED. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE THIRD STUDY WERE TO FURTHER DEFINE THE SOURCE OF MOISTURE AND THE DEPTH OF MOISTURE INCREASE, AND TO DETERMINE POSSIBLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES. MOISTURE CONTENT, CHANGES IN PAVEMENT ELEVATION AND PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE WERE OBSERVED. MOISTURE CONTENTS WERE MEASURED WITH NUCLEAR DEPTH PROBES AND UNDISTURBED SAMPLING. RESULTS INDICATED THAT WATER INFILTRATES DOWNWARD FROM THE SURFACE ONLY AND THAT PAVEMENT DISTRESS OCCURRED AFTER THE MOISTURE CONTENT HAD INCREASED. AT ONE POINT OF FAILURE, THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE SUBGRADE APPROACHED SATURATION. THE SOURCE OF WATER APPEARS TO BE CONDENSATION, WITHIN THE GRANULAR BASE, OF MOISTURE IN THE AIR VOIDS. APPARENTLY FRESH AIR AND MOISTURE ARE DRAWN INTO THE BASE DURING EACH DAILY CYCLE OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE. RECOMMENDED TREATMENT INCLUDES WATERPROOFING THE ENTIRE SUBGRADE SURFACE INCLUDING DITCHES AND THE LOWER PORTIONS OF BACKSLOPES AND THE UPPER PORTIONS OF FILL SLOPES. /BPR/ KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Altitude KW - Condensation KW - Durability KW - Elevation KW - Expansive clays KW - Failure KW - Foundation soils KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224907 AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EFFECT OF SIGNAL SPACING ON PLATOON DISPERSION (PHASE ONE) PY - 1968/12 AB - THE STUDY OBJECTIVE IS TO INVESTIGATE PLATOON MOVEMENTS ON ARTERIALS AND TO RELATE VARIATION IN PLATOON BEHAVIOR TO VARIATION IN SIGNAL CONTROL AND CHANGES IN TRAFFIC VOLUMES. THE STUDY METHOD INVOLVES TAKING PICTURES WITH A TIME-LAPSE CAMERA OF THE PLATTOONS AS THEY PROCEED ALONG THE TEST STREETS. THE CAMERA WAS OPERATED AT TWELVE FRAMES PER SECOND IN THE FIRST PART OF THE STUDY AND AT ONE FRAME PER SECOND IN THE SECOND PART. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE FIRST VEHICLE IN A PLATOON IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE SIZE OF THE PLATOON. OPERATION OF A TRAFFIC SIGNAL AS A FLASHING AMBER WAS FOUND TO CAUSE A REDUCTION IN THE AVERAGE SPEED OF THE PLATOONS. IT WAS ALSO OBSERVED THAT SMALL PLATOONS ARE LESS COMPACT THAN LARGE PLATOONS. A KINEMATIC MODEL OF TRAFFIC FLOW, BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT ALL VEHICLES TRAVEL WITH A CONSTANT SPEED NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE MEAN SPEED, WAS APPLIED AND TESTED FOR GOODNESS OF FIT WITH FLOW OF THE SIGNALIZED ARTERIAL AT A CONFIDENCE LEVEL OF 90 PERCENT. /BPR/ KW - Arterial highways KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Flashing yellow signals KW - Kinetics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Signalization KW - Streets KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224906 AU - Jacobs, R R AU - Gillfillan, W E AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BAY AREA OPERATIONS STUDY: FOURTH INTERIM REPORT PY - 1968/12 AB - ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA COLLECTED BOTH NORTHBOUND AND SOUTHBOUND ON STUDY 1 ARE PRESENTED. THERE ARE SIX ADDITIONAL STUDY SECTIONS. STUDY SECTION 1 IS A 10 MILE SECTION OF THE JAMES LICK AND BAYSHORE FREEWAY (ROUTE 101) FROM OYSTER POINT BOULEVARD ON THE SOUTH TO THE SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE ON THE NORTH. THE REPORT IDENTIFIES THREE BOTTLENECK LOCATIONS ON THE JAMES LICK FREEWAY DURING THE MORNING PEAK PERIOD. THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THESE THREE BOTTLENECKS ARE IDENTIFIED AND POSSIBLE METHODS OF IMPROVEMENTS ARE PRESENTED. DURING THE AFTERNOON PEAK PERIOD FOUR BOTTLENECK LOCATIONS ARE IDENTIFIED. THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THESE FOUR BOTTLENECKS ARE IDENTIFIED AND POSSIBLE METHODS OF IMPROVEMENTS ARE PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Bottlenecks KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Freeway operations KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201212 AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BOONE, U.S. 30 RELOCATION ECONOMIC STUDY PY - 1968/12 AB - A REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC AND OTHER EFFECTS OF THE RELOCATION OF U.S. 30 IN THE BOONE, IOWA, AREA ON THE CITY OF BOONE IS PRESENTED. INDICATORS SUCH AS TAXABLE RETAIL SALES, LAND USE, INDUSTRY, EMPLOYMENT, ZONING AND TRAFFIC PATTERNS WERE CONSIDERED IN THIS STUDY. METHODOLOGY INCLUDED THE BEFORE AND AFTER APPROACH AND ALSO THE CONTROL CITY (WEBSTER CITY) AND CONTROL AREA APPROACHES. THE CENSUS BUREAU HAS SEGREGATED IOWA'S COUNTIES INTO HOMOGENEOUS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND POLITICAL BASES. ECONOMIC AREA 2B, AS WELL AS AN AVERAGE OF TEN SELECTED CITIES WITHIN THIS AREA WERE USED AS CONTROLS. DATA FROM THE STATE OF IOWA WERE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED FOR THE PERIODS BEFORE AND AFTER THE OPENING OF THE RELOCATED U.S. 30. AMONG THE FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH WERE THAT: (1) RETAIL SALES IN THE STUDY CITY,BOONE, WERE NOT NOTICEABLY DIFFERENT FROM THE CONTROL TOWN, WEBSTER CITY, WITH RECORDED INCREASES OF 23.5 PERCENT IN BOONE, 22.1 PERCENT IN WEBSTER CITY, AND 31.7 PERCENT IN ECONOMIC AREA 2B, AND 31.6 PERCENT IN THE STATE OF IOWA, (2) DECREASES OF SERVICE STATION SALES IN BOONE WERE THE CONSEQUENSES OF MANAGEMENT AND OWNERSHIP CHANGES AS WELL AS THE LOSS IN TRADE TO THROUGH TRAFFIC, (3) SERVICE STATIONS REMAINING IN OPERATION HAVE MODERNIZED THEIR FACILITIES TO BECOME MORE COMPETITIVE AND ARE OFFERING MORE MERCHANDISE TO THE LOCAL CUSTOMER, (4) LAND IS NOW BEING MORE FULLY UTILIZED WITH COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE MAJOR FEEDER STREET TO U.S. 30, AND (5) THE DECREASED TRAFFIC ON OLD U.S. 30 HAS MADE IT A STREET THAT CAN ADEQUATELY HANDLE THE NEEDS OF THE LOCAL RESIDENTS AT THE SAME TIME THAT THE COMBINED TRAFFIC ON BOTH ROUTES HAD INCREASED BY 21 PERCENT IN 1967 OVER 1959. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Highways KW - Industries KW - Land use KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Retail trade KW - Service stations KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Travel patterns KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91055 ER - TY - SER AN - 00201627 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Newman, E S TI - INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1968/12 AB - INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION IS DEALT WITH IN THIS ARTICLE AS IT IS IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY AND AS IT IS EXPECTED TO EVOLVE IN THE NEXT DECADE OR TWO. RATHER THAN PROVIDE ONLY A SINGLE-MODE SERVICE, THE CARRIERS, THROUGH INCREASED COORDINATION, NOW OFFER THE PUBLIC AN IMPROVED INTERMODAL SERVICE, THE INHERENT ADVANTAGES OF WHICH ARE A STRONG IMPETUS TO FURTHER ITS GROWTH. COMPETITIVE MODES OF TRANSPORTATION ARE BENEFITING FROM THIS COORDINATED SERVICE BY CAPTURING THE BEST FEATURES OF EACH MODE. CONTAINERIZATION, CREATING A NEW ROLE FOR MOTOR AND RAIL CARRIERS, HAS ENABLED THEM TO DEVELOP A MORE CONVENIENT, FASTER, AND VERSATILE SERVICE. NEW COST-SAVING EFFICIENCIES WILL ASSURE THE CONTINUED GROWTH OF TRAILER-ON-FLATCAR SERVICE, AND MAY PRODUCE A SURGE OF TRAFFIC IN ITS SECOND OR THIRD DECADE OF OPERATION. WHAT EVENTUALLY IS BEST FOR THE SHIPPER WILL GOVERN THE RATE OF INTERMODAL-TRANSPORTATION GROWTH. CONTINUED CLOSE RELATIONS AMONG COMPETITVE REGULATED CARRIERS AND SHIPERS MAY REVERSE THE TREND TO OPERATE PRIVATELY OWNED EQUIPMENT. TRAILER-ON-FLATCAR SERVICE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF BASIC TRANSPORT RESOURCES AND REDUCE ACCIDENTS, FATALITIES, AND INJURIES ON THE HIGHWAYS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Containerization KW - Containers KW - Economics KW - Flatbed body KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway safety KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Piggyback transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Trailers KW - Transportation KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle bodies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237218 AU - Nachlinger, R R AU - Lytton, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONTINUUM THEORY OF MOISTURE MOVEMENT AND SWELL IN EXPANSIVE CLAYS PY - 1968/12 AB - A THEORETICAL STUDY IS PRESENTED OF THE PHENOMENON OF EXPANSIVE CLAY USING THE MIXTURE THEORY OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS. THE LAWS CONCERNING THE BALANCE OF ENERGY, MASS, MOMENTUM, AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM ARE WRITTEN TOGETHER WITH THE GENERAL FROM OF CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS. RESTRICTIONS ON THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND EXPLICIT ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE SWELLING CLAY PHENOMENON ARE APPLIED TO THE BALANCE LAWS AND CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS TO GIVE SOME SIMPLE, COUPLED, NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. TWO COUPLED EQUATIONS ARE REQUIRED IN THE ISOTHERMAL CASE AND THREE ARE IMUU REQUIRED IN THE NONISOTHERMAL CASE. IN CONSIDERING THE ISOTHERMAL CASE, IT IS FOUND THAT SIX MATERIAL FUNCTIONS ARE CONDITIONS. THESE SIX FUNCTIONS MAY BE DETERMINED USING A SERIES OF FOUR EXPERIMENTS WHICH ARE OUTLINED IN THIS REPORT. AN ALTERNATE SET OF FOUR EXPERIMENTS IS ALSO DESCRIBED. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ARE DISCUSSED AND SOME REMARKS ARE MADE ON ONE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS. THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR NONISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS ARE PRESENTED AND IT IS SHOWN THAT 13 MATERIAL FUNCTIONS ARE REQUIRED TO DESCRIBE THE BEHAVIOR OF SOIL UNDER THESE CONDITIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Boundary conditions KW - Boundary value problems KW - Differential equations KW - Expansive clays KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture movement KW - Motion KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Swelling soils KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203992 AU - Chang, F M AU - KARIM, M AU - South Dakota State University, Brookings AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REDUCTION OF SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS, PART II PY - 1968/12 AB - THE INTERIM REPORT PRESENTS LABORATORY SCOUR REDUCTION INFORMATION ON THE EFFECT OF CLUSTERS OF CIRCULAR PILES PLACED UPSTREAM OF SKEWED BRIDGE PIERS. APPROACH ANGLES OF 10, 20, AND 30 DEGREES, ARE INVESTIGATED ON CIRCULAR, ROUND- NOSED, AND RECTANGULAR TYPE PIERS. PILE CLUSTERS CONSIST OF FROM THREE TO SIX PILES ARRANGED EMPIRICALLY FOR EACH FLOW APPROACH ANGLE AND PIER TYPE TO PROVIDE THE GREATEST SCOUR PROTECTION. THIS REPORT SUPPLEMENTS PART I WHICH CONTAINS SIMILAR INFORMATION FOR FLOW PARALLEL TO THE PIER. SINGLE SKEWED PIERS ARE TESTED IN A TWO FOOT WIDE FLUME AND TWIN SKEWED PIERS, ONE PROTECTED AND ONE UNPROTECTED, ARE STUDIED IN A SIX FOOT FLUME FOR PURPOSES OF COMPARISON. /BPR/ KW - Bridge piers KW - Flow KW - Flumes KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Protection KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Scour KW - Skewed structures KW - Streamflow KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203996 AU - Sandhaus, E H AU - Skelton, J AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF MISSOURI FLOODS - WATER RESOURCES REPORT PY - 1968/12 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE FLOODFLOW INFORMATION FROM STREAMS IN THE STATE OF MISSOURI. EQUATIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDE OF FUTURE FLOODS WITH RECURRENCE INTERVALS OF 1.2, 2.33, 5, 10, 25, AND 50 YEARS OF UNGAGED SITES ON MOST MISSOURI STREAMS. ONLY TWO BASIN CHARACTERISTICS, DRAINAGE AREA AND THE AVERAGE SLOPE OF THE STREAM, ARE REQUIRED TO SOLVE THE EQUATIONS. THE APPENDICES TO THE REPORT CONTAIN INFORMATION ON PEAK STAGES AND DISCHARGES AT GAGING STATIONS AND MISCELLANEOUS SITES, AND FLOOD-FREQUENCY DATA FOR GAGING STATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Drainage KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Slopes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242848 AU - International Road Federation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 1968 WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT PY - 1968/12 AB - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN PROGRESS OR RECENTLY COMPLETED ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT ARE LISTED BY COUNTRY SHOWING RESEARCH AGENCY, STUDY TITLE AND OBJECTIVE. IN ADDITION, BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND COMMENTARY ON THE HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SITUATION IN EACH COUNTRY IS PROVIDED. THE REPORT COVERS ABOUT 5,000 STUDIES IN ARGENTINA, AUSTRALIA, AUSTRIA, BELGIUM, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, CANADA, CEYLON, CHILE, COLOMBIA, DENMARK, FINLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, GREECE, INDIA, IRELAND, ISRAEL, ITALY, JAPAN, LEBANON, LUXEMBOURG, MEXICO, NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, NIGERIA, NORWAY, PAKISTAN, PERU, PHILIPPINES, POLAND, PORTUGAL, SOUTH AFRICA, SPAIN, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, THAILAND, TURKEY, UNITED KINGDOM AND VENEZUELA. THE REPORT ALSO INCLUDES DETAILED INFORMATION OBTAINED IN DEPTH STUDIES OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ELECTRONIC GUIDANCE METHODS FOR ROAD MACHINERY IN EUROPE, NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, STREET AND MOTORWAY LIGHTING IN EUROPE, TECHNIQUES FOR COMPUTER PRODUCED PERSPECTIVE VIEWS, MULTIPLE USE OF RIGHT-OF-WAY IN JAPAN AND THE PHILIPPINES, AND END PRODUCT TYPE CONTRACTS AND SPECIFICATIONS IN EUROPE. /BPR/ KW - Construction equipment KW - Data collection KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Foreign KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Land use KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Right of way KW - Road construction KW - Street lighting KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206352 AU - Crawford, R A AU - Anderson, D W AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE, 5 YEAR REPORT PY - 1968/12 AB - TWO SHORT SECTIONS OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT, CONSTRUCTED IN SOUTH DAKOTA IN 1963, WERE DESCRIBED IN HIGHWAY RESEARCH RECORD 60. VARIATIONS IN DESIGN BETWEEN THE TWO TEST SECTIONS INCLUDED DEPTH OF STEEL PLACEMENT AND THE METHOD OF ANCHORING THE PAVEMENT ENDS. AFTER FIVE YEARS OF SERVICE BOTH SECTIONS ARE PERFORMING SATISFACTORILY. A SLIGHT DIFFERENCE IN CRACK SPACING AND PATTERN IS EXHIBITED IN THE TWO SECTIONS WITH THE MID-DEPTH STEEL PLACEMENT CAUSING FEWER CRACKS THAN THE SECTION WITH STEEL PLACED ABOVE MID-DEPTH. THE SECTION WHICH ALLOWED UNRESTRAINED END MOVEMENT OF THE SLAB IS PERFORMING MORE SATISFACTORILY THAN THE SECTION WITH RESTRAINING LUGS BENEATH THE SLAB TO RESTRICT END MOVEMENT. ALSO, THE WIDE- FLANGE BEAM TERMINAL JOINT IS VERY SATISFACTORY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Anchoring KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Edges KW - End movements KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Location KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Placement KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222574 AU - Pershing, R L AU - Yoerger, R R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SIMULATION OF TRACTORS FOR TRANSIENT RESPONSE PY - 1968/12 AB - THE PROCEDURE IS PRESENTED FOR MODELING A TRACTOR IN THE TIME DOMAIN AND EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN OF INFORMATION REAPED FROM THE SIMULATION PROCESS. THE VEHICLE IS REPRESENTED BY SEVERAL RIGID BODIES, AND EQUATIONS OF MOTION ARE INDICATED IN TERMS OF KINETIC, POTENTIAL, AND DISSIPATIVE ENERGY FUNCTIONS. TRANSIENT SIMULATION RESULTS ILLUSTRATE THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE VEHICLE TRAVERSING A PARTICULAR BUMP ON SIDE SLOPES OF VARIOUS INCLINATIONS. EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN TIRE PROPERTIES, FORWARD SPEED, AND OTHER VEHICLE PROPERTIES ARE ILLUSTRATED. A COMPARISON OF THREE AND NINE DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM MODELS DISCLOSES THE NECESSITY OF CAREFUL MODELING. /BPR/ KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Equations KW - Kinetic energy KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motion KW - Motion studies KW - Potential energy KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Studies KW - Tires KW - Truck tractors KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225069 AU - Peat, Marwick, Livingston & Co TI - SIGOP: TRAFFIC SIGNAL OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM SOURCE TAPE PY - 1968/12 AB - THIS TAPE IS A SOURCE TAPE FOR THE SIGOP SIGNAL TIMING OPTIMIZATION COMPUTER PROGRAM. THE PROGRAM USES AS INPUT BASIC TRAFFIC DATA SUCH AS VOLUMES, DESIRED TRAVEL TIME, NUMBER OF LANES, SIGNAL PHASING AND A NUMBER OF FACTORS FOR EXPRESSING SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS TURNING MOVEMENTS, PLATOON COHERENCE, ETC. FOR EACH INPUT OR OPTIMIZATION PERIOD, THE PROGRAM COMPUTES UP TO TEN CYCLES, SLOTS AND OFFSETS FOR A GRID NETWORK OF A MAXIMUM OF 150 INTERSECTIONS. PRINT OUT INCLUDES TABULATION OF THESE CONTROL PARAMETERS AS WELL AS TIME SPACE DIAGRAMS AND RELATIVE EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS IN TERMS OF DELAY, NUMBER OF STOPS AND USER COST. SELECTION OF OTPIMUM CYCLE IS MADE BY COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY CRITERIA. THE PROGRAM IS WRITTEN IN FORTRAN IV IN SIX FILES: (SIGOP. SOURCE. INPUTS, SIGOP. SOURCE. PHASES, SIGOP. SOURCE. OFFSET, SIGOP. SOURCE. OPTIMIZ, SIGOP. SOURCE. VALUAT AND SIGOP. SOURCE. OUTPUTS. KW - Computer programs KW - Information processing KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203183 AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Milwaukee County, Wisconsin TI - GENERAL CRITERIA FOR TRANSITWAY DESIGN PY - 1968/12 AB - THE SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION (SEWRPC) PRODUCED, IN THE FALL OF 1966, A REGIONAL LAND-USE TRANSPORTATION PLAN. AS A PART OF ITS PROPOSED TRANSPORTATION PLAN, SEWRPC RECOMMENDED THAT A NEW MASS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BE CREATED TO SERVE THE MILWAUKEE METROPOLITAN AREA. A MASS TRANSIT PLANNING STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN BASED ON THIS RECOMMENDATION. THIS REPORT, PART OF THE MASS TRANSIT PLANNING STUDY, DOCUMENTS THE DESIGN STANDARDS DEVELOPED FOR THE TRANSIT ROADWAYS AND STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE RECOMMENDED INITIAL EQUIPMENT AND FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE POTENTIAL FUTURE HARDWARE. /FHWA/ KW - Busways KW - Design KW - Highway design KW - Land use planning KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224914 AU - Stillman, I L AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC FLOW SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM - FINAL REPORT- PHASE II PY - 1968/11/30 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENGINEERING MODEL TRAFFIC FLOW SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED. THE OPER- ATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE SYSTEM AS DERVIVED IN PHASE I OF THE CONTRACT ARE REVIEWED AND MODIFIED WHERE APPROPRIATE. THE ALTERNATE DESIGN APPROACHES CONSIDERED AND THE REASONS FOR SELECTING PARTICULAR ONES ARE DISCUSSED. THE ENGINEERING MODEL SYSTEM AS DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED CONSISTS OF TWO NEARLY INDEPENDENT SUBSYSTEMS (A DETECTION-DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM AND A SURVEILLANCE-STORAGE SYSTEM). THE DETECTION- DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM IS BASICALLY A REAL-TIME PATTERN RECOGNITION SYSTEM DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY THOSE SOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH TYPICAL MOTTOR VEHICLE COLLISIONS, WHILE DISREGARDING THOSE SOUNDS EMANATING FROM OTHER SOURCES COMMON TO URBAN INTERSECTION ENVIRONMENTS. THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTALLY PROTECTED MICROPHONE WHOSE OUTPUT SIGNALS ARE AMPLIFIED AND PASSED THROUGH FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FILTERS. THE OUTPUTS OF THE FILTERS ARE PROCESSED AND COMPARED IN AMPLITUDE TO A DERIVED DYNAMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL, AND COMPARED IN TIME TO EACH OTHER. WHEN THE DETECTED SOUNDS HAVE CERTAIN FREQUENCY, AMPLITUDE AND RISE TIME CHARACTERISTICS SIMILAR TO THOSE GENERATED DURING VEHICLE COLLISIONS, A DETECTION SIGNAL IS GENERATED WHICH ACTIVATES THE SURVEILLANCE-STORAGE SYSTEM. THE SURVEILLANCE-STORAGE SYSTEM EMPLOYS TWO TELEVISION CAMERAS WHICH CONTINUOUSLY SURVEY AN ENTIRE INTERSECTION FROM APPROPRIATE ELEVATIONS. A VIDEO DISC RECORDER SYSTEM CONTAINING 20 SECONDS OF PREVIOUS VIDEO INFORMATION IS CONTINUOUSLY UPDATED WITH NEW INFORMATION FROM THE TELEVISION CAMERAS. WHEN A DETECTION SIGNAL IS GENERATED, IT CAUSES THE PAST 20 SECONDS OF INFORMATION TO BE RECOVERED AND PERMANENTLY RECORDED ON TWO 16 MM MOVING PICTURE FILMS. THE EXPERIENCE GAINED IN ESTABLISHING AN URBAN INTERSECTION TEST SITE IS DISCUSSED AND THE LIMITED OPERATION OF THE ENGINEERING MODEL SYSTEM PRIOR TO ITS DELIVERY TO THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS IS EVALUATED. THE DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE ENGINEERING MODEL SYSTEM ARE DISCUSSED AND VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE DESIGN MODIFICATIONS AND INNOVATIONS ARE RECOMMENDED FOR THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF A MORE PRODUCTION ORIENTED TRAFFIC FLOW SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM. THE PRELIMINARY WORK AIMED AT DESIGNING AND DEVELOPING A COMPUTER ORIENTED, SEMI-AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR READING AND REDUCING THE DATA GENERATED BY A TRAFFIC FLOW SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IS ALSO DESCRIBED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computers KW - Crashes KW - Data storage KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Television cameras KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225723 AU - Stillman, I L AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TRAFFIC FLOW SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PY - 1968/11/30 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENGINEERING MODEL FOR THE TRAFFIC FLOW SENSING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED AND THE VARIOUS TRADEOFF IN DESIGN ARE EXPLAINED. THE MODEL SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO NEARLY INDEPENDENT SUBSYSTEMS (A DETECTION-DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM AND A SURVEILLANCE-STORAGE SYSTEM). THE DETECTION-DISCRIMINATION SYSTEM IS A REAL-TIME PATTERN-RECOGNITION SYSTEM WHICH IDENTIFIES SOUND ASSOCIATED WITH TYPICAL MOTOR-VEHICLE COLLISIONS AND DISREGARDS OTHER SOUNDS COMMON TO AN URBAN INTERSECTION. THE SYSTEM IS A MICROPHONE WITH ELECTRONIC FILTERING AND A LOGIC SYSTEM. THE SURVEILLANCE-STORAGE SYSTEM USES TWO TELEVISION CAMERAS TO SURVEY AN ENTIRE INTERSECTION CONTINUOUSLY. A VIDEO DISC RECORDING STORES THE PREVIOUS TWENTY SECONDS OF VIDEO INFORMATION AND IS CONTINOUSLY UNDATED. WHEN A DETECTION SIGNAL OCCURS, THE CONTENTS OF THE VIDEO DISC ARE DUMPED ONTO TWO 16-MM MOVING-PICTURE FILMS. THE EXPERIENCE OF ESTABLLSHING A TEST SITE AT AN URBAN INTERSECTION IN BUFFALO IS DISCUSSED ALONG WITH THE OPERATION OF THE MODEL SYSTEM. WHEN OPERATING OVER WIDE DYNAMIC RANGES OF SOUND LEVELS ENCOUNTERED AT THE TEST SITE, THERE WAS SUITABLE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST USUAL NOISES. THE FALSE ALARM RATE IS SEVERAL PER DAY. /BPR/ KW - Magnetic tape recording KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Motion pictures KW - Television cameras KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220666 AU - Champion, G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATED DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS-VOLUME I: VEHICLE INSPECTION, FINAL REPORT-PHASE II PY - 1968/11/28 AB - THE PRESENT PROCEDURES, COST, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMATED DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT FOR THE MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION PROCESS ARE DOCUMENTED AND EVALUATED AND AN APPROPRIATE COST MODEL OF THE INCREASINGLY EXTENSIVE USE OF SUCH EQUIPMENT IS DEVELOPED. THE COST MODEL IS USED FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF COST DATA AND OTHER PARAMETERS, AND THE VARIOUS INSPECTION SYSTEMS HYPOTHESIZED DURING THE STUDY ARE EVALUATED FOR COST EFFECTIVENESS. THE SAFETY MODEL EVALUATES THE EFFECT OF AN INSPECTION SYSTEM IN REDUCING THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE VEHICLE COMPONENTS. THE EFFICIENCY MODEL DETERMINES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIVIDUAL TESTS OR GROUPS OF TESTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automation KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equipment KW - Inspection KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sensitivity KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214484 AU - Smith, T AU - Weber, W G AU - Howe, D R AU - Smith, R E AU - Gipson, C T AU - LISTER, R AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A FIELD EVALUATION OF COMPACTION CONTROL WITH NUCLEAR GAGES PY - 1968/11/25 AB - THE EXPERIENCE GAINED IN THE USE OF PORTABLE NUCLEAR GAGES IN COMPACTION CONTROL ON ELEVEN PROJECTS AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN CALIFORNIA IS REPORTED. BOTH BACKSCATTER AND TRANSMISSION TYPE GAGES OF VARIOUS MANUFACTURE WERE EMPLOYED. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE BACKSCATTER TYPE GAGES AVAILABLE DID NOT HAVE THE BASIC CAPACITY TO BE USED IN GENERAL COMPACTION CONTROL. THE TRANSMISSION TYPE GAGE WAS FOUND TO BE SATISFACTORY. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE TIME REQUIRED AND OVERALL COST OF NUCLEAR DENSITY TESTING WAS GREATER THAN THAT OF THE PREVIOUS METHOD, BUT WAS COMPENSATED FOR BY BETTER COVERAGE OF THE PROJECT. THE GENERAL EXPERIENCE WITH SAFETY, GAGE BREAKDOWNS, GAGE DESIGN, AND TEST METHOD IS DISCUSSED. AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH, THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS HAS ADOPTED THE TRANSMISSION TYPE NUCLEAR DENSITY TEST AS AN OPTIONAL SPECIFIED METHOD FOR CONTROL OF COMPACTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Backscattering KW - Compaction KW - Field tests KW - Nuclear radiation KW - Nuclear tests KW - Portable equipment KW - Radiation counters /sensors/ KW - Sensors KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99295 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01546285 TI - Legal Problems Arising out of Highway Programs AB - A major and continuing need of state highway and transportation departments involves assembling, analyzing, and evaluating operating practices, administrative procedures, and legal issues associated with highway and transportation projects. Individual state legal experiences need to be compared and made available for possible wider application. Research to identify and evaluate legal options facilitates the handling of both immediate and long-range needs of engineering, planning, and administrative aspects of transportation programs. the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20-06 was established in 1968 to meet these needs. It is a continuing project under the direction of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) staff Counsel for Legal Research. Numerous legal and right of way problems affecting the operations and the services and facilities provided by state transportation agencies have been researched since the beginning of the project. Results are made available to state transportation departments and other public and private agencies through publication of Legal Research Digests and Selected Studies in Transportation Law (SSTL). SSTL is jointly sponsored with TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program and is comprised of the following volumes: Volume 1 Construction Contract Law (NCHRP); Volume 2 Eminent Domain (NCHRP); Volume 3 Environmental Law and Transportation (NCHRP); Volume 4 Tort Liability (NCHRP); Volume 5 Transit Law (TCRP); Volume 6 Transit Labor 13(c) Decisions (TCRP); Volume 7 Transit Charter Bus Service: Decisions and Documents (TCRP); and Volume 8 Transportation Law and Governmental Relations (NCHRP). KW - Decision making KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Legal factors KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Tort liability UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=508 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230679 AU - Tice, J A AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - USE OF RETARDERS WITH CEMENT TREATED SOILS - INTERIM REPORT NO 3 PY - 1968/11 AB - RESULTS OF FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY TESTS ON SOIL-CEMENT SPECIMENS TO WHICH A SUGAR-LIME RETARDER HAS BEEN ADDED ARE PRESENTED. TWO SOILS, A SILTY SAND AND A SILT, WERE USED. SEVEN PERCENT CEMENT (BY WEIGHT OF DRY SOIL) PLUS 0.375 PERCENT SUGAR AND 10 PERCENT LIME (BY WEIGHT OF CEMENT) WAS ADDED TO THE SILTY SAND AND, 17.5 PERCENT CEMENT PLUS 0.625 PERCENT SUGAR AND 10 PERCENT LIME WAS ADDED TO THE SILT. AFTER 0, 3, 6, 10, 15, 20 AND 25 CYCLES OF FREEZING AND THAWING WAS USED TO MEASURE THE RELATIVE DURABILITY OF RETARDED AND NON-RETARDED SPECIMENS. EACH CYCLE CONSISTED OF FREEZING IN AIR AT MINUS 10 F FOR 8 HOURS AND THAWING IN A MOIST ROOM 72 F AND 100% R.H. FOR 16 HOURS. RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATE THE ADDITION OF A SUGAR-LIME RETARDER DOES NOT DECREASE FREEZE-THAW RESISTANCE OF SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES. /BPR/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement KW - Compressive strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Silts KW - Soil cement KW - Sugar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202574 AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - USE OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY FOR PAVEMENT EVALUATION STUDIES IN MAINE PY - 1968/11 AB - TWENTY-TWO DIFFERENT AIRPHOTO COVERAGES OF A SHORT SECTION OF INTERSTATE WERE TAKEN OVER A ONE YEAR PERIOD USING THREE TYPES OF COLOR FILM AND TWO TYPES OF BLACK-AND-WHITE. SCALES OBTAINED VARIED FROM 100FT./INCH TO 1,000FT./INCH. A TECHNIQUE FOR COMPARING THE RELATIVE AMOUNT OF DETAIL DISCERNIBLE ON THE DIFFERENT PHOTO COVERAGES WAS DEVELOPED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF INFORMATION ON PAVEMENT DISTRESS FEATURES CAN BE EXTRACTED FROM EKTACHROME INFRARED AERO TRANSPARENCIES. FOR RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYS OF PAVEMENTS, A SCALE OF 500 FT./INCH IS ADEQUATE; FOR DETAILED STUDIES, A SCALE OF 200 FT./INCH OR LARGER IS SUGGESTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Color photography KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Infrared photography KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reconnaissance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210412 AU - Blackwell Electronic Laboratories Inc AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - DIELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS OF ASPHALT CONTENT PY - 1968/11 AB - RESEARCH WAS INSTITUTED TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBILITY OF MEASURING THE ASPHALT CONTENT OF ASPHALT PLANT MIXES BY MEASURING THE DIELECTRIC CONTENT OF THE MIX. AFTER CONSIDERABLE WORK, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE DIELECTRIC READINGS WERE AS DEPENDENT UPON THE DENSITY OF THE MIX AS ON THE ASPHALT CONTENT. THEREFORE, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT IT IS IMPRACTICAL TO TRY TO MEASURE ASPHALT CONTENT BY DIELECTRIC MEANS. THE AVENUE OF DETERMINING THE DENSITY OF ASPHALT MIXES THROUGH DIELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS WAS OPENED, HOWEVER. RESEARCH INTO THIS POSSIBILITY IS CURRENTLY UNDERWAY. /FTC/ KW - Asphalt content KW - Density KW - Dielectric materials KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206361 AU - White, D L AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECT OF ROADSTONE MICROROUGHNESS ON RUBBER FRICTION PY - 1968/11 AB - THE RELATION BETWEEN MICROROUGHNESS OF A CONTINUOUS SURFACE AND THE FRICTION DEVELOPED BY A RUBBER SPECIMEN SLIDING ON IT AT LOW SPEED (LESS THAN 10 IN./MIN.) WAS INVESTIGATED THEORETICALLY AND EXPERIMENTALLY. FOR THE EXPERIMENTS A RUBBER ANNULUS WAS ROTATED AGAINST GLASS SURFACES WHICH HAD BEEN ROUGHENED WITH CAREFULLY GRADED ABRASIVES. IT WAS FOUND THAT UNDER DRY CONDITIONS THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION GRADUALLY DECREASES WITH INCREASED ROUGHNESS (PRODUCED BY ABRASIVES RANGING IN GRAIN SIZE FROM 0.3 TO 190 MICRONS), WHILE IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER THE COEFFICIENT INCREASES FROM A VERY LOW MINIMUM (WHICH WAS FOUND TO BE CONSTANT BETWEEN 0.3 AND 5 MICRONS) TO A MAXIMUM AT AROUND 35 MICRONS AND THEN BECOMES INSENSITIVE TO CHANGES IN ROUGHNESS (190 MICRONS WAS THE UPPER LIMIT INVESTIGATED). THESE FINDINGS WERE COMPARED WITH THE LIMITED DATA IN THE LITERATURE. ONLY PARTIAL AGGREGATE WAS FOUND, BUT WHERE THERE ARE DISPARITIES THESE COULD BE EXPLAINED BY DIFFERENCES IN EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND SURFACE PREPARATION. QUALITATIVELY, THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS COULD BE ADEQUATELY EXPLAINED BY THE MODEL FOR ADHESIVE (OR SURFACE) FRICTION WHICH CONSIDERS THE NUMBER OF MOLECULAR JUNCTIONS AND THE JUNCTION FORCES. THE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED, HOWEVER, HOW STRONGLY THE ADHESION COMPONENT OF FRICTION IS DEPENDENT ON SURFACE CONTAMINATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Adhesion KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Experiments KW - Friction KW - Roughness KW - Rubber KW - Stone KW - Texture KW - Theory KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242849 AU - Hsiung, C C AU - Christian, J T AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXTENSION OF ICES - LEASE I TO INCLUDE FLOW AND PLOTTING ROUTINES PY - 1968/11 AB - AN EXTENSION TO AN EXISTING PROBLEM-ORIENTED LANGUAGE, LEASE, STANDING FOR LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF SLOPES AND EMBANKMENTS, WHICH IS INCLUDED IN MIT'S ICES (INTEGRATED CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEM) IS DESCRIBED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE STABILITY OF SLOPES. THE EXTENSION INCLUDES THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR CALCULATING THE PRESSURES DUE TO STEADY STATE FLOW OF WATER AND PROCEDURES FOR PLOTTING COMPUTED RESULTS. THE METHOD OF SLICES, DEVELOPED BY FELLENIUS AND MODIFIED BY BISHOP, WAS UTILIZED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF STABILITY IN THE COMPUTER PROCEDURE. THE COMPUTER PROCEDURE INCLUDES GRAPHICS CAPABILITY UTILIZING A LINE PLOTTER AND A DRUM PLOTTER, BOTH OF WHICH ARE ATTACHED TO AN IBM 1130 ADP SYSTEM. WHILE AN 1130 COMPUTER IS USED, ANOTHER LARGER SYSTEM, IBM S/360 MODEL 40, IS REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT ICES AND LEASE. THE PLOTTER THAT IS MENTIONED IN THE REPORT IS CALCOMP'S INCREMENTAL DRUM PLOTTER. /BPR/ KW - Civil engineering KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Data plotters KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Flow KW - Information processing KW - Method of slices KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stability analysis KW - Steady flow KW - Water pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205357 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Deen, R C AU - Havens, J H AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RATIONAL ANALYSIS OF KENTUCKY FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERION PY - 1968/11 AB - COMPARISONS BETWEEN THEORETICALLY COMPUTED STRAINS, DISPLACEMENTS AND CURRENT AND PROPOSED DESIGN CURVES ARE MADE BY SUPERPOSING THE THEORETICAL CURVES ON THE CURRENT IN-USE DESIGN CURVES. THE THEORETICAL CURVES WERE OBTAINED USING THE CHEVRON ELASTIC LAYERED COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DETERMINATION OF RADIAL STRAIN ON THE UNDERSIDE OF THE FIRST LAYER (ASPHALT CONCRETE), VERTICAL STRAIN ON THE TOP OF THE THIRD LAYER (SUBGRADE), AND VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT ON THE SURFACE. ALL VALUES WERE COMPUTED FOR POINTS DIRECTLY UNDER A 9000 POUND WHEEL LOAD OF 112.5 SQ. IN. CIRCULAR AREA. THE THEORETICAL CURVES SUPERPOSED ON THE DESIGN CURVES CONSISTED OF ISO-STRAIN AND ISO-DEFLECTION FOR SURFACING TEMPERATURE, AND RATIO OF SURFACE THICKNESS TO BASE THICKNESS. AN ASSUMED CONSTANT ELASTIC MODULUS OF GRANULAR BASE MATERIAL IS USED, SUBGRADE MODULUS IS OBTAINED FROM CBR, AND ASPHALT MODULUS IS OBTAINED FROM AASHO DATA. CONCLUSIONS ARE THAT THE DESIGN CURVES ARE VERY NEARLY PARALLEL THE THEORETICALLY COMPUTED ISO-SUBGRADE STRAIN LINES AND DO NOT PARALLEL THE ISO- DEFLECTION LINES, THUS SUGGESTING THAT DESIGN CURVES BE BASED ON LIMITING STRAINS RATHER THAN ON LIMITING DEFLECTION DEFLECTIONS. /BPR/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Asphalt concrete KW - California bearing ratio KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Granular materials KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224899 AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 1967 FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE STUDIES, MARK TWAIN EXPRESSWAY-ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PY - 1968/11 AB - THIS REPORT IS AN INVENTORY OF APPROXIMATELY 5 MILES OF I-70 IN ST. LOUIS COUNTY SHOWING THE OPERATING CONDITIONS OF THIS FREEWAY AS MEASURED BY VOLUME, SPEED, AND DENSITY. THE DENSITIES ARE PRESENTED AS CONTOURS ON A TIME-DISTANCE CHART TO REFLECT THE EQUIVALENT LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR PEAK PERIODS. THIS INVENTORY OF CONDITIONS PROVIDES A GOOD PRIORITY BASIS FOR DETAILED STUDIES FOR SPECIFIC REMEDIAL MEASURES. /BPR/ KW - Freeway operations KW - Level of service KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic volume UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP68-11_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214487 AU - Pitt, N AU - Racheli, U AU - Obermuller, J C AU - Spickelmire, L S AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RECORDATION OF QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS INCORPORATED IN BASE AND PAVEMENT PLANT MIXTURES PY - 1968/11 AB - IT IS FEASIBLE TO INSTALL AN INDEPENDENT MONITORING AND RECORDING SYSTEM WITHOUT REFERENCE TO EXISTING LEVER SYSTEMS ON WEIGH BATCHING PLANTS WITHOUT THEREBY NECESSITATING MAJOR MODIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY WEIGHING AND CONTROL EQUIPMENT. LOAD CELL WEIGHING SYSTEM IS SHOWN TO BE THE BEST MEANS OF PERFORMING THE INDEPENDENT MONITORING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Mixing KW - Mixing plants KW - Mixing procedures KW - Monitoring KW - Plant mix KW - Recording KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224904 AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Illinois Department of Public Works and Buildings AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MOTORIST AID SYSTEM FOR RURAL FREEWAYS, STATE OF ILLINOIS PY - 1968/11 AB - A PLAN IS PRESENTED FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF A MOTORIST AID SYSTEM ON ILLINOIS INTERSTATE ROUTE 80. IT WAS PREPARED BY PEAT, MARWICK AND LIVINGSTON FOR THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. /BPR/ KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drivers KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224972 AU - General Motors Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DESIGN FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM. VOLUME I SYSTEM DESCRIPTION; VOLUME II HARDWARE DESCRIPTION; VOLUME III DRIVER DISPLAY, EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION; VOLUME IV DECODER PROGRAMMING PY - 1968/11 AB - THE DESIGN OF AN EXPERIMENTAL ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM (ERGS) IS REPORTED IN FOUR VOLUMES. ERGS IS AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM INTENDED TO PROVIDE AN OPTIMUM SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF DIRECTING DRIVERS FROM ANY ORIGIN TO ANY DESTINATION (INTERSECTION) WITHIN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES. IT ALSO PROVIDES A POTENTIAL FOR ASSIGNING TRAFFIC TO THE ROAD NETWORK TO THE ADVANTAGE OF BOTH THE DRIVERS AND EFFICIENT OPERATION OF THE NETWORK. THE SYSTEM DESIGN MAKES USE OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT BOTH IN THE PARTICIPATING VEHICLES AND AT INTERSECTIONS WHICH ARE TO SUPPLY ROUTING INSTRUCTIONS. THE SYSTEM IS DESTINATION ORIENTED. THE DRIVER ENTERS A CODE WORD REPRESENTING HIS INTENDED DESTINATION INTO THE VEHICLE EQUIPMENT. THEN, AS THE VEHICLE APPROACHES EACH INSTRUMENTAL INTERSECTION, THE DESTINATION CODE IS TRANSMITTED TO THE ROADSIDE WHERE IT IS DECODED ACCORDING TO A STORED PROGRAM AND A ROUTING INSTRUCTION IS TRANSMITTED BACK TO THE VEHICLE. VOLUME I DESCRIBES THE SYSTEM DESIGN AND ITS OPERATION (PB-197090); VOLUME II PROVIDES A HARDWARE DESCRIPTION (PB-197091); VOLUME III PRESENTS THE DRIVER DISPLAY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION (PB-197092) AND VOLUME IV IS THE DECODER PROGRAMMING (PB-197093). /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Guidance KW - Instructions KW - Origin and destination KW - Routes KW - Systems KW - Systems engineering KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228688 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Wu, M J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - THE RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF SEATTLE CLAYS DURING TRIAXIAL TESTING PY - 1968/11 IS - 4 SP - 92 p. AB - A NEW TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF SOILS IS SHOWN. THIS PROCEDURE INVOLVES SHEARING THE SOIL SAMPLES IN UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TESTS SEVERAL TIMES ALONG THE SAME NATURAL FAILURE PLANE UNTIL THE DEVIATOR STRESSES AND PORE PRESSURES ASSUME A CONSTANT VALUE. THIS METHOD DIFFERS FROM OTHERS IN THAT A PRECUT PLANE IS NOT USED. /FHWA/ PLANE UNTIL THE DEVIATOR STRESSES AND PORE PRESSURES KW - Clay KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Residual strength KW - Shear tests KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230738 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Wu, M J AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF SEATTLE CLAYS DURING TRIAXIAL TESTING (REPORT NO 4) PY - 1968/11 AB - A NEW TEST METHOD FOR DETERMING THE RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF SOILS IS SHOWN. THIS PROCEDURE INVOLVES SHEARING THE SOIL SAMPLES IN UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TESTS SEVERAL TIMES ALONG THE SAME NATURAL FAILURE PLANE UNTIL THE DEVIATOR STRESSES AND PORE PRESSURES ASSUME A CONSTANT VALUE. THIS METHOD DIFFERS FROM OTHERS IN THAT A PRECUT PLANE IS NOT USED. IT IS BELIEVED THAT A PRECUT PLANE EXHIBITS LESS FRICTION STRENGTH THAN THAT FOUND ALONG THE NATURAL PLANE DEVELOPED IN THIS METHODOLOGY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Clay KW - Determination KW - Deviator stress KW - Deviatoric stress KW - Failure KW - Failure plane KW - Friction KW - Pore pressure KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Precut plane KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210452 AU - Hoover, J M AU - FERGUSON, E G AU - Bergeson, K L AU - Fox, D E AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRANULAR BASE MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1968/11 AB - THE COEFFICIENTS OF RELATIVE STRENGTH (CORS) OF BASE COURSES FOR USE IN THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS (AASHO) INTERIM GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS ARE DETERMINED HERE. BASED ON (1) VOLUMETRIC STRAIN--AXIAL STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS AT MINIMUM VOLUME, AND (2) EFFECTIVE STRESS RATIO-COHESION RELATIONSHIPS AT MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE STRESS RATIO, CORS WERE DETERMINED FROM THE RESULTS OF LABORATORY TRIAXIAL TESTS ON BOTH ASPHALT-TREATED AND UNTREATED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE MATERIALS. THE RESEARCHERS CONCLUDE THAT VOLUMETRIC STRAIN-AXIAL STRAIN AT MINIMUM VOLUME APPEAR TO BE APPROPRIATE PARAMETERS FOR DETERMINING CORS. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Axial loads KW - Axial strain KW - Axial stress KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Coefficient of relative strength KW - Flexible base pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Granular materials KW - Pavement design KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stress ratio KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217491 AU - Kneller, W A AU - Kriege, H F AU - Saxer, E L AU - Wilband, J T AU - Rohrbacher, T J AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE PROPERTIES AND RECOGNITION OF DELETERIOUS CHERTS PY - 1968/11 AB - THE PROPERTIES OF SELECTED OHIO CHERTS WERE STUDIED BY MEANS OF PETROGRAPHIC AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPES, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSES, X-RAY ANALYSES FOR TRACE ELEMENTS, THERMAL CHOCK, AND PORE SIZE ANALYSIS, AND THESE WERE CORRELATED WITH MORE CONVENTIONAL AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE TESTS SUCH AS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY, ALKALI AGGREGATE EXPANSION, SODIUM SULFATE SOUNDNESS, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION TESTS. EACH OTHER PROPERTY BY MEANS OF A SPECIAL LINEAR CORRELATION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE. AMONG THE MORE IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS WERE: (1) THE SODIUM SULFATE SOUNDNESS AND THE EFFECTIVE POROSITY TESTS ARE THE MOST ECONOMICAL AND EFFECTIVE WAYS OF DETERMINING THE FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AN AGGREGATE, (2) SPECIFIC GRAVITY ALONE IS NOT AN INDICATOR OF THE AGGREGATES DURABILITY, (3) INCREASING THE CHERT CONTENT (1%, 10%, 20%) DOES NOT ALWAYS DECREASE THE FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF CONCRETE, AND (4) THREE MAJOR ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTIONS CAUSE THE EXPANSION IN THE MORTAR BARS; NAMELY, SILICA- CARBONATE AND CLAY-ALKALI REACTIVITY. /BPR/ KW - Absorptivity KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Chemical analysis KW - Cherts KW - Compressive strength KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deleterious materials KW - Differential thermal analysis KW - Electron microscopes KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Geological surveying KW - Measurement KW - Perception KW - Petrographic investigations KW - Petrography KW - Porosity KW - Properties of materials KW - Recognition KW - Sodium sulfate test KW - Specific gravity KW - Specific gravity tests KW - X ray analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470302 AU - Lovell, C W AU - Stulgis, Richard P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Planning for a Thermally Insulated Test Road PY - 1968/10/30/Technical Paper SP - 20p AB - The planning for construction of an Indiana test road incorporating sections insulated to attenuate frost penetration is described. The flexible pavement installation is comprised of three 200-ft long sections, two of which have a foamed plastic insulating layer. All sections are intensively instrumented with temperature sensors, and a comprehensive evaluation of both thermal and structural performance is planned. The facility was designed using empirical data derived from previous installations in other states and Canadian provinces, as well as output from a versatile analytical model of one-dimensional heat flow developed at Purdue University. The installation, which will probably be built early in 1969, has two objectives: (a) the acquisition of first-hand experience with the construction and performance of insulated pavements, and (b) the validation, refinement, and extension of extant solutions for thermal pavement design. Both instrumentation and special construction features are described. KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frost protection KW - Indiana KW - Instrumentation KW - Insulation systems KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Test beds UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314498 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455337 AU - MacGillivray, C I AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation of the Aesthetics of Junkyard Screening and Billboards Densities : Technical Paper PY - 1968/10/30 SP - 31p AB - Prior to this project, little if any work had been done on measuring and quantifying the public's attitude towards its environment — particularly beyond the scope of laboratory experiments or simple opinion surveys. This particular project concentrated upon only a very narrow segment of the environment — basically it is an attempt to answer the question: Do billboards and/or junkyards, in any manner, influence an individual's aesthetic appreciation and enjoyment during the highway driving experience? The study divided the question into two separate parallel questions, logically concentrating upon billboards in one and junkyards in the other. Both investigations were conducted in a very similar manner, the only differences being highly technical ones in the analysis of the data collected. A color motion picture was prepared. The objective was to show typical roadside views as are found throughout Indiana, then to determine how the varying evidence or presence of junkyards or billboards affects individual aesthetic enjoyment or appreciation of the view. KW - Aesthetics KW - Beautification KW - Environmental quality KW - Highway travel KW - Indiana KW - Junkyards KW - Public opinion KW - Roadside advertising KW - Screens UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313744 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455336 AU - French, David Kent AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Simplified Procedure for Major Thoroughfares Planning in Small Urban Areas : Progress Report PY - 1968/10/30/Progress Report SP - 100p AB - The need for a simplified planning procedure for small urban areas stems from two facts: (1) the cost of the home interview origin destination survey is proportionately much more expensive for small cities than for large cities; (2) small cities have great difficulty in obtaining qualified personnel in sufficient numbers to perform the presently used transportation planning process. The travel patterns of small cities may be relatively simple and stable over time. Thus a procedure for forecasting future volumes based on present traffic volumes may be valid. A growth factor- corridor method was developed and tested in the Greater Lafayette, Indiana, Urban Area (population 65,000). Growth factors, based on the increases of employees, retail employees, and dwelling units from 1952 to 1967, were found for each corridor. Relative trip attractiveness rates were found for the three parameters by dividing the assumed percentage of the total trips in the urban area that are represented by that parameter by the total quantity of that parameter in the urban area. This technique was tested by applying the growth factors to 1952 traffic data and checking the results against the actual 1967 traffic data. The results were considered adequate to plan major thoroughfares in this small city. Although only one small city was examined, the greatly simplified procedure presented appears to be feasible and adequate for major thoroughfare planning in small urban areas. The use of such a procedure will result in the savings of large sums of money in the planning process. KW - Arterial highways KW - Lafayette (Ind.) KW - Planning methods KW - Small cities KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban growth UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313745 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219131 ER - TY - SER AN - 00580232 JO - PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, IND ENGINEERING PB - Purdue University AU - SWAMI, S A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RESPONSE OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES TO DYNAMIC AND STATIC LOADS USING TRANSFER FUNCTIONS PY - 1968/10/29/Final Report IS - 30 SP - 108p AB - The applicability of the concept of transfer functions for bituminous concrete has been examined in this study by treating the test specimen as a dynamic system in which the input is the applied force and the output is the resulting displacement. The transfer function was derived from the frequency spectrum of the material using a simple curve fitting technique, and the spectrum itself was obtained from a series of sinusoidal load tests of varying frequencies. The scope of the study included dynamic and static testing of specimens of asphaltic concrete of two different compositions, cut along three mutually perpendicular directions from laboratory compacted beams with all testing being carried out at three different temperatures. The following primary conclusions may be stated as a result of this study: 1. The viscoelastic or time-dependent characteristics of a bituminous concrete can be represented by its transfer function which is unique for the material at a given temperature. 2. The roots of the denominator of the transfer function of the asphaltic concrete tested were observed to be real and distinct which indicates that bituminous concrete behaves as an overdamped system. 3. Temperature is the one single factor which most affects the transfer function for an asphaltic concrete material. Increase in temperature increases the value of the constant A in the transfer function equation. 4. The transfer function is observed to be a powerful tool in predicting the displacement under an applied load, dynamic or static. By treating the static load as a step function of time, the static load displacement was calculated by means of the transfer function derived experimentally from the dynamic test, and compared with the measured static load displacement value. Excellent agreement was noted between the calculated and measured values of the displacements. This validates the concept that the transfer function represents a material property which is independent of the type of input. 5. By the use of the transfer function and without assuming any spring-dashpot model, it is possible to represent the time-dependent behavior of asphaltic concrete by a fourth order linear differential equation with constant coefficients. The coefficients can be computed from the roots of the denominator and numerator of the transfer function. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Live loads KW - Pavements UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313746 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104934 AU - Rushing, Hollis B AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Transit Mixed Concrete PY - 1968/10//Final Report SP - 35p AB - This report describes a research project in which various aspects of transit mixed concrete were studied. Phase I describes the work performed in evaluating the effects of extended retention of concrete in a transit mix truck for three hours. Four mixes were evaluated. These were (1) sand and gravel concrete with no admixtures, (2) sand and gravel concrete with admixtures, (3) lightweight coarse aggregate and sand with the moisture content of the coarse aggregates maintained at approximately 15 percent, and (4) the same mix with the moisture content of the coarse aggregate maintained at approximately 30 percent. Phase II describes the work performed in the field to determine yield, slump loss, loss of entrained air, water requirements and a comparison of field manufactured specimens to laboratory manufactured specimen. These tests were performed on concrete as was being used on construction projects throughout the State. KW - Admixtures KW - Air content KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Gravel KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Sand KW - Slump test UR - https://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224893 AU - Martell, J F AU - Keydata Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DISPLAY SUBSYSTEM EVALUATION, MERGE-PAS-ERGS PY - 1968/10 AB - THE EFFECTIVENESS IS ANALYZED OF DISPLAY SUBSYSTEMS PROCURED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RAMP MERGING SYSTEM, PASSING AID SYSTEM AND A ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM (MERGE, PAS, ERGS). THE INTENDED FUNCTIONS ARE EXAMINED AND EVALUATED OF THE DISPLAYS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE AND ALSO THE COST/PERFORMANCE OF THE DEVICES ARE ASSESSED. ALTERNATE METHODS AND OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR PROVIDING LARGE- SCREEN DISPLAYS ARE DISCUSSED. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED BY DISCUSSING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE THREE SYSTEMS WITH REPRESENTATIVES FROM BOTH THE CONTRACTORS AND THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PLANNED UTILIZATION OF THE DISPLAYS. DOCUMENTATION IN THE FORM OF CONTRACTORS' PROPOSALS WAS EXAMINED TO ASCERTAIN HOW THE VARIOUS DISPLAY TECHNIQUES WERE SELECTED. MEETINGS WERE HELD AT THE MANUFACTURING FACILITIES TO TALK WITH THE ENGINEERS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THE DISPLAY BUT PRIMARILY TO EXAMINE THE ACTUAL DEVICES TO BE DELIVERED UNDER THE CONTRACTS. /BPR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Displays KW - Information display systems KW - Merging traffic KW - Passing KW - Ramps KW - Route signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114775 ER - TY - SER AN - 00214499 JO - Research & Development AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PROCEEDINGS STATISTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE WORKSHOP PY - 1968/10 AB - APPROXIMATELY 125 STATE AND BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS ENGINEERS ATTENDED THE WORKSHOP IN WASHINGTON, D. C., OCTOBER 22-23 AND 24, 1968, TO DISCUSS RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. THE PROCEEDINGS CONTAIN A DIGEST OF THE TALKS, DISCUSSIONS, PAPERS, AND SUMMARIES OF THE MEETINGS TO CONSIDER THE QUALITY CONTROL OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES, PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE, EMBANKMENT AND BASES AS MANUFACTURED MATERIALS SUCH AS PAINTS AND STEEL. PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING AND TESTING TO ASCERTAIN THE UNIFORMITY OF QUALITY ARE OFFERED FOR THE VARIOUS TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION. THE AMOUNT OF ACCEPTABLE VARIANCE OF THE TEST RESULTS FOR MATERIALS IS SUGGESTED. SEVERAL PROPOSED SPECIFICATIONS BASED ON STATISTICAL CONCEPTS ARE REPRODUCED IN THE APPENDIX. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Embankments KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Road construction KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96738 ER - TY - SER AN - 00203372 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Thompson, J A TI - CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY TUNNEL LIGHTING DESIGN PY - 1968/10 AB - MODERN HIGHWAYS DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE HIGH-SPEED, HIGH/ VOLUME VEHICULAR TRAFFIC INCORPORATE IN THEIR CONSTRUCTION NUMEROUS TUNNELS AND UNDERPASSES. MANY OF THESE STRUCTURES REQUIRE FIXED LIGHTING TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE VISIBILITY FOR THE ROAD USER. INFORMATION OBTAINED DURING A NATIONAL SURVEY OF THE LIGHTING SYSTEM IN MOST OF THE MAJOR TUNNELS THROUGH- OUT THE UNITED STATES IS PRESENTED AND THE IMPORTANT LIGHTING FEATURES NOTED DURING THE SURVEY PREDISCUSSED. FACTORS FOR DETERMINING WHICH TUNNELS AND UNDERPASSES SHOULD BE LIGHTED ARE SUGGESTED. FACTORS WHICH MUST BE CONSIDERED BY THE DESIGNER WHEN SELECTING LIGHTING CRITERIA FOR A SPECIFIC PROJECT ARE OUTLINED, AND GUIDE-LINES FOR BOTH DAY NIGHT LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION IN THESE FACILITIES ARE SUMMARIZED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Criteria KW - Data collection KW - Daylight KW - Guidelines KW - Lighting systems KW - Night KW - Street lighting KW - Surveys KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207903 AU - Furr, H L AU - Sinno, R AU - Ingram, L L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PRESTRESS LOSS AND CREEP CAMBER IN A HIGHWAY BRIDGE WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB ON PRETENSIONED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1968/10 AB - A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE USING A STEP-BY-STEP METHOD IS USED FOR COMPUTING BOTH ELASTIC AND TIME DEPENDENT STRAINS, DEFLECTIONS, AND PRESTRESS LOSSES IN FULL SIZE PRETENSIONED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE BEAMS. BOTH LIGHTWEIGHT AND NORMAL WEIGHT STRUCTURAL CONCRETES ARE USED. THE METHOD USES CREEP AND SHRINKAGE FUNCTIONS, DERIVED FROM CONTROL SPECIMENS, FOR MAKING PREDICTIONS. THE COMPUTED STRAINS, DEFLECTIONS, AND PRESTRESS LOSSES AGREED WELL, FOR THE MOST PART, WITH MEASURED VALUES DURING THE TIME INTERVAL FROM DATE OF CASTING OF THE SLABS TO END OF TESTS. THE BEAMS WERE ABOUT 320 DAYS OLD WHEN THE SLAB WAS CAST, AND TESTS TERMINATED AT 660 DAY BEAM AGE. MEASURED ELASTIC BEAM DEFLECTIONS UNDER THE WEIGHT OF THE PLASTIC SLAB WERE A LITTLE OVER 50% OF THE DEFLECTIONS COMPUTED BY THEORY. PRESTRESS LOSSES WERE ABOUT 15% IN 40 FT. LONG LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BEAMS AT 660 DAYS. THE 56 FT. LW BEAMS LOSS AT THE SAME AGE WAS ABOUT 21% AND THE NW BEAM 14-1/2%. THE CHANGES IN CAMBER AND PRESTRESS LOSSES AFTER THE SLAB WAS CAST WERE MINOR. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Highway bridges KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Numerical analysis KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slabs KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201211 AU - MACGILLIVRAY, C I AU - Michael, H L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN EVALUTION OF THE AESTHETICS OF JUNKYARD SCREENING AND BILLBOARD DENSITIES PY - 1968/10 AB - A RESEARCH PROJECT WAS BEGUN IN 1966 TO EXAMINE THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF JUNKYARDS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF ROADSIDE BILLBOARDS ON (1) THE VALUE OF NEARBY LAND, AND (2) THE REACTIONS OF MOTORISTS TO JUNKYARD SCREENING AND TO CONCENTRATIONS OF BILLBOARDS. A COLOR MOTION PICTURE HAS BEEN PREPARED WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF SHOWING TYPICAL ROADSIDE VIEWS AS ARE FOUND THROUGHOUT INDIANA. A SELECTED SAMPLE OF PARTICIPANTS RECEIVED A CAREFULLY WORDED INTRODUCTION, WERE THEN SHOWN THE FILM, AND ASKED VIA A QUESTIONNAIRE TO DETERMINE HOW THE VARYING EVIDENCE OR PRESENCE OF JUNKYARDS OR BILLBOARDS AFFECTED INDIVIDUAL AESTHETIC ENJOYMENT OR APPRECIATION OF THE VIEW FROM THE ROAD, IF AT ALL. THIS INTERIM REPORT PRESENTS THE FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH FOR THIS SECOND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT. EIGHTY-TWO PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS TO THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE THOUGHT THAT JUNKYARDS WERE AN UGLY VIEW ALONG THE ROADSIDE. OF THESE 76 PERCENT FELT JUNKYARDS SHOULD BE FENCED AND SCREENED SO AS TO HIDE THEM FROM THE ROAD. ADDITIONALLY, SOME 46 PERCENT FELT THAT JUNKYARDS SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM THE ROADSIDE, ALTHOUGH 4 PERCENT DISAGREED. THREE PERCENT OF THE RESPONDENTS THOUGHT THAT JUNKYARDS WERE INTERESTING VIEWS. THESE FACTORS PRESENT A STRONG ARGUMENT FOR EFFECTIVE CONTROL AND SCREENING OF JUNKYARDS ALONG THE ROADSIDE. THE BILLBOARDS QUESTION PRESENTED A MORE CONFUSED PICTURE IN THAT THE PATTERN OF OPINIONS INDICATED THAT PEOPLE USE BILLBOARDS AND EVEN FEEL THEY ARE NECESSARY BUT STILL ARE OF THE OPINION THAT MOST SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM THE ROADSIDE. A SUMMARY OF THE RESPONSE TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE INDICATED THAT 24 PERCENT THOUGHT BILLBOARDS WERE UGLY VIEWS ALONG THE ROADSIDE AND 14 PERCENT THOUGHT ALL BILLBOARDS SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM THE ROADSIDE. SIXTY- FOUR PERCENT AGREED THAT MANY BUT NOT ALL BILLBOARDS SHOULD BE REMOVED. SOME 51 PERCENT OF THE RESPONDENTS RELIED ON BILLBOARDS AS AN AID IN FINDING SERVICES BUT 19 PERCENT DID NOT, 45 PERCENT THOUGHT THEY WERE NECESSARY AND 19 PERCENT THOUGHT THEY WERE NOT. A SMALLER NUMBER, 24 PERCENT, FOUND BILLBOARDS INTERESTING VIEWS. THE OPINION PATTERN SEEMED TO INDICATE A PREFERENCE OR TOLERANCE FOR A SMALL NUMBER OF BILLBOARDS ALONG THE ROADSIDE TO PERFORM NEEDED INFORMATION FUNCTIONS. /BPR/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Economic impacts KW - Information dissemination KW - Junkyards KW - Land values KW - Questionnaires KW - Roadside advertising KW - Tourists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212045 AU - Noble, D F AU - Ozol, M A AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF UNRETARDED AND RETARDED CEMENT PASTES PY - 1968/10 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A STUDY OF THE HYDRATION OF CEMENT PASTE ALONE AND OF CEMENT PASTE CONTAINING SUGAR-LIME RETARDER. X-RAY DIFFRACTION WAS USED TO MONITOR THE PROGRESS OF HYDRATION AT VARIOUS STAGES AFTER THE INITIAL PREPARATION OF THE PASTES. IT WAS SHOWN THAT CALCIUM HYDROXIDE COULD BE DETECTED IN THE CEMENT PASTES AFTER HYDRATION WAS WELL ADVANCED AND FINAL SET WAS IMMINENT. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE COULD NOT BE DETECTED IN PASTES CONTAINING THE RETARDER. /BPR/ KW - Calcium compounds KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement KW - Diffraction KW - Hydration KW - Hydroxides KW - Pastes KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Sugar KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215896 AU - White, O A AU - Stoltenberg, C H AU - Chandler, C R AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXPERIMENTAL GUARDRAIL POSTS, FINAL REPORT ON A METHOD OF REDUCING POST CHECKING PY - 1968/10 AB - IN ITS EFFORT TO REDUCE THE JOBSITE REJECTION RATE FOR SQUARE SAWED WOODEN GUARDRAIL POSTS DUE TO WEATHER CHECKING, THE OREGON STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT FOUND THAT THE AMOUNT OF WEATHERING CRACKS THAT PENETRATED THE CREOSOTE TREATMENT LAYER COULD BE SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED BY CUTTING LONGITUDINAL SAW KERFS IN THE POSTS PRIOR TO THE CREOSOTE TREATMENT PROCESSES. THREE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF SAW WERE USED AT TWO LOCATIONS ALONG WITH A SET OF UNSAWED POSTS THAT SERVED AS A CONTROL. WHILE ALL OF THE SAW CUT PATTERNS SHOWED SOME IMPROVEMENT OVER THE UNSAWED POSTS,THE ONE USING THE DEEPEST SINGLE CUT ALONG THE MIDLINE OF ONE FACE SEEMED TO YIELD THE MOST BENEFIT. /BPR/ KW - Creosote KW - Excavations KW - Experiments KW - Guardrails KW - Posts KW - Sawing KW - Vertical supports KW - Weathering KW - Wood KW - Wood preservatives UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206356 AU - Corbisiero, J A AU - Radlift, R F AU - Irwin, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DURABILITY OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1968/10 AB - THIS INVESTIGATION INITIATED TO ASSESS THE CONDITION OF CONCRETE BRIDGES IN NEW YORK HIGHWAY SYSTEM INCLUDED INSPECTION OF 334 STRUCTURES BUILT FROM 1950 TO 1961 REPRESENTING VARIOUS DESIGNS AND ENVIRONMENT. ALL BUT ONE WERE TWO-COURSE BRIDGES WITH 7-INCH CONCRETE BASE, 60% HAD 2 1/2-INCH BITUMINOUS WEARING COURSE AND 40% HAD 4-INCH CONCRETE WEARING COURSE. FIFTY-FOUR BRIDGES WERE FIELD TESTED AND SAMPLED FOR LABORATORY ANALYSES TO EXPLAIN OBSERVED DETERIORATION. EVALUATION OF EXISTING PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND IMITATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL COATING PROGRAM WERE ALSO INCLUDED. BITUMINOUS CONCRETE WEARING COURSES WERE FOUND TO BE IN GOOD CONDITION AFTER AN AVERAGE 7 YR. OF SERVICE. CEMENT CONCRETE WEARING SURFACES, ABOUT 8 YR OF AGE, EXHIBITED VARIOUS TYPES AND DEGREES OF DISTRESS. MOST PREVALENT WERE TRANSVERSE AND CORNER CRACKING. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN SCALING WAS NOTED BETWEEN CONCRETE WITH OR WITHOUT SPECIFIED AIR-ENTRAINMENT, ABOUT 25% OF EACH TYPE EXHIBITING LIGHT TO MODERATE DISTRESS. PROGRESSIVE SCALING OF NON-AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE WEARING SURFACES WAS SUGGESTED BY A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF DISTRESS IN DECKS MORE THAN 10 YR OLD. SIGNIFICANT PROGRESSIVE SPALLING OF CONCRETE PIER CAPS AND COLUMNS, BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT AIR- ENTRAINMENT, OCCURRED ON SIMPLE-SPAN STRUCTURES DUE TO LEAKAGE THROUGH DECK JOINTS. RESULTS OF FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS HELPED IN PART TO EXPLAIN PERFORMANCE. DYNAMIC VIBRA- TION AND STRUCTURAL TYPE COULD NOT BE CORRELATED WITH OBSERVED PATTERNS. CORES REMOVED FROM PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE DECKS INDICATED THAT MORE SEVERE CRACKING WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR BOND BETWEEN COURSES. THE GENERALLY SIMILAR SCALING OF CONCRETE DECKS WITH AND WITHOUT AIR- ENTRAINMENT WAS ATTRIBUTED TO MARKED VARIATIONS IN AIR CONTENT. WHILE NO EVIDENCE OF DISTRESS WAS FOUND IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE DECKS COVERED BY A BITUMINOUS CONCRETE OVERLAY, PROBABLY BECAUSE OF THEIR YOUNG AGE WHEN CORED, HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF DEICING SALT AT THE INTERFACE SUGGEST THE POSSIBILITY OF FUTURE DETERIORATION. REGARDING PROTECTIVE COATINGS, NONE OF THE SURFACE OVERLAYS LASTED MORE THAN 2 TO 3 YEARS. HOWEVER, MEMBRANE MATERIALS PLACED AS AN INTERLAYER BETWEEN A (BC) WEARING SURFACE AND A STRUCTURAL CONCRETE DECK ARE PERFORMING SATISFACTORILY. SILICONE AND DISTILLATE OIL SURFACE SEALANTS DID NOT APPEAR TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM DURABILITY OF NON-AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE DECKS. SIMILARLY, LINSEED OIL APPLIED TO AIR- ENTRAINED CONCRETE DID NOT ENHANCE DURABILITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air entrainment KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Bonds KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Protective coatings KW - Scaling KW - Spalling KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206354 AU - Tueller, D O AU - Zube, E AU - Forsyth, R A AU - HANNON, J B AU - California Department of Public Works AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF THE LANE WELLS DYNAFLECT PY - 1968/10 AB - VARIOUS CORRELATION AND REPEATABILITY TESTS ARE DISCUSSED AND COMPARED FOR THIS DYNAMIC DEFLECTION MEASURING DEVICE AND THE CALIFORNIA TRAVELING DEFLECTOMETER AND STANDARD BENKELMAN BEAM. THE DYNAFLECT WAS USED WITH SUCCESS ON OPERATIONAL PAVEMENT DEFLECTION INVESTIGATIONAL WORK FOR RECOMMENDING OVERLAYING RECONSTRUCTION. VARIOUS OTHER USES ARE ALSO REPORTED FOR FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENTS AND FOR SURFACED AND UNSURFACED ROADWAYS. CHARTS SHOWING THE MAXIMUM CRITICAL SLOPE OF DYNAFLECT DEFLECTED PAVEMENT BASINS ARE PRESENTED FOR FLEXIBLE AND CEMENT TREATED BASES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE DYNAFLECT IS A RAPID ECONOMICAL MEANS OF OBTAINING PAVEMENT DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS AND CAN BE USED AS A RELIABLE TOOL ON PAVEMENT DEFLECTION INVESTIGATIONAL STUDIES FOR RECOMMENDING RECONSTRUCTION OR CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Deflectometers KW - Measuring instruments KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Reconstruction KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224896 AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - 1967 FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE STUDIES: SOUTHEAST FREEWAY-KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI PY - 1968/10 AB - OPERATING CONDITIONS ARE EVALUATED ON A SECTION OF INTERSTATE 70 IN KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. TRAFFIC STUDIES INVOLVING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, MANUAL TRAFFIC COUNTS AND SPEED STUDIES ARE SUMMARIZED AND RELATED TO LEVELS OF SERVICE. CONTINUING PERIODIC OBSERVATION AND EVALUATION CAN PINPOINT SPECIFIC AREAS OF THE FREEWAY THAT WARRANT SPECIAL STUDY TO DETERMINE THE NEED FOR CONTROL MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE TRAFFIC FLOW. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Freeway operations KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Level of service KW - Manual traffic counts KW - Speed studies KW - Studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP68-10_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237217 AU - Wissa, A E AU - Martin, R T AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTS PY - 1968/10 AB - BASED ON A CRITICAL REVIEW OF PUBLISHED LITERATURES, A MECHANISTIC PICTURE THAT EXPLAINS FROST ACTION IN SOILS IS PRESENTED. SEVERAL PROMISING APPROACHES TO THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOILS IN THE LABORATORY ARE PRESENTED AND EQUIPMENT DEVELOPED TO STUDY THESE APPROACHES IS DESCRIBED. A DETAILED EVALUATION OF THE EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE IS GIVEN AND RESULTS OBTAINED USING THE VARIOUS APPROACHES ARE PRESENTED. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE MEASUREMENT OF HEAVE PRESSURES DURING FREEZING IN AN OPEN SYSTEM WITH THE SOIL HAVING FREE ACCESS TO WATER AND THE MEASUREMENT OF PORE WATER PRESSURE CHANGES DURING FREEZING IN A CLOSED SYSTEM WHEN THE SOIL HAS NO ACCESS TO WATER ARE OF BENEFIT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOILS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Frost action KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Measurement KW - Pore water pressures KW - Reviews KW - Soils KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219714 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Ames, W H AU - FIELD, R N AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF FIVE BREAKAWAY LIGHTING STANDARD BASE DESIGNS PY - 1968/10 AB - A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FIVE BREAKAWAY LIGHTING STANDARD BASE DESIGNS IN REDUCING THE SEVERITY OF VEHICULAR IMPACTS BY MEANS OF FULL SCALE DYNAMIC TESTS IS REPORTED. TEN HEAD-ON TESTS WERE CONDUCTED UTILIZING IDENTICAL 1966 SEDANS WEIGHING 4,540 LBS. AND IMPACTING 30 FT. LIGHTING STANDARDS MOUNTED ON THE VARIOUS FRANGIBLE OR SLIP-BASE DESIGNS. ALL OF THE POLES USED IN THE TESTS WERE STEEL WITH THE EXCEPTION OF ONE TAPERED ALUMINUM DESIGN. THE IMPACT TESTS WERE CONDUCTED AS FOLLOWS: (1) THREE 40 MPH TESTS ON A 6-IN. HIGH CAST ALUMINUM INSERT BASE, ONE ON THE BASIC DESIGN AND TWO ON MODIFIED VERSIONS, (2) THREE TESTS ON A NOTCHED BOLT INSERT BASE DESIGN, TWO AT 40 MPH AND ONE AT 15 MPH, (3) TWO TESTS ON A MULTI-DIRECTIONAL STEEL SLIP BASE DESIGN DEVELOPED BY THE TEXAS, TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE, ONE AT 40 MPH AND ONE AT 15 MPH, (4) ONE 15 MPH TEST ON A 20-IN. HIGH ALUMINUM TRANSFORMER BASE, AND (5) ONE 40 MPH TEST ON A FORMED ALUMINUM POLE FITTED AND EPOXY CEMENTED TO AN 18-IN. HIGH CAST ALUMINUM SLEEVE TYPE BASE. ALL BASE DESIGNS TESTED BROKE AWAY WITH A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OF IMPACT RESISTANCE AS COMPARED TO RIGID BASE DESIGNS AS SHOWN BY TESTS OF OTHERS WHEN IMPACTED AT MODERATE SPEED (PLUS OR MINUS 40 MPH). THE TEXAS SLIP AND THE NOTCHED BOLT BASE DESIGNS OFFERED THE LEAST IMPACT RESISTANCE OF THE DESIGNS TESTED AT THIS SPEED. HOWEVER, WHEN THE IMPACT SPEED WAS REDUCED TO 15 MPH WITH THE NOTCHED BOLT ALTERNATE, TEST RESULTS SHOWED A MARKED INCREASE IN THE IMPACT SEVERITY, APPARENTLY DUE TO APPROACHING A STATIC LOADING CONDITION. A SIMILAR REACTION WAS EXPERIENCED IN A 15 MPH TEST ON A 20-IN. HIGH ALUMINUM-TRANSFORMER BASE. ALTHOUGH A 40 MPH TEST WAS NOT CONDUCTED ON A TRANSFORMER BASE IN THIS STUDY, TESTS BY OTHERS AND OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE HAD PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN THIS SPEED RANGE. THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF THE MULTI- DIRECTIONAL SLIP BASE DESIGN WAS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME WHEN IMPACTED AT BOTH 40 AND 15 MPH. THESE FINDINGS SUPPLEMENT AND SUBSTANTIATE THOSE OF THE TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE IN THAT THIS DESIGN IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE DEVICES FOR THE REDUCTION OF THE SEVERITY OF VEHICLE IMPACTS INTO LIGHTING STANDARDS AT ALL SPEEDS AND ANGLES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aluminum KW - Breakaway supports KW - Dynamic tests KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Light KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Shock resistance KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218035 AU - Harris, R W AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ESTABLISH DROUGHT TOLERANT PLANTS BY DIRECT SEEDING PY - 1968/10 AB - PROGRESS IS REPORTED ON RESEARCH BEING CONDUCTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, AT DAVIS, CONSISTING OF ESTABLISHING DROUGHT-TOLERANT PLANTS BY DIRECT SEEDING. PLANT SPECIES AND ECOTYPES WITHIN SPECIES ARE BEING EVALUATED AND SELECTED FOR DROUGHT-TOLERANCE, AGGRESSIVENESS, RESISTANCE TO INSECTS AND DISEASES, BEAUTY AND THE ABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH THE DESIRED FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE. SEEDING TECHNIQUES ARE BEING DEVELOPED WHICH CONSIDER MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF THE PLANT'S INHERENT SEED GERMINATABILITY, NATURAL SOIL MOISTURE, SUITABLE SOIL TEMPERATURE, FERTILIZER PLACEMENT AND WEEK CONTROL. THE GOAL IS TO OBTAIN ATTRACTIVE AND FUNCTIONAL ROADSIDE PLANTINGS WHICH ARE ABLE TO SURVIVE WITH MINIMUM MAINTENANCE AND WITH LITTLE OR NO IRRIGATION. TRIALS TO DATA INDICATE THIS PLANTING TECHNIQUE CAN BE APPLIED ON ROADSIDES THROUGHOUT THE STATE, USING INDIGENOUS PLANT MATERIAL OR PLANTS GROWING UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO THAT SPECIFIC AREA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beautification KW - Climate KW - Drought KW - Fertilizers KW - Plant cover KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Research KW - Roadside improvement KW - Soil temperature KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Temperature KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207896 AU - Rowan, N J AU - Olson, R M AU - White, M C AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF BREAK-AWAY SIGN SUPPORTS AND SLOTTED STEEL PLATE MECHANICAL FUSES PY - 1968/10 AB - THE OVERALL STUDY FINDINGS ARE SUMMARIZED AND TEST DATA ARE PRESENTED ON A MODIFICATION OF THE FUSE PLATE DESIGN FOR THE ORIGINAL TEXAS BREAK-AWAY SIGN SUPPORT CONCEPT. THE ORIGINAL FRANGIBLE CAST-IRON FUSE PLATE WAS REPLACED WITH A SLOTTED STEEL PLATE AFTER PREMATURE IN-SERVICE FRACTURES WERE OBSERVED IN SEVERAL CASES DUE TO CASTING IMPERFECTIONS AND BOLTING STRESSES. DETAILS OF BOLT SIZE AND PLATE THICKNESS WERE INVESTIGATED BY LABORATORY TESTS. FIVE SPECIMENS ON EACH OF THREE TYPICAL POST SIGNS WERE INVESTIGATED. TESTS SIMULATED A WIND LOAD FAILURE OF A NEW SIGN SUPPORT AND A WIND LOAD FAILURE OF A SUPPORT WHICH HAD BEEN RECONDITIONED FOLLOWING A COLLISION. TESTS WERE ALSO RUN TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON FUSE PLATE RESPONSE. THE REPORT CONCLUDED THAT REERECTION FOLLOWING A COLLISION DOES NOT DIMINISH A SIGN SUPPORT WIND LOAD CAPACITY AND THAT WEATHERING HAS NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON A FUSE PLATE. /BPR/ KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Bolts KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Reconditioning KW - Repairing KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Size KW - Slotted plates KW - Steel plates KW - Testing KW - Thickness KW - Weathering KW - Wind KW - Wind load UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207898 AU - Wyss, A N AU - Garland, J B AU - Mattock, A H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF I - SECTION PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS SUBJECT TO TORSION PY - 1968/10 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS RESULTS OF PURE TORSION TESTS ON THREE SERIES OF I-BEAMS AND ONE SERIES OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS. VARIABLES IN THE STUDY WERE THE LEVEL OF PRESTRESS AND THE AMOUNT OF WEB REINFORCEMENT. PRESENTLY AVAILABLE THEORIES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO TORSION ARE REVIEWED. SOME OF THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) THE TORSIONAL STIFFNESS AT TORQUES LESS THAN ABOUT 80 PERCENT OF THE CRACKING TORQUE IS CLOSE TO THE CALCULATED VALUE, ASSUMING ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE CONCRETE, (2) THE CRACKING TORQUE IS CONSERVATIVELY ESTIMATED BY A CALCULATION ASSUMING ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE CONCRETE, AND CRACKING WHEN THE MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL TENSILE STRESS BECOMES EQUAL TO THE SPLIT-CYLINDER TENSILE STRENGTH, (3) CRACK WIDTHS ARE APPROXIMATELY PROPORTIONAL TO WEB REINFORCEMENT STRAIN, (4) PRESTRESS APPARENTLY INCREASES THE ULTIMATE TORQUE BY INCREASING THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CONCRETE TO ULTIMATE TORQUE, AND (5) THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF WEB REINFORCEMENT NECESSARY TO ENSURE THAT THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF THE CRACKED SECTION SHALL BE AT LEAST EQUAL TO THE CRACKING TORQUE IS THE SAME FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE AS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE. /BPR/ KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Girders KW - I beams KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Rectangles KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Stiffness KW - Tensile strength KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Theory KW - Torsion tests KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102333 ER - TY - SER AN - 00208870 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Corry, M L AU - Sager, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENT FOR DETERMINING LOCAL SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS PY - 1968/10 AB - AN ULTRASONIC SCOUR METER, DEVELOPED TO DETERMINE THE MAGNITUDE OF LOCAL SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS IS DESCRIBED. THE INSTRUMENT AUTOMATICALLY OBTAINS SUFFICIENT DEPTH DATA TO MAP THE STREAM BOTTOM AROUND THE UPSTREAM FACE OF A PIER. ALTHOUGH THE INSTRUMENT WAS DESIGNED TO FILL A RESEARCH NEED, A SIMPLIFIED VERSION COULD ALSO BE ADAPTED TO MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OPERATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bottom KW - Bridge piers KW - Depth KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Mapping KW - Measuring instruments KW - Scour KW - Streams KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233747 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Wu, M J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - THE SHORT TERM FAILURE CRITERION FOR SEATTLE CLAYS PY - 1968/10 IS - 3 SP - 110 p. AB - THE SHORT TERM STRENGTHS OF SEATTLE SOILS, WHEN SHEARED UNDER STRESS OR STRAIN CONTROLLED TRI-AXIAL TESTING, INDICATE THAT POINTS OF PEAK DEVIATOR STRESS, MAXIMUM PORE PRESSURE, MINIMUM VOLUME, AND MINIMUM PRINCIPAL EFFECTIVE STRESS COINCIDE AT THE SAME LEVEL FOR CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED STRAIN-CONTROLLED TESTS. FOR UNDISTURBED SEATTLE CLAYS, EITHER THE MAXIMUM DEVIATOR STRESS OR THE MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL EFFECTIVE STRESS RATIO FAILURE CRITERION MAY BE USED FOR STRAIN- CONTROLLED TESTS. /FHWA/ KW - Clay KW - Failure KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Shear tests KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206436 AU - Walters, W C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE STUDY, INTERIM REPORT NO. 1 PY - 1968/10 AB - A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE RESEARCH ARE PRESENTED. /FHWA/ KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233731 AU - Ehlers, C J AU - Reese, L C AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NUCLEAR METHOD OF SOIL-MOISTURE DETERMINATION AT DEPTH PY - 1968/10 AB - NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURED BY THE TROXLER ELECTRONIC LABORATORIES, INC. WAS USED TO MEASURE MOISTURE CHANGES AT DEPTH AT THREE DIFFERENT TEST SITES. MOISTURE CONTENTS WERE OBTAINED USING THE MANUFACTURER'S CALIBRATION CURVE, WHOSE ACCURACY WAS CHECKED IN THE FIELD BY COMPARING NUCLEAR AND GRAVIMETRIC RESULTS. EFFECT OF AIR GAP, THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF A NEUTRON COUNT, AND TIME AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS WERE INVESTIGATED. THE MAJOR PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH THE NUCLEAR METHOD WAS CONCERNED WITH ACCESS-TUBE INSTALLATION. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE NUCLEAR METHOD OF SOIL-MOISTURE DETERMINATION WAS FAST AND EFFICIENT. THE ACCURACY OF THE METHOD WAS FOUND TO BE SATISFACTORY WHEN COMPARED TO GRAVIMETRIC RESULTS, AND RECALIBRATION OF THE NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT WAS NOT FOUND TO BE NECESSARY. THE NUCLEAR METHOD IS RECOMMENDED FOR STUDIES CONCERNED WITH THE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL-MOISTURE CHANGES AT DEPTH. /AUTHOR/ KW - Gravimetric analysis KW - Nuclear tests KW - Soil water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929487 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A REPORT ON THE STATUS OF MULTIPLE USE AND JOINT DEVELOPMENT PY - 1968/09/30 SP - 103 p. AB - This article presents the status of the concept of multiple use and joint development. Much has been written and spoken about public roads joint use development concept but little has been said about the physical accomplishments, past, present, and proposed. This is an informational report of the activities in this continuing endeavor. While there has been an increased emphasis on the multiple joint use of federal-aid highway right-of-way, the permissive use of such space for non-highway purposes is not new. As a result of the current emphasis upon joint use development, more than 200 projects have been proposed. KW - Facilities and structures by use KW - Joint use KW - Multiple use planning KW - Planning KW - Planning and design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455829 AU - Shurig, D G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Madison County, Indiana PY - 1968/09/13/Final Report SP - 26p AB - Development of an engineering soils map of Madison County was the primary goal of this project. This is the 46th report in the series of county engineering soils maps of the state of Indiana. The report supplements the engineering soils map information. The detailed pedological soils maps published in the 1967 Soil Survey of Madison County by the United States Department of Agriculture were the single most important source of data used in the project. These agricultural soils map sheets, at a scale of 1:15,840, were assembled to form a mosaic map of Madison County. Careful study of the soil series descriptions enabled the grouping of the series into appropriate land form and parent material categories. Preliminary land form and parent material boundaries were then delineated on the mosaic-map. Routine airphoto interpretation techniques supplement the pedological data. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Madison County (Indiana) KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314496 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455825 AU - Hejal, Salim Said AU - Buick, T R AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimal Selection of Flexible Pavement Components : Technical Paper PY - 1968/09/13 SP - 28p AB - Although several methods are available for the design of flexible pavements, no existing technique explicitly considers the optimal combination of flexible pavement components to minimize the total in-place cost of the pavement system. The purpose of this systems analysis was to develop a rational method for the optimal selection of the thicknesses of the various pavement components. This cost minimization must be realized within the boundary conditions that are imposed by the practical limitations of the design parameters. The design model consists of an objective function and seven constraint equations. The total cost of the pavement system is quantitatively described by this objective function, and a minimum-cost solution is obtained for each combination of material costs and design conditions. The various constraining equations quantify the boundary conditions to which the design of a flexible pavement is subject. These physical limitations complete the realism of the mathematical model in describing the real-world situation of flexible pavement design. The design model was solved by a modified linear programming technique. In developing practical solutions to the design model, 31,680 optimal flexible pavements were designed for highway construction conditions indicative of Indiana. The thickness requirements for the various layers are specified for each combination of structural number, minimum total thickness, and unit costs of pavement materials. Cost savings which range from 2 to 15 percent result in the thickness selection of flexible pavement components by this design procedure. KW - Costs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Thickness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314494 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455826 AU - Vodrazka, Walter Charles AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway System Subclassification Based on Synthesis of Intercity Travel : Technical Paper PY - 1968/09/12 SP - 31p AB - The purpose of this paper is to describe a procedure which was used to subclassify the rural State Highway System of Indiana and to select a subsystem of the more important rural highways to supplement the Interstate system in the movement of large volumes of high speed traffic. This subsystem of highways was deemed, by virtue of the anticipated intercity travel demand, worthy of consideration for construction to design standards equal or comparable to those of the Interstate system. KW - Classification KW - Indiana KW - Intercity travel KW - Rural highways KW - State highways KW - Traffic forecasting UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314495 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455341 AU - Hejal, Salim Said AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report Number 86 PY - 1968/09/12/Progress Report SP - 49p AB - This report is the annual continuing study of the speeds of vehicles on rural Indiana highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, other four lane, and two lane highways throughout the state during the months of June and July, 1968. Analysis of the speeds showed the over-all average speed for passenger cars was 64.5 miles per hour. The over-all average speed for trucks on the three types of highways was 56.5 miles per hour. A regression analysis on the available results of the past eleven years showed an annual increase of 0.85 miles per hour for the over-all average speed of passenger cars and 0.87 miles per hour for the over-all average speed of heavy trucks. KW - Annual reports KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314493 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219139 ER - TY - SER AN - 00580237 JO - PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, IND ENGINEERING PB - Purdue University AU - DANIEL, W H AU - RIORDAN, T P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Research on Roadside Development and Maintenance : Part 1 - Bluegrass Research : Improvement of Kentucky Bluegrass Through Breeding and Selection PY - 1968/09/12/Progress Report IS - 24 SP - 17p AB - Three space plantings of Kentucky bluegrass were made with the goal of selection of the outstanding roadside type. Space plantings, made in 1965, 1966, and 1967, have been the basis for the screening of 10,000 individual bluegrass plants for certain important turf characters. It is expected that plants will be selected which are better adapted to specific highway uses. The data contained in this paper are derived from the 1965 space planting. At the present time the 1966 space planting is being analyzed and data are still being taken from the 196? materials. These later plantings and a planting in the fall of 1968 will be included in a Ph.D. study which is underway. KW - Grasses KW - Roadside improvement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313743 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345645 ER - TY - SER AN - 00580235 JO - PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, IND ENGINEERING PB - Purdue University AU - Vodrazka, W C AU - Michael, H L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPORTANT HIGHWAYS FOR INTERCITY TRAVEL: POSSIBLE ADDITIONS TO THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM AFTER 1972 PY - 1968/09/12 IS - 27 SP - 22p AB - The purpose of this paper is to describe a planning tool which may be utilized in the classification of highways and, more specifically, an application of the tool in the selection of important highways in Indiana. These important highways, or at least traffic corridors, were deemed, by virtue of their anticipated traffic volumes, worthy of consideration for construction to high design standards. They supplement the Interstate System in the handling of large volumes of high speed traffic. KW - Indiana KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Planning methods UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314497 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345643 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00580260 JO - PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, IND ENGINEERING PB - Purdue University AU - VAN SICLEN, R C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SMALL SCALE REINFORCED CONCRETE MODELS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1968/09/12/Progress Report IS - 24 SP - 125 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete construction KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Reinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345657 ER - TY - SER AN - 00580254 JO - PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, IND ENGINEERING PB - Purdue University AU - Gress, David L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHTWEIGHT FINES SUBSTITUTED FOR CONVENTIONAL FINES ON FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1968/09/12 IS - 21 SP - 154p AB - This investigation was undertaken to identify and quantify those factors which reduce freeze-thaw scaling when lightweight fines are substituted for the conventional sand in portland cement concrete. This was based on the hypothesis that the lightweight fines would produce a durable concrete. A model was employed which would have offered many benefits if the hypothesis had been proven. Normal weight crushed stone was used for the coarse aggregate. A local sand of glacial origin and proven durability was used for comparison purposes in control mixes. Two methods of investigating concrete freeze-thaw durability were conducted. One of these, ASTM Designation: C 291- 61T, did not evaluate the potential scaling resistance of the concretes. The other test, a scaling resistance test which consisted of freezing pure water on the concrete surface and thawing with calcium chloride, showed a difference among all three aggregates. A "solid bubble" hypothesis by which porous fines might act as an air bubble was proposed. An investigation of the porosity of the two lightweight aggregates showed a difference in the effective porosities. The coated aggregate had a higher effective porosity and a larger amount of pores smaller than 5 microns than the non-coated aggregate. The use of expanded shale fine aggregates substituted for the conventional fines in concrete did not improve the scaling resistance of concrete. KW - Aggregates KW - Frost damage KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Roads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313741 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616169 AU - Reese, Lymon C AU - Brown, James Crozier AU - DalrympIe, Harold H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Instrumentation for Measurements of Lateral Earth Pressure in Drilled Shafts PY - 1968/09//Research Report SP - 137p AB - This project involves the design, construction, and testing in the laboratory and field of instrumentation capable of measuring the lateral earth pressure along a drilled shaft. A good deal of work has been done concerning the development of pressure transducers designed to measure stresses in an earth mass. Consequently, these studies have produced theories which set design criteria for soil pressure measuring devices based on soil behavior. This project pulls these theories together, assimilates the present knowledge concerning transducers, and produces a pressure cell designed to measure lateral pressures against a drilled shaft up to 50 psi. Design "maps" based on Timoshenko's theory of a clamped-edge, circular, thin plate are given. These ''maps'' allow the investigator to arrive at the thickness of a pressure-sensitive diaphragm knowing the desired pressure to be measured, the allowable diaphragm deflection to diameter ratio, and the desired sensitivity of the cell. The beryllium copper cell is 2-3/4 inches in diameter and 1/2 inch thick. This cell has been used to measure the pressures exerted against a drilled shaft under curing and loading conditions. Additional work will be necessary in order to evaluate completely the lateral-earth-pressure distribution and load transfer from the shaft to the soil. What is felt to be a satisfactory gage for making the necessary measurements in sands and clays has been developed and is recommended for these studies. KW - Clay KW - Drilled shafts KW - Earth pressure KW - Foundation engineering KW - Lateral earth pressures KW - Load cells KW - Measuring instruments KW - Sand UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase1/89-2-CHR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1428742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455329 AU - Hensen, Ronald Jerome AU - Grecco, William Louise AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Informational Manual on the Urban Transportation Planning Process for Technical Committees in Smaller Urban Areas : Progress Report PY - 1968/09//Progress Report SP - 175p AB - This publication presents an information manual to assist members of Technical Committees in the smaller (30,000 to 300,000 population) urban areas in understanding the urban transportation planning process. The 1962 Federal-Aid Highway Act stipulates that an urban area greater than 50,000 population must have an adequate transportation plan based on a continuing analysis of travel demands before Federal Aid can be allocated to highways within the area. Some smaller urban areas have found it difficult to attract sufficient numbers of technically trained personnel to initiate a meaningful transportation study. The manual describes the transportation planning process that usually is initiated by a committee of local agency professionals, many of whom are generally unfamiliar with transportation planning. Such a committee typically acts under the direction of a Policy Committee composed of elected and appointed officials of the political jurisdictions within the urban area. The purposes and objectives of urban transportation planning are developed. The preparation of a study design is discussed. A sample study design is presented. The operational procedures are described in six phases: inventory, analysis, forecast, system testing, plan development, and continuing reappraisal. Alternative technical procedures available for the various phases are described and the particular advantages of each are discussed and are reflected in technical staff requirements. KW - Committees KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Planning methods KW - Small cities KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313739 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399725 AU - Winfrey, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Economics of the maximum limits of motor vehicle dimensions and weights, volume 2 PY - 1968/09 IS - FHWA-RD-73-70 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Direct costs KW - Economics KW - Operating costs KW - Operating costs KW - Overdimensional vehicle KW - Oversize loads KW - Regulations KW - Transport economics KW - Usa KW - Vehicle costs KW - Vehicle regulations KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399724 AU - Winfrey, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Economics of the maximum limits of motor vehicle dimensions and weights, volume 1 PY - 1968/09 IS - FHWA-RD-73-69 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Direct costs KW - Economics KW - Operating costs KW - Operating costs KW - Overdimensional vehicle KW - Oversize loads KW - Regulations KW - Transport economics KW - Usa KW - Vehicle costs KW - Vehicle regulations KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224894 AU - Magyar, N AU - Martin Marietta Aerospace AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEHICLE ARRESTING SYSTEM PY - 1968/09 AB - STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DEVELOP AN ARRESTING SYSTEM FOR SNAGGING A VEHICLE LEAVING THE ROADWAY NEAR FIXED HIGHWAY OBSTACLES. ATTENUATOR DESIGNS, HOOK DESIGNS AND SYSTEM CONFIGURATION LAYOUTS FOR BOTH THE SYSTEM AND VEHICLE WERE STUDIED. DATA WERE COMPILED OF VEHICLE DATA AND UNDER- CARRIAGE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. PRESENT DAY VEHICLES CANNOT WITHSTAND DECELERATION FORCES OF 12G APPLIED THROUGH A SINGLE HOOK WITHOUT SUBSTANTIAL MODIFICATION. AN ALTERNATE METHOD OF ENGAGING THE VEHICLE TO THE HYDRAULIC ATTENUATOR DESIGN WAS DEVELOPED. A FULL SCALE HARDWARE TEST WAS CONDUCTED TO CONFIRM THE VALIDITY OF THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. TESTS CONDUCTED FULLY CONFIRMED THE ANALYSIS. THE FOLLOWING WERE SYSTEM APPROACHES: (1) THE FENCE BARRIER, AND (2) THE ONE-WAY GUARD RAIL. CRASH TEST RESULTS ON THE ONE- WAY GUARD RAIL ARE REPORTED. TEST RESULTS ARE PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING THREE BASIC PHASES: (1) ORIGINAL CONCEPTUAL STUDIES OF VEHICLE ARRESTING SYSTEMS, (2) ALTERNATE CONCEPTUAL STUDIES OF VEHICLE ARRESTING SYSTEMS, AND (3) ONE-WAY GUARD RAIL CONCEPT. KW - Arresting /process/ KW - Attenuators KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Hooks KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Impact tests KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Structural analysis KW - Testing KW - Undercarriages KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206350 AU - Gotolski, W H AU - Smith, R W AU - ROBERTS, J M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RESEARCH REPORT IR-9: A STUDY OF PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENETS PY - 1968/09 AB - THE FOLLOWING FACTORS AFFECTING IN-SERVICE ASPHALT HARDENING AND PAVEMENT DURABILITY ARE STUDIED: TRAFFIC DENSITY, MIXTURE COMPOSITION, AGGREGATE TYPE AND GRADATION, PAVEMENT DENSITY AND AIR VOIDS, AND ASPHALT CONSISTENCY IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AS DETERMINED BY THE ROSTLER METHOD OF ANALYSIS. PAVEMENT DURABILITY IS EVALUATED BY PERIODIC INSPECTION. ASPHALT HARDENING IS EVALUATED BY CHANGES IN COMPOSITION, PENETRATION, VISCOSITY AND DUCTILITY. THE WEARING COURSES IN THE FOLLOWING THREE PAVEMENT GROUPS ARE BEING STUDIED; (1) SWEEP PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED IN 1964-1965 WITH SIX DIFFERENT ASPHALTS AND A SINGLE AGGREGATE, (2) SIX PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED IN 1963 WITH 70/85 GRADE ASPHALTS AND THE FOLLOWING THREE AGGREGATE TYPES: GRAVEL AND SAND, LIMESTONE AND SAND, AND LIMESTONE, SAND, AND FLYASH, (3) FOUR PAVEMENTS LAID IN 1961-62 CONSTRUCTED WITH 70/85 PENETRATION GRADE ASPHALTS AND ONE WITH AN 85/100 PENETRATION GRADE ASPHALT USING SLAG AGGREGATE AND TWO PAVEMENTS AND ALL LIMESTONE AGGREGATE IN THE REMAINING TWO PAVEMENTS. TRENDS NOTED ARE THAT PAVEMENT VOIDS ARE DECREASING, ASPHALTENES INCREASING AND THE ASPHALTS GENERALLY HARDENING. TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS GIVEN ARE: (1) HIGH AIR VOIDS ARE A MAJOR FACTOR CAUSING HARDENING OF ASPHALT INSERVICE, (2) HARDENING OF THE ASPHALTS IN THE PAVEMENTS OCCURS ONLY DURING THE WARMER MONTHS OF THE YEAR, AND (3) THE ROSTLER CHEMICAL PARAMETER IS NOT A USEFUL PREDICTOR OF ASPHALT HARDENING IN SERVICE. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphaltene KW - Chemical composition KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Durability KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Traffic density KW - Viscosity KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220575 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEHICLE ARRESTING SYSTEM, ALTERNATE SYSTEMS, PROGRAM-PHASE "B" PY - 1968/09 AB - THIS REPORT IS THE SECOND PHASE IN THE WORK DONE TO DEVELOP A VEHICLE ARRESTING SYSTEM. THE TESTS CONDUCTED IN THE FIRST PHASE OF THE PROJECT DEMONSTRATED THAT THE VEHICLE STRUCTURE AS EXISTENT IN MODERN DAY AUTOMOBILES IS TOTALLY INADEQUATE TO SUSTAIN THE LOADS INVOLVED IN ARRESTING ERRANT AUTOMOBILES AT RELATIVELY HIGH VELOCITIES. BECAUSE OF THESE FINDINGS THE ORIGINAL GOALS OF THE PROJECT WERE REDEFINED & THE CONTRACTOR SUBMITTED 13 ALTERNATE SYSTEM APPROACHES FOR THE SPONSOR'S REVIEW. THE ALTERNATIVES PRESENTED WERE: (1) FENCE BARRIER, (2) CAR TRAP, (3) ONE-WAY GUARD RAIL, (4) WHEEL TRAP-BUMPER ENGAGED, CABLE ARRESTING SYSTEM, (5) SAND TRAP, (6) HORIZONTAL MESH CABLE SYSTEM, (7) BANKED - ONE-WAY GUARD RAIL, (8) RIGID BARRIER - ONE-WAY GUARD RAIL, (9) CONTAINERIZED SAND, (10) METAL DIPPER, (11) SAND TRAP, (12) BARRIER AND CABLE SYSTEM, AND (13) BARRIER - METAL DIPPER. DIAGRAMS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THESE ALTERNATIVES ARE PRESENTED. AFTER A REVIEW OF ALTERNATIVES, A DECISION WAS MADE TO CONCENTRATE ALL ENGINEERING ON THE ONE-WAY GUARD RAIL. THE TESTING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ONE-WAY GUARD RAIL IS PRESENT IN THE THIRD PHASE OF THIS CONTRACT SERIES. KW - Arresting /process/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Cables KW - Fences KW - Guardrails KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sand KW - Traps KW - Traps (Drain pipe) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220574 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEHICLE ARRESTING SYSTEM, CONCEPTUAL STUDIES, PROGRAM-PHASE "A" PY - 1968/09 AB - THE WORK DONE TO DEVELOP AN ARRESTING SYSTEM THAT WOULD DECELERATE AN ERRANT VEHICLE BY ENGAGEMENT OF THE ARRESTING SYSTEM TO THE VEHICLE UNDERCARRIAGE IS REPORTED. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY EFFORT PROVED CONCLUSIVELY THAT THE STRUCTURE OF AUTOMOBILES AS PRESENTLY DESIGNED WAS COMPLETELY INADEQUATE TO SUSTAIN THE CONCENTRATED ARRESTING LOADS NECESSARY TO ARREST THE VEHICLE WITHIN THE SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS OF A STOPPING DISTANCE OF APPROXIMATELY 15 FEET AT MAXIMUM "G" LEVELS OF 12. THESE RESULTS WERE CONFIRMED BY FULL SCALE HARDWARE TESTS CONDUCTED BY THE TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE AT COLLEGE STATION TEXAS. A SUMMARY OF THE TRUE STATUS AND/OR POTENTIAL OF THE SEVERAL BASIC AREAS STUDIED DURING THIS PROGRAM IS REPORTED. FROM THE RESULTS OF THE MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND FULL SCALE TESTS CONDUCTED BY T.T.I., IT IS OBVIOUS THAT IT WOULD BE COMPLETELY IMPRACTICAL TO MAKE THE UNDERCARRIAGE, BODY TO UNDERCARRIAGE ATTACHMENT AND VEHICLE SUSPENSION AND DRIVE SYSTEM STRONG ENOUGH TO WITHSTAND THE NECESSARY ARRESTING LOADS. KW - Arresting /process/ KW - Automobiles KW - Deceleration KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stopping distances KW - Structures KW - Systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220576 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEHICLE ARRESTING SYSTEM-ONE WAY GUARDRAIL-PROGRAM-PHASE "C" PY - 1968/09 AB - THE ONE WAY GUARD SYSTEM AS DESIGNED, FABRICATED, INSTALLED, AND TESTED HAS PROVED CAPABLE OF PERFORMING ALL OF ITS INTENDED FUNCTIONS. THESE FUNCTIONS BEING PRIMARILY DIRECTED AT PREVENTING AN ERRANT VEHICLE FROM REBOUNDING FROM GUARD RAIL IMPACT BACK INTO THE TRAFFIC LANE IT HAD JUST LEFT AND FURTHER TO PREVENT IT FROM CROSSING THE MEDIAN STRIP AND ENGAGING HEAD ON THE TRAFFIC IN THE OPPOSITE LANE. THESE FUNCTIONS WERE ACCOMPLISHED BY INSTALLING IN A PARALLEL CONFIGURATION TWO GUARD RAIL INSTALLATIONS OF THE SAME DESIGN WHICH WHEN IMPACTED FROM THE OUTSIDE ARE RELATIVELY FLEXIBLE, PERMITTING THE ERRANT VEHICLE TO RIDE OVER IT AND IMPACT THE SECOND GUARD RAIL ON THE INBOARD FACE. THE GUARD RAIL BY NATURE OF ITS DESIGN, IS LOAD RESISTANT WHEN IMPACTED ON THE INBOARD FACES. WITHIN THE LIMITATION OF THE TESTS CONDUCTED, THE GUARD RAIL AS DESIGNED IS SUFFICIENTLY FLEXIBLE TO PERFORM ITS ROLL OVER REQUIREMENTS WHEN IMPACTED FROM THE OUTSIDE (ROADSIDE) AND AT THE SAME TIME CAPABLE OF REACTING IMPACT LOADS ON THE INBOARD FACE (MEDIAN SIDE) EQUAL TO OR BETTER THAN ANY EXISTING ROADSIDE GUARD RAIL INSTALLATION. KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Median barriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Opposing traffic KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222570 AU - BURG, A AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VISION TEST SCORES AND DRIVING RECORD: ADDITIONAL FINDINGS PY - 1968/09 AB - PART OF A CONTINUING RESEARCH EFFORT IS PRESENTED TO ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VISUAL SCREENING TESTS AND DRIVER PERFORMANCE AS DETERMINED BY ACCIDENT AND VIOLATION RECORDS. APPROXIMATELY 17,500 DRIVERS WERE TESTED IN THIS STUDY. THIS REPORT DISCUSSED TEST-RETEST RESULTS ON 464 OF THE DRIVERS AND ADDITIONAL VIOLATION AND ACCIDENT INFORMATION (SECOND THREE-YEAR RECORD) ON 7,841 SUBJECTS. /BPR/ KW - Crash rates KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Testing KW - Violations KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210407 AU - Pagen, C A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SIZE AND STRENGTH RELATIONSHIPS OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE FIELD CORES - FINAL REPORT PY - 1968/09 AB - A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION IS PRESENTED ON THE EFFECT OF LENGTH-TO-DIAMETER RATIO ON THE ULTIMATE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, THE AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE ELASTIC PROPERTIES, AND THE RHEOLOGICAL CREEP AND DYNAMIC STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF LABORATORY COMPACTED ASPHALTIC CONCRETE TEST SPECIMENS AND FIELD CORE TEST SAMPLES. THE EXPERIMENTAL PHASES INVOLVED THE PREPARATION AND TESTING OF THREE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXES PREPARED IN THE LABORATORY BY GYRATORY COMPACTION AND FIELD CORE TEST SPECIMENS OBTAINED FROM U.S. ROUTE 42 NEAR DELAWARE, OHIO. IN THE THREE LABORATORY MIXES, TWO AGGREGATE TYPES AND TWO ASPHALT PENETRATION GRADES WERE INVESTIGATED. ONE AGGREGATE GRADATION WHICH MEETS OHIO SPECIFICATIONS WAS EMPLOYED FOR ALL LABORATORY MIXTURES. EXPERIMENTAL TEMPERATURES OF 41 DEGREES, 77 DEGREES AND 104 DEGREES F AND FIVE L/D RATIOS RANGING FROM 0.25 TO 2.00 WERE UTILIZED IN THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, RHEOLOGICAL CREEP EXPERIMENTS, AND DYNAMIC TESTING PROGRAM. A DIAMETER EQUAL TO FOUR INCHES WAS USED FOR ALL THE TEST CYLINDERS PREPARED BY THE GYRATORY METHOD OF LABORATORY COMPACTION. FIELD CORE TEST SPECIMENS WERE OBTAINED FOR COMPARISON WHICH HAVE A COMPARABLE LIMESTONE AGGREGATE AND PENETRATION GRADE OF ASPHALT AS ONE OF THE LABORATORY MIXES. THE FIELD AND LABORATORY COMPACTED TEST SPECIMEN DATA HAVE INDICATED THAT THE APPLICATION OF THE LINEAR VISCOELASTIC THEORY AND MECHANISTIC MODELS TO ASPHALTIC CONCRETE ARE VALID, AS WELL AS THAT THE TIME- TEMPERATURE SUPERPOSITION CONCEPT AND THE ANALOGOUS TIME-L/D RATIO EQUIVALENCY PRINCIPLE ARE VALID FOR THE RESEARCH DATA OBTAINED ON THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL LEVEL. LONG-TERM CREEP EXPERIMENTS UP TO FORTY HOURS HAVE PROVIDED AN ADDITIONAL AND INDEPENDENT CHECK OF THE CONCEPTS DEVELOPED AND EMPLOYED IN THIS RESEARCH. A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPARABLE LABORATORY AND FIELD COMPACTED TEST SAMPLES WAS NOTED FOR ALL THE STRENGTH PARAMETERS INVESTIGATED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Creep KW - Diameter KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamic tests KW - Dynamics KW - Gyratory compaction KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Length KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pendulum tests KW - Rheology KW - Specimens KW - Superposition KW - Superposition (Geology) KW - Theory KW - Unconfined compression KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207913 AU - Zia, P AU - Andrew, J R AU - Chawla, M S AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE COLUMNS UNDER CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC LOADINGS PY - 1968/09 AB - TWENTY-FOUR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE COLUMNS WERE TESTED TO FAILURE. THE EFFECTS OF LATERAL REINFORCEMENT (TIES OR SPIRALS), ECCENTRICITY OF LOADING, AND FULL OR PARTIAL PRESTRESSING ARE DISCUSSED. THE ULTIMATE STRENGTHS OF THE COLUMNS AS DETERMINED BY THE TESTS ARE COMPARED WITH THE THEORETICAL VALUES AS PREDICTED BY THE PCI METHOD AND A METHOD PROPOSED BY THE RESEARCHERS. /BPR/ KW - Columns KW - Concentric loading KW - Eccentric loading KW - Eccentricity KW - Failure KW - Lateral supports KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240818 AU - Connecticut State Highway Department AU - Connecticut Interregional Planning Program AU - Department of Housing and Urban Development AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE CONNECTICUT'S MAJOR CORRIDOR NEEDS - PRESENT TO YEAR 2000 PY - 1968/09 AB - CONNECTICUT'S EXPRESSWAY NEEDS IN THE YEAR 2000 ARE BEING STUDIED. IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT ALL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION WHICH AFFECT THE SYSTEM MUST BE CONSIDERED TO SOLVE THE FUTURE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS. EXISTING AND PROPOSED LAND USE IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE GREATEST SINGLE VARIABLE AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION. A PRELIMINARY LONG-RANGE EXPRESSWAY PLAN IS DEVELOPED BASED UPON TRAFFIC DEMAND, AND CONGESTED POINTS IN THE PRESENTLY PROGRAMMED HIGHWAY SYSTEM ARE INDICATED. /BPR/ KW - Expressways KW - Freeway planning KW - Freeways KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Land use planning KW - Needs assessment KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218038 AU - Meyer, A H AU - Furr, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REINFORD CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION-PART II TREATMENT PY - 1968/09 AB - THE RESULTS ARE REPORTED OF TREATING CONCRETE WITH A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT SEALING MATERIALS FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING INGRESS OF WATER AND DEICER SOLUTIONS. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SEALANTS WAS MEASURED BY THE ABSORPTION AND FREEZE-THAW RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE SPECIMENS WHICH HAD BEEN TREATED EITHER BEFORE OR AFTER ABRASION OF THE SURFACE. THE THREE MOST BENEFICIAL TREATMENTS SO FAR ARE BOILED LINSEED OIL, TUNG OIL, AND SAND-FILLED COLD TAR EMULSION WITH A SEALING PRIMER. /BPR/ KW - Absorption KW - Bridge decks KW - Coal tars KW - Concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Linseed oil KW - Oils KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Sealing compounds KW - Tung oil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215901 AU - Schueller, W AU - Ostapenko, A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STATIC TESTS ON UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS, MAIN TEST SERIES PY - 1968/09 AB - TWO UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS MADE OF A36 STEEL WERE TESTED UNDER STATICALLY APPLIED LOADING. EACH GIRDER HAD SIX PANELS AND THE GEOMETRY AND THE PANEL ARRANGEMENT OF BOTH GIRDER SPECIMENS WERE IDENTICAL EXCEPT THAT ONE SPECIMEN HAD A LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER. THE CENTROIDAL AXIS WAS AT APPROXIMATELY ONE-THIRD OF THE GIRDER DEPTH WITH ONE FLANGE HAVING TWICE THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE OTHER FLANGE. BOTH GIRDERS HAD A LENGTH OF 37 FT.-10 IN. AND A WEB DEPTH OF 48 INCHES. FOR ONE HALF OF THE GIRDER LENGTH A 1/8 IN. WEB PLATE WAS USED, FOR THE OTHER HALF A 3/16 IN. WEB PLATE. THE RESULTING WEB SLENDERNESS RATIOS WERE 269 AND 414. THE PANEL ASPECT RATIOS WERE: 0.833, 1.15, 1.46 AND 1.77. GIRDER SPECIMENS, THE TEST SET-UP, THE TESTING PROCEDURE AND THE RESULTS ARE DESCRIBED AND DISCUSSED. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THE TESTS WERE: VERIFICATION OF A NEW THEORY DEVELOPED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ULTIMATE LOAD OF UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS (NOT DESCRIBED), AND INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE GIRDER COMPONENTS UNDER AN INCREASING LOAD. THE LAYOUT AND SIZE OF THE GIRDER ELEMENTS WERE SELECTED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO DEFINE THE MOMENT-SHEAR INTERACTION CURVE IN THE REGION OF HIGH MOMENT AND HIGH SHEAR. ONLY THE END PANELS OF THE GIRDER WERE SUBJECTED PRIMARILY TO SHEAR. CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TEST RESULTS AND THE THEORY WAS WITHIN 5 PERCENT. A COMPARISON OF THE ULTIMATE LOADS FOR THE TRANSVERSELY AND LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED PANELS OF THE TWO GIRDERS (WHICH WERE OTHERWISE IDENTICAL IN GEOMETRY) SHOWS THAT THE INTRODUCTION OF A LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER INTO PANELS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED ACTION OF HIGH MOMENT AND HIGH SHEAR RESULTED IN AN INCREASE IN STRENGTH OF APPROXIMATELY 44 PERCENT. FOR PANELS SUBJECTED PRIMARILY TO SHEAR THE INCREASE OF STRENGTH WAS 13 AND 20 PERCENT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Breaking loads KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Flanges KW - Length KW - Longitudinal stiffeners KW - Plate girders KW - Shear strength KW - Slenderness ratio KW - Specimens KW - Static tests KW - Steel KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Thinness KW - Transverse distribution KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204624 AU - DANIEL, W H AU - RIORDAN, T P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - IMPROVEMENT OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS THROUGH BREEDING AND SELECTION PY - 1968/09 AB - THE METHODOLOGY IN RANKING PLANTS FOR THEIR DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS AND POTENTIAL USE ON HIGHWAY ROADSIDES IS DESCRIBED. THE DESIRED PLANT CHARACTERISTICS IN THE ORDER OF IMPORTANCE LISTED ON IBM CARDS ARE: (1) LEAF HEIGHT, (2) OVERALL RATING, (3) SPREAD, (4) RUST (DISEASE) RESISTANCE, RESISTANCE, (5) LEAF COLOR, (6) PANICLE MATURITY, AND (7) WINTER SURVIVAL. OUTSTANDING PLANTS OF LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH LEAF-HEIGHT CLASSES WERE DETERMINED BY CARD SORTING. TABLES ARE INCLUDED LISTING THE FIVE OUTSTANDING PLANTS OF EACH CLASS SO THE DEGREE OF IMPROVEMENT OF EACH COULD BE OBSERVED. PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATIVE OF SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS ARE INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Grasses KW - Leaf height KW - Plant cover KW - Plants KW - Roadside improvement KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217478 AU - Hilton, M H AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECTS OF TEXTURAL AND EXTERNAL RESTRAINTS ON THE EXPANSION OF REACTIVE CARBONATE AGGREGATES PY - 1968/09 AB - CERTAIN PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND COMPOSITIONAL PROPERTIES WERE DETERMINED FOR SELECTED CROSS SECTIONS OF CARBONATE ROCK SAMPLES. INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE PROPERTIES TO THE EXPANSION OF THE ROCK IN AN ALKALINE SOLUTION. EXPANSION OF THE ROCK SPECIMENS WAS MEASURED BOTH IN THE RESTRAINED AND IN UNRESTRAINED CONDITIONS AND A THEORY DEVELOPED FROM A SPHERICAL MODEL OF A TWO-PHASE SYSTEM COMPOSED OF EXPANDING ELASTIC PARTICLES ENCLOSED WITHIN AN ELASTIC MATRIX, WHICH APPEARS TO GIVE A GOOD APPROXIMATION OF THE EXPANSION OF CONCRETE RESULTING FROM THE EXPANSION OF CERTAIN VOLUMES OF EXPANSIVE AGGREGATE. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF EACH PHASE OF THE SYSTEM HAS A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE TOTAL SYSTEM WILL EXPAND. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT THE EXPANSION OF CARBONATE ROCK IS DEPENDENT ON THE ROCK'S TEXTURE (OR STRUCTURAL FABRIC) AND DOLOMITE CONTENT, AND WITH THE NECESSARY DOLOMITE CONTENT EXPANSION INCREASES WITH HIGHER POROSITIES, HIGHER ABSORPTION, LOWER SPECIFIC GRAVITIES, LOWER COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS, AND LOWER MODULI OF ELASTICITY. FOR THE DEGREE OF RESTRAINT USED, STRESSES OF THE ORDER OF 2200 PSI WERE DEVELOPED BY THE EXPANSION OF SOME ROCK SAMPLES. IT IS APPARENT THAT THE USE OF HIGHER RESTRAINT OR LONGER DURATION OF TEST WOULD HAVE RESULTED IN HIGHER FORCES BEING EXERTED BY THE EXPANDING ROCK SPECIMENS AND, SINCE THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE IS NORMALLY LESS THAN 1000 PSI, THAT THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT THAT EXPANSIVE CARBONATE AGGREGATES CAN EXERT PRESSURES OF SUFFICIENT MAGNITUDE TO CAUSE FRACTURE IN CONCRETE MADE WITH CEMENTS HAVING HIGH ALKALI CONTENT. /BPR/ KW - Absorption KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Carbonate rocks KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Dolomite KW - Expansion KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Physical properties KW - Porosity KW - Reactive aggregates KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Specific gravity KW - Stresses KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214480 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STATISTICAL CORRELATION AND VARIANCE PROJECT RELATED TO THE QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGHWAY MATERIALS PY - 1968/09 AB - TWENTY-EIGHT DAY STRUCTURAL AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE HISTORICAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DATA FROM 8000 CYLINDERS PREPARED IN 1964 BY CENTRAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL AT THE JOB SITE WAS STATISTICALLY ANALYZED TO ESTIMATE CONFORMANCE TO EXISTING CRITERIA. DATA FROM 10,000 CYLINDERS PREPARED BY PROJECT BASED PERSONNEL WAS NOT USED IN THE ANALYSIS. TESTING, SAMPLING, MATERIAL AND TOTAL VARIANCE, ST'D DEV., MEAN COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION WAS DETERMINED FOR EACH PROJECT SUB LOT. ACCEPTANCE PLANS FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES OF MIL,STD 414, ST'D DEVIATION UNKOWN, WAS PROPOSED FOR USE ON A TRIAL BASIS. ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVELS (AGE) OF 2.5% FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE (5000 PSI MINIMUM) AND 6.5% FOR OTHER STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (3000 PSI MINIMUM) WERE SELECTED TO BEST APPROXIMATE COMPUTED TEST VALUES. FOR CONCRETE USED IN BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES AN AQL OF 1.5% (5.5% ESTIMATE OF PERCENT DEFECTIVE) WAS USED TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ACCEPTING POOR QUALITY CONCRETE. AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO HOLD ALPHA AND BETA RISKS TO A COMMON 15% DEFECTIVE COMMENSURATE WITH SAMPLE SIZE, LOT SIZE, AND CRITICALNESS OF USE. AN ACTION AND REDUCED PAYMENT PLAN WAS SUGGESTED FOR NONCONFORMING CONCRETE. COMPARISONS WERE MADE WITH ACI 214 SUGGESTED MAXIMUM 10 PERCENT DEFECTIVE. SUGGESTIONS WERE MADE TO REVISE STATES EXISTING PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SPECIFICATION TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ACCEPTING EXCESSIVELY POOR QUALITY MATERIALS. /BPR/ KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Acceptance tests KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Building materials KW - Change KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Cylinders KW - Data KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Structural materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233713 AU - Reese, L C AU - Brown, J C AU - Dalrymple, H H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MEASUREMENTS OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE IN DRILLED SHAFTS PY - 1968/09 AB - THIS PROJECT INVOLVES THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND TESTING, IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD, OF INSTRUMENTATION CAPABLE OF MEASURING THE LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES ALONG A DRILLED SHAFT. THIS PROJECT SUMMARIZES AND SYNTHESIZES THE THEORIES WHICH SET THE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOIL PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES BASED ON SOIL BEHAVIOR. THE PROJECT ASSIMILATES THE PRESENT KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING TRANSDUCERS AND PRODUCES A PRESSURE CELL DESIGNED TO MEASURE LATERAL PRESSURES AGAINST A DRILLED SHAFT UP TO 50 PSI. DESIGN 'MAPS' BASED ON TIMOSHENKO'S THEORY OF A CLAMPED EDGE, CIRCULAR, THIN PLATE ARE GIVEN. THESE 'MAPS' ALLOW THE INVESTIGATOR TO ARRIVE AT THE THICKNESS OF A DIAPHRAGM KNOWING THE DESIRED PRESSURE TO BE MEASURED, THE DIAPHRAGM DEFLECTION TO DIAMETER RATIO, AND THE DESIRED SENSITIVITY OF THE CELL. A BERYLLIUM COPPER CELL 2 3/4 INCHES IN DIAMETER AND 1/2 INCH THICK WAS CONSTRUCTED. THE ELECTRONIC PRESSURE SENSING ELEMENT IS A SPECIAL FOUR-ARM BONDED FOIL STRAIN GAGE. THE CELL HAS BEEN USED TO MEASURE THE PRESSURES EXERTED AGAINST A DRILLED SHAFT UNDER CURING AND LOADING CONDITIONS. ADDITIONAL WORK WILL BE NEEDED TO EVALUATE COMPLETELY THE LATERAL-EARTH-PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD TRANSFER FROM SHAFT TO SOIL. IT IS FELT THAT THE DESIGNED GAGE IS SATISFACTORY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beryllium KW - Copper KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Earth pressure KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Lateral pressure KW - Load cells KW - Measurement KW - Pressure KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure measurement KW - Pressure sensors KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Strain gages KW - Thickness KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207889 AU - Davis, R E AU - Patterson, L R AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT- PHASE II POSEY CANYON PY - 1968/09 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF AN INVESTIGATION ON THE BEHAVIOR OF AN 8 FT REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT BURIED UNDER A 240 FT HIGH FILL. VARIABLES STUDIED WERE: METHOD OF BACKFILL, DIFFERING CULVERT STIFFNESSES, SEVERAL VARIATIONS OF USING STRAW BALES ABOVE THE CULVERT, SOIL PRESSURE AND HEIGHT OF FILL RELATIONSHIPS, AND EFFECTS OF FOOTING SETTLE- MENT AND ROTATIONS. TEST SECTIONS WERE INSTRUMENTED WITH PRESSURE GAGES ATTACHED TO THE OUTSIDE CULVERT WALL AND WITH SOME THAT WERE PLACED AT VARYING HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES AWAY FROM THE CULVERT. OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE DURING THE PLACEMENT OF FILL AND FOR 12 MONTHS THEREAFTER. SOME RESULTS OF THE TEST WERE AS FOLLOWS: (1) SOIL PRESSURES WERE, IN GENERAL, LINEAR FUNCTIONS OF EMBANKMENT HEIGHTS, EXCEPT IN THOSE SECTIONS WHERE THERE WAS A LAYER OF STRAW SURROUNDING THE CULVERT, (2) ALSO, SOME PRONOUNCED DISCONTINUITIES IN LINEAR FUNCTIONS RESULTED WHEN HEAVY RAINS SATURATED THE EMBANKMENT, (3) PLACEMENT OF A LOOSE LAYER OF SOIL OVER THE ARCH REDUCED VERTICAL DENSITIES BUT DID NOT APPEAR TO INFLUENCE LATERAL DENSITIES, (4) A LAYER OF STRAW SURROUNDING THE ARCH BARREL HALVED THE VERTICAL DENSITY AND ALMOST ELIMINATED LATERAL PRESSURES, AND (5) A LAYER OF STRAW SURMOUNTING THE ARCH GREATLY REDUCED VERTICAL EFFECTIVE DENSITY, HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON LATERAL DENSITIES, BUT PRODUCED HIGH DENSITIES ACTING AT ABOUT 45 DEGREES AT MIDHEIGHT OF THE EXTRADOS. A PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS WAS ALSO USED TO ANALYZE THE PRESSURES AND STRESSES IN THE CULVERT. /BPR/ KW - Arches KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Culverts KW - Density KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Footings KW - Ground settlement KW - Height KW - Pressure gages KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Rotation KW - Stiffness KW - Straw KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214483 AU - Dillard, J H AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH STATISTICAL METHODS PY - 1968/09 AB - FIELD AND OPERATIONS PERSONNEL WORKED WITH STATISTICAL PROCEDURES WHICH EMPHASISED THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH RATHER THAN THE RESEARCH STUDY ITSELF. A RANDOM SAMPLING PROGRAM WAS INITIATED ON 41 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULES DURING 1967. ALTHOUGH THESE RESURFACINGS WERE INDIVIDUALLY SMALL, THEY PROVIDED CONVENIENT TESTING AREAS. THE RANDOM SAMPLING WAS PRACTICAL, INFORMATION ON VARIABILITY WAS REASONABLE AND THE STANDARD DEVIATIONS WERE - ASPHALT CONTENT CANNOT BE EXPECTED TO BE LESS THAN 0.25 PERCENT, COARSE AGGREGATE GRADATION COULD NOT BE EXPECTED TO BE LESS THAN 3.0 PERCENT AND FINE AGGREGATE NOT LESS THAN 2.0 PERCENT. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt content KW - Field tests KW - Maintenance KW - Randomization KW - Resurfacing KW - Sampling KW - Scheduling KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214486 AU - Materials Research & Development Inc AU - Florida State Road Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES TO THE PREPARATION OF SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1968/09 AB - HISTORICAL DATA WERE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED FOR SEVERAL CONTINUOUSLY TESTED MATERIALS SUCH AS ASPHALTS MATERIALS, PORTLAND CEMENT, COARSE AGGREGATE AND LIMEROCK BASE. THE RESULTING STATISTICAL PARAMETERS WERE USED TO SHOW VARIATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CERTAIN TESTS, THE DEGREE OF CONFORMANCE WITH EXISTING SPECIFICATIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCEPTANCE PLANS. METHODS OF OPTIMIZING SAMPLING FREQUENCIES AND TESTING PROCEDURES WERE STUDIED AND MODIFICATIONS TO EXISTING PRACTICES WERE RECOMMENDED TO IMPROVE THE COST-BENEFIT RELATIONSHIP. THE RECOMMENDED ACCEPTANCE PLANS INCLUDED SAMPLING AND TESTING FREQUENCIES PLUS PRICE ADJUSTMENT SCHEDULES. SPECIFIC AREAS OF ADDITIONAL RESEARCH WERE RECOMMENDED. /BPR/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Asphalt KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bituminous materials KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Limestone KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Portland cement KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224892 AU - Communications and Systems, Inc AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1968/09 AB - REQUIREMENTS WERE IDENTIFIED AND ANALYZED FOR A TOTAL HIGHWAY COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM AND A MODEL DEVELOPED TO BE USED AS A TOOL IN ASSESSING PROPOSED SUBSYSTEMS DESIGNED TO FULFILL THESE REQUIREMENTS. FROM THE REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS, AND WITH INPUT FROM THE MODEL DEVELOPMENT TASK, A TOTAL HIGHWAY COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM CONCEPT WAS DEVELOPED. AFTER THE MODEL DEVELOPMENT TASK WAS COMPLETED, A COMPARISON WAS MADE BETWEEN THE COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR A HYPOTHETICAL STATE AND THE EXISTING REQUIREMENTS FOUND TO EXIST IN SEVEN SAMPLE STATES. THE STUDY OUTPUTS OF THE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ARE REPORTED IN HANDBOOK FORM FOR MAXIMUM USEFULNESS. THE INFORMATION INCLUDES A REQUIREMENTS DATA BASE, A METHODOLOGY FOR SYSTEM DESIGN AND/OR EVALUATION, AND A REPORT ON PERTINENT COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING FACTORS. THE MODEL WAS DEVELOPED WITHIN THE CONCEPT THAT IT WAS TO BE DESCRIPTIVE, EVALUATIVE, AND PREDICTIVE. THE STRUCTURE OF THE MODEL IS IN THE LOGICAL FORM OF: (1) THE DATA BASE, (2) A REQUIREMENTS MATRIX, (3) THE MECHANISM FOR INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (GEOGRAPHICAL AND OPERATIONSL), (4) THE TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPING NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS, AND (5) THE RELATIONSHIPS NECESSARY TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SUBSYSTEM CAPACITIES. /BPR/ KW - Communication systems KW - Environmental impacts KW - Handbooks KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Networks KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263007 AU - Winfrey, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMICS OF THE MAXIMUM LIMITS OF MOTOR VEHICLE DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS (VOL. 1) PY - 1968/09 SP - 279 p. AB - Determining the desirable maximum limits of dimensions and weights of motor vehicles is approached on the basis of highway cost and the operating cost so far as the factors of economy are concerned. Axle weight, gross vehicle weight, and vehicle length are analyzed on the basis of six highway systems consisting of the rural and urban systems within the Interstate, primary and secondary highway systems. The analysis is based on data on truck weight studies conducted in 46 States; operating cost data obtained from truck fleet operators; and experimental data on pavements and bridges obtained from the comprehensive AASHO road test. Numerous other studies also contributed to the findings of the report. The desirable limits of dimensions and weights for use were found to be the following: 1) Vehicle height of 13.5 feet 2) Vehicle width of 102 inches 3) Maximum lengths on all highways of 40 feet for single-unit trucks and trailers, 55 feet for tractors and semitrailers, and 65 feet for any other combination of vehicles. 4) Axle weight limits of 22,000 and 38,000 pounds for single and tandem axles respectively. 5) Gross weight limit of at least 120,000 pounds, or better yet, no gross weight limit at all with control of axle weight and spacing. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economics KW - Limits KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Trucking KW - Ultimate load design KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208076 AU - Sherif, M A AU - Tien, Y B AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - CYLINDER PILE DESIGN ON THE BASIS OF NEW SOIL TEST PROCEDURES PY - 1968/09 IS - 2 SP - 76 p. AB - A PROCEDURE WITH A NOMOGRAPH FOR THE DESIGN OF CYLINDER PILES AS RETAINING STRUCTURES IS PROPOSED. A METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS PROPOSED WHEREBY THE EFFECT OF LATERAL STRESS RELAXATION DUE TO A CUT MADE ALONG THE HILLSIDE ON THE STRENGTH AND STABILITY OF THE SOIL AS A FUNCTION OF THE OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO CAN BE DETERMINED. IT IS SHOWN THAT OVER-CONSOLIDATED SEATTLE CLAYS LOSE APPROXIMATELY 23 PERCENT OF THEIR SHORT- TERM STRENGTH DUE TO LATERAL STRESS RELIEF. FURTHERMORE, THESE SOILS ALSO LOSE 50 PERCENT OF THEIR STRENGTH DUE TO CREEP. THEREFORE, THE SOIL DESIGN STRENGTH TO BE USED IN CALCULATING THE STABILITY OF CUT AND UNRETAINED SLOPES IN THE SEATTLE AREA SHOULD BE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF 27 PERCENT OF THE INITIAL SHORT-TERM STRENGTH OF THE SOILS. /FHWA/ KW - Clay KW - Nomographs KW - Preconsolidated clay KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Retaining walls KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206347 AU - Phillips, M B AU - Swift, G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A COMPARISON OF FOUR ROUGHNESS MEASURING SYSTEMS, RESEARCH REPORT 32-10 PY - 1968/08 AB - FOUR DIFFERENT MEASURING DEVICES FOR USE IN EVALUATING HIGHWAY SURFACE ROUGHNESS WERE INVESTIGATED. TWO, THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER, AND THE BPR ROUGHOMETER, ARE WELL KNOWN AND HAVE BEEN COMPARED PREVIOUSLY. THE OTHERS, THE PCA ROADMETER AND THE MAYS ROAD METER ARE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS. THE AIMS OF THE STUDY WERE TO: (1) EXAMINE THE FIELD-WORTHINESS OF THE SEVERAL SYSTEMS, (2) DEVELOP A FEELING FOR THE VALIDITY AND UTILITY OF THEIR RESPECTIVE MEASUREMENTS, AND (3) DETERMINE THE EFFECTS ON THEIR RESULTS OF SUCH VARIABLES AS OPERATING SPEED, DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS, OPERATING TEMPERATURES, AND OTHER FACTORS. ALL FOUR DEVICES WERE COMPARED ON EACH OF 24 SELECTED REPRESENTATIVE IN-SERVICE TEST SECTIONS. FLEXIBLE, RIGID AND COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS WERE INCLUDED. THE PCA ROADMETER AND MAYS ROAD METER WERE FURTHER COMPARED ON 21 ADDITIONAL REPRESENTATIVE SECTIONS. SECTION LENGTHS ARE ABOUT 850 FEET. REPLICATE MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE ONE WEEK APART. A 14-MEMBER PANEL RATED EACH OF THE SECTIONS. IN GENERAL, THE EFFECTS OF VEHICLE OPERATOR, SPEED, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE WERE STUDIED. THE METHOD PRINCIPALLY USED TO RANK EACH DEVICE CONSISTS OF COMPARING THE VARIABILITY OF ITS MEASUREMENTS BETWEEN SETS WITH THE VARIABILITY OF ITS MEASUREMENTS WITHIN SETS. THE RATIO OF THESE MEASUREMENTS IS DESIGNATED THE F-RATIO. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT, WHILE THE CHLOE IS BEST WITH RESPECT TO F- RATIO, IT IS DESIRABLE TO CONSIDER NUMEROUS ADDITIONAL FACTORS, INCLUDING COST, SPEED OF OPERATION AND DATA REDUCTION. A COMPREHENSIVE TABLE SHOWING COMPARISONS OF THE FOUR DEVICES ON THE BASIS OF MANY FACTORS IS PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Data reduction KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Highway pavement KW - Human characteristics KW - Inservice KW - Measuring instruments KW - Operating speed KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203989 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CULVERT PERFORMANCE AT TEST SITES IN COLORADO PY - 1968/08 AB - RESULTS OF A SIX-YEAR STUDY ON THE FIELD PERFORMANCE OF STAINLESS STEEL, ALUMINUM, REINFORCED CONCRETE, AND CORRUGATED-STEEL CULVERTS ARE PRESENTED. STAINLESS STEEL CORRODED IN ALKALINE AREAS, BUT MOST OTHER CULVERTS SHOWED LITTLE DETERIORATION IN EITHER ALKALINE OR ACID AREAS DUE TO CORROSION EXCEPT FOR SOME UNTREATED CMP. ASBESTOS-BONDED AND ASPHALT-DIPPED CMP SHOWED LITTLE OR NO CORROSION. ALUMINUM IS EASY TO HANDLE BUT REQUIRES SPECIAL CARE IN BACKFILLING. AT LEAST TWO FEET OF COVER ARE REQUIRED TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO ALUMINUM FROM HEAVY EQUIPMENT. AVERAGE COST DATA IS PRESENTED FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF 36 IN. PIPES IN 1962. /BPR/ KW - Alkali KW - Alkalies KW - Aluminum culverts KW - Asbestos KW - Asphalt KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Stainless steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200072 AU - Kriege, O W AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A UNIFORM SYSTEM FOR COUNTY ROAD IDENTIFICATION AND RURAL HOUSE NUMBERING PY - 1968/08 AB - A STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DEVELOP AN IMPROVED SYSTEM FOR COUNTY ROAD IDENTIFICATION AND RURAL HOUSE NUMBERING. BENEFITS FROM SUCH A SYSTEM INCLUDE REDUCING THE CONFUSION AND DELAYS IN TRAVEL ON RURAL ROADS BY TOURISTS AND ENABLING PUBLIC OFFICIALS TO REACH THE SCENES OF FIRES, ACCIDENTS, CRIMINAL ACTS AND OTHER EMERGENCIES MORE READILY. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM DIVIDES EACH COUNTY INTO FOUR QUADRANTS BY USING A NORTH-SOUTH COUNTY MERIDIAN LINE AND AN EAST-WEST COUNTY BASE LINE. COUNTY ROADS ARE THEN IDENTIFIED BY COMPASS DIRECTION AND DISTANCE FROM THE BASE AND MERIDIANS LINES. A HOUSE NUMBER IS THE COMBINATION OF A ROAD NUMBER PLUS THE DISTANCE OF THE ENTRANCE FROM THE REFERENCE AXIS. /BPR/ KW - County roads KW - Dwellings KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Identifying number KW - Rural areas KW - Tourists KW - Traffic delays KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210406 AU - Florence, R L AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - KENTUCKY ROCK ASPHALT HOT MIX SURFACES PY - 1968/08 AB - DATA ARE PRESENTED PERTAINING TO THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS IN KENTUCKY ROCK ASPHALT MIXTURES, AND OF CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES, COSTS, AND SHORT TIME PERFORMANCE OBSERVATIONS OF PAVEMENTS USING THE MIXTURES. THE ROCK ASPHALT CONTAINS ABOUT 3.8% BITUMENS AND IS CRUSHED TO PASS A 3/8 INCH SCREEN, 85/100 PENETRATION GRADE ASPHALT IS ADDED SO THE HOT-MIX CONTAINS A TOTAL OF BETWEEN 9-10 PERCENT ASPHALT. SOME PROBLEMS WERE ENCOUNTERED WHEN HEATING THE ROCK ASPHALT AND CARE WAS NEEDED TO PREVENT A BUILD-UP OF MATERIAL IN THE PLANT. THE PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS USING THIS MIXTURE IS RATED AS FROM SATISFACTORY TO GOOD UNDER LIGHT TRAFFIC. SKID RESISTANCE, WHICH IS THE PRINCIPAL ADVANTAGE OF THIS MIXTURE, IS RATED HIGH-COEFFICIENTS OF 0.57 TO 0.72. THE REPORT ALSO TRACES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS TO THE SPECIFICATIONS WHEN THIS MATERIAL IS TO BE USED. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt rock KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Building materials KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222571 AU - Bender, J G AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN VEHICLE AUTOMATIC LONGITUDINAL PY - 1968/08 AB - THE REAL WORLD TESTING OF A VEHICLE'S AUTOMATIC LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN VARIOUS LEAD-CAR OVERTAKING AND CAR-FOLLOWING SITUATIONS IS DESCRIBED. THE PARTICULAR FIELD TESTS DESCRIBED WERE CONDUCTED FROM SEPTEMBER TO DECEMBER, 1967. IN ADDITION TO THE FIELD EXPERIMENT RESULTS, BACKGROUND MATERIAL INCLUDING THE SYSTEM REQUIREMENT FOR AN AUTOMATED LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS WERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL IN THIS REPORT. THE DESIGN CHOSEN FOR DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING CONSISTED OF A MULTI-MODE AUTOMATIC LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEM, WITH THE MODE OF CONTROL DETERMINED BY THE CONTROLLED VEHICLE STATE (SPEED AND HEADWAY) WITH RESPECT TO A LEAD VEHICLE. THE LEAD -CAR OVERTAKING EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE ABILITY OF THE AUTOMATIC LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEM TO FUNNEL AN OVERTAKING VEHICLE INTO A STEADY-STATE, CAR- FOLLOWING SITUATION. IN THESE TESTS, THE MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE IN VELOCITY BETWEEN THE LEAD AND OVERTAKING CAR WAS LESS THAN 12 MPH. BESIDES THE OVERTAKING EXPERIMENTS, SEVERAL AUTOMATIC CAR-FOLLOWING STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED. THESE INCLUDED: (1) STUDYING THE AUTOMATIC LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEM RESPONSE TO A LARGE VELOCITY DISTURBANCE, (2) TESTING THE ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY FOR A PLATOON OF FOUR AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED VEHICLES, AND (3) DETERMINING THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM. OVER ALL, ON THE BASIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE AUTOMATIC LONGITUDINAL CONTROL SYSTEM CAN SAFELY AND COMFORTABLY CONTROL A VEHICLE DURING LEAD-CAR OVERTAKING AND NORMAL CAR- FOLLOWING SITUATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automatic control KW - Car following KW - Field tests KW - Headways KW - Longitudinal movement KW - Passing KW - Speed control KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206346 AU - Treybig, H J AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONTINOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN TEXAS - REPORT 46-8 (F), PY - 1968/08 AB - INFORMATION IS SUMMARIZED THAT HAS BEEN GATHERED BY THE STATE RESEARCHERS TO EXPLAIN THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. SEVEN PREVIOUS REPORTS ON THE PROJECT PRESENT GREATER DETAILS ABOUT THE VARIABLES STUDIED. VARIOUS PHASES HAVE INCLUDED LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS, FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH SPECIALLY CONSTRUCTED AND INSTRUMENTED SECTIONS, AND OBSERVATIONS OF NUMEROUS PAVEMENTS IN SERVICE. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INCLUDED CLIMATE, SUBBASES, SUBGRADES, THICKNESSES, STEEL PATTERNS, AND CONCRETE. THE OBSERVED DEPENDENT VARIABLES - STEEL STRAIN, DEFLECTION, CRACK PATTERN, PUMPING, AND TRAFFIC - WERE USED TO EXPLAIN PERFORMANCE. EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS ARE DERIVED AND CAN BE USED FOR DESIGNING THICKNESS AND STEEL BUT ARE OF LIMITED APPLICATION. NUMEROUS CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON EACH OF THE FIVE DEPENDENT VARIABLES. JUSTIFICATION FOR SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS WERE PRESENTED IN THE EARLIER REPORTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Climate KW - Concrete KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Inservice KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99922 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225385 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Neibur, D TI - PASSING AID SYSTEM I -- INITIAL EXPERIMENTS PY - 1968/08 AB - DEVELOPMENT OF A TRAFFIC SYSTEM TO AID MOTORISTS IN PASSING VEHICLES ON 2-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS IS ONE OF THE CHIEF OBJECTIVES OF THE PUBLIC ROADS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. ANYONE WHO HAS DRIVEN ON WINDING, HILLY, RURAL ROADS HAS FREQUENTLY BEEN CONFRONTED WITH PROBLEM OF PASSING A SLOWER VEHICLE AHEAD AND HAS EITHER DRIVEN MANY LABORIOUS MILES WAITING FOR AN OPPORTUNE TIME TO PASS OR HAS VENTURED DOUBTFULLY INTO THE PASSING MANEUVER ON THE CHANCE THAT IT COULD BE ACCOMPLISHED WITHOUT MISHAP. IF THE MOTORIST HAD SUFFICIENT INFORMATION ABOUT CONDITIONS ON THE HIGHWAY AHEAD - WHETHER THERE IS AN ONCOMING VEHICLE IN THE OPPOSITE LANE AND WHETHER THERE IS ENOUGH ROOM ON THE HIGHWAY TO PASS THE CAR AHEAD AND CLEAR THE ONCOMING VEHICLE - THE PASSING MANEUVER NOT ONLY COULD BE EXECUTED MORE SAFELY, BUT THE VOLUME OF THE TRAFFIC SERVED BY THE ROADWAY WOULD BE INCREASED BY MINIMIZING INHERENT DELAYS CAUSED BY SLOWER VEHICLES. THE PUBLIC ROADS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM HAS TURNED TO ELECTONICS IN THE SEARCH FOR A METHOD OF PROVIDING INFORMATION THAT THE DRIVER NEEDS TO PASS VEHICLES SAFELY ON 2-LANE HIGHWAYS. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED ON A 2-LANE ROADWAY WITH AN ELEMENTARY PASSING AID SYSTEM, PAS I, ARE DESCRIBED. THE PURPOSE OF THESE EXPERIMENTS WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DRIVERS WOULD RELY ON INFORMATION SUPPLIED ELECTRONICALLY TO INDICATE THE ABSENCE OF OPPOSING VEHICLES WHEN VISUAL SIGHT DISTANCES WAS LIMITED. ENCOURAGING RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS, AS SHOWN BY ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRONICALLY INDICATED PASSING OPPORTUNITIES, HAVE PROMPTED THE PLANNING OF MORE ADVANCED EXPERIMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MORE SOPHISTICATED PASSING AID SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Drivers KW - Electronics KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Opposing traffic KW - Passing KW - Passing sight distance KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance, restricted passing KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113614 ER - TY - SER AN - 00220311 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cirillo, J A TI - INTERSTATE SYSTEM ACCIDENT RESEARCH STUDY II, INTERIM REPORT II PY - 1968/08 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS THAT SPEED VARIANCE AMONG VEHICLES, LEVEL OF ENFORCEMENT, AND INTERCHANGES HAVE ON ACCIDENTS AND INVOLVEMENT RATES. THE DATA ANALYZED WERE COLLECTED BY TWENTY STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ON THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM, AS THE SPEED OF A VEHICLE VARIES FROM THE MEAN SPEED OF TRAFFIC, EITHER ABOVE OR BELOW THE MEAN SPEED, THE CHANCE OF THE VEHICLE BEING INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT INCREASES. THE LEVEL OF ENFORCEMENT HAS LITTLE OR NO APPARENT EFFECT ON THE MEAN SPEED OR ON THE ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF A STUDY SECTION. PROXIMITY TO INTERCHANGES, ESPECIALLY IN URBAN AREAS, APPEARS TO AFFECT SIGNIFICANTLY THE ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF THE STUDY SECTION. THESE RESULTS PRESENT SOME INSIGHT INTO AREAS IN WHICH MORE INTENSIVE RESEARCH SHOULD BE CONDUCTED, SUCH AS INTERCHANGE SPACING AND UTILIZATION AND MORE EFFECTIVE METHODS OF SPEED CONTROL. KW - Crash rates KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Mean (Statistical) KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Spacing KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Speed laws KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207901 AU - GUILFORD, A A AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICULAR LOADS IN A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX-BEAM BRIDGE- WHITE HAVEN BRIDGE PY - 1968/08 AB - THE FIELD TESTING OF ONE OF FIVE BEAM-SLAB HIGHWAY BRIDGES INCLUDED IN AN INVESTIGATION OF LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICULAR LOADS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SPREAD BOX-GIRDER BRIDGES IS DESCRIBED. TWO CROSS-SECTIONS WERE GAGED FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS, AND THE DATA WERE COLLECTED THROUGH USE OF CONTINUOUS RECORDING EQUIPMENT. THE LOAD VEHICLE WAS A 3-AXLE TRUCK LOADED TO SIMULATE THE AASHO HS20-44 DESIGN VEHICLE. THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSE DESCRIBED WAS PRODUCED BY CRAWL RUNS OF THE TEST VEHICLE, TRAVELING ACROSS THE BRIDGE AT 2-3 MPH IN EACH OF FIVE PRESCRIBED LANES. THE PRINCIPAL STUDY OBJECTIVES WERE: (1) TO DEVELOP INFORMATION ON LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE VEHICLE LOADS TO THE GIRDERS, (2) TO COMPARE THE DISTRIBUTION AT TWO DIFFERENT CROSS-SECTIONS, AND (3) TO COMPARE THE EXPERIMENTALLY BASED DISTRIBUTION FACTORS WITH VALUES USED IN THE DESIGN OF THE BRIDGE. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE EXPERIMENTALLY BASED DISTRIBUTION FACTORS WERE: (1) FOR INTERIOR GIRDERS CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN THE DESIGN VALUE, AND (2) FOR EXTERIOR GIRDERS, SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN THE DESIGN VALUE. THIS BEHAVIOR REFLECTS THE INCREASE IN STIFFNESS OF THE EXTERIOR GIRDERS RESULTING FROM THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CURB AND PARAPET SECTIONS. THERE WAS NOT A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED DISTRIBUTION FACTORS AT THE TWO GAGED CROSS-SECTIONS. THE RATIOS OF EXPERIMENTAL TO DESIGN VALUES FURTHER INDICATE THAT: (1) FOR INTERIOR GIRDERS, A FACTOR OF THE S/K FORM IS APPROPRIATE, ALTHOUGH K SHOULD BE GREATER THAN THE 5.5 DESIGN VALUE, AND (2) FOR EXTERIOR GIRDERS, THE DESIGN PROCEDURE DOES NOT YIELD RESULTS CONSISTENT WITH ACTUAL BEHAVIOR. /AUTHOR/ KW - Axle loads KW - Beams KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Cross sections KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Lateral loads KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Recording instruments KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Surface phenomena UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206358 AU - Rizenbergs, R L AU - Florida State Road Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FLORIDA SKID CORRELATION STUDY OF 1967 - SKID TESTING WITH AUTOMOBILES PY - 1968/08 AB - THE INCLUSION OF AUTOMOBILES IN THE FLORIDA SKID CORRELATION STUDY WAS PROMOTED BY THE RECOGNITION OF THE FOLLOWING NEEDS: (1) TO COMPARE STOPPING-DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED WITH DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTATION, (2) TO SUGGEST A STANDARD METHOD OF STOPPING-DISTANCE TESTING, (3) TO RELATE SKID-RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS OF TRAILER-TYPE TESTERS WITH STOPPING DISTANCES OF AUTOMOBILES, AND (4) TO EXPLORE OTHER SKID-RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS TECHNIQUES USING AN AUTOMOBILE. THE VEHICLES WERE ALL FULL-SIZE AUTOMOBILES. EACH VEHICLE WAS INSTRUMENTED TO MEASURE A DISTANCE FROM A PREDETERMINED PRESSURE IN THE BRAKE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM TO WHERE THE VEHICLE CAME TO REST. STOPPING DISTANCE IN MOST OF THE AUTOMOBILES WAS READ DIRECTLY FROM SUMMATING COUNTERS. TWO OF THE AUTOMOBILES WERE EQUIPPED WITH STRIP-CHART RECORDERS TO MEASURE DISTANCE, VELOCITY AND DECELERATION DURING THE SKID. THE MEASURED STOPPING DISTANCES DISPLAYED MINOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AUTOMOBILES REGARDLESS OF THE INSTRUMENTATION. THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF VARIATION IN THE TEST RESULTS WAS ATTRIBUTED TO THE ABILITY OF THE DRIVER TO APPLY BRAKES AT THE PRESCRIBED TEST VELOCITY. LAG BETWEEN BRAKE APPLICATION AND WHEEL LOCK AND ERRORS IN THE DISTANCE- MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION WERE OF SECONDARY CONCERN. THE STOPPING-DISTANCE DATA WERE CORRELATED WITH THE TRAILER- MEASURED SKID RESISTANCE FOR SEVERAL VELOCITIES. APPROXIMATE STOPPING DISTANCE, THEREFORE, CAN BE PREDICTED FROM TRAILER TESTS, OR VICE VERSA. THE RESULTS OF THE STOPPING-DISTANCE TESTS WERE SUFFICIENTLY ENCOURAGING TO CONSIDER STANDARDI- ZATION. ADOPTION OF A STANDARD METHOD OF TEST WOULD SERVE SEVERAL USEFUL PURPOSES. THE PRINICPAL BENEFITS WOULD BE DERIVED FROM HAVING A RELIABLE, ALTERNATE METHOD OF SKID TESTING, AND REFERENCES TO STOPPING DISTANCE OF AUTOMOBILES WOULD ACQUIRE A UNIFORM UNDERSTANDING OF THE MEASUREMENT AND, THEREFORE, COMMON USAGE OF THE TERM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Deceleration KW - Measurement KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Stopping distances KW - Test procedures KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203995 AU - Robinson, L AU - Williams, T T AU - University of Montana, Missoula AU - Montana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INTERIM REPORT NO 7: FREQUENCY OF PEAK FLOWS PREDICTED FROM RAINFALL FREQUENCIES PY - 1968/08 AB - A PRELIMINARY STUDY BASED MAINLY ON GUMBEL'S FIRST ASYMPTOTIC EXTREME VALUE DISTRIBUTION FOR RAINFALL INTENSITIES AND PEAK DISCHARGE RATES WAS MADE TO CORRELATE THE FREQUENCIES OF PEAK FLOWS AND RAINFALL. A PREDICTION EQUATION FOR ESTIMATING THE PEAK TOTAL DISCHARGE WAS SUGGESTED. THIS METHOD WAS TESTED ON MONTANA WATERSHEDS EAST OF THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Discharge rate KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212043 AU - Rushing, H B AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DURABILITY OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, PHASE 1 - CONCRETE TEMPERATURE STUDY PY - 1968/08 AB - A STUDY IS DESCRIBED WHICH WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT THROUGHOUT THE DEPTH OF A SIX INCH CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK. THE BRIDGE DECK SELECTED FOR STUDY WAS CONSTRUCTED USING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE FOR THE CENTER SPANS AND SAND AND GRAVEL CONCRETE FOR THE REMAINING SPANS. THIS DERMITTED THE DETERMINATION OF THE DIFFERENCE, IF ANY, IN THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT FOR THE TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE. THERMOCOUPLES WERE PLACED IN THE CONCRETE AT ONE INCH INTERVALS BEGINNING ONE-HALF INCH FROM THE TOP OF THE SLAB WITH THE LAST POINT BEING ONE-HALF INCH FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE SLAB. A CONTINUOUS RECORDING WAS MADE OF THE THERMOCOUPLES IN BOTH TYPES OF CONCRETE AND TWO THERMOCOUPLES WERE USED TO RECORD AIR TEMPERATURES. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATED THAT LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE HAS A GREATER TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL FROM TOP TO BOTTOM THAN DOES SAND AND GRAVEL CONCRETE, ALTHOUGH THE TOP ONE-HALF INCH OF BOTH CONCRETES WERE USUALLY AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE. THE AVERAGE MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THE TOP ONE-HALF INCH AND THE BOTTOM ONE-HALF INCH WAS 26 DEGREES FOR THE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE AND 13 DEGREES FOR THE SAND AND GRAVEL CONCRETE. IN ADDITION, THERE WAS 41 DAYS DURING WHICH FREEZING TEMPERATURES OCCURRED IN BOTH CONCRETES. HOWEVER, THE INTERIOR OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE WAS NORMALLY TWO TO THREE DEGREES WARMER THAN THE SAND AND GRAVEL CONCRETE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Gravel KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Sand KW - Temperature gradients KW - Temperature measurement KW - Thermocouples UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20033.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203994 AU - Lewis, G L AU - Williams, T T AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SELECTED MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL METHODS APPLIED TO RUNOFF DATA FROM MONTANA WATERSHEDS PY - 1968/08 AB - A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF APPLICATION OF A PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS WITH VARIMAX ROTATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FACTORS WAS PERFORMED FOR FIVE SMALL WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN MONTANA WITH 50 RECORDED STORM EVENTS. THE ANALYSES PROVIDED INFORMATION ABOUT THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF 29 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES TO THE PEAK DISCHARGE RATES AND RUNOFF VOLUMES. PREDICTION EQUATIONS FOR PEAK RATES RUNOFF AND RUNOFF VOLUME FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN MONTANA WERE SUGGESTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Data collection KW - Discharge rate KW - Equations KW - Runoff KW - Statistical analysis KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207893 AU - Tankersley, D F AU - Dawkins, W P AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A DISCRETE-ELEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR COMBINED BENDING AND SHEAR DEFORMATIONS OF A BEAM PY - 1968/08 AB - A METHOD OF ANALYZING THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF BENDING AND SHEAR DEFORMATIONS IN A STRUCTURE BY THE SUBSTITUTION OF A DISCRETE-ELEMENT MODEL FOR THE REAL STRUCTURE IS PRESENTED. A SERIES OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE LOAD- DEFLECTION BEHAVIOR OF THE MODEL IS SOLVED WITH THE AID OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM GIVEN. /BPR/ KW - Bending KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Discrete distributions KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207887 AU - Panak, J J AU - Matlock, H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD OF MULTIPLE LOADING ANALYSIS FOR TWO WAY BRIDGE FLOOR SLABS PY - 1968/08 AB - A PROCEDURE IS DEVELOPED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY FLOOR SLABS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATED LOAD PATTERNS AND CONTINUOUS OVER MANY SUPPORTS. A DISCRETE-ELEMENT MODEL REPRESENTING THE SLAB WAS FORMED. BASED ON FORMULATIONS DERIVED FROM THIS MODEL, A COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED. A TWO-WAY SLAB STRUCTURE PLANNED BY THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT WAS CHOSEN FOR DEMONSTRATION OF RESULTS OBTAINED UTILIZING THE SUBJECT PROCEDURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Computer programs KW - Discrete distributions KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239037 AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Milwaukee County, Wisconsin TI - STUDY DESIGN FOR THE MASS TRANSIT TECHNICAL PLANNING STUDY IN MILWAUKEE COUNTY PY - 1968/08 AB - THE SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION (SEWRPC) PRODUCED, IN THE FALL OF 1966, A REGIONAL LAND-USE TRANSPORTATION PLAN. AS A PART OF ITS PROPOSED TRANSPORTATION PLAN, SEWRPC RECOMMENDED THAT A NEW MASS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BE CREATED TO SERVE THE MILWAUKEE METROPOLITAN AREA. A MASS TRANSIT PLANNING STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN BASED ON THIS RECOMMENDATION. THIS STUDY DESIGN, THE FIRST STAGE OF THE MASS TRANSIT PLANNING STUDY, SPECIFIES THE INDIVIDUAL STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN THE ANALYSIS AND PLANNING PROCESS THROUGHOUT THE TRANSIT STUDY, THE SCHEDULE ON WHICH THE WORK IS TO BE PERFORMED, AND THE AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR EACH ACTIVITY. /FHWA/ KW - Bus transportation KW - Design KW - Land use KW - Technical analysis KW - Technology assessment KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233711 AU - Leer, D K AU - Conner, J M AU - Bell, G L AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RED RIVER SOIL STUDY PY - 1968/07/29 AB - SLOPE INDICATOR CASINGS WERE INSTALLED AT THREE BRIDGE SITES ALONG THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AND SLOPE INDICATOR READINGS ARE BEING MADE TO HELP DEFINE SLIPOUTS ALONG THE RIVER BANK. THIS REPORT CONCERNS MAINLY THE FINDINGS AT THE THOMPSON BRIDGE SITE. IN GENERAL, THE SLIDING SURFACE APPEARS TO BE FLAT, 25 TO 40 FEET DEEP, AND AT AN ELEVATION FOUR FEET ABOVE THE RIVERBOTTOM. THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE SOIL ALONG THIS PLANE WAS CALCULATED TO BE ABOUT 225 LBS. PER SQUARE FOOT. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STABILIZING THE BANK INCLUDE REMOVAL OF THE APPROACH EMBANKMENT TO A POINT 300 FEET BACK FROM THE RIVER BANK, OR 190 FEET FROM THE EXISTING BRIDGE, AND ADDING 190 FEET TO THE LENGTH OF THE BRIDGE. /BPR/ KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridges KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Landslides KW - Rivers KW - Shear strength KW - Slides (Earth) KW - Slope indicators KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215892 AU - Niemann, J T AU - Aerojet General Corporation AU - California Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF MECHANISM OF DELAYED FAILURE OF PRESTRESSING STEEL PY - 1968/07/08 AB - THE TENSILE AND APPROXIMATE PLANE-STRAIN FRACTURE TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES WERE DETERMINED FOR ONE LOT OF 1/4-IN. DIA. STEEL PRESTRESSING ROD CONFORMING TO SPECIFICATION ASTM A421. TESTS WERE CONDUCTED IN THE AS-RECEIVED CONDITION AND AFTER TEMPERING AT TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 700 DEGREES AND 900 DEGREES F. CIRCUMFERENTIALLY NOTCHED AND FATIGUE PRECRACKED SAMPLES WERE EXPOSED UNDER A CONSTANT LOAD IN EITHER CEMENT EXTRACT WATER OR DISTILLED WATER CONTAINING SODIUM CHLORIDE AND SODIUM SULFATE TO ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APPLIED STRESS AND TIME TO FAILURE. THE SAME TYPE OF TESTS WERE REPEATED IN THE DISTILLED WATER SOLUTION WITH THE SPECIMEN EITHER THE ANODE OR CATHODE OF AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL. THESE STUDIES SHOWED THAT PRESTRESSING WIRE IS SUBJECT TO DELAY FAILURE BY THE MECHANISM OF HYDROGEN-STRESS CRACKING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Demineralized water KW - Electrolytic cells KW - Failure KW - Hydrogen KW - Load tests KW - Prestressing KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium sulfate KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Temperature KW - Tempering KW - Tensile strength KW - Toughness KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455335 AU - Stulgis, Richard P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Insulated Test Road State Road 26 : Progress Report PY - 1968/07/01/Progress Report SP - 113p AB - The requisite planning for an experimental section of Indiana highway, incorporating foam-plastic insulating layers to attenuate frost penetration, was developed. With the help of Indiana state highway officials, a flexible pavement construction project (Project No. S271) on State Road 26 was selected, within which the proposed field installation would be located. Two insulated sections and one non-insulated section comprise the test installation. Selection of the insulation thicknesses to be used was based on the results of a computer analysis developed at Purdue University. This program, under the condition of one-dimensional heat flow by conduction, predicts the distribution of temperature with time throughout a layered medium. Input data utilized were based on climatic records for the area in which the site is located and on estimated thermal properties of the component layers of the proposed highway cross-section. Methods of evaluating the thermal and structural performance of the insulated and non-insulated sections were recommended. Thermal performance is to be evaluated by means of thermistors strategically placed in each of the three sections and structural performance by means of Benkelman beam tests. Special construction procedures were recommended for the field installation, due to the experimental nature of the project. KW - Experimental roads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frost damage KW - Frost protection KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Indiana KW - Plastic foams UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314492 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233716 AU - Pagen, C A AU - Wang, C AU - Jagannath, B N AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EFFECT OF COMPACTION AND INCREASE OF SATURATION AFTER COMPACTION ON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF COMPACTED SOIL PY - 1968/07/01 AB - LABORATORY TEST SPECIMENS OF KAOLIN CLAY WERE PREPARED AT FOUR LEVELS OF IMPACT COMPACTION EFFORT OVER A WIDE RANGE OF MOISTURE CONTENTS. THE SPECIMENS WERE THEN WETTED BY CAPILLARITY EITHER TO THEIR PLASTIC LIMIT (36 PERCENT) UNDER 2 TO 4 PSI LATERAL CONFINEMENT, OR TO A LOWER MOISTURE CONDITION CONTROLLED BY HOLDING THE SPECIMEN AT CONSTANT VOLUME. UNCONFINED CREEP AND COMPRESSION TESTS WERE MADE ON THE WETTED SPECIMENS TO MEASURE THEIR RHEOLOGIC PROPERTIES. SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS: (1) WHERE THE STRESS WAS LESS THAN 20 PERCENT OF THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND THE STRAIN LESS THAN 0.5 PERCENT, THE SATURATED SPECIMENS BEHAVED APPROXIMATELY AS LINEAR VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS, (2) UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DECREASED FROM 75 TO 85 PERCENT ON SATURATION TO THE PLASTIC LIMIT AND 30 TO 60 PERCENT WHEN SATURATED AT CONSTANT VOLUME, AND (3) OVER THE RANGE OF COMPACTION EXAMINED, INITIAL COMPACTION ENERGY HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON STRENGTH MEASURED AFTER SATURATION TO THE PLASTIC LIMIT. /BPR/ KW - Capillarity KW - Compaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Creep KW - Impacts KW - Kaolin KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Percent saturation KW - Plastic limit KW - Rheological properties KW - Unconfined compression tests KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580326 AU - Krukar, Milan AU - Cook, John C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Asphalt Institute AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement Research at the Washington State University Test Track. Volume Two, Experimental Ring No. 2: A Study of Untreated, Emulsion Treated, and Asphaltic-Cement Treated Bases PY - 1968/07 SP - 148p AB - This report describes the results obtained from Experimental Ring No. 2, the first ring of a three-ring series on treated bases, at the Washington State University Test Track. This experiment was concerned with studying the effects of controlled wheel load repetitions on untreated, emulsion, and special aggregate asphalt-treated bases of four varying thicknesses. Construction, instrumentation, results, and conclusions are described and drawn. Benkelman beam, Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs), strain gages, pressure cells and moisture tensiometers were used to measure deflections, strains, stresses and moisture. Maximum values are tabulated. Temperatures were also recorded. Testing can be divided into two time periods - fall of 1966 and spring of 1967. Values obtained from instruments show that different conditions existed during those testing periods, and that deflections, strains and stresses were two to four times higher in the spring than in the fall. Modes of failure were also different. Equivalencies between the different base materials were established. Other conclusions were drawn. Since this is a continuing experiment, it should be emphasized that results and conclusions are subject to change, depending upon data from the remaining experimental rings. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt treated bases KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Circular test tracks KW - Deflection KW - Emulsions KW - Failure analysis KW - Load tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Thickness KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/015.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218027 AU - CAREY, K L AU - Terrestrial Sciences Center, Army /US AU - Alaska Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CULVERT AND ROAD ICING-AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1968/07 AB - TWO HUNDRED EIGHT REFERENCES COLLECTED IN THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER 1966 TO MARCH 1968 WERE REVIEWED TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ON ALL ASPECTS OF ICING PHENOMENA, INCLUDING THE CAUSES OF OCCURRENCE OF RIVER, SPRING AND SEEPAGE ICING, THE PROBLEMS CREATED BY ICINGS IN CONNECTION WITH HIGHWAYS AND THEIR DRAINAGE FACILITIES, AND METHODS FOR ALLEVIATING ICINGS AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS. THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 86 ENTRIES, WITH ANNOTATIONS. /BPR/ KW - Bibliographies KW - Culverts KW - Deicing KW - Highway drainage KW - Highway pavement KW - Ice prevention KW - Icing KW - Pavements KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210403 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Florida State Road Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STRIPPING IN HOT-MIXED SAND ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1968/07 AB - FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS ARE REVIEWED RELATING TO ADHESION AND THE STRIPPING PHENOMENA IN BITUMINOUS MIXTURES. SATURATED SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURES ARE SUBJECTED TO REPEATED AXIAL AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND THE REDUCTION IN THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DUE TO THE EFFECT OF WATER IS INVESTIGATED. THE STUDY SHOWS THE IMPROVED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURE CONTAINING AN ANTISTRIPPING AGENT AND THE MIXTURE WITH LESS AIR VOIDS. IT IS POINTED OUT THAT REDUCTION IN VOID CONTENT EITHER BY COMPACTION OR BY A CHANGE IN MIXTURE COMPOSITION CAN BE USED AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE IN THE FIELD. THE STUDY DEMONSTRATES AN IMPROVED TEST AND PRECONDITIONING PROCEDURE FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF WATER ON BITUMINOUS MIXTURES. /BPR/ KW - Adhesion KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Mix design KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Unconfined compression KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215894 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Jonas, P G AU - Scharasch, D L AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ULTRASONIC WELD JOINT STUDY PY - 1968/07 AB - THE USE OF ULTRASONIC TESTING FOR INSURING QUALITY BUTT WELDED JOINTS IS DISCUSSED. THE ASSURANCE OF THE QUALITY OF BUTT WELDED JOINTS IS PRESENTLY OBTAINED BY RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION ON ALL CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS FABRICATED STEEL STRUCTURES AS SPECIFIED IN TEST METHOD NO. CALIFORNIA 601-F. AN APPRECIABLE ECONOMIC SAVINGS COULD BE REALIZED BY SUBSTITUTING ULTRASONIC INSPECTION IN PLACE OF RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION. THERE ARE, HOWEVER, MANY DIFFICULTIES PRESENTLY CONFRONTING THE ULTRASONIC OPERATOR THAT, TO DATE, HAVE NO SOLUTIONS. PROBLEMS DEALING WITH SCANNING INTERPRETATION WHEN (1) WELDS ARE UNGROUND, (2) BASE METAL PLATE IS LAMINATED, AND (3) DEFECT LENGTHS ARE TO BE ACCURATELY DETERMINED, ARE JUST A FEW. CONTINUED RESEARCH ORIENTED TOWARD RESOLVING THESE PROBLEMS IS MANDATORY BEFORE ULTRASONIC INSPECTION CAN BE RECOGNIZED AND FULLY ACCEPTED AS ASSURING QUALITY BUTT WELDED JOINTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base metal KW - Butt welds KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laminates KW - Plate metal KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Radioactivity KW - Radiography KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205354 AU - Pearre, C M AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A DISCRETE-ELEMENT SOLUTION OF PLATES AND PAVEMENT SLABS USING A VARIABLE-INCREMENT-LENGTH MODEL PY - 1968/07 AB - A METHOD OF SOLVING FOR THE DEFLECTED SHAPE OF FREELY DISCONTINUOUS PLATES AND PAVEMENT SLABS SUBJECTED TO A VARIETY OF LOADS INCLUDING TRANSVERSE LOADS, IN-PLANE FORCES, AND EXTERNALLY APPLIED COUPLES IS PRESENTED. IT IS APPLICABLE TO UNIFORM AND DISCONTINUOUS PLATES AND PAVEMENT SLABS WITH FREELY-VARIABLE FOUNDATION SUPPORT, INCLUDING HOLES IN THE SUBGRADE. A DIRECT METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR SOLVING THE DISCRETE-ELEMENT EQUATIONS, WHICH ARE AN EXACT MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE DISCRETE-ELEMENT MODEL. OTHER REFERENCED REPORTS HAVE DESCRIBED PREVIOUS SOLUTIONS. THE MODEL PRESENTED CONTAINS THE CAPABILITY TO INCLUDE VARIABLE INCREMENT LENGTHS BETWEEN STATIONS. THIS PROVIDES THE CAPABILITY OF GREATER ACCURACY IN THE SOLUTION NEAR LOADS AND CHANGES IN THE STIFFNESS OF THE SLAB. A COMPUTER PROGRAM IS PRESENTED FOR SOLVING THE EQUATIONS DEVELOPED FROM THE VARIABLE INCREMENT MODEL. SEVERAL EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATE THE METHOD'S ADVANTAGES OVER PREVIOUS METHODS. THE RESULTS COMPARE WELL WITH CLOSED-FORM SOLUTIONS AND WITH OTHER DISCRETE-ELEMENT METHODS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Discontinuity KW - Discrete distributions KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210398 AU - Villanova University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECT OF THE MATRIX ON AGGREGATE RETENTION AND SURFACE WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF BITUMINOUS SURFACES PY - 1968/07 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF PHASE I WHICH INVOLVED THE TESTING OF FOUR BASIC MIXES USED IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE BITUMINOUS MIXTURES TESTED WERE OF THE ID-2 TYPE AS FOLLOWS: MIX 1 LIMESTONE COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE, MIX 2 - TRAPROCK COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE, MIX 3-CRUSHED GRAVEL, COARSE AGGREGATE AND NATURAL SAND FINE AGGREGATE, AND MIX 4-BAKED SHALE, COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE BLENDED WITH NATURAL SAND. IN ADDITION TO THE AGGREGATES USED, MIXTURES WERE EVALUATED USING VARIOUS FILLERS AS ADDITIVES. THE BITUMEN USED WAS EITHER 70-85 OR 85-100 PENETRATION. A 50-60 GRADE PENETRATION ASPHALT WAS INCLUDED IN MIXES 1 AND 3, AND A ROAD TAR WAS EVALUATED IN MIX 2.THE FOUR MIXES WERE TESTED BY APPLYING WHEEL LOADINGS WITH A SIMULATED TRAFFIC WEAR APPARATUS. THE WEAR APPARATUS CONSISTED OF TWO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE WHEELS DRIVEN BY TWO ELECTRIC MOTORS. THE WEAR APPARATUS WAS DESIGNED TO APPLY 107,000 WHEEL LOADINGS OF 1100 LB. EACH IN A 24 HOUR PERIOD. TESTS WERE CONDUCTED AT VARIOUS INTERVALS OF LOADING TO DETERMINE: (1) THE SKID RESISTANCE, (2) CHANGE IN SURFACE PROFILE, (3) WEIGHT LOSS, (4) CHANGE IN SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS AND, (5) SUBSURFACE DEFORMATION. DIFFERENCES IN SKID RESISTANCE WERE OBTAINED AND CONFIRMED BY SURFACE TEXTURE EVALUATION. AN ABRASIVE AGENT USED IN PART OF THE STUDY RESULTED IN INCREASED SAMPLE WEAR AND A REDUCTION IN SKID RESISTANCE. STIMULATION OF LOSS OF FINES FROM THE SURFACE WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Crushed gravel KW - Deformation KW - Durability tests KW - Fine aggregates KW - Gravel KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Losses KW - Natural sand fine aggregate KW - Pavements KW - Sand KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Wear KW - Weight KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218022 AU - Hargett, E R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF BITUMINOUS SURFACE MAINTENANCE IN TEXAS PY - 1968/07 AB - A SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF PUBLISHED MATERIAL OBTAINED FROM A HIGHWAY RESEARCH INFORMATION SERVICE SEARCH OF STORED INFORMATION ON PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE, BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE AND COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS. A GRASSROOTS SURVEY OF THE BITUMINOUS SURFACE MAINTENANCE WORK IN EIGHT DISTRICTS IS DESCRIBED. IN THIS SURVEY PARTICULAR ATTENTION WAS DIRECTED TO PROBLEMS OF (1) SURFACE CRACKS, (2) POT HOLES OR CHUCK HOLES, (3) EDGE RAVELING, (4) LEVEL-UP OR BUILD-UP OF LOW PLACES, (5) RUTTING AND SHOVING (LONGITUDINAL), (6) RAVELING OF SEAL COATS, (7) FAT SPOTS OR AREAS OF BLEEDING, (8) SLICK SURFACES, (9) RAVELING AND SURFACE FAILURES ON PAVED SHOULDERS, AND (10) LOCALIZED FAILURES IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM. A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISTRICTS' OPERATIONS REFLECTS THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT, AND TECHNIQUES. TYPICAL BITUMINOUS SURFACE MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS ARE DESCRIBED. THESE DESCRIPTIONS INCLUDE SOME OF THE AUTHOR'S OPINIONS REGARDING PROPER PROCEDURES AND THEY ARE CONSPICIOUS BY THE LACK OF COMMENT ON THE QUALITY OF FIELD PRACTICES. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ARE ENUMERATED. /BPR/ KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Bleeding KW - Cold weather KW - Cracking KW - Edges KW - Failure KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operations KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Plastic deformation KW - Pot holes KW - Seal coats KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Surface cracks KW - Surface treating KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200914 AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - IMPROVING FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1968/07 AB - THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY WERE TO: (1) IMPROVE OVERALL FISCAL MANAGEMENT, (2) CREATE AN INTEGRATED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ACCEPTABLE TO THE U.S. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS FOR ENTERING INTO AN AGREEMENT TO OPERATE UNDER CURRENT BILLING/CONCURRENT AUDIT PROCEDURES, AND (3) PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS WITH PROCEDURES AND NECESSARY INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT FOR IMPROVING MANAGEMENT AND FISCAL CONTROL OVER ALL DEPARTMENT OPERATIONS. /BPR/ KW - Accounting KW - Control KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Highway departments KW - Management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238560 AU - Government Printing Office AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAY CONDEMNATION LAW AND LITIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1968/07 AB - A REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF HIGHWAY CONDEMNATION LAW AS REFLECTED IN THE STATUTES OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND IN REPORTED HIGHWAY CONDEMNATION CASES DURING A 16-YEAR PERIOD THROUGH 1961. THE REPORT IS NOT A DIGEST OF THE LAW OF THE 52 JURISDICTIONS STUDIIED BUT RATHER ATTEMPTS TO DISCUSS THE THE LAW FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ISSUES INVOLVED IN LITIGATION AND WHAT GAVE RISE TO THEM. CHAPTER 1 PROVIDES A GRERAL VIEW OF THE ENTIRE STUDY. CHAPTERS 2 THROUGH 6 DISCUSS THE SUBJECT MATTER - HIGHWAY CONDEMNATION LAW AND LITIGATION, - UNDER FIVE MAJOR HEADINGS: POWER TO CONDEMN, COMPENSABILITY VALUATION RULES, EVIDENCE AND PROCEDURE. CHPATER 7 CONSISTS CONSISTS MAINLY OF A WORKING DRAFT LOOKING TOWARD THE PREPARATION OF A MODEL LAW WHICH MIGHT BE USED BY THE STATES AS AN AID TO REVISION OF CONDEMNATION PROCEDURE LAWS. THE SUPPLEMENT (VOL. 2) SERVES PRIMARILY AS FOOTNOTE MATERIAL FOR THE MAIN REPORT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Appraisals KW - Compensation KW - Condemnation KW - Condemnation procedures KW - Employee compensation KW - Highway law KW - Property condemnation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206365 AU - Lee, A AU - Chow, C H AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUMMARY OF STATEWIDE ROAD ROUGHNESS SURVEY FOR 1967 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM PY - 1968/07 AB - DATA ARE SUMMARIZED ON ROUGHNESS SURVEY RESULTS OF THE 1967 NEW CONSTRUCTION AND RESURFACING CONTRACTS IN THE SEVEN DISTRICTS IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND, EACH PUBLISHED IN SEVEN PROGRESS REPORTS. THE SEVEN DISTRICT REPORTS TABULATE THE PROJECT DETAILS, SUCH AS PAVEMENT SECTIONS, ROUGHNESS DATA, ETC. FOR THE EVALUATION OF RIDEABILITY RATINGS ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION. THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE CONTRACTS OF EACH DISTRICT THEN TABULATES THE ROUGHNESS READINGS AND ASSESSES THE RIDEABILITY RATINGS SO THAT A COMPARISON CAN BE MADE AMONG THE DISTRICTS. THIS REPORT DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO LIST ANY REASONS FOR HIGH ROUGHNESS READINGS FROM THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE. IT IS INTENDED TO CORRELATE THIS 'LIMITED INFORMATION' WITH THAT BEING PREPARED BY OTHERS ON CONSTRUCTION METHODS, EQUIPMENT, CONTRACTORS, PROJECT PERSONNEL, ETC. HOWEVER, FROM THIS LIMITED INFORMATION REGARDING THE RIDEABILITY OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS, FIVE OBSERVATIONS ARE MADE: (1) A WELL-DESIGNED FLEXIBLE SECTION OF MORE THAN TWO SECTIONS WILL HAVE GOOD RIDEABILITY RATINGS, (2) MAXIMUM SIZE AGGREGATE FOR BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACING APPEARS NOT TO AFFECT THE RIDE SURFACING APPEARS INCH,(3) THIN LAYER RESURFACING, WITH OR WITHOUT LEVELING COURSE, GENERALLY SHOWS A FAIR RATING, (4) OPEN CRACKING APPEARING IN ONLY ONE OR TWO YEARS WILL CHANGE AN EXCELLENT RATING TO GOOD OR FAIR, AND (5) ON PROJECTS OF THIN RESURFACING AND WIDENING, THE PLACEMENT OF THE ROUGHOMETER WHEEL WILL SHOW AN EXCELLENT RATING IF THE WHEEL HAPPENS TO TRAVEL ON THE NEW SECTION. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Construction management KW - Contracts KW - Data collection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement widening KW - Paving KW - Resurfacing KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Surface treating KW - Surveys KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218464 AU - Holman, F L AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DARKENING SURFACE AND INSULATING BRIDGE SLABS TO REDUCE UNEQUAL ICING PY - 1968/07 SP - 90 p. AB - NO TREATMENT OF THE TEST BRIDGE DECK INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY WAS ENTIRELY SUCCESSFUL IN EQUALIZING THE POTENTIAL ICING OF THE BRIDGE DECK AND ROADWAY PAVEMENT. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BRIDGE TEST SECTIONS WAS RATED IN COMPARISON TO THE PAVEMENTS. THE TEST SECTIONS WERE RATED FROM THE BEST PERFORMANCE TO THE POOREST BASED ON THE DATA OF TABLES. A TABULATION OF THE RATINGS IS SHOWN. THE TEST SECTIONS WITH FOAM INSULATION AND DARK SURFACING PERFORMED MOST NEARLY LIKE THE PAVEMENTS EXCEPT WHEN THAWING. IN GENERAL, ALL SECTIONS WITH FOAM INSULATION TENDED TO RESIST FREEZING AND POTENTIAL ICING TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN THOSE SECTIONS WITH DARK SURFACING OR NO TREATMENT. THE SECTIONS WITH DARK SURFACING TENDED TO THAW MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE OTHER SECTIONS. THE INTERIOR SPAN TEST SECTION WITH ONLY FOAM INSULATION PERFORMED THE POOREST IN THE THAWING. THE DATA INDICATES THAT THE FOAM INSULATION RETARDED THE DECK IN FOLLOWING THE AIR TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION. THIS WAS TRUE FOR THAWING TEMPERATURES AS WELL AS FREEZING TEMPERATURES. THE SECTIONS WITH DARK SURFACING TENDED TO REACT MORE RAPIDLY TO CHANGES IN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AT THE SITE BECAUSE OF A GREATER HEAT ABSORPTION ABILITY. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DARK SURFACING WOULD BE MATERIALLY REDUCED BY A BLANKET OF ICE OR SNOW. IT IS BELIEVED THAT, CONSIDERING THE RELATIVELY MILD CLIMATE, THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FOAM INSULATION, DARK SURFACING, OR BOTH TOGETHER IN EQUALIZING THE ICING OF BRIDGE DECKS AND APPROACH PAVEMENTS DO NOT JUSTIFY THEIR USE IN ALABAMA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Absorption KW - Bridge decks KW - Climate KW - Darkening KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Foams KW - Heat KW - Highway pavement KW - Ice prevention KW - Insulating materials KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Surfacing KW - Temperature KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218026 AU - Hartronft, B C AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RESEARCH STUDY OF MAINTENANCE OF HIGHWAYS IN OKLAHOMA, 1968 PY - 1968/07 AB - A MEANS HAS BEEN SOUGHT TO DEVELOP PROPER CONSIDERATION OF MAINTENANCE COST IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS, TO DEVELOP REQUIRED MAINTENANCE STANDARDS AND TO DEVELOP A RELIABLE METHOD OF ESTIMATING REQUIRED MAINTENANCE FUNDS ON A LONG-RANGE BASIS FROM HISTORICAL RECORDS. SAMPLING AND COST DATA COLLECTIONN TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED. THIRTY FOUR FACTORS ARE IDENTIFIED THAT MIGHT AFFECT MAINTENANCE COSTS. RESULTS OF MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS ARE PRESENTED ALONG WITH OTHER STATISTICAL TABULATIONS OF MAINTENANCE COSTS BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION. CONCLUSIONS BY THE AUTHOR EMBRACE THE FOLLOWING ITEMS OF SIGNIFICANCE: (1) YEARLY EXPENDITURES DO NOT ADEQUATELY REPRESENT MAINTENANCE PERFORMED, (2) ROUTINE AND SPECIAL MAINTENANCE DO NOT APPEAR TO BE WELL DEFINED, (3) RANDOM MILE APPROACH OF OBSERVING MAINTENANCE AND ITS COSTS WAS INHIBITED BY LACK OF RECORDS OF ACTUAL COSTS OF MAINTAINING THE MILES IN THE SAMPLE, (4) VARIOUS DESIGNS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SEEMED TO HAVE NO MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP WITH MAINTENANCE COSTS AND (5) AN OBJECTIVE METHOD OF ESTIMATING FUTURE COSTS MUST WAIT FOR A DEFINITION OF THE LEVEL AT WHICH MAINTENANCE WILL BE PERFORMED. /BPR/ KW - Construction management KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance standards KW - Regression analysis KW - Research KW - Sampling KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203147 AU - Suhrbier, J H AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAY PLANNING, LOCATION AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN PY - 1968/07 AB - THE CONCEPTUALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INITIAL VERSION OF THE ROADS (ROADWAY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SYSTEM) OF ICES (INTEGRATED CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEM) AND PRELIMINARY FIELD TESTING ON CURRENT HIGHWAY PROJECTS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS ARE DESCRIBED. ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT IS DELINEATED WHICH IS NEEDED TO EXTEND ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES AND TO INCLUDE A GRAPHICS CAPABILITY. /BPR/ KW - Geometric design KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224898 AU - Salam, U M AU - Gillfillan, W E AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BAY AREA FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY-THIRD INTERIM REPORT PY - 1968/07 AB - DATA WERE COLLECTED USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, INSTRUMENTED VEHICLES AND AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL COUNTS. THIS DATA WILL BE ANALYZED AND THE RESULTS REPORTED IN A SUBSEQUENT REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Aerial photography KW - Data collection KW - Freeway operations KW - Traffic counting KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224900 AU - Ybarra, W A AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BAY AREA FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY-SECOND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1968/07 AB - AN ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ARE PRESENTED OF THE DATA COLLECTED ON A SECTION OF THE NIMITZ FREEWAY (STATE ROUTE 17) BETWEEN THE TENNYSON ROAD INTERCHANGE ON THE SOUTH AND THE HEGENBERGER ROAD INTERCHANGE ON THE NORTH, A DISTANCE OF APPROXIMATELY 10 MILES. THE DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES ARE CONTAINED IN THE FIRST INTERIM REPORT DATED JANUARY, 1968. THE SECOND INTERIM REPORT IDENTIFIES CRITICAL SECTIONS, THE CAUSES OF CONGESTION AT THESE LOCATIONS INCLUDING AN ESTIMATE OF THE EFFECT OF CONGESTION ON TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AT THESE LOCATIONS, AND PROVIDES PRELIMINARY SUGGESTIONS FOR MEANS OF IMPROVING THE TRAFFIC OPERATIONS. /BPR/ KW - Data collection KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway operations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219711 AU - Farrimond, K D AU - Utah State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - USE OF RUMBLE STRIPE TO REDUCE MAINTENANCE AND INCREASE DRIVING SAFETY INTERIM REPORT PY - 1968/07 AB - A RUMBLE STRIPE IS A TEXTURED HIGHWAY PAINT STRIPE. THE STRIPE IS CUT IN CONCRETE HIGHWAYS. IT CONSISTS OF A LONGITUDINAL GROOVE PATTERN CUT THE LENGTH OF A REGULAR PAINT STRIPE AND TRANSVERSE CUTS WHICH ALLOW DRAINAGE AND PROVIDE A RUMBLE EFFECT. THE GROOVED AREAS ARE PAINTED WITH REGULAR TRAFFIC PAINT. THE RUMBLE AS THE NAME IMPLIES SHOULD PRODUCE A RUMBLE NOISE. BECAUSE THERE WAS LITTLE OR NO RUMBLE PRODUCED, DEPENDING UPON DESIGN AND TRANSVERSE CUT WIDTH, THE RUMBLE STRIPE, CONTRARY TO THE IMPLICATION OF ITS NAME, IS VIRTUALLY PERFORMING AS A VISIBILITY STRIPE. THIS REPORT IS LIMITED TO THE SAFETY ASPECT OF THE VISIBILITY STRIPE. AN EVALUATION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE VISIBILITY STRIPE TOWARD DECREASING MAINTENANCE COSTS IS IMPOSSIBLE AT THIS TIME. THE REASONS ARE THAT THE STRIPE WAS PAINTED IN JANUARY OF THIS YEAR WITH TEMPORARY PAINT BEING USED. THE MAINTENANCE PART OF THIS STUDY WILL START AFTER THE HIGHWAY IS PAINTED LATER THIS SUMMER. THIS INVESTIGATION THUS FAR HAS SHOWN THAT THE VISIBILITY STRIPE IS SUPERIOR TO THE REGULAR STRIPE IN VISIBILITY, ESPECIALLY DURING A RAINSTORM BOTH AT NIGHT AND DURING THE DAY. THE VISIBILITY STRIPE INCREASES DRIVING SAFETY AND SHOULD HAVE APPLICATION TO MANY HIGHWAYS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Detectable warning surfaces KW - Grooves KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Rough textured warning pavement KW - Striping KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203987 AU - Piper, H W AU - Ragan, R M AU - Looney, C T AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 67 PY - 1968/07 AB - MARYLAND PRACTICE IS DISCUSSED CONCERNING SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE. SUGGESTIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR IMMEDIATE RESEARCHES FOR IMPROVING THE CURRENT DESIGN PROCEDURES AND FOR LONG RANGE RESEARCHES FOR DEVELOPING SOUND NEW METHODS OF DESIGN. /BPR/ KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222568 AU - Beers, J AU - Itte, Calif Univ, Los Angeles AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DRIVING ABILITY AFFECTED BY AGE PY - 1968/06/30 AB - WORK ACCOMPLISHED IN THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF A THREE YEAR STUDY IS COVERED. INASMUCH AS THESE INITIAL PHASES OF THE STUDY WERE DIRECTED TOWARD DETERMINING THE TESTS AND SUBJECT POPULATIONS TO BE USED IN THE DATA GATHERING PHASE, ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF DATA WAS AVAILABLE FOR ANALYSIS. /BPR/ KW - Age KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Motor skills UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222753 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPOSED REGULATIONS ISSUED ON REGROOVED TIRES PY - 1968/06/12 AB - CONDITIONS ARE SET FORTH UNDER WHICH REGROOVED TIRES MIGHT BE SOLD OR INTRODUCED INTO INTERSTATE COMMERCE. REGROOVED TIRES ARE DEFINED AS TIRES ON WHICH THE TREAD PATTERN HAS BEEN RENEWED OR A NEW TREAD PRODUCED BY CUTTING INTO THE TREAD OF A WORN TIRE. THE PROPOSED RULES BY THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S BUREAU OF MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY SPECIFY THAT ONLY TIRES DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR REGROOVING MAY BE SO USED. THEY SET THE DEPTH OF THE GROOVES, AND REQUIRE THAT NO BUSES SHALL BE OPERATED WITH REGROOVED TIRES ON THE FRONT WHEELS. FRONT-WHEEL USAGE ALSO IS PROHIBITED ON SOME TRUCKS AND TRUCK-TRACTORS. REGROOVES ALSO MUST BE SO LABELED. COMMENTS ARE INVITED FROM ALL INTERESTED PARTIES. KW - Buses KW - Depth KW - Front wheel drive KW - Interstate commerce KW - Regrooved tires KW - Regulations KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220113 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA APPROVES $315000 MEDICAL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT FOR NEBRASKA PY - 1968/06/07 AB - A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT WAS AWARDED TO NEBRASKA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FLEXIBLE METHOD FOR EVALUATING AND IMPROVING EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE SYSTEMS FOR HIGHWAY VICTIMS. PROGRAMS WILL DEVELOP METHODS FOR RAPID EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION AND DISPATCH EQUIPMENT, AND EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE TO THE SICK AND INJURED BOTH AT THE SCENE AND IN ROUTE TO HOSPITAL. NEW CONCEPTS TO BE EVALUATED WILL INCLUDE A COMPUTERIZED HIGHWAY SAFETY INFORMATION SYSTEM, AND A VOLUNTARY HIGHWAY SURVEILLANCE SERVICE. A TRAINING PROGRAM WILL BE CONDUCTED FOR AMBULANCE ATTENDANTS TO USE TELEMETRY SENSORS TRANSMITTING ELECTRONICALLY FROM THE AMBULANCE TO THE RECEIVING HOSPITAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PATIENT. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WILL BE MADE OF GROUND VS. AIR AMBULANCE OPERATIONS IN A VARIETY OF OPERATING SITUATIONS. KW - Air transportation KW - Computers KW - Crashes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - Medical services KW - Telemetry KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225228 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLAN TEST OF NEW SYSTEM TO AID STRANDED DRIVERS PY - 1968/06/06 AB - A SYSTEM IS BEING DEVELOPED TO ENABLE PASSING MOTORISTS TO SUMMON AID FOR A DRIVER IN DISTRESS WITHOUT GETTING OUT OF THEIR CARS OR STOPPING. THE SYSTEM, KNOWN AS FLASH (FLASH LIGHTS AND SEND HELP), DEPENDS ON COOPERATING MOTORISTS FLASHING THEIR HEADLIGHTS AT ELECTRONIC DETECTION UNITS WHEN THEY SEE A DRIVER WHO NEEDS HELP. THE UNITS ACTIVATED BY THE FLASHING WILL BE LINKED BY TELEPHONE LINES TO A HIGHWAY PATROL HEADQUATERS WHICH WILL DISPATCH ASSISTANCE. EXPERIMENTS WILL BE CONDUCTED IN FLORIDA WITH DETECTION UNITS INSTALLED AT TWENTY-TWO STATIONS ALONG A 50-MILE STRETCH OF HIGHWAY. ACTUAL COUNTS OF STRANDED VEHICLES WILL BE MADE TO ASCERTAIN WHAT PERCENTAGES REPORTED THROUGH FLASH. KW - Detectors KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Distress KW - Drivers KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Experiments KW - Flashing KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Headlamps KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passing KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104932 AU - Rushing, Hollis B AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Concrete Wear Study PY - 1968/06 SP - 35p AB - The wear characteristics of concrete using various cement contents and three different sources of aggregates were investigated. Compressive strengths and dynamic modulus of elasticity data were obtained to assist in evaluation of these various mixes. The testing program covered some 342 concrete specimens representing various ages, cement contents, air contents, and aggregates. The aggregates used were from sources readily available and suitable for construction purposes in Louisiana. Wear tests were made in accordance with ASTM tentative method c 418-58 t. These tests show that the wear characteristics of concrete varies with the age, cement content, air content, and the aggregates used. KW - Aggregates KW - Air content KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete structures KW - Louisiana KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20034.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228631 AU - Higgins, C M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PRESSUREMETER CORRELATION STUDY PY - 1968/06 AB - AN EVALUATION WAS CONDUCTED OF THE MENARD PRESSUREMETER SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING IN-SITU SOIL STRENGTHS FOR COHESIVE SOILS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES. RESULTS OBTAINED USING THE PRESSUREMETER WERE COMPARED TO RESULTS OBTAINED FROM USE OF THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST AND THE CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST. DATA INDICATED THESE CONCLUSIONS: (1) FOR VERY SOFT COHESIVE SOILS THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PRESSUREMETER-DERIVED SHEAR STRENGTHS AND CONVENTIONAL SHEAR STRENGTHS FOR THIS STUDY WAS GOOD. IT IS SUBSTANTIATED BY THE RESULTS AT THE HOUMA AND PLAQUEMINE TEST SITES AND HAS BEEN NOTED IN INVESTIGATIONS BY OTHER RESEARCHERS. (2) AT THE SORRENTO TEST SITE THERE WAS NOT A COMPLETELY-EXPLAINED INCREASE (NOT PRESENT FOR CONVENTIONAL TESTS) IN PRESSUREMETER SHEAR STRENGTHS WITH DEPTH. THIS TREND HAS BEEN NOTED BY OTHER INVESTIGATORS OF THE PRESSUREMETER, AND IT IS PROBABLE THAT THE PRESSUREMETER SHEAR STRENGTHS MAY BE CLOSER TO THE TRUE IN-SITU STRENGTH OF THE SOIL THAN THOSE OBTAINED BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS USING OPEN DRIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. (3) AT THE PERKINS ROAD AND LAKE CHARLES TEST SITES THERE WERE CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRESSUREMETER-DERIVED SHEAR STRENGTHS AND CONVENTIONALLY OBTAINED SHEAR STRENGTHS, WITH THE PRESSUREMETER RESULTS BEING CONSISTENTLY HIGHER. WHEN THE IN-PLACE CONDITIONS OF THE SOIL (AS SHOWN BY RADIOGRAPHS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND REMOLDED SAMPLES) ARE CONSIDERED, IT SEEMS HIGHLY PROBABLE THAT THE PRESSUREMETER SHEAR STRENGTHS MAY BE MORE REPRESENTATIVE OF TRUE IN-SITU CONDITIONS THAN THOSE SHEAR STRENGTHS OBTAINED BY CONVENTIONAL TESTS. IT SHOULD BE NOTED, HOWEVER, THAT FOR SOILS IN WHICH SMALL STRATA OF A DIFFERENT MATERIAL, WHATEVER ITS NATURE, ARE INTERSPREAD WITHIN A CORE, THE STRENGTHS ESTIMATED PROBABLY LIE SOMEWHERE BETWEEN THE STRENGTH OF THE WEAKEST MATERIAL AND THE STRENGTH OF THE STRONGEST MATERIAL WITHIN THE TEST SEGMENT. PARTICULAR ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO THIS FACT IN ANY SITUATION WHERE STABILITY AGAINST SLIDING IS CRITICAL SINCE SLIP PLANES COULD CONCEIVABLY FORM ALONG THE STRATA OF WEAK MATERIAL. TESTING ON NON-COHESIVE SOILS WITH THE PRESSUREMETER REQUIRES EQUIPMENT NOT NORMALLY USED BY THE LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. CONSTANT CAVING OF THESE MATERIALS CAUSED DIFFICULTIES SO THAT NO ACCEPTABLE TESTS OF THIS MATERIAL WERE MADE DURING THIS STUDY. THIS WOULD PROBABLY BE A FRUITFUL FIELD FOR FURTHER RESEARCH WITH THIS DEVICE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cohesive soils KW - Compression apparatus /unconfined/ KW - Compressive strength KW - Earth pressure KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Granular soils KW - Insitu methods KW - Pressure gages KW - Shear tests KW - Soil tests KW - Unconfined compression tests UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20031.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227508 AU - Smith, Wilbur & Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF TRAVEL TIME OR COST CHANGES ON DIVERSION OF CAR DRIVERS TO TRANSIT: WORK TRAVEL TO THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT PATTERNS OF CAR OWNERSHIP, TRIP GENERATION AND TRIP SHARING IN URBANIZED AREAS PY - 1968/06 AB - A SHORTCUT FORMULA HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO ESTIMATE DIVERSION OF CAR DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS TO BUS TRANSIT THROUGH VARIOUS COST OR TIME IMPROVEMENTS TO THE TRANSIT SYSTEM. THE FORMULA RELATED ONLY TO DIVERSION OF CAR DRIVERS TO TRANSIT, BASED ON THE EFFECTIVE COST DIFFERENCE FOR TRAVEL BY EACH MODE BETWEEN PARTICULAR ZONE-PAIRS, AND CANNOT BE USED TO ESTIMATE POTENTIAL INCREASES IN TRANSIT TRIP-MAKING BY PERSONS WHO DO NOT NOW TRAVEL OR WHO PRESENTLY USE ONLY TRANSIT. ADDITIONALLY, THE FORMULA APPLIES TO TRIPS MADE BETWEEN HOME AND PLACE OF WORK IN THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT OR SIMILAR HEAVY CONCENTRATION OF TRANSIT DESTINATIONS. BASED ON THE PERCENTAGES FOR ALL CAR- OWNERS WHO USE TRANSIT TO TRAVEL TO WORK, ADDITIONAL DIVERSION OF DRIVERS IS ESTIMATED BY USING A CURVE TO MEASURE THE EFFECT OF (1) TRANSIT COST REDUCTIONS OF DIFFERENT AMOUNTS, WITHOUT TIME SAVINGS, (2) TIME SAVINGS WITHOUT ANY REDUCTION IN DIRECT TRIP COSTS, AND (3) JOINT REDUCTION OF TRIP COSTS AND TRAVEL TIME. ADDITIONAL DATA DEVELOPED IN THE STUDY CONCERNING CAR OWNERSHIP, TRIP GENERATION, AND TRIP SHARING ARE ALSO PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Bus transportation KW - Central business districts KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Diverting KW - Drivers KW - Estimating KW - Impacts KW - Ownership KW - Passengers KW - Traffic diversion KW - Travel KW - Travel time KW - Trip KW - Trip generation KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210400 AU - Head, R W AU - Duncan, W E AU - Alaska Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS IN BITUMEN-AGGREGATE MIXTURES PY - 1968/06 AB - THE EFFECTS WERE DETERMINED THAT CONTAMINANTS HAVE VARIOUS ALASKAN AGGREGATE STRIPPING CHARACTERISTICS, WHICH WERE COMPARED WITH THE AASHO T-182 TEST METHOD OF QUANTITATIVELY DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF ASPHALT RETENTION WITH THE TRACER SALT PROCEDURE ADOPTED BY ASTM AND LATER MODIFIED BY THE CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. THE AGGREGATES CHOSEN REPRESENT THE BROAD SPECTRUM OF THOSE NOW USED FOR PAVING, THROUGHOUT THE STATE. THE BITUMENS EMPLOYED IN THIS INVESTIGATION ARE THOSE MOST COMMONLY DESIGNATED BY THE STATE FOR PAVING PURPOSES AND THEY INCLUDE ASPHALT CEMENT, CUTBACK ASPHALT AND AN EMULSIFIED ASPHALT. THE PRODUCTS ELECTED AS CONTAMINANTS WERE CHOSEN ON THE BASIS OF THEIR PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE IN AGGREGATES USED FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. THIS STUDY INCLUDES BOTH ADVERTENT AND INADVERTENT CONTAMINATION (COAL, DIESEL FUEL, SEA WATER, PORTLAND CEMENT, LIGHT OIL, AND AN ANTI-STRIPPING AGENT). THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT CONTAMINATION MAY RETARD STRIPPING OR HAVE NO ADVERSE EFFECTS UPON BITUMEN-AGGREGATE MIXTURES WHEN THE CONTAMINATION AMOUNTS TO NO MORE THAN ONE PER CENT OF THE MOISTURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Retaining KW - Retaining walls KW - Salts KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Tracers KW - Tracers (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00930770 AU - Palmer, R K AU - Thomas, J J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DENSITY STUDIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE. SECOND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1968/06 SP - 46 p. AB - The New York State Department of Transportation has continued its research on density of asphalt concrete surface courses. Test sections on new pavements in 11 locations throughout the state were cored when constructed in 1962 and each subsequent year through 1967. Some 1200 cores were processed for bulk specific gravity, asphalt content, voids, and gradation analysis; relative densities were based on 200 Marshall specimens. The report analyzes field performance data gathered during the first 5 years of traffic on these pavements. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt content KW - Bulk density KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Durability KW - Gravity KW - New York (State) KW - Pavement performance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203144 AU - Hornbeck, P L AU - Harvard University AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - HIGHWAY ESTHETICS-FUNCTIONAL CRITERIA FOR PLANNING AND DESIGN PY - 1968/06 AB - THE FUNCTIONS AND UTILIZATION OF ESTHETIC CRITERIA IN THE HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ARE EXAMINED. HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS FOR, AND CONCEPTS OF HIGHWAY ESTHETICS ARE REVIEWED. VISUAL PARAMETERS FOR PLANNING AND DESIGNING HIGHWAYS ARE IDENTIFIED RELATIVE TO A RANGE OF DISCIPLINES AND ARE EVALUATED FOR RELEVANCE. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPING A PROTOTYPICAL METHODOLOGY WHICH INTEGRATES VISUAL AND BEHAVIORAL CRITERIA ARE PRESENTED, AND DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH NECESSARY FOR COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITATIVE VALUES IN THE PLANNING AND DESIGN PROCESSES ARE RECOMMENDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Criteria KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212040 AU - Brunauer, S AU - Mikhail, R S AU - Yodenfreund, M AU - Clarkson College of Technology AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HARDENED CEMENT PASTES OF LOW POROSITY: EXPLORATORY STUDIES PY - 1968/06 AB - A LABORATORY STUDY OF LOW-POROSITY HARDENED PORTLAND CEMENT PASTES IS REPORTED. THE GOAL WAS TO INCREASE PASTE STRENGTH AND DECREASE VOLUME CHANGES, WITH THE ULTIMATE AIM OF PRODUCING CONCRETE OF GREATER STRENGTH AND DIMENSIONAL STABILITY. OF 13 GRINDING AIDS TESTED WITH A TYPE I CLINKER IN AN INITIAL TEST SERIES, 4 WERE SELECTED FOR MORE INTENSIVE STUDY, BASED ON CONSISTENCY AND 28-DAY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS. IN THE SECOND SERIES, THE SAME TYPE I CLINKER AS WELL AS A TYPE II CLINKER WERE USED TO EXPLORE PASTE STRENGTH UP TO 180-DAYS. THE TESTS SHOWED THAT: (1) CLINKER CAN BE GROUND TO DESIRED FINENESS USING A VARIETY OF GRINDING AIDS, (2) PROPER KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF SURFACE- ACTIVE ADDITIVES CAN PROVIDE EXCELLENT WORKABILITY, AND (3) MUCH GREATER STRENGTH OF HARDENED PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE CAN BE ACHIEVED THAN IS NOW BEING PRODUCED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Additives KW - Clinkers KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Grinding KW - Hardness KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pastes KW - Porosity KW - Portland cement KW - Strength of materials KW - Volume changes KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215885 AU - LEE, J H AU - O, CONNER C AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EFFECT OF SURFACE COATINGS AND EXPOSURE ON SLIP BEHAVIOR OF BOLTED JOINTS PY - 1968/06 AB - EIGHTEEN JOINTS OF A36 STEEL WITH 1 IN. DIAMETER A325 HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS WERE TESTED TO INVESTIGATE SOME EFFECTS OF SURFACE TREATMENT ON SLIP BEHAVIOR. ALL JOINTS WERE INITIALLY BLAST CLEANED. THREE HAD SLOTTED HOLES. THREE WERE EXPOSED FOR 2,6, AND 12 MONTHS WITHOUT PROTECTION BEFORE ASSEMBLY AND TESTING. NINE WERE TREATED WITH LINSEED OIL OR VINYL WASH COATINGS AND EXPOSED TO AN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT FOR 2 MONTHS BEFORE TESTING. THREE WERE TREATED WITH VINYL WASH COATINGS BUT WERE NOT EXPOSED TO THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT. SLOTTED HOLES REDUCED THE SLIP COEFFICIENT FROM 0.65. TO 0.49. EXPOSURE WITHOUT PROTECTION REDUCED THE SLIP COEFFICIENT FROM 0.65 TO ABOUT 0.4. THE SLIP COEFFICIENT WITH PROTECTIVE COATINGS WAS REDUCED FROM ABOUT 0.28 TO 0.26 AFTER 2 MONTHS EXPOSURE. THIS REDUCTION IS NOT SIGNIFICANT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Blast cleaning KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - High strength bolts KW - Holes KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Linseed oil KW - Protective coatings KW - Slippage KW - Slotted holes KW - Surface treating KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212041 AU - Dahlgren, C E AU - University of North Dakota AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONCRETE PRODUCING PROPERTIES OF NORTH DAKOTA PIT-RUN AGGREGATES PY - 1968/06 AB - INVESTIGATION WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE STRENGTH CAPABILITIES OF AGGREGATES TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM GRAVEL PITS LOCATED AT VARIOUS POINTS WITHIN THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. THE RESULTS SOUGHT WERE TO OBTAIN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VALUES OF 2,000 PSI, OR GREATER, FOR CONCRETE CAST FROM THE VARIOUS MIXES AND MOIST CURED FOR 28 DAYS. THE CEMENT CONTENT VARIED FROM 3 SACKS/CU.YD. TO 7 1/2 SACKS/CU.YD. IN INCREMENTS OF 1 1/2 SACKS AND THE ENTRAINED AIR CONTENT VARIED FROM 4% TO 10%. PREDETERMINED PHYSICAL TESTS WERE USED TO CLASSIFY THE QUALITY OF THE AGGREGATE AND PROVIDE A CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF FOUR AGGREGATES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MATERIAL IN THE 10 SELECTED GRAVEL PITS. LATER AN ADDITIONAL 4 AGGREGATES WERE TESTED. SIXTEEN CONCRETE MIXES WERE ALSO MADE USING A STANDARD AGGREGATE. THE COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE COMPOSITION WAS SELECTED TO AGREE CLOSELY WITH THE GRADATION OF THE PIT-RUN MATERIAL. TWENTY-EIGHT-DAY MOIST-CURE COMPRESSIVE AND FLEXURE STRENGTH, 28-DAY AND 90- DAY DRY-CURE FLEXURE STRENGTH WERE DETERMINED. THE CHANGE OF LENGTH AT 7 DAYS, 28 DAYS, AND 90 DAYS WAS MEASURED. THE DURABILITY OF THE CONCRETE WAS DETERMINED FROM THE-RESULTS OF 300 CYCLES OF RAPID FREEZING IN AIR AND THAWING IN WATER, ASTM METHOD C-291. THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 2,000 PSI AFTER 28 DAYS OF MOIST CURING WAS OBTAINED FOR FOUR OF THE EIGHT AGGREGATES TESTED WITH 4 1/2 SACKS/CU.YD. AND 6% ENTRAINED AIR, FOR FIVE WITH 4 1/2 SACKS AND 8% AIR, FOR SEVEN WITH 6 SACKS AND 6% AIR, AND FOR SIX WITH 6 SACKS AND 8% AIR. THIS MINIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WAS REACHED WITH THE STANDARD AGGREGATE USING 3 SACKS/CU.YD. AND 4 AND 10% AIR. THE ONLY AGGREGATE OF THE EIGHT AGGREGATES TESTED WHICH MET THE PROPOSED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CRITERIA WITH 3 SACKS/CU.YD. ALSO SHOWED THE HIGHEST OVERALL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. THIS CONCRETE, HOWEVER, EXHIBITED THE HIGHEST STRENGTH LOSS DURING THE DURABILITY TEST BEING AS GREAT AS 44% FOR ONE OF THE CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR USE. FIVE OF THE EIGHT AGGREGATES SELECTED FOR TESTING MAINTAINED THEIR STRENGTH WITH A LOSS IN FREEZING AND THAWING OF LESS THAN 11.5%. ALLOWING STRENGTH LOSS OF 15% QUALIFIES AN ADDITIONAL TWO AGGREGATES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Cement content KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Durability KW - Entrained air KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Gravel pits KW - Mix design KW - Pit run materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207884 AU - Spates, K R AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE CURVED GIRDERS WITH VARIOUS LOADINGS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS PY - 1968/06 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT IS PRESENTED OF A METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A CURVED GIRDER. THIS METHOD IS THE RESULT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR CURVED GIRDERS. IN ACCORDANCE WITH THIS METHOD COMPUTER PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR SINGLE SPAN AND TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS GIRDER ANALYSIS. COMPARISONS HAVE ALSO BEEN MADE BETWEEN THIS METHOD AND OTHER METHODS DEVELOPED PREVIOUSLY, IN TERMS OF FLEXIBILITY, GENERALITY, CONVENIENCE AND NUMERICAL ANSWERS. AN EXPERIMENTAL BEAM HAS BEEN TESTED AND THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE THEORY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF A SINGLE CURVED GIRDER CAN BE PREDICTED. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Girders KW - Linear differential equations KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207882 AU - Yoshida, N AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BEHAVIOR OF LARGE SHINGLE SPLICES THAT SIMULATE BRIDGE JOINTS PY - 1968/06 AB - THE WORK IS SUMMARIZED ON TWO FULL SIZE SIMULATED BRIDGE JOINTS AND FIVE SMALL BUTT SPLICES. ONE LARGE JOINT WAS FASTENED WITH A325 BOLTS AND THE OTHER JOINT WITH A502 GR. 1 RIVETS. THE TEST JOINTS SIMULATED A CHORD MEMBER AND SPLICE ON THE BATON ROUGE INTERSTATE BRIDGE, A THREE SPAN CONTINUOUS TRUSS BRIDGE OVER MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THE SMALL BUTT SPLICES PROVIDED REFERENCE DATA. EACH LARGE JOINT CONSISTED OF THREE MAIN PLATES AND TWO EDGE ANGLES WITH LAP PLATES. THE JOINTS WERE FASTENED WITH ONE HUNDRED TWENTY- EIGHT BOLTS OR RIVETS. THE JOINTS WERE TESTED IN A 5,000,000 LB. UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE IN AXIAL TENSION. THE JOINT ELONGATION BEHAVIOR, LOCAL SLIP BEHAVIOR AND THE FORCE DISTRIBUTION WERE OBSERVED FOR EACH JOINT. THE RESULTS OF THE LARGE SIMULATED JOINTS WERE COMPARED SINCE THEIR JOINT GEOMETRY WAS THE SAME. ONLY THE TYPE OF FASTENER DIFFERED. THE TEST RESULTS INDICATED CLEARLY THAT SUBSTANTIAL SLIP DOES OCCUR IN RIVETED JOINTS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE LARGE RIVETED AND BOLTED JOINTS INDICATED THAT THE MAGNITUDES OF SLIP IN THE RIVETED JOINT WAS MORE THAN HALF THE SLIP THAT OCCURED IN THE BOLTED JOINT. THE JOINT TESTS ALSO ILLUSTRATED THAT COMPLEX BOLTED JOINTS ARE UNLIKELY TO SLIP THE FULL AMOUNT OF THE BOLT HOLE CLEARANCE. THIS STUDY ALSO CONFIRMED THAT THE HIGHER ALLOWABLE STRESSES SUGGESTED IN PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS PROVIDED SUITABLE BEHAVIOR IN THE WORKING LOAD RANGE AND UP TO JOINT SLIP. A THEORETICAL ELASTIC SOLUTION WAS ALSO DEVELOPED FOR THE LOAD PARTITION IN A SHINGLE JOINT. IT IS BASED ON PREVIOUS WORK ON SYMMETRICAL BUTT SPLICES. THE SOLUTION PROVIDES THE STRESS RESULTANTS IN ALL PLATE ELEMENTS AND AT ALL FASTENER SHEAR PLANES. MATRIX NOTATION IS USED TO EXPRESS THE EQUILIBRIUM AND COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS. THE SOLUTION IS ILLUSTRATED BY CONSIDERING THE FORCES IN TWO SHINGLE JOINTS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE THEORETICAL SOLUTION CAN BE USED TO CHECK THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN THE LARGE TEST JOINTS. ALSO IT SHOULD BE EXTENDED INTO THE INELASTIC REGION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial loads KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Butt joints KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Elongation KW - Force KW - Full scale specimens KW - Highway bridges KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lap joints KW - Length KW - Load transfer KW - Riveted joints KW - Rivets KW - Simulation KW - Slippage KW - Specimens KW - Splice plates KW - Tension tests KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215889 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF CONCRETE ANCHOR BOLTS PY - 1968/06 AB - THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CONCRETE ANCHORAGE DEVICES. THIS WAS TO BE ACCOMPLISHED BY COMPARING THE AXIAL PULLOUT STRENGTHS OF CAST-IN-PLACE BOLTS AND FRICTION ANCHORS. STATIC AXIAL LOAD TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON CAST-IN-PLACE BOLTS, EPOXIED AND GROUTED-IN-PLACE THREADED RODS, AND 7 TYPES (5 BRANDS) OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FRICTION TYPE CONCRETE ANCHORAGE DEVICES. CONSTANT AXIAL LOAD TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE EPOXIED-IN-PLACE THREADED RODS AND ALL OF THE FRICTION TYPE ANCHORS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE STRENGTH OF EPOXIED AND GROUTED-IN-PLACE RODS AND OF COMMERCIAL FRICTION TYPE ANCHORS WAS DEPENDENT ON THE LOADING RATE, WHEREAS THE STRENGTH OF CAST-IN-PLACE BOLTS WAS INDEPENDENT OF THE LOADING RATE. BECAUSE OF THIS, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN A DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN STATIC AXIAL PULLOUT STRENGTHS OF CAST-IN-PLACE BOLTS AND THE OTHER TYPES OF ANCHORS TESTED. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST RESULTS FOR EACH TYPE OF ANCHORAGE DEVICE ARE DISCUSSED INDIVIDUALLY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Anchor bolts KW - Anchorages KW - Axial loads KW - Bolts KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fibers KW - Friction bolt KW - Grouting KW - Load tests KW - Performance tests KW - Threads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210401 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EFFECTS OF AGGREGATE SHAPE ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF AN ASPHALTIC SURFACE MIXTURE PY - 1968/06 AB - INVESTIGATION WAS CONDUCTED TO COMPARE THE FATIQUE BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXES CONTAINING FLAT, ELONGATED AGGREGATE PARTICLES TO MIXES CONTAINING EQUIDIMENSIONALLY SHAPED PARTICLES. THE COMPARISON WAS CARRIED OUT ON MIXES CONTAINING AGGREGATES WITH THREE DISTINCT PARTICLE SHAPES BY PERFORMING CONSTANT-DEFLECTION FATIGUE TESTS ON BEAMS USING A FLEXURAL-FATIGUE DEVICE. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TESTS WERE ALSO CONDUCTED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES TO ISOLATE THE POSSIBLE EFFECT OF PARTICLE INTERLOCK. THE INVESTIGATION WAS LIMITED IN SCOPE BUT IT WAS FOUND THAT THE MIXES WITH FLAT, ELONGATED PARTICLES WERE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO FATIGUE CRACKING WHEN TESTED IN THE CONSTANT DEFLECTION MODE. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate shape KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Deflection tests KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Particle shapes KW - Particles KW - Shape KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201208 AU - Adkins, W G AU - McFarland, W F AU - MEUTH, H G AU - Wynn, J T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TEXAS STUDIES RELATING TO THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAM PY - 1968/06 AB - THE RESEARCHERS ANALYZED 69,465 SIGNS, AND SURVEYED 274 SIGN SITE LANDOWNERS, 64 LODGING ESTABLISHMENT OWNERS, 63 EATING ESTABLISHMENT OWNERS AND 80 JUNKYARD PROPRIETORS TO DETERMINE THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT. THE RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT NEARLY 24 PERCENT OF THE SIGNS WERE HIGHWAY ORIENTED COMPARED TO 22 PERCENT WHICH ADVERTISED NATIONAL OR REGIONAL PRODUCTS. IN ADDITION, THE RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT 274 SIGN SITE LANDOWNERS RENTED 1,764 SIGNS LOCATED AT 491 DIFFERENT TRACTS AND EARNED AN AVERAGE OF $248 ANNUAL INCOME. AVERAGE ANNUAL INCOME PER SIGN VARIED FROM $37 ON RURAL TO $208 ON URBAN INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS. THE RESEARCHERS ALSO NOTED THAT EVEN THOUGH 60 PERCENT OF THE LODGING ESTABLISHMENTS HAD AT LEAST ONE OFF-PREMISE SIGN, THE MAJORITY OF RESPONDENTS FELT THAT AN OFF-PREMISE SIGN WAS NOT THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ATTRACTING NEW BUSINESS. OWNERS OF EATING ESTABLISHMENTS INDICATED THAT THE ACT WOULD HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON THEIR BUSINESSES. THE MAJORITY OF THE JUNKYARD PROPRIETORS FELT THAT THE MOVING OR SCREENING WOULD HAVE NO EFFECT ON THEIR SALES OR EMPLOYMENT. FORTY-FIVE PERCENT OF JUNKYARD PROPRIETORS ESTIMATED A DECREASE IN ANNUAL SALES AS A RESULT OF RELOCATION. THE RESEARCHERS SUBSEQUENTLY SURVEYED 973 MILES OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY TO DETERMINE CHANGES IN NUMBER AND SIZE OF OFF- PREMISE SIGNS AND NUMBER OF JUNKYARDS. THE RESEARCHERS NOTE THAT DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1966 TO 1968 THE NUMBER OF BILLBOARDS SAMPLED INCREASED 17 PERCENT WHILE THE NUMBER OF JUNKYARDS SURVEYED FELL FROM 57 TO 34. THE RESEARCHERS ALSO MENTION THAT EVEN THOUGH THE NUMBER OF SMALL SIGNS FELL SHARPLY, LARGER SIGNS NEARLY DOUBLED IN NUMBER DURING THIS PERIOD. /BPR/ KW - Beautification KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Income KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Junkyards KW - Motels KW - Restaurants KW - Roadside advertising KW - Sales KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207888 AU - Heins, C P AU - Sartwell, A D AU - Looney, C T AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Maryland State Roads Commission TI - A STUDY OF A THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS BRIDGE STRUCTURE PY - 1968/06 AB - THE BEHAVIOR IS DESCRIBED OF A THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS STEEL STRINGER HIGHWAY BRIDGE WHILE BEING SUBJECTED TO STATIC AND MOVING LOADS. TWO VEHICLES WERE USED TO SUPPLY THE LOADS: AN APPROXIMATE HS20 TRACTOR-TRAILER OWNED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS, AND AN EMPTY EUCLID TS-14 SCRAPER. STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS WERE RECORDED AT MANY POINTS ON THE BRIDGE. A FINITE DIFFERENCE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE WAS MODIFIED TO FIT A THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE, AND COMPARISONS ARE MADE WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. CONCLUSIONS STATED ARE THAT THE ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISONS FOR THE BPR TEST VEHICLE WERE ACCEPTABLE, BUT THAT THE RESULTS WERE NOT SO GOOD WHEN THE EUCLID SCRAPER WAS USED. THE APPENDIXES PRESENT THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED IN THE ANALYSIS. /BPR/ KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Computer programs KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Deflection KW - Excavating equipment KW - Finite differences KW - Highway bridges KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Scrapers (Construction equipment) KW - Steel KW - Strain measurement KW - Stringers KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207883 AU - Hails, R L AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE STUDY OF A STIFFENED CURVED PLATE MODEL USING THE FINITE DIFFERENCE TECHNIQUE PY - 1968/06 AB - THE FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD WHICH IS A TECHNIQUE THAT WILL YIELD THE DEFLECTIONS, MOMENTS, AND STRAINS WITHIN A CURVED SLAB AND GIRDER SYSTEM IS PRESENTED. UTILIZING THE EQUIVALENT ORTHOTROPIC PLATE EQUATIONS, THE STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS THROUGHOUT A MODEL WERE EVALUATED AND THEN COMPARED TO THOSE OBTAINED BY EXPERIMENT. SEVERAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO EVALUATE THE DEFLECTION AND INTERNAL MOMENTS OF THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE AT PRESELECTED POINTS. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Curvature KW - Curved profiles KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deflection KW - Finite differences KW - Girders KW - Model tests KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Orthotropic KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Slabs KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207879 AU - Albertson, L C AU - Emkin, L A AU - Kruger, R M AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ICES BRIDGE DESIGN SYSTEM ENGINEERING USER'S MANUAL FOR STEEL GIRDER AND GENERAL LOADING DESCRIPTION PY - 1968/06 AB - THE STEEL GIRDER DESIGN PROGRAM BLOCK AND THE GENERAL LOADING CAPABILITIES ARE DESCRIBED. THE STEEL GIRDER DESIGN PROGRAM BLOCK GIVES THE ENGINEER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CAPABILITIES AS REPRESENTED BY THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS, AND ALSO COMMANDS THAT ENABLE HIM TO INTERACT WITH AND CONTROL THE DESIGN PROCESS ACCORDING TO INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS. THIS PROGRAM BLOCK IS CAPABLE OF DESIGNING ROLLED SECTIONS WITH OR WITHOUT COVERPLATES, SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS GIRDERS, AND COMPOSITE OR NON-COMPOSITE ACTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESSES. THE GENERAL LOADING DESCRIPTION BLOCK PROVIDES CAPABILITIES OF ANALYZING AND DESIGNING CONTINUOUS GIRDERS OF A BRIDGE FOR AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF LIVE LOAD, SUCH AS A RAPID TRANSIT TRAIN OR MILITARY VEHICLE. THE ENGINEER DESCRIBES HIS LOADING USING A LANGUAGE DESIGNED FOR THAT PURPOSE. /BPR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Computer programs KW - Continuous structures KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Live loads KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Manuals KW - Steel KW - Structural design KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207880 AU - Albertson, L C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ILES BRIDGE DESIGN SYSTEM, PROJECT FINDINGS AND ACHIEVEMENTS PY - 1968/06 AB - THIS REPORT DOCUMENTS WHAT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED AND ATTEMPTS TO ENUMERATE THOSE ITEMS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN BUILDING AN ADDITION TO THE DESIGN SYSTEM. A REVIEW IS MADE OF THE ICES BRIDGE I DESIGN SYSTEM THAT HAS BEEN MADE AVAILABLE TO THE RESEARCH SPONSORS AND THE CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSION. EXISTING PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS ARE REFERENCED. A DESCRIPTION IS OFFERED OF THE RESEARCH EFFORTS THAT ARE NOW UNDER DEVELOPMENT. THESE ARE THE PROGRAM BLOCKS THAT WILL EXTEND THE CAPABILITIES OF THE WORKING VERSION OF THE DESIGN SYSTEM. PROCEDURES ARE PRESENTED THAT WILL AID AN INDIVIDUAL OR ORGANIZATION TO EXTEND THE DESIGN SYSTEM. THE SUMMARY RELATES THE DESIGN SYSTEM TO THE BRIDGE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS. /BPR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - Manuals KW - Research KW - Structural design KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207890 AU - Lin, C AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECT OF MIDSPAN DIAPHRAGMS ON LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN A PRESETRESSED CONCRETE BOX-BEAM BRIDGE, PHILADELPHIA BBIDGE PY - 1968/06 AB - THE FIELD TESTING OF AN EXISTING BEAM-SLAB BRIDGE CONSTRUCTED WITH PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SPREAD BOX GIRDERS IS DESCRIBED. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPERIMENTALLY INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF MIDSPAN DIAPHRAGMS ON DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICULAR LOADS TO EACH OF THE LONGITUDINAL BEAMS. THE BRIDGE WAS TESTED FIRST WITH THE DIAPHRAGM IN PLACE, AND THEN AGAIN AFTER THE DIAPHRAGMS HAD BEEN REMOVED. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE MIDSPAN DIAPHRAGMS DID TRANSMIT LOAD LATERALLY. THE DISTRIBUTION CONEFFICIENTS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR GIRDERS DIRECTLY UNDER THE VEHICULAR LOADS WERE SLIGHTLY REDUCED BY THE USE OF THE DIAPHRAGMS, WHEN THE BRIDGE WAS LOADED WITH ONE TRUCK. HOWEVER, OWING TO THE COMPENSATING EFFECTS WHEN SEVERAL LANES WERE LOADED SIMULTANEOUSLY, THE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS WERE NOT APPRECIABLY AFFECTED BY THE USE OF THE DIAPHRAGMS. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT THE EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR INTERIOR GIRDERS WERE CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN THE PDH DESIGN VALUES, WHILE FOR EXTERIOR GIRDERS, THE EXPERIMENTAL VALUES WERE GREATER THAN THE DESIGN VALUES. THE EFFECT OF GIRDER SPACING WAS STUDIED BY COMPARING THE TEST RESULTS WITH THOSE FROM THE STUDY OF ANOTHER BRIDGE OF SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION (DREHERSVILLE BRIDGE - 1965). IN ADDITION, AN EVALUATION OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE GUYON- MASSONNET LOAD DISTRIBUTION THEORY WAS INVESTIGATED BY COMPARING THE RESULTS WITH THE VALUES PREDICTED BY THE THEORY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Box girders KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Field tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Lateral loads KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Midspan KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Spacing KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207876 AU - Husain, S I AU - Ferguson, P M AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FLEXURAL CRACK WIDTH AT THE BARS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1968/06 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WIDTH OF SURFACE CRACKS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS AND THE WIDTH OF THE CRACKS AT LOADED BEAMS. AFTER HARDENING OF THE EPOXY, THE BEAMS WERE SAWED INTO SEGMENTS AND THE WIDTH OF CRACKS WAS DETERMINED WITH MICROSCOPES. VARIABLES IN THE STUDY WERE: CONCRETE COVER, BAR SIZE, STRESS LEVEL AND CONCRETE STRENGTH. THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY WERE AS FOLLOWS: (1) THE CRACK SPACING AND CRACK WIDTH AT ANY LEVEL VARY FROM AVERAGE VALUES BY AT LEAST PLUS OR MINUS 50 PERCENT, (2) STEEL STRESS WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT VARIABLE INFLUENCING CRACK WIDTH AT THE BAR: AT 20 KSI STEEL STRESS, AVERAGE CRACK WIDTH AT THE BAR SURFACE RANGED DOWNAWARD FROM 0.001 INCHES, AT 30 KSI STEEL STRESS, THE CRACK WIDTH AT THE BAR WAS ABOUT 50 PERCENT GREATER THAN THE 20 KSI WIDTHS, EXCEPT THAT WHEN THERE WAS A COVER OF 3 INCHES, THE AVERAGE CRACK WIDTHS AT THE BARS WERE 0.0029 INCHES. (3) IN GENERAL IT CAN BE SAID THAT CRACK WIDTHS AT THE BEAM TENSION FACE VARIED LINEARLY WITH CONCRETE COVER, & (4) THE RATIO OF CRACK WIDTH AT THE BAR TO THAT AT THE SURFACE VARIED FROM 0.10 TO 0.31, BEING LARGEST IN A SHALLOW MEMBER WITH CLEAR COVER OF 0.75 INCHES. /BPR/ KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Cover KW - Cracking KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Flexure KW - Injection KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Spacing KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Surface cracks KW - Surfaces KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102244 ER - TY - SER AN - 00216405 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rib, H T TI - REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PY - 1968/06 AB - IN RECENT YEARS, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW REMOTE SENSORS - RADAR, INFRARED, MULTICHANNEL - HAS INITIATED A NEW ERA IN THE APPLICATION OF INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING. THE DATA PROVIDED BY THE MANY TYPES OF SENSORS FURNISH INFORMATION PREVIOUSLY UNOBTAINABLE, OR AVAILABLE ONLY AT GREAT EXPENSE. IN THIS PAPER, THE AREAS OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSORS IN THE HIGHWAY FIELD ARE DISCUSSED. SEVERAL EXAMPLES ARE INCLUDED TO DEMONSTRATE THE VALUE OF REMOTE SENSORS IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING. ALSO INCLUDED IS A DISCUSSION OF THE PUBLIC ROADS RESEARCH PROGRAM IN REMOTE SENSING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Highway engineering KW - Infrared radiation KW - Multichannels KW - Radar KW - Remote control KW - Remote control systems KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207900 AU - Werner, J D AU - Heins, C P AU - Looney, C T AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INDUCED BRIDGE LOADS AND MOMENTS DURING A TEN YEAR PERIOD PY - 1968/06 AB - A METHOD IS PRESENTED OF ESTIMATING THE CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE ON HIGHWAY STRUCTURES DUE TO THE RANDOM LOADING OF HEAVY TRUCK TRAFFIC. THE METHOD IS A THREE-PART PROCEDURE: FIRST, 24-HOUR TRUCK LOADOMETER DATA IS EXPANDED TO YEARLY VALUES. SECOND, THE FREQUENCY AND MAGNITUDE OF MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS ARE DETERMINED FOR SPECIFIC SPAN LENGTHS. THIRD, THE MOMENTS ARE TRANSFORMED INTO A RANGE OF STRESSES, USING CONVENTIONAL STRESS-MOMENT RELATIONSHIPS AND THE SECTIONAL PROPERTIES OF A TYPICAL STRUCTURE UNDER INVESTIGATION. THE FATIGUE LIFE OF THE STRUCTURE IS DETERMINED FROM MODIFIED GOODMAN DIAGRAMS FOR THE CRITICAL FATIGUE CONDITION. THE CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE IS OBTAINED BY CALCULATING THE CYCLE RATIOS AND APPLYING MINER'S CUMULATIVE DAMAGE HYPOTHESIS. THE METHOD WAS APPLIED TO EIGHT HIGHWAY BRIDGES OF VARIOUS TYPES AND VARIOUS LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT THE STATE OF MARYLAND. RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE HEAVY TRUCK TRAFFIC DURING THE TEN-YEAR PERIOD FROM 1955-1964 WAS OF SUCH A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF THE ESTIMATED FATIGUE LIFE, THAT THERE IS NO FEAR OF FATIGUE FAILURE FOR A LONG TIME TO COME. /BPR/ KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cumulative distributions KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue life KW - Highway bridges KW - Loading KW - Loadometers KW - Loads KW - Loss and damage KW - Stresses KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214473 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE QUALITY CONTROL OF PLANT MIX PAVEMENT PY - 1968/06 AB - THE INCENTIVE FOR THIS STATISTICAL STUDY WAS BASED ON THE THE GENERAL DESIRE TO IMPROVE CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE PROCEDURES. THIS SPECIFIC STUDY OF PLANT MIX PAVEMENT (ASPHALT CONCRETE) HAS PROVIDED PARAMETERS FOR GRADATION, DENSITY AND EXTRACTION TESTS WHICH ENABLE AN EVALUATION OF EXISTING SPECIFICATIONS. SAMPLING WAS CONDUCTED ON THREE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS DURING ROUTINE PRODUCTION. THE SAMPLING PROCEDURES AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES WERE DESCRIBED FOR EACH PROJECT. THE TESTING WAS PERFORMED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE STATE'S STANDARD PROCEDURES. AFTER ANALYSIS OF DATA, A COMPARISON WAS MADE WITH CURRENT TOLERANCE LIMITS. USING THE PARAMETERS FROM THIS STUDY, THERE ARE SOME AREAS OF NON-CONFORMANCE WITH CURRENT SPECIFICATIONS. THESE COMPARISONS ARE CLEARLY SHOWN IN GRAPHICAL FORM AND A DISCUSSION IS PROVIDED. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Chemical analysis KW - Construction management KW - Density KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Gradation KW - Plant mix KW - Resource extraction KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214472 AU - Mills, W H AU - Mills, Wm H & Associates AU - South Carolina State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDY OF CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OF GRADATIONS OF AGGREGATES BY STATISTICAL METHODS PY - 1968/06 AB - THE STUDY WAS INITIATED WITH A LITERATURE SURVEY WHICH PROVIDED A PARTIAL BASIS FOR THE SEVERAL PILOT STUDIES OF HANDLING AGGREGATES AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS. STATISTICAL PARAMETERS WERE DEVELOPED FROM THE PILOT STUDIES. THE PARAMETERS WERE USED TO DEVELOP AND SIMULATE TENTATIVE SYSTEM OF GRADATION CONTROL. THE DATA AND EXPERIENCE RESULTING FROM APPLICATION OF THE TENTATIVE SYSTEMS OF GRADATION CONTROL WERE USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS. THE RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS INCLUDE SAMPLING PLANS, TOLERANCE LIMITS, PRICE ADJUSTMENT SCHEDULES AND DETAILS FOR OPERATING THE SYSTEM OF CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE. /BPR/ KW - Acceptance KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Control KW - Control systems KW - Operations KW - Prices KW - Reviews KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206348 AU - Zube, E AU - Skog, J B AU - Munday, H A AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF VARIOUS GROOVING PATTERNS ON PCC PAVEMENT PY - 1968/06 AB - SIX DIFFERENT GROOVING PATTERNS: 1/8 BY 1/8 INCH RECTANGULAR GROOVES SPACED AT 1/2, 3/4 AND ONE INCH CENTERS AND THE NUMBER 6, 7 AND 15 PATTERNS OF THE CHRISTENSEN DIAMOND SERVICES COMPANY WERE CUT IN EACH OF TWO PCC TEST SLABS. ONE SLAB HAD A TROWELLED FINISH WITH AN AVERAGE INITIAL COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF 0.14 AS DETERMINED BY THE CALIFORNIA SKID TESTER. THE OTHER SLAB HAD A BURLAP DRAG FINISH WITH AN AVERAGE INITIAL COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF 0.35. HIGHER COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION WERE OBTAINED WITH THE CHRISTENSEN GROOVING PATTERNS THAN BY THE 1/8 BY 1/8 INCH RECTANGULAR GROOVES. THE FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE BURLAP DRAG FINISH WERE UNCHANGED BY THE 1/8 BY 1/8 INCH RECTANGULAR GROOVES. LONGITUDINAL COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION MEASUREMENTS WERE QUITE ERRATIC FOR THE THREE 1/8 BY 1/8 INCH RECTANGULAR PATTERNS WHICH WERE CUT IN THE TROWELLED PCC SURFACE AND VERY LITTLE IMPROVEMENT IN FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES WERE OBTAINED. FRICTION MEASUREMENTS AT 15 TO 45 DEGREES TO THE DIRECTION OF THE GROOVES WERE MUCH MORE CONSISTENT, AND ARE PROBABLY MORE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ACTUAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE SURFACE. THIS IS CAUSED BY THE SMALL CONTACT AREA OF THE TIRE USED ON THE CALIFORNIA SKID TESTER WHICH MAY TOUCH AS FEW AS 2 GROOVES DURING A LONGITUDINAL TEST WITH THE GROOVES SPACED AT ONE INCH. IF 1/8 BY 1/8 INCH RECTANGULAR GROOVES ARE USED, THE GREATEST IMPROVEMENT IN SKID RESISTANCE IS PROVIDED BY THE 1/2 INCH CENTER TO CENTER SPACING. ASSUMING THE CHRISTENSEN PATTERNS DO NOT WEAR EXCESSIVELY, ALL THREE OF THE PATTERNS TESTED APPEAR TO BE SUPERIOR TO THE 1/8 BY 1/8 INCH GROOVING PATTERNS IN TERMS OF THE MEASURED COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION. HOWEVER, THE USE OF RECTANGULAR LONGITUDINAL GROOVES AT A NUMBER OF FIELD LOCATIONS HAS RESULTED IN A MARKED REDUCTION IN WET WEATHER ACCIDENTS. FURTHER STUDIES ARE REQUIRED PRIOR TO RECOMMENDING ANY SPECIFIC PATTERN. /AUTHOR/ KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Measurement KW - Patterns KW - Pavement grooving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid resistance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218031 AU - Woodruff, J M AU - Blaser, R E AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TURF ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE ON VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS ALONG VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS PY - 1968/06 AB - ERAGROSTIS CURVULA, WEEPING LOVEGRASS, MAY BE BETTER ADAPTED TO THE SUBSOIL ENVIRONMENT OF STEEP SLOPES THAN KENTUCKY 31 TALL FESCUE. THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT WEEPING LOVEGRASS ESTABLISHMENT IS IMPROVED BY LIMING, RETARDED WHEN PLANTED WITH AGGRESSIVE COMPANION GRASSES, AND ESTABLISHES ITSELF FASTER ON WARM (SOUTH) SLOPE SITES. WINTER HARDINESS APPEARS TO BE IMPROVED WITH LIMING, REASONABLY EARLY PLANTING IN THE SPRING, AND WITH ADEQUATE FERTILITY. THE REPORT ALSO COVERS THE STUDIES UNDERWAY FOR TURF ESTABLISHMENT ON SLOPE SITES WITH AND WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF COSTLY SCARCE TOPSOIL. PRESENT INDICATIONS ARE THAT ESTABLISHMENT WITHOUT TOPSOIL CAN BE ACHIEVED BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF LIME, USING A 1 TO 3 STEP SEEDING AND FERTILIZATION PROGRAM. GENERAL - APPLY 1 TO 2 TONS OF LIME PER ACRE ONSOIL TESTS AND WORK IT INTO THE TOP THREE TO FIVE INCHES OF SOIL. STEP 1 - APPLY 800 LBS. OF 10-20-10 FERTILIZER PER ACRE AND FOLLOW WITH A SOWING OF 75 PERCENT OF NORMAL SEED REQUIREMENTS AND MULCH. STEP 2 - THREE TO SIX MONTHS AFTER STEP 1, APPLY 500 POUNDS OF 10-20-10 PER ACRE PLUS 300 POUNDS OF UREA-FORM NITROGEN AND FOLLOW WITH REMAINING 25 PERCENT OF SEED WITH 75 PERCENT OF THIS APPLICATION HYDROSEEDED ACROSS THE TOP HALF OF THE SLOPE, CONSTRUCTING SHALLOW, LATERAL FURROWS DURING GRADING, AND SOWING DESIRABLE VARIETIES AND SPECIES IN MIXTURES. ALTHOUGH MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED, INDICATIONS ARE THAT THE INCLUSION OF SERICEA LESPEDEZA HAS BEEN EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING MAINTENANCE COSTS. RESEARCH UNDERWAY INDICATES THAT SLOW CROWNVETCH ESTABLISHMENT MAY BE CAUSED BY INEFFECTIVE INOCULATION. STUDIES ARE CONTINUING TO FIND METHODS OF SEEDING, INOCULATION AND ESTABLISHMENT ON DIFFERENT SLOPE SITES. INVESTIGATIONS ARE ALSO UNDERWAY USING SERICEA LESPEDEZA AND CROWNVETCH FOR VEGETATION RE-ESTABLISHMENT ON SLOPES. /BPR/ KW - Establishing KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Furrows KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Liming of soils KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Planting KW - Roadside improvement KW - Slopes KW - Subsoil KW - Topsoil KW - Turf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218032 AU - Foy, C L AU - Coats, G E AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH ALONG VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS PY - 1968/06 AB - THIS IS A SUMMARY ANNUAL REPORT CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON WEEDS GROWING IN PLANTINGS OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF TREES AND SHRUBS. WEED CONTROL WHEN USED UNDER NURSERY CONDITIONS WAS POOR WITH ALL HERBICIDES REGARDLESS OF THE DATE OF APPLICATION. GOOD WEED CONTROL WAS OBTAINED WITH CASORON, DYMID AND SIMAZINE IN ESTABLISHED JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE. SEVERAL GROWTH RETARDANTS TESTED ON KENTUCKY 31 FESCUE WERE NOT AS EFFECTIVE AS MH 30 (MALEIC HYDRAZIDE), OR A NEW POTASSIUM SALT FORMULATION OF MH. FIELD TESTS INDICATE THAT TIME OF APPLICATION OF MH 30 IS CRITICAL, SPRING APPLICATIONS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN FALL. LIMITED FIELD AND GREENHOUSE TESTS USING RADIOACTIVELY LABELED HERBICIDES INDICATE THAT DOSE RATE, SPRAY VOLUME AND ADDITIVES EMPLOYED MAY BE CRITICAL IN THE CONTROL OF MULLEIN AND MILKWEED. /BPR/ KW - Dosage KW - Field tests KW - Herbicides KW - Planting KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Shrubs KW - Trees KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207895 AU - Dimitri, J R AU - Ostapenko, A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PILOT TESTS ON THE ULTIMATE STATIC STRENGTH OF UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS PY - 1968/06 AB - EIGHT ULTIMATE LOAD TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON THREE 36-INCH DEEP UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS. ONE GIRDER WAS 25 FEET LONG, TWO WERE 30 FEET LONG. ALL GIRDERS CONTAINED THE SAME CROSS SECTION WITH THE AREA OF THE BOTTOM FLANGE 2 1/2 TIMES LARGER THAN THE TOP FLANGE, SO THAT THE CENTROIDAL AXIS WAS APPROXIMATELY ONE-SIXTH OF THE DEPTH BELOW THE MID-DEPTH OR GEOMETRIC CENTER OF THE WEB PLATE. THE WEB SLENDERNESS RATIO FOR ALL SPECIMENS WAS 295. THE PANELS HAD ASPECT RATIOS OF 0.8, 1.2 AND 1.6. THE LOADING CONDITIONS EMPLOYED WERE PURE BENDING, DOMINANT SHEAR, AND COMBINED SHEAR BENDING. A COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ULTIMATE STRENGTHS WITH THOSE COMPUTED USING THE THEORIES DEVELOPED BY BASLER AND THURLIMANN SHOWS THE GIRDER STRENGTHS UNDER DOMINANT SHEAR TO BE 18% HIGHER THAN THE THEORETICAL VALUES. THE ULTIMATE LOADS FROM THE BENDING TESTS WERE ALSO HIGHER THAN PREDICTED. THE TESTS UNDER COMBINED HIGH BENDING AND HIGH SHEAR GAVE STRENGTHS WHICH WERE LOWER THAN INDICATED BY THE CURRENT ULTIMATE STRENGTH INTERACTION ENVELOPE. THE TEST RESULTS OBTAINED WILL SERVE AS A BASIS FOR DEVELOPING A NEW, MORE ACCURATE THEORY FOR DETERMINING THE STATIC STRENGTH OF UNSYMMETRICAL PLATE GIRDERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aspect ratio KW - Bend tests KW - Bending KW - Breaking loads KW - Flanges KW - Load tests KW - Ratios KW - Shear strength KW - Symmetry KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207892 AU - Cornell, C A AU - Latona, R AU - McGuire, R K AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ICES BRIDGE DESIGN SYSTEM ENGINEERING USER'S MANUAL FOR SIMPLE SPAN DECK AND GIRDER OPTIMIZATION AND SPAN ARRANGEMENT OPTIMIZATION PY - 1968/06 AB - A USER'S MANUAL IS PRESENTED WHICH EXPLAINS THE USE OF TWO COMPUTER PROGRAMS. ONE PROGRAM IS AN OPTIMIZATION SCHEME FOR THE SELECTION OF SIMPLE SPAN WELDED PLATE GIRDERS BASED ON MINIMUM COST OF STEEL AND CONCRETE. THE OTHER PROGRAM IS AN OPTIMIZATION SCHEME FOR THE SELECTION OF SPAN ARRANGEMENTS. INPUTS TO THE PLATE GIRDER SELECTION PROGRAM INCLUDE NUMBER OF GIRDERS, DEPTH AND THICKNESS OF GIRDER WEB, THICKNESS OF FLANGES, ALLOWABLE STRESSES, DEFLECTIONS, AND ALL OTHER DESIGN LIMITATIONS CONTAINED IN EITHER THE ASSHO BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS OR THE MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS SPECIFICATIONS. INPUTS TO THE SPAN ARRANGEMENT PROGRAM INCLUDE GEOMETRY ITEMS SUCH AS THE STATIONS OF THE LINES OF SUPPORT AT A REFERENCE LINE, THE ANGLES THE LINES OF SUPPORT MAKE WITH THAT REFERENCE LINE, AND THE NUMBER OF STRINGERS TO BE USED. COST ITEM INPUTS ARE THE STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CONCRETE COSTS, A LUMP SUM SUBSTRUCTURE COST, BEARING COSTS, AND A FIXED COST PER GIRDER TO SIMULATE FABRICATION COSTS. BOTH PROGRAMS PRINT OUT INTERMEDIATE AS WELL AS FINAL MINIMUM VALUES. /BPR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Engineering systems KW - Fabrication KW - Flanges KW - Geometry KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Plate girders KW - Reference line KW - Selecting KW - Simple span KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Structural steel KW - Systems engineering KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203993 AU - Ferris, O A AU - Williams, T T AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROJECT FORMULATION PROGRAM-HYDROLOGY PY - 1968/06 AB - A PRELIMINARY STUDY WAS MADE OF APPLICATION OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE METHOD, WHICH WAS DERIVED FROM AVERAGE CONDITIONS OF THEIR EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS, TO ONE SMALL RURAL WATERSHED WITH ONE STORM EVENT IN MONTANA. THE COMPUTED RESULTS DO NOT CHECK WITH THE OBSERVED DATA. /BPR/ KW - Data analysis KW - Hydrologic data KW - Hydrologic phenomena KW - Hydrology KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Soil conservation KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218033 AU - Barkley, D G AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF WOODY PLANT GROUND COVER PY - 1968/06 AB - A VARIETY OF TREE, SHRUB, AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES ARE LISTED WITH DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS. SEVERAL EXPERIMENTS ARE RECORDED USING SOIL AMENDMENTS AND THE USE OF SEVERAL FERTILIZER FORMULATIONS AND MIXTURES. THIS STUDY INCLUDED A NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS OF DIRECT SEEDING OF VARIOUS WOODY AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES. NO DEFINITE CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED BECAUSE THERE HAS BEEN AN INSUFFICENT PERIOD FOR EVALUATION. THIS PHASE OF THE STUDY WAS CONCLUDED ON JUNE 30, 1968, DUE TO LIMITED FUNDS AND A SHORTAGE OF PERSONNEL. /BPR/ KW - Experiments KW - Fertilizers KW - Ground cover KW - Planting KW - Shrubs KW - Trees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210399 AU - Brahma, S P AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CORRELATION OF STRENGTHS OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT MIX DESIGN METHODS PY - 1968/06 AB - A SERIES OF BITUMINOUS MIXES WERE MADE CONSISTING OF TEN SOURCES OF LOCAL GRAVEL AGGREGATES IN COMBINATION WITH 120- 150 PENETRATION ASPHALT CEMENT, RC-250 OR RC-800. THE AGGREGATES WERE USED IN BOTH THEIR NATURAL GRADATION AND GRADATIONS MODIFIED TO PASS NORTH DAKOTA SPECIFICATIONS. MARSHALL STABILITY, FLOW PERCENT AIR VOIDS, PERCENT VOIDS IN MINERAL AGGREGATES, DENSITY, EFFECTIVE ASPHALT CONTENT, OPTIMUM ASPHALT CONTENT, ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION AND COHESION WERE DETERMINED. A GOOD QUALITY CRUSHED STONE AGGREGATE WAS USED AS A CONTROL. A NEW METHOD FOR PREPARING AND TESTING COLD MIXES WAS DEVELOPED. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Cohesion KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Crushed rock KW - Gravel KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Pendulum tests KW - Percent air voids KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219710 AU - Aerospace Research Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A REUSABLE ENERGY ABSORBING HIGHWAY PROTECTIVE SYSTEM FOR MEDIAN AREAS PY - 1968/06 AB - A PROTECTIVE SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED TO BE INSTALLED AT MASSIVE FIXED OBJECT LOCATIONS WHERE CONVENTIONAL PROTECTIVE BARRIERS CANNOT EFFECTIVELY BE USED. THE SYSTEM ALLOWS FOR A VEHICLE TO IMPACT THE BARRIER EITHER HEAD-ON OR AT AN OBLIQUE ANGLE FROM EITHER SIDE. BOTH LINEAR (TOR-SHOK) AND ROTARY (ROTO-SHOK) TYPE ENERGY ABSORBERS ARE USED TO ALLOW THE PROTECTIVE SYSTEM TO MOVE UNDER NUMEROUS COMBINATIONS OF VEHICLE IMPACT VELOCITIES AND ANGULAR APPROACHES. THE TOR- SHOK ABSORBER CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF TORII LOCATED BETWEEN TWO CYLINDERS, WHICH START TO ROLL WHEN IMPACT OCCURS, CAUSING CYCLIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION STRESS IN THE OUTER FIBERS OF EACH TORUS. THE ROTO-SHOK CONSISTS OF TWO CONCENTRIC DRUMS AND A SET OF SMALL TUBES LOCATED IN THE ANNULUS BETWEEN THE TWO DRUMS. UPON IMPACT THE OUTER DRUM ROTATES AROUND THE STATIONARY INNER DRUM CAUSING A CYCLIC BENDING STRAIN AROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE TUBES. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE ANALYSES AND DEVELOPMENT UNDERTAKEN TO DESIGN, FABRICATE, AND DYNAMICALLY TEST THE COMPLETE HIGHWAY PROTECTIVE SYSTEM. DETAILED DYNAMIC AND STRESS ANALYSES OF THE BARRIER AND ITS COMPONENTS ARE INCLUDED. FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION DETAILS ARE SHOWN ON A SET OF DIMENSIONED DRAWINGS. TWELVE DYNAMIC CRASH TESTS AT SPEEDS UP TO 56 MPH AND ANGLES UP TO 15 DEGREES ARE DESCRIBED AND THE RESULTS SUMMARIZED. THE RESULTS OF THE CRASH TESTS SUBSTANTIATE THE DESIGN AS PRESCRIBED BY THE ENGINEERING DRAWINGS IN THE REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Cylinders KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Extrusion KW - Fixed object KW - Highways KW - Impact extrusion KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Medians KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Structural analysis KW - Testing KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224887 AU - Rooney, H A AU - Shelly, T L AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF RAISED TRAFFIC LANE MARKERS - 1953 TO 1968 PY - 1968/06 SP - 49 p. AB - A SYSTEM FOR DELINEATING TRAFFIC LANES IN SNOW-FREE AREAS USING RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS WAS EVALUATED AND ADOPTED. FOUR WHITE NON-REFLECTIVE MARKERS ARE PLACED ON THREE FOOT CENTERS FOLLOWED BY A FIFTEEN FOOT GAP. A REFLECTIVE MARKER IS PLACED IN THE CENTER OF EACH GAP ON CURVES AND IN THE CENTER OF EVERY OTHER GAP ON TANGENTS. THIS SYSTEM IS MUCH MORE DURABLE THAN TRAFFIC PAINT AND GIVES GOOD DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME DELINEATION UNDER MOST WEATHER CONDITIONS. NON- REFLECTIVE CERAMIC MARKERS WERE FOUND TO PERFORM BETTER THAN OTHER TYPES IN AREAS OF HOT DRY CLIMATE IN TERMS OF MINIMIZING TIRE STAINING EFFECTS AND MAINTAIN GOOD DAYTIME VISIBILITY. NON-REFLECTIVE POLYESTER MARKERS MAY BE USED IN COOLER AREAS WHERE TEMPERATURES SELDOM RISE ABOVE 80F AND TIRE-STAINING EFFECTS ARE NOT SERIOUS. WEAR OF THE CERAMIC MARKERS IS BY PITTING AND DULLING BUT THIS EFFECT IS NOT SERIOUS FOR A PERIOD OF 10 YEARS. THE ACRYLIC CUBE CORNER MARKER WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST EFFECTIVE REFLECTORIZED MARKER FOR NIGHTTIME VISIBILITY AND IS EXPECTED TO LAST FROM 3 TO 5 YEARS. SATISFACTORY MEDIAN DELINEATION WAS OBTAINED WITH A PATTERN OF RAISED YELLOW MARKERS, BOTH REFLECTIVE AND NON-REFLECTIVE TYPES. APPROPRIATE TEST METHODS AS WELL AS SPECIFICATIONS FOR RAISED MARKERS AND EPOXY ADHESIVES ARE PROVIDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acrylic resins KW - Ceramic materials KW - Corner marker KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Medians KW - Night visibility KW - Polyester resins KW - Raised separators KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Road markings KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240991 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BUREAU OF ROADS ALLOTS FUNDS FOR BUS RAPID TRANSIT STUDY PY - 1968/05/24 AB - A TWO-YEAR STUDY WILL BE CONDUCTED ON A 4-MILE HIGHWAY TO BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF BUSES AS PART OF A RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM IN MILWAUKEE COUNTY, WISCONSIN. SPECIAL ATTENTION WILL BE PAID TO URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPING FOR THE SYSTEM ITSELF AND FOR AREAS ADJACENT TO IT. THE STUDY IS EXPECTED TO DETERMINE ESTIMATED USAGE, CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS, EQUIPMENT NEEDS, CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS, AND ANTICIPATED REVENUES. IT WILL DEVELOP PRELIMINARY DESIGNS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BUS ROADWAY WHICH WILL PARALLEL INTERSTATE 94, FRINGE PARKING FACILITIES, TERMINALS, AND WHATEVER OTHER STRUCTURES MAY BE NEEDED FOR THE SYSTEM. A NETWORK OF FREEWAYS WILL FEED BUSES INTO THE EXCLUSIVE BUS HIGHWAY WHICH WILL CARRY THEM TO THE MILWAUKEE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT. KW - Bus lanes KW - Bus transportation KW - Capacity KW - Central business districts KW - City planning KW - Economics KW - Equipment KW - Fringe area KW - Landscape design KW - Parking KW - Rapid transit KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219983 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UCLA GETS MILLION DOLLAR HIGHWAY SAFETY DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1968/05/23 AB - A MILLION DOLLAR HIGHWAY SAFETY DEMONSTRATION PROJECT HAS BEEN AWARDED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES TO DEVELOP AND DEMONSTRATE A FLEXIBLE AND COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM WHICH WILL IMPROVE EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE SYSTEMS FOR HIGHWAY CRASH VICTIMS. THE FOLLOWING EIGHT DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS WILL BE CONDUCTED AS PART OF THE PROJECT: (1) QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF IMPROVED TRAINING FOR AMBULANCE ATTENDANTS, (2) UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION OF EX-MILITARY CORPSMEN WHO HAVE RECEIVED ADDITIONAL SPECIALIZED TRAINING AS AMBULANCE ATTENDANTS, (3) IMPLEMENTATION OF RADIO TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN TRAVELING AMBULANCES AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL FACILITIES AT HOSPITALS, (4) DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THROUGH ASSIGNMENT OF PHYSICIANS TO AMBULANCES DURING PEAK TRAFFIC PERIODS, (5) TELEMETERING OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA FROM AMBULANCE TO RECEIVING HOSPITAL, (6) INCREASING THE NUMBER OF AMBULANCES AND DEPLOYING THEM ACCORDING TO PREDETERMINED METHODS, (7) DEVELOPING A CITIZEN'S ALERT SYSTEM TO REDUCE ACCIDENT DETECTION TIME, AND (8) UTILIZATION OF HELICOPTERS TO DETERMINE EFFECTS ON REDUCING RESPONSE TIME AND IMPROVING EVACUATION CAPABILITIES. THIS THREE YEAR PROJECT WILL DEVELOP METHODOLOGY TO HELP RELATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSPORTATION COMPLEX TO THE EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE SYSTEM. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY PREFERRED COST- EFFECTIVENESS SYSTEMS FOR PROVIDING EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Communication systems KW - Demonstration projects KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helicopters KW - Highway safety KW - Hospitals KW - Medical services KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Physicians KW - Physiological aspects KW - Radio KW - Radio telephone KW - Telemetry KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455340 AU - Hejal, Salim Said AU - Buick, Thomas R AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimal Selection of Flexible Pavement Components PY - 1968/05/09 AB - Although several design techniques are available for determining reasonable thicknesses of flexible pavements to satisfy the specified design parameters, no present method explicitly considers an optimization of flexible pavement components to minimize the total cost of the pavement system. Of course, this cost minimization must be realized within the boundary constraints imposed by the selected values of the design parameters. The purpose of this systems analysis was to develop a rational method for the optimal selection of flexible pavement components. The objective of flexible pavement design in this investigation is to select the thicknesses of the various pavement components so that the total pavement cost is minimized within the limitations of the various design parameters for the procedure used by the Indiana State Highway Commission. Minimum-cost thicknesses are determined for flexible pavements to satisfy the demands of traffic and environment on the system of pavement structure and soil support. Therefore, this technique affords a practical and economical solution to the problem of designing the thicknesses of flexible pavements. This approach to design embodies the essence of sound engineering. KW - Costs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Thickness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314491 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455333 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Perry County, Indiana PY - 1968/05/09/Final Report SP - 42p AB - Development of an engineering soils map of Perry County was the primary objective of this study. The purpose of the report is to supplement the information appearing on the engineering soils map attached. The engineering soils map was prepared primarily from pedological soil data. The pedological soil data consisted mainly of annotated aerial photographs which were marked in great detail during the field soil survey of Perry County by the Soil Conservation Service and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Indiana KW - Soil mapping KW - Soils UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314490 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455328 AU - Maxman, Robert J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of the Environmental Data Storage and Retrieval System : Informational Report PY - 1968/05/09 SP - 214p AB - The wealth of data collected on the urban area by a multiplicity of people for a multiplicity of purposes has led to an inefficient, disorganized utilization of resources for data handling. Until recently, most of the information collected has been gathered by a specific group for a specific purpose. This information was not usable by other than the primary data recipient because of its narrow definitions and specific characteristics. This project provides a system whereby data that is collected only once is usable by all segments of the urban environment. Universally compatible definitions, aggregation unit, and procedures are developed. Computer programs are developed to handle the data for the system. The data system, Environmental Data Storage and Retrieval System (EDSARS), will make a useful tool for all segments of the urban environment by putting all generally usable data in one place with one set of definitions and aggregated on one useful module, utilizing one set of data handling procedures. The basic unit of data collection was established on a parcel basis, thereby providing a high degree of flexibility in data aggregation. The conceptual development of information theory as it applies to urban data systems is first explored. The actual conceptual development of EDSARS is explained next, followed by the operational procedures needed to utilize the EDSARS system. An explanation of the computer programs utilized in the operation of EDSARS is discussed in the operations chapter. The actual data definitions, codes and computer program listings are found in the appendices. KW - Computer programs KW - Data banks KW - Data collection KW - Data sharing KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Urban areas KW - West Lafayette (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314489 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454625 AU - Turner, A Keith AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fortran IV Programs to Develop Contour Maps of 3-Dimensional Data : Progress Report PY - 1968/05/09/Progress Report SP - 105p AB - This report describes a series of FORTRAN-IV subroutines used to prepare graphical displays of three-dimensional data using either the printer or the CALCOMP plotter. KW - Computer programs KW - Contour maps KW - Digital mapping KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Three dimensional data UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313731 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454613 AU - Fleischman, Edward R AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Impact after Seven Years of a Highway Improvement in a Small City : Progress Report PY - 1968/05/09/Progress Report SP - 187p AB - The purpose of this research was to study the effects of a highway improvement upon an urban area. The improvement investigated was the William Henry Harrison Memorial Bridge (U.S. 251) across the Wabash River connecting Lafayette and West Lafayette, Indiana and its approach facilities. Traffic patterns, accidents, land uses, land values, and development of the area near the facility were studied . Traffic patterns and accidents were analyzed for periods before and after the Bridge opened. The original savings in travel time when the Bridge was constructed in 1960 for the street system near the Harrison Bridge and on Union Street and Salem Street remained in 1967 even though traffic volumes increased. Accidents have increased on streets that were upgraded in use and thus had increases in traffic volumes due to the new bridge. The land use study showed major changes in land use had occurred east of North River Road in the West Lafayette land use study area. Many multiple dwellings north of the Bridge and several commercial structures south of the Bridge have been built. Changes in land use also occurred in the Lafayette study area. Several parcels of land which contained residential buildings arc now occupied by commercial structures. Assessed value of property in the land use study area showed an increase between 1959 and 1967 even though a large amount of land and improvements were taken for right of way for the Bridge. A study of specific parcels in the area near the Bridge showed that substantial increases in land value occurred when a land use change in the parcel took place. KW - Before and after studies KW - Case studies KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Land use KW - Urban areas KW - West Lafayette (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313732 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104928 AU - Bass, George W AU - Cryer, Marrion M AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Correlation of Rapid Hydrometer Analysis for Select Materials to Existing Procedure LDH-TR-407-66 PY - 1968/05//Final Report SP - 22p AB - Conditions arise during construction of bases with Portland cement stabilized soils which require close programming of work. Therefore, time is of significant importance. That is the objective of this report; to evaluate a method by which considerable savings in time can be made. Under accepted procedures for issuing cement contents to the project engineer, a maximum of 2-1/2 days can elapse before laboratory testing is completed. However, utilizing the tentative rapid hydrometer test investigated in this report, this maximum time can be reduced to 24 hours with no detrimental affect on the accuracy of the results. This report contains the laboratory results and statistical evaluation of a rapid hydrometer analysis as compared to L.D.H. TR 407-66, Method of Test for Mechanical Analysis of Soils. After a statistical analysis of the results obtained from 180 samples run by three separate laboratories, it has been determined that the accuracy and repeatability of the rapid method is at least equal to the conventional test. Therefore, it is possible to replace TR 407 with the rapid method for soils with plasticity indices less than 15. In view of the fact that sufficient samples have been run to statistically prove that it is possible to interchange the two tests, it is recommended that the Department consider the adoption of the rapid method as a valid test. It is further recommended that each laboratory run a series of soils from their respective districts to ascertain if the soils react in an acceptable manner and personnel are sufficiently consistent to perform the rapid method satisfactorily. Each laboratory that can complete this series, obtaining results equal to the conventional test, should then be able to interchange the two tests for select materials without difficulty. KW - Cement content KW - Hydrometers KW - Laboratory tests KW - Plasticity KW - Portland cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Soils UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2006/old_reports/Report%20029.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219708 AU - Hemion, R H AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECT OF HEADLIGHT GLARE ON VEHICLE CONTROL AND DETECTION OF HIGHWAY VISION TARGETS PY - 1968/05 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Control KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Distance KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Measurement KW - Night visibility KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218025 AU - Fletchall, O H AU - Kerr, H AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - JOHNSON GRASS CONTROL AND ERADICATION PY - 1968/05 AB - THE SUMMARY AND DATA COLLECTED IN A SERIES OF TESTS MADE DURING 1966 AND 1967 ON THE CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF JOHNSONGRASS ARE PRESENTED. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT A NEW EXPERIMENTAL CHEMICAL, CP 49814, HAS SYSTEMIC PROPERTIES AND IT MAY BE EFFECTIVE IN CONTROLLING JOHNSONGRASS. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS INDICATE THAT MORNING APPLICATIONS OF DALAPON ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN THOSE MADE AT OTHER TIMES OF THE DAY. MONURON WAS CONSIDERED SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHER SOIL STERILANTS TESTED. OF THE FIVE GRASS SPECIES USED IN THE EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE GRASSES THAT WOULD BE RESISTANT TO CHEMICALS APPLIED TO ERADICATE JOHNSONGRASS, THE RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT TALL FESCUE SHOWED THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF TOLERANCE TO DSMA (DISODIUM METHANEARSONATE). /BPR/ KW - Chemicals KW - Control KW - Grasses KW - Soil sterilants KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218019 AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MAINTENANCE REPORTING SYSTEM-REPORT NO 3 PY - 1968/05 AB - ONE PHASE OF THE COMPREHENSIVE LOUISIANA MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STUDY IS PRESENTED. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PHASE WAS TO DEVELOP AND TEST A MAINTENANCE REPORTING SYSTEM WHICH WAS COMPATIBLE WITH EXISTING FISCAL REQUIREMENTS AND WHICH PROVIDED MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND CONTROL OF THE DEPARTMENT'S HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES. THE TERM REPORTING SYSTEM HAS BEEN DEFINED AS INCLUDING TWO CLOSELY RELATED ACTIVITIES. THE FIRST - WORK REPORTING - IS THE MEANS WHEREBY FIELD PERSONNEL REPORT WHAT THEY HAVE DONE, WHERE THEY DID IT, WHAT RESOURCES WERE USED, AND HOW MUCH WORK WAS ACCOMPLISHED. THE SECOND ELEMENT - PERFORMANCE REPORTING - IS THE MEANS WHEREBY FIELD DATA IS PROCESSED, SUMMARIZED AND DISSEMINATED TO MAINTENANCE MANAGERS AND OTHERS WITH A NEED FOR INFORMATION. CHAPTER ONE OF THE REPORT SETS FORTH BASIC CRITERIA FOR MAINTENANCE REPORTING. THESE WERE DETERMINED FROM (1) ANALYSIS OF MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS, (2) REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT FISCAL ACCOUNTING AND (3) INFORMATION REQUIRED BY MAINTENANCE MANAGERS TO PLAN, ORGANIZE, DIRECT AND CONTROL MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS EFFECTIVELY. CHAPTER TWO PRESENTS AN EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE REPORTING IN LOUISIANA PRIOR TO THE RESEARCH STUDY. IT INCLUDES ANALYSIS OF WORK FUNCTION DEFINITIONS, REPORTING PROCEDURES, DATA PROCESSING, REPORTS AND AN EVALUATION OF THE ACCURACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS REPORTING. CHAPTER THREE DOCUMENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PROCEDURE FOR WORK REPORTING. THIS INCLUDED THE INITIAL PILOT TESTING OF NEW CONCEPTS AND THE CONTINUING COOPERATIVE EFFORT BY THE ACCOUNTING SECTION AND THE MAINTENANCE SECTION IN DEVELOPING NEW CONCEPTS, FORMS AND PROCEDURES. IN CHAPTER FOUR, THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEANINGFUL PERFORMANCE REPORTING IS DISCUSSED. SUMMARY REPORTS DEVELOPED TO MEET THE NEEDS OF MAINTENANCE MANAGERS ARE DESCRIBED. THERE IS ALSO DISCUSSION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, DATA PROCESSING AND NEW FORMATS FOR OUTPUT REPORTS. THE NEW MAINTENANCE REPORTING SYSTEM WAS IMPLEMENTED STATEWIDE ON JUNE 28, 1967. CHAPTER FIVE DESCRIBES THE ORIENTATION AND TRAINING PROCESSES UNDERTAKEN, AND REVIEWS SOME OF THE PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES THAT WERE ENCOUNTERED. A SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS OF THIS PHASE OF THE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STUDY IS PRESENTED IN CHAPTER SIX. /BPR/ KW - Computer programming KW - Control systems KW - Highway maintenance KW - Information processing KW - Labor KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Performance KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Work UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206343 AU - Lee, A AU - Chow, C H AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STATEWIDE INVESTIGATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1968/05 AB - THIS FINAL REPORT ON THE MARYLAND STATEWIDE INVESTIGATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS DESCRIBES THE REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF ALL DEFLECTION DATA OBTAINED IN THE PAST THIRTEEN YEARS. THE DATA COLLECTED FOR EVALUATION INCLUDES THAT COLLECTED ON THE 7 PRIMARY HIGHWAYS OF THE LONG-TERM STUDY AND 142 NEW PROJECTS FIRST TESTED SOON AFTER THEIR COMPLETION. CORRELATIONS WERE MADE BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND THE FOLLOWING VARIABLES: (1) TEST LOCATION, (2) SEASONAL CHANGES, (3) PAVEMENT AGE, (4) PAVED SHOULDER, (5) SUBGRADE SOIL TYPE, (6) PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL VALUE, AND (7) RESURFACING THICKNESS. IN ADDITION, A PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERION BASED ON DEFLECTION AND CURVATURE WAS PROPOSED AND ANALYZED. SOME CONCLUSIONS MADE ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) THE INCREASE IN DEFLECTION AT THE OUTER WHEEL PATH RELATIVE TO THE INNER WHEEL PATH IS AFFECTED BY THE SUBGRADE SOIL TYPE, (2) THE DEFLECTION DOES NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE AS THE PAVEMENT GRADUALLY DETERIORATES OR WHEN A PAVEMENT REACHES THE POINT WHERE IT REQUIRES RESURFACING, (3) THE TYPE OF PAVED SHOULDERS CURRENTLY USED IN MARYLAND DOES NOT AFFECT THE DEFLECTION AT THE OUTER WHEEL PATH RELATIVE TO THE INNER WHEEL PATH, (4) THE DEFLECTION SEEMS TO BE A FUNCTION OF THE STRUCTURAL VALUE OF THE PAVEMENT ON SUBGRADE SOILS OF EQUAL BEARING VALUE, AND (5) THE PERCENT REDUCTION IN DEFLECTION FROM RESURFACING VARIES WITH THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DEFLECTION, SMALLEST AT LOW DEFLECTION AND LARGEST AT HIGH DEFLECTION. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO REPRESENT THE DEFLECTION PROFILE IS SELECTED AND PRESENTED. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE COMPUTED FROM THE MODEL DIVIDED BY THE DEFLECTION MAY BE CONSIDERED AS A CRITERION FOR EVALUATING PAVEMENT STRENGTH AND PERFORMANCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Age KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing values KW - Curvature KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Radius KW - Radius of curvature KW - Resurfacing KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Subgrade materials KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207878 AU - Latona, R W AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OPTIMIZATION OF SPAN ARRANGEMENT FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1968/05 AB - A PROCEDURE FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF SPAN ARRANGEMENT FOR CONCRETE DECK AND STEEL STRINGER HIGHWAY BRIDGES HAS BEEN DEVELOPED IN THIS REPORT. THE PHYSICAL PROBLEM OF SPAN ARRANGEMENT DETERMINATION IS STATED AS A COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEM WHICH CANNOT BE SOLVED BY KNOWN TECHNIQUES. BY REDEFINING VARIABLES, MAKING APPROXIAMTIONS BASED ON STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR, AND ITERATING TO REINFORCE THE APPROXIMATIONS, THE SOLUTION TO THE COMPLEX PROBLEM IS OBTAINED BY SEARCHING THE OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS OF A NUMBER OF SIMPLER LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS. THE STATIONS OF THE LINES OF SUPPORT, THE ANGLES THE LINES OF SUPPORT MAKE WITH A REFERENCE LINE, THE NUMBER OF SPANS, AND THE NUMBER OF GIRDERS ARE CONSIDERED AS THE DESIGN VARIABLES. THE MAIN CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS ARE THAT THE LINES OF SUPPORT MUST BE WITHIN CERTAIN SPECIFIED REGIONS AS DICTATED BY THE BRIDGE SITE. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO MINIMIZE A BRIDGE COST BASED ON THE VOLUME OF SUPERSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS, AND A COST PER UNIT LENGTH OF BRIDGE. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN APPROXIMATIONS ARE INTRODUCED TO REDUCE COMPUTATIONAL EFFORT, BUT THE OPTION OF A MORE VIGOROUS ANALYSIS IS INCLUDED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Approximation (Mathematics) KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Economics KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Steel KW - Stringers KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203359 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK OF HIGHWAY SAFETY DESIGN AND OPERATING PRACTICES PY - 1968/05 AB - THIS HANDBOOK CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A VISUAL BRIDGE BETWEEN WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT IS BEING DONE TO BUILD AND OPERATE A SAFER STREET AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM. BY ILLUSTRATIONS AND A MINIMUM OF NARRATIVE, KNOWN SOLUTIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR A WIDE VARIETY OF DESIGN AND OPERATING CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CURRENT HIGHWAY HAZARDS. THE SUBJECT MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS INITIAL ISSUANCE DEALS WITH DESIGN AND OPERATING PROBLEMS COMMONLY FOUND ON SUPERIOR HIGHWAY FACILITIES. GUIDELINES FOR THE RELIEF OF OTHER HAZARDS ON THESE AND OTHER HIGHWAYS WILL BE ISSUED IN THE FUTURE THROUGH LOOSE LEAF ADDITIONS TO THIS HANDBOOK. THE HANDBOOK IS INTENDED TO SERVE ALL JURISDICTIONS OF GOVERNMENT. THE FORMAT AND CIRCULATION IS DESIGNED TO ATTRACT THE ATTENTION OF THOSE MAKING ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL DECISIONS THAT AFFECT STREET AND HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Administration KW - Graphic arts KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Hazards KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Operations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218023 AU - Bartlett Tree Expert Company AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STREET TREE STUDY FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PY - 1968/05 AB - A SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT TREE GROWTH ALONG CITY STREETS. DATA IS PRESENTED ON THE CLIMATIC, EDAPHIC, BIOTIC AND MAN-MADE FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE SHADE TREE PLANTING AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM. IMPORTANT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADEQUATE MAINTENANCE ARE (1) ESTABLISH A REALISTIC TREE REMOVAL POLICY AND PROGRAM, (2) DEVELOP AN APPROPRIATE PRUNING PROGRAM, (3) DEVELOP A REALISTIC PROGRAM FOR CONTROL OF INSECTS AND DISEASES, (4) FEED, AERATE AND WATER TREES WHEN NECESSARY, AND (5) CONTROL SOIL ACIDITY/ALKALINITY. A MAINTENANCE PROGRAM SHOULD BE BASED ON A COMPREHENSIVE STREET TREE CENSUS AND CONTINUING INVENTORY. THE DETERMINATION OF PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS IS AN IMPORTANT FACET OF PROPER CARE. TO CONTRIBUTE TO DESIRABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN THE NATION'S CAPITAL, AN APPROPRIATE TREE PLANTING PROGRAM SHOULD BE FORMULATED. SPECIFIC PROPOSALS ARE (1) TO DEVELOP A MASTER PLAN FOR THE ENTIRE DISTRICT, (2) SELECT APPROPRIATE SPECIES, (3) CHOOSE PROPER SPACING, (4) PLANT TREES IN THE PARKING SPACES WHERE FEASIBLE, (5) USE HIGH QUALITY STOCK GROWN BY NURSERYMEN OF RECOGNIZED COMPETENCE, AND (6) FOLLOW RIGID SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPLANTING. THE APPENDIX INCLUDES A LIST OF RECOMMENDED TREES WITH GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND A DESCRIPTION OF DESIRABLE TRAITS AND OBJECTIONABLE FEATURES FOR EACH SPECIES. A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM IS PROPOSED FOR ALERTING THE ATTENTION OF THE CITIZENS TO THE VALUE OF STREET TREES. /BPR/ KW - Environmental impacts KW - Information dissemination KW - Maintenance KW - Planting KW - Spacing KW - Streets KW - Trees KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222564 AU - Ferguson, W S AU - Cook, K E AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A THEORY OF MOTIVATION PY - 1968/05 AB - INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED WITH HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS TO OBTAIN OPINIONS CONCERNING THE REASON PEOPLE DRIVE AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DRIVER EDUCATION. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT MOST STUDENTS EXPRESSED THEIR PRIMARY REASONS FOR WANTING TO DRIVE WERE NOT RATIONAL TRANSPORTATION MOTIVES, AND THAT STUDENTS FELT DRIVER EDUCATION COURSES ARE OF VALUE FOR TEACHING SKILLS BUT NOT FOR CHANGING ATTITUDES. /BPR/ KW - Attitudes KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Motivation KW - Studies KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207874 AU - Kelly, J M AU - Tseng, W AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OBLIQUE IMPACT ON RIGID-PLASTIC BEAM-SUPPORT SYSTEM PY - 1968/05 AB - THE OBLIQUE IMPACT IS ANALYZED OF A MOVING DEFORMABLE MASS ON A BEAM LATERALLY SUPPORTED BY SOME KIND OF ENERGY ABSORBING MATERIAL. THE PROBLEM IS CONSIDERED TO BE A MODEL OF THE COLLISION OF AN AUTOMOBILE WITH A HIGHWAY PROTECTIVE SYSTEM. THE PROBLEM IS IDEALIZED BY ASSUMING THE BEAM TO BE RIGID-PERFECTLY PLASTIC AND BACKED BY A RIGID-PERFECTLY PLASTIC SUPPORT MATERIAL. THE IMPACTING MASS IS TAKEN AS RIGID-PERFECTLY PLASTIC IN THAT IT CAN SUSTAIN ONLY A LIMITED FORCE IN CONTACT WITH THE BARRIER. THE SOLUTION INCLUDES THE DETERMINATION OF THE CONTACT FORCE BETWEEN MASS AND BARRIER AND INCLUDES VARIABLE MASS VELOCITY PARALLEL TO THE BARRIER AND ALSO INCLUDES CONVECTIVE TERMS WHICH ARISE OUT OF THE RATE OF CHANGE OF SLOPE OF THE BEAM AT THE POINT OF CONTACT OF BEAM AND MASS. INCLUSION OF THIS TERM ALLOWS THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPEED AND ANGLE OF THE VEHICLE AS IT LEAVES THE DEFORMED BARRIER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Angle of incidence KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Beams KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Obliquity angle KW - Plasticity KW - Rigid KW - Stiffness KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204617 AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF VEGETATION (PHASE I) PY - 1968/05 AB - ROADSIDE VEGETATION STUDIES, SPECIES EVALUATIONS, FERTILITY AND LIMING REQUIREMENTS, MULCHING METHODS AND MATERIALS AND MISCELLANEOUS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS FINAL REPORT. BAHIAGRASS WAS BEST ADAPTED FOR THE SOUTHERN HALF OF MISSISSIPPI AND TALL FESCUE WAS WELL ADAPTED FOR THE NORTHERN ONE-THIRD OF THE STATE. WEEPING LOVEGRASS WAS SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED IN ALL PARTS OF THE STATE AND IS USEFUL ON AREAS WHERE MOWING IS LIMITED. BERMUDAGRASS IS ADAPTED TO THE DELTA REGION AND OTHER AREAS OF HIGH FERTILITY. NITROGEN IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A BERMUDAGRASS STAND. A MIXTURE OF SLOW AND FAST RELEASE SOURCES OF NITROGEN WAS THE MOST EFFICIENT AND PROVIDED NUTRITION FOR A LONGER PERIOD. LIME APPLICATIONS INCORPORATED INTO THE SOIL PRIOR TO PLANTING PRODUCED BETTER GROWTH THAN APPLICATIONS PLACED ON THE SURFACE. MULCH STUDIES PRODUCED VARIABLE RESULTS, DEPENDING ON LOCATION AND WEATHER CONDITIONS. A QUICKER COVER USUALLY DEVELOPED BENEATH THE LIGHTER APPLICATIONS OF MULCH BUT AT HEAVIER RATES EROSION WAS MORE EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED. WEED GROWTH WAS MORE PREVALENT WHEN HAY AND STRAW MULCHES WERE USED. THE DENSITY OF WEEPING LOVEGRASS STANDS WAS DECREASED IF MOWED MORE THAN ONE TIME PER GROWING SEASON. ADDING NITROGEN AFTER MOWING SEEMED TO DETER THE RECOVERY. /BPR/ KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Landscape design KW - Liming of soils KW - Mulching KW - Nitrogen KW - Planting KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204618 AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF VEGETATION (PHASE II) PY - 1968/05 AB - THE ESTABLISHMENT, USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF WOODY SPECIES ARE DESCRIBED ALONG MISSISSIPPI ROADSIDES. IN A SURVEY OF PLANTS, 90 SPECIES WERE IDENTIFIED. SEVERAL WERE FOUND TO BE GENERALLY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE STATE AND AN APPRECIABLE NUMBER WERE CONSIDERED TO HAVE SIGNIFICANT VALUE FOR HIGHWAY USE. SEVERAL METHODS OF PROPAGATION WERE TESTED. IT WAS FOUND THAT SUMAC COULD BE ESTABLISHED BY DIRECT SEEDING AND TREATED TERMINAL CUTTINGS GAVE BEST RESULTS FOR SOUTHERN WAXMYRTLE. HARDWOOD CUTTINGS WERE USED TO PROPAGATE JAPANESE ROSE (ROSE MULTIFLORA) AND FRAGRANT HONEYSUCKLE (LONICERA FRANGRANTISSIMA) BY STICKING THE CUTTINGS DIRECTLY INTO THE SLOPES. SURVIVAL OF PLANTINGS IN MEDIAN AREAS WAS HIGHER WHEN THE PLANTS WERE INSTALLED ONE FOOT ABOVE THE BOTTOM OF THE DRAINAGE CHANNEL. BLACK POLYETHYLENE USED AS A MULCH AROUND PLANTS WAS MORE DURABLE THAN PINE-STRAW AND RESULTED IN BETTER PLANT SURVIVAL. A TABULATION LISTING SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS, GROWTH REQUIREMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL ADAPTABILITY FOR ROADSIDE USE IS INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Ethylene resins KW - Mulches KW - Mulching KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Polyethylene KW - Roadside KW - Shrubs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233710 AU - Marks, B D AU - Haliburton, T A AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS, EVALUATION OF COLLECTED DATA 1966-1967 PY - 1968/05 AB - DATA COLLECTED AT FIELD TEST SITES 1-30 DURING THE PERIOD JUNE, 1966 - AUGUST, 1967 ARE EVALUATED, RELATING MEASURED SUBGRADE MOISTURE CHANGES TO SOIL, CLIMATE, AND PAVEMENT CONDITIONS. RELEVANT DATA WERE CODED ON IBM CARDS AND SORTED MECHANICALLY TO OBTAIN INITIAL CORRELATIONS. ENGINEERING JUDGMENT WAS THEN APPLIED TO DEVELOP MORE DETAILED RELATIONSHIPS. CAUSE, EXTENT, AND EFFECT OF SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS ARE DISCUSSED, AS ARE GENERAL TRENDS OBTAINED FROM THE COLLECTED DATA. RESULTS OBTAINED FROM PREVIOUS SUBGRADE MOISTURES STUDIES BY OTHER AGENCIES ARE ALSO PRESENTED. RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION SUBSTANTIATED SOME THEORIES OF MOISTURE MIGRATION AND SHOWED INTERESTING QUANTITATIVE TRENDS. RESEARCH PROCEDURES ARE VERIFIED AND GUIDELINES ARE ESTABLISHED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Capillarity KW - Capillary phenomena KW - Climate KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Punched cards KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237213 AU - Horn, M E AU - Coston, W R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CLAY MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED ARKANSAS COUNTY, ARKANSAS SOILS AND EFFECTS ON THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES- TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 9 PY - 1968/05 AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE MAJOR HORIZONS OF SEVEN PRINCIPAL SOIL SERIES OF ARKANSAS COUNTY, ARKANSAS (DERIVED FROM ALLUVIUM AND LOESS) WERE TESTED AND ANALYZED IN THE LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CATION EXCHANGE RELATIONS, SURFACE AREA, MAXIMUM DENSITY-OPTIMUM MOISTURE, PH, ORGANIC MATTER, KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF CLAY MINERALS, ATTERBERG LIMITS, AMORPHOUS MATERIALS. THE DATA ARE USED TO PROVIDE QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS OF ENGINEERING USAGES AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Cation exchange KW - Clay minerals KW - Engineering soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Mineralogy KW - Organic content KW - Organic content (Soil) KW - Particle size distribution KW - pH value KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Soil properties KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil series KW - Soils KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228632 AU - Smith, T W AU - Smith, R E AU - Cortright, D J AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF THE PORTABLE BOREHOLE DEFLECTOMETER PY - 1968/04 AB - THE BOREHOLE DEFLECTOMETER WAS EVALUATED TO DETERMINE ITS USEFULNESS IN THE RESEARCH STUDY REBOUND IN MATERIALS IN HIGHWAY CUTS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE DEVICE IS SUITABLE FOR DETERMINING MOVEMENTS ALONG WELL DEFINED PLANES WITHIN A SOIL MASS. IT IS LESS CAPABLE IN DETERMINING A GRADUAL DISTRIBUTED MOVEMENT ALONG A BOREHOLE. THIS IS BECAUSE THE DEFLECTOMETER ONLY DETECTS DIFFERENTIAL DEFLECTIONS WITHIN THE LENGTH OF THE MEASURING PROBE AND DOES NOT ACCUMULATE DEFLECTION OVER THE LENGTH OF THE HOLE. THE INSTRUMENT IS ENTIRELY DEPENDENT ON THE RELATIVE MOVEMENTS OF THE PORTIONS OF THE JOINTED PROBE, AND DOES NOT HAVE A MEANS OF EXTERNAL REFERENCE SUCH AS A GRAVITY PENDULUM. IT IS, THEREFORE, INSENSITIVE TO GENERAL ROTATIONAL MOVEMENTS OF THE SOIL MASS IN WHICH THE BOREHOLE IS LOCATED, WHICH A PENDULUM TYPE SUBSURFACE DEVICE COULD DETECT. NEITHER TYPE INSTRUMENT, OF COURSE, CAN DISCERN PLANE TRANSLATORY MOVEMENTS OF THE ENTIRE SOIL MASS. THE DEFLECTOMETER IS WELL CONSTRUCTED, AND SEEMS TO BE SATISFACTORILY STABLE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. HOWEVER, FACILITIES SHOULD BE LOCALLY AVAILABLE TO CALIBRATE THE UNIT AGAINST KNOWN DEFLECTIONS. THE INSTRUMENT IS SOMEWHAT AWKWARD AND CUMBERSOME TO USE IN THE FORM SUPPLIED FOR THIS PROGRAM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Boreholes KW - Calibration KW - Deflection KW - Deflectometers KW - Evaluation KW - Motion KW - Portable equipment KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237216 AU - Horn, M E AU - Coston, W R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CLAY MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED CHICOT COUNTY, ARKANSAS, SOILS AND EFFECTS ON THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES- TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 6 PY - 1968/04 AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE MAJOR HORIZONS OF EIGHT PRINCIPAL SOIL SERIES OF CHICOT COUNTY, ARKANSAS, (DERIVED FROM GENERAL ALLUVIUM AND FROM LOESS) WERE TESTED AND ANALYZED IN THE LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CATION EXCHANGE RELATIONS, SURFACE AREA, MAXIMUM DENSITY- OPTIMUM MOISTURE, PH, ORGANIC MATTER, KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF CLAY MINERAL, ATTERBERG LIMITS, AMORPHOUS MATERIALS. THE DATA ARE USED TO PROVIDE QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS OF ENGINEERING USAGE AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Cation exchange KW - Clay minerals KW - Engineering soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Mineralogy KW - Organic content KW - Organic content /soils/ KW - Particle size distribution KW - pH value KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Soil properties KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil series KW - Soils KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242847 AU - Chaves, J R AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS PY - 1968/04 AB - IN 1965 COMPUTER PROGRAMS WERE WRITTEN IN FORTRAN II FOR CONVERTING GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES TO STATE PLANE COORDINATES OR THE INVERSE FOR USE ON THE IBM 1401 (12K) DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM. TWO SEPARATE PROGRAMS WERE NEEDED FOR THE TRANSFORMATIONS BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED CORE STORAGE AVAILABLE. ONE PROGRAM PERFORMED THE FORWARD AND INVERSE COMPUTATIONS FOR THE LAMBERT CONFORMAL PROJECTION AND THE OTHER FOR THE TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION. IN 1967 IT WAS DECIDED TO COMBINE THE TWO PROGRAMS INTO ONE FOR USE WITH THE IBM 360 SYSTEM. THE PRESENT PROGRAM WHICH CONSISTS OF A CALLING PROGRAM AND SIX SUBPROGRAMS HAS BEEN WRITTEN IN FORTRAN IV, AND CAN BE READILY ADOPTED TO OTHER COMPUTER SYSTEMS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer memory KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Conversion KW - Coordinates KW - Digital computers KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Information processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206332 AU - Treybig, H J AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1968/04 AB - THE USE IS DESCRIBED OF THE BENKELMAN BEAM AND THE CURVATURE (BASIN) BEAM ON TEST SECTIONS OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS (CRCP) WHICH WERE EXAMINED IN A PREVIOUS STATEWIDE SURVEY OF TEXAS PAVEMENTS. FIELD DATA AND ASSOCIATED ASSUMPTIONS ARE COMPARED WITH THE RESULTS OF A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS SOLUTION OF A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF A SLAB. THE MODEL WAS THAT DERIVED BY STELZER AND HUDSON IN A DIRECT COMPUTER SOLUTION FOR SLABS ON FOUNDATIONS (ACI JOURNAL, V. 65, NO. 3, MARCH 1968). THE FINDINGS SHOWED GOOD CORRELATIONS BETWEEN QUANTITIES DERIVED FROM FILED MEASUREMENTS AND THOSE CALCULATED. QUANTITIES COMPARED WERE DEFLECTIONS, RADIUS OF CURVATURE, AND MOMENTS. OVERALL CONCLUSIONS WERE THAT THE MODEL ANALYSIS IS REASONABLY RELIABLE BUT THE CALCULATED MOMENTS IN THE SLAB ARE SYSTEMATICALLY GREATER THAN THOSE PREDICTED BY THE BASIN BEAMS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benkelman beam KW - Computer programs KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Field data KW - Field measurements KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Numerical analysis KW - Radius KW - Radius of curvature KW - Slabs KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233709 AU - Haliburton, T A AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS, DATA SUMMARY 1966-1967 PY - 1968/04 AB - ALL DATA COLLECTED AT THE FIRST 30 FIELD TEST SITES DURING THE PERIOD JUNE 1966-AUGUST 1967 ARE PRESENTED. PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION, REDUCTION, AND DISPLAY ARE DESCRIBED AND DISCUSSED BUT NO EVALUATION OF CORRELATION OF COLLECTED DATA IS ATTEMPTED. DATA PRESENTED INCLUDE MEASURED MOISTURE CONDITIONS, SOIL DENSITIES, SOIL PROFILES, TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION RECORDS, SITE DESCRIPTIONS, ROADWAY SECTIONS, PAVEMENT CONDITION RATINGS, AND TRAFFIC COUNTS AT EACH TEST SITE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Data storage KW - Displays KW - Information display systems KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Precipitation KW - Soil densification KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil temperature KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Temperature KW - Traffic counting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218029 AU - Hardesty & Hanover AU - West Virginia State Road Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REPORT ON THE INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ST. MARY'S BRIDGE PY - 1968/04 AB - THE REPORT CONSISTS OF THREE MAIN PARTS: (1) A DESCRIPTION OF THE OBSERVED PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE BRIDGE, (2) A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND LOAD CAPACITY RATING OF THE BRIDGE BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF THE INSPECTION AND ON THE PROVISIONS OF THE 1965 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS, AND (3) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE REPAIR, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF THE BRIDGE. THE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE BRIDGE WAS FOUND TO BE QUITE GOOD. HOWEVER, SOME LOSS OF SECTION FROM RUST IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS WAS NOTED AND SOME MEMBERS WERE FOUND NOT TO BE FUNCTIONING AS DESIGNED. THIS WAS BASED ON VISUAL INSPECTION AND SOME USE OF ULTRASONIC TESTING TECHNIQUES. THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT THE BRIDGE SHOULD BE RATED FOR 8-TON CAPACITY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AASHO 1965 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. THE LIMITING ELEMENTS ARE THE STIFFENING TRUSS MEMBERS AND THE FLOOR SYSTEM OF THE SUSPENSION SPAN. THE RELATIVELY LOW RATING IS PARTLY DUE TO THE DIFFERING REQUIREMENTS FOR LOAD AND ALLOWABLE STRESSES BETWEEN THE PRESENT-DAY AASHO SPECIFICATIONS AND THE SPECIFICATIONS USED IN THE DESIGN OF THE BRIDGE. THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE REPORT INCLUDE THE RETENTION OF THE PRESENTLY IMPOSED 5,500 POUND LOAD LIMIT UNTIL THE CAUSE OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SIMILAR PT. PLEASANT BRIDGE HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED, THE STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF MINOR ELEMENTS OF THE BRIDGE NOTED AS BEING DAMAGED, DETERIORATED OR NON- FUNCTIONING, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PROGRAM OF REGULAR ANNUAL INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE. /BPR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Physical condition KW - Rusting KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203988 AU - Smith, T AU - Weber, W G AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - POSEY CANYON ARCH CULVERT INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1968/04 AB - THE INSTRUMENTATION OF AN 8-FOOT DIAMETER REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT UNDER AN EMBANKMENT 240 FEET IN HEIGHT IS REPORTED. INSTRUMENTS WERE INSTALLED TO PROVIDE FOR MEASUREMENT OF: PRESSURE AT THE CULVERT-SOIL INTERFACE, SOIL PRESSURE WITHIN THE EMBANKMENT, DEFORMATION OF THE CULVERT CROSS-SECTION, AND ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT OF THE CULVERT FOOTING. DATA FROM PERIODIC READINGS OF THE INSTRUMENTATION ARE PRESENTED. THESE DATA ARE NOT ANALYZED IN THIS REPORT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Arches KW - Deformation KW - Earth pressure KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement KW - Reinforced concrete culverts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224886 AU - DUNNET, A AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RAMP CONTROL ON HOLLYWOOD BLVD. AND SUNSET BLVD. ON-RAMPS ONE YEAR'S EXPERIENCE PY - 1968/04 AB - CURRENT TRAFFIC OPERATIONS ARE PRESENTED ON A SECTION OF THE NORTHBOUND HOLLYWOOD FREEWAY AS A RESULT OF CONTROLS BEING EXERCISED AT TWO ENTRANCE RAMPS DURING THE AFTERNOON RUSH PERIOD. ONE OF THE ON-RAMPS IS PHYSICALLY CLOSED TO TRAFFIC DURING THIS PERIOD AND A PERMANENT METERING SYSTEM HAS BEEN INSTALLED ON THE OTHER RAMP. THIS CONTROL SYSTEM HAS BEEN EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING CONGESTION, REDUCING TRAVEL TIMES (ON THE FREEWAY), AND INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF THE STUDY SECTION. /BPR/ KW - Closing KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Metering KW - On ramps KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Peak periods KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233707 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE AND DENSITY CONDITIONS IN COLORADO SUBGRADE SOILS - SECOND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1968/04 AB - AN ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED OF MOISTURE-DENSITY INFORMATION FROM COLORADO AND OTHER AREAS OF THE NATION AND WORLD. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO DEVELOP A BASIS FOR PREDICTING EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE AND DENSITY VALUES OF SUBSURFACE SOILS IN HIGHWAY CUTS AND FILLS. SOIL DENSITY WAS FOUND TO DEPEND ON SO MANY VARIABLES THAT A STRAIGHT-FORWARD APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS WAS IMPOSSIBLE. IT WAS POSSIBLE, HOWEVER, TO DEVELOP A VALID RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL MOISTURE AND PLASTICITY. IT WAS FURTHER DETERMINED THAT IN COLORADO SUBSURFACE SOIL MOISTURE USUALLY REACHES A STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM IN FIVE YEARS OR LESS AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF A HIGHWAY. DRAINAGE CONDITIONS APPEAR TO BE A MAJOR FACTOR INFLUENCING SOIL MOISTURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Drainage KW - Excavations KW - Fills KW - Highways KW - Plasticity KW - Road construction KW - Soil densification KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soil subsurface testing KW - Soil tests KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsoil KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242845 AU - Sherman, G B AU - Anderson, R A AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL IN A HIGHWAY RESEARCH LIBRARY PY - 1968/04 AB - A DOCUMENT STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM IN THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS, MATERIALS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT LIBRARY IS DESCRIBED. THE SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED AND INSTALLED AS PART OF A RESEARCH PROJECT WHOSE OBJECTIVES WERE TO EVALUATE A CONCEPT-COORDINATED DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL AND STORAGE SYSTEM FOR INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY PRODUCED DOCUMENTS, UTILIZING THE WORK OF THE HIGHWAY RESEARCH INFORMATION SERVICE OF THE HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD. THE HRIS LIST OF AUTHORIZED TERMS HAS BEEN ADOPTED FOR INDEXING, AND AN OPTICAL COINCIDENCE RETRIEVAL METHOD HAS BEEN INSTALLED. INPUT, STORAGE, SEARCHING AND OUTPUT OPERATIONS ARE DESCRIBED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THIS SYSTEM IS FEASIBLE AND ECONOMICAL IN THIS APPLICATION. /BPR/ KW - Data storage KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201617 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Government Printing Office TI - THE ROLE OF THIRD STRUCTURE TAXES IN THE HIGHWAY USER TAX FAMILY PY - 1968/04 AB - 'THIRD-STRUCTURE TAXES' AND THEIR ROLE IN THE HIGHWAY/USER TAX FAMILY ARE DISCUSSED. THE HIGHWAY-USER TAX FAMILY CONSISTS OF THOSE CHARGES APPLYING ONLY TO THE OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF MOTOR VEHICLES AS DISTINGUISHED FROM MORE GENERAL TAXES OR REGULATORY FEES WHICH APPLY ONLY INCIDENTALLY TO SUCH OWNERS OR OPERATORS AS, E. G., A GENERAL PROPERTY OR SALES TAX, OR PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION REGULATORY CHARGES. THE PATRIARCH OF THIS FAMILY OF TAXES IS THE REGISTRATION FEE. VARIOUS ADDITIONS HAVE BEEN MADE TO THE USER TAX FAMILY THROUGH THE YEARS. AMONG THESE ARE GROSS RECEIPTS TAXES AND MILEAGE TAXES OF VARIOUS KINDS - SUCH AS TON-MILE, WEIGHT-MILE AND AXLE-MILE TAXES. THESE NEWER GENERATION TAXES FREQUENTLY ARE REFERRED TO AS THIRD- STRUCTURE TAXES TO DISTINGUISH THEM FROM THE OLDER REGISTRATION FEE (FIRST STRUCTURE) AND MOTOR-FUELS TAX (SECOND STRUCTURE). THE SIX CHAPTERS OF THE STUDY CONSIST OF DISCUSSION OF THE TAX PHILOSOPHY, EVOLUTION OF TAXES FROM THE ORIGINAL REGISTRATION FEES, AND A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES OF THE THIRD-STRUCTURE TAXES. FOUR APPENDIXES INCLUDE THE TABULATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE RETURNS, MAPS OF TAX APPLICATIONS, CASE STUDIES OF TAXES BY STATES AND COMPARISONS OF SELECTED DATA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axles KW - Case studies KW - Highway user taxation KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration fees KW - Tax receipts KW - Ton miles KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203981 AU - Craig, G S AU - Collins, D L AU - Wilson, J F AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDY OF FOOD HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS IN WYOMING PY - 1968/04 AB - AN ASSESSMENT IS PRESENTED OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE RESULTS TO DATA ARE LEADING TO SUCCESS IN MEETING THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF DEFINING FLOOD PEAKS FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS, DEFINING THE CHARACTERISTICS SHAPE OF FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS IN RELATION TO PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIN, AND OF DEVELOPING THE EFFECT OF HYDROGRAPH SHAPE UPON THE DEGREE OF REDUCTION OF CULVERT CAPACITY TO BE MADE FEASIBLE BY STORAGE OF WATER IN THE POND UPSTREAM FROM THE HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT. THE DIMENSIONLESS HYDROGRAPHS DEVELOPED TO DATE REQUIRED USE OF ALL THE AVAILABLE DATA. THEREFORE CONFIRMATION MUST BE MADE WITH FUTURE FLOOD DATA AND NO CONCLUSIONS ARE STATED IN THE REPORT. AT PRESENT, WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED AS PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE SHAPE OF THE HYDROGRAPH. /BPR/ KW - Capacity KW - Culverts KW - Drainage basins KW - Flood hydrographs KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98909 ER - TY - SER AN - 00240486 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Stein, M M AU - Yasnowsky, J AU - Thiel, F I AU - Horwitz, M R TI - HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE LOCATIONS FOR CHURCHES: A PILOT STUDY IN WASHINGTON, D.C. PY - 1968/04 AB - THE OPTIMAL USE OF THE HIGHLY VALUED LAND IN THE VICINITY OF HIGHWAY INTERCHANGES HAS BEEN A SUBJECT FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION FOR MANY YEARS. THE PILOT STUDY DESCRIBED IN THIS ARTICLE SOUGHT TO PROVIDE SOME INSIGHT INTO WHETHER CHURCHES AND SIMILAR SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ARE AMONG THOSE LAND USES THAT CAN PROFIT FROM AN INTERCHANGE LOCATION AND IN TURN CONTRIBUTE TO THE EFFICIENT AND ORDERLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERCHANGE AREA. THE SCOPE OF THE PILOT STUDY WAS LIMITED TO LEARNING THE ATTITUDES TOWARD INTERCHANGES OF CHURCH SPOKESMEN IN THE WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA AND TO DETERMINING THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF PREVIOUS RELEVANT RESEARCH. INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED BY CONDUCTING A LITERATURE SEARCH, IN INTERVIEWING SPOKESMEN FOR 35 OF THE 36 CHURCHES LOCATED AT INTERCHANGES ALONG THE CAPITAL BELTWAY, 1-495, AND BY INTERVIEWING SEVERAL CHURCH LOCATION PLANNERS WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SELECTING SUITABLE SITES FOR FUTURE CHURCH BUILDINGS. FROM THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY IT IS SUGGESTED THAT CHURCHES OFTEN CAN BENEFIT FROM INTERCHANGE LOCATIONS. INTERCHANGE AREAS MIGHT BE MORE APPROPRIATE FOR CHURCHES IN WHICH THE MEMBERS RESIDE SOME DISTANCE AWAY THAN FOR THOSE CHURCHES IN WHICH THE MEMBERS RESIDE IN THE IMMEDIATE NEIGHBORHOOD. CHURCH LOCATION PLANNERS GENERALLY FAVORED SITES NEAR INTERCHANGES BECAUSE OF TWO IMPORTANT INTERCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS - VISIBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY. THOSE PLANNERS WHO DID NOT FAVOR INTERCHANGE LOCATIONS FELT THAT LAND COSTS WERE TOO HIGH OR THAT IT WAS MORE IMPORTANT TO BE LOCATED IN THE CENTER OF A RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefits KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Interviewing KW - Land use KW - Location KW - Public opinion KW - Religion KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/130569 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225205 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Schulman, L L TI - PARKING AS AN ELEMENT WITHIN THE COMPREHENSIVE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS PY - 1968/04 AB - PARKING EXERTS A QUALIFYING CONTROL ON THE PROPOSAL OF ANY FUTURE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, AND SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN ITS PROPER PERSPECTIVE IN THE PRESENT COMPREHENSIVE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS. CARS DESTINED TO AN AREA MUST BE PARKED BEFORE THE TRIP PURPOSE CAN BE FULFILLED. IF DEMAND FOR PARKING EXCEEDS AVAILABLE SUPPLY, ADJUSTMENTS MUST BE MADE AMONG THE PLANNED ROADWAY SYSTEM, THE PLANNED TRANSIT SYSTEM, AND THE PLANNED PARKING PROGRAM. THE AUTHOR EVALUATES CURRENT STATUS OF PARKING ANALYSIS AND ITS RELATION TO THE COMPREHENSIVE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS, DISCUSSES THE BASIC RELATIONSHIP BEHIND DRIVERS' CHOICES OF PARKING LOCATIONS, AND PROPOSES A NEW PROCEDURE FOR IMPROVING THE PARKING ANALYSIS AND ITS COORDINATION WITHIN THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS. DISCUSSED IN THE NEW PROCEDURES ARE OBJECTIVES OF A PARKING ANALYSIS, DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE, AND USE OF ORIGIN- DESTINATION SURVEY DATA FOR PARKING DEMAND. THE AUTHOR DETAILS A CURRENT PARKING RESEARCH PROJECT TO EVALUATE SOME OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF IMPROVING BOTH THE COORDINATION OF PARKING WITHIN THE COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROCESS AND THE GENERAL QUALITY OF THE PARKING ANALYSIS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Availability KW - Data collection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Origin and destination KW - Parking KW - Parking demand KW - Parking studies KW - Public transit KW - Relationships KW - Studies KW - Supply KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel KW - Trip KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237215 AU - Horn, M E AU - Coston, W R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CLAY MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED GREENE COUNTY, ARKANSAS SOILS AND EFFECTS ON THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES- TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 8 PY - 1968/04 AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE MAJOR HORIZONS OF THREE PRINCIPAL SOIL SERIES OF GREENE COUNTY, ARKANSAS (DERIVED FROM LOESS, ALLUVIUM AND REWORKED LOESS) WERE TESTED AND ANALYZED IN THE LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CATION EXCHANGE RELATIONS, SURFACE AREA, MAXIMUM DENSITY- OPTIMUM, PH, ORGANIC MATTER, KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF CLAY MINERALS, ATTERBERG LIMITS, AMORPHOUS MATERIALS. THE DATA ARE USED TO PROVIDE QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS OF ENGINEERING USAGE AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Cation exchange KW - Clay minerals KW - Engineering soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Mineralogy KW - Organic content KW - Organic content /soils/ KW - Particle size distribution KW - pH value KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Soil properties KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil series KW - Soils KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237214 AU - Horn, M E AU - Coston, W R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CLAY MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED MISSISSIPPI COUNTY, ARKANSAS SOILS AND EFFECTS OF THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES - TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1968/04 AB - REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF THE MAJOR HORIZONS OF TEN PRINCIPAL SOIL SERIES OF MISSISSIPPI COUNTY, ARKANSAS, (DERIVED FROM ALLUVIUM) WERE TESTED AND ANALYZED IN THE LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CATION EXCHANGE RELATIONS, SURFACE AREA, MAXIMUM DENSITY-OPTIMUM MOISTURE, PH, ORGANIC MATTER, KINDS AND AMOUNTS OF CLAY MINERALS, ATTERBERG LIMITS, AMORPHOUS MATERIALS. THE DATA ARE USED TO PROVIDE QUALITATIVE ESTIMATES AND EXPLANATIONS OF ENGINEERING USAGES AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS. /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Cation exchange KW - Clay minerals KW - Engineering soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Mineralogy KW - Organic content KW - Organic content (Soil) KW - Particle size distribution KW - pH value KW - Properties of materials KW - Sampling KW - Soil properties KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil series KW - Soils KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215879 AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RESULTS OF FULL-SCALE TESTS ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION BOX-BEAM MEDIAN BARRIER PY - 1968/03/28 AB - TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE ALUMINUM MEDIAN BARRIERS AT FINGAL, ONTARIO, FOR THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. A CHEVROLET IMPACTED THE RAIL AT 60 MPH AND A 25 DEGREE ANGLE. THE CAR WAS NOT REDIRECTED, SNAGGED AND IMPOSED HIGH DECELERATION. GOOD BEAM STRENGTH WAS DEMONSTRATED BUT SNAGGING AT POSTS WAS UNDESIRABLE. AN IMPROVED RAIL POST CONNECTION WAS DEVELOPED AND TESTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA. A FORD CAR IMPACTED THIS RAIL AT 50 MPH AND A 25 DEGREE ANGLE. SEVEN POSTS WERE TESTED WITH NO SNAGGING, AND A MAXIMUM DEFLECTION OF RAIL OF ONLY 3 FT. /BPR/ KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Box beams KW - Crashes KW - Full scale specimens KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Specimens KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214468 AU - Jorgenson, J L AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE STATISTICAL APPROACH TO QUALITY CONTROL IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, PHASE I, MEASURING THE VARIABILITY, PART A- COMPACTED EMBANKMENTS PY - 1968/03/01 AB - THE WORK REPORTS ON MEASUREMENTS OF VARIABILITY OF PERCENT COMPACTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF ACCEPTED EMBANKMENTS ON THREE HIGHWAY GRADING PROJECTS, EACH LOCATED IN A MAJOR GEOLOGICAL AREA OF THE STATE. IN-PLACE RANDOM DENSITY COMPARISONS WERE MADE OF THE WATER BALLOON METHOD, WITH NUCLEAR MOISTURE DENSITY GAGE IN DIRECT TRANSMISSION WITH 6 INCH PROBE PENETRATION AND WITH BACKSCATTER POSITION READINGS OF FLUSH DENSITY, FLUSH MOISTURE CONTENT, TWO-INCH AIR GAP DENSITY AND STANDARD COUNTS FOR MOISTURE AND DENSITY. /BPR/ KW - Backscattering KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Embankments KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear tests KW - Percent compaction KW - Road construction KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228636 AU - Wegner, D E AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF SEATTLE FREEWAY PY - 1968/03 AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY THE STATE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON TO DEVELOP METHODS OF IDENTIFYING CERTAIN PRECONSOLIDATED FINE-GRAINED SOILS, CHARACTERIZED BY HIGHLY UNSTABLE CUT SLOPES. THIS REPORT IS INTENDED TO BE AN AID IN IDENTIFYING THE VARIOUS STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS INTERCEPTED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SEATTLE FREEWAY (PSH ?1). BECAUSE OF THE GREAT LATITUDE OF CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS WITH SOILS ALREADY ENCOUNTERED, AND THE ANTICIPATED PROBLEMS WHICH ARE EXPECTED TO ARISE, IT BECOMES INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT EVERY POSSIBLE SOURCE OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY ASSISTANCE SHOULD BE UTILIZED. TO BEST UTILIZE ALL THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE, A SUMMARY OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE VARIOUS GEOLOGIC UNITS IS NEEDED TO HAVE A MORE COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF THE EXISTING CONDITIONS AND TO DELINEATE AREAS OF CONCERN. THIS REPORT IS OF A GENERAL NATURE, AND DEALS WITH THE VARIOUS GEOLOGIC UNITS ONLY AS THEY APPLY TO FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION. /BPR/ KW - Engineering geology KW - Fine grained soils KW - Freeways KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Glacial deposits KW - Preconsolidation KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Road construction KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215883 AU - Hiss, J G AU - Lambert, J R AU - McCarty, W M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - JOINT SEAL MATERIALS - FINAL REPORT PY - 1968/03 AB - THREE MAJOR EXPERIMENTAL FIELD INSTALLATIONS OF APPROXIMATELY 7 TYPES OF JOINT SEALING MATERIALS WERE USED TO COMPARE AND EVALUATE THE PRODUCTS OF NUMEROUS SEALANT MANUFACTURERS. THE SEALANTS WERE PLACED IN CONTRACTION JOINTS (3/8 X 2 IN.) WHICH WERE FORMED OVER THE SEPARATOR PLATES OF THE PROPRIETARY LOAD TRANSFER DEVICE ASSEMBLIES SPACED ON 61-FT. CENTERS. IN MOST CASES EACH MANUFACTURER FILLED IN AT LEAST 5 JOINTS WITH EACH PARTICULAR PRODUCT. THE JOINT MOVEMENTS, TEMPERATURES AND PERFORMANCE WERE OBSERVED FOR EACH JOINT UNTIL EITHER THE SEALANT FAILED OR CONCLUSIONS COULD BE DRAWN. EACH SEALANT IS DISCUSSED AND VARIOUS MODES OF FAILURE ARE ILLUSTRATED. CONCLUSIONS REACHED ARE THAT PREFORMED NEOPRENE GAVE EXCELLENT SERVICE WHEN PROPERLY INSTALLED. OF THE LIQUIDS, ONE COMPONENT POLYURETHANES, TWO COMPONENT POLYSULFIDE TARS AND TWO COMPONENT POLYSULFIDES WITH EXTENDERS PERFORMED THE BEST. /AUTHOR/ REFERENCES: HIGHWAY RESEARCH RECORD NO. 80, 1965. KW - Contraction joints KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Joint KW - Joint sealers KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Neoprene KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Sealing compounds KW - Sulfides KW - Tar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203143 AU - Shoemaker, N E AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RESEARCH AND DESIGN OF AN IMPACT ABSORBING BARRIER FOR FIXED HIGHWAY OBJECTS PY - 1968/03 AB - CONCEPTUAL STUDIES, ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ARE SUMMARIZED FOR PROVIDING IMPACT ABSORBING BARRIERS AT FIXED ROADSIDE OBJECTS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH IS TO IDENTIFY, ENGINEER, AND DESIGN PROTECTIVE BARRIERS FOR SUBSEQUENT ANALYTICAL EVALUATION AND FULL SCALE TESTING. SUCH BARRIERS ARE INTENDED TO REDUCE INJURIES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE RESULTING FROM UNAVOIDABLE COLLISIONS BETWEEN AUTOMOBILES AND FIXED OBJECTS NEAR THE ROADWAY. TWO BASIC BARRIER CONCEPTS OF A NUMBER INITIALLY PROPOSED WERE SELECTED BY THE BUREAU FOR ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY THE CONTRACTOR. THE FIRST BARRIER CONCEPT WAS THAT OF CONCENTRIC DUCTILE BEAMS FOR APPLICATION TO BRIDGE ABUTMENTS AND PIERS. THE SECOND BARRIER CONCEPT WAS THAT OF A LOW- STRENGTH, LIGHTWEIGHT MASONRY BARRIER FOR APPLICATION ON SIMILAR FIXED ROADSIDE OBJECTS. THE DUCTILE BEAM CONCEPT IS BASED ON THE PROGRESSIVE DEFLECTION AND YIELDING OF CONCENTRIC HORIZONTAL BEAMS SPACED AND ANCHORED AROUND THE FIXED OBJECT AT A TYPICAL VEHICLE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY HEIGHT. IMPACT REACTION FORCES FOR THE PLASTIC YIELDING OF THE ARCHED BEAM ARE PROVIDED BY TENSIONED STEEL CABLES BETWEEN THE OUTER BEAMS AND BETWEEN THE INNER BEAM AND THE FIXED OBJECT. THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE BARRIER HAS BEEN ANALYZED AND AN ENGINEERING DESIGN & DETAILED DRAWINGS HAVE BEEN PREPARED FOR EACH OF THE TWO APPLICATIONS. THE LOW- STRENGTH LIGHTWEIGHT MASONRY BARRIER CONCEPT IS BASED ON THE PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSING AND CRUMBLING OF A MINIMUM DENSITY MASONRY MATERIAL. THE BARRIER IS CONCEIVED TO ABSORB THE ENERGY OF THE COLLIDING VEHICLE BY THE CONTINUOUS CONTROLLED FAILURE OF THE MASONRY MATERIAL. A SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS SUPPLEMENTED BY SOME ELEMENTARY MATERIAL TESTS INDICATES THAT LOW-DENSITY CONCRETE HAS SUITABLE DYNAMIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR IMPACT ABSORPTION. MORE COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND FAILURE CRITERION ARE NEEDED BEFORE SPECIFIC DESIGNS FOR TEST AND EVALUATION ARE ATTEMPTED. TENTATIVE CONFIGURATIONS FOR MASONRY BARRIERS ARE SUGGESTED BASED ON THE LIMITED FINDINGS WHICH COULD BE MADE WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Beams KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Cables KW - Control KW - Ductility KW - Energy absorption KW - Failure KW - Fixed object KW - Impacts KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Low density KW - Masonry construction KW - Protection KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Steel KW - Structural design KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206334 AU - Mcnaughton, E L AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN INTERIM REPORT OF THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER STUDY AS PERFORMED BY THE MAINE STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION PAVEMENT SECTION-BITUMINOUS GROUP PY - 1968/03 AB - PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WHILE USING THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER AND RELATED EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING THE PRESENT SERVICEABILITY OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS ARE DESCRIBED. THE PURPOSE OF THE REPORT IS TO OUTLINE THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER RESEARCH AS A WHOLE, WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON (1) THE USAGE AND PERFORMANCE OF THE DEVICE ITSELF, (2) FIELD TESTING PROCEDURES, (3) DATA COLLECTION AND REFINEMENT AND (4) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN BOTH THE INSTRUMENT AND IN TESTING PROCEDURES. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT THE CHLOE (1) IS A VERY SATISFACTORY INSTRUMENT FOR USE IN THE RESEARCH FIELD, (2) IS EXTREMELY DELICATE AND SENSITIVE, (3) A COMPETENT, CONSCIENTIOUS OPERATOR IS REQUIRED FOR ITS SATISFACTORY OPERATIONS AND (4) IS A HIGHLY MOBILE AND ACCURATE INSTRUMENT FOR DETERMINING THE SERVICEABILITY OF A VARIETY OF PAVEMENTS. /BPR/ KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Profilometers KW - Serviceability KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207873 AU - Davis, R E AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FIELD TESTING OF AN ORTHOTROPIC STEEL DECK PLATE BRIDGE PY - 1968/03 AB - FIELD TESTS ARE DESCRIBED OF AN ORTHOTROPIC, STEEL DECK PLATE BRIDGE NEAR DUBLIN, CALIFORNIA. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BRIDGE, LOADING METHODS EMPLOYED, TRANSDUCER TYPES AND LOCATIONS, RECORDING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT, AND CONSTRUCTION AND FABRICATION PROBLEMS ARE GIVEN. INCLUDED IS A STUDY OF THERMAL STRESSES IN THE STRUCTURE RESULTING FROM DIURNAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS. TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS ARE COMPARED WITH A THEORETICAL TREATMENT, AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND DECK ICING PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED. THE APPENDIX CONTAINS A DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM USED IN THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE BRIDGE. /BPR/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Construction KW - Field tests KW - Icing KW - Metal bridges KW - Orthotropic KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel plates KW - Structural design KW - Thermal stresses KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215899 AU - Vasarhelyi, D D AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF METHODS FOR THE EVALUATION OF STRESS GUSSET PLATES PY - 1968/03 AB - THE RESEARCH WAS DIRECTED TO THE EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN GUSSET PLATES. THE LOADING, INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL GUSSET PLATE, ALTHOUGH REDUCED TO HALF SCALE UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS, IS EXPENSIVE AND A TIME CONSUMING SETUP. THE PHOTOELASTIC TEST MODELS USING BOUNDARY LOADS ARE INEXPENSIVE, TESTS CAN BE PERFORMED WITH COMPARATIVE EASE, CAN BE ADOPTED TO A LARGE NUMBER OF GEOMETRIES AND LOAD CONDITIONS, AND THE USE OF DIFFUSED LIGHT POLARISCOPE WILL FURNISH A USEFUL PATTERN OF THE STRESS FIELD. THE PHOTOELASTIC METHOD IS A COMPLEMENTARY TO MORE ADVANCED, COMPUTERIZED STRESS ANALYSES. THE VARIOUS ANALYTICAL METHODS, INCLUDING THE ELEMENTARY ONE, INDICATE THAT THE MAXIMUMS OF STRESSES FOUND IN A GUSSET ARE ONLY SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT, AND THE MAJOR ERROR BEING IN THE LOCATION OF THOSE MAXIMUMS. THE LOCATION OF THE MAXIMUMS, HOWEVER, ARE OF ONLY SECONDARY IMPORTANCE IN DESIGNING GUSSETS. /BPR/ KW - Gusset plates KW - Information processing KW - Model tests KW - Optical instruments KW - Photoelastic method KW - Photoelasticity KW - Polariscopes KW - Steel plates KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural steel KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215881 AU - Tooke, W R AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HOT MELT TRAFFIC MARKING MATERIALS PY - 1968/02/28 AB - LABORATORY AND HIGHWAY TRANSVERSE-STRIPE TESTING HAS BEEN PERFORMED ON PROPRIETARY, SPECIFICATION-TYPE, AND EXPERIMENTAL COMPOSITIONS OF HOT MELTS. THE RESULTS OF TWO YEARS OF TRANSVERSE-STRIPE TESTS UNDER VERY HEAVY TRAFFIC CONDITIONS HAVE CLEARLY CONFIRMED EARLIER FINDINGS: HOT MELT SERVICE LIFE IS GREATLY SUPERIOR TO TRAFFIC PAINT. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BONDING AGENTS FOR ATTAINING ADHESION TO PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED, CONCLUSIVELY. CONCURRENT LABORATORY RESEARCHES ON THE FIELD- TESTED MATERIALS AND NUMEROUS VARIATIONS PROVIDED INDICATIONS OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF COMPOSITION, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, APPLICATION, AND PERFORMANCE. HOT MELT TRAFFIC STRIPE MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS WERE DRAFTED BASED ON PHYSICAL PROPERTY AND LABORATORY PERFORMANCE TEST CRITERIA. THESE SPECIFICATIONS ARE BELIEVED TO DEFINE THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ART AND TO PROVIDE SUPPLIERS WITH YARDSTICKS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS. HIGHWAY USE OF THERMOPLASTIC LINES MIGHT REMAIN HIGHLY SELECTIVE AS LONG AS IT REPRESENTS MERELY A MORE DURABLE REPLACEMENT FOR TRAFFIC PAINTS. EXPLORATORY EXPERIMENTS HAVE SHOWN THE THERMOPLASTIC LINES CAN BE TEXTURED SO AS TO IMPACT EFFECTIVE DELINEATION UNDER NIGHTTIME CONDITIONS. A COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF HOT THERMOPLASTIC AS COMPARED WITH TRAFFIC PAINTS INDICATED, AT BEST, ONLY MARGINAL EFFECTIVENESS FOR THE HOT THERMOPLASTIC. FOR MOST HIGHWAY USAGE, DEVELOPMENT OF THE WET NIGHT VISIBILITY POTENTIAL WOULD BE NECESSARY TO JUSTIFY ADOPTION OF HOT THERMOPLASTIC STRIPING. /AUTHOR/ KW - Adhesion KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bonding KW - Hot melts KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Transverse traffic markings KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454623 AU - Spangler, Ronald L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Herbicide Combinations for Broad Spectrum Weed Control in Ornamental Plantings : Progress Report PY - 1968/02/15/Progress Report SP - 123p AB - The objectives of this study were to explore the possibilities of combining herbicides to control a broad spectrum of weeds, to control activity for specific periods of time, and to reduce crop toxicity. KW - Herbicides KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Plants KW - Toxicity KW - Vegetation control KW - Weed control UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313729 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454617 AU - Lovell, C W AU - Osborne, Alfred M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility of Cold Weather Earthwork : Technical Paper PY - 1968/02/15 SP - 32p AB - Most earthwork operations are more costly in the cold season than in the warm one. However, the benefits of keeping construction forces and equipment more continuously operative, plus those of advancing the completion date of a modern and more safe facility, may more than compensate for the increase in unit costs. The cold weather earthwork experience of the northern states of the United States, the provinces of Canada, and the Scandinavian countries has been studied in the literature and by brief questionnaires. This effort has served to define, (a) the manner in which the winter weather and soil conditions tend to restrict the length of the construction season, (b) the designs and construction practices which have been employed to cope with the winter conditions, and (c) an estimate of the relative unit costs for various winter operations. The advantages of cold weather earthwork have been defined in a simple linear economic model. An assessment of deterrents and benefits leads to the conclusion that cold weather earthwork is economically, as well as technically, feasible on many highway projects in the frost area of North America. KW - Canada KW - Cold weather construction KW - Earthwork KW - Economic benefits KW - Frozen soils KW - Scandinavia KW - United States KW - Winter UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313728 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219121 ER - TY - SER AN - 00580280 JO - PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, IND ENGINEERING PB - Purdue University AU - Vodrazka, Walter C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBCLASSIFICATION OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM OF INDIANA BASED ON SYNTHESIS OF INTERCITY TRAVEL PY - 1968/02/15/Final Report IS - 2 SP - 232p AB - This research report is concerned with the development of a procedure to select the important highways of the future in Indiana. The principal aims of the study were to subclassify the State Highway System of Indiana and to designate those highways which should be considered for reconstruction to freeway standards. KW - Classification KW - Indiana KW - Roads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314488 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201193 AU - Lowry, P R AU - Summer, H H AU - Cartee, P C AU - Memphis State University, Memphis AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CONTROL OF HIGHWAY SIGNS IN TENNESSEE PY - 1968/02 AB - THIS STUDY DESCRIBES SOME OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT OF 1965 ON LANDOWNERS, MOTELS, MOTEL AND SERVICE STATION CUSTOMERS AND THE STANDARDIZED OUTDOOR ADVERTISING INDUSTRY IN TENNESSEE. LANDOWNERS-- INCOME PER SIGN SITE RENTED RANGED BETWEEN $14 AND $370 DOLLARS ANNUALLY. RENTAL PAYMENTS WERE USUALLY HIGHER IN URBAN AREAS AND ON INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS. TOTAL INCOME TO LANDOWNERS FROM SIGN SITE RENTALS WAS GENERALLY LESS THAN FIVE PERCENT OF THE TOTAL INCOME, MOTELS ARE EXPECTED TO LOSE ABOUT 31 PERCENT OF THEIR SIGNS UNDER STANDARDS FOR OUTDOOR ADVERTISING CONTROL ASSUMED FOR THIS STUDY. THE AUTHORS STATE THAT ACTUAL LOSSES MUST AWAIT FINAL DECISIONS ON THE TYPE AND EXTENT OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING CONTROLS TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN TENNESSEE, MOTEL GUESTS AND SERVICE STATION CUSTOMERS--WERE FOUND TO RELY GREATLY ON HIGHWAY SIGNS TO LOCATE AND SELECT FACILITIES SERVICE STATION CUSTOMERS WOULD BE EQUALLY SATISIFIED WITH OFFICIAL SIGNS WHICH INCLUDED BRAND NAMES. STANDARDIZED OUTDOOR ADVERTISING COMPANIES--WOULD LOSE BETWEEN 60 AND 70 PERCENT OF THEIR SIGNS UNDER A SET OF STANDARDS FOR OUTDOOR ADVERTISING CONTROL ASSUMED FOR STUDY PURPOSES. AVERAGE ANNUAL INCOME FOR A STANDARD POSTER PANEL RANGED FROM $370 IN RURAL AREAS TO $494 DOLLARS IN URBAN AREAS. REPLACEMENT COSTS WERE APPROXIMATELY 2.5 TIMES ANNUAL INCOME. /BPR/ KW - Advertising KW - Beautification KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway user services KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Land KW - Motels KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Ownership KW - Public opinion KW - Tourists KW - Traffic signs KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206339 AU - Hughes, C S AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PHASE C OF PAVEMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STUDIES- EXPERIMENTAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1968/02 AB - THE FIRST EXPERIMENTAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT IN VIRGINIA WAS CONSTRUCTED ON ROUTE 58 NEAR SOUTH BOSTON, AND WAS OPENED TO TRAFFIC IN 1958. SINCE THAT TIME, TWO ADDITIONAL MAJOR EXPERIMENTAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS HAVE BEEN BUILT, ONE ON ROUTE 360 BETWEEN KEYSVILLE AND MEHERRIN, AND THE LATEST ON ROUTE 360--THE KEYSVILLE BYPASS. ALSO, ONE EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT WAS BUILT ON A LIGHT-TRAFFIC PRIMARY--ROUTE 20 NORTH OF BARBOURSVILLE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM IS TO FACILITATE PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS, WITHIN A SINGLE PROJECT, OF SEVERAL PAVEMENT DESIGNS BUILT BY THE SAME CONTRACTOR AND SUBJECTED TO THE SAME TRAFFIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. IN ORDER TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE BACKGROUND OF THIS STUDY, A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PAST PERFORMANCE OF THE FIRST TWO PROJECTS AND A MORE DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THEIR PRESENT PERFORMANCE ARE GIVEN. PROGRESS REPORTS NUMBER ONE AND NUMBER THREE PROVIDE DETAILED INSTALLATION DATA ON THESE TWO PROJECTS. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY AN INSTALLATION REPORT ON THE KEYSVILLE BYPASS PROJECT. A VERY BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE ROUTE 20 PROJECT IS PRESENTED. THE REPORT ALSO INCLUDES THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EQUATION TO ESTIMATE BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS FROM DYNAFLECT TEST RESULTS. THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS ARE REPORTED: (1) SOUTH BOSTON - WHEN RESILIENT SUBGRADES ARE ENCOUNTERED, THE RESILIENCY SHOULD BE COUNTERACTED IN THE LAYER IN WHICH IT EXISTS AND NOT BY STRENGTHENING THE LAYERS ABOVE, (2) KEYSVILLE - MEHERRIN - PAVEMENT HAVING A CEMENT-TREATED CRUSHED STONE SUBBASE PERFORMED BETTER THAN THAT HAVING UNTREATED CRUSHED AGGREGATE SUBBASE, AND SEVEN INCHES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PERFORMED MUCH BETTER THAN 3 INCHES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PLUS 4 INCHES OF CEMENT TREATED AGGREGATE, (3) THE KEYSVILLE BYPASS AND BARBOURSVILLE - PAVEMENTS ARE TOO YOUNG TO PRODUCE IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS, AND (4) TO COMPARE DYNAFLECT TEST RESULTS WITH BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS THE GENERAL EQUATION, BB=27.8 D, MAY BE USED. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Crushed rock KW - Deflection tests KW - Experimental roads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Subbase materials KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207868 AU - Novak, M E AU - Heins, C P AU - Looney, C T AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INDUCED DYNAMICS STRAINS IN BRIDGE STRUCTURES DUE TO RANDOM TRUCK LOADINGS PY - 1968/02 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF MOVING LOAD TESTS ON TWO HIGHWAY BRIDGES IN MARYLAND. BOTH STRUCTURES WERE STEEL STRINGER AND CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGES. STRAINS PRODUCED BY CONTROLLED LOADINGS CAUSED BY A SPECIAL TEST VEHICLE, AS WELL AS STRAINS CAUSED BY COMMERCIAL TRUCK TRAFFIC, WERE MONITORED AND RECORDED. IN CONNECTION WITH A LOADOMETER SURVEY, SELECTED COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WERE WEIGHED AND CLASSIFIED. RESULTS ARE PRESENTED AS STRESS HISTOGRAMS FOR EACH VEHICLE TYPE CLASSIFICATION. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT TYPE 3 TRUCKS (A FRONT AXLE AND A TANDEM REAR AXLE, ALL ON ONE FRAME) PRODUCED THE HIGHEST STRESS RANGES IN BOTH STRUCTURES. THE STRESS RANGES PRODUCED BY ALL COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WERE ALWAYS BELOW THE CALCULATED MAXIMUM DESIGN STRESSES BASED ON THE AASHO BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS. /BPR/ KW - Axle loads KW - Axles KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Concrete KW - Dynamic loads KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Loadometers KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Slabs KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Stringers KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tandem axles KW - Testing KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207869 AU - Sartwell, A D AU - Heins, C P AU - Looney, C T AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A SIMPLE GIRDER SLAB BRIDGE PY - 1968/02 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A COMPARISON OF THE BEHAVIOR OF A STEEL GIRDER AND CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGE WITH A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS. THE BRIDGE WAS INSTRUMENTED WITH STRAIN GAGES AND DEFLECTOMETERS, AND AN HS20 TEST VEHICLE WAS PLACED ON NUMEROUS POSITIONS ON THE BRIDGE WHILE STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS WERE RECORDED. THREE TEST SERIES WERE RUN, INVOLVING 31 TRUCK POSITIONS. THE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS TREATS THE BRIDGE AS A CONTINUOUS ORTHOTROPIC PLATE SUPPORTED BY A SERIES OF FLEXIBLE GIRDERS. TWO TECHNIQUES WERE USED TO SOLVE THE PLATE EQUATION: A SLOPE DEFLECTION TECHNIQUE USING FOURIER SERIES, AND A FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD. AN ALTERNATE THEORETICAL METHOD, WHICH TRANSFORMED THE BRIDGE INTO AN EQUIVALENT ORTHOTROPIC SLAB, WAS ALSO USED. EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS COMPARED WELL, BUT ONLY AFTER THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF CURBS AND PARAPETS WAS INCLUDED IN THE ANALYSIS. /BPR/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Concrete KW - Deflectometers KW - Finite differences KW - Fourier series KW - Girder bridges KW - Orthotropic KW - Slabs KW - Steel KW - Strain gages KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215882 AU - Bigelow, N AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INSULATION OF SUBGRADE - THIRD YEAR SUMMARY PY - 1968/02 AB - AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION WAS CONDUCTED ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STYROFOAM INSULATION IN REDUCING FROST HEAVING OF THE ROADWAY. THERMOCOUPLES WERE USED TO MEASURE TEMPERATURES, NUCLEAR PROBES TO MEASURE SOIL WATER CONTENT, TRANSIT SURVEYS TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF HEAVE OF THE PAVEMENT SURFACE WITH PERIODIC VISUAL INSPECTIONS TO LOCATE CRACKS AND DETERMINE THE CONDITION OF THE PAVEMENT. THE INSULATION WAS PLACED DIRECTLY ON THE SUGBRADE SOILS EXCEPT IN ONE SECTION WHICH WAS UNDERCUT. DATA ARE PRESENTED FROM THE THIRD WINTER OF TESTS. THE FREEZING INDEX FOR THE WINTER WAS 1284, BUT THE TEMPERATURE UNDER THE CENTER OF THE STYROFOAM REMAINED WARMER THAN 32F. DURING THE WINTER MOST OF THE HEAT LOSS BY THE INSULATED SECTIONS WAS AROUND THE EDGES OF THE STYROFOAM BLANKET, BUT IN SUMMER MOST OF THE HEAT ABSORBED PASSED THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE PAVEMENT AND INTO THE SOILS BELOW THE INSULATION. THE THERMAL REGIME OF THE INSULATED SECTIONS WAS PERMANENTLY ALTERED BOTH ABOVE AND BELOW THE INSULATION, BUT THE DATA DO NOT SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE TEMPERATURE OF ANY GIVEN POINT BENEATH THE INSULATION WILL BECOME INCREASINGLY COLDER AND COLDER. THE PAVEMENT OF THE INSULATED SECTIONS WAS SHOWN TO CONTAIN FEWER CRACKS THAN THAT OF THE UNINSULATED SECTIONS. THIS IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE LESSER OVERALL MOVEMENT OF THE SOILS IN THE INSULATED AREAS AS SUPPORTED BY THE SURVEY DATA. KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Freezing KW - Freezing index KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Highway pavement KW - Insulating materials KW - Nuclear applications KW - Nuclear engineering KW - Pavements KW - Plastic foams KW - Soil water KW - Styrofoam KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature measurement KW - Thermocouples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210394 AU - Moore, W M AU - Milberger, L J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EVALUATION OF THE TTI GYRATORY COMPACTOR PY - 1968/02 AB - THE EVALUATION IS DESCRIBED OF A GYRATORY COMPACTOR DEVELOPED BY THE TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE FOR THE SOLE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING SPECIMENS OF HIGH UNIFORMITY FOR REPETITIVE TRIAXIAL TESTING. THE MATERIAL SELECTED FOR USE IN THE EVALUATION WAS A CRUSHED LIMESTONE. IN PRIOR INVESTIGATIONS REPLICATE SPECIMENS MADE FROM THIS LIMESTONE EXHIBITED SOMEWHAT ERRATIC BEHAVIOR. IN FACT, THIS MATERIAL WAS BY FAR THE MOST TROUBLESOME IN THIS RESPECT OF SEVERAL MATERIALS TESTED. NEVERTHELESS, IT IS AN EXCELLENT FLEXIBLE BASE MATERIAL AND WIDELY USED IN THIS STATE. THE EVALUATION OF THE COMPACTOR RESULTED IN AN OPERATING PROCEDURE THAT WILL PRODUCE NEARLY IDENTICAL TEST SPECIMENS OF THIS MATERIAL OVER A WIDE RANGE OF MOISTURE CONTENTS AND DENSITIES. IT WAS FOUND THAT COMPACTED SPECIMENS HAD REPLICATION ERRORS IN DENSITY OF LESS THAN 0.4 PCF, IN MOISTURE CONTENT OF LESS THAN 0.1 PER CENT, AND IN UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF LESS THAN 8 PSI. THE AUTHORS BELIEVE THAT THE OBSERVED REPLICATION ERRORS ARE SMALLER THAN IS NOW POSSIBLE WITH ANY OTHER KNOWN METHOD OF PREPARING SIMILAR SPECIMENS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS FOR TESTING. ALSO, IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE REPLICATION ERRORS ARE OF THE SAME ORDER OF MAGNITUDE AS NOW ACCEPTED IN STANDARD CONCRETE, BRICK, AND WOOD TESTING. EQUATIONS WERE DEVELOPED THAT RELATE THE COMPACTED DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE LIMESTONE SPECIMENS TO THE MOLDING MOISTURE CONTENT AND COMPACTOR VARIABLES. THESE EQUATIONS SHOW THAT TEST SPECIMENS CAN BE PREPARED OVER A WIDE RANGE OF PRESELECTED MOISTURE CONTENTS AND DENSITIES. EXPECTED ERRORS IN THE PRESELECTED MOISTURE CONTENTS AND DENSITIES OF TEST SPECIMENS ARE LESS THAN 0.2 PER CENT FOR MOISTURE CONTENT AND LESS THAN 1.0 PCF FOR DENSITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compaction KW - Compactors KW - Crushed limestone KW - Density KW - Equations KW - Evaluation KW - Gyratory compactors KW - Moisture content KW - Specimens KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210391 AU - Pagen, C A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SIZE AND THERMORHEOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1968/02 AB - A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE INFLUENCE OF THE LENGTH TO DIAMETER RATIO (L/D) OF THE FIELD CORES ON THE ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND THE DYNAMIC AND STATIC RHEOLOGICAL STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SPECIMENS ON THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL LEVEL. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE RATIO OF SAMPLE HEIGHT TO DIAMETER AND THE STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF BITUMINOUS MIXES AT DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL TEMPERATURES. THE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SAMPLES INVESTIGATED WERE PREPARED USING TWO PENETRATION GRADES OF ASPHALT. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE AS TO PRACTICAL MEANS FOR INCORPORATING THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY INTO HIGHWAY TESTING PROCEDURES. TABLES AND CHARTS DEVELOPED FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA ARE PREPARED SO THAT THEY HAVE A DIRECT APPLICATION TO HIGHWAY MATERIAL TESTING PROGRAMS. SUCH DATA IS NEEDED AS THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE ARE SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED BY THE TESTING CONDITIONS UTILIZED. BECAUSE BOTH TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS ARE USED BY HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGISTS, THE L/D CORRECTION CHARTS FOR THE CONVENTIONAL FAILURE TESTS AND NON-FAILURE RHEOLOGIC STRENGTH PARAMETERS EXPERIMENTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR SEVERAL OHIO ASPHALTIC MIXTURES OVER A RANGE OF TEMPERATURES. THE CREEP AND DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ARE EVALUATED AT SMALL DEFORMATIONS OVER A WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE COMPARABLE TO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SERVICE CONDITIONS, WHILE THE DESTRUCTIVE TESTS YIELD VALUES OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND ELASTIC MODULI OF THE MATERIALS OVER A RANGE OF IMPOSED STRAIN AND TEMPERATURES. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Creep KW - Diameter KW - Flexible pavements KW - Height KW - Materials tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pendulum tests KW - Rheology KW - Size KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Thermal properties KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203139 AU - Kelly, J M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VEHICLE-BARRIER IMPACT BY RIGID-PLASTIC ANALYSIS PY - 1968/02 AB - THE IMPACT IS DISCUSSED OF A LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO NORMAL IMPACT BY A MOVING OBJECT. THE PROBLEM MAY BE CONSIDERED TO BE A MODEL OF THE COLLISION OF AN AUTOMOBILE WITH A HIGHWAY BARRIER. THE PROBLEM IS IDEALIZED BY ASSUMING THE BEAM TO BE RIGID PERFECTLY PLASTIC AND CARRIED ON A RIGID PERFECTLY PLASTIC SUPPORT. THE IMPACTING OBJECT IS ALSO TAKEN TO BE RIGID PERFECTLY PLASTIC IN THAT IT CAN SUSTAIN ONLY A LIMITED FORCE IN CONTACT WITH THE BARRIER. SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND FOR A NUMBER OF SPECIFIC EXAMPLES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Beams KW - Crashes KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Plastic analysis KW - Plastic analysis (Structural) KW - Rigid KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242844 AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ELECTRONIC COMPUTER STUDY PY - 1968/02 AB - THE RESEARCH EFFORT OF THE WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS DURING A TEN YEAR PERIOD FROM 1956 TO 1966 IS SUMMARIZED. A DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN OF THE EVOLUTION OF HIGHWAY APPLICATION PROGRAMS FROM THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT PHASE ON THE IBM-650 COMPUTER TO THE MORE ADVANCED IBM-1620 SYSTEM INCLUDING THE CALCOMP LINE PLOTTER. DURING THIS PERIOD THE COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN CONCENTRATED ON THE FOLLOWING AREAS: 1) HIGHWAY ENGINEERING, 2) GEOMETRY, 3) BRIDGE ENGINEERING, 4) TRAFFIC, AND 5) SOIL MECHANICS AND MATERIALS. THE MAJORITY OF PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN FORTRAN II PROGRAMING LANGUAGE. THE COMPLETE LIST OF 140 PROGRAMS IS INCLUDED IN THE REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Bridge engineering KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Geometry KW - Highway engineering KW - Materials KW - Soil mechanics KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206351 AU - Sternberg, F AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EXPERIMENTAL BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT STUDY, RTE. I-84, SOUTHBURY-MIDDLEBURY REPORT 2, ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OBTAINED DURING AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION PY - 1968/02 AB - STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE TO WHAT EXTENT THE FINDINGS OF THE AASHO ROAD TEST APPLIED TO THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND SERVICEABILITY OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN CONNECTICUT. AN ANALYSIS OF DEFLECTION DATA OF INTERSTATE I-84 SHOWS CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE ABILITY OF THE STONE BASE TO DISTRIBUTE 11,400 POUND WHEEL LOADS NOT ONLY BETWEEN THE VARIOUS DESIGNS BUT WITHIN ANY ONE DESIGN ITSELF. THIS VARIATION IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING THE BASE WITH POSSIBLE LACK OF COMPACTION IN AREAS OF THE EMBANKMENT AND GRAVEL SUBBASE CONTRIBUTING TO A LESSER DEGREE. BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE HAS AN INHERENT ABILITY TO INCREASE THE OVERALL STIFFNESS OF THE STRUCTURE. THIS QUALITY SEEMS TO BE UTILIZED IN THE WEAKER PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. PAVEMENT SURFACE DEPTHS, AS ANALYZED FROM THE CORES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS, VARY CONSIDERABLY FROM THE PLUS OR MINUS 0.5 INCH TOLERANCE SPECIFIED. THIS TOLERANCE FROM THE DEFLECTION RESULTS SHOULD PROVIDE A RELIABLE BASIS FOR JUDGING THE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. THE VARIATIONS IN PAVEMENT DEPTH ARE ATTRIBUTED MAINLY TO IRREGULARITY IN THE SURFACE OF THE STONE BASE. RESULTS OF DEFLECTION OBSERVATIONS OVER PLANT-MIXED STONE BASE ON I-95 INDICATED SUCH A MARKED REDUCTION IN UNIFORMITY FROM THOSE OBTAINED OVER THE STONE BASE THAT THE DATA ARE INCLUDED. CONSIDERABLE DEFLECTION AND BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT DATA ARE PRESENTED. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Deflection tests KW - Depth KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Plant mix KW - Serviceability KW - Stiffness KW - Stone KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212027 AU - Torrans, P H AU - Ivey, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE PY - 1968/02 AB - A REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF THE LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT OF AIR ENTRAINING AGENTS WITH A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. /BPR/ KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Bibliographies KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454611 AU - Smith, Thorold G AU - Oppenlander, Joseph C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Economic Model for the Maintenance of Traffic Signals : Technical Paper PY - 1968/01 SP - 68p AB - The purpose of this investigation was to develop a comprehensive traffic signal and flasher maintenance program, using systems analysis techniques, that was both economical and practical for the Crawfordsville maintenance district in Indiana. All phases of the corrective and preventive maintenance operations were analyzed to determine the optimal maintenance program. The optimum lamp replacement program, involving the determination of the proper time duration for the most economic group lamp replacements, was obtained for actual conditions. The shortest routes for preventive operations were ascertained for several maintenance alternatives, and the most economic option was revealed. In addition, the staff necessary for effective maintenance of traffic signals and flashers was specified for this state highway district. Preventive maintenance is advisable for traffic signals and flashers because it affords economic advantages and reduces the probability of failure, thereby improving traffic safety. The procedures developed in this analysis can be applied to any maintenance organization that has responsibility for traffic signals and flashers. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Flashers KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Maintenance management KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Traffic signals UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313730 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215874 AU - Moore, R K AU - Haliburton, T A AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUGGESTED NUCLEAR DEPTH-GAGE CALIBRATION PROCEDURES PY - 1968/01 AB - AN EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATION OF NUCLEAR DEPTH MOISTURE AND DENSITY GAGES IS DESCRIBED. CALIBRATION OF THE GAGES WAS ACCOMPLISHED UTILIZING LABORATORY STANDARDS CONSTRUCTED OF NATIVE OKLAHOMA SOILS. THE SOIL STANDARDS WERE COMPACTED TO A KNOWN DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT. ONE SAND AND TWO COHESIVE SOILS WERE EMPLOYED. THE CALIBRATION CURVES FOR THE GAGES INDICATED THAT SOIL TYPE INFLUENCES INSTRUMENT RESPONSE. EACH SOIL HAD A SEPARATE AND UNIQUE CALIBRATION CURVE FOR MOISTURE CONTENT AND FOR DENSITY. THE USE OF DUAL-PURPOSE STANDARDS, TO CALIBRATE BOTH MOISTURE AND DENSITY GAGES, WAS PROVEN DESIRABLE. SPECIFIC CALIBRATION CURVES ARE RECOMMENDED FOR PROJECT USE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Calibration KW - Cohesive soils KW - Nuclear tests KW - Sand KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil densification KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201209 AU - Smith, Wilbur & Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MARYLAND CAPITAL BELTWAY IMPACT STUDY PY - 1968/01 AB - THESE 12 REPORTS PRESENT THE RESULTS OF A THREE-YEAR RESEARCH EFFORT BY WILBUR SMITH AND ASSOCIATES TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF THE MARYLAND PORTION OF THE CAPITAL BELTWAY UPON THE AREA IT TRAVERSES. THIS INCLUDES THE IMPACT ON LAND DEVELOPMENT, TRAFFIC, THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ECONOMY OF THE REGION. THE REPORT PRESENTS IN NARRATIVE, GRAPHIC AND TABULAR FORM THE RESULTS OF THIS INVESTIGATION, INDICATING THE PREDICTED IMPACT IN VARIOUS SUBJECT AREAS OF GROWTH HAD THE BELTWAY NOT BEEN BUILT. (A SUMMARY OF THE 11 SUBJECT REPORTS IS ATTACHED.) /BPR/ KW - Beltways KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Economics KW - Environment KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Real estate development KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212034 AU - Cassaro, M A AU - Holland, H AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida State Road Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE UNDER TENSILE STRAIN GRADIENTS PY - 1968/01 AB - THE RESULTS OF AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEVERAL STANDARD TESTS ON CONCRETE ARE REPORTED. SPECIFICALLY, THE MODULUS OF RUPTURE TEST, THE SPLIT CYLINDER TEST AND THE CYLINDER COMPRESSION TEST ARE COMPARED WITH A DIRECT TENSION TEST OF A 3X5 INCH RECTANGULAR SPECIMEN SUBJECTED TO A TENSILE STRAIN GRADIENT. THE PRIMARY EXPERIMENT INVOLVED MORTAR SPECIMENS, ALTHOUGH CONCRETES CONTAINING LIMESTONE AND SOLITE, A LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE, WERE ALSO INVESTIGATED. SOME CONCLUSIONS RESULTING FROM THE COMPARISONS WERE: /1/ THE TANGENT MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THAT IN TENSION, /2/ THE MODULUS OF RUPTURE TEST DOES NOT GIVE A GOOD INDICATION OF THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, AND THE /3/ INTRODUCTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE INTO THE MORTAR PRODUCES A STRESS-STRAIN CURVE THAT IS MORE LINEAR THAN THAT FOR MORTAR. /BPR/ KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Cylinders KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Limestone KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Mortar KW - Rock fracture KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218017 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Rooney, H A AU - Litton Industries AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID DRYING TRAFFIC PAINT SYSTEM USING MICROWAVE ENERGY PY - 1968/01 AB - RESULTS ARE DESCRIBED OF A RESEARCH CONTRACT AWARDED AN ELECTRONICS COMPANY TO DEVELOP A SUITABLE TRAFFIC PAINT AND TO DESIGN EQUIPMENT WHICH WOULD DRY THE TRAFFIC PAINT TO A STATE OF NO PICK-UP IN APPROXIMATELY ONE SECOND BY THE APPLICATION OF MICRO-WAVE ENERGY. AFTER SEVERAL MONTHS OF INVESTIGATION THE CONTRACTING COMPANY CONCLUDED IT WAS NOT TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE TO ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVES WITH THE CONTRACT BECAUSE OF THE DIFFICULTY IN GENERATING A SUFFICIENTLY HIGH ENERGY INTENSITY AT THE DIELECTRIC INTERFACE OF THE PAINT AND PAVEMENT SURFACES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Dielectric materials KW - Drying KW - Drying rate KW - Energy absorption KW - Energy levels KW - High energy rate KW - Microwaves KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214467 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TRANSVERSE WEAKENED PLANE JOINTS BY PLASTIC INSERT PY - 1968/01 AB - A NEW CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE IS EVALUATED INVOLVING A MACHINE DEVELOPED FOR THE PURPOSE OF INSERTING A PLASTIC STRIP IN THE FRESH CONCRETE TO FORM A TRANSVERSE WEAKENED PLANE JOINT. THIS TYPE OF JOINT CONSTRUCTION OFFERS MANY POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OVER THE CURRENT METHOD OF SAWING WEAKENED PLANE JOINTS. A RESEARCH PROJECT WAS INITIATED TO DETERMINE THE ACCEPTABILITY OF JOINTS FORMED BY THE NEW DEVICE, EVALUTE THE SHORT-TERM PERFORMANCE OF THE JOINTS, AND ESTABLISH GUIDELINES TO PERMIT OR SPECIFY GENERAL USE OF THE METHOD. ADEQUACY OF INSTALLATIONS WAS VERIFIED FROM CORES TAKEN ON TWO PAVING PROJECTS. PERFORMANCE OF THIS TYPE OF JOINT UNDER TRAFFIC APPEARS TO BE EQUAL OR SUPERIOR TO SAWED JOINT CONSTRUCTION. A PROPOSED SPECIFICATION FOR THE NEW TECHNIQUE IS INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction management KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Inserts KW - Joint construction KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Polymer concrete KW - Sawed joints KW - Specifications KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215872 AU - ANDERSON, F AU - Larsen, J AU - Idaho Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF NUCLEAR METHODS OF DETERMINING MOISTURE CONTENTS AND COMPACTED DENSITIES OF SOILS AND AGGREGATES PY - 1968/01 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTING OF A PORTABLE NUCLEAR GAUGE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF IN-PLACE MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY OF EARTHEN STRUCTURES. BOTH LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATIONS HAVE BEEN DIRECTED TOWARD DETERMINING A PRACTICAL AND ACCURATE METHOD OF TEST OPERATION TO CONSTRUCTION CONTROL AND INSPECTION. ATTENTION WAS NOT DIRECTED TOWARD EVALUATING DETAILS OF MACHINE OPERATION, BUT RATHER ON HOW TO OBTAIN MEANINGFUL RESULTS. UPON RECEIPT OF THE NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT FORM THE MANUFACTURER THR FOLLOWING STEPS WERE TAKEN: (1) FAMILIARIZATION OF PERSONNEL WITH THE SCALER AND GAUGES, (2) THE NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT WAS BRIEFLY TESTED IN THE FIELD IN COMPARISON WITH THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD, RESULTS INDICATING THAT LABORATORY CALIBRATION WOULD BE REQUIRED TO OBTAIN GOOD CORRELATION, (3) CALIBRATION CURVES WERE DETERMINED BY TESTING VARIOUS SOILS AND AGGREGATES COMMON TO IDAHO. ALSO, SPECIFIC FACTORS INFLUENCING MACHINE ACCURACY WERE DISCOVERED AND EVALUATED, I.E., LEVEL SURFACE FOR THE D/M GAUGES, AIR GAPS BETWEEN GAUGE AND SURFACE, WARM UP TIME, (4) AT THE COMPLETION OF CALIBRATION AND OPERATING PROCEDURE TESTS, FIELD EVALUATION WAS STARTED, (5) A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT WITH A LARGE QUANTITY OF EARTHWORK WAS SELECTED FOR FIELD TRIALS. A STATISTICAL METHOD OF SAMPLE SELECTION WAS USED. DUPLICATE NUCLEAR AND CONVENTIONAL TESTS WERE MADE AT EACH OF 42 RANDOMLY SELECTED TEST SITES, AND (6) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF TEST DATA TO DETERMINE CORRELATION OF THE TWO METHODS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Construction control KW - Construction inspection KW - Construction management KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory studies KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear tests KW - Portable equipment KW - Radioisotopes KW - Soil densification KW - Soil water KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206325 AU - Brakey, B A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CLIFTON-HIGHLINE CANAL EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT I 70-1(14)33 PY - 1968/01 AB - IN THE SPRING OF 1965 CONSTRUCTION WAS COMPLETED ON A SECTION OF I-25 NORTH OF GRAND JUNCTION. MANCOS CLAY FORMATIONS EXIST QUITE GENERALLY IN THIS AREA AND GREATLY AFFECT HIGHWAY PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. THIRTY-THREE TEST SECTIONS WERE LAID OUT ON THIS PROJECT USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUBGRADE TREATMENTS. PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE TESTS HAVE BEEN MADE QUARTERLY BY THE RESEARCH UNIT WITH SOIL TESTS BEING MADE BY THE DISTRICT AND CENTRAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL. AVERAGE PSI VALUES RANGED FROM NEAR 4.0 IN 1965 TO 3.25 IN THE FALL OF 1967. SOME SECTIONS HAVING THICK, OPEN-GRADED, GRANULAR SUBBASES SHOW A PSI LOWER THAN 2.9. THE DECREASE IN THE PSI HAS NOT BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO DISTRESS IN THE BASE OR SUBBASE. AT THIS TIME, THE LOSS IN PSI APPEARS TO COME FROM A SWELLING IN THE SUBGRADE AND A SMALL AMOUNT OF RAVELING ON THE SURFACE. VERY LITTLE CHANGE HAS BEEN EXPERIENCED IN PAVEMENT DEFLECTIONS SINCE CONSTRUCTION. DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS ARE .20 IN. IN THE SUMMER AND .01 IN. IN THE WINTER. AS YET, NO TREND HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND DESIGN. FREE WATER HAS ACCUMULATED IN THE GRANULAR MATERIALS UNDER THE PAVEMENT, EVEN IN AREAS WITH NO WATER TABLE. SINCE THE MOISTURE IS PRESENT ABOVE THE ASPHALT MEMBRANE (IN THE SECTIONS WHERE A MEMBRANE HAS BEEN PROVIDED) AND NOT BELOW IT, MOISTURE MAY BE COMING FROM VAPOR MOVEMENT. AIR PERMEABLE GRANULAR SUBBASE AND BASES ARE APPARENTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR HYDROGENESIS. THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT DENSE GRADED BITUMINOUS BASES MAY ACT AS VAPOR BARRIERS WHEN PLACED DIRECTLY ON THE SUBGRADE. ASPHALT MEMBRANES CONSTRUCTED FROM CATALYTICALLY BLOWN ASPHALTS CAN BE EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING MOISTURE FROM INTRUDING INTO SUBGRADE SOILS. IN MANCOS SHALE CUTS, ONLY THE TOP AND SIDE SLOPES OF THE SUBGRADE NEED TO BE PROTECTED SINCE THE MOISTURE IS APPARENTLY COMMING FROM ABOVE GROUND SOURCES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Clay KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Free water KW - Granular materials KW - Hydrogenation KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture barriers KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade treatments KW - Swelling KW - Test sections KW - Vapor barriers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207860 AU - Pauw, A AU - Sherkat, A A AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TIME-DEPENDENT DEFLECTION OF A BOX GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1968/01 AB - THE TIME-DEPENDENT DEAD-LOAD DEFLECTIONS OF A CONTINUOUS BOX GIRDER BRIDGE ARE COMPARED WITH THE VALUES OBTAINED BY A RATIONAL ANALYSIS BASED ON THE MODIFIED-ELASTIC-MODULUS METHOD. WARPAGE AND DEFLECTION DUE TO SHRINKAGE ARE ESTIMATED BY APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF SUPERPOSITION USING AN EFFECTIVE ELASTIC MODULUS AND AN ASSUMED SHRINKAGE POTENTIAL FOR THE CONCRETE. THE ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATES THAT TIME-DEPENDENT DEFLECTION OF PLAIN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ARE NOT OVERLY SENSITIVE TO THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CREEP COEFFICIENT ASSUMED BECAUSED OF THE STIFFENING EFFECT OF THE REINFORCEMENT. SIMILARLY THE SHRINKAGE DEFLECTION IS ESSENTIALLY INDEPENDENT OF THE CREEP BECAUSE OF A REDUCTION IN THE WARPING MOMENT AS CREEP STRAINS ARE DEVELOPED. HOWEVER, WHILE THE GENERAL FORM OF THE DEFLECTION PROFILE PREDICTED BY THE EFFECTIVE MODULUS METHOD OF ANALYSIS AGREES WITH FIELD BEHAVIOR, THE OBSERVED FIELD DEFLECTIONS ARE SOMEWHAT SMALLER. /BPR/ KW - Box girders KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Concrete creep KW - Continuous structures KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Girder bridges KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Shrinkage KW - Static loads KW - Superposition KW - Superposition (Geology) KW - Time KW - Warpage KW - Warping UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP67-9_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212033 AU - Pauw, A AU - Chai, J W AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CREEP AND CREEP RECOVERY FOR PLAIN CONCRETE PY - 1968/01 AB - A LABORATORY STUDY AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE CREEP AND CREEP RECOVERY CHARACTERISTICS FOR PLAIN CONCRETE ARE REPORTED. THE STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF (1) THE AGE OF THE CONCRETE AT THE TIME OF INITIAL LOAD APPLICATION AND THE LENGTH OF THE LOADING CYCLE, AND (2) THE CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR WHEN SPECIMENS ARE SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADS, ON THE TIME-DEPENDENT STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN CONCRETE SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO UNIAXIAL LOAD. DATA WERE COLLECTED, BOTH FOR CREEP BEHAVIOR DURING LOADING CYCLES AND CREEP RECOVERY DURING UNLOADING CYCLES, WITH THE AGE OF THE CONCRETE AND THE DURATION OF THE LOADING AND UNLOADING CYCLE AS THE PRINCIPAL VARIABLE PARAMETERS. BOTH NORMAL- WEIGHT AND LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETES WERE TESTED. IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) THE STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO ANY GIVEN LOADING HISTORY IS PREDICTABLE IF THE CREEP, SHRINKAGE, AND ELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONCRETE ARE KNOWN, (2) THE AGE AND STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE AT THE TIME OF INITIAL LOAD APPLICATION IS PROBABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT VARIABLE AFFECTING THE MAGNITUDE OF CREEP STRAIN, OVERRIDING TYPE OF AGGREGATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, (3) THE CREEP STRAIN ENVELOPE FOR A GIVEN CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO A CONSTANT STRESS INTENSITY UNDER FIXED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IS RELATIVELY UNAFFECTED BY INTERMITTENT PERIODS OF UNLOADING OF RELATIVELY SHORT DURATION, AND (4) OF THE TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE STUDIED, THE LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE EXHIBITED GREATER CREEP STRAIN MAGNITUDES AND CONSIDERABLY GREATER SHRINKAGE. /BPR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Age KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Concrete creep KW - Creep KW - Data collection KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading time KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Repeated loads KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214469 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COMPOSITE REPORT (STATISTICAL STUDY OF BITUMINOUS HOT MIX VARIATIONS) PY - 1968/01 AB - THE COMPOSITE REPORT SUMMARIZES VARIATIONS OF TEST DATA ON RANDOM SAMPLES FROM SIX BITUMINOUS HOT MIX SURFACING JOBS. TEST RESULTS WERE PERFORMED ON LOOSE SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM BEHIND THE PAPER AND FROM SAWED 8 IN. X 6 IN. COMPACTED SPECIMENS. TESTS REPORTED INCLUDE: MARSHALL VALUES OF (1) STABILITY, (2) FLOW, (3) DENSITY, (4) VOIDS, 3/8 IN. NO. 4, NO. 10, NO. 50, NO. 100 AND NO. 200. TEST RESULTS WERE REPORTED AS: THE AVERAGE, THE STANDARD DEVIATION, TESTING, SAMPLING AND INHERENT VARIANCE, TOTAL VARIANCE AND COMPUTED PERCENTAGE OF MATERIAL NOT MEETING SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASPHALT CONTENT AND PERCENT RETAINED ON SIEVES. A TEST OF UNIFORMITY IS ILLUSTRATED BY SLOPE OF LINE OF TEST RESULTS PLOTTED ON PROBABILITY PAPER. A RUN TEST FOR RANDOMNESS IS SHOWN BY AN EXAMPLE. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Randomization KW - Sampling KW - Sieve analysis KW - Standard deviation KW - Standardization KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface treating KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01366316 AU - Abbott, Harold AU - Matthews, Henry AU - Patton, Robert AU - Scott, David M AU - Van Blaaderen, Andreas N Maris AU - Weaver, Ned AU - Cook, John C AU - Riedesel, G A AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - City of Spokane TI - A Study of the Social, Economic and Environmental Impact of Highway Transportation Facilities on Urban Communities PY - 1968 SP - 214p AB - This report was written to give highway administrators some procedures and tools for locating and building highways that will not only serve the traffic but satisfy the needs of the community and the public with regard to appearance and social needs and amenities - tools that will help to get the most acceptable kind of transportation facility into the best location at the most appropriate time. The report presents the integrated views of different disciplines - the architect and landscape artist, the sociologist, and the economist - to complement the work of the planner and engineer. KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway design KW - Landscape architecture KW - Road construction KW - Social impacts KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1134552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554853 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COMMITTEE REPORT PY - 1968 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bridges KW - Inspection KW - Safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318594 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777586 JO - ITS technology collection on CD-ROM : SAE's essential resource for ITS vehicle applications, 1998 PB - Mazda Motor Corporation AU - Shufflebarger, Curtis L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE AND HUMAN ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS IN NEW TRAFFIC SYSTEMS PY - 1968 SP - 5 p. AB - This paper describes the development of new traffic control systems. It discusses how human factors and vehicle technology considerations must be kept in mind as new traffic systems are created. KW - Human factors KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201192 AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LAND ECONOMIC STUDIES IN THE STATE OF OHIO, THE NORTH-SOUTH FREEWAY IR-71 (FRANKLIN COUNTY) PY - 1968 AB - THE STUDY INVOLVES 261 AGRICULTURAL, RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, VACANT, AND OTHER PROPERTIES ADJOINING 23 MILES OF THE NORTH-SOUTH FREEWAY (IR-71). THE MAJORITY OF PROPERTY OWNERS IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS ADJUSTED TO THE FREEWAY WITH VARYING DEGREES OF INCONVENIENCE. OWNERS NOT WISHING TO REMAIN ADJACENT TO THE FREEWAY FOUND, ON THE WHOLE, READY BUYERS FOR THEIR PROPERTIES. MANY PEOPLE IN THE AREA USE THE FREEWAY DAILY TO COMMUTE TO AND FROM WORK. PARCELS EXPERIENCING MOST ACTIVITY FROM FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION WERE AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN RESIDENTIAL PARCELS. ISOLATED TRACTS SOLD WENT PRIMARILY TO NONAGRICULTURAL USES. OWNERS OF LANDLOCKED TRACTS SOLD A LARGER PERCENTAGE OF THEIR HOLDINGS THAN THOSE WITH ISOLATED AREAS. ALL LANDLOCKED TRACTS SOLD WERE FOR AGRICULTURAL USE EXCEPT ONE. ONLY SMALLER TRACTS WERE ALLOWED TO REMAIN IDLE. LARGER TRACTS WERE SOLD OR ACCESS TO THEM OBTAINED. ANALYSIS OF LAND VALUES SHOWS THAT OWNERS WERE NOT DAMAGED BY THE FREEWAY. /BPR/ KW - Agricultural land KW - Commercial KW - Commuters KW - Economic analysis KW - Farming KW - Freeways KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Ownership KW - Properties of materials KW - Purchasing KW - Residential areas KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201207 AU - Richards, H A AU - Miller, J P AU - Allio, W H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS, FRONTAGE ROADS AND INDUSTRY LOCATION PY - 1968 AB - STUDIES ARE REVIEWED DEALING WITH PLANT LOCATION CONCEPTS, RESULTS SHOWING PLANT LOCATION PROCESSES AND DECISIONS IN TEXAS, AND AN ANALYSIS IS MADE OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THEORY OF LOCATION PROCESSES WITH PRACTICE AS IDENTIFIED WITH THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM, WITH AND WITHOUT FRONTAGE ROADS, IN TEXAS. AMONG THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY WERE: (1) THAT FIRMS LOCATING AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY CONSIDER FRONTAGE ROADS TO BE OF GREATER IMPORTANCE TO THE OPERATION OF THEIR PLANT THAN FIRMS SELECTING SITES IN THESE AREAS PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION OF THE FACILITY, (2) THAT TEXAS' FOUR METROPOLITAN CITIES FRONTAGE ROAD LOCATIONS ACCOUNTED FOR SEVEN OUT OF TEN PLANT SITES. HOWEVER, IN SATELLITE COMMUNITIES SURROUNDING THESE CITIES, FRONTAGE ROAD LOCATION REPRESENTED ONLY 35 PERCENT OF THE INDUSTRIAL SITES, (3) THAT THREE OUT OF FOUR FIRMS LOCATING IN THE SMALLER CITIES (LESS THAN 50,000) MADE DETAILED EVALUATIONS OF HIGHWAY AND STREET FACILITIES, AVAILABLE TO THE PLANT SITE, PRIOR TO THEIR LOCATION DECISION, WHILE ONLY ONE OF THREE FIRMS LOCATED IN THE LARGE CITIES CONDUCTED THIS TYPE OF STUDY, (4) THAT INTERSTATE HIGHWAY LOCATIONS ACCOUNTED FOR ONLY 38 OF THE 1,495 PLANT SITES SELECTED DURING THE STUDY PERIOD. MORE THAN ONE HALF OF THE NON-INTERSTATE LOCATIONS ARE SERVICED BY CITY STREETS ONLY, (5) THAT WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE FIRMS HAVING DIRECT ACCESS TO THE INTERSTATE FACILITY, THERE APPEARS TO BE NO SIGNIFICANT TREND FOR FIRMS TO SELECT PLANT SITES EITHER NEARER OR FURTHER AWAY FROM THE FACILITY BASED SOLELY UPON THE AVAILABILITY OF FRONTAGE ROAD ACCESS, (6) THAT NON-FRONTAGE ROAD LOCATIONS MADE THEIR STRONGEST SHOWING IN THE LEAST DESIRABLE INDUSTRIAL AREAS, AND (7) THAT LEASED PLANTS TEND TO BE ORIENTED TOWARD FRONTAGE ROAD AREAS. /BPR/ KW - Access KW - Frontage roads KW - Industrial plants KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Location UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201204 AU - Madsen, K L AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN ESTIMATED 1967 INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL FOR SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING PY - 1968 AB - THE RESEARCHER ESTIMATES A 1967 INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL FOR 4 COUNTIES IN SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING ON THE BASIS OF EXTRAPOLATION FROM EXISTING MODELS FOR 1953 AND 1959. BY ESTIMATING THAT I-80 WILL CAUSE A 50 PERCENT INCREASE IN HIGHWAY ORIENTED GOODS AND SERVICES SOLD TO THROUGH TRAVELERS, THE RESEARCHER PROJECTS NET BENEFITS OF FROM $12 TO $18 MILLION WILL ACCRUE TO THIS REGION. FURTHER RESEARCH IS BEING CONDUCTED TO MORE ACCURATELY ESTIMATE THE EXACT INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL OF THE REGION BY RANDOM SAMPLE INTERVIEWS. /BPR/ KW - Economic impacts KW - Extrapolation KW - Forecasting KW - Highway transportation KW - Input output devices KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Mathematical models KW - Randomization KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201206 AU - WALLACE, R S AU - Lemly, J H AU - Georgia State College AU - Georgia State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HIGHWAY CHANGE ON TWO SMALL GEORGIA COMMUNITIES PY - 1968 AB - THE CHANGE IN THE LOCAL ECONOMIES WAS INVESTIGATED DUE TO A MAJOR HIGHWAY BY-PASS, INTERSTATE 75. THERE WAS AN INITIAL DECLINE IN BUSINESS BUT THIS REVERSED AS CONSTRUCTION PROGRESSED AND THE FACILITY WAS OPENED TO TRAFFIC. THROUGHOUT THE STUDY PERIOD THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN LAND VALUES. THE RESULTS OF THE TIFTON STUDY DEMONSTRATED WHAT COULD BE CONSIDERED A TYPICAL ECONOMIC IMPACT ON A SMALL COMMUNITY, WHEREAS IN JONESBORO, THE TRUE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY BY-PASS WAS MASKED BECAUSE OF ITS CLOSE PROXIMITY TO ATLANTA, A REGIONAL ECONOMIC CENTER. /BPR/ KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Change KW - Community consequences KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Road construction KW - Social impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200075 AU - Statewide Transportation Studies AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - HIGHWAYS II: THE PLAN, 1968 PY - 1968 AB - THE LAST PHASES OF THE WISCONSIN STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION STUDY (HIGHWAYS) ARE REPORTED. THE INTRODUCTORY SECTIONS SHOW HOW THE STUDY FITS INTO THE HIGHWAY PLANNING PROCESS, THE PLANNING OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES, AND STANDARDS, AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAVEL MODEL. THE MAJOR PART OF THE REPORT IS THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY PLANS, DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINAL PLAN, AND IMPLEMENTATION. HIGHWAY SYSTEMS WERE CONCEPTUALIZED FOR 16 PLANNING SCHEMES. FROM THE 16 SCHEMES, FOUR MAJOR ALTERNATIVES WERE DEVELOPED. TRAFFIC SERVICE TESTS AND LAND SERVICE TESTS WERE DEVELOPED FROM THE PLANNING OBJECTIVES AND APPLIED TO THE ALTERNATIVES. THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS WERE USED TO DEVELOP A SEMIFINAL PLAN WHICH WAS THEN TESTED. THE FINAL HIGHWAY PLAN WAS DEVELOPED AND TRAFFIC SERVICE TESTS AND LAND SERVICE TESTS WERE APPLIED. SEVERAL MAPS SHOW THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE FINAL PLAN WITH OTHER TRANSPORTATION PLANS AND WITH PLANS DEVELOPED BY OTHER STATE AGENCIES. IN IMPLEMENTING THE FINAL PLAN, A FREEWAY-EXPRESSWAY PLAN WAS DEVELOPED. DESIGN STANDARDS, ACCESS TYPE AND SPACING CRITERIA FOR THE HIGHWAYS IN THE FINAL PLAN ARE GIVEN. CORRIDOR STUDIES WERE INITIATED AT CRITICAL LOCATIONS. PRIORITY PLANNING, JURISDICTIONAL PLANNING, FINANCIAL PLANNING, AND ADVANCE RESERVATION OF LAND FOR FUTURE HIGHWAY USE HAVE ALL BEEN INITIATED. APPENDIX F CONTAINS A MODEL ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF FUTURE HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF- WAY. /BPR/ KW - Design standards KW - Expressways KW - Freeway planning KW - Freeways KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Highway user services KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Motorist aid systems KW - State highways KW - Substitutes KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214474 AU - Sherman, G B AU - Watkins, R O AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL PY - 1968 AB - A SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS OF SEVERAL INTERIM REPORTS ON STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGHWAY COSTRUCTION MATERIAL IS PRESENTED. THE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT CONTROL PROCEDURES ARE DISCUSSED. THE WORK DONE TO DATE INDICATES THAT STATISTICAL SPECIFICATION CAN BE USED TO THE ADVANTAGE OF THE HIGHWAY ENGINEER. DURING THE STUDY SOME OF THE PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED THAT NEED ADDITIONAL ATTENTION WERE: PERSONNEL TRAINING, REPRODUCIBILITY OF TESTS, PRESERVATION OF ENGINEERING JUDGMENT, AND COST OF ADMINISTRATION. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THESE PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED INCLUDING DETERMINING THE PRECISION OF TEST METHOD AND PROCEDURES FOR ASSURING THAT A LABORATORY IS IN OPERATIONAL CONTROL. ONE SPECIFIC PROCEDURE, QUALITY CONTROL BY THE MOVING AVERAGE USING CONTROL CHARTS, IS PROPOSED. IT IS ANTICIAPTED THAT THIS PROCEDURE WILL PROVIDE CONTROL WITHOUT INCREASING COST WHILE AT THE SAME TIME SUPPLYING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF CHARTS AND GRAPHS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Building materials KW - Reproducibility KW - Road construction KW - Statistical quality control KW - Test procedures KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215107 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONSTRUCTION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS PY - 1968 AB - THIS HANDBOOK WAS PUBLISHED TO INSURE SAFE PRACTICES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES UNDER THE DIRECT SUPERVISION OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. IT DEALS WITH PERSONAL PROTECTION, TRAFFIC CONTROL, MATERIALS STORAGE AND DISPOSAL, HAND TOOLS AND PORTABLE POWER TOOLS, SCAFFOLDS AND LADDERS, FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION, EXCAVATION, BLASTING, ROPES, CABLES AND CHAINS, ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTING, MACHINERY AND MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT, AND PAINTING AND STORAGE OF PAINT. KW - Cables KW - Chains KW - Disposal KW - Electricity KW - Excavations KW - Fires KW - Hand tools KW - Handling and storage KW - Highway bridges KW - Ladders KW - Lighting KW - Machinery KW - Materials KW - Paint KW - Power KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Protection KW - Road construction KW - Rope KW - Safety KW - Scaffolds KW - Storage facilities KW - Tools KW - Traffic control KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237220 AU - Hyde, L W AU - Shamburger, V M AU - Ellard, J S AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EFFECTS OF WATER AND SOIL ON DRAINAGE STRUCTURES IN ALABAMA PY - 1968 AB - FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED IN ALABAMA ON SOIL AND WATER PARAMETERS TO DETERMINE THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO CULVERT PIPE CORROSION. THE TYPES OF CULVERT MATERIALS INVESTIGATED INCLUDED CONCRETE, GALVANIZED STEEL, BITUMINOUS-COATED GALVANIZED STEEL, ALUMINUM, BITUMINOUS-COATED ALUMINUM, PITCH-IMPREGNATED FIBER, CAST IRON, AND VITRIFIED CLAY. WATER PARAMETERS MEASURED INCLUDED PH, OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, RESISTIVITY, ETC. SOIL PARAMETERS DETERMINED WERE PH, OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL, RESISTIVITY, AND GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS. SOIL PARAMETERS GENERALLY WERE LESS SIGNIFICANT THAN WATER PARAMETERS IN THE CORROSION OF CULVERTS. A GRAPHICAL METHOD BASED ON PH, RESISTIVITY, AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT OF WATER WAS DEVISED FOR ESTIMATING LIFE EXPECTANCY OF STEEL PIPE. GALVANIZED PIPE IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN RUN-OFF WATER OF LOW RESISTIVITY, LOW PH OR HIGH DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT UNLESS EFFECTIVLEY COATED WITH BITUMINOUS MATERIAL. ALUMINUM PIPE WAS FOUND TO BE LESS AFFECTED BY ACIDIC WATERS THAN GALVANIZED STEEL BUT LESS RESISTANT TO ABRASION EFFECTS. WITH THE EXCEPTION OF AREAS AFFECTED BY ACID MINE DRAINAGE, CONCRETE PIPE WAS HIGHLY RESISTANT TO CORROSION. PITCH-FIBER PIPE AS WELL AS CORRUGATED CAST IRON AND VITRIFIED CLAY PERFORMED EXCEPTIONALLY WELL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aluminum KW - Bitumen KW - Cast iron KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Drainage structures KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Field studies KW - Galvanizing KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Oxidation KW - Oxidation reduction KW - Oxygen content KW - pH value KW - Pipe KW - Pipe culverts KW - Pitch (Materials) KW - Protective coatings KW - Resistivity KW - Soils KW - Steel KW - Vitrified clay KW - Vitrified clay pipe KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201198 AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 35 ON TONKAWA, OKLAHOMA PY - 1968 AB - ECONOMICS DATA WERE GATHERED AND ANALYZED, COVERING A 48 MONTH PERIOD (JANUARY 1961 THROUGH DECEMBER 1964), INVOLVING THE EFFECTS OF THE OPENING OF INTERSTATE 35 ON TONKAWA, OKLAHOMA AND THESE DATA WERE COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL CITY OF WOODWARD AND THE CONTROL COUNTY OF WOODWARD COUNTY. SUCH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INDICATORS AS LAND USE POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, EDUCATION, INCOME, SALES TAX, AND AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION ARE INCLUDED. INFORMATION FOR KAY (TONKAWA) AND WOODWARD COUNTIES ARE ANALYZED TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE TRADE AREA AND THE ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THESE TWO COUNTIES. NO CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN IN THIS INTERIM REPORT. FIRM TRENDS WILL BE DESCRIBED WHEN THE FINAL REPORT FOR THE STUDY IS PREPARED AFTER 1972 AND LONG RANGE TRENDS HAVE MANIFESTED THEMSELVES IN THE STUDY AREA. /BPR/ KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Income KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Population KW - Salaries KW - Sales KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207871 AU - Lynch, R L AU - Kentucky Department Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC LOADS ON BRIDGES PY - 1968 AB - INFORMATION IS PRESENTED CONCERNING (1) THE STATISTICAL DETERMINATION OF FREQUENCIES OF CRITICAL AXLE LOADINGS ON HIGHWAY BRIDGES AND (2) THE ADAPTABILITY OF HISTORICAL LOADOMETER AND CLASSIFICATION DATA IN KENTUCKY TO THE RECENTLY ADOPTED AASHO DESIGN CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE FATIGUE HISTORY OF EXISTING BRIDGES. THE ANALYSIS OF THE FATIGUE HISTORY OF A BRIDGE CONSISTS OF EVALUATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF AXLE LOADINGS, MOMENTS AND STRESSES OVER THE APPLICABLE PERIOD. BECAUSE OF THE URGENCY, ONLY HISTORICAL RECORDS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE WERE USED AS SOURCE DATA. THIS REPORT IS THEREFORE DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS: (1) A SUMMARY OF QUANTITATIVE RESULTS BASED ON AVAILABLE DATA, AND (2) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES. THE PURPOSES OF THE FIRST PART OF THE REPORT ARE (1) TO DELINEATE A METHODOLOGY FOR STATISTICALLY PREDICTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICLE LOADINGS WITH RESPECT TO TIME AND (2) TO DEVELOP THE HISTORY OF CRITICAL LOADINGS, BASED ON EXISTING TRAFFIC DATA, FOR EACH OF THE TWENTY-ONE HIGHWAY BRIDGES CROSSING THE OHIO RIVER FROM KENTUCKY. THE PURPOSES OF THE SECOND PART OF THE REPORT ARE (1) TO DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THESE ANALYSES AND TO PROPOSE DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES WHICH WILL PROVIDE SOURCE DATA FOR FUTURE ANALYSIS, AND (2) TO RECOMMEND FURTHER STUDY OF CERTAIN DESIGN CRITERIA. /BPR/ KW - Axle loads KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Loadometers KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207902 AU - Salmons, J R AU - Mokhtari, S AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDY OF A PRECAST-PRESTRESSED MODEL BRIDGE SLAB PY - 1968 AB - A HALF-SCALE CONCRETE COMPOSITE MODEL BRIDGE SLAB WAS STUDIED TO EVALUATE THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF A 36-FOOT LONG, TWO-LANE, HIGHWAY BRIDGE SPAN. THE PROPOSED COMPOSITE MEMBER IS COMPOSED OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CHANNEL, AN INTERIOR VOID FORM, AND A TOP SLAB OF CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE. A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION BEHAVIOR OF AN ORTHOTROPIC PLATE BASED ON THE GUYON- MASSONNET DISTRIBUTION THEORY IS PRESENTED. APPLICATION OF THE THEORY TO THIS PARTICULAR BRIDGE SYSTEM TOGETHER WITH A SAMPLE CALCULATION IS PRESENTED IN AN APPENDIX. AN 18-FOOT LONG, 12 FT. 6 IN. WIDE MODEL BRIDGE SPAN CONSISTING OF FIVE PRESTRESSED CHANNELS AND A CAST-IN-PLACE TOP SLAB WAS CONSTRUCTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS. TWO SERIES OF TESTS WERE CONDUCTED IN THIS STUDY. IN THE FIRST SERIES OF TESTS A SINGLE CONCENTRATED LOAD WAS APPLIED TO A GRID OF 30 LOAD POINTS. THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION BEHAVIOR WAS STUDIED IN TERMS OF THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF THE MEASURED DEFLECTIONS. IN THE SECOND SERIES OF TESTS A SIMULATED S16 TRAILER LOAD WAS APPLIED TO THE TWO-LANE MODEL BRIDGE SLAB. THE WHEEL LOAD DISTRIBUTION, THE ULTIMATE BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM, AND THE FAILURE MODE WERE INVESTIGATED. COMPLETE COMPOSITE ACTION COMPRESSION CRUSHING OF THE TOP SLAB IN THE VICINITY OF THE LOAD LINE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cast in place structures KW - Composite construction KW - Deflection tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Load transfer KW - Model tests KW - Orthotropic KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Theory KW - Wheel load distribution KW - Wheel loads UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP68-14_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201364 AU - Liston, L L AU - Leach, F E AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Government Printing Office TI - ROAD-USER AND PROPERTY TAXES ON SELECTED MOTOR VEHICLES, 1968 PY - 1968 AB - BASIC INFORMATION IS SUPPLIED FOR 1968 FROM EACH STATE ON THE APPLICATION OF ROAD-USER TAXES AND PROPERTY TAXES TO A SELECTED GROUP OF VEHICLES. A METHOD IS GIVEN FOR MEASURING AND COMPARING THE ANNUAL PAYMENTS THAT WOULD BE MADE FOR EACH OF 14 CAREFULLY SELECTED VEHICLES IN EACH STATE. BY ARRANGING THESE PAYMENTS IN A UNIFORM MANNER, A USEFUL RESEARCH AND PLANNING TOOL IS MADE AVAILABLE TO HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATORS, LEGISLATORS, AND OTHERS WHO ARE CONCERNED WITH HIGHWAYS, AND WITH VEHICLES AND THEIR USE. HIGHWAY-USER TAXES PAID ON EACH VEHICLE AND TOTAL TAXES PAID ARE COMPARED FROM STATE TO STATE IN DOLLAR AMOUNTS IN THE TABLES. RANK COLUMNS IN EACH TABLE AID IN THE COMPARISONS. BAR CHARTS AND MAPS ARE ALSO PRESENTED TO SHOW AMOUNTS OF TAXES THAT WOULD BE PAID TO EACH STATE FOR EACH VEHICLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Charts KW - Highway administration KW - Highway operations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Property taxes KW - State taxation KW - Tables (Data) KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208864 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Government Printing Office TI - ULTRASONIC TESTING INSPECTION FOR BUTT WELDS IN HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY BRIDGES PY - 1968 AB - THIS TEXT HAS BEEN PREPARED BY THE BETHLEM STEEL CORPORATION AS A RESULT OF AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ULTRASONIC TESTING OF BUTT WELDS IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES CONDUCTED AT THE POTTSTOWN WORKS IN COOPERATION WITH THE BRIDGE DIVISION, OFFICE OF ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS, FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. THE PURPOSE OF THE TEXT IS FOR TRAINING AND GUIDANCE OF INSPECTORS IN THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASONIC TESTING AS APPLICABLE TO THE INSPECTION OF BUTT WELDS IN STRUCTURAL STEELS. IT ALSO PROVIDES DETAILED INFORMATION REGARDING THE TESTING PROCEDURE AND THE ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA AS PRESCRIBED IN THE 'SPECIFICATION FOR THE ULTRASONIC TESTING OF BUTT WELDS IN HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY BRIDGES' ISSUED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS FOR USE IN THE INSPECTION OF WELDED STEEL BRIDGES CONSTRUCTED UNDER FEDERAL-AID PROJECTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Butt welds KW - Criteria KW - Education KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Railroad bridges KW - Structural steel KW - Test procedures KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/103055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206327 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FOURTH INTERIM REPORT - EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT PROJECT, ROUTE I-80, SECTION 5V, ROUTE I-95, SECTION 1R PY - 1968 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES PROGRESS MADE DURING THE SECOND YEAR OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT CONSISTING OF 9 REPLICATED 500- FOOT TEST SECTIONS LOCATED ON HEAVILY TRAVELED ROUTES I 80 AND I 95 IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY. THE PRINCIPAL STUDY OBJECTIVE IS TO COMPARE THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BASE COURSES. THE REPORT CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF TABULATIONS OF REFINED DATA AND A FEW FIGURES SHOWING EARLY PERFORMANCE TRENDS. THE FOLLOWING DATA ARE INCLUDED: (1) TRAFFIC VOLUME AND WEIGHT, (2) BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTIONS, (3) ROUGHNESS AND (4) RUT DEPTH. ONLY VERY LIMITED ANALYSES AND NO FINDINGS OR CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Traffic volume KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219703 AU - Michigan Department of State Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF WRONG-WAY INCIDENTS ON MICHIGAN FREEWAYS PY - 1968 AB - THIS REPORT ANALYZES OBSERVED WRONG-WAY DRIVING INCIDENTS OCCURRING ON MICHIGAN FREEWAYS IN 1966. THE DATA INDICATE THAT FIFTY PERCENT OF THE INCIDENTS INVOLVE DRINKING DRIVERS AND THESE GENERALLY OCCUR AT NIGHT AND ON WEEKENDS. INCIDENTS INVOLVING NON-DRINKING DRIVERS OCCUR ABOUT EQUALLY DURING DAY AND NIGHT, BUT ARE GENERALLY DURING HIGHER TRAFFIC VOLUME PERIODS. THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT DATA TO RELATE INCIDENTS TO INTERCHANGE DESIGN. EXAMINATION OF ACCIDENT DATA DOES NOT INDICATE A DEFINITE PATTERN IN REGARD TO ACCIDENTS, INJURIES OR FATALITIES. HALF OF THE ACCIDENTS INVOLVED DRIVERS WITH TEN OR MORE VIOLATION POINTS, MANY OF WHOM WERE DRIVING WITHOUT A VALID LICENSE. DARK OR NIGHTTIME HOURS ACCOUNTED FOR EIGHTY PERCENT OF THE ACCIDENTS REPORTED. /BPR/ KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Night KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222562 AU - Steel, D C AU - Towne, Robin M. & Associates Inc. AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - NOISE IN HOSPITALS LOCATED NEAR FREEWAYS: MAIN REPORT & SUB-REPORT PY - 1968 AB - THE RESULTS OF THE NOISE MEASUREMENTS SHOWED THAT: (1) THE AVERAGE PERCEIVED NOISE LEVELS DUE TO TRAFFIC IN TYPICAL PATIENT'S ROOMS VARIED FROM ABOUT 60 PNDB (WINDOWS CLOSED) TO ALMOST 80 PNDB (WINDOWS OPEN), (2) THE LEVELS MEASURED IN THE CORRIDORS DID NOT VARY AS MUCH AS THE LEVELS MEASURED IN THE ROOMS RANGING FROM AVERAGES OF 67 TO 74 PNDB. THE QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES, CORRELATED WITH THE NOISE MEASUREMENTS, SHOWED THAT: (1) THE PATIENTS WERE NOT PARTICULARLY DISTURBED BY TRAFFIC NOISE LEVELS BELOW 65 PNDB BUT WERE CONSIDERABLY DISTURBED BY TRAFFIC NOISE LEVELS ABOVE ABOUT 72PNDB, (2) THE INTERFERENCE BY TRAFFIC NOISE WITH THE DUTIES OF DOCTORS AND NURSES WAS NOT CONSIDERED SEVERE IN EVEN THE NOISIEST HOSPITAL, AND THE INTERFERING EFFECTS OF OTHER NOISE SOURCES WITHIN THE HOSPITAL APPEARED TO BE AT LEAST AS GREAT, IF NOT GREATER, (3) THE TOTAL HOSPITAL NOISE ENVIRONMENT, REGARDLESS OF TRAFFIC NOISE CONTENT, HAD LITTLE BEARING ON THE RECOVERY RATE OF PATIENTS, AND VIRTUALLY NO BEARING ON A DOCTOR'S DECISION AS TO WHERE HE WILL HOSPITALIZE HIS PATIENTS. THE ECONOMIC INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT: (1) THE NOISE FROM FREEWAYS LOCATED ADJACENT TO HOSPITALS HAS NOT HAD A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON OCCUPANCY RATES, INCOME, OR EXPENSES OF HOSPITAL OPERATION, (2) FREEWAYS HAVE GENERALLY PROVED BENEFICIAL TO HOSPITALS, IN THAT LAND VALUES INCREASED, NEIGHBORHOODS HAVE BEEN UPGRADED, HOSPITAL RECOGNITION HAS INCREASED (DUE TO VISIBILITY FROM THE FREEWAY), AND TRANSPORTATION TO AND FROM THE HOSPITAL HAS BEEN FACILITATED. /BPR/ KW - Community values KW - Economics KW - Freeways KW - Hospitals KW - Land values KW - Measurement KW - Questionnaires KW - Social values KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212044 AU - Popovics, S AU - Auburn University AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REEF SHELL AND BEACH SAND CONCRETE PY - 1968 AB - REEF SHELL IS ABUNDANT IN SOME AREAS WHERE OTHER AGGREGATES ARE IN SHORT SUPPLY. ALTHOUGH REEF SHELL DOES NOT MEET THE USUAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE AGGREGATE, IT PRODUCES CONCRETE WITH SATISFACTORY WORKABILITY AND WITH SATISFACTORY WORKABILITY AND WITH FLEXURAL STRENGTH GREATER THAN THAT OF GRAVEL CONCRETE AT EQUAL WATER/CEMENT RATIOS WHEN MADE WITH BEACH SAND WHICH ALSO DOES NOT MEET SPECIFICATIONS. A COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 2740 PSI AT 20 DAYS WITH A 5-SACK MIX WAS ALSO OBTAINED. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Beach sands KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Flexural strength KW - Shell aggregates KW - Water cement ratio KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215873 AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SEMI-PERMANENT TRAFFIC STRIPING RESEARCH STUDY PY - 1968 AB - BY MEANS OF A FIELD TEST ON NEW CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN A SNOW-FREE AREA, AN EVALUATION WAS MADE OF VARIOUS PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS INCLUDING REFLECTORIZED AND UNREFLECTORIZED RAISED BUTTONS, HOT-APPLIED THERMOPLASTICS AND STANDARD PAINT. EVALUATIONS INCLUDED RELATIVE LONG-TERM COSTS, DURABILITY, WET AND DRY VISIBILITY, DRIVER PREFERENCE AND TRAFFIC SAFETY. THE STUDY CONCLUDED THAT RAISED MARKERS WERE SUPERIOR TO STANDARD PAINT IN TERMS OF DURABILITY, DRIVER PREFERENCE AND NIGHT VISIBILITY UNDER WET CONDITIONS. PROJECTED OVER A 10 YEAR PERIOD, THE INITIAL AND REPLACEMENT COSTS OF RAISED BUTTONS WERE ESTIMATED TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH THOSE OF PAINTS. ACCIDENT DATA WERE INSUFFICIENT AND INCONCLUSIVE WITH RESPECT TO THE MERITS OF THE VARIOUS MARKINGS. NO CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED REGARDING COMPARATIVE THERMOPLASTIC MARKINGS. /BPR/ KW - Buttons KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Highway safety KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector buttons KW - Reflectorized paint KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214478 AU - Kruse, C G AU - Yoerg, W N AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BACKFILLING TRENCH EXCAVATION PY - 1968 AB - INVESTIGATION WAS MADE TO DETERMINE THE PROCEDURES REQUIRED BY VARIOUS WIDELY USED COMPACTING EQUIPMENT TO ENSURE RELATIVELY SETTLEMENT FREE BACKFILL OF SLIT TYPE TRENCHES. TEST TRENCHES WERE EXCAVATED, BACKFILLED AND COMPACTED USING VARIOUS COMPACTORS AND PROCEDURES IN THE TRAVELED PORTION OF FOUR DIFFERENT ROADWAYS. THE LOCATIONS OF THE SITES FOR THE TEST TRENCHES WERE SELECTED SO THAT TWO SITES WERE IN PLASTIC SOILS AND TWO IN GRANULAR SOILS. A TOTAL OF 67 TRENCHES WERE EXCAVATED AND BACKFILLED UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. THEY WERE COMPACTED USING FIVE DIFFERENT COMPACTORS (HYDRA-HAMMER, BUTTON HEAD, PLATE TAMPER, PLATE VIBRATOR AND VIBRATORY ROLLER) AND 28 DIFFERENT PROCEDURES. ALL PROCEDURES WHICH APPEARED TO HAVE SOME PROMISE WERE DUPLICATED ON TWO TRENCHES AT THE SAME SITE. IN SEVERAL CASES THESE PROCEDURES WERE REPEATED AGAIN AT THE OTHER SITE OF THE SAME SOIL TYPE. DENSITY AND MOISTURE DETERMINATIONS WERE MADE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION AND AGAIN AFTER BACKFILLING AND COMPACTION. SETTLEMENT IN THE 67 TRENCHES VARIED FROM 3/8 IN. TO 8 1/2 IN. ONLY SIX OF THE TRENCHES (ALL AT SITES HAVING GRANULAR SOILS) SETTLED 1/2 IN. OR LESS. NONE OF THE 28 COMPACTION PROCEDURES RESULTED IN AN AVERAGE SETTLEMENT OF 1/2 IN. OR LESS. NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS WERE FOUND BETWEEN SETTLEMENT AND EITHER AVERAGE DENSITY OR AVERAGE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE COMPACTED BACKFILL. IN GENERAL, SETTLEMENT DECREASED WITH AN INCREASE IN NUMBER OF COMPUTER PASSES AND/OR A DECREASE IN LIFT HEIGHT. IN GENERAL, MOST OF THE SETTLEMENT OCCURRED DURING THE FIRST SIX WEEKS AFTER CONSTRUCTION AND/OR AFTER THE FIRST SPRING THAW WHICH THE TRENCHES EXPERIENCED. TRENCHES WHICH HAD LESS THAN 2 IN. TOTAL SETTLEMENT GENERALLY DID NOT SETTLE IN BETWEEN THESE PERIODS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Backfilling KW - Compaction KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Excavations KW - Granular soils KW - Ground settlement KW - Plastic soils KW - Testing KW - Trench backfill KW - Trenches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206344 AU - Zube, E AU - Skog, J B AU - Kemp, G R AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES ON SKID RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - 1968 AB - ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF A PAVEMENT SURFACE IS ITS SKID RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS. A WET WEATHER ACCIDENT ANALYSIS INVOLVING CALIFORNIA HIGHWAYS INDICATES THAT MOST OF THE SINGLE CAR ACCIDENTS OCCUR ON CURVES. THE AVERAGE FRICTION VALUE AS DETERMINED BY THE CALIFORNIA SKID TESTER FOR THIS ANALYSIS WAS 0.22F. HOWEVER, TWENTY-EIGHT PERCENT OF THE ACCIDENTS THAT OCCURRED ON CURVES WERE IN THE 0.25F-0.28F RANGE. CROSS CORRELATION WITH THE BRITISH PORTABLE TESTER PLACES ALL RESULTS FOR MINIMUM REMEDIAL ACTION VALUES FROM ENGLAND, VIRGINIA, FLORIDA AND CALIFORNIA IN THE RANGE OF 0.25F-0.30F, AS MEASURED UNDER CALIFORNIA TEST CONDITIONS. A RATHER COMPREHENSIVE STUDY HAS BEEN COMPLETED ON THE IMPROVING OF THE SKID RESISTANCE OF PCC PAVEMENTS BY SERRATION. THE TYPE OF GROOVING PATTERN USED INFLUENCES THE REACTION OF PEOPLE DRIVING MOTORCYCLES OR LIGHT CARS OVER LONGITUDINAL (PARALLEL TO THE CENTERLINE) SERRATIONS. IT APPEARS THAT THE NATURE OF THE EXISTING CONCRETE SURFACE, AND THE TYPE OF SERRATION PATTERN INFLUENCE THE DEGREE OF IMPROVEMENT IN FRICTION VALUES. A MARKED REDUCTION IN WET WEATHER ACCIDENTS HAS OCCURRED IN CRITICAL CURVE AREAS THAT HAVE BEEN SERRATED. A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF 170 SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING RAINY WEATHER IN 1964 INDICATED THAT 152 OR NINE PERCENT OF THESE HAPPENED DURING PERIODS OF HEAVY RAINFALL WHERE DYNAMIC HYDROPLANING MIGHT HAVE BEEN A POSSIBILITY. FACTORS SUCH AS EXCESSIVE SPEED UNDER EXTREMELY POOR DRIVING CONDITIONS APPEAR TO BE IMPORTANT IN THE REPORTED SKIDDING ACCIDENTS DURING HEAVY RAINFALL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crash investigation KW - Field tests KW - Friction KW - Friction index KW - Hydroplaning KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Traffic speed KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215891 AU - Teng, T C AU - Curran, J W AU - Goff, E P AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE ROAD LOGGER PY - 1968 AB - THE FEASIBILITY OF USING THE ROAD LOGGER IS BEING DETERMINED FOR ROADWAY DENSITIES AND MOISTURE IN LIEU OF THE SAND CONE METHOD NOW IN USE. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE ROAD LOGGER GAVE MUCH MORE INFORMATION IN LESS TIME THAN THE SAND CONE METHOD AND THE RESULTS COMPARED FAVORABLY. HOWEVER, THE COST OF OPERATING AND MAINTAINING THE ROAD LOGGER IS HIGH IN COMPARISON TO THE SAND CONE METHOD. ALSO, SOME TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES WERE ENCOUNTERED IN OPERATING THE ROAD LOGGER. /BPR/ KW - Compaction KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206345 AU - Teng, T C AU - Coley, J O AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT OBSERVATION PROGRAM PY - 1968 AB - THIS IS THE FIRST ANNUAL REPORT ON OBSERVATIONS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF MISSISSIPPI'S 48 CRCP PROJECTS WHICH COMPRISE 260 FOUR-LANE MILES AND 73 TWO-LANE MILES OF PAVEMENT. THE OBJECTIVES ARE: (1) TO CONTINUE DESOTA AND JONES COUNTIES RESEARCH, (2) TO MAINTAIN STATEWIDE OBSERVATIONS OF PAVEMENT CONDITIONS, FAILURE INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR, (3) TO INVESTIGATE CONSTRUCTION PHENOMENA, AND (4) TO MAKE A STATEWIDE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE. MOVEMENTS AND CRACK PATTERNS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE DESOTA PROJECT WHICH HAS PILE ANCHORAGES AND THE JONES PROJECT WHICH HAS TRANSVERSE LUGS. FAILURES SUCH AS BLOW-UPS, DETERIORATING CONCRETE, EXCESSIVE OR WIDE CRACKING, AND FOUNDATION PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED FOR PROJECTS ON I-55 IN DESOTA, MADISON, CARROLL, AND COPIAK, I-59 IN JONES AND PEARL RIVER, I-20 IN WARREN AND U.S. 82 IN LEFLORE COUNTIES. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF MAKING ADEQUATE REPAIRS ARE ALSO PRESENTED BUT NO OVERALL CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN. /BPR/ KW - Concrete KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Foundations KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825759 AU - MOREHOUSE, THOMAS ALVIN AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE DETERMINANTS OF FEDERAL POLICY FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING UNDER THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY ACT OF 1962. PY - 1968 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Highway planning KW - United States KW - Urban transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239750 AU - Riedesel, G A AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES ON URBAN COMMUNITIES PY - 1968 AB - THE STUDY WAS DONE TO GIVE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATORS SOME PROCEDURES AND TOOLS FOR LOCATING AND BUILDING HIGHWAYS THAT WILL NOT ONLY SERVE THE TRAFFIC, BUT SATISFY THE NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE PUBLIC, WITH REGARD TO APPEARANCE AND SOCIAL NEEDS AND AMENITIES. PROFESSIONALS FROM EACH DISCIPLINE IDENTIFY THE DESIRABLE IN HIGHWAY LOCATION AND PROVIDE A MEANS FOR EVALUATING THE DESIRABILITY, THE REQUIREMENTS OF ALL DISCIPLINES AMALGAMATED INTO ONE FACILITY TO MEET ALL THE NEEDS AND DESIRES OF THE PEOPLE. THE BOOK FOCUSES MOE ATTENTION ON THE THREE SOCIAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS OF: APPEARANCE, SOCIALOGICAL, AND NEIGHBORHOOD ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN HIGHWAY DESIGN. /FHWA/ KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Neighborhoods KW - Road construction KW - Social factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/131334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470309 AU - Mulinazzi, Thomas E AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Correlation of Design Characteristics and Operational Controls with Accident Rates on Urban Arterials PY - 1967/12//Technical Paper SP - 41p AB - The paper uses regression analysis and case studies to investigate design and control factors correlated with accidents on urban arterials. The case study analysis is used because it provides understandable comparisons between sections of arterials carrying similar volume of traffic but having similar or very different number of accidents per mile. The findings indicate that where one or more of the following conditions occur, traffic accidents per mile on urban arterials will most likely decrease: parking is eliminated; the number of traffic signals per mile is reduced; the number of high volume intersections per mile is reduced; traffic volume is reduced; the number of heavily used driveways is reduced; the number of friction points per mile is reduced; and the quality of signing and pavement markings is improved. Traffic accidents per 100 million vehicle miles, an exposure rate, also will most likely decrease where one or more of the conditions given above, except that of traffic volume reduction, occur. This research also substantiates the importance of control of access as an accident reduction tool. Intersections or major driveways are the usual sites of most accidents on urban arterials. Those intersections with four approaches typically are the sites of many more accidents than intersections with three approaches. The multiple linear regression equations developed to predict accidents per mile should be useful in evaluating possible safety benefits from proposed design and control changes. KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313727 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230673 AU - Puerto Rico Department Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - BENEFICIATION OF LOW GRADE SOILS - PART I PY - 1967/12 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A TESTING PROGRAM OF 9 CLAY SOILS THAT HAVE BEEN DEFINED AS PROBLEM SOILS BECAUSE THEY EXHIBIT HIGH VOLUME CHANGES, HAVE LOW BEARING VALUES WHEN WET AND ARE HIGHLY ELASTIC, WHICH MAKES THEM DIFFICULT TO COMPACT. THE SOILS WERE STABILIZED WITH HIGH-CALCIUM, HYDRAULIC HYDRATED LIME. THE EFFECTS OF LIME ON THE ATTERBERG LIMITS, CBR AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ARE PRESENTED. THE MAJOR CONCLUSION IS THAT LOW GRADE SOILS OF PUERTO RICO CAN BE IMPROVED BY LIME TREATMENT TO THE EXTENT THAT THEY ARE ACCEPTABLE HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. /BPR/ KW - Atterberg limits KW - Bearing capacity KW - Building materials KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Clay KW - Compressive strength KW - Road construction KW - Soil bearing capacity KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Unconfined compression KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206342 AU - Monismith, C L AU - Kasianchuk, D A AU - Epps, J A AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - University of California, Los Angeles TI - ASPHALT MIXTURE BEHAVIOR IN REPEATED FLEXTURE: A STUDY OF AN IN-SERVICE PAVEMENT NEAR MORROW BAY, CALIFORNIA PY - 1967/12 AB - PART OF A CONTINUING STUDY IS PRESENTED OF THE FATIGUE RESPONSE OF ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES WHICH INCLUDES NOT ONLY THE BEHAVIOR OF MIXTURES IN REPEATED FLEXURE BUT ALSO CONSIDERATION OF THE FATIGUE FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF A.C PAVEMENTS. FOR THIS PROJECT, INVESTIGATIONS HAVE INCLUDED: (1) LABORATORY FATIGUE TESTS BOTH ON SPECIMENS SAVED FROM THE ASPHALT CONCRETE COURSE AND ON LABORATORY-PREPARED SPECIMENS WITH THE SAME COMPONENTS, (2) TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION REPEATED LOAD TESTS ON THE OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE PAVEMENT SECTION AS WELL AS THE SUBGRADE MATERIAL, AND (3) PREDICTION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR FATIGUE DISTRESS IN THIS PAVEMENT SECTION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compression KW - Fatigue tests KW - Inservice KW - Laboratory tests KW - Repeated loads KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Triaxial compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210390 AU - Silver, H F AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - COAL HYDROGENATION STUDY, FINAL REPORT PY - 1967/12 AB - THE EFFECT WAS EVALUATED OF THE CONCENTRATION OF FERROUS ION CATALYST ON THE YIELDS AND PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENATED COAL BITUMEN. TWO COALS, ELKO AND BUCKEYE, WERE IMPREGNATED WITH UP TO 2.0 WEIGHT PERCENT FERROUS ION AS HYDRATED FERROUS SULPHATE. THE CATALYST-IMPREGNATED ELKO COAL WAS THEN PROCESSED IN EITHER BENZENE, TETRALIN OR A 230 - 315 C COAL TAR SOLVENT. THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN REPORTED. RESULTS INDICATE THAT HYDROGENATED COAL BITUMEN CAN BE PRODUCED IN GOOD YIELD FROM COAL AND WILL HAVE PROPERTIES INTERMEDIATE TO THOSE OF COMPARABLE PENETRATION ASPHALTS AND ROAD TARS. INCREASING IMPREGNATED FERROUS ION CONCENTRATION ON COAL LOWERS THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE PRODUCTS FROM A LIQUID PHASE COAL HYDROGENATION PROCESS. IN NO CASE WAS THE AMOUNT OF BITUMEN PLUS OILY RESIDUE LESS THAN 40 WEIGHT PERCENT OF THE MOISTURE-ASH FREE COAL CHARGED TO THE REACTOR. THE RELATIVELY LARGE FRACTION OF BITUMEN PRODUCED IN THIS WORK INDICATES THAT THERE IS A HIGH PROBABILITY THAT SOME LARGE SCALE COAL CONVERSION PROCESSES MAY FIND IT ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE TO PRODUCE A ROAD BINDER FOR THE HIGHWAY INDUSTRY. FERROUS ION CATALYST APPEARS TO HAVE A GREATER EFFECT ON BENZENE-INSOLUBLE CONVERSION AND ON BITUMEN YIELD WHEN BENZENE AND COAL TAR ARE USED AS SOLVENTS, THAN IT DOES WHEN TETRALIN IS USED. THERE IS NO PRONOUNCED EFFECT OF FERROUS ION CATALYST CONCENTRATION ON THE QUALITY OF THE BITUMEN. HOWEVER, THE COAL AND SOLVENT USED AS RAW MATERIALS SEEM TO HAVE A LARGE EFFECT ON BITUMEN QUALITY. THE REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCE IN QUALITY OF THE HYDROGENATED COAL BITUMENS PRODUCED USING DIFFERENT STARTING MATERIALS IS NOT CLEAR. KW - Benzene KW - Bitumen KW - Catalysts KW - Coal KW - Coal hydrogenation KW - Coal tars KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Ferrous sulfide KW - Hydrates KW - Iron KW - Molecular weight KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Solvents KW - Sulfates KW - Tetralin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207859 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Ames, W H AU - FIELD, R N AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF WOOD POST AND TIMBER POLE SIGN SUPPORTS, SERIES XV PY - 1967/12 AB - THE RESULTS OF A SERIES OF THREE FULL SCALE DYNAMIC IMPACT TESTS ON WOOD POST AND TIMBER POLE SIGN SUPPORTS ARE REPORTED. THE FIRST TEST (NO. 151) OF THE SERIES WAS PERFORMED ON A 6 X 8 IN. DIMENSIONED WOOD POST SUPPORT USING A 4540 LB. TEST VEHICLE AT AN IMPACT SPEED OF APPROXIMATELY 40 MPH. THE SIGN SUPPORT FOR THE SECOND TEST (NO. 152) WAS A CLASS 2 TIMBER POLE SUPPORT WITH OTHER TEST PARAMETERS SIMILAR TO TEST NO. 151. IN THE FINAL TEST (NO. 153) A CLASS 2 POLE SUPPORT WAS MODIFIED BY DRILLING THREE 4 IN. DIAMETER HOLES AT 4, 10 AND 16 IN. ABOVE THE GROUND THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE POLE PARALLEL TO THE SIGN FACE. A 2000 LB. VOLKSWAGEN TRAVELING AT 40 MPH WAS USED AS THE TEST VEHICLE FOR THIS THIRD TEST. TEST RESULTS INDICATE THAT WOOD POSTS AND TIMBER POLES CAN BE EMPLOYED AS ACCIDENT SAFE SUPPORTS FOR ROADSIDE SIGNS PROVIDED THEIR CROSS SECTIONAL AREAS NEAR THE GROUND LINE ARE WITHIN TOLERABLE LIMITS. TEST RESULTS ALSO INDICATE THAT A REDUCTION IN CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF A WOOD OR TIMBER SIGN SUPPORT CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH DRILLED HOLES PARALLEL TO THE SIGN FACE AS AN EFFECTIVE METHOD OF REDUCING THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF THE SUPPORT WITHOUT SUBSTANTIALLY ALTERING ITS CAPACITY TO WITHSTAND THE BENDING MOMENTS OF DESIGN WIND LOADINGS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Cross sections KW - Drilling KW - Dynamic tests KW - Holes KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Roadside structures KW - Shock resistance KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224877 AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - Heimstra, N W AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ESTIMATION OF MOVEMENT AS A FUNCTION OF TARGET SPEED, DISPLAY DISTANCE, AND CONCEALMENT DISTANCE PY - 1967/12 AB - THIS INVESTIGATION WAS CONDUCTED IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE AN UNDERSTANDING OF VELOCITY JUDGMENTS, PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF SUCH JUDGMENTS, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE FORM SUCH JUDGMENTS TAKE. THE REACTIONS OF EIGHTEEN SUBJECTS WERE OBSERVED AS THEY REACTED TO A TARGET AS IT TRAVERSED A PRE-SET DISPLAY AND DISAPPEARED FROM VIEW. AS THE TARGET SPOT MOVED OUT OF VISUAL RANGE, A TIMER WAS AUTOMATICALLY ACTIVATED. THE SUBJECTS DEPRESSED A MICROSWITCH TO INDICATE THEIR ESTIMATE OF THE AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED FOR THE TARGET SPOT TO REACH WHATEVER GOAL LIGHT WAS ACTIVATED FOR THAT PARTICULAR TRIAL. SUBJECTS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS FORMED AFTER INSPECTION OF CONSTANT ERROR SCORES IN INITIAL TEST RESPONSES. INSTRUCTIONS TO THE TWO GROUPS WERE IDENTICAL AND EFFORT WAS MADE TO PROVIDE IDENTICAL TEST ENVIRONMENTS. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT WHEN SUBJECTS WERE ASSIGNED TO GROUPS ON THE BASIS OF THE CRITERIA THE GROUPS RESPONDED DIFFERENTIALLY TO AN INCREASE IN CONCEALMENT DISTANCE AS WELL AS TO TARGET SPEED. SUBJECTS IN GROUP I MANIFESTED A SLIGHT INCREASE IN NEGATIVE CONSTANT ERROR AS CONCEALMENT DISTANCE LENGTHENED. GROUP II SHOWED A LARGER INCREASE IN POSITIVE ERROR WITH INCREASES IN CONCEALMENT DISTANCE. SUBJECTS REPORTED THAT THE SLOWEST SPEEDS PRESENTED THE GREATEST DIFFICULTY IN ESTIMATION. IT IS PROPOSED THAT THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO TASK DIFFICULTY PRESENTS A TEMPORAL DURATION PHENOMENON. THERE MAY BE PERCEPTUAL PREDISPOSITIONS TOWARD UNDERESTIMATES OR OVERESTIMATES AS A SIMPLE LINEAR FUNCTION OF TEMPORAL DURATION OF JUDGMENT TRIALS. /BPR/ KW - Automatic control KW - Displays KW - Distance KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Errors KW - Estimating KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Human characteristics KW - Information display systems KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Motion KW - Parameter KW - Reaction time KW - Speed KW - Timers KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206324 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CRAWFORD-SOUTH EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT, SO125/9/ PY - 1967/12 AB - RESULTS OF 2-YEARS OF OBSERVATIONS ON A LIGHTLY TRAVELLED (100 ADT) EXPERIMENTAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT ARE REPORTED. LIME- STABILIZED ROADBED SOIL FOR USE AS SUBBASE IS THE PRINCIPAL INDEPENDENT VARIABLE UNDER STUDY. TWO LEVELS OF BASE THICKNESS, AND 4 LEVELS OF LIME-STABILIZED SUBBASE THICKNESS AND SEVERAL SOIL TYPES ARE INCLUDED. CONDITION SURVEYS, AND RUT DEPTH, BENKELMAN BEAMS, DEHLEN CURVATURE METER AND CHLOE MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE QUARTERLY. FINDINGS TO DATE ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) EFFECT OF LIME STABILIZATION ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE HAS NOT BEEN INDICATED (2) THERE HAS BEEN NO RUTTING (3) CRACKING, PRINCIPALLY LONGITUDINAL, IS RELATED TO SUBSIDENCE AND NOT TO TRAFFIC (4) AVERAGE DEFLECTION RANGE FROM ABOUT 25 TO 65 (5) THE SECTIONS WITH LIME DEFLECT LESS THAN THOSE WITHOUT LIME. /BPR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Calcium oxide KW - Condition surveys KW - Experimental roads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Profilometers KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00238322 AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Tennessee Department of Highways TI - TENNESSEE HIGHWAY LAWS STUDY PY - 1967/12 AB - THE EXISTING LAWS AFFECTING THE OPERATIONS OF THE TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS WERE COMPILED AND A LEGAL ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF THE PRESENT LAWS WITH INDICATIONS WHERE CHANGES WERE NEEDED TO BE MADE AND WITH RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE LEGISLATURE FOR ACTION. THE MAJOR CHANGES IN THE LAWS SUGGESTED WERE: (1) REARRANGEMENT OF TENNESSEE HIGHWAY LAW, (2) DELETION OF OBSOLETE CODE SECTIONS, (3) LEGISLATIVE INTENT, (4) ADDITION OF DEFINITIONS, (5) ALTERNATE REORGANIZATION PLANS FOR COUNTY HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS, (6) NEW EMINENT DOMAIN STATUTE FOR HIGHWAY CONDEMNATION, AND (7) OUTDOOR ADVERTISING STATUTE FOR AREAS ADJACENT TO NATIONAL INTERSTATE AND DEFENSE HIGHWAYS. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Change KW - Compilation KW - Condemnation KW - Definitions KW - Eminent domain KW - Highway law KW - Highway operations KW - Legal factors KW - Obsolescence KW - Property condemnation KW - Recommendations KW - Roadside advertising KW - Service life KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204616 AU - Kemmerer, H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - WOODY AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS FOR ROADSIDE GROUND COVER PY - 1967/12 AB - A COMPILATION IS PRESENTED OF INFORMATION AND DATA REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WOODY AND HERBACEOUS GROUND COVERS ALONG ILLINOIS HIGHWAYS. IT COVERS THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS IN THE SEVERAL GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS AND INCLUDES FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE GROWTH SUCH AS SOIL TEMPERATURES AND MOISTURE, SLOPE ORIENTATION AND PLANT LOCATION ON THE SITE. A LIST OF ADAPTABLE GROUND COVER SPECIES WITH A RATING GUIDE IS GIVEN TO ASSIST THE DESIGNER IN MAKING SUITABLE SELECTIONS. DATA IS GIVEN ON PLANT BED PREPARATION, SIZES OF PLANTS, SPACING, TIME OF PLANTING AND FERTILITY REQUIREMENTS. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR WEED CONTROL, MULCHING PRACTICES, EROSION CONTROL METHODS, PROPAGATION, HANDLING AND STORAGE, AND PLANT CULTURAL PRACTICES. AN EMULSION-FORM SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCT, ESTAB (WX-889), SPRAYED AROUND A PLANTING OF WOODY SPECIES PREVENTED EROSION FOR A TWO-MONTH PERIOD. IT DID NOT INJURE THE PLANTS EITHER IN THE DORMANT STAGE OR WHEN THE FOLIAGE WAS YOUNG. THE APPLICATION IS SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE AND MAY BE MADE SEVERAL TIMES A YEAR WHEN APPLIED AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE 40 DEGREES F. A PLANTING OF VINCA MINOR (MYRTLE) SOD TAKEN FROM AN OLD ESTABLISHED BED AND MULCHED WITH CRACKED CORNCOBS WAS SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED AND EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED EROSION. /BPR/ KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Ground cover KW - Herbicides KW - Mulching KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Roadside KW - Roadside improvement KW - Shrubs KW - Soil classification KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil temperature KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Spacing KW - Stabilizers KW - Temperature KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212032 AU - Walker, H N AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ALKALI CARBONATE REACTION PRODUCTS FOUND IN MORTAR BARS AND PRISMS PY - 1967/12 AB - MORTAR BARS PREPARED UNDER THE ASTM COOPERATIVE TEST SERIES FOR ALKALI CARBONATE REACTION WERE EXAMINED BY THREE PROCEDURES: (1) OPTICAL METHODS USING REFLECTED LIGHT, (2) OPTICAL METHODS USING TRANSMITTED LIGHT (THIN SECTIONS), AND (3) X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION METHODS. THE REACTION PRODUCTS FROM ROCK PRISMS PREPARED UNDER THE SAME PROGRAM WERE EXAMINED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND BY OPTICAL METHODS. X-RAY EXAMINATION OF THE MOST EXPANSIVE AGGREGATES FROM THE MORTAR BARS FAILED TO DETECT ANY BRUCITE. HOWEVER, SOME TYPE OF DEDOLOMITIZATION REACTION WAS INDICATED. THE REACTION PRODUCTS FROM THE TREATED PRISMS INDICATE THAT THE MINERALS OF THE HYDROTALCITE-SJOGRENITE GROUPS (COMPLEX MAGNESIUM CARBONATE HYDROXIDES) CAN BE THE CHIEF PRODUCTS OF ALKALI DEDOLOMITIZATION NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE PRISMS OF DOLOMITIC CARBONATE AGGREGATE, AND THAT BRUCITE CAN BE THE MAJOR DEDOLOMITIZATION PRODUCT IN THE INTERIOR OF THE AGGREGATE. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Carbonates KW - Diffraction KW - Dolomite KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Mortar KW - Optical measurement KW - Prisms KW - Reflection KW - Transmissions KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98407 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00218232 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cron, F W TI - SNOW DRIFT CONTROL THROUGH HIGHWAY DESIGN PY - 1967/12 AB - IN AREAS THAT ARE SUBJECT TO LARGE AND FREQUENT SNOWFALLS, DRIFTING SNOW ON HIGHWAYS PRESENTS A SERIOUS MAINTENANCE PROBLEM. IN THE ARTICLE PRESENTED HERE, THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES RESEARCH THAT HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED IN THIS FIELD AND PRESENTS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEALING WITH THE PROBLEM OF SNOW DRIFT CONTROL. IN MANY AREAS OF THE COUNTRY, PARTICULARLY IN THE NORTHERN STATES, THE MAINTENANCE COSTS OF HIGHWAYS DURING THE SNOW SEASON CAN BE REDUCED CONSIDERABLY IF THE PROBLEM OF DRIFTING SNOW IS CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN STAGES. RESEARCH SHOWS THAT WHERE THE TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE, THE SWEEP OF THE WIND CAN BE USED TO CONTROL THE ACCUMULATION OF SNOWDRIFT ON THE HIGHWAYS. IN AREAS WHERE BLOWING SNOW IS A PROBLEM, INFORMATION ON PREVAILING WINDS AND DRIFTING SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN THE SELECTION OF A HIGHWAY LOCATION. THE PROFILE AND CROSS SECTIONAL DESIGN CAN ALSO PROVIDE SNOW CONTROL BY TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE WIND AND SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN A HIGHWAY IS INITIALLY PLANNED OR WHEN RECONSTRUCTION FOR SNOW CONTROL IS PLANNED. APPURTENANCES SUCH AS CURBS, GUARDRAILS, FENCES, SIGNS, ETC. MUST ALSO ENTER INTO CONSIDERATION FOR SNOW CONTROL BECAUSE THEY ARE OBSTACLES TO THE FREE MOVEMENT OF THE WIND AND THEREFORE CONTRIBUTE TO THE FORMATION OF DRIFTS. BY GENERALLY STREAMLINING THE AREA SURROUNDING THE HIGHWAY, DRIFTING IS MINIMIZED, THE ESTHETIC QUALITIES ARE ENHANCED, AND THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY IS INCREASED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Curbs KW - Fences KW - Guardrails KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Signs KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snowdrifts KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/110616 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00218233 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Records, W N TI - HORIZONS IN HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE PY - 1967/12 AB - NEW HORIZONS HAVE OPENED UP AS A RESULT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES. THESE STUDIES PROVIDE THE KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNIQUES NEEDED TO MAKE IMPROVEMENTS IN HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE. THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES THE SIZE OF THE MAINTENANCE FUNCTION, EXPLAINS THE COMPLEXITY AND THE PROBLEMS THAT CHARACTERIZE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE, AND EMPHASIZES ITS CHALLENGE TO THE ENTIRE HIGHWAY INDUSTRY. HE IS CONVINCED THAT, IF ALL SEGMENTS OF THE HIGHWAY INDUSTRY - - MANAGEMENT, RESEARCH, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTIONS MATERIALS PRODUCTION AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE -- RISE TO MEET THIS CHALLENGE, SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS CAN BE MADE IN MAINTENANCE DURING THE NEXT TWO DECADES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Development KW - Highway maintenance KW - Improvements KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/110617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483471 AU - Shunk, Gordon AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Journey to Work: A Singular Basis for Travel Pattern Surveys PY - 1967/11/28/Progress Report SP - 172p AB - This research involved a study of the feasibility of using the patterns of work trips alone to represent the patterns of travel for all purposes in an urban area. Further, the feasibility of using peak hour travel patterns to represent those of the entire day was investigated. The objective was to develop an approach to travel surveys which would satisfactorily reproduce the results of a conventional home interview survey. Using data from a 1964 comprehensive transportation survey in Indianapolis, Indiana, an analysis of variance was run to determine the effect of the commonly defined factors, mode, purpose, and time, on trip volume and average trip length. Based on the extremely high significance of all main effects and interactions, a second variance analysis was run to determine the effect of more specific purpose, time, and mode factors on the traffic assigned to the freeway and arterial links of the highway system. The significance of all main effects and a mode-purpose interaction was the basis for regression models accounting for mode, the peak hour, and the work purpose. A high degree of the variation in total trips on all major street system links was explained by multiple linear regression equations based on link volumes for the work purpose. Using the same regression approach, high degrees of explanation were achieved for total day, all purpose trips using all peak hour trips, and for all peak hour trips using total day work trips. The results of this research recommend that travel patterns could be represented by surveys at the destination of trips. One of these would involve tabulation of the residence address from employer records. A second would obtain trip information by employee interviews. The third would, in addition, tabulate arrivals at major shopping areas. Decision on the form of the revised procedure would be on the basis of cost and feasibility. This research has provided for the study director alternate procedures for replacing the costly home-interview survey. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Indianapolis (Indiana) KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel surveys KW - Work trips UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313724 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470823 AU - Turner, A Keith AU - Miles, Robert Douglas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Terrain Analysis by Computer PY - 1967/11/28 SP - 60p AB - Geomorphology is becoming a increasingly quantitative science. Many geomorphologist now view the landscape as a series of open physical systems tending toward energy equilibrium. Such scientists naturally attempt to describe terrain in unambiguous meaningful quantitative terms. Accurate, reproducible, numerical descriptors of terrain have become of great concern to several scientific disciplines, including engineering geology, soil science and land locomotion engineering. This paper describes techniques for the analysis of terrain using the computer. Further additions and refinements to the techniques are anticipated. Homogenous terrain types can be compared using measures of roughness, variability and the hypsometric integral. The digital computer can aid in the calculation of these measures. In addition to their geomorphic applications these measures could be used as predictors of several engineering construction costs, such as highway grading costs, since they are associated with terrain geometry. The variability factor can be used to determine appropriate irregularly spaced sampling distributions of larger compound areas covering one or many map sheets. The importance of these techniques should not be underestimated. Irregularly spaced random samples may better digitize topographic maps than gridded data under at least some conditions. Computer analysis of these compound areas by techniques such as trend-surface analysis will open the way to a number of interesting studies. Map comparison procedures are one obvious application. Geometric analysis of at least more regular terrain types, such a drumlinized topography, could have useful application to glacial geology, geomorphology and civil engineering. The author is examining the applicability trend surface analysis to the highway location problem. KW - Computers KW - Digital maps KW - Geomorphology KW - Terrain KW - Topography UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313725 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483469 AU - Ulbricht, Edgar P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Method for Comparing Alternate Pavement Designs PY - 1967/11 SP - 174p AB - The purpose of this research was to develop a method for comparing a set of preselected pavement designs for a proposed section of state highway in Indiana. This comparison is based on consideration of both economic and performance requirements. The major portion of this study was devoted to obtaining a measure of the total performance of highway pavements with known design characteristics and traffic loadings. The AASHO Performance Equations determined in 1961 at Ottawa, Illinois were used to predict the present serviceability trends with time of 160 study pavement sections. A serviceability trend is a measure of the performance of a pavement. The AASHO equations were found to estimate the present serviceability of Indiana highways within acceptable limits of precision. However, additional precision was obtained by modifying these equations to reflect the lower initial serviceability levels of Indiana rigid, flexible, and overlay-pavements compared to the AASHO Road Test pavements. The modification was accomplished by regression analyses between the predicted and measured present serviceabilities of the study sections. The regression equations have been termed the Indiana rigid, flexible, and overlay serviceability equations. From the Indiana equations, tables were compiled listing the anticipated performance of various pavement designs under a wide range of traffic loadings. The tables Included in this report permit determining the performance-to-cost ratio of each of the pavement designs to be compared. This ratio can be used to select the proper pavement design for given traffic and environmental conditions. When loadometer data are not available, the use of the AASHO and Indiana serviceability equations is facilitated by the technique developed in this study for approximating the number of equivalent 18-kip single axle load applications a pavement section has received. This estimate is made on the basis of the number of trucks traveling over the highway KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Indiana KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Serviceability UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313723 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470291 AU - Morre, D James AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tordon - 2,4-D Dimethylsulfoxide Combination Herbicides for Use in Roadside Development PY - 1967/11 SP - 81p AB - In this study, a potent (but somewhat expensive) new herbicide providing control of a broad spectrum of plant species was selected for initial use in combinations with the standard roadside herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The material selected was picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), which is sold commercially as Tordon herbicide. Interactions between Tordon and 2,4-D were also investigated and shown to be synergistic. This finding offers the opportunity of combining lesser amounts of a costly but potent herbicide (Tordon) with larger amounts of a less costly herbicide (2,4-D) into a mixture that is more effective pound for pound than either herbicide alone. The report also explores the potential of combining Tordon + 2,4-D with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a potent herbicide solvent, is explored. By acting as a adjuvant, DMSO affords a second opportunity for synergistic interaction that may prove helpful against spot infestations of especially difficult to control species such as wild garlic. KW - Chemical compounds KW - Herbicides KW - Roadside flora KW - Vegetation control UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313726 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201188 AU - Zickefoose, P AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces AU - New Mexico State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RATON BYPASS STUDY - AFTER PHASE PY - 1967/11 AB - THIS IS THE AFTER PHASE OF A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE RATON BYPASS ON THE COMMUNITY. NEARLY SIX YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE THE COMPLETION OF THE BYPASS. A SURPRISING DEVELOPMENT IS THAT TOURIST-RELATED BUSINESS HAS INCREASED FOR THE CITY FAR MORE THAN VEHICULAR TRAFFIC. GASOLINE SALES ARE UP 10 PERCENT, MOTEL AND RESTAURANT SALES UP 14 PERCENT AND EMPLOYMENT UP 17 PERCENT IN 1966 OVER 1958. THESE GAINS ARE NOT DISTRIBUTED GEOGRAPHICALLY WITH SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE CITY DECLINING BOTH RELATIVELY AND ABSOLUTELY IN ALMOST ALL CATEGORIES. HOWEVER, THE DECLINE IN INTENSIVE LAND USE IN THESE ESTABLISHED SECTIONS OF THE CITY HAS NOT BEEN SUF- FICIENT TO CAUSE ANY SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF TOURIST-RELATED BUSINESSES TO CLOSE DOWN. ALL RESTAURANTS AND ALL MOTELS WHICH WERE OPERATING IN 1958, EXCEPT ONE, WERE STILL IN BUSINESS IN 1966. MORTALITY RATES OF SERVICE STATIONS, AS MIGHT BE EXPECTED, WERE CONSIDERABLY HIGHER. THE RESEARCHER CONCLUDES THAT THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BYPASS DID NOT PROVIDE THE BOOST TO A LAGGING ECONOMY ENVISIONED BY THOSE WHO ORIGINALLY REQUESTED THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT TO BUILD THE BYPASS, NOR HAS IT BROUGHT THE DISASTROUS DECLINE IN BUSINESS PREDICTED BY ITS OPPONENTS. /BPR/ KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Community consequences KW - Economic impacts KW - Gasoline KW - Highway user services KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Motels KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Restaurants KW - Service stations KW - Social impacts KW - Tourists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204002 AU - Aguirre, R AU - Moore, W L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RADIAL FLOW ENERGY DISSIPATOR FOR CULVERT OUTLETS PY - 1967/11 SP - 107 p. AB - A NEW TYPE OF ENERGY DISSIPATOR FOR CULVERTS LOCATED IN CHANNELS OF STEEP SLOPE WAS INVESTIGATED BY A MODEL STUDY AND AN EVALUATION OF THE STABILITY OF THE HYDRAULIC JUMP AS INFLUENCED BY THE BASIN GEOMETRY AND TAILWATER DEPTHS. THE DESIGN INVOLVES A CONCENTRATION OF A PART OF THE FALL OVER THE LENGTH OF THE CULVERT INTO A STEEP, CURVED CHUTE AT THE OUTLET, TERMINATING AT A HORIZONTAL BOTTOM BASIN BOUNDED BY FLARED WALLS AT EACH SIDE. AS THE FLOW IMPINGES ON THE BOTTOM, THE RESULTING PRESSURE CAUSES A CHANGE TO RADIAL FLOW, WHICH IS REDIRECTED BY THE SIDE WALLS TO PARALLEL FLOW IN THE OUTLET CHANNEL. A HYDRAULIC JUMP WILL BE FORMED WITHIN THE RADIAL FLOW BASIN BY VERY LIMITED DEPTHS OF TAILWATER. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA WILL BE NECESSARY. /BPR/ KW - Basins KW - Culverts KW - Depth KW - Dissipation KW - Flow KW - Geometry KW - Hydraulic jump KW - Model tests KW - Outlets KW - Radial flow KW - Radials KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tail water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219704 AU - Ptheiss, C M AU - Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Incorporated AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A COMPUTER AIDED MOVIE-PRODUCING PROGRAM FOR THE SIMULATION PROGRAM OF ROADSIDE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS PY - 1967/11 AB - A SUB-TASK IS DOCUMENTED UNDER A PROJECT AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING EXISTING AND PROPOSED ROADSIDE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS TO REDUCE THE INJURY-PRODUCING CONSEQUENCES OF A VEHICLE RUNNING OFF THE ROADWAY AND ENCOUNTERING DANGEROUS ROADSIDE FEATURES OR FIXED OBJECTS. THE REPORTED RESEARCH DESCRIBED A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PRODUCING A MOTION PICTURE OUTPUT FROM THE DYNAMIC TAPED OUTPUT OF THE AUTOMOBILE-ROADSIDE TERRAIN SIMULATION MODEL. THIS MOTION PICTURE REPRESENTATION ENHANCES THE COMPREHENSION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONSIDERABLE DATA RESULTING FROM THE SIMULATION RUNS. THIS COMPUTER PROGRAM SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE MODEL DESCRIBED IN A REPORT ENTITLED DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICAL CRITERIA FOR AN ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM BY MESSRS. MCHENCY, SEGAL AND DELEYS. /BPR/ KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Energy conversion KW - Fixed object KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motion pictures KW - Research KW - Roadside structures KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203998 AU - Horn, D R AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECT OF BASIN CHARACTERISTICS ON THE OUTLET HYDROGRAPH FROM A 9-ACRE IMPERVIOUS DRAINAGE BASIN PY - 1967/11 AB - AN ANALYTICAL COMPUTER APPROACH TO THE SYNTHESIS OF RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHSIS USED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS ON THE HYDROGRAPHS OF THE VARIATION OF THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A NINE-ACRE HYPOTHETICAL DRAINAGE BASIN. THE DRAINAGE DENSITY, DRAINAGE PATTERN, AND DRAINAGE AREA SHAPE ARE ALLOWED TO VARY, AND THESE VARIATIONS ARE RELATED TO THE CHANGE IN PEAK FLOW AND TIMEPEAK OF THE HYDROGRAPH. IT IS FOUND THAT ALTHOUGH EACH OF THE CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTS THE HYDROGRAPH, THE VARIATION OF THE DRAINAGE DENSITY CAUSES THE GREATEST CHANGE IN THE PEAK FLOW. THESE RESULTS ARE COMPARED TO THE PEAK FLOWS AND LAG TIMES THAT WOULD BE PREDICTED BY USING THE RATIONAL METHOD ON THE SAME DRAINAGE BASINS. THE RATIONAL METHOD IS SHOWN TO BE ALMOST TOTALLY INSENSITIVE TO CHANGES IN DRAINAGE DENSITY. THE OVERALL RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE AVERAGE LENGTH OF OVERLAND FLOW IN THE DRAINAGE BASIN CAN BE USED TO PREDICT THE PEAK FLOW UNDER CONDITIONS SPECIFIED IN THIS STUDY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Hydrographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203999 AU - Horn, D R AU - Dee, N AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Maryland State Roads Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SYNTHESIS OF THE INLET HYDROGRAPH FROM SMALL PERVIOUS AND COMPINATION PREVIOUS-IMPERVIOUS DRAINAGE AREAS PY - 1967/11 AB - BASED ON THE ACTUAL RECORDED RAINFALL-RUNOFF DATA ON TWO GAGED AREAS IN BALTIMORE (MONTEBELLO 2 - WITH 92% PERVIOUSNESS AND HAMILTON 2 - WITH 80% PERVIOUSNESS), THE COEFFICIENTS IN HORTON'S INFILTRATION EQUATION FOR EACH OF THESE TWO AREAS WERE DETERMINED BY USING A SIMPLE LINEAR STORAGE RESERVOIR MODEL OF THE RUNOFF PROCESS WITH DOUBLE ROUTING TECHNIQUE SUGGESTED BY HOLTAN AND OVERTON (ASSUMING THESE AREAS AS 100% PERVIOUS). THEN BY APPLYING SCHAAKE'S RUNOFF ROUTING COMPUTER PROGRAM TOGETHER WITH THE THUS DERIVED HORTON'S INFILTRATION EQUATIONS FOR THE PERVIOUS PORTIONS OF THESE DRAINAGE AREAS, THE COMPUTED HYDROGRAPHS CAN CHECK WELL WITH THE ACTUALLY RECORDED HYDROGRAPHS, IF THE RIGHT VALUES OF THE ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT 'N' FOR THESE PERVIOUS AND IMPERVIOUS SURFACES CAN BE USED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Drainage basins KW - Hydrographs KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Moisture barriers KW - Pervious soils KW - Roughness coefficient KW - Syntheses KW - Synthesis (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207862 AU - Mehrain, M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SKEW COMPOSITE GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1967/11 AB - THE ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD USING A DISPLACEMENT MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE BEHAVIOR OF LINEAR ELASTIC SKEW COMPOSITE GIRDER AND SLAB BRIDGES IS DISCUSSED. TWO COMPUTER PROGRAMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF DETERMINING DISPLACEMENTS AND INTERNAL FORCES IN THE BEAMS AND SLAB ARE LISTED. LINEAR ELASTICITY AND SMALL DEFORMATION THEORY ARE ASSUMED. THE ANALYTICAL RESULTS AGREED CLOSELY WITH DEFLECTIONS OF SMALL PLASTIC MODELS SUBJECTED TO STATIC LOADS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD USING THE DISPLACEMENT MODEL IS WELL ADAPTED TO ANALYZE ELASTIC SKEW COMPOSITE PLATES. THE METHOD PERMITS RAPID SOLUTION OF SUCH STRUCTURES, WITH VARYING ANGLES OF SKEW, BEAM GEOMETRY, BOUNDARY CONDITION AND LOADING. /BPR/ KW - Boundary conditions KW - Boundary value problems KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Composite construction KW - Computer programs KW - Construction KW - Deflection KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Geometry KW - Girder bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Plasticity KW - Skew angle KW - Skew bridges KW - Skewed structures KW - Slabs KW - Static loads KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224873 AU - Montano, W AU - Fenton, R AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF DRIVER-AIDED CAR FOLLOWING PY - 1967/11 AB - THE RESULTS OF REAL WORLD CAR-FOLLOWING STUDIES ON A TEST VEHICLE HAVING A CONTROL STICK WITH A TACTILE AIDING DEVICE INSTEAD OF THE CONVENTIONAL STEERING WHEEL ARE DESCRIBED. THE CONTROL STICK IS USED FOR STEERING, ACCELERATION, AND BRAKING. IN CONTAINS A FINGER IN THE HEAD OF IT WHICH INDICATES TO THE DRIVER WHEN EITHER OF THE LATTER TWO ACTIONS IS NECESSARY IN THE CAR-FOLLOWING SITUATION. PHANTOM AND LEAD CAR EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED USING THE DRIVING STICK AT VARIOUS AIDING RATIOS AND SENSITIVITIES. AVERAGE HEADWAY VARIANCE AND AVERAGE VELOCITY VARIANCE WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TACTILE AID AT LONG AND SHORT HEADWAYS AND TO REAFFIRM THAT CAR-FOLLOWING PERFORMANCE IS IMPROVED WITH THE TACTILE CONTROLLER. REDUCTIONS IN VELOCITY AND HEADWAY VARIANCE OF 70% AND 95% WERE OBTAINED FOR THE TACTILE AIDED CASE RELATIVE TO THE UNAIDED ONE. /BPR/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Car following KW - Control devices KW - Controllers KW - Drivers KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Headways KW - Steering KW - Steering wheels KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicles KW - Velocity measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212031 AU - Sherman, G B AU - Watkins, R O AU - California Department of Transportation AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ANALYSIS OF VOLUME CHANGE TEST OF PORLTAND CEMENT MORTAR PY - 1967/11 AB - A STUDY OF THE EXPANSION IN WATER -- CONTRACTION IN AIR TEST FOR TYPE 11 PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR IS REPORTED. THE STUDY INDICATES NO NEED FOR CHANGES IN THE CURRENT CALIFORNIA SPECIFICATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Air KW - Analysis KW - Expansion KW - Mortar KW - Portland cement KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Volume changes KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219233 AU - Litherland, J W AU - Yoerger, R R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - MATERIAL MOVEMENT IN A ROTARY MOWER PY - 1967/11 AB - THE OBSERVATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES USED TO MEASURE THE TRAJECTORY OF VEGETATION CUT BY A ROTARY MOWER ARE DESCRIBED. THE COMPUTER ANALYSIS BASED ON DATA OBTAINED BY USING DIFFERENT BLADE LIFT ANGLES INDICATES THIS FACTOR TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT SINGLE PARAMETER INFLUENCING PARTICLE TRAJECTORY. THE AUTHORS CLAIM THAT BY APPLYING THE TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED IN THIS STUDY IT MAY BE POSSIBLE FOR MANUFACTURERS TO IMPROVE DESIGN FOR MOWING EQUIPMENT REQUIRING LESS POWER, REDUCE OPERATIONAL HAZARDS, AND ELIMINATE THE WINDROWING CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL ROTARY MOWERS. /BPR/ KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Computers KW - Design KW - Lift angles KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mowers KW - Rotation KW - Trajectory KW - Vegetation KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215868 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - REFLECTIVE TRAFFIC BEAD STUDY; 2ND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1967/11 AB - THE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF REFLECTIVE GLASS BEADS IN TRAFFIC PAINT APPLIED TO CONCRETE AND BITUMINOUS SURFACES IS DESCRIBED. FOUR DIFFERENT BEAD TYPES WERE EVALUATED AT APPLICATION RATES FROM 2 TO 7 LBS. PER GALLON OF PAINT. BEAD TYPES VARIED IN GRADATION AND WERE EITHER OF LOW (1.55+) OR INTERMEDIATE (1.65+) INDEX OF REFRACTION. RESULTS AFTER 10 MONTHS EXPOSURE ON A CONCRETE SURFACE INDICATED THAT: (1) BEAD APPLICATION RATES COULD NOT BE CONTROLLED TO AN ACCURACY GREATER THAN + OR - 2 LBS PER GALLON, (2) HUMAN EVALUATION CORRELATES WELL WITH A DEVELOPED PHOTOELECTRIC FIELD METHOD, (3) THERE APPEARS TO BE AN OPTIMUM RATE OF APPLICATION FOR EACH BEAD TYPE FOR BEST PERFORMANCE, (4) DIFFERENT BEAD TYPES PROVIDE DISTINGUISHABLE DIFFERENCES IN NIGHT VISIBILITY, (5) LOW INDEX, UNIFORMLY GRADED SMALL SIZE SPHERES APPEARED TO PROVIDE BEST PERFORMANCE. A PHOTOELECTRIC DEVICE FOR FIELD EVALUATION OF NIGHT VISIBILITY WAS DEVELOPED AND IS DESCRIBED. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Applications KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Glass beads KW - Gradation analysis KW - Night visibility KW - Performance KW - Photoelectricity KW - Reflective beads KW - Refractivity KW - Surface treating KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201186 AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - U.S. 70 BYPASS - GLENWOOD, AN ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY PY - 1967/11 AB - BEFORE AND AFTER DATA COMPARISONS ARE SUMMARIZED PERTAINING TO LOCATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATE U.S. 70 HIGHWAY ROUTE. THE TOTAL EFFECT OF THE NEW FACILITY UPON THE LOCAL ECONOMY AND ITS COMPONENTS IS TO BE APPRAISED. THE RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT ALL OBSERVED FACETS OF LOCAL ECONOMY RECEIVED BENEFITS FROM THE WELL-DESIGNED AND EFFICIENTLY OPERATING U.S. 70 BYPASS FACILITY. RETAIL TRADE, AIDED BY IMPROVED HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION, IS THRIVING. INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORTATION HAS BEEN FACILITATED BY IMPROVED HIGHWAY SERVICES. GREATER FREEDOM OF ACCESS DUE TO REDUCED TRAFFIC CONGESTION HAS EXTENDED BENEFITS TO ALL CIVIC AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS. RE-ROUTING HIGHWAY TRAFFIC TO THE HIGHWAY BYPASS ROUTE OUTSIDE THE COUMMUNITY HAS REDUCED THE DAMAGE TO CITY STREETS, WITH SAVINGS ACCRUING TO THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. LAND VALUE AND LAND USE HAVE INCREASED. HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AND LOCAL TRAFFIC HAVE BENEFITTED FROM REDUCED VEHICLE COSTS. THESE VEHICLE OPERATION COST SAVINGS HAVE BEEN DISTRIBUTED TO ALL ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMY. SOCIAL ATTITUDES HAVE IMPROVED. A SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STIMULATION HAS BEEN EFFECTED BY THE OPERATION OF THE GLENWOOD BYPASS FACILITY, AND THE PEOPLE SHOW IT. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY CONFIRM THOSE OF SIMILAR STUDIES CONDUCTED OVER THE ENTIRE NATION, WHERE IN GENERAL THE BENEFICIAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS RESULTING FROM PLACEMENT AND OPERATION OF BYPASS, OR ALTERNATE ROUTE, FACILITIES HAVE BEEN REPEATEDLY ESTABLISHED. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway transportation KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Retail trade KW - Social values KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200063 AU - Delaware Department of Highways and Transportation TI - MANAGEMENT RESEARCH STUDY OF THE DELAWARE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT PY - 1967/11 AB - THE ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATION OF THE DELAWARE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT WAS REVIEWED. ALTERNATE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES WERE PROPOSED THAT WOULD, IF IMPLEMENTED, IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF THE DEPARTMENT. SOME OF THE MAJOR AREAS OF INVESTIGATION INCLUDED LEGISLATION UNDER WHICH THE DEPARTMENT OPERATES, ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL IT AFFORDS, BUDGET AND FINANCIAL PROCEDURES, PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT, LONG-RANGE PLANNING AND COORDINATION OF THE DEPARTMENT'S OPERATIONS, AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER STATE AGENCIES. /BPR/ KW - Administration KW - Budgeting KW - Finance KW - Financial programming KW - Highway administration KW - Highway departments KW - Highway operations KW - Laws KW - Management KW - Organization charts KW - Personnel management KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206317 AU - Henry, R L AU - University of Mississippi, University TI - A STUDY OF CONTROL OF PAVEMENT MOVEMENTS ADJACENT TO STRUCTURES PY - 1967/11 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A LITERATURE SEARCH, A QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE STATES, AND THE OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF A FIELD STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EXTENSIVENESS OF PCC PAVEMENT ENCROACHMENT ON STRUCTURES. THE QUESTIONNAIRE ESTABLISHED THE FACT THAT STATES WITH LARGE MILEAGES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT HAVE GREAT DIFFICULTIES AND THAT MOST CUT RELIEF STRIPS INTO THE PAVEMENT TO GIVE THE PAVEMENT ROOM TO EXPAND. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EACH STATES REMEDIAL MEASURES SHOWS THAT OTHER SPECIAL JOINT DESIGNS AND PAVEMENT LUGS ARE ALSO USED TO REDUCE THE DAMAGE. ATTEMPTS TO CORRELATE THE PREVALENCE OF THE PROBLEM WITH PRECIPITATION, TEMPERATURE, AND OTHER VARIABLES WERE LARGELY UNSUCCESSFUL. APPROXIMATELY ONE-THIRD OF MISSISSIPPIS BRIDGES WERE CAREFULLY CHECKED AGAINST A LIST OF 20 ITEMS AND THE DAMAGE WAS CATEGORIZED. SUBSEQUENTLY A QUALITATIVE TYPE OF MULTIPLE CORRELATION WAS CONDUCTED AND IT WAS FOUND THAT THE DEGREE OF DAMAGE (1) INCREASES WITH THE NUMBER OF SPANS, (2) DECREASES WITH SKEWNESS, (3) IS MORE PREVALENT IN CERTAIN JOINT DESIGNS, (4) IS INVERSELY RELATED TO PAVEMENT CONDITION, (5) IS PRIMARILY MECHANICAL GROWTH CAUSED BY JOINT INFILTRATION, (6) IS APPARENTLY UNRELATED TO PAVEMENT GRADE, (7) CAN BE RELATED TO PAVEMENT DESIGN DETAILS OF THE PAST BUT IS INCONCLUSIVE IN ITS EFFECT, (8) AND APPEARS UNRELATED TO SOIL AND GEOLOGIC FACTORS. /BPR/ KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete pavements KW - Control KW - Design KW - Expansion KW - Expansion (Construction phenomena) KW - Field studies KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lugs KW - Motion KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Precipitation KW - Questionnaires KW - Reviews KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219699 AU - Taylor, W C AU - Foody, T J AU - Blackwell, H R AU - Treiterer, J AU - Van den Branden, B AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - THE EFFECT OF FLASHING TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ON ACCIDENT OCCURRENCE PY - 1967/11 AB - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF FLASHING DEVICES WAS EVALUATED IN REDUCING THE TOTAL ACCIDENT RATE AT INTERSECTIONS ON THE RURAL STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. SEVERAL OTHER VARIABLES WERE CONSIDERED WHILE THE RELATION BETWEEN TYPE OF FLASHING DEVICE AND REDUCTION IN ACCIDENT RATE WAS BEING FORMULATED. THESE VARIABLES WERE FLASHER CONSPICUITY, INTERSECTION GEOMETRICS, VOLUME, AND LINE OF SIGHT DISTANCE. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE REDUCTION IN INTERSECTION ACCIDENT RATE WAS OPTIMIZED THROUGH THE USE OF A PARTICULAR TYPE OF FLASHING DEVICE IN COMBINATION WITH CERTAIN INTERSECTION GEOMETRICS. IT WAS ALSO DETERMINED THAT THE VARIABLES OF INTERSECTION GEOMETRICS AND TOTAL INTERSECTION VOLUME PLACE LIMITING CONSTRAINTS ON THIS RELATIONSHIP. THIS RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN TWO PHASES. THE SIMULATOR STUDY OF FLASHER CONSPICUITY AND THE DETERMINATION OF THEIR LUMINANCE VALUES WAS CONDUCTED BY THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, AND THE REMAINDER OF THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED BY THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED JOINTLY BY THESE GROUPS AND REPRESENTS THE TOTAL PROJECT EFFORT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Brightness KW - Constraints KW - Crash rates KW - Flashers KW - Geometry KW - Intersections KW - Sight distance KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control devices KW - Training simulators KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217472 AU - Tinoco, F H AU - Handy, R L AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SHEAR STRENGTH OF GRANULAR MATERIALS PY - 1967/11 AB - A THEORY WAS DEVELOPED TO ALLOW THE SEPARATE DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE INTERPARTICLE FRICTION AND INTERLOCKING OF PARTICLES ON THE SHEARING RESISTANCE AND DEFORMATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS. THE DERIVED PARAMETER, ANGLE OF SOLID FRICTION, IS INDEPENDENT OF THE TYPE OF SHEAR TEST, STRESS HISTORY, POROSITY AND THE LEVEL OF CONFINING PRESSURE, AND DEPENDS SOLELY UPON THE NATURE OF THE PARTICLE SURFACE. THE THEORY WAS TESTED AGAINST PUBLISHED DATA CONCERNING THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANE STRAIN, TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION AND EXTENSION TESTS ON COHESIONLESS SOILS. THE THEORY ALSO WAS APPLIED TO ISOTROPICALLY CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TESTS ON THREE CRUSHED LIMESTONES PREPARED BY THE AUTHORS USING VIBRATORY COMPACTION. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDED THAT, (1) THE THEORY ALLOWED THE DETERMINATION OF SOLID FRICTION BETWEEN PARTICLES WHICH WAS FOUND TO DEPEND SOLELY ON THE NATURE OF THE PARTICLE SURFACE, (2) THE SEPARATION OF FRICTIONAL AND VOLUME CHANGE COMPONENTS OF SHEAR STRENGTH OF GRANULAR MATERIALS QUALITATIVELY CORROBORATED THE POSTULATED MECHANISM OF DEFORMATION (SLIDING AND ROLLING OF GROUPS OF PARTICLES OVER OTHER SIMILAR GROUPS WITH RESULTING DILATANCY OF SPECIMEN), (3) THE INFLUENCE OF VOID RATIO, GRADATION CONFINING PRESSURE, STRESS HISTORY AND TYPE OF SHEAR TEST ON SHEAR STRENGTH IS REFLECTED IN VALUES OF THE OMEGA PARAMETER, AND (4) CALCULATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF SOLID FRICTION ALLOWS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LOWER LIMIT OF THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF A GRANULAR MATERIAL. /BPR/ KW - Behavior KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Compression KW - Confinement KW - Deformation KW - Determination KW - Friction KW - Granular materials KW - Granular soils KW - Particles KW - Porosity KW - Pressure KW - Resistance KW - Shear strength KW - Shear stress KW - Shear tests KW - Shearing KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Texture KW - Theory KW - Triaxial compression KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Void ratios KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203137 AU - Harris, I E AU - Vogt Ivers & Associates AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SPIRAL COORDINATES PY - 1967/11 AB - THIS PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED BY VOGT, IVERS, SEAMAN AND ASSOCIATES TO COMPUTE THE COORDINATES OF ANY POINT ON A SPIRAL AND/OR THE COORDINATES OF ANY POINT ON A RADIAL LINE THROUGH A POINT ON THE SPIRAL. /BPR/ KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Coordinates KW - Point demerit systems KW - Points KW - Spirals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204608 AU - Gilbert, W B AU - Davis, D L AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission TI - INVESTIGATION ON CRITICAL PROBLEMS OF ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING A SATISFACTORY SOD COVER ALONG NORTH CAROLINA HIGHWAYS PY - 1967/11 AB - METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR ESTABLISHING AND MANAGING TURF WERE TESTED AND EVALUATED ON NORTH CAROLINA ROADSIDES DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1962-1966. STRAW TACKED WITH ASPHALT WAS DETERMINED TO BE THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEDIUM FOR IMMEDIATE EROSION CONTROL AND FOR TURF ESTABLISHMENT ON SLOPES AND OTHER ROADSIDE AREAS. WOOD-CELLULOSE FIBER, MAY BE ADVANTAGEOUSLY USED AS A SUBSTITUTE ON LESS CRITICAL AREAS, ESPECIALLY WHERE WEED GROWTH IS UNDESIRABLE. SOYBEAN STRAW MAY BECOME READILY AVAILABLE SOURCE OF MULCH AS THE ACREAGE OF THIS CROP IS INCREASED. FERTILIZATION IS ESSENTIAL AT THE TIME OF SEEDING BUT LARGE QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN ARE NOT REQUIRED IN EARLY STAGES OF PLANT GROWTH. HOWEVER, THIS NUTRIENT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR CONTINUED SATISFACTORY GROWTH. PHORPHOROUS WAS DETERMINED TO BE IMPORTANT TO GROWTH FOLLOWING GERMINATION. TALL FESCUE AND SERICEA LESPEDEZA PROVED TO BE WELL ADAPTED TO MOST CONDITIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA. WARM SEASON SPECIES, BAHIA, AND BERMUDAGRASS, WERE EFFECTIVE IN SANDY SOILS AND ARE USEFUL AS BASIC GRASSES IN THE PRODUCTION OF TURF. CROWN VETCH CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY GROWN UNDER MOST CONDITIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA, AND MAY BE USEFUL AS A GROUND COVER. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PRODUCTS SUCH AS JUTE MESH, EXCELSIOR MAT, MULCH NET, GLASS FIBER WERE TESTED FOR DITCH LINERS FOR TURF ESTABLISHMENT IN DRAINAGE AREAS. GLASS FIBER ROVING TACKED WITH ASPHALT WAS THE MOST EROSION RESISTANT AND ECONOMICAL MATERIAL TESTED. KW - Asphalt KW - Cellulose KW - Ditches KW - Erosion control KW - Establishing KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Glass fibers KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Liners KW - Mulches KW - Roadside KW - Slopes KW - Sod KW - Soybeans KW - Straw KW - Turf KW - Vegetation KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483470 AU - Baladi, George Y AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Distribution of Stresses and Displacements within and under Long Elastic and Viscoelastic Embankments PY - 1967/10//Progress Report SP - 201p AB - The research was initiated to predict stresses and displacements within and under long elastic and viscoelastic embankments. In both cases, the embankment was assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic and continuous with the underlying material. As the first step in the development of a suitable theory, the total stress was defined to be the results of: 1) the stress due to the geometric configuration of the boundary of the embankment; and 2) the stress due to the weight of the material. This definition was used together with the Airy stress function to represent the stresses in terms of analytic functions. The Schwarz-Christoffel transformation was used to transform both the geometric configuration and the boundary conditions for the purpose of matching the boundary of the embankment, with the stress functions. The Cauchy integral formula was applied to the transformed boundary conditions to yield the stresses and the displacements. The material of the embankment and the foundation was assumed to behave as a linear viscoelastic body, the time dependent solution for the stresses and the displacements was obtained by applying the quasi- elastic approximation, proposed by Schapery, to the associated elastic solution with creep functions in place of elastic constants. Time-dependent material properties were selected from the results of triaxial creep tests on a compacted clay soil. The numerical results of both the elastic and the viscoelastic solution were obtained by the aid of an IBM 7094 digital computer using a Fortran four source program. The method developed permits solution of a wide variety of plane strain problems with variety of boundary conditions. The distribution of vertical stress underneath the elastic embankment is more nearly uniform than is usually assumed. The horizontal normal stresses was found to be significantly lower than those computed by the normal loading approximation. The horizontal shear stress acted along the base of the embankment, was found to have a significant value, while it is assumed zero by the Boussinesq analysis. The net increase in vertical normal stress within the compensated elastic foundation was found to be smaller than that usually assumed. The viscoelastic analysis of the embankment indicates that, for the soil investigated, 60% of the displacements which occur within the first ten years, is due to the elastic effect and 90% of these displacements occur in the first month. KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Embankments KW - Stresses KW - Viscoelasticity UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313722 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230639 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF LIME-SOIL MIXTURES PY - 1967/10 AB - A LABORATORY TEST WHICH SIMULATES FIELD CONDITIONS OF FREEZING AND THAWING UNDER ILLINOIS PAVEMENTS WAS DEVELOPED USING SOIL-LIME SPECIMENS PREPARED FROM FOUR REPRESENTATIVE ILLINOIS SOILS. THE TEST INVOLVES REALISTIC TEMPERATURES FOR FREEZING AND THAWING, SPECIMENS HAVING THEIR BASE IN CONTACT WITH A WATER SUPPLY, A THERMAL GRADIENT WITHIN SPECIMENS AS SUPPLIED BY A VACUUM FLASK, AND REPEATED CYCLES OF FREEZING AND THAWING. FOUR METHODS - UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, LENGTH CHANGE, MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION AND VISUAL INSPECTION - WERE USED TO EVALUATE DURABILITY. ALL FOUR WERE FOUND EFFECTIVE FOR THIS PURPOSE, BUT LENGTH CHANGE AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WERE MOST INFORMATIVE. /BPR/ KW - Change KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Laboratory tests KW - Length KW - Moisture content KW - Simulation KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Temperature KW - Unconfined compression tests KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200805 AU - Remer, R J AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - CORRELATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE FACTORS IN MONTANA PY - 1967/10 AB - TWO HUNDRED AND EIGHTY MONTANA RURAL FARMS AND RANCHES (GRAZING LAND) ARE ANALYZED. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALES PRICE PER ACRE AND A STANDARDIZED PRODUCTIVITY RATING FOR BOTH FARMS AND RANCHES IS TESTED. RANCH PRODUCTIVITY CONSIDERS LIVESTOCK GRAZING REQUIREMENTS, MEASURED IN ACRES PER ANIMAL, WHILE FARM PRODUCTIVITY IS MEASURED IN FEED UNITS PER ACRE. THUS A COMMON UNIT OF COMPARISON IS USED FOR BOTH FARM AND RANCH PRODUCTIVITY. SECONDLY, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALES PRICE PER ACRE, AND STANDARDIZED PRODUCTIVITY, DISTANCE TO NEAREST OILED ROAD, AND DISTANCE TO NEAREST TOWN IS TESTED. ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE FOR TIME, BUILDING VALUE, AND ACQUISITION FOR EXPANSION. THE USE OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING AND THE AVAILABILITY OF PREPARED PROGRAMS FACILITATED RESEARCH. THE RESEARCHER FOUND THAT A RELATIONSHIP DOES EXIST BETWEEN RANCH AND FARM PRODUCTIVITY AND LAND VALUE. TESTING THE RELATIONSHIP WITH PRODUCTIVITY ALONE RESULTED IN THE EXPLANATION OF FROM 30 TO 60 PERCENT OF THE VARIATION IN SALE PRICE. WHEN SUCH ADDITIONAL FACTORS AS DATE OF SALE, TOTAL ACRES, DISTANCE TO OILED ROADS WERE CONSIDERED, FROM 54 TO 86 PERCENT VARIATION WAS EXPLAINED. THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF CORRELATION WAS FOUND WHEN LIVESTOCK RANCHES WERE DISTINGUISHED FROM IRRIGATED AND DRY WHEAT FARMS. AN EXAMPLE OF THE ACCURACY OF LAND VALUE ESTIMATES THE AUTHOR ACHIEVED WAS DEMONSTRATED IN A GLENDIVE HIGHWAY TAKING INVOLVING 15 IRRIGATED FARMS. FOR THESE PROPERTIES, ESTIMATED SALES PRICE PER ACRE RANGED BETWEEN 2 AND 24 PERCENT OF THE APPRAISED VALUES. THE RESEARCHERS RECOMMEND THE USE OF A LARGER SAMPLE AND NON-LINEAR MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO ACHIEVE EVEN MORE ACCURATE ESTIMATES OF AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE. /BPR/ KW - Agricultural land KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computers KW - Farming KW - Farms KW - Information processing KW - Land values KW - Production KW - Ranches KW - Regression analysis KW - Sales KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217469 AU - Carlson, D H AU - Volin, M E AU - Michigan Technological University, Houghton TI - STUDY OF PRACTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF AGGREGATE QUALITY PY - 1967/10 AB - TEN TECHNIQUES WERE STUDIED IN A PRELIMINARY WAY TO ASSESS THEIR POSSIBILITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A PRACTICAL AND ACCURATE METHOD FOR FIELD INSPECTION USE IN DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF GRAVEL AGGREGATE. SIX OF THESE WERE BASED ON POROSITY OR INVOLVED MEASUREMENT OF THE WATER CONTENT OF THE AGGREGATE IN THE SATURATED STATE. THESE TECHNIQUES INCLUDED CAPACITANCE, CONDUCTANCE, MICROWAVE ABSORPTION, NEUTRON MODERATION, WATER DESORPTION, AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR). THE OTHER FOUR TECHNIQUES INVOLVED MEASUREMENTS OF REFLECTANCE, LUMINESCENCE, THERMAL SHOCK, AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY. THE AGGREGATE TYPES USED IN THE STUDY WERE THOSE VISUALLY IDENTIFIED AS GOOD, CHERT, HARD ABSORBENT (HA), AND SOFT AND NONDURABLE (SND). THE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED MOSTLY TO INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES, BUT SOME TESTS WERE MADE ON BULK SAMPLES OF MIXTURES OF THE AGGREGATE TYPES. THE TEST RESULTS ON BULK SAMPLES ALONG WITH CONSIDERATIONS OF THE VARYING CHARACTER OF THE GRAVELS INDICATED THAT A SINGLE MEASUREMENT MADE ON A BULK SAMPLE WOULD BE SUBJECT TO MISLEADING INTERPRETATIONS. HEAVY LIQUID SEPARATION SEEMS TO OFFER THE BEST POSSIBILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A USEFUL AND RELIABLE FIELD INSPECTION METHOD FOR DETERMINING AGGREGATE QUALITY. THE TECHNIQUE PROBABLY COULD BE DEVELOPED TO HANDLE LARGE SAMPLES, AND THE EQUIPMENT SHOULD NOT BE EXPENSIVE NOR THE OPERATIONAL COST EXCESSIVE. FURTHER WORK IS RECOMMENDED TO DEVELOP THE TECHNIQUE AND TEST ITS USEFULNESS AND RELIABILITY IN THE SAMPLING INSPECTION OF GRAVEL AGGREGATE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Absorption KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate particles KW - Aggregates KW - Capacitance KW - Cherts KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Gravel KW - Heavy water KW - Luminescence KW - Measurement KW - Microwaves KW - Moisture content KW - Neutrons KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Porosity KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Sampling KW - Separation KW - Soil particles KW - Specific gravity KW - Thermal shock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207848 AU - Ross, H E AU - Olson, R M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - WIND LOADS ON ROADSIDE SIGNS PY - 1967/10 AB - THE RESEARCH DOCUMENTED IN THIS REPORT WAS DIRECTED IN GENERAL AT THE DETERMINATION OF THE VALIDITY OF EXISTING WIND LOAD DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY SIGN SUPPORTS AND AT SOUND ECONOMIC METHODS OF ACHIEVING AN OPTIMUM BALANCE BETWEEN WIND LOAD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND A SIGN SUPPORT WITH REDUCED MASS. ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES WHICH WERE EXAMINED INCLUDED THE USE OF NON-SOLID SIGN BACKGROUNDS. THE FINDINGS FROM THE RESEARCH INDICATED THAT CURRENT DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WIND LOADS ON HIGHWAY SIGNS ARE REASONABLE EXCEPT THAT THE SIGN SHAPE (ASPECT RATIO) HAS A SIGNIFICANCE WHICH IS IGNORED IN DESIGN. IT WAS ALSO ESTABLISHED THAT REDUCTIONS OF THE ORDER OF 50 PERCENT IN WIND LOAD FORCES CAN BE OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF LOUVERED SIGN PANELS. IT WAS ESTABLISHED THAT SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS IN THE MASS OF THE SIGN SUPPORT COULD BE OBTAINED WITH A MODERATE INCREASE IN THE RISK OF FAILURE FROM WIND FORCES BY REDUCTIONS IN THE DESIGN WIND RECURRENCE INTERVAL. /BPR/ KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aspect ratio KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Louvers KW - Mass KW - Ratios KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Traffic signs KW - Wind KW - Wind load UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219692 AU - Weiner, P D AU - Olson, R M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF IMPACT ATTENUATION OR PROTECTIVE DEVICES FOR FIXED HIGHWAY OBSTACLES PY - 1967/10 AB - THE RESEARCH DOCUMENTED IN THIS REPORT COMPRISED A SURVEY OF HUMAN TOLERANCE TO IMPACT TOGETHER WITH MATERIALS OR DEVICES WHICH MIGHT ACT TO KEEP COLLISION FORCES ON A RESTRAINED AUTOMOBILE OCCUPANT WITHIN THE ACCEPTABLE LIMITS. A THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT WAS MADE OF THE ENERGY, FORCES DECELERATION RATES AND STOPPING DISTANCES INVOLVED TO DEFINE AN IDEALIZED PROTECTIVE SYSTEM. BASED ON THE AVAILABLE MATERIALS AND DEVICES TO FIT SUCH AN IDEALIZED SYSTEM, VARIOUS PRACTICAL ASSEMBLIES OF SUITABLE ELEMENTS WERE PROPOSED FOR FUTHER INVESTIGATION THROUGH FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Constraints KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration rate KW - Energy KW - Human factors KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing KW - Theory KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203972 AU - Morris, H M AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - HYDRAULICS OF ENERGY, DISSIPATION IN STEEP, ROUGH CHANNELS PY - 1967/10 AB - BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF THE MINIMUM ENERGY CONTENT IN TUMBLING FLOW, DESIGN METHODS WERE DEVELOPED FOR THE USE OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL SQUARE BARS OR ROWS OF CUBES AS AN EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMICAL MEANS FOR ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STEEP CHANNELS. CRITERIA AND EQUATIONS WERE DERIVED FROM LABORATORY TESTS IN A 2-FOOT WIDE RECTANGULAR FLUME WITH SLOPES UP TO 30%, THEN VERIFIED BY LIMITED FIELD TESTS FOR SLOPES UP TO 67%. THE RESULTS CAN ALSO BE APPLIED TO THE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNELS WITH 45 DEGREE SIDE WALLS. /BPR/ KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Configuration KW - Dissipation KW - Field tests KW - Flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Shape KW - Stream channels KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Trapezoidal channels KW - Tumbling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224869 AU - DUNNET, A M AU - ROTHBART, W J AU - California Division of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF RAMP CONTROL ON HOLLYWOOD BOULEVARD AND SUNSET BOULEVARD ON-RAMPS PY - 1967/10 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE PROCEDURES USED AND THE EFFECTS ON FREEWAY AND SURFACE STREET OPERATION DUE TO A RAMP CONTROL STUDY. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED BY CONTROLLING TWO ON-RAMPS TO THE HOLLYWOOD FREEWAY DURING THE AFTERNOON RUSH PERIOD. ONE OF THE RAMPS WAS PHYSICALLY CLOSED AND THE OTHER WAS METERED DURING THE RUSH PERIOD. AS PART OF THE STUDY, SIGNING WAS PROVIDED FOR ALTERNATE ROUTING AND A SECTION OF CITY STREET WAS RESTRIPED AND PARKING PROHIBITED. THE RAMP CONTROL STUDY RESULTED IN OVERALL TIME SAVINGS WHICH WERE GREATER IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CONTROLS WERE PUT INTO EFFECT THAN SOME FOUR MONTHS LATER WHEN CONDITIONS WERE SAID TO HAVE STABILIZED. MAXIMUM TRAVEL TIME ALONG THE CONGESTED PORTION OF THE FREEWAY WAS ABOUT 9 1/2 MINUTES BEFORE CONTROL, 5 MINUTES ON THE DAY AFTER TRAFFIC WAS CONTROLLED, AND 7 MINUTES FOUR MONTHS LATER. /BPR/ KW - Congestion KW - Freeways KW - On ramps KW - Parking regulations KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Peak periods KW - Productivity KW - Ramps KW - Routing KW - Signs KW - Streets KW - Striping KW - Time savings KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219705 AU - Walton, N E AU - Rowan, N J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INTERIM PROGRESS REPORT ON SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES IN HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION PY - 1967/10 AB - A SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF THE FINDING OF THREE YEARS OF RESEARCH IN HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION, AND WORK CURRENTLY UNDERWAY IS DESCRIBED. THE OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IS TO DEVELOP IMPROVED METHODS OF HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION BY REDUCING GLARE, INCREASING UNIFORMITY, AND PROVIDING INCREASED SAFETY BY INCREASING LUMINAIRE MOUNTING HEIGHTS AND ALLOWING GREATER DISTANCES BETWEEN POLES. /BPR/ KW - Glare KW - Luminaires KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Research KW - Standardization KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242846 AU - Marques, M AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RENUMBERING OF FORTRAN STATEMENT NUMBERS PY - 1967/10 AB - THE FUNCTION OF THIS PROGRAM IS TO REPLACE OLD STATEMENT NUMBERS IN AN ORIGINAL FORTRAN SOURCE DECK WITH NEW SEQUENTIAL STATEMENT NUMBERS. ALL STATEMENT NUMBERS APPEARING IN THE BEGINNING, MIDDLE OR END OF FORTRAN STATEMENTS ARE CONVERTED TO A NEW SYSTEM. THE RESULT IS A NEW FORTRAN LISTING AND A REPRODUCED SOURCE DECK CONTAINING THE NEW SEQUENTIAL STATEMENT NUMBERS. THIS REPORT CONTAINS TWO LISTINGS OF THE RENUMBERING PROGRAM. ONE LISTING SHOWS THE STATEMENT NUMBERS IN AN IRREGULAR PATTERN OF SEQUENCING WHILE THE OTHER LISTING SHOWS THE STATEMENT NUMBERS IN A SEQUENTIAL PATTERN AFTER THE SOURCE DECK WAS PROCESSED WITH THE RENUMBERING PROGRAM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Numbering systems KW - Numbers KW - Sequencing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224865 AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Research Triangle Institute TI - TRAFFIC SYSTEMS REVIEWS AND ABSTRACTS PY - 1967/10 AB - THIS PUBLICATION IS AN ASSEMBLY OF TRAFFIC SYSTEMS REVIEWS AND ABSTRACTS TO BE PROVIDED MONTHLY BY THE CONTRACTOR THROUGH MAY 1968. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS TECHNICAL REVIEW SERVICE IS TO FURNISH TO BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS STAFF, AND TO OTHERS CONCERNED WITH MAJOR HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS, CRITICAL REVIEWS AND ABSTRACTS OF CURRENT LITERATURE IN THE TOPIC AREAS OF TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY, COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS, AND COST EFFECTIVENESS METHODOLOGY. BY HIGHLIGHTING SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE FROM REPORTS AND PAPERS SELECTED FOR REVIEW, THIS SERVICE IS EXPECTED TO SAVE TIME FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS SEARCHING THE LITERATURE. /BPR/ KW - Abstracts KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Reviews KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224868 AU - McDermott, J M AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - AUTOMATIC EVALUATION OF FREEWAY OPERATIONS PY - 1967/10 AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES HOW THE ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM, INSTALLED ON A SECTION OF THE OUTBOUND EISENHOWER EXPRESSWAY, IS USED TO AUTOMATICALLY EVALUATE FREEWAY TRAFFIC OPERATIONS EACH RUSH PERIOD. TRAFFIC OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR TWO DIFFERENT PEAK FLOW PERIODS ARE COMPARED. ONE OF THE PERIODS REPRESENTS A HIGH LEVEL OF TRAFFIC SERVICE FOR THIS SECTION OF FREEWAY DURING THE RUSH PERIOD AND THE OTHER REPRESENTS A LOW LEVEL OF RUSH PERIOD TRAFFIC SERVICE DUE TO AN ACCIDENT WHICH CAUSED CONGESTION THROUGHOUT MOST OF THE RUSH PERIOD. /BPR/ KW - Automation KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway operations KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Peak periods KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic signal hardware KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200066 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ICES: PROGRAMMERS REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1967/10 AB - THE DOCUMENT IS INTENDED FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS WHO DEVELOP AND MODIFY SUBSYSTEMS WITHIN THE INTEGRATED CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS (ICES). THE MANUAL COVERS ICES PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE, THE ICES COMMAND DEFINITION LANGUAGE, ICES SUBSYSTEM LOAD MODULE FORMATION, AND THE ICETRAN LIBRARY UTILITY PROGRAMS. IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE READER IS FAMILIAR WITH BOTH GENERAL ICES CONCEPTS AND FORTRAN PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES. /BPR/ KW - Civil engineering KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computer programs KW - Concepts KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Innovation KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Manuals KW - Programming techniques KW - Systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219702 AU - Walton, N E AU - Rowan, N J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PHOTOMETRIC STUDIES OF CUTOFF LUMINAIRE DESIGNS PY - 1967/10 AB - THE REPORT COVERS THE RESEARCH DONE IN COMPARING CUT OFF LUMINAIRES WITH THE TYPE III LUMINAIRES. THE COMPARISON WAS MADE TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM MOUNTING HEIGHT-SPACING RATIOS. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Design KW - Height KW - Luminaires KW - Mounting KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200068 AU - California Division of Highways AU - Century Research Corporation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ATTITUDES TOWARD TRANSPORTATION PY - 1967/10 AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF THE RESEARCH ACTIVITY TO DETERMINE IF ATTITUDE MEASUREMENTS OF RESIDENTS OF A COMMUNITY CAN BE DEVELOPED AND USED AS A PREDICTOR OF COMMUNITY REACTION TO A FREEWAY PROPOSAL. THE REPORT PRESENTS IN NARRATIVE, GRAPHIC, AND TABULAR FORM THE RESULTS OF A STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY. THESE RESULTS INCLUDE ATTITUDES TOWARD FREEWAYS, AND THE SOCIO- ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERVIEWEES. IN ADDITION, THROUGH UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS, ATTITUDES OF TWO POLARIZED GROUPS OF PEOPLE WERE OBTAINED ABOUT HIGHWAY MATTERS AND COMMUNITY VALUES. /BPR/ KW - Administration KW - Attitudes KW - Community values KW - Economic factors KW - Freeways KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Interviewing KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Social factors KW - Social values KW - Tables (Data) KW - Transportation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207858 AU - GUILFORD, A A AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICULAR LOADS IN A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX-BEAM BRIDGE -BERWICK BRIDGE PY - 1967/10 SP - 104 p. AB - THE FIELD TESTING IS DESCRIBED OF THE SECOND OF FIVE BEAM- SLAB BRIDGES INCLUDED IN AN INVESTIGATION OF LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES. THE TEST STRUCTURE CONSISTED OF FOUR HOLLOW PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX GIRDERS, WHICH WERE 48 INCHES WIDE BY 39 INCHES DEEP, A COMPOSITE REINFORCED CONCRETE CAST-IN- PLACE SLAB, AND CAST-IN-PLACE CURBS AND PARAPETS. THE SPACING OF THE GIRDERS WAS 8 FEET 9-3/8 INCHES, AND THE SIMPLY-SUPPORTED TEST SPAN WAS 65 FEET 3 INCHES. THREE CROSS-SECTIONS WERE GAGED FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE STRAINS AND DEFLECTIONS, AND ALL DATA WAS COLLECTED THROUGH USE OF CONTINUOUS RECORDING EQUIPMENT. THE LOAD WAS SUPPLIED BY A TRUCK LOADED TO SIMULATE THE AASHO HS20-44 DESIGN VEHICLE. THE LOADING CONDITIONS CONSISTED OF EITHER STATIC RUNS WITH THE TRUCK PARKED ON THE BRIDGE, OR CRAWL RUNS WITH THE TRUCK TRAVELING ACROSS THE BRIDGE AT 2 TO 3 MPH. THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES WERE TO DEVELOP INFORMATION ON LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICLE LOADS TO THE GIRDERS, AND TO COMPARE THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSE AT DIFFERENT CROSS-SECTIONS. IN ADDITION, THE EFFECT OF GIRDER SPACING WAS TO BE STUDIED BY COMPARING THE TEST RESULTS FROM THIS BRIDGE WITH THE RESULTS FROM THE PILOT STUDY BRIDGE. DISTRIBUTION FACTORS AND THE RATIO OF EXPERIMENTAL MOMENT TO DESIGN MOMENT WERE COMPARED AT THE DIFFERENT CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE TEST BRIDGE AND WITH SIMILAR RESULTS FROM THE PILOT STUDY BRIDGE. ON THIS BRIDGE THE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS DID NOT VARY SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN CROSS-SECTIONS. THIS WAS ALSO TRUE OF THE RATIOS OF EXPERIMENTAL MOMENT TO DESIGN MOMENT. THE DISTRIBUTION FACTOR USED TO DESIGN THE INTERIOR GIRDERS WAS FOUND TO BE GREATER THAN THE MEASURED VALUES, WHILE THE DESIGN FACTOR FOR THE EXTERIOR GIRDERS WAS LESS THAN THE MEASURED VALUES. A COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM THIS BRIDGE AND THE PILOT STUDY BRIDGE SHOWED THAT RATIOS BETWEEN DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL MOMENT WERE ABOUT THE SAME FOR INTERIOR GIRDERS BUT VARIED CONSIDERABLY FOR EXTERIOR GIRDERS, INDICATING THE EFFECT OF THE DIFFERENT GIRDER SPACINGS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Box girders KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Cross sections KW - Curbs KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Deflection tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Lateral loads KW - Load transfer KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Parapets KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slabs KW - Spacing KW - Strain measurement KW - Trucks KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96723 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225189 JO - Ieee Trans Communication Technology AU - Amoroso, F TI - ON THE EFFICIENT USE OF VOICE-CHANNEL BANDWIDTH IN DATA TRANSMISSION PY - 1967/10 AB - ALTERNATIVES TO SINGLE SIDEBAND MODULATION ARE SOUGHT FOR THE MOST EFFICIENT USE OF THE VOICE-BAND CHANNEL IN DATA TRANSMISSION. UNDER A CERTAIN CRITERION ON OPTIMUM DATA PULSES, THE DIRECT USE OF THE PASSBAND IS AS EFFICIENT AS THE CONVENTIONAL USE OF SINGLE SIDEBAND, WHICH CONVERTS THE AVAILABLE PASSBAND INTO AN APPARENT LOWPASS CHANNEL. WITH THE SIMULTANEOUS PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS OF DISTORTIONLESS TRANSMISSION, STRICT PASSBAND LIMITATION, AND A SPECTRUM FREE OF DISCONTINUITIES, THE PRINCIPLES OF PULSE-SHAPING USED AT LOWPASS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR A PASSBAND. A CLASS OF BANDPASS PULSES IS DERIVED WHICH ACHIEVES, IN ADDITION, A FIRST-ORDER IMMUNITY TO TIMING JITTER IN THE RECEIVER CLOCK, AN IMPORTANT PROPERTY FOR MULTILEVEL PAM SYSTEMS. EXTENSION TO PASSBAND IS DISCUSSED FOR DUOBINARY TRANSMISSION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Amplitude modulation KW - Bandwidth KW - Data communications KW - Pulse amplitude modulation KW - Pulse modulation KW - Speech KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207853 AU - Edwards, C H AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - STRESS DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN FLEXURE CRACKS PY - 1967/10 AB - A METHOD OF FABRICATING EPOXY RESIN MODELS TO SIMULATE REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH FLEXURE CRACKS IS DESCRIBED. THE MODELS WERE THEN LOADED UNDER POLARIZED LIGHT AND THE RESULTING STRESS PATTERNS WERE SKETCHED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Deformation curve KW - Epoxy resins KW - Flexure KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Polarized light UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200806 AU - Franklin, W D AU - Evans, L A AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ACCESS ON HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY COSTS PY - 1967/10 AB - THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY WERE TO DETERMINE: (1) THE EFFECT OF ACCESS (IN TERMS OF WHETHER OR NOT FRONTAGE ROADS WERE PROVIDED FOR REMAINDER PROPERTIES) UPON RIGHT-OF-WAY COSTS, AND, (2) THE EFFECT OF ACCESSIBILITY (IN TERMS OF DISTANCE TO THE NEAREST INTERCHANGE) UPON THE VALUE OF ABUTTING PROPERTIES. A TOTAL OF 342 ROW ACQUISITIONS AND 715 REMAINDER SALES WERE ANALYZED. ACCESS EFFECT FINDINGS WERE: (1) ANALYSIS OF ACQUISITIONS OF 2,000 ACRES OF UNIMPROVED PROPERTY SHOWED THAT THE AVERAGE PRICE PER ACRE FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY WAS $270 WHERE NO FRONTAGE ROADS WERE PROVIDED AND $158 WHERE FRONTAGE ROADS WERE PROVIDED--A DIFFERENCE OF OVER 43 PERCENT. (2) GRAINTING OF ACCESS REDUCED DAMAGES TO REMAINING PROPERTY BY ABOUT $225 PER PARCEL, ALTHOUGH DAMAGES WERE ABOUT $162 PER ACRE FOR PROPERTY WITHOUT ACCESS AND ABOUT $76 PER ACRE FOR PROPERTY WITH ACCESS. (3) THE NET ACCESS INFLUENCE ON ABUTTING PROPERTY (DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCENTAGE CHANGES IN PRICES OF FRONTAGE AND NON- FRONTAGE PROPERTIES ADJUSTED FOR CHANGES IN NONABUTTING CONTROL PROPERTIES) WAS AN INCREASE OF 153 PERCENT FOR UNIMPROVED, AND INCREASE OF 12 PERCENT FOR AGRICULTURE, AND A DECREASE OF 19 PERCENT FOR URBAN RESIDENTIAL. ACCESSIBILITY EFFECT FINDINGS WERE THAT: (1) MEAN PROPERTY VALUES RANGED FROM A HIGH OF $17,642 PER ACRE DIRECTLY AT THE INTERCHANGE TO A LOW OF ABOUT $5,000 AT A DISTANCE OF ONE-HALF MILE. (2) VALUE INCREASES FROM THE BEFORE TO THE AFTER PERIOD RANGED FROM A HIGH OF 273 PERCENT AT THE INTERCHANGE TO 17 PERCENT AT A DISTANCE OF ONE-HALF MILE. /BPR/ KW - Access KW - Appraisals KW - Frontage roads KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Land values KW - Location KW - Loss and damage KW - Properties of materials KW - Property KW - Property acquisition KW - Property damage KW - Remainders (Property law) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90958 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225165 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Leisch, J E TI - CAPACITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS - INSTALLMENT NO 2 PART IV - HIGH TYPE FACILITIES AND INTERCHANGES PY - 1967/10 AB - PROCEDURES ARE PRESENTED FOR THE GRAPHIC SOLUTION OF CAPACITY PROBLEMS RELATED TO SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. THE PROCEDURES ARE BASED ON A SET OF CHARTS CONSISTING OF TWENTY NOMOGRAPHS. EIGHTEEN OF THE NOMOGRAPHS TOGETHER WITH APPROPRIATE APPLICATION PROCEDURES AND SAMPLE PROBLEMS WERE PRESENTED IN A PREVIOUS INSTALLMENT. THE OTHER TWO NOMOGRAPHS AND THE REMAINDER OF THE ARTICLE ARE PRESENTED HERE. THE NOMOGRAPHIC CHARTS AND PROCEDURES WERE DEVISED BY THE AUTHOR IN 1950 TO SIMPLIFY THE COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES OF THE 1950 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL. SINCE PUBLICATION OF THE 1965 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL HAS PROVIDED A REVISED AND COMPREHENSIVE BASIS FOR CAPACITY COMPUTATIONS, THE AUTHOR HAS AGAIN FILLED THE NEED FOR A GRAPHIC PROCEDURE INCORPORATING CURRENT KNOWLEDGE. THE ORIGINAL CHARTS WERE UPDATED AND NEW CHARTS HAVE BEEN PREPARED TO COVER CAPACITY PROCEDURES FOR WHICH CALCULATIONS PREVIOUSLY REQUIRED EXTENSIVE APPLICATION OF JUDGMENT. THE INFORMATION PRESENTED PROVIDES A GRAPHIC PROCEDURE FOR THE CAPACITY ANALYSIS OF MOST SIGNALIZED STREET AND HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS. FULL DISCUSSION OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES IN THE APPLICATION OF THE CHARTS IN ADDITION TO SAMPLE PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN INCLUDED. PUBLICATIONS: CAPACITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS, INSTALLMENT NO. 1, JACK E. LEISCH, PUBLIC ROADS, VOL. 34, NO. 9, AUGUST 1967. KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersections KW - Methodology KW - Nomographs KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207855 AU - Edwards, T C AU - Olson, R M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - BREAK-AWAY ROADSIDE SIGN SUPPORT STRUCTURES PY - 1967/10 AB - THE BASIC CONCEPT OF THE BREAK-AWAY SIGN SUPPORT IS TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURE THAT WILL RESIST WIND LOADS YET FAIL, AT PRESELECTED LOCATIONS, WHEN STRUCK BY A VEHICLE. WITH THREE PROPERLY DESIGNED CONNECTIONS AT CRITICAL LOCATIONS THE SUPPORT WILL BE STABLE AND WILL POSSESS THE BREAK-AWAY CHARACTERISTICS WHEN STRUCK BY A VEHICLE. THE MAJOR OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH WAS TO PROVIDE INFORMATION FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFE BREAK-AWAY CANTILEVER SUPPORTS. EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON DEVELOPING DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE THREE CRITICAL CONNECTIONS. THE INFORMATION WAS DEVELOPED THROUGH LABORATORY TESTS AND THE USE OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND CONFIRMED THROUGH FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS AND INDICATIONS OF IN-SERVICE PERFORMANCE FROM ACCIDENT RECORDS. ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF ROADSIDE SIGN SUPPORTS WERE SUBJECTED TO FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS TO DETERMINE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS. /BPR/ KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cantilevers KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Full scale specimens KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Inservice KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Roadside structures KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Specimens KW - Testing KW - Vehicles KW - Wind KW - Wind load UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203135 AU - Bellis, W R AU - Melton, F AU - Reilly, E F AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - INTERSECTION DESIGN PY - 1967/10 AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS CASE HISTORIES OF TEN INTERSECTIONS IN NEW JERSEY CLASSIFIED IN THREE BASIC CATEGORIES: ATGRADE SIGNALIZED, CLOVER LEAF AND TRAFFIC CIRCLES. DATA IS PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF INTERSECTION DIAGRAMS SHOWING PHYSICAL FEATURES, SIGNING, ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE, AADT AND 30TH PEAK HOUR VOLUMES. TRAVEL TIME STUDIES THROUGH INTERSECTIONS WERE PERFORMED AND ANALYZED FOR VARIOUS MOVEMENTS USING MULTIPLE REGRESSION EQUATIONS. ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE WAS ALSO ANALYZED BY THE SAME TECHNIQUE. /BPR/ KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cloverleaf interchanges KW - Diagrams KW - Highway design KW - Intersections KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic signals KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206316 AU - Burke, J E AU - Dhamrait, J S AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - A TWENTY-YEAR REPORT ON THE ILLINOIS CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED PAVEMENT PY - 1967/10 AB - IN 1947-48 EIGHT EXPERIMENTAL CRCP SECTIONS WITH LENGTHS RANGING FROM 3,500- TO 4,230-FT. WERE CONSTRUCTED ON U.S. 40 IN ILLINOIS. HALF THE SECTIONS WERE 7-IN. UNIFORMLY THICK AND THE OTHERS WERE 8 IN. ALL PLACED DIRECTLY ON A NATURAL PUMPING-SUSCEPTIBLE CLAY SUBGRADE. LONGITUDINAL STEEL PERCENTAGES WERE 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 AND 1.0 OF THE GROSS PAVEMENT CROSS SECTIONS AND WERE COMPOSED OF DEFORMED RAIL STEEL BARS ASSEMBLED ON CHAIRS UTILIZING 30 BAR DIAMETER LAPS. NO 3 BILLET STEEL BARS WERE PLACED ON BOTH 12-IN. AND 18-IN. CENTERS TRANSVERSELY ACROSS THE 22-FT. WIDE PAVEMENTS TO ACT AS TIE BARS AND NO LONGITUDINAL JOINTING WAS USED. AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE WAS PLACED IN A SINGLE LIFT. THE STEEL IS 3-IN. BELOW THE FINISHED SURFACE. AN ADJACENT SECTION OF 10-IN. REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH 100-FT. JOINT SPACINGS ON GRANULAR SUBBASE WAS USED AS A CONTROL AND ALL PAVEMENT WAS SUBJECTED TO TWO-WAY TRAFFIC. THE PAVEMENT HAS BEEN CAREFULLY OBSERVED OVER THE YEARS AND REPORTED AT THE HRB IN 1947, 1951, AND 1959. THE OBSERVATIONS OF TRANSVERSE CRACK SPACING AND WIDTH, LONGITUDINAL CRACKING, PUMPING, LENGTH CHANGES, STEEL STRESSES, TRAFFIC RIDING QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE SHOW THAT: (1) CRACK FREQUENCY IS PROPORTIONAL TO -- AND CRACK WIDTH IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO -- THE STEEL PERCENTAGE, (2) CRACK WIDTHS AND SPACINGS CHANGE WITH AGE BUT ONLY SLOWLY AFTER 5 YEARS, (3) NO STRONG DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE EXIST BETWEEN 7- AND 8-IN. PAVEMENTS, (4) UNSIGHTLY LONGITUDINAL CRACKING OCCURRED AND THE TRANSVERSE STEEL WAS INADEQUATE, (5) CONSTRUCTION JOINTS AND TERMINAL JOINTS ARE POTENTIAL TROUBLE SPOTS, (6) PUMPING CAN OCCUR, AND (7) SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE TO THE SECTIONS WITH 0.3 PERCENT STEEL FOR MUCH LONGER THAN THE 20-YEAR PERIOD IS NOT EXPECTED. OVERALL, THE PROJECT WAS VERY SUCCESSFULL AND HAS YIELDED MUCH INFORMATION TO AID IN THE DESIGN OF OTHER PAVEMENTS OF THIS TYPE. /BPR/ KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Clay KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Control groups KW - Granular materials KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Percent KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Riding qualities KW - Steel KW - Subgrade materials KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206321 AU - Speer, T L AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - American Oil Company TI - FINAL REPORT TO THE STATE OF NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS - FLEXIBLE BASE COURSE PERFORMANCE STUDY PY - 1967/09/29 AB - THIS REPORT SUPPLEMENTS AMERICAN OIL COMPANY MEMORANDUM M66-173, DATED AUGUST 3, 1966. THE EARLIER REPORT OUTLINED OBJECTIVES FOR AN INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE, IN THE LABORATORY, THE LAYER EQUIVALENCY FACTOR FOR A NEW YORK PAVEMENT DESIGN, PRESENTED DETAILS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEST SECTION AND REPORTED TRAFFIC RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS DURING THE INITIAL 1,000,000 WHEEL PASSES OF THE LABORATORY MACHINE. THE CURRENT REPORT SUMMARIZES DATA ON THE NUMBER OF WHEEL PASSES REQUIRED TO PUMP THE CLAY SUBGRADE, PERIODIC CENTER SLAB DEFLECTIONS, PERIODIC SURFACE DISTORTIONS RESULTING FROM SUBGRADE SOIL COMPACTION AND FLOW BENEATH THE WHEELPATH AREA AND THE PAVEMENT CRACKING WHICH THE TRAFFIC AND PUMPING ACTIONS PRODUCED. TRAFFIC RESPONSE OF THE NEW YORK DESIGN ARE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF FOUR OF THE ELEVEN AMERICAN OIL COMPANY LAYER EQUIVALENCY DESIGNS INCLUDED IN THE TEST SET. THE NEW YORK BASE IS A TWO LAYER GRANULAR DESIGN OF 12 INCHES GRAVEL AND 2 1/2 INCHES CRUSHED STONE. AT 14 1/2 INCHES, IT IS THE DEEPER AND STRONGER SECTION OF THE TEST SET. ITS PERFORMANCE WAS SOMEWHAT SUPERIOR TO THE STRONGEST AMERICAN OIL DESIGN -- A 4-INCH CRUSHED STONE HOT ASPHALT CONCRETE BASE. DATA PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT SUGGEST A LAYER THICKNESS EQUIVALENCY OF APPROXIMATELY 3 FOR NEW YORK'S UNTREATED GRAVEL AND STONE AND AMERICAN'S ASPHALT CONCRETE BASES. FOR THIS REPORT, LAYER EQUIVALENCY IS DEFINED TO BE THE MULTIPLYING FACTOR USED TO CONVERT ASPHALT CONCRETE BASE THICKNESS TO ANOTHER BASE TYPE HAVING THE SAME POTENTIAL SERVICEABILITY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Clay KW - Crushed rock KW - Flexible base pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Granular materials KW - Gravel KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pumps KW - Soil compaction KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99820 ER - TY - SER AN - 00580330 JO - PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, IND ENGINEERING PB - Purdue University AU - Hanna, Steven J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRACTURE OF HARDENED CEMENT PASTE PY - 1967/09/28/Final Report IS - 18 SP - 176p AB - This investigation was concerned with tensile fracture phenomena in hardened portland cement paste. The origin of critical cracks and subsequent fracture under the influence of compositional and environmental variables were studied. The results were viewed in light of existing brittle fracture theories and an additional modification of brittle fracture equations was suggested for cement paste. Two types of tensile tests, diametral-compression tests on cylindrical specimens and tests on theta shaped specimens, were used to evaluate the tensile strengths of the hardened cement pastes. Pastes were made with type I portland cement and water-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. They were tested in a saturated condition after curing 28 days or longer. In some specimens, small discs of teflon were inserted to serve as crack origins; in others existing air bubbles served the same purpose. Patterns on the fractured faces indicated that these flaws were the source of the final fracture. If no large flaw was present, a size effect on tensile strength was obtained. Evaluation of the test data for the lower water -cement ratio paste specimens showed good agreement between the failure stress-flaw size data and the form of the Griffith Theory and its modifications. Calculations of strain-energy-release rates gave values about the same as have been obtained by others using other means and support the assumption that the measured flaw sizes were the initial values from which the cracks propagated rapidly. The data showed that more energy was required for fracture than could be explained by the creation of new surface. The ratio of this "plastic work" to the energy to create surface during the onset of fracture was estimated to be about 3. Data for diametral-compression specimens tested at different temperatures showed a relatively high influence of temperature on the tensile strength of the low water-cement ratio pastes and a decreasing dependence with increasing water-cement ratios. Analysis of these data and the observation of free water on the fracture surfaces suggest water movement in the pores of the paste to be the extra energy-consuming process. KW - Cracking KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Portland cement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313740 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469516 AU - Shunk, G A AU - Grecco, W L AU - Anderson, V L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Journey to Work: a Singular Basis for Travel Pattern Surveys PY - 1967/09/27/Technical Paper SP - 44p AB - This research involved a study of the feasibility of using the patterns of work trips alone to represent the patterns of travel for all purposes in an urban area. Further, the feasibility of using peak hour travel patterns to represent those of the entire day was investigated. The objective was to develop an approach to travel surveys that would satisfactorily reproduce the results of conventional home interview survey. Using data from a 1964 comprehensive transportation survey in Indianapolis, Indiana, an analysis of variance was run to determine the effect of the commonly defined factors---mode, purpose, and time—on trip volume and average trip length. Based on the extremely high significance of all main effects and interactions, a second variance analysis was run to determine the effect of more specific purpose, time and mode factors on the traffic assigned to the freeway and arterial line of the highway system. The significance of all main effects and a mode-purpose interaction were the basis for regression models accounting for mode, the peak hour, and the work purpose. A high degree of the variation in total trips on all major street system links was explained by multiple linear regression equations based on link volume for the work purpose. Using the same regression approach, high degree of explanation were achieved for total day, all purpose trips using all peak hour trips, and for all peak hour trips using total day work trips. KW - Indianapolis (Indiana) KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel surveys KW - Trip purpose KW - Work trips UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313721 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00217468 AU - Sherwood, W C AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - DETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE CHARGES OF CERTAIN HIGHWAY AGGREGATES BY STREAMING POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS PY - 1967/09/20 AB - ZETA POTENTIAL (SURFACE CHARGE) DATA WERE OBTAINED ON SEVENTEEN QUARTZ, NINE CARBONATE AND EIGHT SILICATE AGGREGATES USING A STREAMING POTENTIAL APPARATUS DESCRIBED. MEASUREMENTS OF PH WERE MADE ON THE RESULTANT VARIOUS AGGREGATES. THE AGGREGATES WHICH WERE OBTAINED FROM SEVERAL LOCALES IN VIRGINIA WERE SUBJECTED TO PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS FOR PURPOSES OF CATEGORIZING THEM. THREE DUPLICATE SETS OF SAMPLES OF EACH AGGREGATE WERE MIXED WITH A CATIONIC ASPHALT EMULSION, A NEUTRAL ASPHALT EMULSION AND A NEUTRAL ASPHALT EMULSION CONTAINING AN ADHESION ADDITIVE. EACH AGGREGATE- EMULSION MIXTURE WAS CONDITIONED AND THEN SUBJECTED TO A STRIPPING TEST INVOLVING A BOILING OF EACH MIXTURE IN WATER FOR AN HOUR. DUPLICATE RESULTS OF THE STRIPPING TEST WERE WITHIN 15% OF EACH OTHER IN 77% OF THE TESTS. KW - Additives KW - Adhesion KW - Aggregates KW - Boiling KW - Carbonates KW - Cationic emulsified asphalt KW - Electric potential KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Measurement KW - Petrography KW - pH value KW - Quartz KW - Silicates KW - Streaming potential (Electricity) KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Zeta potential UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219701 AU - Richards, H A AU - Bridges, G S AU - Lamkin, J T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SAFETY EVALUATION PY - 1967/09/15 AB - THE PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ARE PRESENTED OF A STUDY WHOSE OBJECTIVES ARE TO (1) COMPILE A HISTORY OF AND ANALYZE THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF ACCIDENTS AT TEXAS RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS, (2) TO DETERMINE THE TYPE OF PROTECTION THAT WOULD PROVIDE ACCEPTABLE EFFICIENCY UNDER THE CONDITIONS ENCOUNTERED ON THE VARIOUS CROSSINGS, AND (3) DETERMINE THE OVERALL COST OF PROVIDING EFFECTIVE PROTECTION AT THOSE CROSSINGS NOW FOUND TO BE INEFFECTIVELY PROTECTED. MAJOR FINDINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) THIRTY-FOUR PERCENT (4,500 OF TOTAL 13,500) OF ALL RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS IN TEXAS HAD TWO OR FEWER TRAIN-PER-DAY CROSSINGS. (2) RATIO OF INJURY TO FATALITY ACCIDENTS AT RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS IS ONLY 3 TO 1 AS COMPARED TO 60 TO 1 FOR ALL HIGHWAY-INVOLVED TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN TEXAS. (3) FLASHING LIGHTS, WIGWAGS, BELLS AND MORE SOPHISTICATED TYPES OF PROTECTION DEVICES ARE PRESENT AT ONLY TWENTY PERCENT OF ALL RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS IN TEXAS. /BPR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bells KW - Costs KW - Crash analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Flashing KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - History KW - Injuries KW - Light KW - Protection KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Signals KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wig wag signal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469518 AU - Matthias, Judson Stillman AU - Grecco, William Louise AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Simplified Procedure for Estimating Recreational Travel to Multi-Purpose Reservoirs PY - 1967/09//Technical Paper SP - 51p AB - This research reports the results of a study concerned with the development of a model that can be used to predict recreational trips to new reservoirs in Indiana. The model developed utilizes only road distance, county population, and the influence of other similar facilities as the parameters affecting attendance. A technique was developed illustrating how the model can be used to predict future attendance and traffic volume. Three parks, Raccoon State Recreation Areas on Mansfield Reservoir, Lieber State Park on Cagles Mill Reservoir, and Monroe State Park on Monroe Reservoir were used in the study. Data were collected by conducting interviews of 25% of arriving trips at the park entrances. Over 13,000 interviews were conducted over a two year period. Yearly distributions on trips by trip purpose and frequency were investigated. The prediction model was developed by using nonlinear regression analysis to determine the parameters of distance, population and the influence of other parks. Two equations were developed, one for the condition where there is no other park closer to a county than the park under consideration and the other for the condition where there is another park closer to the county than the park under consideration. Together, the two equations constitute the prediction model. KW - Indiana KW - Outdoor recreation KW - Population KW - Recreational facilities KW - Recreational trips KW - Reservoirs KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic volume KW - Trip length UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313718 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00237211 AU - Maine State Highway Commission AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INTERSTATE OVERPASS FROST HEAVE STUDY PY - 1967/09 AB - EACH SPRING DURING THE BREAK-UP PERIOD FROST HEAVES DEVELOP IN THE SHADED ROADWAY BENEATH THE NORTH SIDE OF MANY EAST-WEST OVERPASSES. IT HAS BEEN POSTULATED THAT THE SOILS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SHADOW RECEIVE LESS HEAT TO MELT FROST THAN THE NEIGHBORING UNSHADED ZONES. CONSEQUENTLY THE SHADOW ZONES BECOME RESIDUAL HEAVES AND REMAIN IN SOME CASES SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER THE NEIGHBORING AREAS HAVE SUBSIDED. IN EXTREME CASES THE HEAVES BECOME A SAFETY HAZARD TO HIGH SPEED TRAFFIC, BUT THE SMALLER HEAVES AFFECT THE RIDING QUALITY OF THE HIGHWAY. ELEVATIONS WERE DETERMINED BENEATH 38 OVERPASSES OVER THE MAINE INTERSTATE SYSTEM BETWEEN AUGUSTA AND ALTON, MAINE IN ORDER TO ADEQUATELY DEFINE THIS PROBLEM. THE DATA WERE ANALYZED QUALITATIVELY AND THE HEAVES WERE CLASSIFIED LARGE, SMALL OR NONE. A WEAKLY DEFINED TREND WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE MAGNITUDE OF THE HEAVE OR BUMP IN THE SHADOW ZONE IN RELATION TO THE ORIENTATION OF THE BRIDGE. THE BRIDGES WHICH LIE ROUGHLY EAST-WEST TEND TO HAVE LARGER BUMPS THAN THE BRIDGES WHICH LIE ROUGHLY NORTH-SOUTH. SINCE THE EAST-WEST BRIDGES HAVE MORE OR LESS FIXED SHADOW ZONES IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE BUMPS ARE RESIDUAL HEAVES. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF GROUND WATER AND THE FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE SOILS NEAR THESE BRIDGES AFFECT THE MAGNITUDE OF THIS HEAVE, BUT WERE NOT COVERED IN THIS STUDY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost heaving soils KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Groundwater KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Overpasses KW - Riding qualities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/125228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219720 AU - VANVECHTEN, C T AU - District of Columbia Dept of Highways and Traffic AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SEAT BELT INSTALLATION AND USE PY - 1967/09 AB - DATA OBTAINED FROM THE 'WASHINGTON AREA MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT COST STUDY' QUESTIONAIRES WERE ANALZED WHICH INCLUDED INFORMATION ON VEHICLE CLASS, TYPE, MODEL YEAR, AND NUMBER OF SEAT BELTS INSTALLED. THE TYPE OF PASSENGER CARS STUDIED INCLUDED: AMERICAN MADE, COMPACT AND STANDARD CARS, AND SMALL AND STANDARD FOREIGN CARS. DATA WERE OBTAINED ON OVER 1300 OF THE AUTOMOBILES REGISTERED IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AS OF MARCH 31, 1965. A SERIES OF CHARTS AND GRAPHS ARE PRESENTED SHOWING: (1) THE PRECENT OF U.S. AND FOREIGN CARS WITH SEAT BELTS INSTALLED DURING THE VARIOUS YEARS THE CARS WERE MANUFACTURED, (2) THE NUMBER OF SEAT BELTS INSTALLED OF THE VARIOUS PERCENT OF ALL PASSENGER CARS REGISTERED IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, AND (3) THE USAGE OF SEAT BELTS ON THE VARIOUS PERCENT OF PERSONS KILLED OR INJURED IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE D.C. AREA. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT: (1) OVER 50% OF CARS REGISTERED IN THE D.C. AREA, MANUFACTURED SINCE SEAT BELT INSTALLATION WAS OPTIONAL TO THE BUYER, WERE EQUIPPED WITH SEAT BELTS. (2) IN 1964, 10% OF CAR OWNERS DID NOT HAVE SEAT BELTS, EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE REQUIRED BY THE ANNUAL D.C. VEHICLE INSPECTION, (3) AVAILABLE SEAT BELTS WERE NOT IN USE AT THE TIME OF 45% OF THE NON-FATAL ACCIDENTS, AND (4) THE FATALITY RATIO WAS 25% BETTER IN CASES WHERE SEAT BELTS WERE IN USE. /BPR/ KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Costs KW - Crash analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Questionnaires KW - Registrations KW - Small car KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00234333 AU - Airhart, T P AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PILE-SOIL SYSTEM RESPONSE IN CLAY AS A FUNCTION OF EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE AND OTHER SOIL PROPERTIES PY - 1967/09 AB - RESEARCH WAS CONCERNED WITH AN INSTRUMENTED FIELD TEST PILE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE FAILURE MECHANISMS WHICH ARE DEVELOPED IN CLAY SOILS SUBJECTED TO PILE DRIVING AND FOUNDATION LOADINGS. THE ULTIMATE LOAD RESPONSE OF THE PILE- SOIL SYSTEM WAS EVALUATED FOR BOTH DYNAMIC AND STATIC LOADING. A TEST PILE INSTRUMENTED WITH PRESSURE TRANDUCERS, STRAIN GAGES, AND ACCELEROMETERS WAS DRIVEN INTO A SATURATED CLAY AT A SITE IN BEAUMONT, TEXAS. STRAIN AND ACCELERATION MEASUREMENTS OF THE PILE WERE TAKEN DURING DRIVING. PORE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE AT THE PILE-SOIL INTERFACE FOR A CONTINUOUS PERIOD OF 30 DAYS AFTER DRIVING. STRAIN MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE DURING STATIC LOAD TESTS AT 13 DAYS AND 30 DAYS AFTER DRIVING. SOIL BORINGS WERE MADE FOR THE IN-SITE, REMOLDED, AND RECONSOLIDATED CONDITIONS AND AT SPECIFIC RADIAL DISTANCES FROM THE PILE. CONVENTIONAL TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE SOIL SAMPLES TO MEASURE THE CHANGES IN ENGINEERING PROPERTIES FOR THE DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. DETERMINATION WAS MADE OF THE MODE OF FAILURE DEVELOPED WHEN A STEEL PILE IS DRIVEN AND LOADED IN A COHESIVE SOIL. THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOAD RESPONSES FOR THE PILE-SOIL SYSTEM CONSIDERED ARE A FUNCTION PREDOMINANTLY OF THE SOIL PROPERTIES WITHIN THE REGION OF LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE. THE REGION OF LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE IS A FUNCTION OF THE PILE DIAMETER. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT MEASUREMENTS OF THE MAGNITUDE, DURATION, AND DISSIPATION PATTERNS OF EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURES CAN BE USED TO INDICATE THE DIMENSIONAL EXTENT OF SOIL DISTURBANCE IN FAILURE MECHANISMS STUDIED OF SATURATED CLAYS. THE DIMENSIONAL EXTENT OF SOIL DISTURBANCE WHICH GOVERNS THE MAGNITUDE AND DURATION OF EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURES WAS SHOWN TO BE A FUNCTION OF THE SQUARE OF THE RADIUS OF THE PILE. KW - Accelerometers KW - Boring KW - Breaking loads KW - Clay KW - Cohesive soils KW - Diameter KW - Disturbances KW - Dynamic loads KW - Failure KW - Field tests KW - Foundation loading KW - Foundations KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pore water pressures KW - Pressure KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure measurement KW - Pressure sensors KW - Properties of materials KW - Saturated soils KW - Shear failures KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Strain gages KW - Test piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200067 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ICES SYSTEM: GENERAL DESCRIPTION PY - 1967/09 AB - THE INTEGRATED CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEM (ICES) ENABLES ENGINEERS WITH LITTLE OR NO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING EXPERIENCE TO USE THE COMPUTER TO SOLVE A WIDE RANGE OF ENGINEERING PROBLEMS. THE ENGINEER COMMUNICATES HIS PROBLEM-SOLVING REQUESTS TO THE COMPUTER BY MEANS OF PROBLEM-ORIENTED LANGUAGE COMMANDS. THESE COMMANDS ARE PROCESSED BY THE ICES EXECUTIVE PROGRAM, WHICH USES INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMMAND STRUCTURE PROVIDED BY MEANS OF THE COMMAND-DEFINITION LANGUAGE. PROBLEM-ORIENTED LANGUAGES, THE ICES EXECUTIVE, AND THE COMMAND-DEFINITION LANGUAGE ARE DESCRIBED. THE ENGINEERING OPERATIONS REQUESTED BY THE ENGINEER ARE PERFORMED BY ICETRAN BUILDING BLOCK PROGRAMS. THE ICETRAN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE, AND EXTENSION AND EXPANSION OF FORTRAN, IS DESCRIBED. THE ICETRAN PROGRAMS PERFORM OPERATIONS ON ENGINEERING DATA THAT ARE STORED USING DYNAMIC DATA STRUCTURES. THESE DATA STRUCTURES ENABLE THE TYPE AND AMOUNT OF DATA ASSOCIATED WITH EACH PROBLEM TO BE HIGHLY VARIABLE. SEVERAL ICETRAN PROGRAMS ARE FREQUENTLY REQUIRED TO PROCESS A SINGLE COMMAND. THE VARIOUS TYPES OF PROGRAM LINKAGES THAT ENABLE PROGRAMS TO COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER ARE DESCRIBED. /BPR/ KW - Civil engineering KW - Communications KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programming languages KW - Data storage KW - Engineers KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Programming techniques KW - Structures KW - Systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200069 AU - Harvey, T N AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDIES OF NETWORK EVALUATION PY - 1967/09 AB - RESULTS ARE DOCUMENTED OF 3 SEPARATE BUT INTERRELATED RESEARCH EFFORTS CONDUCTED UNDER THE SAME CONTRACT. A METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE NETWORKS, OR PROPOSED CHANGES TO NETWORKS, WITH RESPECT TO THE NET USER BENEFITS OR DISBENEFITS. THE METHOD CAN BE USED BY TRANSPORTATION PLANNERS SINCE IT REQUIRES ONLY THE INTERZONAL TRAVEL VOLUMES, INTERZONAL TRAVEL TIMES, AND THE ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF THE ALTERNATIVE NETWORKS, OR NETWORK CHANGES. THE METHOD WILL OBTAIN NET USER BENEFITS AND ESTIMATES OF THE OTHER EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED NETWORK CHANGES, SUCH AS WHICH SOCIAL GROUPS WILL BENEFIT AND WHICH WILL SUFFER FROM A GIVEN NETWORK CHANGE. THE METHOD IS BASED ON BENEFIT AND COST DATA. THE AMOUNT OF VARIATION WHICH COULD BE EXPECTED IN THE CALCULATION OF THE BENEFIT-COST RATIO WAS INVESTIGATED FOR A PROPOSED HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE IN MASSACHUSETTS. IT WAS DETERMINED THE VARIATIONS IN LINK VOLUME ESTIMATES (BENEFITS) PRODUCED THE MOST PRONOUNCED EFFECTS ON THE B/C RATIO, OVERPOWERING THE EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND UNIT-VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS. THE THIRD PHASE OF RESEARCH WAS INTENDED TO INDICATE A PROCEDURE FOR MAKING BETTER ESTIMATES OF PARAMETERS ON THE DEMAND, OR BENEFIT, SIDE OF THE EQUATION. THE DEMAND EVENTUALLY BECOMES THE LINK VOLUME ESTIMATES, FOUND TO HAVE SUCH A GREAT EFFECT ON THE BENEFIT-COST RATIO FOR THE HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE EXAMPLE. ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM 30 CITIES INDICATED A VERY HIGH CORRELATION BETWEEN TRANSPORTATION EXPENDITURE AND INCOME, FOR EACH CITY. USING DATA FROM A SAMPLE OF ALL URBAN FAMILIES, AN EVEN HIGHER CORRELATION WAS INDICATED BETWEEN THE AVERAGE ANNUAL TRANSPORTATION EXPENDITURE AND THE AVERAGE ANNUAL INCOME. TESTED AND PROVEN FALLACIOUS, ON SUBZONAL DATA FROM THE BOSTON REGION, WAS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DAILY TRIP-MAKING (NUMBER OF TRIPS AND TRIP LENGTH) IS A LINEAR FUNCTION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE TRIPMAKER. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Change KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Income KW - Interchanges KW - Interzonal trips KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Needs assessment KW - Networks KW - Roadnet KW - Roads KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224903 AU - Mace, D J AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Seguin, E L AU - HRB-Singer Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR EXITING AT INTERCHANGE PY - 1967/09 AB - THIS REPORT IS CONCERNED WITH DEVELOPING MEASURES OF A DRIVERS INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS AT INTERCHANGE. USING BOTH AN AUTOMOBILE SIMULATOR AND FIELD TESTS FOR A SERIES OF STUDIES, THE EFFECT OF 1 TO 4 PIECES OF INFORMATION (IL) AS A FUNCTION OF INFORMATION LEAD DISTANCE (ILD) WERE MEASURED. INFORMATION PRESENTATION TIME (IPT) WAS ALSO VARIED. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE ILD OF 1/2 MI. IS OPTIMAL AND A VIEWING TIME OF 5 SECONDS IS ADEQUATE FOR PRESENT SIGN CONTENT. /BPR/ KW - Distance KW - Field tests KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Information dissemination KW - Interchanges KW - Intersection elements KW - Lead time KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212029 AU - Lloyd, J P AU - Lott, J L AU - Kesler, C E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FINAL SUMMARY REPORT-FATIGUE OF CONCRETE PY - 1967/09 AB - A SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH CONDUCTED ON FATIGUE OF CONCRETE. FATIGUE TESTS WERE MADE ON MORTAR BEAMS CONTAINING VARIOUS TYPES OF PRE-SHAPED INCLUSIONS. THESE BEAMS WERE ASSUMED TO BE SIMPLIFIED MODELS OF CONCRETE AND WERE USED TO STUDY AGGREGATE-MORTAR BOND, DRYING SHRINKAGE, AND INFLUENCE OF AGGREGATES' ELASTIC MODULUS. FATIGUE STUDIES INVESTIGATED THE FRACTURE MECHANICS APPROACH TO FATIGUE FAILURE. BEAMS WERE TESTED STATICALLY TO DETERMINE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FLEXIBILITY AND FLOW DEPTH. THE REMAINING PHASES DEALT WITH RESTRAINED SHRINKAGE, STRESS RATE, AND RELATION BETWEEN MODULUS OF RUPTURE AND THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE. TEST RESULTS SHOWED THAT INCLUSIONS PLACED IN TENSILE REGION REDUCED STATIC STRENGTH 13 TO 47 PERCENT AND SEVERELY RESTRICTED THE PLANE OF FAILURE. HOWEVER, WHEN FATIGUE BEHAVIOR WAS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF STATIC STRENGTH, NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE EXISTED BETWEEN BEAMS WITH AND WITHOUT INCLUSIONS, NOR WERE ANY NOTICEABLE EFFECTS ATTRIBUTED TO SHRINKAGE STRESSES IN MORTARS OF VARIATIONS IN ELASTIC MODULUS OF INCLUSIONS. STATIC TESTS INDICATE THAT FATIGUE DAMAGE EXISTS ON MICROSCOPIC LEVEL AS SLOW AND STABLE PROPAGATION OF ONE OR MORE CRACKS. BOND BETWEEN COARSE AGGREGATE AND MORTAR MATRIX AFFECTS THE RESPONSE OF CONCRETE TO STATIC AND REPEATED LOADING. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Beams KW - Bonds KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Drying KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Mortar KW - Repeated loads KW - Shrinkage KW - Static tests KW - Stress ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207849 AU - Cudney, G R AU - Michigan Department of State Highways TI - THE EFFECT OF LOADING ON BRIDGE LIFE PY - 1967/09 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF AN INVESTIGATION INVOLVING THE MEASUREMENT OF STRAINS PRODUCED BY TRUCK TRAFFIC ON EIGHT SELECTED HIGHWAY BRIDGES. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SAMPLING PROCEDURE IS DESCRIBED ALONG WITH THE INSTRUMENTATION USED. RESULTS ARE PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF STRESS - FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS, AND ARE COMPARED WITH THE COMMERCIAL TRUCK TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND GROSS WEIGHTS. SOME STUDIES INVOLVING LOADING WITH A CONTROLLED TEST VEHICLE ARE ALSO REPORTED. BASED ON CERTAIN ASSUMPTIONS AND RESULTS OF LABORATORY STRUCTURAL FATIGUE TESTS BY OTHERS, THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF EIGHT BRIDGES IS DETERMINED. THE MAJOR CONCLUSION IS THAT APPARENTLY THERE IS NO GREAT DANGER OF FATIGUE DAMAGE TO THE BRIDGES TESTED UNDER LOADINGS PRESENTLY ALLOWED IN MICHIGAN. /BPR/ KW - Deformation curve KW - Fatigue tests KW - Gross weight KW - Highway bridges KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Sampling KW - Strain measurement KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205352 AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - AASHO ROAD TEST FINDINGS APPLIED TO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1967/09 AB - RESULTS ARE REPORTED ON AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF ABOUT TWENTY SATELLITE PAVEMENTS ON PRIMARY AND INTERSTATE ROADS IN THE PIEDMONT REGION OF VIRGINIA. TENTATIVE EVALUATION WAS MADE OF THE STRENGTH COEFFICIENTS OF THE MATERIALS BASED ON AASHO ROAD TEST RESULTS TO IMPROVE THE DESIGN METHOD PRESENTLY USED. THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES EVALUATED ARE (1) THE THICKNESS OF THE LAYERS OF THE PAVEMENT, (2) THE STRENGTH COEFFICIENTS OF THE MATERIALS IN EACH LAYER OF THE PAVEMENT, (3) SUBGRADE STRENGTH, AND (4) TRAFFIC. THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS WERE TREATED AS A CONSTANT. THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES CONSIDERED WERE: (1) STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE DETERMINED FROM THE BENKELMAN BEAM REBOUND DEFLECTIONS MEASURED AND, (2) QUALITY PERFORMANCE BASED ON SERVICEABILITY INDEX VALUES OBTAINED BY THE BPR ROUGHOMETER. STEPWISE REGRESSION ANALYSIS WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE VALUES OF STRENGTH COEFFICIENTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PAVEMENT DESIGN. THICKNESS EQUIVALENCY VALUES (STRENGTH COEFFICIENTS) OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE, TREATED AND UNTREATED BASE MATERIALS, SELECT MATERIAL, SOIL TREATED CEMENT, AND SUBGRADE WERE DETERMINED. BENKELMAN BEAM REBOUND DEFLECTIONS AND PAVEMENT THICKNESS INDICES WERE CORRELATED. A NEW CONCEPT OF DESIGN BASED ON PAVEMENT RIGIDITY AND FLEXIBILITY WAS CONSIDERED AND PERMISSIBLE AND TOLERABLE LIMITS OF DEFLECTION AS A FUNCTION OF PAVEMENT RIGIDITY RECOMMENDED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT: (1) STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENT CAN BE EVALUATED FROM RESULTS OF BENKELMAN BEAM TEST, (2) A POOR CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN SOIL SUPPORT VALUES DETERMINED BY THE VIRGINIA CBR TEST METHOD AND THOSE PRESENTED BY THE AASHO DESIGN COMMITTEE, (3) THE FOLLOWING THICKNESS EQUIVALENCY VALUES WERE DEVELOPED: ASPHALT CONCRETE, 1.00, STONE BASE, 0.35, CEMENT-TREATED BASE, 1.1 ASPHALT-TREATED BASE, 0.75 SELECT MATERIAL, 0.00 AND CEMENT-TREATED SOIL 0.50, AND (4) TOLERABLE PAVEMENT DEFLECTION IS A FUNCTION OF ITS RIGIDITY, AND (5) A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOSS IN SERVICEABILITY AND TRAFFIC LOADINGS WAS DEVELOPED. A TENTATIVE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHOD BASED ON STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE IS PROPOSED FOR USE IN VIRGINIA. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benkelman beam KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Climate KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Primary highways KW - Regression analysis KW - Road meters KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Soil cement KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Thickness KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212026 AU - Mazanti, B B AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia State Highway Department TI - A STUDY OF A LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE FOR PRESTRESSED HIGHWAY BRIDGE GIRDERS - PHASE III PY - 1967/09 AB - THE INVESTIGATION IS REPORTED OF CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF SEMI-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, THAT IS, CONCRETE USING FINE AGGREGATE OF NORMAL WEIGHT, BUT LIGHTWEIGHT COARSE AGGREGATE, WHICH WAS, FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS STUDY, OBTAINED FROM TWO DIFFERENT SOURCES. TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE SHRINKAGE PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE, CREEP UNDER STATIC AND PRESTRESSING LOADS, VARIATION IN LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO AN ECCENTRIC PRESTRESSING LOAD, AND STRESS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS. IN ADDITION, THE SECANT MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF THE CONCRETE WAS DETERMINED. RESULTS INDICATED PROPERTIES SIMILAR TO NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE. AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO INSTRUMENT SOME FULL-SIZE PRESTRESSED GIRDERS SO AS TO GET AN INDICATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF SEMI-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE UNDER ACTUAL FIELD CONDITIONS. DURING THE FABRICATION OF THE BEAMS, HOWEVER, THE STRAIN GAGES ON THE PRESTRESSING STRANDS WERE DAMAGED, THUS RENDERING THIS PART OF THE PROJECT UNUSABLE. /BPR/ KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete tests KW - Creep KW - Girder bridges KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Shrinkage KW - Static loads KW - Strain gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215866 AU - Metcalfe, T B AU - Averitt, W K AU - Larue, F L AU - University of Louisiana, Lafayette TI - ASPHALT CONTENT BY NUCLEAR DEVICES PY - 1967/09 AB - WHILE THE EVALUATION PERFORMED ON THIS PROJECT HAS SHOWN THE TROXLER MODEL AC-20 TO BE A COMPARATIVELY RAPID METHOD OF DETERMINING THE ASPHALT CONTENT OF HOT MIXES IN THE FIELD, THE PRECISION IS A DIRECT FUNCTION OF THE TIME ALLOWED FOR EACH DETERMINATION. ALTHOUGH THE RADIATION DETECTION TIME CAN BE CHOSEN BY THE OPERATOR, BREVITY AND PRECISION ARE INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL. AN IMPROVEMENT IN BOTH OF THESE FEATURES IS ESSENTIAL. DURING THE COURSE OF THE INVESTIGATION, IN CONSULTATION WITH THE MANUFACTURER, SEVERAL IMPROVEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE OR HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE FEASIBLE. THE CONSENSUS OF PROJECT PERSONNEL, AND BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS PERSONNEL IS THAT FURTHER IMPROVEMENT IN THIS METHOD MUST BE OBTAINED IF IT IS TO BE ATTRACTIVE AS A SUPPLEMENTARY OR REPLACEMENT METHOD OF DETERMINING ASPHALT CONTENT OF BITUMINOUS HOT MIXES. CERTAIN INHERENT AND TROUBLESOME DISADVANTAGES IN THE METHOD ARE DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Nuclear applications KW - Nuclear engineering KW - Nuclear radiation KW - Radiation counters /sensors/ KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207851 AU - Andrew, J R AU - Zia, P AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission TI - ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF RECTANGULAR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE COLUMNS UNDER CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC LOADINGS PY - 1967/09 AB - THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST PHASE OF A RESEARCH PROGRAM CONCERNED WITH PRESTRESSED CONCRETE UNDER COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING ARE PRESENTED. ELEVEN RECTANGULAR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE COLUMNS, ALL WITH HINGED SUPPORTS, WERE TESTED TO FAILURE UNDER EITHER CONCENTRIC OR ECCENTRIC LOADING. ALL COLUMNS WERE 5 5/8X5 5/8 IN., PRESTRESSED WITH FOUR 1/4 IN. STRANDS, EACH INITIALLY TENSIONED TO 6300 LB. THE COLUMNS WERE CAST WITH CONCRETE FROM THE SAME BATCH. THE VARIABLES WERE THE SLENDERNESS RATIO AND THE ECCENTRICITY RATIO. FOR EACH LOAD INCREMENT ON THE COLUMN, DEFLECTIONS AND STRAINS WERE MEASURED EXCEPT FOR THE FINAL LOAD INCREMENT JUST BEFORE FAILURE. THE TEST RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH THE PREDICTIONS BY AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION AND A SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHOD. THE RESULTS COMPARE FAVORABLY WITH BOTH SOLUTIONS. A DISCUSSION OF THE TEST RESULTS IS PRESENTED ALONG WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE IN FUTURE STUDIES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial compression KW - Bending KW - Columns KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Eccentricity KW - Failure KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rectangles KW - Slenderness ratio KW - Strain measurement KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Thinness KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206315 AU - Gotolski, W H AU - Ciesielski, S K AU - Smith, R W AU - Kofalt, J A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS - INTERIM REPORT IR-8 PY - 1967/09 AB - SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED TO DATE IN A CONTINUING STUDY OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING PAVEMENT DURABILITY. IN-SERVICE CHANGES IN MIXTURE AND ASPHALT PROPERTIES WERE DETERMINED AT VARIOUS SERVICE INTERVALS. THE PROPERTIES STUDIED ARE CONSISTENCY, DUCTILITY, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (ROSTLER METHOD) OF ASPHALT, DENSITY AIR-VOIDS AND GRADATION OF THE MIXTURE. A TOTAL OF 13 PAVEMENTS IN THE FOLLOWING THREE GROUPS ARE BEING STUDIED: (1) TYPE OF ASPHALT AND AGGREGATE, (2) EVALUATION IS MADE OF THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION CHANGES IN THE ASPHALTS DURING SERVICE AS RELATED TO THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PAVEMENTS, AND (3) STUDY IS MADE OF PENETRATION-VISCOSITY (AT 140 F). IT IS CONCLUDED PRINCIPALLY: (1) THAT ALL ASPHALTS MAY HAVE THE SAME PENETRATION-VISCOSITY (140 F) RELATIONSHIP, (2) PENETRATION, VISCOSITY AND ASPHALTENT CONTENT (OR THE MODIFIED ROSTLER PARAMETER) ARE THE BEST TEST PROPERTIES TO INDICATE ASPHALT HARDENING, (3) HIGH TRAFFIC VOLUME CONTRIBUTES TO HARDENING, AND (4) THE STATE'S MIXTURE DESIGN SHOULD INCLUDE A MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PERMEABILITY BECAUSE OF THE LATTER'S EFFECT ON BINDER HARDENING. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphaltene KW - Binders KW - Chemical composition KW - Concrete hardening KW - Consistency KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Gradation KW - Hardness KW - Inservice KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Permeability KW - Traffic volume KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214462 AU - French, R AU - EDWARDS, B AU - Maine State Highway Commission TI - A STUDY OF VARIABILITY IN PRODUCTION SAMPLING AND TESTING BITUMINOUS CONCRETE BASE PY - 1967/09 AB - THIS PROJECT CONSISTED OF STATISTICALLY SAMPLING AN OPEN- GRADED HOT BITUMINOUS BASE MIXTURE PRODUCED IN A BATCH TYPE HOT-MIX PLANT. FIFTY RANDOM SAMPLES WERE TAKEN AT THE PLANT SITE DURING PRODUCTION, AND FIFTY SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM SAME LOADS AFTER THEY WERE PLACED ON THE ROADWAY AND PARTIALLY ROLLED. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY WHEN COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS STUDIES INDICATED THAT PLANT PRODUCTION VARIANCES WERE MUCH SMALLER AND THE SAMPLING AND TESTING VARIANCES WERE LARGER. THE STUDY INDICATED THE SPECIFIED TOLERANCES FOR THE 3/4 INCH SIEVE OF 7% ARE UNREALISTIC. THE 50 ROADWAY SAMPLES SHOULD HAVE CORRESPONDED WITH 50-TRUCK SAMPLES, BUT THE RESULTS INDICATED THEY DID NOT REPRESENT THE SAME POPULATION. THE ROADWAY SAMPLES SHOWED LESS FINES AND LESS ASPHALT THAN THE SAMPLES TAKEN FROM THE TRUCKS AT THE PLANT. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous bases KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mixing plants KW - Randomization KW - Statistical sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224862 AU - Gwynn, D W AU - Serfart, J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - RED COLORED PAVEMENT PY - 1967/09 AB - A STUDY DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF RED COLORED PAVEMENTS ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DRIVERS BEHAVIOR AT A RAMP LOCATION ENDING IN A STOP CONDITION IS DISCUSSED. A BEFORE AND AFTER EXPERIMENT WAS PERFORMED ON A RAMP ENDING WITH A STOP SIGN AND AT THE RAMPS INTERSECTION WITH A ONE-WAY ROADWAY. SPEEDS AND LAGS FOR BOTH DAY AND NIGHT CONDITIONS WERE MEASURED BEFORE AND AFTER THE RAMP WAS PAVED RED. A LAG WAS CONSIDERED AS THE TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN THE ARRIVAL OF A VEHICLE AT THE STOP SIGN AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST VEHICLE ON THE ACROSS ROADWAY AT THE CENTER OF THE INTERSECTION. DAYTIME SPEEDS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER AFTER THE RAMP WAS PAVED RED, BUT FOR NIGHTTIME SPEEDS AND FOR DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME LAGS THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. /BPR/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Color KW - Coloring KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Night KW - Pavements KW - Ramps KW - Red KW - Stop signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230056 AU - Todd, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOME EXPERIENCES IN STEPPING SLOPES (WITH LETTER ATTACHMENT) PY - 1967/09 AB - TODD REPORTS EXPERIENCE OF MORE THAN FIVE YEARS IN EFFICIENT PROCEDURES FOR CUTTING SERRATED SLOPES WITH A BULLDOZER BLADE. OPERATING REQUIREMENTS, BLADE ANGLE, CUTTING SEQUENCE, PECULIARITIES OF STAGES IN THE SEQUENCE AND OPERATIONAL ADJUSTMENTS TO MEET THEM, EFFECTS OF HARD AND SOFT ROCK ON OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES, CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND SOIL EROSION ON VARIOUS TYPES OF SLOPES, AND THE ADVANTAGES OF SERRATED CLOPES ARE TREATED. THE LETTER ATTACHMENT, DATED AUGUST 1971, IS AN FHWA REGION 15 RESPONSE TO AN HRB QUERY AND BRINGS THE TODD REPORT UP TO DATE WITH RESPECT TO OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADVANTAGES OF CUT SLOPES. KW - Construction management KW - Erosion control KW - Excavations KW - Operations KW - Planting KW - Serrated slopes KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470819 AU - Matthias, Judson Stillman AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recreational Impact of Multi-Purpose Reservoirs PY - 1967/08/04/Progress Report SP - 125p AB - This thesis reports the results of a study concerned with the development of a model that can be used to predict recreational trips to new reservoirs in Indiana. The model developed utilizes only road distance, county population, and the influence of other similar facilities as the parameters affecting attendance. A technique was developed illustrating how the model can be used to predict future attendance and traffic volume. Three parks, Raccoon State Recreation Areas on Mansfield Reservoir, Lieber State Park on Cagles Mill Reservoir, and Monroe State Park on Monroe Reservoir were used in the study. Data were collected by conducting interviews of 25% of arriving trips at the park entrances. Over 13,000 interviews were conducted over a two year period. Yearly distributions on trips by trip purpose and frequency were investigated. The prediction model was developed by using nonlinear regression analysis to determine the parameters of distance, population and the influence of other parks. Two equations were developed, one for the condition where there is no other park closer to a county than the park under consideration and the other for the condition where there is another park closer to the county than the park under consideration. Together, the two equations constitute the prediction model. KW - Indiana KW - Outdoor recreation KW - Population KW - Recreational facilities KW - Recreational trips KW - Reservoirs KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic volume KW - Trip length UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314482 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230646 AU - Lamb, D R AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Gietz, R H AU - Armijo, J D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ROADWAY FAILURE STUDY NO. II - BEHAVIOR AND STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE CLAY SOILS PY - 1967/08 AB - CHANGES IN MOISTURE AND DENSITY WERE MEASURED PERIODICALLY IN AN EXPANSIVE CLAY SUBGRADE (CODY SHALE AREA) USING NUCLEAR GAGES AND LIMITED SAMPLING BENEATH THE PAVEMENT, SHOULDERS, DITCHES AND BACKSLOPE, IN BOTH CUT AND FILL SECTIONS OF I-25. IN 2 YEARS, ONLY SLIGHT CRACKING OCCURRED IN THE ASPHALTIC SURFACING, BUT THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE INCREASE IN MOISTURE CONTENT IN THE LOWER PART OF THE SUBBASE, WITH A LESSER INCREASE IN THE MEMBRANE SECTION. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT WATER WAS ENTERING THE SUBBASE THROUGH THE SHOULDER AREAS AND SIDE SLOPES. SWELL POTENTIAL DETERMINATION OF INSITU EXPANSIVE CLAY WAS CONDUCTED WITH NUCLEAR ACCESS TUBES, ELEVATION PLATES AND WATER INJECTION INSTALLATIONS PLACED IN AN UNDISTURBED AREA UNDERLAIN BY EXPANSIVE STEELE SHALE ADJACENT TO I-80. INJECTION OF WATER, AND MOISTURE, DENSITY AND ELEVATION READINGS WERE MADE. AVERAGE ELEVATION INCREASE FOR THE AREA WAS 0.11 FT. VARIABLE AND THE MOISTURE CONTENT WAS APPROXIMATELY DOUBLED TO 24 IN. BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE CLAY SHALE (PLASTIC MEMBRANE). STABILIZERS WERE EVALUATED IN THE LABORATORY. ALTHOUGH SOME REDUCED THE SWELL CONSIDERABLY (BUT LESS THAN LIME) THEY WOULD NOT MIGRATE APPRECIABLY FROM THE POINT OF APPLICATION. SEALANTS WERE EVALUATED TO DETERMINE THEIR VALUE IN PREVENTION OF MOVEMENT OF WATER DOWNWARD INTO THE EXPANSIVE CLAY SUBGRADE. PENEPRIME AND CATALYTICALLY BLOWN ASPHALT PROVED EFFECTIVE EVEN UNDER FREEZE-THAW, WET-DRY CYCLES OF TESTING. IT WAS RECOMMENDED THAT THESE SEALANTS BE PLACED CONTINUOUSLY BENEATH THE PAVEMENT, THROUGH THE SHOULDER, ACROSS THE DITCH LINE AND A FEW FEET UP THE BACK SLOPE, TO PREVENT LATERAL INTRUSION OF WATER. KW - Altitude KW - Backslopes KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Elevation KW - Expansive clays KW - Failure KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Road failures KW - Road shoulders KW - Sealing compounds KW - Slopes KW - Soil densification KW - Soil swell KW - Stabilizers KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - Water sources KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119407 ER - TY - SER AN - 00225183 JO - Control Engineering PB - Dun Donnelley Publishing Corporation AU - Heumann, G W AU - Kramer, W TI - DIGITAL COMPUTERS REV UP TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1967/08 AB - EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS IN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS IS REVIEWED. REFERENCE IS MADE TO TWO OPERATING U. S. SYSTEMS, THOSE AT SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA AND WICHITA FALLS, TEXAS, AND TO THE COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS IN TORONTO, CANADA. LEVELS OF CONTROL ARE DESCRIBED. TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES WITH THE PROPOSED NEW YORK CITY TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM ARE INDICATED. TRAFFIC CONTROL VIA DIGITAL COMPUTER HAS MADE MUCH MORE PROGRESS IN EUROPE. ONE COMPANY IN GERMANY HAS FIVE SYSTEMS ALREADY INSTALLED AND ELEVEN MORE ON ORDER. A BRITISH COMPANY WHICH IS DOING ABOUT AS WELL HAS INSTALLED WHAT IS CLAIMED TO BE THE WORLDS MORE ADVANCED TRAFFIC SYSTEM IN MUNICH, GERMANY. THE MUNICH SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED IN SOME DETAIL. BRIEF REFERENCE IS MADE TO TWO INSTALLATIONS IN SPAIN. /BPR/ KW - Digital computers KW - Reviews KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203136 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - FIELD, R N AU - Stoker, J R AU - California Division of Highways TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF BOX BEAM MEDIAN BARRIER PY - 1967/08 AB - RESULTS OF A SERIES OF FULL SCALE DYNAMIC IMPACT TESTS OF A STEEL BOX MEDIAN BARRIER DESIGN ARE REPORTED. THE BASIC BARRIER DESIGN ARE REPORTED. THE BASIC BARRIER DESIGN, DEVELOPED BY NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, CONSISTS OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL BOX BEAM 6 X 8 X 1/4 IN. MOUNTED 27 IN. HIGH ON 315.7 STEEL POSTS. RESULTANT DATA FROM THREE DYNAMIC TESTS OF MODIFIED POST-TO-BEAM CONNECTIONS ARE PRESENTED WITH A DISCUSSION ON THE DYNAMICS, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM. /AUTHOR/ KW - Box beams KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Median barriers KW - Posts KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206306 AU - Hillman, F B AU - Boylan, J R AU - Lozano, R G AU - Behn, F E AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - STUDY AND EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT CONDITION EQUIPMENT PY - 1967/08 AB - THIS STUDY IS AN ATTEMPT BY THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS TO EVALUATE GENERAL SYSTEMS USED IN DETERMINING PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AND SKID RESISTANCE. THE INSTRUMENTS EVALUATED ARE (1) THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS ROAD ROUGHNESS INDICATOR, (2) THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER, (3) THE CALIFORNIA PROFILOGRAPH AND (4) THE BRITISH PORTABLE SKID RESISTANCE TESTER. TABULATED DATA AND THE RESULTING GRAPHS AND FIGURES ARE PRESENTED. THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE: (1) USE OF THE ROAD ROUGHNESS INDICATOR SHOULD BE CONTINUED (2) LIMITED USE OF THE CHLOE PROFILOMETER SHOULD CONTINUE UNTIL ITS RELIABILITY IS EITHER PROVEN OR DISPROVEN (3) ADDITIONAL CALIFORNIA PROFILOGRAPHS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FOR USE IN OHIO AND (4) ALTHOUGH THE BRITISH PORTABLE SKID RESISTANCE TESTER HAS DEMONSTRATED ITS USEFULNESS, A TOWED SKID RESISTANCE TRAILER SHOULD BE OBTAINED AND USED IN A MORE COMPREHENSIVE TESTING PROGRAM. /BPR/ KW - Evaluation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210381 AU - Grey, R L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - NUCLEAR BITUMINOUS CONCRETE RESEARCH PY - 1967/08 AB - THIS STUDY WAS INITIATED AS A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A PORTABLE NUCLEAR GAUGE DEVELOPED TO ACCURATELY DETERMINE THE ASPHALT CONTENT OF HOT BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. THE UNIT WAS DEVELOPED UNDER RESEARCH CONTRACT WITH NUCLEAR CHICAGO CORPORATION, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, TO REQUIREMENTS SET FORTH BY THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. STATISTICS INVOLVED IN THE RANDOM DECAY OF THE SOURCE AND THE BACKGROUND COUNT PREVIOUSLY HAD TENDED TO PLACE A LIMIT ON SENSITIVITY OF NUCLEAR DEVICES. THIS WAS USUALLY ON THE ORDER OF PLUS OR MINUS 0.25 PERCENT OF ACTUAL CONTENT. THE SENSITIVITY OF THE NUCLEAR CHICAGO GAUGE, HOWEVER, WAS SHOWN IN THE STUDY TO BE MUCH BETTER THAN THIS, USING INITIAL CALIBRATION RESULTS. SAMPLES OF HOT BITUMINOUS CONCRETE WERE PREPARED TO DEVELOP AN INITIAL SYSTEM CALIBRATION. MIXES WERE TESTED WITH THE NUCLEAR GAUGE AND THE NUCLEAR TEST RESULTS WERE THEN PAIRED WITH ACTUAL DESIGN ASPHALT CONTENT TO YIELD A REGRESSION CURVE. STANDARD DEVIATIONS WERE COMPUTED AND, AT TIMES, RESULTS COMPARED TO IMMEREX EXTRACTION RESULTS FOR THE SAME SAMPLES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Nuclear applications KW - Nuclear engineering KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Portable equipment KW - Regression analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222559 AU - Taylor, W C AU - Hubbell, J S AU - Ohio Department of Highways TI - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT MARKING TO DESIGNATE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL AND DEGREE OF SAFETY PY - 1967/08 AB - THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PAVEMENT MARKING AS RELATED TO THREE ITEMS - DRIVER PERCEPTION, DRIVER UNDERSTANDING AND DRIVER PERFORMANCE. THREE MARKING SYSTEMS WERE STUDIED USING WHITE, YELLOW, BROKEN AND SOLID LINES, SINGLY AND IN COMBINATION. SINCE THERE APPEARED TO BE NO SINGLE MEASURE WHICH FULLY DESCRIBED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PAVEMENT MARKING, FIVE PHASES OF STUDY WERE DEVELOPED. EACH PHASE WAS DIRECTED TOWARD A DIFFERENT MEASURE OF EFFECTIVENESS. PHASE I - SLIDE PRESENTATION - WAS DIRECTED TOWARD DRIVER PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING. PHASE II - LATERAL PLACEMENT - WAS A DIRECT MEASURE OF DRIVER PERFORMANCE. PHASE III - PASSING STUDY - WAS CONDUCTED AS A MEASURE OF DRIVER UNDERSTANDING AND ACCEPTABILITY. PHASE IV - LANE USAGE - WAS ALSO DIRECTED TOWARD DRIVER UNDERSTANDING AND PERFORMANCE. PHASE V - DRIVER INTERVIEW - WAS DESIGNED PRIMARILY TO MEASURE DRIVER PERCEPTION. THE ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF THESE PHASES PROVIDED SUFFICIENT DATA FROM WHICH CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN REGARDING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS MARKING TYPES. SIGNIFICANT RESULTS WERE FOUND IN MANY OF THE STUDIES WHICH INDICATED THAT PAVEMENT MARKING SYSTEMS COULD BE DEVISED TO CONVEY MEANINGFUL INFORMATION TO THE DRIVER. HOWEVER, THIS WOULD REQUIRE SOME PERIOD OF EDUCATION AND ADJUSTMENT ON THE DRIVER'S PART. ALSO, THE USE OF COLOR APPEARS TO HAVE GREATER POTENTIAL IN THE LONG RUN THAN THE USE OF LINE SHAPE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Color KW - Directional pavement markings KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver interviews KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Interviewing KW - Lanes KW - Lateral placement KW - Passing KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Road markings KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205350 AU - Segner, E P AU - Cobb, J R AU - University of Alabama, University AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - A STUDY OF MISALIGNED DOWELS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1967/08 AB - A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION WAS MADE TO MEASURE THE EFFECTS OF MISALIGNED DOWELS (LOAD TRANSFER DEVICES) ON THE FORCE NECESSARY TO SEPARATE TWO CONNECTED SLABS. THIRTY-EIGHT SPECIMENS, 3-FEET WIDE, 5 1/2-FEET LONG, AND 10-INCHES THICK WERE CAST AND TESTED AT 2 AND 7 DAYS AGE. THREE 1 1/4 IN 0 X 16 IN. DOWEL BARS WERE PLACED AT THE MIDDEPTH OF A CONSTRUCTION JOINT FORMED AT THE MIDLENGTH OF THE SPECIMEN. THE DOWELS WERE PLACED ON 1-FOOT CENTERS AND THE 2 OUTER DOWELS WERE ALIGNED PERPENDICULAR TO THE JOINT FACE. THE CENTER DOWEL WAS MISALIGNED UP TO 3 INCHES HORIZONTALLY AND UP TO 1 INCH BOTH VERTICALLY AND OBLIQUELY.THE ANALYSIS PRIMARILY COMPARES THE FORCES NECESSARY TO OPEN THE JOINTS SPECIFIC DISTANCES (1/2 AND 3/4 INCHES), ALTHOUGH THE MOVEMENTS IN THE OTHER TWO DIRECTIONS ARE ALSO PRESENTED. THE MEASURED FORCES ARE ADJUSTED FOR DIFFERENT CONCRETE STRENGTHS AND ARE PLOTTED AGAINST THE MAGNITUDE OF THE MISALIGNMENT. IT WAS FOUND THAT (1) THE FORCE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A SPECIFIC OPENING VARIED AS A FUNCTION OF THE MISALIGNMENT, (2) VERTICAL MISALIGNMENTS ARE THE MOST CRITICAL AND HORIZONTAL THE LEAST SEVERE, (3)1/4 INCH VERTICALLY OR 3/4 INCH HORIZONTALLY APPEAR TO BE TOLERABLE FOR A 1/2 INCH OPENING, (4) A 1 INCH VERTICAL MISALIGNMENT CAUSES SIGNIFICANT SURFACE SPALLING AT EARLY CONCRETE AGES, (5) MISALIGNMENTS CAUSE CONCRETE CRUSHING ON THE BEARING SURFACES, AND (6) THE DOWEL LUBRICANT APPEARS TO BE A SIGNIFICANT VARIABLE IN DOWEL ACTION. THE RESULTS COULD BE USED TO PROVIDE MEANINGFUL VALUES FOR TOLERATE DOWEL MISALIGNMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alignment KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Crushing KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Lubricants KW - Spalling KW - Specifications KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210382 AU - Moavenzadeh, F AU - Soussou, J AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VISCOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1967/08 AB - THEORY OF VISCOELASTICITY IS CONSIDERED AS A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RATIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR ASPHALTIC MIXTURES. IN AN ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF A SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURE, MECHANICAL RESPONSES WERE STUDIED OVER A WIDE RANGE OF TEMPERATURES USING STATIC CREEP TESTS, STRESS RELAXATION TESTS AND CONSTANT RATE OF STRAIN TESTS. THE DEPENDENCE OF THE VISCOELASTIC FUNCTIONS ON THE PRINCIPAL VARIABLES OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE WAS SEPARATED TO YIELD A FUNCTION OF TIME AND A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE. THE TIME FUNCTION IS THE TRANSIENT VISCOELASTIC FUNCTION REDUCED TO AN ARBITRARY AND CONVENIENT REFERENCE TEMPERATURE, WHILE THE TEMPERATURE FUNCTION IS THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE SHIFT FACTOR. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT: (1) FROM THE STRAIN-TIME PLOTS, THE RESPONSE OF SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURES TO THE LOW STRESSES USED (IN COMPARISON TO THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH) CAN BE APPROXIMATED BY THE RESPONSE OF LINEAR VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS TO A VERY SATISFACTORY DEGREE, (2) TIME-TEMPERATURE SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLES CAN BE APPLIED SATISFACTORILY TO THE CREEP AND THE RELAXATION DATA. THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE CREEP COMPLIANCE AND OF THE RELAXATION MODULUS CAN BE REDUCED TO AN EQUIVALENT TIME DEPENDENCE YIELDING MASTER CURVES AT EACH TEMPERATURE OVER A VERY WIDE RANGE OF TIME, AND (3) FOR FAILURE CONDITIONS, THE CONCEPT OF FAILURE ENEVLOPE CAN BE APPLIED SUCCESSFULLY, DEMONSTRATING A TIME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP AT FAILURE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Creep KW - Design KW - Failure KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Static tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Superposition KW - Superposition (Geology) KW - Temperature KW - Theory KW - Time KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201187 AU - Moore, C T AU - Mayer, M I AU - Mason, J B AU - Dawson, L E AU - University of Alabama, University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS IN THE EMPLOYMENT AND RETAIL MARKETS SERVED BY BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA PY - 1967/08 AB - VOLUME I THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCLUSIONS. THIS STUDY MAKES USE OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT METHODS FOR ANALYZING DATA INCLUDING PERSONAL INTERVIEWS OF BUSINESSMEN AND SHOPPERS, STEP-WISE REGRESSION ANALYSIS, DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS, ETC. MANY OF THE FINDINGS ARE TENTATIVE AND MORE IN THE NATURE OF INPUTS FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS THAN IMMEDIATE IMPLEMENTATION. VOLUME 2 LAND USE ANALYSIS IN A HIGHWAY CORRIDOR AREA. THE BIRMINGHAM URBAN AREA HAS CHARACTERISTICS WHICH CORRESPOND TO PORTIONS OF (1) THE CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (2) THE SECTOR THEORY, AND (3) THE MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT. THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM IS EXPECTED TO EASE URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN AREAS OF ROUGH TERRAIN SO THAT THE ELLIPTICAL SHAPE OF THE BIRMINGHAM AREA WILL THROUGH TIME ACQUIRE A MORE BALANCED CONFIGURATION AS GROWTH MOVES TOWARD THE NORTH, SOUTH, AND EAST, AND UNDEVELOPED AREAS IN THE SOUTHWEST ARE UTILIZED. VOLUME 3 HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL BEHAVIOR. DATA WERE DRAWN FROM 800 HOUSEHOLD INTERVIEWS, A SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLE OF ABOUT 7.5 PERCENT DRAWN FROM JEFFERSON COUNTY. SHOPPING TRAVEL BEHAVIOR, (FOR EXAMPLE, TO THE PLACE WHERE CONVENIENCE SHOPPING IS DONE) WAS FOUND TO DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN COMMUNITIES SOME DISTANCE APART IN THE BIRMINGHAM HIGHWAY CORRIDOR ALONG US 31. URBAN COMMUNITIES CONTIGUOUS TO ONE ANOTHER DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY (AT THE .05 LEVEL OF PROBABILITY). /BPR/ KW - City planning KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Households KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Land use KW - Regions KW - Regression analysis KW - Retail trade KW - Sampling KW - Shoppers KW - Social factors KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233699 AU - Missouri State Highway Department TI - ALKALI REACTIVITY OF CARBONATE ROCKS IN MISSOURI PY - 1967/08 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO CORRELATE THE EXPANSION OF CARBONATE ROCK PRISMS WITH THE LOCATION AND COMPOSITION OF THE CONCRETE AGGREGATES BY MEANS OF THE STANDARD ROCK PRISM TEST. IT WAS FOUND THAT NEITHER THE PERCENT ACID INSOLUBLE OR THE PERCENT DOLOMITE IN THE CARBONATE FRACTION ARE RELIABLE INDICATORS FOR DETECING REACTIVE AGGREGATES. /BPR/ KW - Acids KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Carbonate rocks KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Dolomite KW - Prisms KW - Reactive aggregates KW - Rocks KW - Testing UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP67-6_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220108 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF LARGE MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY, 1965-1966 PY - 1967/08 AB - THE SUBJECTS FURNISHED FOR THIS DOCUMENT BY HSRI ARE: TRUCK, CARGO MOTOR VEHICLES, VEHICLE: PROFESSIONAL, DRIVER, PEOPLE: INJURY/TRAUMA, ACCIDENT: GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION, SPACE: DAY, TIME: DATA STATISTICS, CONTENTS, STUDY-REPORT TYPE: TABLES. KW - Commodities KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Freight transportation KW - Geography KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Professional personnel KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200065 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ENGINEERS' GUIDE TO ICES COGO I PY - 1967/08 AB - INTEGRATED CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS (ICES) COORDINATE GEOMETRY (COGO) IS AN INFORMATION PROCESSOR FOR THE COMPUTER SOLUTION OF GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS WHICH OCCUR IN A NUMBER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AREAS. THE PROCESSOR IS MADE UP OF A LANGUAGE, A SET OF PROCESSING ROUTINES, AND A SET OF INFORMATION FILES. WHILE THE COGO LANGUAGE IS DESIGNED FOR THE NATURAL EXPRESSION OF ENGINEERING TYPE GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS, THE SYSTEM MAY BE APPLIED TO A VARIETY OF GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS IN ANY AREA WHICH INVOLVES POINTS, LINES, CURVES, AND POLYGONS IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE. ICES COGO I OPERATES ON GEOMETRIC OBJECTS AND VARIABLES WHICH CAN BE IDENTIFIED, STORED, RETRIEVED, COMPUTERED, PRINTED AND MANIPULATED BY MEANS OF COMPUTER COMMANDS ISSUED BY THE ENGINEER USER. THE PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT IS TO DESCRIBE THE EXTERNAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROCESSOR AS A GUIDE TO THE ENGINEER USER. PART I DESCRIBES THE GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PROCESSOR, AND PART 2 DESCRIBES THE DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL COMMANDS. /BRR/ KW - Civil engineering KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computing KW - Coordinates KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Geometry KW - Handling and storage KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Lines KW - Point demerit systems KW - Points KW - Polygons KW - Retrieval KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Specifications KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210388 AU - Sandvig, L D AU - Kofalt, J A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PENETRATION AND VISCOSITY FUNCTIONS IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PY - 1967/08 AB - THREE EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS, EACH APPROXIMATELY FOUR MILES IN LENGTH, WERE RESURFACED WITH ASPHALT CONCRETE. DIFFERENT GRADES AND TYPES OF ASPHALTS VARYING BETWEEN 60 AND 150 PENETRATION, WITH VISCOSITIES RANGING FROM 885 TO 3198 POISES AT 140 F WERE USED. FIVE TO EIGHT DIFFERENT ASPHALTS WERE USED IN EACH PROJECT. ONE TYPE AGGREGATE ONLY, LIMESTONE, GRAVEL, OR CRUSHED SAND WAS USED IN AN INDIVIDUAL PROJECT. THE OBJECTIVE OF THESE EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS WAS TO DETERMINE VISCOSITY-PENETRATION RELATIONSHIPS, PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR OF THE ASPHALT CEMENTS, FUNCTIONS OF VISCOSITY AND PENETRATION IN MIXING, ROLLING AND COMPACTION, AND EVALUATION OF THE DURABILITY OF EACH ASPHALT. IN ONE PROJECT WHERE A WELL GRADED ANGULAR LIMESTONE WAS USED, NO DIFFICULTY WAS ENCOUNTERED, IN LAYING AND COMPACTION REGARDLESS OF THE TYPE OF ASPHALT WHEN THE MIXING WAS ACCOMPLISHED AT 300 F. IN THE PROJECT WHERE GRAVEL WAS USED, THE GRAVEL AND ASPHALT WERE EASILY MIXED AT 300 F. HOWEVER, DIFFICULTY WAS EXPERIENCED IN COMPACTING SOME OF THE MIXTURES AND IT WAS NECESSARY TO ADJUST THE MIX TEMPERATURE TO THE PROPER VISCOSITY IN ORDER TO USE THE DIFFERENT ASPHALTS. IN THE SAND-ASPHALT MIX PROJECT, MIXING TEMPERATURES HAD TO BE ADJUSTED TO ELIMINATE TEARING OF THE ONE MIXTURE CONTAINING ONE OF THE ASPHALTS AND THE TENDERNESS OF THE OTHER DURING LAYDOWN AND COMPACTION. DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF AGGREGATE IT WAS SHOWN THAT THE VISCOSITY, AND NOT THE PENETRATION, OF THE ASPHALT GOVERNED THE MIXING, LAYING AND COMPACTION OPERATIONS. TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE ORIGINAL ASPHALTS AND ON ASPHALTS EXTRACTED FROM THE MIX AT THE PUGMILL, BEHIND THE PAVER, COMPACTED ROADWAY, AND PERIODIC ROADWAY SAMPLES. RESULTS DISCLOSED THAT ASPHALTENES AND VISCOSITY INCREASED, AND PENETRATION AND DUCTILITY DECREASED IN VALUE WITH TIME. THE ASPHALTS USED IN THE SAND MIX ARE HARDENING AT A FASTER RATE THAN IN THE OTHER TWO JOBS. THE INDIVIDUAL ASPHALTS ARE HARDENING AT DIFFERENT RATES AND SOME OF THE ASPHALTS HAVE NO DUCTILITY AT LOW TEMPERATURES. HOWEVER, VISUAL OBSERVATIONS SHOWED THAT ALL OF THE SURFACES ARE PERFORMING EXCELLENTLY. PERIODIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT ASPHALTS ON DURABILITY IS PROGRAMMED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Concrete hardening KW - Crushed or manufactured sand KW - Durability KW - Gravel KW - Hardness KW - Limestone KW - Mixing KW - Mixing temperature KW - Pendulum tests KW - Sand KW - Surface treating KW - Temperature KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203978 AU - Mcwhorter, J C AU - Carpenter, T G AU - CLARK, R N AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EROSION CONTROL CRITERIA FOR DRAINAGE CHANNELS, DRAFT PY - 1967/08 AB - TEMPORARY, ARTIFICIAL LININGS TO BE USED TO PREVENT EROSION IN DRAINAGE CHANNELS UNTIL VEGETATION CAN BE ESTABLISHED ARE ANALYZED. A VARIETY OF LINER MATERIALS WERE TESTED ON A SERIES OF TEN TEST SOILS. LINERS INCLUDED EROSIONET, JUTE MESH, FIBERGLAS MATS, EXCELSIOR MATS, STRANDED FIBERGLAS, STRAW, AND GRAVEL. LOOSE MATERIALS REQUIRED A COVER OF MESH PINNED TO THE CHANNEL. BARE SOIL CHANNELS AND CHANNELS WITH A GROWTH OF 2-1/2 INCH BERMUDA GRASS WERE ALSO STUDIED. CHANNEL CAPACITY INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF STATISTICALLY DERIVED EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS FOR EACH LINER RELATING VELOCITY, HYDRAULIC RADIUS, AND SLOPE. EROSION RESISTANCE IS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW AS A FUNCTION OF SLOPE FOR EACH LINER. A RANGE OF VALUES IS PRESENTED BASED SUBJECTIVELY ON THE RELATIVE SOIL EROSION RESISTANCE. THE GOOD CORRELATION BETWEEN RESULTS OF THIS STUDY AND OTHER STUDIES CONCERNING SHORT BERMUDA GRASS PERMITS APPLICATION OF THE PROCEDURES OF THIS REPORT TO OTHER VEGETATIVE LININGS. COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN EXAMPLES ARE INCLUDED. /BPR/ KW - Capacity KW - Ditches KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Grasses KW - Hydraulic properties KW - Hydraulic radius KW - Liners KW - Materials tests KW - Slopes KW - Soils KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vegetation KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206323 AU - Lewis, R L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - A STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND INITIAL PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AS MEASURED WITH A PROFILOGRAPH PY - 1967/08 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROFILOGRAPH FOR MEASURING CONSTRUCTION ROUGHNESS IS DESCRIBED. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WAS GIVEN TO THE COST, RUGGEDNESS, SIMPLICITY OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE DURING ITS DESIGN IN ORDER THAT SIMILAR INSTRUMENTS COULD BE MADE AVAILABLE FOR USE BY THE VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF TEXAS. THE REASONS FOR ROUGHNESS IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVING ARE DISCUSSED. THE PRIMARY TEST SITE HAD THE ADVANTAGES OF THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: (1) THE SURFACE OF THE FLEXIBLE BASE HAD BEEN PLANNED WITH AN CMI AUTOGRADE USING ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED GRADE APPARATUS AND WAS VERY SMOOTH AND TRUE TO CROSS-SECTION, (2) TWO ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MATS WERE PLACED USING BITUMINOUS PAVERS WITH ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED SCREEDS. THE ROUGHNESS WAS DETERMINED WITH THE RAINHART PROFILOGRAPH AND CONSISTED OF OBTAINING A PROFILE OVER THE AREAS IN WHICH THE ROLLERS PARKED, THE PAVER PAUSED, AND VARIOUS PAVER SPEEDS WERE USED. THIS STUDY COULD FIND NO SIGNIFICANT ROUGHNESS IN THE AREA WHERE ROLLERS PAUSED. HOWEVER, SURFACE VARIATION WAS PRESENT NEAR THE AREA IN WHICH THE PAVER PAUSED FOR A CHANGE OF TRUCKS. INCREASED ROUGHNESS WAS EXPERIENCED AS THE PAVER SPEED INCREASED. /BPR/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction equipment KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Electronic control KW - Flexible base pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Pavers KW - Profilometers KW - Rollers KW - Roughness KW - Screeds KW - Smoothness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207850 AU - Das, S C AU - Baldwin, J W AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri State Highway Commission TI - SHEAR CONNECTIONS IN HAUNCHED COMPOSITE MEMBERS PY - 1967/08 AB - THE RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS WITH A CONCRETE HAUNCH ARE PRESENTED. EIGHT PUSHOUT TESTS USING TWO STUD SIZES WERE PERFORMED. THE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS CONSISTED OF TWO APPROACHES, ONE USING AN ELASTIC ANALYSIS, APPLICABLE BEFORE CONCRETE CRACKING, AND THE OTHER AN ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS. COMPARISONS WITH RESULTS OF TESTS BY OTHERS WERE ALSO MADE. DESIGN EQUATIONS AND GUIDES ARE PRESENTED FOR A SINGLE LINE OF STUDS AS WELL AS FOR MORE THAN ONE LINE OF STUDS. /BPR/ KW - Composite construction KW - Concrete KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Fasteners KW - Haunched members KW - Pushout tests KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Size KW - Studs KW - Theory KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP68-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214482 AU - Edwards, T C AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PILING ANALYSIS WAVE EQUATION COMPUTER PROGRAM UTILIZATION MANUAL PY - 1967/08 AB - A MANUAL DESCRIBING THE UTILIZATION OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM IS PROVIDED FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE EQUATION TO THE INVESTIGATION OF A PILE DURING DRIVING. THE PROGRAM MAY BE USED TO OBTAIN THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION: (1) STRESSES IN THE PILE DURING DRIVING, (2) PENETRATION OF THE PILE PER BLOW OF THE DRIVER, AND (3) A PRACTICAL MINIMUM STATIC LOAD CAPACITY OF THE PILE AT THE TIME OF DRIVING. PERTINENT TABLES AND FORMULAS ARE PROVIDED TO ASSIST THE USER OF THIS MANUAL IN THE MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF AN IDEALIZED HAMMER-PILE-SOIL SYSTEM REPRESENTATIVE OF AN ACTUAL PROBLEM. THE PROGRAM IS COMPLETELY GENERAL PERMITTING THE ANALYSES OF PROBLEMS INVOLVING ANY TYPE OF HAMMER, PILE OR DRIVING TECHNIQUE. CERTAIN SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS ARE REQUIRED IN THE SOIL IDEALIZATION SINCE TRUE SOIL RESISTANCE TO DYNAMIC LOADING IS NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD. SAMPLE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS, FORTRAN IV CODING OF THE PROGRAM AND FLOW CHARTS ARE PROVIDED IN THE APPENDICES. WHILE THE WAVE EQUATION METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF PILE DRIVING HOLDS MUCH PROMISE FOR REALISTIC AND ACCURATE ESTIMATES OF PILE STATIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITIES, THIS MANUAL EMPHASIZES THAT MUCH RELIANCE IS STILL PLACED ON ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE DYNAMIC SOIL RESISTANCE. /BPR/ KW - Computer programs KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Pendulum tests KW - Pile bearing capacity KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Simulation KW - Static loads KW - Stresses KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206686 AU - Hankins, K D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE AS RELATED TO SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1967/08 AB - THERE IS AN INCREASING AWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF PAVEMENT TEXTURE TO SKID RESISTANCE. PAVEMENT TEXTURE HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED IN THIS STUDY BY USING SEVERAL PARAMETERS WHICH WERE CALCULATED FROM MICROPROFILE MEASUREMENTS. THESE PARAMETERS WERE CORRELATED WITH SKID RESISTANCE MEASURED AT 20 MILES-PER-HOUR AND 50 MILES-PER-HOUR VELOCITIES BY A TWO-WHEELED TEST TRAILER. AN INSTRUMENT WAS DESIGNED TO MEASURE ACCURATELY THE PROFILE OF THE PAVEMENT SURFACE. THIS EQUIPMENT IS SENSITIVE TO VERTICAL MEASUREMENTS AS SMALL AS 42 MICRO INCHES AND AS LARGE AS ONE INCH. HORIZONTAL SENSITIVITY WAS FOUND TO BE 0.0033 INCH. A METHOD WAS DEVISED TO SEPARATE THE SMALLER AGGREGATE TEXTURE FROM THE LARGE SCALE PAVEMENT TEXTURE. AN ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATE AND PAVEMENT TEXTURE INDICATES THAT A COMBINATION OF BOTH TYPES ARE NECESSARY TO DESCRIBE SKID RESISTANCE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Analysis KW - Correlation analysis KW - Measurement KW - Parameters KW - Pavements KW - Profiles KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing equipment KW - Texture KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210744 AU - Lamb, D R AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Gietz, R H AU - Armijo, J D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUMMARY ROADWAY FAILURE STUDY NO. II PY - 1967/08 AB - THE RELATIONSHIP OF ASPHALT AGING TO THE ALTERATION OF MIXED PROPERTIES AND TO THE VARIATION IN FREQUENCY OF LATERAL CRACKING WAS EXAMINED. THE SPECIFIC PHASES OF STUDY WERE: (1) ESTABLISHMENT OF SAMPLE SITES AND OBSERVATION OF PAVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS, (2) EXAMINATION OF DIFFERING PERFORMANCE WITHIN A SINGLE PROJECT TO BE MADE ON THE BEACON HILL PROJECT, (3) EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF MIX COMPOSITION ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE INCLUDING ANALYSIS OF RECOVERED ASPHALTS AS WELL AS PREPARED MIXES, AND (4) LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE OF PAVEMENT SAMPLES AND ADDITIONAL WARPING STRESS COMPUTATIONS. THREE FIELD TEST SITES WERE OBSERVED TO DETERMINE: (1) THE ACTUAL TEMPERATURE EXPERIENCED BY IN-SERVICE PAVEMENTS, (2) THE DEGREE OF ASPHALT HARDENING LEADING UP TO LATERAL CRACKING, AND (3) TO MAKE FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF PAVEMENT EXPANSION BY MEANS OF ARTIFICIAL CRACKS. IT WAS CONCLUDED FROM SURFACE ELEVATION MEASUREMENTS THAT THE ELIMINATION OF CEMENT TREATMENT RESULTED IN SOMEWHAT GREATER SURFACE DEPRESSION, ALTHOUGH NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS HAVE AS YET RESULTED. THE SAWED, ROUTED AND SEALED JOINT IS FELT TO BE A PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF REASONABLE CAUSE WORTHY OF CONSIDERATION AND FURTHER EVALUATION. STUDIES WERE CONTINUED ON THE PREVIOUSLY INITIATED EXTENSIVE FIELD EXPERIMENTAL SITES TO DETERMINE THE SOURCE OF WATER INFILTRATION IN EXPANSIVE CLAY SUBGRADE. THE FOUR SUBJECTS INVESTIGATED WERE: (1) SOURCES OF WATER INFILTRATING AN EXPANSIVE CLAY SUBGRADE BY CONTINUING ACQUISITION OF DATA FROM THE FIELD SITES, (2) STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE CLAY SOIL USING UNTRIED AGENTS WITH EFFORTS FOCUSED ON FINDING AN AGENT WHICH WOULD MIGRATE, (3) SWELL POTENTIAL OF INSITU EXPANSIVE CLAY-SHALE, TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP OF SWELL CHARACTERISTICS OF REMOLDED SOIL, AND (4) EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL SUBGRADE SURFACE SEALANTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT TRENDS IN MOISTURE CHANGE OCCUR AND ARE OCCURING WHICH BEGIN TO SHOW THAT THE SOURCE OF WATER INFILTRATING EXPANSIVE CLAY SUBGRADES IS FROM A SURFACE SOURCE. IN THE ABSENCE OF PAVEMENT CRACKING, THIS SURFACE SOURCE STILL EXISTS THROUGH THE SHOULDER AREAS AND SIDE SLOPES. NO AGENT WAS FOUND WHICH WOULD COMPARE WITH LIME IN REDUCING SWELL AND WHICH WOULD MIGRATE INTO THE REMOULDED SOIL. PENEPRIME AND CATALYTIC BLOWN ASPHALT PROVE TO BE EFFECTIVE SEALANTS UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS. REFERENCES: ROADWAY FAILURE STUDY NO. II, LATERAL CRACKING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE, FINAL REPORT, AUGUST 1967. ROADWAY FAILURE STUDY NO. II, BEHAVIOR AND STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE CLAY SOILS, FINAL REPORT, AUGUST 1967. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Calcium oxide KW - Catalytic blowing KW - Concrete hardening KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Deformation curve KW - Expansive clays KW - Failure KW - Hardness KW - Highways KW - Mix design KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Remolded clay soils KW - Remolded clays KW - Sawed joints KW - Sealing compounds KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil swell KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade surface KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207894 AU - Goodpasture, D W AU - STALLMEYER, J E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED THIN WEB GIRDERS AS INFLUENCED BY WEB DISTORTION AND BOUNDARY RIGIDITY PY - 1967/08 AB - INVESTIGATION WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF INITIAL WEB DISTORTION ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF THIN WEB GIRDERS AND TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES ALONG THE PANEL BOUNDARIES. PLATE GIRDERS WITH AND WITHOUT LONGITUDINAL STIFFENERS WERE TESTED IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF LONGITUDINAL STIFFENERS ON FATIGUE BEHAVIOR. SEVERAL PARAMETERS WERE CHOSEN IN ORDER TO STUDY THEIR EFFECTS ON GIRDER BEHAVIOR. FLANGE RIGIDITY AND TRANSVERSE STIFFENER RIGIDITY WERE PARAMETERS USED IN EARLIER TESTS ON GIRDERS SUBJECTED TO FATIGUE LOADINGS. SIX MODEL GIRDERS WERE FABRICATED WITH SMALL INITIAL WEB DISTORTIONS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE ANY INFLUENCE OF WEB DISTORTION AS COMPARED TO SIMILAR GIRDERS IN THE PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION. FOUR OF THE GIRDERS HAD VARYING FLANGE RIGIDITIES, TWO OF WHICH WERE SUBJECTED TO A LARGE SHEARING FORCE IN CONJUNCTION WITH A SMALL BENDING MOMENT AND THE OTHER TWO GIRDERS WERE SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR AND BENDING. FLANGE RIGIDITIES CHOSEN WERE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE EXTREME VALUES IN THE PREVIOUS TESTS. TWO GIRDERS WERE TESTED HAVING TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS WITH INTERMEDIATE AND LARGE RIGIDITY VALUES. FOUR ADDITIONAL GIRDERS WERE TESTED HAVING A LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER LOCATED AT THE UPPER FIFTH POINT OF THE WEB. TWO OF THESE GIRDERS HAD A VIARATION IN FLANGE RIGIDITY AND TWO CONTAINED TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS OF RIGIDITIES SIMILAR TO THE GIRDERS WITHOUT LONGITUDINAL STIFFENERS. ALL LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED GIRDERS WERE SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR AND BENDING. MASSONNET'S OPTIMUM RIGIDITY WAS USED AS THE BASIS FOR THE DESIGN OF THE LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER SIZE. FATIGUE TESTS WERE PERFORMED WITH ALL TEN GIRDERS. UPON COMPLETION OF THE FATIGUE TESTS, THE GIRDERS WERE INSTRUMENTED WITH ELECTRICAL WIRE RESISTANCE STRAIN GAGES AND STRAIN MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE DURING STATIC TESTS TO FAILURE OF THE GIRDER TEST SECTION. ONE GIRDER, LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED WITH THE LARGEST TRANSVERSE STIFFENER RIGIDITY, DEVELOPED A FATIGUE CRACK IN THE TENSION FLANGE IN THE REGION OF THE FLANGE CONNECTION AND WAS UNSUITABLE FOR STATIC TESTING. THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THESE TESTS WERE ANALYZED AND COMPARED WITH THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM NINETEEN SIMILAR TESTS PERFORMED IN A PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending moments KW - Deformation curve KW - Distortion (Structural) KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flanges KW - Longitudinal stiffeners KW - Model tests KW - Plate girders KW - Shear forces KW - Shear stress KW - Static tests KW - Stiffness KW - Strain gages KW - Strain measurement KW - Transverse stiffeners KW - Webbing KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207852 AU - Albertson, L C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - ICES-BRIDGE DESIGN SYSTEM-CONCEPTS PY - 1967/08 AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS AN APPROACH TO ALL PHASES OF A BRIDGE DESIGN SYSTEM, INVOLVING THE USE OF THE COMPUTER. IT ILLUSTRATES THE FEATURES APPLICABLE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF THE ICES - BRIDGE DESIGN SYSTEM. AN ENGINEERS COMMUNUCATION WITH THE BRIDGE DESIGN SYSTEM IS A PROBLEM- ORIENTED LANGUAGE. THE LANGUAGE STRUCTURE IS ORIENTED TO THOSE SEQUENTIAL STEPS REQUIRED TO COMPLETE A BRIDGE DESIGN PROJECT. EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN, ILLUSTRATING THE FORM OF THE LANGUAGE. THE PROCEDURES FOR FORMING A BRIDGE PROGRAM BLOCK, AND ADDING IT TO THE DESIGN SYSTEM ARE PRESENTED. /BPR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210386 AU - Lamb, D R AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Gietz, R H AU - Armijo, J D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - ROADWAY FAILURE STUDY NO. II - LATERAL CRACKING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1967/08 AB - THE RELATIONSHIP WAS EXAMINED OF ASPHALT AGING TO THE ALTERNATION OF MIX PROPERTIES AND TO THE VARIATION IN FREQUENCY OF LATERAL CRACKING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. TEMPERATURE RECORDS WERE MADE AT THREE FIELD TEST SITES DURING THE WINTER MONTHS. BASED ON THE 2-INCH PAVEMENT THICKNESS, TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIALS OF 11 DEGREES PER INCH OF PAVEMENT THICKNESS WERE OBSERVED. EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE ON REFERENCE POINTS AT ARTIFICIAL JOINTS AND IN UNCRACKED AREAS. A CORRESPONDENCE OF CRACK WIDTH INCREASE WAS NOTED WITH A DECREASE OF PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE. SUBGRADE FRICTION TESTS WERE CONDUCTED BY MEASURING THE HORIZONTAL FORCE NECESSARY TO CAUSE MOVEMENT OF THE PAVEMENT ON THE SUBGRADE. INITIAL AND AGED PAVEMENT SAMPLES AND SAMPLES FROM CRACKED AND UNCRACKED AREAS WERE TESTED IN THE LABORATORY FOR ELASTIC MODULUS AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN TENSION AND FOR LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION. THE EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS WERE FOUND TO BE HIGHER ABOVE 0 F THAN BELOW. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES AND ASPHALTS RECOVERED FROM PAVEMENTS AFTER VARYING SERVICE PERIODS WAS DETERMINED IN THE LABORATORY. AGING OF ASPHALTS WAS DETERMINED BY CHANGES IN PENETRATION AND SOFTENING POINT AND BY INVERSE GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. CHANGES IN ASPHALT COMPOSITION WITH INCREASING AGE WERE NOTED ON SAMPLES FROM AREAS WITH LATERAL CRACKING. INCREASED HARDENING OF ASPHALTS WAS OBSERVED FOR PAVEMENT SAMPLES WITH HIGH AIR VOID CONTENTS. DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE COULD BE RELATED TO ASPHALT STIFFNESS AND FILLER CONCENTRATION. FOR PROJECTING LOW-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR, THE PENETRATION AND SOFTENING POINT TESTS WERE FOUND TO BE MORE INDICATIVE THAN VISCOSITY TESTS. A PREMIXING OF ASPHALT WITH FILLER, FOLLOWED BY THE ADDITION OF THE REMAINING AGGREGATE, PRODUCED MIXTURES WITH HIGHER MARSHALL STABILITIES THAN WHEN MIXED IN THE CONVENTIONAL MANNER. PLATE THERMAL STRESSES AND THERMAL WARPING STRESSES WERE ANALYZED USING WESTERGAARD EXPRESSIONS AND A COMPUTER SOLUTION. KW - Aging KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Contraction KW - Cracking KW - Expansion KW - Failure KW - Field tests KW - Friction tests KW - Gas chromatography KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Measurement KW - Mineral fillers KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Road failures KW - Softening point KW - Stiffness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature measurement KW - Thermal stresses KW - Thickness KW - Ultimate strength KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206320 AU - Lamb, D R AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Gietz, R H AU - Armijo, J D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - SUMMARY ROADWAY FAILURE STUDY NO. II-FINAL REPORT PY - 1967/08 AB - SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS ON THE LATERAL CRACKING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE AND THE BEHAVIOR AND STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE CLAY SOILS. THE RELATIONSHIP WAS EXAMINED OF ASPHALT AGING TO THE ALTERATION OF MIX PROPERTIES AND TO THE VARIATION IN FREQUENCY OF LATERAL CRACKING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIALS WERE OBSERVED AT THREE TEST SITES DURING THE WINTER PERIOD. THE WIDTH OF ARTIFICIAL JOINTS INCREASED WITH DECREASE OF PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE. ARTIFICIAL JOINTS OR WEAKNESS PLANES, AT 5-FT. SPACING, WERE EFFECTIVE IN CONTROLLING LATERAL CRACKING. SUBGRADE FRICTION TESTS WERE CONDUCTED BY MEASURING THE HORIZONTAL FORCE NECESSARY TO CAUSE MOVEMENT OF THE PAVEMENT ON THE SUBGRADE. IN LABORATORY TESTS, ELASTIC MODULUS, ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN TENSION AND LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT WERE DETERMINED ON INITIAL AND AGED PAVEMENT SPECIMENS. ASPHALT COMPOSITION CHANGED WITH INCREASING AGE IN PAVEMENT AREAS HAVING LATERAL CRACKING. HIGHER DEGREES OF HARDENING OF ASPHALTS OCCURRED IN PAVEMENTS WITH HIGH AIR VOID CONTENTS. DIFFERENCES IN PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE WERE RELATED TO ASPHALT STIFFNESS AND FILLER CONCENTRATION. INCREASED FILLER CONTENT PRODUCED INCREASED STIFFNESS OF THE RESULTING MIXTURES IN STUDY OF THE TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT CONSISTENCY OF ASPHALTS IN COMBINATION WITH VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF MINERAL FILLERS. PREMIXING OF ASPHALT WITH FILLER, FOLLOWED BY ADDITION OF THE REMAINING AGGREGATE, PRODUCED MIXTURES WITH HIGHER MARSHALL STABILITIES. PLANE THERMAL STRESSES AND THERMAL WARPING STRESSES ANALYZED USING WESTERGAARD EXPRESSIONS AND A COMPUTER SOLUTION SHOWED THAT THE COMPUTED LONGITUDINAL WARPING STRESSES COULD EXCEED THE OBSERVED ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTHS ALTHOUGH THE OBSERVED PAVEMENTS DID NOT EXPERIENCE LATERAL CRACKING DURING THEIR EARLY LIFE. SUBSTUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO: DETERMINE THE SOURCE OF WATER INFILTRATING AND EXPANSIVE CLAY SUBGRADE BENEATH A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT, DETERMINE THE SWELL POTENTIAL OF INSITU EXPANSIVE CLAY, EVALUATE SOIL STABILIZERS AND SEALANTS IN THE LABORATORY. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF THE WATER ENTERING THE SANDSTONE SUBBASE WAS THROUGH THE SHOULDER AREAS AND SIDE SLOPES. THIS WAS EFFECTIVELY REDUCED BY PLACING A PLASTIC MEMBRANE WITHIN THE SUBBASE AND EXTENDING THROUGH THE SHOULDER TO THE DITCH LINE. ABSORPTION OF WATER AND CONSEQUENT ELEVATION CHANGE WERE RELATIVELY SLOW DURING THE TEST PERIOD. LABORATORY TESTS SHOWED THAT NO STABILIZERS MIGRATED APPRECIABLY FROM THE POINT OF APPLICATION AND PENEPRIME AND CATALYTICALLY BLOWN ASPHALT WERE EFFECTIVE SEALANTS. KW - Aging KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Concrete pavements KW - Expansive clays KW - Failure KW - Flexible pavements KW - Friction tests KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Mineral fillers KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Road failures KW - Sealing compounds KW - Soil swell KW - Stabilizers KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength KW - Ultimate strength KW - Water sources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219694 AU - Richards, O W AU - American Optical Company, Southbridge AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - VISUAL NEEDS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR NIGHT AUTOMOBILE DRIVING PY - 1967/08 AB - THIS REVIEW OF PERTINENT LITERATURE DISCUSSES THE CHANGES FROM DAYLIGHT TO DARKNESS, THE AVAILABLE LIGHT FOR NIGHT DRIVING FROM THE ROADWAY, THE AUTOMOBILE, SIGNALS, AND THE EFFECTS OF GLARE. THE VISUAL FIELDS, THE HUMAN EYE, DARK ADAPTATION, MONOCULAR AND BINOCULAR VISION ARE DESCRIBED AS A BACKGROUND FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF ACUITY AND CONTRAST, THE TIME NEEDED FOR SEEING AND COLOR VISION. VISION EFFICIENCY MODIFIERS ARE: AGING, DRUGS, DISEASE, FATIGUE, NOISE AND VIBRATION. REGULATION AND LICENSING PROBLEMS ARE EXAMINED BRIEFLY. THE OPPORTUNITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROFESSIONAL EYE CARE INVOLVE PROPER SPECTACLES FOR NIGHT DRIVING , CONTACT LENSES, NIGHT MYOPIA AND WHEN A VOCATIONAL SPECTACLE IS NEEDED. SOME ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO THE EVALUATION OF BORDERLINE VISION. THE TASK AND TRAINING POSSIBILITIES ARE CONSIDERED. AN APPENDIX PROVIDES CONVERSION FACTORS, AN EXPLANATION OF ACUITY MEASUREMENT AND A GLOSSARY. SEVERAL HUNDRED REFERENCES ARE INCLUDED. THE BASIC PROBLEM IS INSUFFICIENT LIGHT FOR GOOD SEEING FOR NIGHT DRIVING. THE BETTER LIGHTED THRUWAYS DO PROVIDE IMPROVED SEEING, BUT LESS THAN IS NEEDED. BECAUSE OF THE COST, PROPER LIGHTING IS NOT LIKELY IN THE NEAR FUTURE. HOW TO MAKE THE BEST OF AVAILABLE SEEING IS DISCUSSED AND SOME NEEDS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ARE PROPOSED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Age KW - Color vision KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver restriction KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Night KW - Night vision KW - Noise KW - Reviews KW - Street lighting KW - Vibration KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205351 AU - Moavenzadeh, F AU - Ashton, J E AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - ANALYSIS OF STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A THREE-LAYERED VISCOELASTIC SYSTEM PY - 1967/08 AB - THE ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED OF A THREE-LAYER LINEAR VISCOELASTIC HALF-SPACE UNDER A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED CIRCULAR LOAD. SUCH AN ANALYSIS IS AN ESSENTIAL STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RATIONAL METHOD OF DESIGN FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS SINCE SUCH PAVEMENT SYSTEMS RESPOND IN A MARKEDLY VISCOELASTIC (TIME-DEPENDENT) FASHION. THE SOLUTION IS OBTAINED FOR THE NORMAL STRESS, RADIAL STRESS, SHEAR STRESS, VERTICAL DEFLECTION AND RADIAL DISPLACEMENT AT ANY POINT WITHIN THE HALF-SPACE. THESE SOLUTIONS ARE OBTAINED BY REPLACING THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS IN THE ELASTIC SOLUTION BY INTEGRAL OPERATORS DERIVED FROM THE HEREDITARY FORM OF THE LINEAR VISCOELASTIC CONSTITUTE EQUATIONS. THIS SUBSTITUTION RESULTS IN INTEGRAL EQUATIONS INVOLVING MULTIPLE CONVOLUTION INTEGRALS OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT QUANTIFIES. TWO TECHNIQUES ARE PRESENTED FOR EVALUATING THESE MULTIPLE CONVOLUTION INTEGRALS AND THEN AN ASSOCIATED TECHNIQUE IS PRESENTED FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATIONS. SAMPLE NUMERCIAL RESULTS ARE PRESENTED. THE TECHNIQUES USED IN THIS ANALYSIS WERE SELECTED FOR THEIR EASE OF APPLICATION AND BECAUSE THEY ALLOW REALISTIC REPRESENTATIONS OF THE VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF REAL MATERIALS OVER BROAD TIME INTERVALS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Circular loaded areas KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Integral equations KW - Normal stress KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pavement design KW - Radial stress KW - Radials KW - Shear stress KW - Stresses KW - Viscoelastic materials KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215861 AU - Allan, R N AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways TI - BEHAVIOR OF BOLTED JOINTS WITH OVERSIZE OR SLOTTED HOLES PY - 1967/08 AB - TWENTY-ONE BOLTED JOINTS WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF OVERSIZED OR SLOTTED HOLES ON THE SLIP BEHAVIOR AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF BOLTED JOINTS. HOLE SIZES STUDIED HAD STANDARD 1/4 IN., AND 5/16 IN. CLEARANCES. SLOTS PARALLEL AND TRANSVERSE TO THE LINE OF LOAD WERE STUDIED, ALL JOINTS WERE FABRICATED FROM A36 STEEL PLATE AND FASTENED BY 1 IN. A325 BOLTS. ALSO STUDIED WAS THE NEED FOR WASHERS FOR OVERSIZE HOLES AND CHANGES IN BOLT TENSION. FOR HOLES WITH 1/4 IN. CLEARANCE THERE WAS NO DECREASE IN THE SLIP COEFFICIENT, EXCESSIVE LOSS IN BOLT TENSION, OR INADEQUATE PRELOAD. THE STUDIES INDICATED THAT A WASHER IS DESIRABLE UNDER THE TURNED ELEMENT TO PREVENT SEVERE GALLING. A DECREASE IN THE SLIP COEFFICIENT WAS OBSERVED FOR THE JOINTS WITH 5/16 IN. HOLE CLEARANCE AND FOR THOSE WITH SLOTTED HOLES. SLOTTED HOLES PERPENDICULAR TO THE LINE OF LOAD DID NOT DECREASE THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF THE JOINTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Hole size KW - Holes KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Size KW - Steel plates KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Tension KW - Ultimate strength KW - Washers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215862 AU - Frederick, W L AU - Matel, R J AU - Michigan Department of State Highways TI - DETECTION AND DETERMINATION OF GROUND, CURED SCRAP RUBBER IN HOT-POURED JOINT SEALERS PY - 1967/08 AB - A METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE QUALITATIVE DETECTION AND QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF GROUND, CURED RUBBER SCRAP IN HOT -POURED ELASTIC PAVEMENT JOINT SEALERS. DETECTION OF THIS INGREDIENT WAS ACCOMPLISHED IN TWO WAYS: (1) MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THIN FILMS OF THE JOINT SEALANT BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT TO REVEAL PARTICULATE MATTER, AND (2) BY INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE METHYL ETHYL KETONE SOLUBLE PORTION OF THE JOINT SEALER. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF THE CURED RUBBER SCRAP CONTENT OF FOUR DIFFERENT JOINT SEALERS WAS DONE BY INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE METHYL ETHYL KETONE SOLUBLE PORTIONS. THE AMOUNT OF INFRARED ABSORPTION AT 10.3 MICRONS WAS FOUND TO BE INDICTATIVE OF SCRAP RUBBER CONTENT. THE RESULTS OBTAINED WERE IN AGREEMENT WITH VERBAL REPORTS OF INDUSTRY PRACTICE BUT COULD NOT BE CONCLUSIVELY CHECKED BECAUSE SCRAP-FREE BLANKS WERE NOT AVAILABLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Absorption KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Infrared radiation KW - Infrared spectrophotometers KW - Joint sealing KW - Ketones KW - Microscopy KW - Rubber KW - Scrap KW - Sealing compounds KW - Spectrophotometers KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233703 AU - Huckabay, H K AU - Chew, W W AU - Mount, D E AU - Blunt, J H AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston TI - MOISTURE RESPONSE IN SOILS (PHASE I-LITERATURE AND LABORATORY STUDY) PY - 1967/08 AB - A DEVICE WAS DEVELOPED THAT IS SIMPLE IN NATURE AND IN OPERATION, TO MEASURE THE NON-EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSE OF SOIL TO MOISTURE. THIS WAS SUGGESTED AS AN AID TO ENGINEERING JUDGMENT IN THE SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF SOIL FOR ROADWAYS. A COMPARISON WAS MADE BETWEEN THEORETICAL DIFFUSION OF MOISTURE AND THE INSTANTANEOUS TIME VARIATION OF MAGNETIC CAPACITANCE DURING THE GRAVITY INFILTRATION OF WATER INTO A LABORATORY MODEL CLAY SOIL. A METER, CAPABLE OF BEING INCORPORATED INTO A SMALL PORTABLE INSTRUMENT OPERATING FROM A CAR BATTERY, WAS DESIGNED AND USED TO MEASURE THE TIME RATE OF CHANGE OF CAPACITANCE OF A STANDARD SOIL DURING WATER INFILTRATION. THE STANDARD SOIL, COMPOSED OF 50 WEIGHT PERCENT HYDRITE 121 AND 50 WEIGHT PERCENT SAND, WAS COMPACTED AND INITIAL DENSITY, MOISTURE CONTENT, AND CAPACITANCE WERE RECORDED. THE PROBES WERE INSERTED INTO THE SOIL, 50 ML OF WATER WAS ALLOWED TO RUN ONTO THE SOIL BETWEEN THE TWO STEEL PROBES, AND THE CAPACITANCE WAS RECORDED AS A FUNCTION OF TIME. AFTER A PERIOD OF NINE MINUTES OR LESS, CAPACITANCE REACHED EQUILIBRIUM, AND THIS CAPACITANCE WAS RECORDED. THIS PROCEDURE WAS REPEATED FOR A TOTAL OF THREE DIFFERENT COMPACTIONS OVER A RANGE OF ZERO TO 35% MOISTURE. A TOTAL OF 64 SAMPLES OF SOIL WAS TESTED. THE RELATION OF CAPACITANCE TO MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY WAS ESTABLISHED FOR THE STANDARD SOIL. /AUTHOR/ WAS ESTABLISHED FOR THE STANDARD SOIL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Capacitance KW - Clay KW - Development KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Infiltration KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Measuring instruments KW - Models KW - Moisture content KW - Reviews KW - Soil densification KW - Soil water KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/124656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203970 AU - Macdonald, T C AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Public Works AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - MODEL STUDIES OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR LARGE CULVERTS PY - 1967/08 AB - BASED ON THE PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED BEST ARRANGEMENT OF THE PARTICULAR HOOK-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR (SHAPE) AND THEIR LOCATIONS FROM THE CULVERT, AND SOME OF THE END SILL DIMENSIONS, FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS WERE MADE FOR THE EFFECT OF THE WIDTH OF THE HOOKS, THE FLARE ANGLE AND THE LENGTH OF THE DISSIPATOR BASIN, AND THE BEST HEIGHT OF THE END SILL ON THE EFFICIENCY IN REDUCING THE EXIT VELOCITY OF FLOW FROM THE CULVERT. /BPR/ KW - Configuration KW - Culverts KW - Dissipation KW - End sills KW - Flow KW - Height KW - Hooks KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Shape KW - Shape factor KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219690 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - FIELD, R N AU - Stoker, J R AU - California Division of Highways TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER SERIES XVI PY - 1967/08 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A SERIES OF FULL SCALE DYNAMIC IMPACT TESTS OF A CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER DESIGN. THE DESIGN, DEVELOPED BY NEW JERSEY HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT, CONSISTS OF A CONTOURED NONREINFORCED CONCRETE WALL 32 INCHES HIGH. THREE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED AT VARYING SPEEDS AND APPROACH ANGLES. THE TEST BARRIER EFFECTIVELY CONTAINED AND REDIRECTED THE IMPACTING VEHICLE IN ALL THREE TESTS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Approach KW - Approach angle KW - Concrete KW - Contours KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Speed KW - Vehicles KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210380 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Stander, R R AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida State Road Department TI - ANNUAL REPORT-STRIPPING IN HOT-MIXED SAND-ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1967/07/01 AB - IN THIS REPORT AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO SEARCH FOR THE CAUSES OF STRIPPING OBSERVED IN HOT-MIX SAND-ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES, AND TO DEVELOP A REALISTIC HYPOTHESIS AND TESTING PRODECURE FOR EVALUATION OF STRIPPING CHARACTERISTICS IN THESE MIXTURES. THE INVESTIGATION DESCRIBES SPECIFIC ROAD FAILURES RELATED TO THE STRIPPING PHENOMENA AND THE SHORTCOMINGS OF STANDARD LABORATORY TESTS AS APPLIED TO THESE PROBLEMS. TO DUPLICATE FIELD CONDITIONS, A DYNAMIC PRECONDITIONING METHOD WAS DEVISED IN WHICH SAMPLES WERE SUBJECTED TO SPECIFIC NUMBER OF LOAD REPETITIONS PRIOR TO TESTING FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TO BE DRASTICALLY REDUCED BY DYNAMIC PRECONDITIONING. THE CREEP REPONSES WERE LESS CONSISTENT DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN THE STRAIN HISTORY OF CREEP SAMPLES. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ARE NEEDED TO DEVELOP ACCEPTABLE RHEOLOGICAL MODELS FOR DESCRIBING STRIPPING PHENOMENA. /AUTHOR/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Creep KW - Development KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Repeated loads KW - Rheology KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/97697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00220107 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPORT ON THE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM STANDARDS PY - 1967/07/01 AB - THE SUBJECTS FURNISHED FOR THIS DOCUMENT BY HSRI ARE: HIGHWAY, PUBLIC, TRAFFICWAY, WAYS: SAFETY MEASURES, MEASURES, SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECT: PREVENTIVE MEASURES, ACCIDENT: PROGRAM REVIEW, PROGRESS STATUS, STUDY-REPORT TYPE: STANDARDS, CONTENTS. KW - Governments KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Prevention KW - Public KW - Safety KW - Social factors KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580320 AU - Riedesel, G A AU - Cook, John C AU - Krukar, Milan AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement Research at the Washington State University Test Track Volume One, Experimental Ring No. 1: A Study of Cement Treated and Asphaltic Treated Bases PY - 1967/07 SP - 101p AB - Using full-scale construction equipment and truck loadings on a circular track of 260 ft circumference, evaluation of various base thicknesses and types has been accomplished in this first of a series of tests. Fractured and non-fractured aggregate, treated and untreated bases, asphaltic and portland cement type bases are used. Results of the first ring indicate types of failure under varied environmental conditions with pavement systems subjected to millions of load applications. Difficulties in determining comparative equivalencies are discussed. Instrumentation used and possibilities for future use in rational design are reported. KW - Asphalt treated bases KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Circular test tracks KW - Failure analysis KW - Load tests KW - Thickness KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/015.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576123 AU - Biggs, D L AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Compositional and Mechanical Properties of Carbonate Rocks PY - 1967/07 SP - 116p AB - The research project, HR-110, was begun in the fall of 1964 to further investigate the compositional and mechanical properties of some of the carbonate rocks used as aggregate in portland cement concrete. Samples were taken only from those portions of the quarries that are used as aggregate in portland cement concrete by the Iowa State Highway Commission except where designated by commission personnel for purposes of evaluation of potential aggregate sources. Where practical, the samples were taken from each bed recognized by the Highway Commission geologists, and in most instances, the thicker beds were sampled at the top, middle, and bottom to detect any lithologic changes that escaped megascopic observation. KW - Aggregates KW - Carbonate rocks KW - Chemical composition KW - Mechanical properties KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16999 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230636 AU - O, BANNON AU - Niese AU - Kuhn AU - Lee, Brian Ho-Yin AU - Arizona State University, Tempe TI - STABILIZATION OF CHINLE CLAY BY ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TREATMENT - PHASE II PY - 1967/07 AB - RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TREATMENT OF CHINLE CLAY, AS WELL AS THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF A FULL-SCALE FIELD TEST. LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES INDICATED THAT OPTIMUM TREATMENT OF THE CHINLE CLAY IS OBTAINED UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: STEEL ELECTRODES, SATURATED POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION, A VOLTAGE GRADIENT OF 0.5 VOLTS PER INCH TO THE EXTENT THAT ONE GALLON PER CUBIC FOOT OF KC1 SOLUTION IS INTRODUCED INTO THE CLAY. LEACHING TESTS INDICATED THAT THE STABILIZATION EFFECTS ARE PERMANENT. RESULTS OF COMPACTION, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TESTS INDICATE THAT ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TREATMENT IN THE LABORATORY, EITHER REMOLDED OR IN THE UNDISTURBED STATE, IMPROVES THE CHINLE CLAY AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. THE 150-FT. 2-LANE TEST SECTION IS LOCATED ON INTERSTATE 40. THE ANODES SERVING AS INJECTION WELLS WERE 5-INCH SLOTTED STEEL PIPE, PLACED AT 15-FT. INTERVALS ALONG THE EDGES OF THE PAVEMENT. CATHODES WERE NO. 6 REINFORCING BARS, DRIVEN IN THE CENTERLINE OF THE PAVEMENT AT 10-FT. INTERVALS. THE REPORT PRESENTS DATA INDICATING THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTION USED AND THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY REQUIRED. THE MAJOR SHORTCOMING OF THE FIELD TECHNIQUE WAS THAT A LARGE PROPORTION OF THE SOLUTION WAS WASTED INTO THE SHOULDERS OF THE ROAD. KW - Anodes KW - Building materials KW - Cathodes KW - Charge /electric/ KW - Chinle clay KW - Clay KW - Compaction tests KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Electrodes KW - Electroosmosis KW - Field tests KW - Full scale specimens KW - Improvements KW - Laboratory studies KW - Leaching KW - Model tests KW - Potassium chloride KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear tests KW - Soil compaction test KW - Soil stabilization KW - Specimens KW - Stabilization KW - Steel KW - Steel pipe KW - Test sections KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/119399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215864 AU - Mueller, J A AU - Yen, B T AU - Pennsylvania Department of Highways AU - Lehigh University TI - GIRDER WEB BOUNDARY STRESSES AND FATIGUE PY - 1967/07 AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS REPORT IS TO DEFINE THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF FATIGUE CRACKS OBSERVED IN THE WEBS OF WELDED PLATE GIRDER TEST SPECIMENS. THE IN-PLANE MEMBRANE STRESSES, WHICH CONFORMED REASONABLY WELL TO BEAM THEORY PREDICTIONS AT THE PANEL BOUNDARIES, ARE SHOWN TO HAVE LITTLE CONNECTION WITH THE OCCURRENCE OF FATIGUE CRACKS, EXCEPT IN THE TENSION REGION OF PANELS UNDER PURE BENDING. THE PLATE BENDING STRESS IS THEN EXAMINED AND A METHOD OF CALCULATING THESE STRESSES THROUGH USE OF MEASURED WEB DEFLECTIONS IS DEVELOPED. BY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE TORSIONAL RIGIDITIES OF THE FLANGES AND TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS, A PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION IS ESTABLISHED AS THE NECESSARY CONDITION TO ENSURE EQUILIBRIUM AND COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE WEB AND ITS BOUNDING ELEMENTS. THE SUBSEQUENT SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION IS PERFORMED THROUGH THE USE OF THE FINITE DIFFERENCE TECHNIQUE. THE ACCURACY OF THE RESULTING PLATE BENDING STRESSES IS THEN EXAMINED. IN COMPARISON WITH STRESSES COMPUTED FROM MEASURED STRAINS, THE METHOD IS PROVEN RELIABLE. IT IS SHOWN THAT FATIGUE CRACKS ALWAYS INITIATED AT THE POINTS OF MAXIMUM PLATE BENDING STRESS, THAT THE SEQUENCE OF CRACK FORMATION ON A SINGLE TEST GIRDER IS READILY EXPLAINED BY THESE STRESSES AND THAT A TYPICAL S- N DISTRIBUTION IS OBTAINED WHEN THE FATIGUE DATA OF SEVERAL GIRDERS ARE COMPARED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE PLATE BENDING STRESS IS A PRIMARY CAUSE OF FATIGUE CRACKS IN THIN-WEB WELDED PLATE GIRDERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Finite differences KW - Partial differential equations KW - Plate girders KW - Specimens KW - Stresses KW - Webbing KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212021 AU - Branson, D E AU - Shaikh, A F AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS OF NON-TENSIONED STEEL IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1967/07 AB - PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT IS A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF NON- TENSIONED STEEL ON THE BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS. A REVIEW OF THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THIS BEHAVIOR UNDER VARIOUS SERVICE CONDITIONS IS MADE, AND THE EFFECT OF NON-TENSIONED STEEL ON THESE FACTORS IS DEMONSTRATED. ANALYTICAL METHODS ARE OUTLINED TO PREDICT SHORT-TIME AND LONG-TIME CAMBER, LOSS OF PRESTRESS FORCE, AND THE REDUCTION OF CONCRETE FORCE IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS CONTAINING NON-TENSIONED STEEL. THE EFFECT OF NON-TENSIONED STEEL ON FIRST CRACKING AND SUBSEQUENT CRACKING IS SHOWN, AND METHODS ARE PRESENTED TO PREDICT DEFLECTIONS OF UNCRACKED AND CRACKED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS CONTAINING NON-TENSIONED STEEL. REGARDING THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS CONTAINING NON-TENSIONED STEEL, THE CURRENT PRACTICE AS OUTLINED IN VARIOUS DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS IS REVIEWED. THE METHODS PRESENTED HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO COMPUTE SHORT-TIME AND LONG-TIME CAMBER DEFLECTIONS OF UNCRACKED AND CRACKED SECTIONS, AND ULTIMATE MOMENT OF THE TEST BEAMS. THE AGREEMENT WITH THE OBSERVED RESULTS IS GOOD. A CHAPTER IS DEVOTED TO COMMENTS ON THE PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS RESEARCH. THE ANALYTICAL METHODS OUTLINED IN THE REPORT ARE APPROXIMATED FOR THE USUAL CONDITIONS OF PRACTICE AND ARE RECOMMENDED FOR DESIGN USE. THE LAST CHAPTER DISCUSSES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH IN ORDER TO EXPLORE SOME OF THE ALLIED SUBJECTS TO THIS INVESTIGATION AND ALSO TO PROVIDE A MORE THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE STATUS OF PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Beams KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Partial prestressing KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Steel KW - Tension KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215857 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Jonas, P G AU - Scharasch, D L AU - California Division of Highways TI - PHYSICAL TESTING OF MECHANICALLY SPLICED REINFORCING BAR USING A SLEEVE WITH METAL FILLED PROCESS PY - 1967/07 AB - THE USE OF A MECHANICAL REINFORCING STEEL BAR COUPLER UTILIZING A SLEEVE WITH METAL FILLER PROCESS IS DISCUSSED. JOINING LARGE SIZE (E.G. 14S AND 18S) REINFORCING STEEL BAR BY WELDING IS PRESENTLY THE ONLY ACCEPTABLE PROCEDURE ALLOWED BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS AS SPECIFIED IN TEST METHOD NO. CALIF. 601-D. AN APPRECIABLE ECONOMIC SAVINGS CAN BE REALIZED WHEN SUBSTITUTING MECHANICAL SPLICES IN PLACE OF WELDED SPLICES. HOWEVER, EXTREME CAUT MUST BE EXERCISED BY THE DESIGNER PRIOR TO ACCEPTING MECHANICAL SPLICES. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Economic benefits KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Machinery KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Metals KW - Physical tests KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sleeves KW - Sleeves (Electricity) KW - Splicing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214458 AU - Laguros, J AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways TI - STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1967/07 AB - THREE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS STUDIED, EACH BUILT BY A DIFFERENT CONTRACTOR. THE PROBLEM OF QUALITY CONTROL OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS WAS DIVIDED INTO SAMPLING, TESTING AND CONTROL CRITERIA FOR A SPECIFIC PAVEMENT DESIGN. SAMPLING OF AGGREGATES BEGAN AT THE STOCKPILES AND THE FOLLOW UP SYSTEM PRODUCED AN EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF SAMPLING WHICH WAS EXPENSIVE AND DID NOT NECESSARILY LEAD TO IDENTIFICATION OF VARIATIONS IN THE PRODUCT. THE STUDY DISCUSSED A NEED TO EXERCISE MORE CONTROL AT THE SYSTEM-OPERATION LEVEL THAN IN THE MATERIAL. SOME TESTS WERE FOUND TO BE ANTIQUATED AND OTHERS CANNOT BE USED TO PINPOINT LACK OF COMPLIANCE WITH SPECIFICATIONS. RECOMMENDED RAPID SITE TESTS AS MORE MEANINGFUL THAN LABORATORY TESTS. GRADATION OF AGGREGATE PROBLEMS IS RECOGNIZED BUT DOES NOT SEEM TO BE PLAUSIBLE ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM. RECOMMENDED MORE RESEARCH BE DONE ON PROCESSES TO PRODUCE P.C. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. REPORT PRESENTS SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE SEVERAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR EACH OF THREE UNIDENTIFIED PROJECTS. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sampling KW - Statistical quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212016 AU - Missouri State Highway Department TI - EFFECTS OF REACTIVE CARBONATE AGGREGATES ON THE DURABILITY OF LABORATORY CONCRETE SPECIMENS PY - 1967/07 AB - THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY WERE TO DETERMINE: (1) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXPANSION OF CARBONATE ROCK PRISMS IN 1 N NAOH AND THE EXPANSION OF CONCRETE MADE WITH THESE CARBONATE ROCKS IN VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS AND WITH CEMENT OF VARIOUS ALKALI CONTENTS, (2) THE REDUCTION IN EXPANSION ON REPLACING 20 PERCENT OF THE CEMENT WITH FLY ASH. FROM THE WORK, IT WAS FOUND THAT: (1) EXPANSION OF CONCRETE TENDS TO BE DIRECTLY RELATED TO (1) EXPANSION OF THE ROCK PRISMS, (2) THE ALKALI CONTENT OF THE CEMENT, (3) THE ENVIRONMENT TO WHICH THE CONCRETE IS SUBJECTED, (4) THE LENGTH OF THE TEST PERIOD. STORAGE OF THE CONCRETES CONTAINING REACTIVE CARBONATE ROCKS IN 4 PERCENT NACL SOLUTION SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED EXPANSION THE USE OF FLY ASH IN CONCRETE DECREASED EXPANSION ONLY SLIGHTLY. /BPR/ KW - Alkali KW - Alkalies KW - Carbonate rocks KW - Cement content KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Environment KW - Expansion KW - Fly ash KW - Handling and storage KW - Reactive aggregates KW - Sodium chloride KW - Storage facilities UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP67-5_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214457 AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - STATISTICAL PARAMETERS RESEARCH PROJECT QUALITY CONTROL STUDY ON ASPHALT PAVEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT PY - 1967/07 AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE STATISTICAL PARAMETERS CALCULATED FROM THE RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS UPON 200 SAMPLES OBTAINED OVER A 12,600 FOOT SECTION /4,297 TONS/ OF THE INTERMEDIATE COURSE OF A TYPICAL 3 COURSE ASPHALT PAVEMENT. THE SAMPLES CONSISTED OF TWO ORIGINAL PAIRS OF 6 INCH CORES AND TWO DUPLICATE PAIRS, TAKEN AT 50 RANDOMLY SELECTED SITES. TESTS WERE RUN IN THE CENTRAL LABORATORY FOR THICKNESS, CONVENTIONAL DENSITY, ASPHALT CONTENT, GRADUATION, NUCLEAR DENSITY AND AIR VOID CONTENT. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WAS RUN UPON THE TEST DATA TO OBTAIN THE TESTING, SAMPLING, MATERIAL AND TOTAL VARIANCE COMPONENTS. STANDARD DEVIATION, MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, AND RANGE WERE ALSO CALCULATED. SIEVE ANALYSES ON EXTRACTED AGGREGATES WERE RUN IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AASHO T-30 TEST METHOD. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WAS RUN ON EXTRACTED AGGREGATED DATA TO STUDY THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PERCENT PASSING THE NO. 4 SIEVE AND THE CORRESPONDING ASPHALT CONTENT OF SAMPLES CORES TAKEN FROM THE 50 TEST SITES. IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT A 1% VARIATION IN THE MINUS 4 AGGREGATE WILL RESULT IN A CORRESPONDING 0.1% VARIATION IN ASPHALT CONTENT. STANDARD DEVIATIONS CALCULATED FOR ALL SIZED OF AGGREGATES FROM MINUS 4 TO MINUS 200 SHOWED THAT THE STATE TOLERANCES FOR THESE SIZED ARE VERY CLOSE TO THE THEORETICAL VALUES. /BPR/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Analysis of variance KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Density KW - Laboratory tests KW - Quality control KW - Randomization KW - Sampling KW - Sieve analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206322 AU - Lacis, J H AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - PAVED SHOULDER PROBLEM - STEVENSON EXPRESSWAY PY - 1967/07 AB - PREMATURE SHOULDER FAILURES MANIFESTED BY HEAVING, LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CRACKING, AREA DISTRESS, AND SEPARATION OF PAVEMENT AND SHOULDER ON I-55 NEAR CHICAGO WERE INVESTIGATED. SHOULDERS ON FULL WIDTH (AND ONE TRENCHED) BASES 6 IN. THICK WERE STUDIED OVER A 16 1/2 MILE SECTION OF 6 LANE DIVIDED HIGHWAY BUILT IN 1964. MOST OF THE ROAD IS ON AN EMBANKMENT COMPOSED OF FINE-GRAINED, SWELLING, IMPERMEABLE, FROST SUSCEPTIBLE A-6 AND A-7-6 SOILS. TEN-FOOT WIDE SHOULDERS WERE BUILT ADJACENT TO THE OUTSIDE AND THE MEDIAN LANES AND WERE CONTIGUOUS TO 10 IN. -CRCP OR -SRCP. THE CONDITIONS OF SHOULDERS COMPOSED OF CEMENT-AGGREGATE MIXTURE (CAM), OR POZZOLAN-AGGREGATE (PAM), OR BITUMINOUS (BAM) BASES AND COVERED WITH 2 1/2-IN. OF BIT. CONCRETE WERE COMPARED. AFTER A YEAR, HEAVING OF 1-IN. WAS NOT INFREQUENT. LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS INDICATED THAT SURFACE WATER CONTAINING DEICING SALT WAS THE SUSPECTED CAUSE OF DAMAGE. IN MANY CASES THE BASE, SUBBASE AND UPPER PORTION OF THE SUBGRADE WERE SATURATED WHEN EXAMINED. HIGH CONCENTRATION OF NA C1 WERE FOUND IN THE DETERIORATED CAM AND PAM. UNDERDRAINS APPEARED TO BE INEFFECTIVE BUT WATER RAN FROM THE SHOULDERS WHEN THEY WERE CUT. BAM SHOWS AS THE ONLY ADEQUATE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION BUT ONLY 2 SECTIONS WERE EXAMINED AND THE RESULTS ARE, HENCE, SUSPECT. THE FINDINGS ARE LIMITED BECAUSE ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS PREVAILING PRIOR TO DISPLACEMENT AND DETERIORATION ARE UNAVAILABLE. ESPECIALLY MISSED ARE THE MOISTURE CONTENTS DURING COMPACTION. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PRESENTED CONCERNING IMPROVED DRAINAGE, SURFACE SEALING, JOINT AND CRACK SEALING, AND THE USE OF SOILS WHICH ARE MORE RESISTANT TO MOISTURE AND FROST EXPANSION. /BPR/ KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Cement KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Heaving KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Mixtures KW - Moisture content KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pozzolan KW - Salts KW - Separation KW - Surface waters KW - Transverse cracking KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219695 AU - Van, VECHTEN CT AU - District of Columbia Dept of Highways and Traffic AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN WASHINGTON, D.C. PY - 1967/07 AB - THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO GATHER ACCIDENT DATA THAT WOULD BE USEFUL IN THE SELECTION OF PRIORITIES FOR HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING STUDIES. THE STUDY INVESTIGATED THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF ACCIDENTS IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF LOCALITIES AND AT SIGNALIZED AND UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. THE YEAR-TO-YEAR CHANGES IN THE FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF ACCIDENTS ARE ALSO REPORTED. /AUTHOR/ KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219698 AU - Fisher, G R AU - MOSHER, W W AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT DATA AS A BASIS FOR PLANNING SELECTIVE ENFORCEMENT - PHASE II, PY - 1967/07 AB - THREE INDEPENDENT TOPICS ARE COVERED IN THIS REPORT. THE FIRST TOPIC IS CONCERNED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANPOWER ALLOCATION COMPUTER SIMULATOR IN WHICH CONTROL CHART TECHNIQUES ARE EMPLOYED TO DETECT CHANGES IN ACCIDENT EXPECTATION. THE MAJOR PURPOSES OF THIS SIMULATOR ARE TO PRELIMINARILY EVALUATE THE UTILITY OF CONTROL CHART TECHNIQUES IN OPERATIONAL DECISION MAKING, AND TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING APPROPRIATE VALUES OF CONTROL CHART PARAMETERS SUBJECT TO VARIOUS IMPOSED OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS. THE SECOND TOPIC PRESENTS AND DISCUSSES THE USE OF THE ALPHA-BETA-K CURVES FOR THE THREE CONTROL CHART SYSTEMS DEVELOPED IN THE FIRST YEARS WORK. THE CURVES ARE ENVISIONED TO BE A HIGHLY USEFUL OPERATIONAL TOOL IN APPLICATIONS OF CONTROL CHART TECHNIQUES TO SPECIFIC OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS. THE THIRD TOPIC IS A DISCUSSION OF TWO SPECIFIC ROUTINES THAT HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF CONTROL CHART PROGRAMS TO INCREASE ITS OPERATIONAL UTILITY. /BPR/ KW - Allocations KW - Charts KW - Computers KW - Control KW - Cost allocation KW - Crashes KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data KW - Enforcement KW - Evaluation KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Operations KW - Parameters KW - Personnel KW - Planning KW - Present value KW - Selectivity KW - Simulation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Training simulators KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203971 AU - French, J L AU - Bossy, H G AU - National Bureau of Standards /US AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - TAPERED BOX CULVERT INLETS WITH FALL CONCENTRATION IN THE INLET STRUCTURE PY - 1967/07 AB - THE HYDRAULIC CAPACITIES OF TAPERED INLETS TO BOX CULVERT BARRELS, WITHIN WHICH A SUBSTANTIAL FALL OF THE INVERT GRADE IS PROVIDED BY SLOPING THE INLET, WERE INVESTIGATED FOR A RANGE OF POSSIBLE INLET FORMS. SCALE MODELS WERE USED TO DETERMINE DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF THESE INLETS OPERATING WITH CONTROL AT THE FACE SECTION, AT THE THROAT SECTION AND AT INTERMEDIATE CONTROL SECTIONS. THE RESULTS ARE EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF ENERGY EQUATIONS RELATING THE RATE OF FLOW TO DIMENSIONS AND FORM OF THE CONTROL SECTION BY USE OF DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS. THE REPORT SHOWS THAT TAPERED AND SLOPED INLETS CAN PROVIDE SUBSTANTIAL INCREASES OF DISCHARGE CAPACITY OVER THAT OF A CONVENTIONAL BOX CULVERT OF EQUAL BARREL SIZE AT AN EQUAL DEPTH OF HEADWATER, THE DEGREE OF INCREASE DEPENDING UPON THE FALL FROM INLET CREST TO THROAT AND THE RELATIVE DEPTH OF HEADWATER. /AUTHOR/ KW - Box culverts KW - Culvert inlets KW - Discharge rate KW - Energy KW - Equations KW - Flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Ratios KW - Scale (Ratio) KW - Slopes KW - Taper KW - Tapers (Work zone traffic control) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/98895 ER -