TY - RPRT AN - 01514153 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30S and US-68 relocation, bypass, Kenton, Hardin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514152 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-530A 4-laning from SR-530/SR-535 to Florida Turnpike, Osceola County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514151 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-50 construction, Lake County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514150 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1005, Six Forks Road widening, Raleigh : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514149 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Fish Creek Road, southeastern district, Juneau : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514148 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-H3, Halawa Interchange to Halekou Interchange, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final(7v), Final Appendix(3v), Draft supplement to the final(5v), Final supplement to the final(7v), Draft supplement to the final2, Final supplement to the final2, Draft supplement to the final3, Final supplement to the final3 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514147 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-171/LA-8 improvement, Leesville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514146 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-15 4-laning from SR-100 to SR-5-209, Putnam County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514145 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 72, South Chapel St relocation, Newark : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514144 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Wahpeton-Breckenridge proposed bypass, Richand County / Wilkin County (ND,MN) : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514143 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FH-4/SR-36 upgrading, Shasta-Trinity N.F., Trinity County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514142 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - AL-85 approaches, railroad overpass, Daleville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514141 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-35, Duncan Crossroads to Rainsville, Jackson County / DeKalb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514140 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-193, Snake River Bridge, Asotin/Whitman counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514139 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 projects, Tijeras Canyon, Bernalillo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514138 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-75 from Andytown in Broward County to Palmetto Expressway near Miami : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514137 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 4700 South St, 4000 West St to I-215, Salt Lake County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514136 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-67, 7th and 8th Streets one-way implementation, T&P Railroad to East 9th St, Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514135 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-40 reconstruction, New Haven : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514134 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90, US-169, Faribault County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514133 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-54 improvement to freeway standards, 279th St to Seville Ave, Wichita : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514132 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, Pacific Hwy, Garden Valley Road-Fairgrounds Interchange section, Roseburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514131 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-29 linker, Wartburg to Oneida, Morgan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514130 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-212 improvement, Granite Falls bypass, Yellow Medicine/Chippewa/Renville counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514129 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Colorado River bridge and Yuma bridge and approaches, Yuma County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514128 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-395, Eltopia to Connell : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514127 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-6 Bremen bypass construction, Marshall County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513284 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-221 relocation, Baldwin to Jefferson, Ashe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513283 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - County Road 104A, bridge reconstruction, Marion County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513282 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-2, expressway construction, south of Wisconsin border to north of Rockford, Winnebago County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513281 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Spur 232, 19th to 4th St, Lubbock : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513280 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-401, Stephenson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513279 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-169 relocation, Neosho/Allen counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final, Draft supplement to the final2, Final supplement to the final2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513278 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-71 lane addition, Nodaway/Andrew counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513277 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-21 widening, Twin Oaks to Sparta : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513276 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - L51-A improvement, South Platte Bridge lengthening and widening, Keith County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513275 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1 improvement, Iberville Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513274 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-1A reconstruction, relocation, Harrington : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513273 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90 proposed realignment, Lodge Grass south, Wyoming line north, Wyola connection, Big Horn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513272 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-280 upgrading, Oregon : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513271 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-235 improvement, Hollywood to St.Andrews Church Road, St.Mary's County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513270 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-113 improvement location study report, Worcester County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513269 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-98 improvements, Edgewood Drive in Fort Meade east 1.5 miles, Polk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513268 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, pedestrian park, Seattle : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513267 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-550 improvement, Shiprock to Farmington, San Juan County PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final; Maps B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513266 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAU 8320, Kirby Ave reconstruction, Champaign : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513265 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95, Delaware/Philadelphia counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513264 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-41, USH-45 to Fond du Lac County line, Washington/Dodge/Fond du Lac counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513263 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 63 upgrading, Boone/Callaway counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513262 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-16034 section 2/LR-409 section 7, LR-16036 to LR-16078, Paint Township : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513261 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 63, Scott/Campbell counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513260 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-394, Hennepin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513259 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-51/Kingsley St Couple, Normal : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513258 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-64, Connorsville-East County Line Road, Dunn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513257 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-14, Kingsbury County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft,Frev2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513256 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 12th St corridor, Ogden : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///v. held: Draft, F; Noise analysis B1; Air quality report B2; Interdisciplinary study of four alternate proposals B3; Environmental impact analysis B4. KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513255 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95, Skookumchuck Creek to Heckman Ranch, Idaho County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513253 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 construction, Raleigh to I-95, Wake/Johnson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513252 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-S-0550, Eagle River Road reconstruction, Greater Anchorage Area Borough : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512814 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Projects in the vicinity of Laramie in Albany County, extending westerly on Highways 230 and 130 from Clark Street viaduct in Laramie to vicinity of Gen. Brees municipal airport : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512363 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Tudor Road-Muldoon Road construction, Seward Hwy to Glenn Hwy, Anchorage : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512362 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-308 intracoastal waterway bridge and approaches, Lafourche Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512361 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-20 extension, SR-77 to SR-79, Bay County / Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512360 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-3125, Sunshine Bridge, Gramercy Highway, St.James Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512359 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - River Des Peres Bridge, Route 66, St.Louis : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512358 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-301 improvement, Hillsborough County / Pasco County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512357 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-44 improvement, Buffalo/Kearney counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512356 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-411 (SR-1) improvement, Lawrenceville to Harrisburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512355 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 36, Linn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512354 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge replacement, County Road 8, Shelby County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512353 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-280 improvements, Harpersville to Childersburg, Shelby County / Talladega County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512352 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-87, TH-10 location, Becker County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512351 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-09 bridge construction, Clay County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512350 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-82 upgrading, Artesia East to Loco Hills : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512349 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NE-39 improvement, Nance County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512348 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Mekoryuk local service road and airport to Mekoryuk, Nunivak Island : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512347 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-459, Birmingham bypass, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512346 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-71, Beltrami County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512345 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-250 widening, Ashland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512344 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - County road 18 improvement, Logan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512343 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-312/I-75 connector, Laurel County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512342 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-220, Shreveport bypass, Caddo/Bossier parishes : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final, Maps B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512341 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Tutuila Perimeter Road, Aoa-Onenoa-Tula corridor and Poloa-Fagamalo-Aoloaufou corridor, Lealataua County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final; Draft EIS for Aoa-Onenoa section B1; Draft EIS for Onenoa-Tula section B2; Draft EIS, Fagamalo-Aoloaufou B3;B4 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512340 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-25, Las Vegas bypass new contruction : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512339 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-275, Hannah Road to Ford Road, Wayne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512338 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Coosa River additional bridge construction, Rainbow City to Southside, Etowah County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512337 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-77 upgrading, Cowley County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512336 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Foster-Woodstock couplet construction, S.E. 89th St to S.E. 106th Ave, Multnomah County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512335 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Flagstaff-Lake Mary Road section, US-66 to FAS-209 : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512334 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - WVA-2 relocation, Crown City to Mason County line : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Public meeting B1(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512333 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 7 reconstruction, South Fork, Lake City : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512332 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Routes 60, 95, Wright/Texas counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512331 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-169 proposed improvement, St.Louis County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512330 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-534, Conrad-west (urban section) : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512329 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-17, SR-16 widening, resurfacing, Coles County / Moultrie County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512328 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20 reconstruction, 12th St to 22nd St, Fort Dodge : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511455 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 8th Ave improvement, I-65 to Red Mountain Expressway, Birmingham : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511453 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-1078 bridge replacement, Sacramento River at South Ave, Tehama County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511452 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-18 grading, surfacing, Lincoln County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511451 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-329 upgrading, SR-331 to Depot Ave, Alachua County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511450 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Somerset-London Road (KY-80) : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511449 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-3, Covington to Lauderdale County line, Tipton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511448 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-20 freeway and I-80, Paterson, Drainage trunk line construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511447 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-34, Greene County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511446 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-84 reconstruction, Newtown and Southbury : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511445 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-54/K-96, Kellogg St and Hillside St widening, improvement, Wichita : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511444 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-50 multi-laning from SR-561 to SR-25 (US-27), Lake County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511443 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-36 proposed construction, US-31 to I-65, Hartselle : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511442 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-69 from I-96 to US-27, Clinton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511440 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Downtown loop freeway (proposed), Greenville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511439 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-86 and 291 widening, realignment, Manchester : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511438 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40/US-321/NC-127 connector, proposed construction, Catawba County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511436 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-15, 18, 66 overlap and railroad grade separation replacement, Defiance : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511435 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-441, Gateway to Cherokee : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511434 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90, Argonne Road interchange modernization, Spokane County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511433 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-61 (US-319), Thomasville Hwy improvement, Tallahassee : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511432 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - S-179 extension, Georgetown County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511431 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-3 improvement, Pontotoc/Coal counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511430 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-240 and U-101 connector route, Memphis : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511429 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-23, Louisa-Catlettsburg, Boyd County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511428 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 40 reconstruction and new construction, St.Louis : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511427 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-107 relocation, Cullowhee : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511426 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Sooner Hwy development, Tecumseh Road, I-35, McClain/Cleveland counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511425 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-80 improvements, SR-700 to I-95, Palm Beach County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511424 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Gastineau Channel crossing, FAP-95 bridge construction, Juneau to Douglas Island : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511423 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-40 construction, McGuire Canyon to Strawberry Valley : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511422 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Clear Creek Canyon (I-70-1) : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511421 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-188 bridge and approaches, Bayou la Batre : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511420 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-275 improvement, NE-32 to West Point, Cuming County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510554 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-93, Addison Ave widening, reconstruction, Twin Falls : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510553 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 21st St-Washburn Ave intersection improvement, Topeka : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510552 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-10 proposed relocation, Fernleaf to US-68, Mason County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510551 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Mt.Sterling bypass, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510550 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - K-4 improvement, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510549 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Oregon Coast Highway, Waterline Drive section (Newport), Naterlin Drive revisions, Lincoln County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final,Fsum KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510548 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-21, Benton County / Tama County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510547 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Pacific Highway west, Hess Creek-Chehalem Creek section traffic flow separation, Yamhill County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510546 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-10A grade separations, Duval County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510545 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-404, supplemental freeway, Warren County / Knox County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510544 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 520, US-218 to IA-297, Black Hawk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510543 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95 relocation over Lewiston Hill, Nez Perce County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510542 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-75, Sarasota County / Manatee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510541 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-20 (FAS-12) widening, resurfacing, Walton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510540 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Rosewood Drive widening from Assembly St to US-378, Columbia : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510539 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-630 construction, Little Rock : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final(fol) KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510538 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-225 construction for interchange access to southeast circumferential route, Arapahoe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510537 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Pikeville multi-agency open-cut project, highway, railroad and river relocation : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510536 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAU-8825 construction, South Main St, Falund St, Winnebago County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510535 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-20 improvement, realignment, Meridian Bridge replacement, Colusa County / Sutter County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510534 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-430 for Fox Valley Freeway, Cook County / Kane County / DuPage County / Will County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510533 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-69 improvement to freeway standards, Miami County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510531 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Tutuila Perimeter Road, Aua to Afono, Sua County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510530 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-1600, section 80Q relocation, Adams County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510529 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-406, Logan County / Tazewell County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510528 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-86 construction, Imperial County line to Indio, Riverside County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510527 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAU-8398, section 29-CP, Glen Ave proposed improvement, Peoria : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510526 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - M-66 relocation, Phelps Road-Smithville, Missaukee/Kalkaska counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510525 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-29 and SH-121 improvements, freeway between Kelly Road and Imola Ave West, Napa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510524 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94/Lakeshore Drive Interchange reconstruction, Berrien County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510523 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1216 and 1201, Carteret County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510522 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - M-99, Waverly Road to Eaton Rapids city limits : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510521 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-20 relocation, Pryon Creek to Salina : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510520 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Willow Springs Road bridge replacement (FAS-119), Cook County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509625 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 13 improvement, Springfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509624 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50 construction, Olathe north and south, Montrose County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509623 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Moanalua Road (FAP-72) improvement from Puuloa Interchange to Middle St, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509622 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-80, Chatham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509621 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-356 improvement, realignment, Grant County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509620 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - East Cambridge Ave widening (proposed), Greenwood : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509619 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-280 improvement, Socapatoy to east of Alexander City, Coosa County / Tallapoosa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509618 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-70, Rifle east and west construction, Garfield County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509617 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - County road 25A improvement and widening, Miami County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509616 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-96 construction, Rutherford/Cannon counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509615 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Mission Road grade separation at Southern Pacific Company's El Paso line tracks and Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509614 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-84 relocation, Waterbury : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509613 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - DE-141, Center Road construction, Prices Corner to north of Lancaster Pike, New Castle County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509612 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-410 improvements from Columbia to Carbondale, Monroe County / Randolph County / Perry County / Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509611 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-545, International Airport road reconstruction, Greater Anchorage Area Borough : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509610 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-23 relocation, Fond du Lac to Sheboygan : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509609 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Routes 71, 71 Alternate, Jasper County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509608 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30 improvement, relocation, extension, Grand Island : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509606 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Mills Ave extension from Robinson to South St, Church St extension and Jefferson St improvements, Orlando : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509605 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-59, Livingston bypass (proposed), Polk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509604 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95, Fayetteville Bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509603 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - WV-56, Ravenswood connector to I-77, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Plan and profile for design report B1(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509602 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Routes 106 and 30 hwy improvements in San Bernardino and Redlands, San Bernardino County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509601 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1003, Section 3 : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509600 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-6 (Ellington Parkway), Trinity Lane to proposed Briley Parkway, Nashville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509599 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Waldo Blvd reconstruction, Manitowoc : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509598 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15 North Nephi to Mills Junction (proposed), Juab County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Environmental impact study, resource analysis B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509597 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-237 relocation, Hebron to Limaburg, Boone County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509596 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5 conversion, Dunsmuir County / Mott County / Siskiyou County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508730 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Ogdensburg area study, Recommended transportation plan, Ogdensburg-Oswegatchie : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508729 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Denison-Harvard Bridge replacement, County roads 37 and 43, Cleveland and Cuyahoga Heights : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508728 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-62-08 improvement, USH-280 via Sturdivant to Rock Springs, Tallapoosa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508727 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - DeKalb St extension, US-1509, Shelby : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508726 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - M-24 extension, Tuscola/Huron counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508725 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - South connector (proposed), St.Mary's : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508724 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-115, Trout River to proposed I-295 interchange, Duval County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final; 4(f) involvement study report B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508723 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Wilson Bridge replacement, Kamehameha Hwy widening, Wahiawa : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508722 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - DE-100, DuPont Road relocation, Elsmere : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508721 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-87, Winslow-Kayenta Hwy proposed extension, Navajo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508720 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-34 proposed overpass, Soda Springs, Caribou County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508719 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-79 location from Charleston to Big Chimney : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508718 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-84 reconstruction, Dotham Traffic Circle to US-84 connection, Houston County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508717 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-18 connector improvement, I-75 to Florence, Boone County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508716 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-140 relocation, Scioto County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508715 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-595/2967 reconstruction, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508714 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-271 and SH-112 improvements, Le Flore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508713 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-145 reconstruction, STH-60 to STH-143, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508712 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-22004-2 (Traffic Route 225), Dauphin Borough and Middle Paxton Township : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508711 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 397, Ott's Chapel Road reconstruction, New Castle County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508710 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Southern Tier Expressway construction, Corning area, Steuben County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508709 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-75 construction, SR-82 near Ft.Myers to US-27 at Andytown, Lee County / Broward County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508706 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Center St construction, US-91 to US-189, Orem : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507768 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-26/FA-27, Cedarville to Wisconsin state line, Stephenson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507767 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90 construction, Sundance to South Dakota state line, Crook County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507766 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - CSAH-18 (FAS-6318) improvement, Hennepin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507765 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-207 4-laning from SR-15-20-100 to SR-5-207A, Putnam County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507764 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-32, SR-33 (US-40), Effingham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507763 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Citadel Parkway (proposed), Charleston County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507761 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-64-285, Pojoaque bridge widening : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507760 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-55, Ponchatoula-Frenier Highway, St.John the Baptist Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507759 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 24, Route C, Randolph County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507758 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-34, Penn Central Railroad Bridge : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507757 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-66, Butler Ave junction, Flagstaff : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507756 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - M-275 from M-59 to I-75, Oakland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507755 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Halawa Heights Road extension, Halawa Stream to Salt Lake Blvd, Halawa : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507753 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-2048, KY-155 to I-64, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507752 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-302 relocation, Carroll : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507751 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-6/US-34 reconstruction, relocation, Arapahoe to Altanta : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507750 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-18, Raging River Interchange construction, King County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507749 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - N-52 relocation, Primrose to Belgrade, Boone/Nance counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507748 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-5 and south 272nd St interchange/Flyer Stop, King County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507747 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 127 (FAP-128) improvement, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507746 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NE-2 grading, Mud Creek drainage, bridging, Merna to Broken Bow, Custer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507745 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-44 construction, Leesburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Revised draft(fol), Final; Engineering report, draft EIS (Oct.1972) B1(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507744 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-82 new location, Grayson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507743 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-895, Bucks County, PA to Burlington County, NJ : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507742 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 7 (Siuslaw River Hwy), Mapleton-Saunders Creek section, Lane County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507741 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-24 improvements and interchange, SR-728 improvements, Alachua County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507740 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Jenkins-Pikeville Road, US-23-119, Pike/Letcher counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507739 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-20 construction, Mazama to Winthrop : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507738 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-87 construction, Hale/Swisher counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507737 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-281, Burlington Ave improvement, 6th St to 15th St, Hastings : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507736 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-40047, section B03, Yatesville connector, Luzerne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507735 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1 (US-11W), Memorial Garden Cemetery to Bradley Creek, Hawkins County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507734 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-71 widening, Bella Vista to Missouri state line, Benton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507733 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-24, IL-23, section 3R from Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Rrd to I-80, Ottawa : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507732 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-90 West shore Mercer Island to East Channel Bridge Mercer Island and Bellevue : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final; Section 4(f) report on Luther Burbank Park B1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507019 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-93 (I-75) construction, Lee County / Charlotte County / Sarasota County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01451251 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Administrative action for Project F-037-1( ), state project numbers 10005-0206-04 and 82007-0202-04, State Route 37, from State Route 91 at Elizabethton to the proposed State Route 34 bypass near Bluff City, Carter - Sullivan Counties: environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384838 AU - Bradley, J N AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FWHA) TI - Hydraulics of bridge waterways PY - 1973 IS - 1 SP - 111p KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Flow KW - Flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydraulics KW - Water KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162351 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US Highway 287 from Clay County Line to its connection with US 287 near the southeast city limits of Bowie, Montague County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/923337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162350 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Projects I-10-2(28) Buckeye-Cemetary Road, I-10-2(31) Cemetary Road-Perryville Road, Ehrenberg-Phoenix Highway, Interstate and Defense Highway 10, Maricopa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final supplement to the final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/923336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162348 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-283 from I-025 to Camp Blue Haven, San Miguel County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/923334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162293 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Richardson Highway to Dayville Project S-0863(1) : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/923279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161992 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alabama state route 21 from Jacksonville to Piedmont, Calhoun County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161991 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate route 215 interchange with interstate route 80, Salt Lake City : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160819 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Superstition Freeway (SR-360) construction to lengthen junctions at I-10 and US-60, Pinal County / Maricopa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160818 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Penn Central and B&O Railroad grade separations, Ruthby Road, New Castle County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160816 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-66 proposed relocation, construction, Butler/Saunders counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160815 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Blue Heron Bridge, SR-A1A, Palm Beach County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160813 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-44 from I-85 to US-1, New Smyrna Beach : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160812 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FM-776 proposed roadway, FM-2800/US-96 to present FM-776, Jasper County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160810 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Manzanita Ave Bridge and approaches reconstruction, Chico : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160808 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-24 upgrading, Alachua County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160807 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-50 reconstruction, Madison County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074337 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Buffalo River bridge replacement and upgrading 0.5 miles of Eau Claire Street to an urban type section from the south corporate limits of Mondovi, Buffalo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074336 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State Highway 360 from proposed State Highway 121 south of Grapevine in Tarrant County to south of U.S. Highway 287 in Ellis County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074335 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Corridor, Mercer County route 25 to Mercer County route 19/20, relocated Mercer County route 29, Mercer County route 19/20 to interstate 77 : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074334 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachain corridor Q, U.S. 460-W.VA. 71, Mercer County 25 intersection to interstate 77, Princeton : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074333 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State highway 116 in Hockley and Lubbock counties, from approximately 0.27 miles east of U.S. Highway 385 in Levelland to Spur 309 at Reese Air Force Base in Lubbock County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074330 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge approaches to Chester and U.S. Route 30, Chester to Pennsylvania state line, Hancock County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074329 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reconstruction of Century Avenue, also known as County Trunk Highway M, in the city of Middleton, Dane County, between Highway 12 and County Trunk : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074328 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Milwaukee to Green Bay interstate, (Saukville to Bellevue section), Ozaukee, Sheboygan, Calumet, Manitowoc, and Brown Counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074325 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wyoming highway project F-0016(10), Cheyenne streets, Laramie County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074324 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - S.H. 31, from 34th street in Corsicana to Hill County line, Navarro County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074320 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate highway 5 (S.R. 5), Longview wye to rocky point : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final(microfiche) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073565 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Environmental statement administrative action for U. S. highway 67. Final PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059706 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-75 improvement, Cuming County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059705 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SD-44 reconstruction, Scenic to East Pennington County line, Pennington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Frev KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059704 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-33, Sandlick to west of New Tazewell, Claiborne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059703 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-54 replacement, Orange County line to Research Triangle Park, Durham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059702 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Richardson Hwy grading, drainage, surfacing, Canyon Creek to Shaw Creek, Interior : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059689 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CSAH-18 and CR-39 intersection, Edina : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059682 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Northwestern Highway, Oakland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059667 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-16 widening, I-94 to Pewaukee, Waukesha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059663 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-221 relocation, Spartanburg County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059658 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 78 construction, Springfield Mountainside Summit and Berkeley Heights, Union County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059655 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-1282, Lansdowne Road, Baltimore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059650 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-406 construction, IL-121/I-74 intersection near Morton to Tremont, Tazewell County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059649 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-90 reconstruction, West Snoqualmie to Tanner : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059624 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Harwood Hwy improvements between the submarine base light and the College of the Virgin Islands : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059614 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 10 relocation, continuation of Mount Carmel connector, Hamden and North Haven : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059610 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FH-12 reconstruction, Cuba to Pojoaque, Sandoval County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059609 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1022, Traffic Route 219 relocation, Cambria County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059608 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Chitina-McCarthy Hwy reconstruction and realignment, South Central District : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059607 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-23 relocation, Carey to Fostoria : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059605 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-571 connector, Forest interchange to Jamesville Onondaga County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059604 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-87 (IH-27), Monroe overpass to Hale Center, Lubbock/Hale counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059603 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-93 reconstruction, Elk Creek-Eleva Road, Trempealeau County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059602 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Perry Hill Road location approval, Montgomery : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059601 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-60 improvements, Jackson/Cottonwood/Watonwan counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059600 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 23 construction, Wise County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059599 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-2 and MD-4 dualization, Calvert County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059598 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1022 (Traffic Route 219 relocated) from LR-11049 to Traffic Route 153 : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059597 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-183, Randolph Road proposed widening, relocation, MD-97 to MD-650, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059596 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-280 proposed improvement, Tallapoosa River to Dadeville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059595 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hwy 14, Nuckolls County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059594 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-20 relocation, Natchez Trace Parkway to McGee Town, Lauderdale County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059593 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-33, Mayes/Delaware counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059592 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-72 from SH-239 to Main St, Kenedy : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059591 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airport Road, Fred Wilson Road, Railroad Drive : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059590 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Shady Grove Road extension, MD-355 to MD-115, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059589 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West Seattle Freeway, 36th Ave SE to I-5 : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059588 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Marshall County Road 63 improvement, location approval, US-431 to south of Grant : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059587 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Newcastle Marginal construction, Weston County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059586 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-331 improvements, Mishawaka : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059583 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NY-31 improvement, Macedon to Lyons, Wayne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059582 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NYS-13 reconstruction, Lansing to Cortlandville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059571 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 395 construction, north of SR-190 junction to south of SH-136, Inyo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059570 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-14 improvements, SR-44 new intersection, Bernalillo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059569 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-60, Parmer/Castro counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059564 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 198 improvement, I-95 to US-29, Montgomery/Prince Georges counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059563 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Winfield bypass southeast, Marion County / Fayette County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059562 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1131, section A10, Second Ave bypass, Allegheny County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059560 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Curtis Road extension, US-20 to SH-44, Garden City-Boise : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059550 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-100, Outer Baltimore Beltway construction from MD-3 to MD-170, Anne Arundel County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059549 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 18th Ave/Central Ave intersection proposed improvement, Kansas City : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059548 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-301, 8th St widening, Market St to Buffalo St, Smithfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059540 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-135, Garrett County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059538 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-96, Fourth St/SH-47 link construction, Pueblo : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059537 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-80 widening from Auburn Ravine undercrossing to East Auburn overhead, Placer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059532 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-77 south expressway, Gage/Lancaster counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059523 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 141 improvement and interchange construction, St.Louis/Jefferson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059519 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Shore Front Drive, North Shore section, Richmond, New York City : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059515 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-225 construction, US-59 to Lawndale Ave, Houston : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059502 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95, Bonner County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059499 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 668 upgrading, Route 633 to Route 640, Pittsylvania County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059497 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Centennial Road, West Road, Laramie streets, Albany County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059493 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-31 construction, Corsicana to Hill County line, Navarro County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059486 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Queen-Mulberry St project construction, Greenville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059485 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-57 improvement, Fort Totten east, Benson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059484 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-45 relocation, Shannon to Verona, Lee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059483 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Oregon Road (Township road 107) upgrading, Wood County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059482 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-1279 slope protection, Orange County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Revised draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059481 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CSAH-12 reconstruction, Olmsted County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059480 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lexington-Paris road replacement, Lexington to Maysville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059479 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route T, proposed I-435 to I-29, Platte County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059478 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-406 improvement, Linn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059477 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Routes 65, 24, 24 spur relocation, Carroll County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059476 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-278/AL-157 connector, Cullman County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059471 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-146 construction, Harris/Galveston counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059468 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-197 relocation, north of MD-450 to Jericho Park Road, Prince Georges County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059465 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mt.Hood interchange fringe area parking, Portland : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059464 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-84 construction from East Hartford to Manchester, Hartford County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059462 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40, Tucumcari : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059460 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fremont Northwest Bypass, US-77 to US-30 : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059459 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reedy River Freeway (proposed), Greenville : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059458 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH Loop 9 construction, SH-78 to IH-35E, Dallas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059454 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Spur 239 relocation (proposed), Val Verde County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059446 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 84th St tunnel construction/widening, 96th St/I-80 inter-change construction, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059445 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-107 upgrading, Montpelier SR-US-20A, Williams County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft; Negative declaration B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059443 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH Loop 9 construction, Dallas/Collin counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059439 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95 realignment, Skookumchuck Creek, Heckman ranch, Idaho County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059438 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-43 (White Marsh Blvd) extension from I-95 to proposed Perring Freeway : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059437 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Federal Aid Highway and Mass Transportation Act of 1973 : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059435 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cheyenne Outer Belt Loop construction, East Lincolnway and East Nationway reconstruction, Laramie County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059434 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-215 interchange I-80 proposed construction, Salt Lake City : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059433 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-360, proposed SH-121 to US-287, Tarrant/Ellis counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059428 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Kerryville Loop, FM-689 to SH-16 : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059426 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AL-21, Jacksonville to Piedmont, Calhoun County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059424 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 499 construction, Harlingen : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059419 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bagley Road, County Road 27, SR-237 improvement, Berea : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059411 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAI-70/US-40/Randolph St improvements, Vandalia : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059407 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30 bridge approaches, Chester to Pennsylvania state line : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059406 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-65 proposed right of way acquisition, Pelham to Cahaba River, Shelby County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059402 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-12 reconstruction, Webster to Day County line : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059399 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Sound Estuary Bridge proposed construction and reassembly, Nome : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059398 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Haines South Hwy construction from Haines to St. James Bay Hwy : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059397 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-8, Fifth St Bridge proposed improvement, Campbell/Kenton counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059391 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Park Freeway and Spur, N. Sherman Blvd to N. 12th St, Milwaukee : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059379 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 82 Bypass, El Dorado : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059374 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, Longview Wye to Rocky Point, Kelso and Longview : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059373 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Markham St Parkway extension, Little Rock : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059372 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-148, section A17 reconstruction, Berks County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059365 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-170, section A10 construction, Blackman St to Cross Valley Expressway, Wilkes-Barre Township : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059364 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - S-1137(1), St.Joe Road redesign from SR-37 to Evard Road, Allen County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059361 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CR-6 reconstruction over Sandusky River, Seneca County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059344 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50 rest area construction, Robeson Hills, Lawrence County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059332 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-50, Yankton bypass grading, structures, surfacing, signing, Yankton : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059330 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 518, Johnson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059323 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hanna secondary route construction, Carbon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059319 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 3 improvements and bridge construction, Randolph County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059317 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1117, section 1, Redstone and Menallen townships : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01056204 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State Route 33, Claiborne County, Tennessee, from the end of Project F-033-3(18) at Sandlick to the beginning of Project F-033(8) west of New Tazewell: environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320409 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM: TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE NETWORK SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM (TANSTP), 1973 PY - 1973 SP - n.p. AB - This document describes the Traffic Adaptive Network Signal Timing Program (TANSTP) of the Urban Traffic Control System/Bus Priority System, which is a second generation on-line optimization of signal timing patterns using real-time predictions of volume patterns and on-line subnetwork determination. This document is divided into seven sections. Section 1 is the introduction, and section 2 contains an overview of the entire UTCS/TANSTP software system. Section 3 provides a description of the software system. Section 4 includes a description of the subroutines which were constructed to interface the second generation software with the first generation data base, and section 5 gives a description of themodifications made to the first generation routines to support the second generation package. Section 6 discusses the procedures to be used in operating the UTCS/TANSTP system, and section 7 describes the data base. The appendix contains a description of two off-line programs used to support the prediction. (TSC) KW - Bus priority KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models and systems KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transit KW - Urban/mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224459 AU - Viner, J G AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ROADSIDE CRASH CUSHIONS: SYNOPSIS PY - 1973 AB - 4,500 POUNDS; VEHICLE SPEED, 60 MPH; IMPACT ANGLE, UP TO 25 DEGREES AS MEASURED FROM THE DIRECTION OF THE ROADWAY; AVERAGE PERMISSIBLE VEHICLE DECELERATION, 12 G'S MAXIMUM HILE PREVENTING IMPACTING OR PENETRATION OF THE ROADSIDE AZARD; AND MAXIMUM OCCUPANT DECELERATION ONSET RATE, 500 G'S PER SECOND. THESE DESIGN CRITERIA ARE INTENDED TO RESULT IN INSTALLATIONS AT WHICH HIGH SPEED ACCIDENTS WOULD BE SURVIVABLE FOR THE MAJORITY OF COLLISIONS. DATA ON 283 ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ROADSIDE IMPACT ATTENUATORS ARE RESENTED. EXAMINATION OF THE DATA INDICATES THAT, HAD THE ATTENUATOR NOT BEEN PRESENT, HOSPITALIZING INJURIES OR FATALITIES WOULD HAVE BEEN EXPECTED IN 57 ACCIDENTS. ONLY NINE HOSPITALIZING INJURY ACCIDENTS AND FOUR FATAL INJURY ACCIDENTS OCCURRED IN THESE 57 CASES. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design standards KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Research KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158996 AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF MULTISPECTRAL DATA USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES PY - 1973 SP - 497p-in 5v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00911465 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR LICENSE PLATES 1973.. PY - 1973 AB - No abstract provided. KW - License plates KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585333 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792297 AU - Guinee, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERAL COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF WORKSHOPS PY - 1973 SP - p. 390-398 AB - Each of the general summary sessions at the five 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshops on Water in Pavements was started by asking a series of eight questions. This composite summary of the workshops outlines the questions and the response of the workshop participants. There was then an attempt to give each of the participants some food for thought by quoting some materials from the publication, "Water in Roads: Prediction of Moisture Content of Road Subgrades," published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris , 1973. In continuing to provoke thought, several questions were asked of each of the workshop groups in a rhetorical manner. This paper lists 70 of the questions used. It was concluded that each state should evaluate its own problems in light of an established and recorded policy. Every agency should make an attempt to define whether and how much the water problem may be shortening the life of their pavements. Agencies should also attempt to determine how much money they are spending on underdrains that work and that do not work. Designers need to be more familiar with the feasibility of construction, associated construction costs with different designs, and whether materials specifications are reasonable. With regard to the evaluation of drain systems, the following items have importance: know what to expect from the drain, know whether it should be running all of the time, know whether any water will be left in the pavement section after the drain stops running, and know the sensitivity of the drain system to factors such as climate and traffic. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Evaluation KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture barriers KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Problem solving KW - Service life KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsurface drainage KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652724 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792292 AU - Brown, J L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON RIGID PAVEMENTS--DENVER, COLORADO PY - 1973 SP - p. 373-376 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on rigid pavements held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Denver, Colorado. Participants agreed that there are three prime defenses against the detrimental effects of water in the design, construction, and maintenance of concrete pavements: sealing, stronger materials, and providing adequate drainage. Discussion focused on three aspects: what is currently being practiced, what should be changed, and what are the risks involved in changing the current practice. Continuously reinforced concrete pavement construction is really an attempt to seal out the water. Membranes used as an attempt at sealing the base, subbase, and subgrade materials were discussed. It was suggested that engineers do a better job of designing joints and that they use closer joint spacing with proper shape factors in the joint sealer and proper sealant materials. The greatest structural advance with regard to rigid pavements can be to render the materials beneath the slab nonerosive. One novel suggestion, applicable in the construction of transverse jointed concrete pavements, was that drains be installed immediately under the joints and along the edges--not a complete blanket. In frost areas and areas of swelling clays, it is imperative that the water not be allowed to reach the subgrade. It was concluded that the immediate solution to water problems in rigid pavements is a combination of better joint and crack sealing and better drainage. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Clay soils KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Erosion control KW - Frost KW - Joint sealers KW - Moisture barriers KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road construction KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Spacing KW - Strength of materials KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652719 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792294 AU - Hansen, E D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON DRAINAGE MATERIALS--DENVER, COLORADO PY - 1973 SP - p. 381-383 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on drainage materials held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Denver, Colorado. Participants explored the uses of crushed or graded rock and stone, varying gradations of sands, different kinds of pipe, the uses of membranes, and the applications of filter cloth. There was a consensus that the use of filter cloth looks very promising. With regard to open-graded drain material, two viewpoints became apparent: those who felt that the concept and use of drainage blankets would increase the cost of a road such that it would be economically infeasible, and those who felt it would reduce the cost of the road over the long term. There was extended discussion on the question of the minimum thickness of a drainage blanket. The use of natural or volcanic cinders for use as a drainage blanket material was discussed, and it appeared that if the material would not break down that there was no other reason to discourage its use. Daylighted drainage blankets appear unreasonable. There was a great deal of interest in the use of membranes, and alternates to catalytically blown asphalts were discussed. Several kinds of pipes that could be used in drainage installations were described and discussed, with much attention given to the half-round pipe. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Costs KW - Crushed rock KW - Daylighting KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Impervious membranes KW - Materials KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Sand KW - State of the practice KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Volcanic ash KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652721 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792296 AU - Erickson, L F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON MISCELLANEOUS DRAINAGE CONSIDERATIONS--DENVER, COLORADO PY - 1973 SP - p. 387-389 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on miscellaneous drainage considerations held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Denver, Colorado. Drainage of highway pavements and air fields was discussed. An integral curb and gutter section, with portland cement concrete pavement, using catch basins to remove surface water, has served in an excellent manner for as many as 25 years. Paved shoulders give edge support to flexible pavements. Permeable bases have been used in Colorado, but only for specific problems and not as a general solution. An Idaho representative discussed grade points, cut-to-fill, and the excavation of organic silt top soil in this zone to reduce breakup; this area is backfilled with select granular material with drainage provided in the ditch line to the side of the embankment. Idaho and Colorado use contour ditches above cut slopes. Cut slopes are also often benched and serrated to prevent erosion and to stimulate plant growth. Removal of frost susceptible soils to the depth of frost is common where frost problems are severe. Shot rock blankets over embankments have been helpful in limiting frost. A high grade line in flat terrain has been effective in preventing frost problems and also aids in snow removal because the wind tends to keep the roadway clear. Chemical stabilizers in frost-heaving soil have been helpful; cement and asphalt have been used to stabilize frost susceptible bases. Colorado believes that exudation pressure curves on the R-value test may indicate moisture sensitivity, and hence its susceptibility to frost action. The use of lime to cure stripping of pavements reacts differently with different aggregates. Permeability is also an important consideration. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Airport runways KW - Arizona KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement KW - Chemicals KW - Colorado KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Edge drains KW - Embankments KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frost action KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Highways KW - Idaho KW - Infiltration KW - Moisture barriers KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652723 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792291 AU - Hinshaw, R F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SUBDRAINAGE--DENVER, COLORADO PY - 1973 SP - p. 370-372 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on subdrainage held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Denver, Colorado. Participants discussed the state-of-the-practice and their experience in the drainage and interception of groundwater for the design of pavements. A representative of the Office of Federal Highway Projects, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, reported on some of their practices. They have been using standard drawings for subdrains, with the standard generally consisting of a 6-in. (15-cm) or 8-in. (20-cm) perforated pipe placed in a trench and backfilled with granular material. They are shifting to design on a case-by-case basis. Research work on the design of underdrains has pointed toward the use of slotted pipe. Interceptor drains are normally placed under the shoulder or ditch section, rather than close to the edge of the pavement, because the purpose is to intercept groundwater, rather than surface percolation. Participants concluded that drainage systems to intercept groundwater are normally independent of the drainage systems used to handle water coming from the pavement surface. A representative of the Federal Aviation Administration reported on the problems of subdrainage under large airport runway slabs. It was agreed that there is a need for more engineering geology and subsurface exploration before groundwater problems are considered in design and construction. Another common problem was the lack of coordination between the designer and the construction engineer. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Airport runways KW - Coordination KW - Design KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Engineering geology KW - Filters KW - Groundwater KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - Road shoulders KW - Rocky Mountain States KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Trench backfill KW - Trenches KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652718 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792293 AU - Brakey, B A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS--DENVER, COLORADO PY - 1973 SP - p. 377-380 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on flexible pavements held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Denver, Colorado. Idaho has been paving their shoulders and carrying their base course full-width for a number of years. Although there is a lack of available asphalt, it was agreed that paving materials could be conserved through the use of free-draining bases and paved shoulders. A Wyoming representative discussed the difficulties in applying asphalt membranes and in tying membranes to the shoulders of full-depth pavements. This led into a discussion of the problem of coping with swelling soils. The predominate type of aggregate used in bases and subbases is a native bank gravel, or terrace gravels, rather than quarried commercial aggregates. Though drainage is important, on extensively wide paved sections the primary emphasis must be placed on the prevention of the entry of water into the pavement section. It was agreed that the minus #200 material in base aggregates is detrimental, because it leads to a lack of drainage capability, the possibility of high pore pressures, and the formation of ice lenses. There was a need expressed for the design of roadways to provide for snow storage to insure that the subsequent melt would be properly taken care of. It was suggested that this pointed out the need for paved ditches to insure that snowmelt water would not percolate faster than it would run off. Surface sealing was discussed, but it became apparent that there is a need to know more about the actual permeabilities of the materials used beneath the pavement surfaces and in drainage systems. It was agreed that the advantages of free-draining bases outweigh the disadvantages by far. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Gravel KW - Highway design KW - Idaho KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Road shoulders KW - Rocky Mountain States KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Shortages KW - Snowmelt KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Subballast KW - Subdrains KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Water KW - Workshops KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652720 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792295 AU - Sayre, C A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SURFACE SEALING--DENVER, COLORADO PY - 1973 SP - p. 384-386 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on surface sealing held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Denver, Colorado. Kansas has a very intense crack-sealing program underway on their highways using a cationic emulsion. Texas does some crack-sealing, but they tend to lean toward seal coats and overlays to seal pavement cracks. Colorado has used a method where a coat of emulsion is sprayed on the roadway surface and a motor grader with a rubber squeegee attached to the grader blade spreads the emulsion back and forth across the roadway, forcing it into the cracks. New Mexico has tried using a combination of CRS-1 emulsion and approximately 10% rubberized-latex additive. In the southeast portion of New Mexico, an asphalt hot-mix of crusher fines and 120-150 penetration asphalt cement is worked back and forth across the roadway and rolled at the same time, forcing it into the surface cracks. The most general method of crack sealing in New Mexico is that of filling the crack with an MC type asphalt and blotting it with sand or other fine material. Various methods of surface sealing were discussed, including the heater-scarifier method of rejuvenating old asphalt pavements ahead of an asphalt hot-mix overlay. The use of ground rubber in asphalt used in chip sealing was briefly discussed. None of the states were using a slurry seal. However, most states have been using cat-blown asphalt for shoulder sealing and problem areas. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Chip seals KW - Colorado KW - Graders KW - Heaters KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Kansas KW - New Mexico KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Scarifying KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Slurry seals KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texas KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652722 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792282 AU - Moore, L H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON DRAINAGE MATERIALS--PORTLAND, OREGON PY - 1973 SP - p. 330-332 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on drainage materials held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Portland, Oregon. Washington uses two types of gradations in their underdrain filter materials: a coarse material varying from 0.75 in. (1.9 cm) to #4 size used in there interception of high-volume flow conditions, and a fine aggregate with a gradation similar to concrete sand used in draining fine-grained soils where low flow volumes are anticipated. Perforated, corrugated, metal pipe is most commonly used as underdrain pipe in all states. Other kinds of underdrain pipe used are aluminum, porous concrete, and slotted plastic pipe. It was generally agreed that the slotted plastic pipe could have an economic advantage and should be considered because of this factor. The Province of British Columbia has used filter cloth to aid in groundwater interception in fine-grained materials that are subject to piping. Alaska insulates their underdrain pipe by placing polystyrene boards completely around the pipe. A similar treatment is also used on many culvert installations. There was general agreement that there are two major problems with regard to drainage materials: the permeability of underdrain filter materials, and the cost of quality drainage materials. New methods that should be tried more extensively in demonstration projects include Aquadrain, slotted plastic pipe, filter cloths to either wrap the pipe or line the trench, and prefabricated underdrain. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Alaska KW - Aluminum KW - British Columbia KW - California KW - Canada KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pipe KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Costs KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Filter drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Fine aggregates KW - Frost KW - Groundwater KW - Insulating materials KW - Materials KW - Metal pipe KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - Permeability KW - Plastic pipe KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - United States KW - Washington (State) KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652709 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792287 AU - Warburton, R G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN WYOMING--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 351-354 AB - This paper outlines state-of-the-practice in Wyoming with regard to protecting pavements from excessive moisture. In the arid climate of Wyoming, with deep-seated water table conditions, it is not an impossible attempt to catch surface water. The plant-mix wearing course is an open-graded asphalt mix, that when properly designed and constructed serves several important purposes: it provides an excellent skid-resistant surface, it provides an internal drainage system to remove surface water in a lateral direction, it provides a seal for the underlying surfacing materials, and it provides a quiet smooth-riding surface section. Wyoming's specifications require that 75% of the aggregate (by weight) retained on the #4 sieve have at least one fractured face and have a maximum wear-grading of 35. A special gradation on construction plans limits the percent passing the #8 sieve to a maximum of 25%. Asphalt mixes are evaluated by the Marshall stability method in conjunction with immersion-compression ratios. Wyoming's plant-mix contains 1.5-4% total air voids, but the plant-mix wearing course contains from 6% to at least 10% total air voids. Immersion-compression ratio gives the most valuable and reliable results when evaluating the effects of water in paving materials. The state's primary deterrent for water in pavement section is a plant-mix wearing course that is a highly asphalted mix. It is intended that the excess asphalt drain down and help to seal off the underlying paving materials. Wyoming's primary concern with regard to rigid pavements is to protect the subgrade soils from water intrusion, particularly swelling soils, with such things as drainage, asphalt membranes, and sealing shoulders. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compression tests KW - Drainage KW - Immersion tests KW - Marshall test KW - Moisture barriers KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Plant mix KW - Ratios KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - State of the practice KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Swelling soils KW - Water KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652714 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792289 AU - Egger, F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN COLORADO--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 359-363 AB - This paper outlines state-of-the-practice in Colorado with regard to pavement drainage systems. When the need for underdrain is known during preliminary design, the project plans specify the size of the perforated pipe and location of the underdrain. Colorado does not use drainage layers under pavements. All subsurface paving materials require at least 5% -22 material, so they can not be classified as free-draining material. These materials will hold the water over the subgrade, and this becomes a problem when these aggregates hold the water over a swelling soil. In order to try to cope with the problem, the state uses catalytically blown asphalt membranes through cut areas in expansive clays and shales. Gradation of filter materials is set up in standard specifications. Three specified materials range from rather permeable to a coarse concrete sand with a lower permeability. A typical pipe installation has 3 in. (7.6 cm) of filter material beneath the pipe, the perforations are down, and there is 3 ft (0.9 m) of material above the pipe. This filter material is then covered with building paper, plastic sheeting, loose straw, or an acceptable equivalent. Several methods are used to seal water out of subgrade materials, including the use of full-depth asphalt pavement and asphalt shoulders. Colorado has severe frost-heave problems in the mountainous areas, but no special aggregate is used to prevent this problem. Two styrofoam test sections have been installed. The state is also experimenting with a bituminous base, instead of an aggregate base, to partially prevent this frost-heave problem. Colorado experiences significant infiltration of snowmelt water into the pavement structure and subgrade. In most cases, ditch sections are not deep enough to drain the water away from the pavement structure. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous bases KW - Colorado KW - Ditches KW - Drain pipe KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Filters KW - Frost heaving KW - Highways KW - Impervious membranes KW - Infiltration KW - Insulating materials KW - Moisture barriers KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Snowmelt KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652716 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792281 AU - Schwarzhoff, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS--PORTLAND, OREGON PY - 1973 SP - p. 327-329 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on flexible pavements held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Portland, Oregon. Participants recognized that water goes through pavements; with time and service, this infiltration process seems to accelerate. The presence of free water within the road structure has some damaging effects on structural properties, but the most damaging effect is the generation of excess hydrostatic forces. Present designs are still primarily aimed at making the pavement structure impervious. Heavier sections are being designed than would be required if structural drainage were employed. The decision to employ structural drainage, when subsurface drains are not required, should be primarily one of economics. At this point, designers should be looking at some refinements that could reduce the cost of pavement drainage, because most people are starting to feel that drainage is the necessary step to longer pavement life. Structural drainage of lower cost roads should be looked at from two viewpoints: take advantage of interceptor drains when available for road structure drainage, and examine the use of open-graded layers in light of structural drainage requirements. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Costs KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Flexible pavements KW - Free water KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Impervious materials KW - Infiltration KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Service life KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652708 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792288 AU - Sherman, W F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN WYOMING--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 355-358 AB - This paper outlines state-of-the-practice in Wyoming with regard to pavement drainage systems. The purpose of using underdrains in Wyoming is two-fold: to increase the stability of the subgrade and to protect the stability of the subgrade materials from groundwater. The primary problem, with regard to source of water and site conditions in Wyoming, is related to agricultural irrigation. A secondary problem results from areas that are swampy or boggy from natural springs or where flood plains exist along major drainages with a high water table directly related to the natural stream flow. Three examples are cited that concern themselves with increasing the stability of the subgrade. Solutions usually involve underdrains placed below the shoulders of the road on either side, depending on the direction of the groundwater flow. Inasmuch as the solution is primarily cutting off the source of water, it can sometimes be accomplished by deepening the roadside ditch rather than installing drains. French drains are used on occasion, with installation usually restricted to mountainous areas. Drainage blankets are used, but not extensively. Impermeable blankets have been used to prevent seepage or flow across drain gravel. Drainage facilities are not maintenance free, and the cleaning of outlet structures and occasional backflushing is critical. Experience dictates that drains that are not functioning properly are either incorrectly located or constructed of materials of inadequate permeability for the drain gravel. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aquifers KW - Ditches KW - Drain pipe KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Flood plains KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Irrigation KW - Location KW - Maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Road shoulders KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Water KW - Water table KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652715 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792284 AU - Gregg, C J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON MISCELLANEOUS DRAINAGE CONSIDERATIONS--PORTLAND, OREGON PY - 1973 SP - p. 335-336 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on miscellaneous drainage considerations held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Portland, Oregon. All states had similar geometric requirements and specifications on slopes and grades. There was considerable discussion on frost affects on pavements. Washington uses a 10-in. (25.4-cm) slotted pipe on the upper side of a section of superelevated curve to carry away snowmelt water. The state has established frost depths for their geographic areas, and each project is handled on an individual basis. Alaska uses moss, brush, and other natural materials, in addition to manufactured insulation products, to prevent thawing of their subgrades. Oregon designs to half-of-the-frost-depth with free-draining materials in their frost areas. All states agreed that it is virtually impossible to prevent water from entering the pavement section and that more effort should be put into designing, constructing, and maintaining better drainage facilities. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Alaska KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Frost action KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Highway grades KW - Insulating materials KW - Maintenance KW - Oregon KW - Pavements KW - Slopes KW - Snowmelt KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Superelevation KW - Washington (State) KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652711 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792285 AU - Gedney, D S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE AFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES ON DRAINAGE PY - 1973 SP - p. 337-346 AB - Construction and maintenance practices that affect the performance of drainage systems include contamination of drainage aggregate through dust and mud from construction equipment or poor surface drainage during construction, tack coats, landscaping, equipment damage to pipe outlets, mowing, cleaning, marking, erosion control, snow removal, and flushing. The location of all drainage systems and outlets must be known by all parties. Materials leading from the pavement surface to the pipe underdrain must be permeable enough to assure that the water is not inhibited on its way to the pipe. Edge drains should be placed adjacent to the traveled way--under the shoulder--with the permeable bases or subbases connected to the porous material in the drainage trench. Cutslopes do not get enough attention with regard to drainage system installation. Materials for slope protection blankets must be very porous, and a pipe must be included in the system. A real concern to the construction engineer is when bathtub sections are designed in places where they need not be. The experience record with French drains leaves much to be desired. Drainage systems must be designed that are efficient enough and have enough long-term integrity that they will be able to be placed at shallower depths. Many drainage systems become clogged because someone was trying to avoid installing a more complicated system than a one-stage filter between the soil and the perforated pipe. Caution should be exercised when installing a system in an area where groundwater will be highly acidic or highly chemically reactive with materials. The control of water in the transition area between cut and fill sections is highly important. Not enough emphasis has been placed on the quality control of permeable materials. Drainage of pavements is the responsibility of highway planners, designers, construction personnel, and maintenance personnel. It is necessary, therefore, that lines of communication be established to provide necessary feedback to all. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Communications KW - Construction and maintenance KW - Contaminants KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Edge drains KW - Erosion control KW - Filters KW - Flushing KW - Groundwater KW - Highway maintenance KW - Landscaping KW - Mowing KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Permeability KW - Pipe KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Road shoulders KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Snow removal KW - Subdrains KW - Tack coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652712 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792290 AU - CARROLL, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN WYOMING--PART III PY - 1973 SP - p. 364-369 AB - With regard to the effect of highway geometrics and their relationship to keeping the pavement section dry, the Wyoming Highway Department gives the typical considerations to the design of its roadway systems. The constant slope of the interstate surfacing sections, as well as the crown of the two-lane facilities, are built into the subgrade. This allows for some drainage of surface-derived moisture from the surface of the subgrade, especially with the heavier soils where drainage is important. Wyoming's interstate system also makes use of median drains on vertical curves. The state has had problems with wide cracks between the concrete pavement and the asphalt shoulders on its interstate system. They now use a battered edge on the concrete slab, rather than the typical vertical edge. Small areas of poor materials are subexcavated and backfilled with a nonswelling impermeable soil. The new geometric design involving safety sections has created a new problem in the elimination of surface runoff water. The flat 8:1 safety shoulder does not promote rapid runoff. The problem is further compounded by snow removal operations. The chip seal is used in Wyoming extensively on all roads except interstates. Fog seal is used sparingly, because excessive amounts do cause slick roads. Prior to overlaying, it is important to seal cracks. Regardless of what type of surface seal is applied, water will eventually penetrate the surface. Therefore, protection of the subgrade is warranted. Moisture-density control in the cut sections is an excellent method of reducing swelling problems caused by the intrusion of water. A second method of protecting the swelling-type subgrade is the application of a catalytically blown asphalt. The use of a regional factor in the surfacing thickness design provides some relief in water and frost problems. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt KW - Backfilling KW - Chip seals KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drains KW - Frost action KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highway grades KW - Highways KW - Interstate highways KW - Medians KW - Moisture barriers KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Plant mix KW - Road shoulders KW - Runoff KW - State of the practice KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Water KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652717 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792283 AU - Kemph, D E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SURFACE SEALING--PORTLAND, OREGON PY - 1973 SP - p. 333-334 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on surface sealing held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Portland, Oregon. Although the session started with a discussion of crack sealing, it was agreed that this practice is strictly a remedial measure. All states reported using transverse brooming on portland cement concrete (PCC), with Washington and California reporting that they have used longitudinal brooming. All states reported some success with chip seals. The most effective use of chip seals was on rural roads. Nonskid treatments are not effective in restoring pavements, but they do help seal the pavement. Pumping and cracking of pavements can be avoided by proper subbase drainage. Sealing cracks from the top is not effective; a good joint sealer is simply not available. More consideration should be given to the use of open-graded asphalt concrete pavement as a base for PCC. Slurry seals appear to be a thing of the past inasmuch as no one had consistent success with them. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Brooming KW - California KW - Chip seals KW - Drainage KW - Joint sealers KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Skid resistance KW - Slurry seals KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface treating KW - Washington (State) KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652710 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792286 AU - Whalin, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN COLORADO--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 347-350 AB - This paper outlines Colorado's laboratory pavement design procedure as it relates to moisture susceptible aggregates and protecting the subgrade from the intrusion of moisture through the pavement. The state's flexible pavement design procedure is a modification of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1561, which is the molding of stabilometer test specimens using the kneeding compactor, a modification of ASTM 1562, which addresses itself to the testing of the molded specimens in the stabilometer and the cohesiometer, and modifications of ASTM D1074 and D1075, which respectively are the compressive strength of bituminous mixtures and the effect of water on cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures. Other standard tests run include the centrifuge-kerosene equivalent procedure for the estimated optimum asphalt content and the maximum specific gravity of the loose bituminous mixture. Three common methods are used for upgrading moisture sensitive aggregates to meet the criterion of index of retained strength: using a no-strip type additive in the asphalt, adding hydrated lime with moisture into the stockpiled aggregate, and adding dry hydrated lime to the hot aggregate. Colorado uses catalytically blown asphalt membranes through cuts of swelling shale. The state has also been using more full-depth asphalt pavements directly on subgrade soils. The use of emulsified-asphalt-treated base is common, both in the fine sands and in the typical minus 0.75-in. (1.9-cm) aggregate. To protect the surface of the finished pavements from the intrusion of water, they use open-graded and medium-graded plant-mix seal coats. They use some chip-seal coats--mostly rubberized reinforced concrete liquid asphalts. They also use rejuvenating agents on both new and old pavements. The only treatment directed at inhibiting the intrusion of moisture into the subgrade of rigid pavements is the use of emulsified-treated bases. Colorado's emphasis is on good geometric design, good quality concrete, and proper finishing and curing of concrete. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt additives KW - ASTM International KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Chip seals KW - Colorado KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete finishing KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Geometric design KW - Impervious membranes KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Moisture barriers KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - Plant mix KW - Quality assurance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Seal coats KW - State of the practice KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652713 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792268 AU - Stanfield, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS--DES MOINES, IOWA PY - 1973 SP - p. 265-266 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on flexible pavements held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Des Moines, Iowa. Of the 10 states represented in the session, none of them design and install subsurface drainage systems in their flexible pavements as a matter of routine. Rather, subsurface drainage systems are designed and installed to handle specific problems that are identified during the soil survey or during construction. Materials used as filter aggregate range from pit-run sand to a graded aggregate. Concrete sand has wide use as a filter material. Several states are using plastic filter cloth in conjunction with some type of filter aggregate on a trial basis. Most of the states have experienced problems resulting from outlets freezing or being broken during maintenance operations. The criteria used by the various states for the design of flexible pavement overlays ranges from experience and the funds available to the use of deflection measurement devices, such as the Benkelman Beam. The session closed with a short discussion on the use of pavement skid testing units. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Embankments KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maintenance KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavements KW - Plastics KW - Sand KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Subdrains KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652695 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792269 AU - Coleman, T A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON DRAINAGE MATERIALS--DES MOINES, IOWA PY - 1973 SP - p. 267-270 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on drainage materials held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Des Moines, Iowa. Iowa uses a base of dense-graded bituminous-stabilized aggregate that is able to endure the presence of water and is more economical than a drained pavement structure. They selectively grade for frost heave problems. Nebraska uses a cement-treated 3-in. (7.6-cm) base when average daily traffic exceeds 2,700. For lighter traffic, an untreated 4-in. (10-cm) granular base is specified. Indiana specifies a dense-graded bituminous-stabilized 4-in. (10-cm) base. Illinois specifies a dense-graded asphalt-stabilized base for all flexible pavements, and a similar material is constructed as a subbase material for both rigid and flexible pavements. North Dakota constructs a dense-graded asphalt-stabilized base beneath their pavements. Ohio uses 6 in. (15 cm) of granular material under their rigid pavements, in conjunction with an edge drain system. Michigan specifies a 10-in. (25.4-cm) sand subbase in addition to a 4-in. (10-cm) gravel base beneath rigid pavements. The subbase is daylighted to the slope. North Dakota uses both 6-in. (15-cm) and 8-in. (20-cm) perforated, corrugated, metal pipe (PCMP), with sand or gravel filter material surrounding the pipe. Missouri specifies either steel or aluminum pipe, screening the outfall end. PCMP is the primary specification in Iowa, with the filter material placed around the pipe being well-graded. Concrete is the most popular type of pipe used in Ohio. The typical installation in Nebraska is a concrete sand filter surrounding PCMP. Michigan uses an 18 in. (46 cm) wide trench, 5 ft (1.5 m) deep. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Average daily traffic KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Cement treated soils KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Daylighting KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Edge drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frost heaving KW - Granular bases KW - Illinois KW - Indiana KW - Iowa KW - Metal pipe KW - Michigan KW - Missouri KW - Nebraska KW - North Dakota KW - Ohio KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - Pipe KW - Rigid pavements KW - Stabilized materials KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subbase materials KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652696 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792272 AU - Smith, T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES PY - 1973 SP - p. 276-290 AB - This paper outlines construction and maintenance practices that are important in addressing problems related to water in pavements. Drainage facilities should not be deleted if data indicate that groundwater could be a problem, even if water is not encountered during construction. Conversely, if unanticipated water is encountered during construction, it must not be ignored. When designing a complicated grade and alignment combination, it is not unusual to get into a situation of building in an area that does not drain as the designer anticipated. It is also possible that a change order changes surface or subsurface drainage in a way that makes the planned drainage installation obsolete or inoperable. Other problems in construction include crushed pipes and discontinuities in the pipe in the final drainage facility. Surface and shoulder materials should be designed to inhibit the percolation of surface water through them into the pavement or shoulder-subsurface sections. A diary, in effect over a long period of time, documenting the performance of an underdrain system, may be the only method of noting evolving changes in an installation. Such documentation of observations should include performance of drain outlets and evidence of seepage. Evidence of pavement cracking and any other evidence of pavement distress should also be documented. Repairs taken care of by maintenance should include the following items: cleaning of outlets, cleaning of ditches, making sure that water is not permitted to pond in ditches following cleaning, cleaning of horizontal drains, adding appropriate underdrains and horizontal drains, adding sections of permeable blankets beneath pavement surfacing, replacing or repairing permeable blankets that are not functioning properly, placing of seal coats, sealing cracks, treating medians, and adding overlays, thin drainage blankets, or additional paving. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Design KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage structures KW - Groundwater KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway maintenance KW - Horizontal drains KW - Infiltration KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Pipe KW - Problem solving KW - Road construction KW - Road shoulders KW - Seal coats KW - Seepage control KW - Subdrains KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652699 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792279 AU - Kemph, D E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SUBDRAINAGE--PORTLAND, OREGON PY - 1973 SP - p. 320-321 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on subdrainage held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Portland, Oregon. All agencies represented in the session are using underdrains and horizontal drains of some nature with varying degrees of magnitude and varying degrees of success. There is minimum usage of perforated metal pipe in conjunction with filter cloth. Most agencies have developed a standard with regard to the conditions of placement of underdrain systems. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements concerning shoring and cribbing of excavations were discussed extensively. Most states would be greatly affected by more stringent regulations on the part of OSHA. It was agreed that more consideration should be given to the maintenance of drainage systems than has been given in the past. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Economics KW - Excavations KW - Filter fabric KW - Horizontal drains KW - Maintenance KW - Metal pipe KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - Regulations KW - Shoring KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage KW - U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652706 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792271 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON MISCELLANEOUS DRAINAGE CONSIDERATIONS--DES MOINES, IOWA PY - 1973 SP - p. 273-275 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on miscellaneous drainage considerations held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Des Moines, Iowa. Participants first discussed the two aspects of geometric effects on drainage: cross-sectional factors and vertical alignment. Several states have increased their cross-slope on high-type pavement surfaces from 1/8 in./ft (1.04 cm/m) to 3/16 in./ft (1.56 cm/m), and they have increased their shoulder slopes to 5/8 in./ft (5.2 cm/m) to facilitate the rapid removal of surface water. Deeper ditches were beneficial in lowering some near-surface water tables, providing effective snow removal, preventing the reverse flow of water into underdrainage systems, and providing borrow material to raise centerline grades. Most northern states remove identified frost susceptible materials and replace them with granular materials during construction. Foam insulation has been used successfully in some areas, but surface icing can be a problem during certain climatic conditions. Good shoulders help in pavement performance and are considered necessary for decreasing the effects of surface water infiltration into the pavement system. Full-depth asphalt and tied concrete shoulders are generally performing well. It was agreed that there is much qualitative thought given to the overall design of pavement drainage systems, but often times designers are lacking the quantitative factors needed in design. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Alignment KW - Center lines KW - Climate KW - Cross sections KW - Depth KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Foamed materials KW - Frost action KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Granular soils KW - Highway grades KW - Highways KW - Icing KW - Infiltration KW - Insulating materials KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Slopes KW - Snow removal KW - Subdrains KW - Water KW - Water table KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652698 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792273 AU - Forsyth, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN CALIFORNIA--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 291-298 AB - This paper outlines state-of-the-practice for pavement drainage in California. California's most common method of subdrainage--underdrains--is a trench, backfilled with permeable materials, and a perforated collector pipe. It is usually installed at the toes of cuts, or transversely at the downhill end of a cut to intercept water that could go into an embankment foundation. An underdrain in conjunction with a permeable blanket is an effective, positive method of coping with subsurface water if the installation is below the adjacent area water table. The system is also somewhat expensive. Widely used in Northern California, a stabilization trench is usually installed in a cut and sliver-fill combination and is bedded in competent material. Stab trenches can be designed based on the location of the water; the configuration can be longitudinal or transverse. An effective application of a stab trench is building a sidehill fill over old slide debris. Horizontal drains are used to dewater wet cuts, and in some cases they are placed at the base of fills. Asphalt-treated-permeable systems are extremely positive in terms of cost per unit of drainage capacity. They are many more times effective than the conventional single-layer, permeable drainage blanket. Because the top is so permeable with 1-2% asphalt, it usually requires another sublayer for filtration. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt pavements KW - California KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Groundwater KW - Horizontal drains KW - Infiltration KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Pipe KW - State of the practice KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Trench backfill KW - Trenches KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652700 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792275 AU - Schwarzhoff, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAINAGE PRACTICES IN REGION 6 OF THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE PY - 1973 SP - p. 302-306 AB - The state-of-the-practice with regard to drainage considerations in the U.S. Forest Service is influenced greatly by the state highway departments. Drains are not used in the structural sections of Forest Service roads. Roads are designed with dense-graded bases supporting the pavement structure. A number of paved roads have been built with open-graded materials in the last 3 years. The primary drainage consideration limitations are that they require special procedures whenever the groundwater level is within 3 ft. (0.9 m) of the subgrade, and where frost penetration is greater than 10 in. (25.4 cm) and the soils are frost susceptible. Subsurface drainage is required when groundwater existing in or entering the roadway cannot be intercepted or removed by side ditches. Three kinds of subsurface drainage systems are used: pipe underdrains that normally consist of a narrow trench with perforated pipe and backfilled with a filter material, drilled drains in which perforated metal or plastic pipes are either drilled into the material to be drained or are placed into predrilled holes, and French drains consisting of trenches filled with porous backfill material. Pipe underdrains, more often than not, require more than a single filter material to stop the migration of fine materials from the silt. Drilled drain installations present two problems: getting the water to the drain pipe in fine-grained material and keeping the fine-grained material from plugging the drain system. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Ditches KW - Drainage practices KW - Drains KW - Filter drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Groundwater KW - Highway design KW - Infiltration KW - Metal pipe KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Perforated pipe KW - Plastic pipe KW - Plugging KW - Seepage control KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Trench backfill KW - Trenches KW - U.S. Forest Service KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652702 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792277 AU - Gregg, C J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN OREGON--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 314-315 AB - A variety of pipe sizes, both concrete and metal, are used for subsurface drainage in Oregon. Concrete pipe use is allowed only in fully stabilized areas. The most frequent use is in subgrade cutoff trenches and behind retaining walls. In areas of embankment foundation instability, only steel pipe is used because of its resistance to disjointing and because of higher crushing strength. Both aluminum and steel pipe are used in subgrade stabilization in cuts, such as for herringbone and longitudinal drains. The state's present policy is that all metal drain pipe be coated. Only one size aggregate is used for special backfill material. Sand blankets have been used to protect the aggregate base from infiltration of the soil subgrade. Lime-treated subgrade is used quite extensively where the soils are reactive. In frost areas, the total structural section is equal to at least one-half the depth of frost penetration. A number of projects have been constructed in the last 6-7 years using base and subbase treatments in full depth. The results have been very favorable in comparison with untreated materials. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Aluminum KW - Backfill soils KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Coatings KW - Concrete pipe KW - Drain pipe KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage practices KW - Drains KW - Embankment foundations KW - Instability KW - Metal pipe KW - Oregon KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Retaining walls KW - Sand KW - Slope stability KW - State of the practice KW - Steel pipe KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Trenches KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652704 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792266 AU - Laughter, C N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SUBDRAINAGE--DES MOINES, IOWA PY - 1973 SP - p. 257-260 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on subdrainage held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Des Moines, Iowa. It was decided to include any system draining soil water in the discussion, while at the same time excluding vertical sand drains, well-point systems, pilot trenches, or similar installations. Pavement drainage is designed to intercept seepage and to bleed off water from precipitation. States use underdrains to implement pavement system drainage, to stabilize backslopes, and as toe drains for embankments that also impound water. Six-inch (15-cm) perforated metal pipe is the most widely used type of pipe in underdrains. Other materials used include concrete, polyethylene, and filter cloth with rock. Nominal depths of underdrains appear to be about 4 ft (1.2 m), but exceptions are made to get below frost, to meet pavement base or subbase layers, and to get below shallow seepage zones. Concrete sand is used most often for backfill of drainage structures. Filter cloth, while still a comparative newcomer, appears to be coming into wide usage. It was agreed that mineral build-up, damage from mowers or other equipment, silting, and rodent nests all have to be recognized as maintenance program problems. In some states, soils personnel locate drains on plans; while in others, the soils people show a general area and need, with designers placing drains on the plans. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Backfill soils KW - Concrete KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Embankments KW - Filter fabric KW - Frost KW - Maintenance KW - Metal pipe KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - Rainfall KW - Sand KW - Seepage control KW - Slope stability KW - Soil tests KW - Soil water KW - Subdrains KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652693 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792267 AU - Benson, G R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON RIGID PAVEMENTS--DES MOINES, IOWA PY - 1973 SP - p. 261-264 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on rigid pavements held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Des Moines, Iowa. It was agreed that economics and its total impact on original construction, maintenance, and pavement life should be the criteria for acceptance of any underdrain design. Iowa reported that underdrainage was only employed to remove water entering the system from the subgrade, their intent being to design a pavement structure sufficiently durable to offset the effects of roof leakage. Illinois employs underdrains on both sides of the pavement; the drains are positioned below the outside edge of the subbase at a depth of approximately 2 ft (0.6 m). Indiana follows practices similar to Illinois, but drains are placed at a depth of 4 ft (1.2 m) below crown. Ohio reported that they have experienced water coming up through cracks and center joints where they have employed continuous concrete over stabilized subbase without a drainage provision. In the case of jointed pavement, granular subbase and edge drains are used throughout the pavement length. Michigan employs a granular subbase, which is daylighted in both ditches. South Dakota provides for subdrainage when subgrade drainage into the pavement system is anticipated, but does not provide for drainage of roof leakage. Nebraska has not employed special drainage treatment unless a localized problem was encountered. Missouri has only occasionally employed underdrains, and then for rectification of specific subgrade drainage problems. Wisconsin employs a granular base daylighted in both ditch slopes to accommodate roof leakage. It was agreed that because the states typically treat frost prone soils individually, often by removal and replacement, the remaining big drainage problem was pumping. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Daylighting KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Economics KW - Edge drains KW - Frost heaving KW - Illinois KW - Indiana KW - Iowa KW - Michigan KW - Missouri KW - Nebraska KW - Ohio KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Seepage control KW - South Dakota KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Water KW - Wisconsin KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652694 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792270 AU - Schroeder, C J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SURFACE SEALING--DES MOINES, IOWA PY - 1973 SP - p. 271-272 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on surface sealing held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Des Moines, Iowa. Although a major portion of the surface sealing represented in the session was from a maintenance (after-the-fact) perspective, some surface sealing is being accomplished on new construction. The surface sealing was primarily being practiced in connection with stage construction. The filling of cracks between the traveled way and shoulders was discussed, and all of the states had some type of a maintenance program in this area. Most asphalt surface courses are designed as dense-graded mixes, which yields relatively poor quality pavements with regard to skid resistance considerations. It may be possible, in the future, to use open-graded asphalt mixes as surface courses, which would give excellent drainage and high skid resistance. However, some type of drainage blanket beneath the surface course would then have to be provided. All states had a problem with the design, construction, and maintenance of expansion joints at bridge approaches. Maintenance of joints due to D-cracking aggregate varied from state to state. At least two states use linseed oil treatment of concrete pavements as protection against deicing chemicals. A short discussion was held on the membranes to waterproof bridge decks. All participants agreed that experience to date has not been good and that additional research is needed. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway maintenance KW - Linseed oil KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Road construction KW - Road shoulders KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652697 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792274 AU - Gregg, C J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN OREGON--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 299-301 AB - This paper outlines state-of-the-practice for pavement drainage in Oregon. Subsurface drainage practices in Oregon follow two approaches, and application is frequently a combination of these depending on circumstances. The first and probably oldest approach has been to intercept groundwater flow before it reaches the roadway substructure. An evolutional off-shoot of slope stabilization practices, it consists usually of placing longitudinal drains under either the ditch line or shoulder line at varying depths. The second or current practice emphasizes draining the surfacing as well as interception. While placement within the shoulder area usually presumes the drain's primary purpose to be surfacing drainage, some interception benefit is assumed in the case of an uncurbed section. This is not so with the trenched or curbed roadway. In this instance, were intrusive groundwater is anticipated, additional interceptors are usually placed several feet outside of, and parallel with, the curb. The use of inlet subgrade drains has generally proven adequate for urban facilities having flat gradients and curves and minimal subsurface drainage considerations. Transverse cut-off trenches with perforated pipes are used to intercept longitudinal flow, and longitudinal perforated drains are employed in the inside edge of curves, sags, and other areas subject to concentration. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Curbs KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Oregon KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - Permeability KW - Road shoulders KW - Slope stability KW - State of the practice KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652701 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792280 AU - Versteeg, J H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON RIGID PAVEMENTS--PORTLAND, OREGON PY - 1973 SP - p. 322-326 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on rigid pavements held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Portland, Oregon. The session focused on freeway construction and the drainage of concrete pavements in freeway construction. California primarily constructs nonreinforced concrete pavement without any tie bars. Portland cement concrete (PCC) is placed on a cement-treated base. Washington constructs nonreinforced concrete paving, but they do use tie bars at the longitudinal crack. They place their PCC pavements on an asphalt-treated base. Oregon uses a fully reinforced PCC pavement with transverse steel in the traveled lanes, but no tie bar at the longitudinal crack. PCC is placed on an asphalt-treated base. All three types of construction allow the intrusion of surface water through the longitudinal and transverse joints, in both the reinforced and nonreinforced sections. The use of longitudinal and transverse subgrade drains in the design phase of these pavements are normally limited to those locations that are identified during the early soil investigations, where trouble was anticipated. Additional subgrade drains are added during construction, based on the soil and groundwater conditions found and on engineering judgment. Sand blankets provide drainage and cut down the infiltration of the fine clay particles into the bottom portions of the joints. Participants unanimously agreed that joint sealing of PCC pavement is a serious problem. The infiltration of moisture to swelling clay subgrades is also difficult to cope with. Landscaping practices create difficult problems in keeping the pavement section at a stable moisture condition. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California KW - Cement treated soils KW - Center lines KW - Clay soils KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Freeways KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Joint sealing KW - Landscaping KW - Maintenance KW - Oregon KW - Pavement joints KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road construction KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Tie bars KW - Transverse cracking KW - Washington (State) KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652707 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792276 AU - Forsyth, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN CALIFORNIA--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 307-313 AB - The California Division of Highways now has three specifications for permeable materials, which gives the resident engineer a reasonably wide range of choice to drain a particular material in the field. Fine sands and silts are dangerous insofar as infiltration or clogging is concerned. Two test procedures are used in the evaluation of which of the permeable filter materials will be used to drain a particular native soil: the gradation analysis and the bar lineal shrinkage test. It is difficult to consistently come up with good material that has the desirable permeability and the ability to inhibit infiltration. California is in the process of evaluating a new product called Aquadrain. It is composed of a 5/8 in. (1.6 cm) polyethylene pipe in the center, surrounded by an inert expanded vermiculite and encased in a plastic foam envelope. The plastic foam envelope acts as a filter cloth, and the vermiculite acts as a permeable filter. As traditional materials and methods become more costly and harder-to-get, it is recommended that new materials and methods be sought and evaluated. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - California KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Filters KW - Foamed materials KW - Materials KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Plastic pipe KW - Sand KW - Silts KW - Soil tests KW - State of the practice KW - Vermiculite KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652703 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792278 AU - Koehmstedt, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF ASPHALT STRIPPING USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY PY - 1973 SP - p. 316-319 AB - A research laboratory designing underground sealing systems for nuclear waste areas has found the primary candidate for this sealing to be an asphalt emulsion. It appears that the study may have application to the use of asphalt in highways, particularly with regard to the debonding of aggregates (or stripping). As a result, the laboratory is cooperating with a study addressing the visual and mechanical measurements of this debonding. The visual portion of the study is being accomplished with the use of a scanning electron microscope. Two aggregates--one aggregate from an area in Idaho and a basalt aggregate from the Richland area--were precoated with a cationic asphalt emulsion. The precoated aggregates performed much better. This paper contains the narration to go along with nine slides presenting what one might see on the resulting micrographs. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Basalt coarse aggregates KW - Electron microscopy KW - Highways KW - Pavement cracking KW - Precoated aggregates KW - Research projects KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652705 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792259 AU - Greene, W B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SURFACE SEALING--ALBANY, NEW YORK PY - 1973 SP - p. 219-223 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on surface sealing held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Albany, New York. Participants discussed the sealing of concrete pavements, the sealing of flexible pavements, the sealing of bridge decks, the design of shoulders, and the resurfacing of flexible and rigid pavements. It was generally agreed that the neoprene joint sealers performed the best; although even they do not keep the water out, they do keep out the incompressibles. Slurry seals are satisfactory in taking care of random-type distressed cracking in old concrete pavement, but do not perform well in sealing joint cracks. States use a variety of shoulder designs. It was generally concluded that nonuniform support creates a problem and that if load transfer devices are used it only moves the problem out further. New York uses a 2.5-in. (6.35-cm) overlay to resurface asphalt-type pavements. Maryland uses a single or double surface treatment (stone and chips) to resurface old concrete pavement, prior to putting on any bituminous concrete. The New York State Thruway Authority saws joints in asphaltic concrete overlay when it is placed over rigid pavement. The Triborough Bridge Authority has had excellent results with bridge decks using an asbestos type plant-mix material. It is recommended that maintenance be involved when investigating pavement failures. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Flexible pavements KW - Joint sealers KW - Maryland KW - Massachusetts KW - Neoprene KW - New York (State) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Plant mix KW - Resurfacing KW - Rhode Island KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Seal coating KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Slurry seals KW - West Virginia KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652686 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792261 AU - Anderson, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN IOWA--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 227-231 AB - This paper presents state-of-the-practice for pavement drainage systems in Iowa. Iowa designs pavement structures with the goal of making the materials strong enough so they will not be susceptible to deterioration from water. The state's pavement drainage systems are primarily to control subsurface groundwater. They use 5-ft (1.5-m) ditches along rural highways and shoulder subdrains in tight right-of-way situations. When granular select soils are used in the subgrade, they are underdrained. For flexible pavement, designers strive for dense, high-asphalt content materials that have a high cohesive strength and a fairly low permeability so that they conduct fairly low amounts of water. The companion subgrades, in general, are designed to take the amounts of water that come to them. Rigid pavement design starts with a plain section of uniform thickness with 20-ft (6-m) joint spacing and no load transfer devices. When the traffic prediction indicates 500 trucks per day, load transfer dowels are added at the contraction joints. When anticipated traffic includes 1,000 trucks per day, a stabilized subbase is used. This reduces the pumping through the reduction in deflection of the thicker section; load transfer devices change the deflection characteristics at the joints. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Ditches KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Flexible pavements KW - Groundwater KW - Iowa KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Rural highways KW - State of the practice KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Truck traffic KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652688 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792257 AU - Dority, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS--ALBANY, NEW YORK PY - 1973 SP - p. 214-215 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on flexible pavements held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Albany, New York. Discussion concentrated on water that entered the pavement and base structure from the surface. Solutions to the problem centered on how to make the pavement surfaces waterproof. Temperature cracking must be expected, but must be kept to an acceptable level. Paved shoulders help keep surface water out of base courses, but the cost of paving shoulders tends to limit this procedure to high traffic-volume roadways. Bases and subbases currently used in the Northeast are poor draining. The New York Thruway reported very good experience with the use of shallow longitudinal shoulder drains as part of their repair and resurfacing program. Most states provide relief from free water in sag-vertical curves with either shoulder weepers or some type of finger drain. Some states provide bleeders to drain the base sections, while others are extending the base course to the inslopes. Loaming the inslopes reduces the value of the full-width sections by sealing the exposed base layers. Most Northeast states are using heavy base sections designed to reduce differential frost action. The insulation of roadways was discussed, with the primary discussion on the use of manufactured products to serve as the insulation material. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Edge drains KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Frost heaving KW - Highway curves KW - Infiltration KW - Insulating materials KW - Northeastern United States KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Slopes KW - State highway departments KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Water KW - Waterproofing KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652684 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792263 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF DRAINAGE RESEARCH PY - 1973 SP - p. 238-245 AB - This paper presents a brief overview of the research aspects of drainage. Haliburton at Oklahoma State has been involved in some work on moisture in subgrades. Chu at the University of South Carolina has also been working with subgrade moisture. Barenberg, at the University of Illinois, is working on an open-graded BAM for the rapid removal of water under pavements. Cedergren has been involved in the design of drainage systems. Many people in the soil science field have been looking into the soil water interrelationships. Positive research programs are needed in two areas: the prediction of moisture content in pavement systems and controlling moisture content in pavement systems. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Civil engineering KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Highways KW - Moisture content KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Research projects KW - Road shoulders KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil science KW - Soil water KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test tracks KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652690 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792258 AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON DRAINAGE MATERIALS--ALBANY, NEW YORK PY - 1973 SP - p. 216-218 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on drainage materials held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Albany, New York. Virtually all Northeast states use some sort of a pipe drain with a coarse material over the pipe. Typically, the coarse material is topped-off with concrete sand (generally relatively impervious), with the intention that the concrete sand act as a filter material. There was extensive discussion about the low permeability of filter materials. The particular function of each filter must be considered as a design problem. The major part of the discussion was with regard to what could or should be done about making bases or subbases more pervious. If an open-graded layer is used under pavements to get the water out of the pavements quickly, then the material must be stabilized because of its relative one-size grading. When compacting the material in the field, open-graded surface courses only require a couple of passes with a light roller. Gussaphalt--the material used to surface the Autobahn--was briefly discussed. It is essentially an impervious material, because it has zero air voids. It is four times as expensive as normal asphalt and can only be justified on very busy expressways. The life of Gussaphalt is supposed to be 15-20 years, without any maintenance. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Backfilling KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Durability KW - Filter drains KW - Filters KW - Impervious materials KW - Northeastern United States KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - Pervious soils KW - Pipe KW - Rollers KW - Service life KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Test tracks KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652685 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792260 AU - McGhee, K H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON MISCELLANEOUS DRAINAGE CONSIDERATIONS--ALBANY, NEW YORK PY - 1973 SP - p. 224-226 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on miscellaneous drainage considerations held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Albany, New York. Drainage of the lower portions of sag-vertical curves and on the low side of superelevated sections is critical; positive drainage must be provided. It was considered essential to have good soils and groundwater table data before grade lines are established for a particular roadway segment. The consensus of the group was that grades should always be well above the groundwater table, except when extreme topographic features dictate otherwise. The group expressed little interest in increasing cross-slopes, primarily because of practical construction problems foreseen by many. If higher drainage velocities are necessary, they should be obtained through the use of steeper longitudinal grades. New York design procedures, aimed primarily at avoiding differential frost heaving, were discussed. The group agreed that it was often impractical to completely eliminate frost heave and that the important thing is to achieve uniform support. The provision of impervious membranes and encapsulated layers was discussed. There were reports that styrofoam insulating layers are causing problems with differential icing. One of the miscellaneous items discussed was the caps on outlet pipes used in some of the cold climate areas. Daylighted bases are widely used in the Northeast. No extensive uses of open-graded bases were reported. Several states are beginning to use porous layers under shoulders. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Daylighting KW - Drain pipe KW - Drainage KW - Encapsulation KW - Frost heaving KW - Geometric design KW - Groundwater KW - Highway curves KW - Impervious membranes KW - Insulating materials KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Slopes KW - Soils KW - Superelevation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652687 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792262 AU - Benson, G R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN ILLINOIS--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 232-237 AB - This paper presents state-of-the-practice for pavement drainage systems in Illinois. In a typical pavement section, continuous pipe underdrains run down both sides of each pavement slab. Previously, concrete headwalls were used at the end of the outlet pipes; however, it was too expensive and too much trouble putting the wire screen in the ends to keep the animals out. French drains are now used at the end of outlets, but they are clogging. Frost penetrates in Northern Illinois to a depth of 54-60 in. (137-152 cm). This presents a problem because if drains are any deeper than 24 in. (61 cm), there is no place to which they can be drained. The state has a number of filter cloths they consider acceptable, but they do not use any one cloth all the time. The cloth allows designers to go to a rather open-graded material on the inside of drainage systems, while collecting a lot of water and moving it off in a hurry. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Backfill soils KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Frost KW - Groundwater KW - Illinois KW - Infiltration KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Plugging KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rainfall KW - Snowmelt KW - State of the practice KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Trenches KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652689 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792264 AU - Anderson, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN IOWA--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 246-248 AB - The Iowa Highway Department's specifications for subdrain pipe contain most of the commonly used perforated pipe. However, they primarily use 6-in. (15-cm) perforated, corrugated, metal pipe (PCMP), with the others being alternates if PCMP is not specified. Using this pipe through the years, they have found a problem at the outlet. The outlets tend to become crushed by mowing equipment and plugged by the debris that accumulates over them. When posts were used to identify the outlet location, the mowers would go around the post and leave the tall grass standing, which made the outlet invisible to the maintenance people. The maintenance of the outlets, therefore, left something to be desired. In order to get better maintenance of the outlets, they went to a 12-in. (30.5-cm) metal outlet apron. Porous backfill is an open-graded material, with the specific gradation depending on the size of the pipe perforations. This material is used around the PCMP. Subdrains are generally in blankets of granular material. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Backfill soils KW - Construction KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Drainage KW - Iowa KW - Maintenance KW - Metal pipe KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - State highway departments KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652691 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792265 AU - Benson, G R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN ILLINOIS--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 249-256 AB - Illinois does not attempt to write new specifications in the solution of particular pavement drainage problems. Rather, they pick materials from those that are already specified, whether it be stone chips for asphalt, coarse aggregate for concrete, fine aggregate for concrete, mason sand, or blending sand for asphalt. They can generally find a material or combination of materials in the specifications that will help solve the problem. In addition, they now have filter cloths to work with, although they have not yet found their way into the state's book of standard specifications. Illinois does not allow the use of pipes that are butt-jointed. They are giving consideration to changing the materials and geometry of their longitudinal interceptor trenches. The standard system now is a trench 18 in. (46 cm) in width, with a 6-in. (15-cm) perforated, metal, corrugated pipe (PMCP), and backfilled with concrete sand. They are considering using a black, polyethylene, corrugated, plastic pipe in place of the PMCP. The new interceptor drain system could be a 6-in. (15-cm) wide trench, with a 4-in. (10-cm) plastic pipe, with the trench being backfilled with a material more open graded than concrete sand. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Illinois KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Materials KW - Metal pipe KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Perforated pipe KW - Pipe KW - Plastic pipe KW - Sand KW - Specifications KW - State highway departments KW - State of the practice KW - Test tracks KW - Trench backfill KW - Trenches KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652692 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792254 AU - Moore, L H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN NEW YORK--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 200-205 AB - This paper reviews the use of drainage materials by the New York Department of Transportation. When concrete sand is placed next to a perforated corrugated metal pipe, clogging will occur. If the pipe installation is backfilled with Type 1A Fine Aggregate, no contamination of the pipe by filter material takes place. If concrete sand must be used next to a perforated pipe, the pipe should be wrapped with filter cloth. This is more economical than a two-stage filter. New York has given up the quest to design a universal one-stage filter material. Instead, they have decided that at least three filter materials are required to satisfy the state's may field conditions. They have designed two special gradations for which the permeabilities are several-thousand feet per day. Thorough soil investigations are required to determine where the groundwater will be in relation to the grade-line and to determine where to expect situations that will require groundwater control in the form of underdrains or ditches. All of these considerations are basically to prevent the groundwater from getting to the pavement section. Static groundwater is controlled by means of a 4-ft (1.2-m) open ditch. In cases where a 4-ft (1.2-m) ditch is impractical (urban areas), the geometry of the ditch is modified (usually a paved ditch) and a longitudinal underdrain is placed beneath it. Flowing groundwater is intercepted by means of a longitudinal underdrain in the ditch. If groundwater is coming up through the subgrade, it is controlled with transverse underdrains. Slope protection blankets are used to protect cut slopes. These blankets are composed of very coarse, free-draining material. The blanket is tied into either a shallow or deep underdrain system, depending on the particular situation. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop, Detailed Report KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage canals KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Groundwater KW - Metal pipe KW - New York (State) KW - Perforated pipe KW - Permeability KW - Plugging KW - Slope stability KW - Soil tests KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652681 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792256 AU - Copleston, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON RIGID PAVEMENTS--ALBANY, NEW YORK PY - 1973 SP - p. 211-213 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on rigid pavements held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Albany, New York. More participants were interested in design criteria to eliminate water in pavements than in the corrective measures to be employed on existing facilities. It was concluded that at least a few things should be avoided at all costs, including hurried construction and the compromise on specifications of materials because of the massive size of a project versus the availability of suitable materials. It was suggested that shorter joint spacing can cure or decrease blowups and water infiltration. A number of sealants were discussed, including neoprene and rubberized asphalt. It was decided that a pervious subbase is the best way to control the pavement water; sealants will not do the job. This pervious subbase should eliminate the pumping introduction of incompressibles that contribute to blowup. Because it was generally conceded that underdrains are effective, it was suggested that each recommended field location for underdrain placement be studied and that recommendations be made for the type of underdrain and filter media to be installed so that they would fit the existing conditions. Some of the problems of underdrain installation inherent to slip-form paving were discussed. Longitudinal joint tapes are economical, but their success seems to be tied to seasonal time of paving and early traffic. One of the problems with daylighting the subgrade gravel is the lack of attention of maintenance forces to keep the exposed surface clean and unplugged by construction or maintenance debris. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Drainage KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Joint sealers KW - Neoprene KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slip form paving KW - Spacing KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652683 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792252 AU - Paine, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A CONTRACTOR PY - 1973 SP - p. 184-193 AB - This paper examines the design of pavement drainage systems from the perspective of the contractor. From an economic standpoint, it is still not certain what an effective underdrain system is composed of and how much it costs. Many overlay jobs simply delay a pavement water problem a little longer--until the next overlay--instead of solving the water problem underneath the pavement. One serious decision to be made in the design of an edge drain is the location of the drain with respect to the edge of the pavement. For an underdrain system, designers must decide whether to put the underdrain system in through the stabilized and granular bases and then pave over the top or to pave it and then come back and put the underdrain system in. Government agencies involved in design approval should scrutinize drainage design plans and specifications carefully. Two distinct problems face those involved in pavement drainage: the design of new pavements, and the elimination of water problems on existing pavements. The paper contains descriptions of 24 slides that illustrate some of the problems faced by drainage contractors, along with construction practices that may offer some solutions. Topics addressed include edge pumping, asphalt shoulder pumping, shoulder maintenance and rehabilitation, longitudinal underdrain placement, placing the first course of granular material, clay pipe installation, placing the second course of backfill, construction of a portland cement concrete shoulder on an existing pavement, shoulder joints and rumble strips, slip-form concrete shoulder installation, tying pavement joints, random skewed joint spacing, and fibrous concrete. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Contractors KW - Design KW - Design standards KW - Drainage KW - Edge drains KW - Filters KW - Government agencies KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Pipe KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tie bars KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652679 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792253 AU - Greene, W B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN MARYLAND--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 194-199 AB - Based on the present methods of determining the permeability of bituminous concrete surface and base courses, the Maryland State Highway Administration (MSHA) considers that its bituminous mixes provide courses that are reasonably impermeable. As outlined in Part I of this paper, four types of subsurface drainage systems are used by MSHA: extended granular subgrades or subbases, continuous longitudinal pipe underdrain, subgrade drains, and conventional pipe underdrain. The drainage components that comprise MSHA drainage systems are influenced by material availability and the economics associated in the material selection. Although the material components appear in line, the means whereby the surface water can get to the drainage medium is still questionable, as is the location and geometrics of the system. Problems with any subsurface waters have generally been minimized by MSHA design practices. The primary concern is with surface runoff on open section facilities getting to the drainage medium. MSHA is hoping that problem conditions can be minimized by concentrating on material specifications and geometrics to limit the entrance of water, and by emphasizing material quality control to effect the desired rapid drainage through the system. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Economics KW - Geometric design KW - Groundwater KW - Highways KW - Infiltration KW - Maryland KW - Materials KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Pipe KW - Quality control KW - Road shoulders KW - Runoff KW - State highway departments KW - State of the practice KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652680 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792255 AU - Moody, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SUBDRAINAGE--ALBANY, NEW YORK PY - 1973 SP - p. 206-210 AB - This paper summarizes the work session on subdrainage held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Albany, New York. It was generally agreed that the soil survey is the initial important effort in the identification of potential groundwater problems. While it was recognized that the soils engineers was the key person to make decisions regarding the level of groundwater problems and the most probable methods of solution in the early stages of design, it did not appear that many of the states were organized in a manner such that the soils engineer had much of an opportunity to follow the project through design and construction. A number of methods for controlling groundwater drainage were discussed: construction of deep surface ditches along the roadway, trench excavations, and slope protection blankets. The drainage of cut slopes is becoming rather routine, but each installation is a design job in itself. Few states were considering the installation of transverse drains--the drains installed beneath the pavement to pick up the longitudinal drainage--to any great degree. Many underdrain installations seem to be installed for the multiple purpose of draining the pavement and intercepting groundwater. Insulating pipes does not look favorable for use in large scale installations, but there is not a sufficient number of installations from which to draw a firm conclusion. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Design KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drains KW - Edge drains KW - Embankments KW - Excavations KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Road construction KW - Soil tests KW - Subdrains KW - Trenches KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652682 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792246 AU - Lyon, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SURFACE SEALING--MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE PY - 1973 SP - p. 129-131 AB - This paper summarizes the session on surface sealing held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Memphis, Tennessee. The group first discussed the random cracking of flexible pavements, and the only solution presented was to construct rigid pavements instead of flexible pavements. Some states reported that they were using slurry seals and sheet asphalts, with indications that they had been performing well--but not 100%--in a sealing mode. A variety of other sealing systems that had been used with varying success were discussed: fabrics, wire mesh, and other surface treatments. Discussion then turned to the flexible section at the longitudinal roadway/shoulder joint, followed by surface seals in continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). All agreed that the best joint in a pavement is no joint at all. Epoxy seals have been used effectively in special problem locations on CRCP. A strong thrust was evident in using neoprene as a construction joint material in designed joints. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Fabrics KW - Flexible pavements KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint sealing KW - Neoprene KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Sheet asphalt KW - Slurry seals KW - Water KW - Wire mesh KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652673 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792248 AU - Calhoun, C C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAINAGE SYSTEMS USING PLASTIC FILTER CLOTHS PY - 1973 SP - p. 137-145 AB - A recent development in drainage facilities design is the use of plastic filter cloths or woven plastic materials as filters. These materials may in some instances be used to replace one or more components of a graded filter. The cloths may be used either to wrap the collector pipe, thus permitting a relatively fine backfill materials to be used; or line the trench, allowing a relatively coarse backfill material to be used. Filter cloth can rarely be used to replace the entire granular filter system. The major problems to overcome in using filter cloths in drainage systems are to keep the openings in the cloth from becoming clogged and to make sure that these cloths are not installed in a manner that exposes them to natural light. The cloth must be woven with monofilament yarns and have distinct openings. Multifilament yarns are more subject to damage the filter when freezing water closes the openings more rapidly. Information on some cloths now on the market is appended. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Backfill soils KW - Deterioration KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Filter drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Pipe KW - Plastics KW - Plugging KW - Sunlight KW - Trenches KW - Ultraviolet light KW - Woven fabrics KW - Woven materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652675 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792244 AU - Kemahli, A S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS--MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE PY - 1973 SP - p. 124-125 AB - This paper summarizes the session on flexible pavements held at the Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1973. The group agreed that water in pavements was not as serious a consequence as was water under pavements. The biggest problem with evaluating water problems in flexible pavements is that they tend to be invisible until the failure has occurred. If a drainage layer is to be used, it should be in direct contact with the material to be drained. None of the participants had any standards or criteria for providing drainage layers, except Tennessee, which provides a drainage layer in all their interstate shoulders. There was a consensus that in paving the high-type shoulder systems, a 4-5 in. (10-13 cm) thickness of asphaltic concrete should be used. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Flexible pavements KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Interstate highways KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Tennessee KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652671 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792245 AU - Childers, F A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON DRAINAGE MATERIALS--MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE PY - 1973 SP - p. 126-128 AB - This paper summarizes the session on drainage materials held at the Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1973. General consensus was reached on five items. A positive drainage system of some type should be used for shoulder drains, and the materials making up the system should be relatively open and free-draining. Concerns were raised about the stability of coarse drainage bases immediately under the pavement after the application of traffic. Although some states may be using underdrain features satisfactorily, none of the participants would make a public declaration that everything was working as it should. A considerable amount of effort was spent on becoming more familiar with filter cloths and the specifications that are desirable for using them for drainage applications. The final consensus was unanimous: states have more problems than solutions. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Coarse grained materials KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Road shoulders KW - Subdrains KW - Trenches KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652672 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792247 AU - Kennedy, T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON MISCELLANEOUS DRAINAGE CONSIDERATIONS--MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE PY - 1973 SP - p. 132-136 AB - This paper summarizes the session on miscellaneous drainage considerations held at the 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Memphis, Tennessee. Considerable time was spent discussing the affect of moisture on the differential settlement at the approaches to bridge decks. Pavement drainage problems were greatest in the sag-vertical curves, on the inside of superelevated sections, and in grade-line. Some considerations pointed toward the alleviation of intercepting the surface water and redirecting it before it could infiltrate into the pavement cross-section. The majority of states felt that pavement should be sloped to the outside; however, it was recommended that cross-sloping of pavement surfaces be restudied. The question of daylighting drainage sections was discussed extensively, with overriding consensus that no drainage benefits are obtained by daylighting drainage layers. The design evolution of the materials that make up impervious bases and subbases was then reviewed. Participants agreed that a nationwide task force should be assembled to completely rethink pavement design principles and processes. Other topics considered included providing no drainage at all, french drains, the hydraulic design of trenches and pipes, frost problems, and hydrogenesis. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Daylighting KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frost action KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highways KW - Hydrogenesis KW - Impervious materials KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Slopes KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Superelevation KW - Trenches KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652674 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792250 AU - Waidelich, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAINAGE PRACTICES IN THE NORTHEASTERN STATES PY - 1973 SP - p. 165-174 AB - This paper compares the practices of the Northeastern states--Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey--with regard to drainage. Problems in the Northeast have been primarily paving problems on fills. A brief summary of eight drainage items in the Northeast is presented: compaction of the filter material is required in practically all cases; perforations are placed both up and down; underdrains are located anywhere from the edge of the pavement, to beyond the edge of the shoulder; it is difficult to identify whether the primary purpose of a typical section is to control groundwater or act as an underdrain for the pavement section; it is, perhaps, expected that a drain is supposed to serve both functions and that the two separate problems are not recognized to exist; it appears that virtually every state is sealing-off the underdrain with their first layer of subbase; only one state has a program of maintaining underdrain systems by flushing them on a routine bases; and it is seldom that rational design is used in the design of a drainage system. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Connecticut KW - Drainage practices KW - Fills KW - Filter fabric KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Maine KW - Massachusetts KW - New Hampshire KW - New Jersey KW - Northeastern United States KW - Pavements KW - Rhode Island KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Vermont KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652677 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792251 AU - Greene, W B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN MARYLAND--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 175-182 AB - This drainage presentation denoting the practices of the Maryland State Highway Administration (MSHA) is divided into two parts: the drainage systems that are used by the MSHA for both rigid and for flexible pavements, and the drainage components comprising several alternative drainage systems for both rigid and flexible pavements. Of major significance to surface drainage and pavement integrity is the composition of the pavement surface course. Four types of subsurface drainage systems are used by the MSHA: extended granular subgrades or subbases, continuous longitudinal pipe underdrain, subgrade drains, and conventional pipe underdrain. The selection of one or more of these drainage systems is dependent on the type of pavement and type of shoulder that is decided for a specific project. This pavement selection is based on an economic analysis. The nature of the highway facility and the justifiable funds that can be expended for the drainage system also become weighted factors in the selection of the proper system. The concept of all-bituminous black base on a prepared subgrade has not been totally accepted as the answer to the elimination of trapped water in a pavement structure. Maryland has developed a policy of sedimentation control during construction wherein both temporary and permanent installations are constructed. These water flow controls have proven to be a significant supplement to the designated drainage system--both to limit water entrance to the pavement and to effect water discharge. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Maryland KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Plant mix KW - Regions KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Seal coats KW - Sedimentation KW - State highway departments KW - State of the practice KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subbase materials KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652678 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792243 AU - Pace, L F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON RIGID PAVEMENTS--MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE PY - 1973 SP - p. 120-123 AB - This paper summarizes the session on rigid pavements held at the Federal Highway Administration workshop on Water in Pavements in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1973. The discussion on rigid pavements started with an attempt to basically define the pumping problem in rigid pavements. There are three elements necessary to cause pumping: traffic, an erodible material, and a source of water. The session centered around surface water--that infiltrating into the pavement section from above. Participants reviewed the current practices of the various states with regard to identifying a nonerodible subbase material. Cement-treated subbases were commonly used; a number of states used a cement-treated subbase with a hot-mix asphaltic concrete over it. The most critical area in a rigid pavement is the longitudinal joint at the pavement/shoulder interface. The edge pumping at this interface seems to be more of a problem than the pumping of transverse joints. All rigid pavements should include some kind of drainable system. Continuous longitudinal drains and permeable should drain sections were discussed. A proposal surfaced of using a nonvertical pavement edge at the longitudinal shoulder interface. Attendees felt that this system could be constructed using slip-form paving technology. The economics of the drainage system should be a part of the economics of the total system. A number of people saw continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) as the end to joint problems and pumping problems; but drainage must be considered, even for CRCP. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Cement treated soils KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Economics KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Infiltration KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subbase materials KW - Transverse joints KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652670 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790767 AU - Moore, L H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF SUBDRAINAGE SYSTEMS PY - 1973 SP - p. 42-60 AB - This paper addresses pitfalls in drainage design and outlines current procedures used for the design of subdrainage systems in New York State. Determining field conditions--the range of permeabilities in the construction materials, pavement section, and embankment--is more important than a refinement in the application of Darcy's law. When analyzing the field situation, two sources of water must be considered: control of the groundwater and pavement drainage. Other factors that should be considered in the design of an underdrain pipe installation is the trench width, filter material under the pipe, and the perforation of the pipe. In New York, it was found that the asphaltic concrete (AC) base was the water-bearing layer in the pavement. Thus, they designed an underdrain that is connected to the AC base. They did not extend the AC base out under the shoulder as the guidelines recommended, but made the underdrain 18 in. (46 cm) wide, with a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter perforated pipe in it. This picks up the water coming out of the AC base. This subdrainage system is used at low points on vertical curves and on the low sides of superelevated curves, where the water seems to concentrate while moving through the AC base. In a curb section, or raised mall, or median, they use the same design, bringing the underdrain in contact with the layer to be drained. Although the system is effective, it is quite costly. Therefore, in New York, the emphasis is now on finding an economical way to put in subdrains. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Costs KW - Drainage KW - Groundwater KW - Highway curves KW - Moisture content KW - New York (State) KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - State of the art KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - Superelevation KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651985 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790769 AU - Moreland, T D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PRACTICALITIES OF HIGHWAY SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE COURSES PY - 1973 SP - p. 70-70 AB - Many highway subjects are related to water in pavements: pavement faulting, settlement at bridges, pavement failures, slope failures, stripping of asphalt, and bridge deck deterioration. This paper comments on the practicalities of some of these problems and the author's experiences in striving to solve the problems in Georgia. Water in pavement systems can be divided into two broad categories: groundwater and infiltrated water. Less pavement distress and fewer problems after construction result from groundwater than from infiltrated water. For wet cuts, keeping the drainage channels well below the level of the excavation is recommended. In extremely wet cuts, a stone blanket will often be necessary. It is important that groundwater conditions be known prior to construction. Concrete pavements are relatively impervious to infiltrated water except at joints. On a 15-mi (24-km) interstate project in Georgia, the seal material, joint configuration, and joint spacing were varied in order to determine the best joint design. The closed cell joint provided the best seal, but all joint designs leaked to some extent. Georgia has also studied erodible material under pavement in some detail. Subbase types found from best to worst, as related to faulting only, were topsoil, soil cement, graded aggregate, sand bituminous, and soil. Plain concrete pavement design in the state calls for 20-ft (6-m) spacing on the joints, the joints doweled, a subbase consisting of soil cement capped with asphaltic concrete, and an asphalt drainage course in the shoulder. Joints are sealed with preformed open-cell or closed-cell neoprene joint material. The paper concludes with three challenges for consideration: what are the criteria for the use of underdrain systems; when underdrain systems are justified, where should they be placed in the pavement system; and what shall be the design of underdrain systems when used. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Erosion KW - Failure KW - Faulting KW - Georgia KW - Groundwater KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Joint sealers KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Preforming KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Slope failure KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651987 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790771 AU - Pace, L F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN NORTH CAROLINA--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 87-93 AB - This paper outlines current state-of-the-practice for pavement design in North Carolina. Normal pavement design for rigid pavement is an 8-in. (20-cm) continuously reinforced concrete pavement with a one-directional cross-slope toward the outside. A continuous drain is used along the low side of the pavement that contains perforated pipe. The material surrounding the perforated pipe is subdrain fine aggregate--concrete sand. Flexible pavement installations are used only in sag vertical curves. The drainage installation may be located on one or both sides of the pavement, depending on whether there is a crown cross-section or one-directional cross-slope. In the case of a paved shoulder, the drain is moved out to the edge of the paved shoulder. Underdrain systems for the purpose of intercepting subsurface drainage are used rather extensively in wet areas to drain subsurface water. Interceptor drains have been very effective in intercepting water that comes down from the cut before it reaches the roadway section. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Excavations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway curves KW - North Carolina KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement design KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651989 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792148 AU - Moore, L H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP SESSION ON SUBDRAINAGE PY - 1973 SP - p. 116-119 AB - This paper summarizes a workshop session discussion held as part of a 1973 Federal Highway Administration workshop on water in pavements in Memphis, Tennessee. The topic of the discussions was the location and design of underdrains for groundwater seepage. The subject was considered in four categories: exploration methods, underdrain location for flowing groundwater, control of static groundwater, and filter design. All of the states represented agreed that they take advantage of the knowledge of geological deposits and that their previous experience in similar deposits helped them in planning and carrying out the exploration and investigation at a particular location. There was general agreement that more emphasis should be placed on filter design for underdrains. With regard to the control of static groundwater, most states indicated that they used 4-ft (1.2-m) deep ditches (with underdrains) if they are intercepting groundwater not being drained from the pavement section. In some critical areas, crushed-stone drainage blankets have been used to intercept groundwater from the subgrade. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Exploration KW - Filters KW - Groundwater KW - Groups KW - Horizontal drains KW - Location KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Seepage KW - Slope stability KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790773 AU - Paine, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CONTRACTOR'S VIEWPOINT ON DRAINAGE PY - 1973 SP - p. 102-105 AB - This paper looks at pavement drainage from a contractor's point of view. Without a uniform subgrade, pavement will experience pumping. Though difficult, contractors must place more effort on quality control during construction. Problems can arise from the use of the Jersey spreader during subbase placement. The rutting action created with this method entraps water in the subgrade. Methods should be explored to increase the spacing of pavement joints, thereby reducing the quantity of infiltrated water in pavement systems. The location of the underdrain is also important. Excavations kept under 5 ft (1.5 m) can save a lot of construction dollars, since anything over 5 ft (1.5 m) requires shoring. Horizontal drains should be located as close to the pavement edge as possible. The sequence of construction can also add to the project cost. Constructing the subdrain system after the pavement is in means the area over the drain has to be paved twice. It is suggested that contractors and engineers should meet after initial design to determine if the project is economical; once a plan becomes a design standard, it is virtually impossible to change. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Construction KW - Contractors KW - Design standards KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Engineers KW - Excavations KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway engineering KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Spreaders KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651991 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790774 AU - Kemahli, A S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN LOUISIANA--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 106-111 AB - This paper outlines Louisiana's first asphalt drainage layer experimental project. The project was constructed approximately 6 mi (9.7 km) east of Ruston on Interstate-20. In the course of shoulder excavation, some soft spots made it impossible to achieve the desired compaction. Thus, some hot-mix had to be placed directly on top of the subgrade. The first 2 in (5 cm) of wearing course were put down right on top of the exposed subgrade and compacted. A 2-in. (5-cm) sand pad was tied into the bottom 5 in. (12.7 cm) (or first lift) of the drainage material. The first 5-in. (12.7-cm) lift of Type A (almost all pit-run gravel) was placed on top of the 2-in. (5-cm) wearing course. The top 5-in. (12.7-cm) lift had some crushed faces and was slightly finer in texture. The asphalt content of this second 5-in. (12.7-cm) lift was 2.6%. There was a good bit of cross-slope. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage structures KW - Excavations KW - Gravel KW - Highway maintenance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Interstate highways KW - Louisiana KW - Pavement layers KW - Permeability KW - Road shoulders KW - Sand KW - State of the practice KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651992 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790770 AU - Kemahli, A S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN LOUISIANA--PART I PY - 1973 SP - p. 81-86 AB - This paper summarizes pavement design problems in Louisiana and outlines some of their solutions. Louisiana is a very wet state with an annual rainfall of approximately 65 in. (165 cm) and a natural water table usually within 1 ft (0.3 m) of the ground surface, if not directly at it. Consequently, the main thrust in the state has been to produce a watertight, dense-graded base or subbase course that will be water resistant when submerged. They have accomplished this by using dense-graded asphaltic concrete, soil cement, cement-treated aggregates, and lime-treated or cement-treated subbase courses. In addition to traditional design methods, in an effort to improve surface drainage, the state has spent a tremendous amount of time and money developing the ultimate joint configuration and the ultimate joint material for joints in rigid pavements. The best of all the materials, thus far, are the soft neoprenes and a single-component rubberized material. Ultimately, however, it was concluded that the only good joint is no joint. As a result, Louisiana has gone back to 20-ft (6-m) joint spacing in concrete pavements. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated soils KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Groundwater KW - Joint sealers KW - Louisiana KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Rainfall KW - Soil cement pavements KW - Spacing KW - State of the practice KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651988 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790772 AU - Gay, L H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF STATE DRAINAGE PRACTICES IN REGION 6 PY - 1973 SP - p. 94-101 AB - The states in Region 6 of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration have had a problem with water in pavements for some time. This paper reviews drainage practices used in the area. French or blind drains have been constructed by cutting a trench approximately 12 in. (30 cm) wide through the shoulder and to a depth that would drain the base materials. Drains utilizing various types of pipe have also been constructed. Two-inch (5-cm) galvanized iron pipe has been observed on one project. Other pipe, such as perforated galvanized or asbestos pipe from 3 in. (7.6 cm) to 6 in. (15 cm) in diameter, has been used. In some cases, drain pipe is placed along the edge of the base in a trench, and these pipes are connected to laterals through the shoulder. Recently, Louisiana constructed a short section of an asphalt filler blanket in the shoulder of Interstate-20. Mudjacking or undersealing has been used in most of the states at some time in the past to fill cavities beneath rigid pavements and realign the slabs. Overlays of asphaltic concrete have been used to cover both rigid and flexible pavements with water problems. An interceptor trench is being used on some of the new projects being constructed in Arkansas. Underdrains are specified for most projects in which the designer considers there is a potential for a subgrade drainage problem. Stabilization of the base has gained rather widespread use and has proven successful in delaying the water problem in pavements. Most portland cement concrete pavements in the region are now constructed with a black base or a cement treated base. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Arkansas KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Filters KW - Louisiana KW - Moisture content KW - Mudjacking KW - Oklahoma KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road shoulders KW - Soil stabilization KW - States KW - Texas KW - Trench backfill KW - Trenches KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651990 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790775 AU - Pace, L F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE IN NORTH CAROLINA--PART II PY - 1973 SP - p. 112-115 AB - This paper presents further comments on state-of-the-practice pavement drainage systems in North Carolina. Constructing a "V" or flat-bottom ditch with an independent grade helps drain water off a roadway section on a very flat area where the percent grade is almost zero and improves the overall drainage. Rigid pavement joints are normally sealed with hot-poured rubberized asphalt or preformed neoprene. With regard to underdrains and shoulder drains, North Carolina allows the contractor to select the kind of pipe to be used: corrugated steel, bituminous fiber, or concrete pipe. Concrete sand is used as subdrain fine aggregate material. Outlets are handled in one of three ways: the pipe is tied into some existing drainage structure; the pipe is extended through the slope and left sticking out, if it is a four-to-one slope or steeper on a fill; or miniature headwall is used in a shoulder section or a cut section, where the slope is four-to-one or flatter. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Bituminous materials KW - Concrete pipe KW - Corrugated steel KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Fine aggregates KW - Flexible pavements KW - Joint sealers KW - North Carolina KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - State of the practice KW - Subdrains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651993 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790766 AU - Martin, G L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THEORY OF SUBDRAINS PY - 1973 SP - p. 35-41 AB - There are two basic principles involved in drainage: the drain must be able to handle the quantity of fluid to be drained, and the components of the drain and the material to be drained should remain intact during the draining process. When the permeability of a drainage blanket or a base course is determined in actual practice, the criterion for quality control is usually two-fold: a gradation specification, and a density or compaction specification. The gradation specification has upper and lower limits on each component of it--either in fact or implied. The compaction specification usually has only a lower limit, and it is a challenge on everyone's part, except the contractor, to see that the densities are as high as possible. It is not necessarily true that the more dense a base course, the better it is. Many times, compromises must be made between density and permeability for the long term benefits of a roadway. Determining the potential inflow to a drain will set the lower limit on the capacity of the drain. Finite difference techniques and finite element procedures are powerful mathematical tools used to determine inflow. However, the mathematical solution is far more advanced than are the field methods with which one can measure and define the physical variables involved in the mathematical solution. If an intense field investigation cannot be mounted, it would be worthwhile to review the many different equations available to determine field permeability through a field pumping test. The filter principle is also important when determining how to keep the drain and foundation materials intact for the life of the roadway. The voids in the filter material must be small enough to prevent appreciable migration of the foundation material into, or through, the filter material; and the filter material must be more permeable than the foundation material. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Darcy's law KW - Density KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drainage structures KW - Field studies KW - Filter drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Finite differences KW - Finite element method KW - Foundation engineering KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Pumping tests KW - Quality control KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Subdrains KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651984 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790768 AU - Hewett, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR MOISTURE PY - 1973 SP - p. 61-69 AB - Most pavements built in the United States have been constructed without pavement underdrains, or porous base or subbase. Since most of these pavements are apparently performing adequately, this would indicate that subdrainage is not necessary on most pavements. Many pavements have, however, fail because of excessive moisture. For these pavements, a recognition of the particular conditions causing excess moisture would allow a design to be developed that would either eliminate the excess moisture or assure that the pavement is structurally adequate to overcome the weakened condition caused by the moisture. Almost every pavement failure can be blamed on moisture, and a reduction of that moisture content would almost always result in higher strength and a longer life. While pavements that perform adequately without subdrains can be said to be adequately designed for the particular moisture conditions, improved moisture conditions would allow less pavement structure for the same performance or longer life with the same pavement structure. It is recommended that overall performance of a pavement to carry the design loads for a long period of time, to maintain a satisfactory serviceability index, and to have very little maintenance be evaluated. To accomplish this with the best cost benefit, tradeoffs such as additional structure for frost penetration, more permeable bases and subbases, effective sealing of cracks and joints in portland cement concrete pavements, and subsurface drainage should be considered. Examples of the results of frost action in northern Illinois are provided. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Design load KW - Drainage KW - Failure analysis KW - Frost action KW - Frost damage KW - Frost heaving KW - Illinois KW - Joint sealers KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Porosity KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Service life KW - Serviceability KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrains KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651986 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790762 AU - Ring, G W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REASON(S) FOR THE WORKSHOP PY - 1973 SP - p. 5-7 AB - This paper presents remarks presented by a U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) highway engineer at five workshops on water in pavements held by the FHWA in 1973. The engineer outlines three principal reasons for holding the workshops: research findings indicate that water in pavement structures can be more of a problem than initially suspected; some pavements around the country are in trouble; and State Highway Departments indicated interest in a workshop on a survey by the FHWA regional offices. Brief outlines of recent research in West Virginia, South Carolina, Maryland, Georgia, and California are also provided. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Albany (New York) KW - California KW - Denver (Colorado) KW - Des Moines (Iowa) KW - Drainage KW - Georgia KW - Maryland KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Research KW - South Carolina KW - State highway departments KW - Surveys KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Water KW - West Virginia KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651980 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790764 AU - Ring, G W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOURCES OF, EFFECTS OF, AND MINIMIZING ENTRY OF, WATER IN PAVEMENTS PY - 1973 SP - p. 13-28 AB - Most of the water occurring in pavements originates as precipitation. Some of this precipitation gains direct access to the pavement through surface infiltration, while other water takes a more round-about route and eventually reaches the pavement as groundwater. Surface infiltration occurs almost everywhere in the United States. Groundwater seepage most often occurs in areas where rainfall exceeds evaporation. Water can cause very large changes in properties of pavement materials and in the pavements' structural response to loads. Free water in granular base courses can easily reduce their strength 25% or more under dynamic loads. Other effects of water on pavements include degradation of aggregates, stripping of asphalt from aggregates, pumping, blow-ups, frost heave, reduced strength during spring thaw, swelling of subgrade soils, and weakened subgrades and bases. Thus, it is important to rapidly drain free water from the pavement system. It also follows that there should be some benefits to keeping out as much water as possible. Keeping the water out is not easy because pavement surfaces are not completely impervious; and cracks, joints, and other structural discontinuities are continually moving under load and temperature stresses. In time, these movements tend to open even the best sealed systems. However, sealing joints and porous surfaces does reduce the infiltration of water for awhile. Other means for minimizing the enter of water includes design changes to reduce differential movements between different pavement components and paving areas adjacent to the pavement. Brief discussions are provided on reflection cracking of overlays on jointed concrete pavement, jointless pavements, edge joints, and drains to minimize entry of water. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Degradation failures KW - Drains KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Frost heaving KW - Groundwater KW - Infiltration KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rainfall KW - Reflection cracking KW - Seepage control KW - Spring KW - Strength of materials KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage KW - Thaw KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651982 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790761 AU - Martin, G L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE WORKSHOP CHAIRMAN'S REMARKS PY - 1973 SP - p. 1-4 AB - This paper contains the introductory remarks presented by the workshop chairman at five workshops on water in pavements held by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 1973. The chairman discusses the Highway Research Board's concern over a lack of consensus on drainage of roadways. In response to this concern, the FHWA designed these workshops to be held at a relatively local level as a dialogue to determine the state-of-the-practice with regard to the drainage of roadways, hoping to close the gap between state-of-the-practice, state-of-the-art, and state-of-the-knowledge in this important area of pavement design, construction, and maintenance. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Drainage KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway Research Board KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - State of the art KW - State of the practice KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651979 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790763 AU - Hewett, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HISTORICAL REVIEW OF PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR MOISTURE CONDITIONS PY - 1973 SP - p. 8-12 AB - In 1900, there were 150,000 mi (241,350 km) of surfaced rural roads in the United States. Macadam was the high type road of that period. The term macadam was generally applied to any crushed stone road or pavement layer made up of small, uniformly sized stone. McAdam himself, who practiced road construction in Scotland about 100 years earlier, provided a dry pavement structure by maintaining the pavement some inches above the water table, providing a uniformly firm subgrade by locating and correcting any soft spots, and preventing the entrance of surface water by the provision of an impervious surface. Early portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements (1909) were usually laid directly on the subgrade, with no joints and a thickened center. Massachusetts' first pavements were water-bound macadam. Over soft clay, the pavement structure was Telford base, 8 in. (20 cm) with a gravel subbase 6 in. (15 cm) thick and crushed stone surface 4 in. (10 cm) deep. A french drain 3.5 ft (1 m) deep was provided at the edges. Until about 1930, open-graded bases and subdrains were used where drainage was needed, but quite often it became plugged with subgrade fines. About that time, finer more well-graded filter material came into use to prevent plugging. The material did not plug, but much of it did not drain well either. Since then drains and bases have often been built that are either very open and subject to subgrade intrusion or well-graded and nondrainable. Pumping became a problem in PCC pavements in the early 1940s. By 1945, granular subbases were in use in most states for high traffic volumes. More recently, high quality PC and asphalt treated bases have come into wide use, because of pumping and faulting that was associated with lower quality subbases. A few states have begun to use subdrains to remove infiltrated surface water. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Faulting KW - Filter drains KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - History KW - Macadam KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Plugging KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subbase materials KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00790760 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WATER IN PAVEMENTS WORKSHOPS--DETAILED REPORT--1973 PY - 1973 SP - 404 p. AB - Recent research studies indicate that the effect of water in the pavement structure is more important the previously indicated by standard static laboratory tests and that there are means of constructing drainage layers within the pavement structure that can reduce, if not eliminate the problem of too much water. In addition, there have been a notable number of field observations of pavement, both flexible and rigid, in trouble because of water within the structure. Thus, in 1973, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration conducted five workshops on water in pavements. Workshops were held in Memphis, Tennessee; Albany, New York; Des Moines, Iowa; Portland, Oregon; and Denver, Colorado. The workshops provided the basis for determining the state-of-the-practice with regard to the drainage of roadways and, in addition, provided immediate feedback to help determine the state-of-the-art. This publication is a collection of 72 papers presented at one or more of the five workshops. KW - Albany (New York) KW - Denver (Colorado) KW - Des Moines (Iowa) KW - Drainage KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - State of the art KW - State of the practice KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Water KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648347 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00790765 AU - Calhoun, C C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REMARKS ON DRAINAGE PY - 1973 SP - p. 29-34 AB - This paper provides remarks on pavement drainage directed toward airfields, but points out that runways and roadways have the same general problems. Water--and finding economical ways of coping with it--is the main problem in pavement design. Past problems can be attributed to the fact that drainage systems (and the filter components of the systems) have not been designed--and many of those that were designed were not constructed in accordance with the plans or specifications. Considerable accomplishments have been made by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Waterways Experiment Station (WES) on surface drainage, subsurface drainage, and the performance of the structures being drained at airfields. A 1967 WES study ran permeability tests on materials with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% fines in the base course. The study concluded that base materials must be drainable and therefore contain 5%, or less, fines. The report cited six problem locations. This paper briefly summarizes three of them: Air National Guard Airfield in Mississippi, Air Force Base in Montana, and Air Base in Arkansas. The paper stresses that filters for every installation must be designed; concrete cannot be used as a "standard" filter. A recent study at the WES evaluated woven, plastic filter cloths and found it could take the place of sand and gravel layers under riprap. The Corps is also using it in drainage systems. Although filter cloth is not a panacea, it can eliminate many problems. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Air bases KW - Air National Guard KW - Airport runways KW - Arkansas KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Filter drains KW - Filter fabric KW - Filters KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Highways KW - Mississippi KW - Montana KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage KW - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers KW - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station KW - United States Air Force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/651983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774944 AU - Kessmann, R AU - TRW Transportation and Environmental Operations AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE NETWORK SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM : SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION PY - 1973 SP - 351 p. in various pagings AB - This document describes the Traffic Adaptive Network Signal Timing Program (TANSTP) of the Urban Traffic Control System and Bus Priority System (UTCS/BPS). TANSTP is a second generation online optimization program for signal timing patterns using real time predictions of volume patterns and online subnetwork determination KW - Adaptive control KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772685 AU - Dudek, Conrad L AU - Carvell, James D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY INVESTIGATION OF AUDIO MODES FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION IN URBAN FREEWAY CORRIDORS PY - 1973 SP - 60 p. AB - This report is concerned with an investigation of the feasibility of commercial radio, low-powered radio and telephone for effective real- time motorist communication in urban freeway corridors. The investigation suggests that three audio forms of communication can be combined into a total system design. KW - Driver information systems KW - Radio KW - Real time information UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489210 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00083201 JO - MAGAZINE OF CONCRETE RESEARCH PB - Thomas Telford Limited AU - Uppal, J Y AU - KEMP, K O AU - Cement and Concrete Association TI - AN INSTABILITY THEORY OF FAILURE FOR CONCRETE PY - 1973 VL - 25 IS - 82 SP - p. 21-30 AB - A simple mathematical model is proposed in which the failure of concrete under uniaxial compression is attributed to the instability which develops in the macro-elemental structure formed by cracking. The model predicts that there is a critical fracture length which is, with the ultimate stress, dependent upon factors such as size of specimen and longitudinal stress gradient which have previously only been explained by statistical strength theories. The model predictions are compared with the experimental evidence available. /Author/TRRL/ KW - Buckling KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Cracking KW - Failure KW - Failure KW - Failure theory KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway grades KW - Instability KW - Load KW - Longitudinal gradient KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Sample size KW - Stability KW - Statistical sampling KW - Stress (in material) KW - Stresses KW - Uniaxial compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/26238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141757 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON FEDERAL - AID AND OTHER HIGHWAY SYSTEMS, 1972 PY - 1973 SP - 44 p. AB - The first table presents a year-to-year comparison of fatality rates by highway system. The following 12 tables show fatal accident rates, fatality rates, injury accident rates and injury rates by highway system and state. Another table relates the fatality and injury accident data to vehicle registrations, population, and numbers of licensed drivers. The remaining tables contain the detailed accident information on which the preceding tables are based. /Author/ KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid highways KW - Injuries KW - Population KW - State highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133432 AU - Water Resources Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NOTES ON SEDIMENTATION ACTIVITIES, CALENDAR YEAR 1973 PY - 1973 SP - 308 p. AB - The report is a digest of information furnished by all Federal agencies conducting sedimentation investigations on work in progress or planned, important findings, new methods, new publications, laboratory and other research activities. The report has been organized by major drainage basins in the conterminous United States. KW - Beach erosion KW - Beaches KW - Bed load KW - Construction KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Drainage KW - Drainage basins KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Hydrology KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lakes KW - Loads KW - Loss and damage KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Research management KW - Reservoirs KW - Reviews KW - Rivers KW - Scour KW - Sedimentation KW - Shore protection KW - Soil conservation KW - Surveys KW - Water quality management KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00129962 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEYS PY - 1973 SP - 309 p. AB - This document has been prepared to serve as a guide for collecting urban trip and household socio-economic data; it will serve two general purposes. First, it will provide the management guidelines necessary to plan, implement, control and carry the data collection effort to a successful completion. Second, it will provide sample detailed instructions that may be used as the basis for developing specific guidelines for employees doing sample selection, interviewing, coding and data processing. These detailed sample instructions, together with sample interview and control forms, are contained in a number of exhibits located in the Appendix. These guidelines discuss the various alternative procedures that are available for sample selection, data collection and related data processing for a dwelling unit survey, a truck survey, a taxi survey and an external survey. The major focus is on the four basic origin-destination surveys. However, in many instances a standard dwelling unit survey does not provide adequate data for detailed analyses of travel by mass transit; travel to and from trip generators such as airports, shopping centers and the central business district; parking requirements; and other special problems. Therefore, a brief description of various special purpose studies is also included. Specific references are made to other more detailed documents for use in such surveys./Author/ KW - Data collection KW - Dwellings KW - Forms KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Information processing KW - Origin and destination KW - Sampling KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Substitutes KW - Surveys KW - Taxicabs KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Trucks KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/31704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080232 AU - Sherrer, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD USER AND PROPERTY TAXES ON SELECTED MOTOR VEHICLES. 1973 PY - 1973 SP - 74 p. AB - The publication supplies basic 1973 information from each state on the application of road-user taxes and property taxes to a selected group of 15 vehicles. The arrangement of these tax payments in a uniform manner provides a useful research and planning tool for highway administrators, legislators, and others concerned with highways, vehicles, and their use. Highway-user taxes paid on each vehicle and total taxes paid are compared from state to state. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262448 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1973 FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY ACT AN ANALYSIS PY - 1973 SP - 20 p. AB - The more important provisions of the act are listed, and the provisions for highway safety programs, and public transportation are discussed. The discussion of highway programs covers such aspects as authorizations, apportionment of Interstate System funds, completion schedules and mileage substitutions, and urban interstate and transit substitution. Primary, secondary and urban highway systems are also reviewed. The realignment of the Federal-Aid-Primary Secondary and Urban Systems is outlined. The application is described of the Act to new or expanded programs such as economic growth center development highways, special urban high density traffic program, and priority primary routes. Forest highways and public lands highways, other federal road programs, territorial highway programs, Alaska programs, Great River Road, highway beautification, and the Inter-American Highway are specialized programs for which authorizations are included. Highway planning provisions and toll facility provisions are reviewed. State and community safety grants, safety research and development programs, road safety programs, demonstration programs, safety research and studies, and other mandated programs are described. The unique features of the Act for the provision of grant assistance for mass transportation is outlined. KW - Authority KW - Beautification KW - Development KW - Districts and authorities KW - Economic development KW - Federal aid highways KW - Forest roads KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway beautification KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programming KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - International roads KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Laws KW - Primary highways KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Public transit KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Secondary roads KW - Toll areas KW - Toll facilities KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260650 AU - Tiemann, N L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXTERNAL YOUTH OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM PY - 1973 SP - 40 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Contractors KW - Employment KW - Highway departments KW - Personnel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263126 AU - Viner, J G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ROADSIDE CRASH CUSHIONS SYNOPSIS PY - 1973 AB - The design criteria used by the Federal Highway administration in developing and evaluating roadside impact attenuators are as follows: vehicle weight range, 2000 to 4,500 pounds; vehicle speed, 60 mph; impact angle, up to 25 degrees as measured from the direction of the roadway; average permissible vehicle deceleration, 12 g's maximum while preventing impacting or penetration of the roadside hazard; and maximum occupant deceleration onset rate, 500 g's per second. These design criteria are intended to result in installations at which high speed accidents would be survivable for the majority of collisions. Data on 283 accidents involving roadside impact attenuators are presented. Examination of the data indicates that, had the attenuator not been present, hospitalizing injuries or fatalities would have been expected in 57 accidents. Only nine hospitalizing injury accidents and four fatal injury accidents occurred in these 57 cases. KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fatalities KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Roadside KW - Speed KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262411 AU - Wolters, R O AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - SEALING CRACKS IN BITUMIONUS PAVEMENT PY - 1973 SP - 30 p. AB - During the fall of 1969 transverse cracks were sealed in a 13-mile section of bituminous pavement. Five hot-poured rubber asphalt sealers, three tack coat materials for , priming the crack sidewall, a bond breaker and 40 different application procedures were used. Test sections were established to evaluate the materials and procedures. Field surveys were conducted to determine the amount of footage strength tests. The results are also presented of a survey crack movement. The field results were used to evaluate the materials and procedures incorporated in the study program. /NTIS/ KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cracking KW - Elastomer modified asphalt KW - Evaluation KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Tack coats KW - Test sections KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260632 AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - MODERN CONCEPTS FOR DENSITY CONTROL PHASE III: EMBANKMENT MATERIALS PY - 1973 SP - 51 p. AB - From 1967 through 1972 density data were obtained on embankment materials that were being constructed on several Minnesota trunk highways. Data were collected and analyzed from randomly selected locations on five embankment projects. A statistical analysis was also performed on historical data results from five embankment projects selected at random from office files. Variation was determined from these data by computing the mean and standard deviation to reveal existing variability in acceptable construction of embankment materials. The results were used to evaluate present specifications and to prepare a new acceptance sampling plan. The plan is based on statistical concepts that will define the degree of acceptable variation upon which decisions can be made with an established degree of confidence. Proposed statistical specifications are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Building materials KW - Data analysis KW - Density KW - Embankments KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202379 AU - Sherrer, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD USER AND PROPERTY TAXES ON SELECTED MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1973 SP - 68 p. AB - THE STUDY SUPPLIES BASIC INFORMATION ON ROAD-USER AND PROPERTY TAXES LEVIED ON MOTOR VEHICLES AS OF JANUARY 1, 1973. THE DATA PRESENTED HERE GIVES A DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE IMPACT OF TAXES ON DIFFERENT VEHICLEW (THE VEHICLES AND THE OPERATING FACTORS APPLYING TO THEM ARE CONSIDERED TO BE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE KINDS AND SIZES OF VEHICLES IN OPERATION THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY) AND PLACES THESE TAXES IN PERSPECTIVE. INDIVIDUAL ROAD-USER TAX PAYMENTS ARE COMPARED AS TO THE SIZE OF THE VEHICLES, AND TOTAL DIRECT STATE ROAD-USER AND PERSONAL PROPERTY ARE MEASURED. THE SELECTION OF VEHICLES FOR THIS STUDY DIFFERS FROM THAT OF EARLIER STUDIES IN THAT IT REFLECTS CHANGES IN USAGE AND LEGISLATION GOVERNING VEHICLE REGISTRATION, CLASSIFICATIONS AND WEIGHTS. KW - Highway user taxation KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Taxation KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208089 AU - Bukovatz, J E AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Worley, H E AU - Kansas State Highway Commission TI - BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION STUDY PY - 1973 SP - 53 p. AB - PRELIMINARY SURVEYS MADE IN 1959 AND 1960 INDICATED VARIOUS TYPES OF BRIDGE DECK DAMAGE. THE DAMAGE WAS SUFFICIENT TO WARRANT AN EXTENSIVE BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION STUDY. THE OBJECTIVES WERE TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT AND CAUSES OF DETERIORATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTIVE AND MAINTENANCE TREATMENTS. NINE REPORTS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED FROM THIS STUDY. THIS IS A FINAL REPORT WHICH SUMMARIZES SOME PROJECT FINDINGS. ALL OF THE 2700 BRIDGES WERE SURVEYED IN 1961. FIELD WORK ON SPECIFIC ASPECTS WAS CONTINUED FOR MORE THAN TEN YEARS. NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION OF CORROSION HAS BEEN BEGUN QUITE RECENTLY. DETAILED ANNUAL SURVEYS FOR THREE CONSECUTIVE YEARS EFFECTIVENESS OF ASPHALT TYPE BITUMINOUS SEALS IN PREVENTING DETERIORATION ON NEW CONCRETE DECK SURFACES. EIGHT DIFFERENT COVER MATERIALS WERE PLACED ON SIXTEEN DECKS FOR ANOTHER EVALUATION OF SEALING MATERIALS. SPECIAL STUDIES WITH EPOXIES WERE ALSO MADE. EPOXY INJECTION, SEALS, AND PATCHING WERE EVALUATED. CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SCALING, CORROSION, AND SPALLING WERE INVESTIGATED. SPALLING, SCALING, CRACKING AND DELAMINATIONS OF HOLLOW PLANES WERE OFTEN FOUND SEPARATELY OR TOGETHER. THESE PROBLEMS APPEAR TO BE CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF CIRCUMSTANCES RATHER THAN BY A SINGLE FACTOR. FACTORS WHICH APPEAR TO BE SIGNIFICANT IN MINIMIZING DAMAGE TO BRIDGE DECKS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: TWO INCHES OR MORE OF COVER OVER TOP STEEL; LOW WATER-CEMENT RATIO; AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE; QUALITY CONSTRUCTION, INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE; CORRECTION OF ANY DEFECT AS SOON AS FOUND; AND PROTECTION OF THE DECK SURFACE. /NTIS/ KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Asphalt KW - Bitumen KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Scaling KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Spalling KW - Structural design KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214559 AU - Wolters, R O AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - MODERN CONCEPTS FOR DENSITY CONTROL PHASEI: BITUMINOUS WEARING COURSES PY - 1973 AB - DURING 1969, 1970 AND 1971 DENSITY DATA WERE OBTAINED ON BITUMINOUS WEARING COURSES THAT WERE BAEING CONSTRUCTED ON SEVERAL MINNESOTA TRUNK HIGHWAYS. DATA WERE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED FROM RANDOMLY SELECTED LOCATIONS ON FIVE BITUMINOUS SURFACING PROJECTS. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS ALSO PERFORMED ON RESULTS FROM ELEVEN OTHER BITUMINOUS PROJECTS AND ON LABORATORY TEST RESULTS. VARIATION WAS DETERMINED FROM THESE DATA BY COMPUTING THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION TO REVEAL EXISTING VARIABILITY IN ACCEPTABLE CONSTRUCTION OF BITUMINOUS WEARING COURSES. THE RESULTS WERE USED TO EVALUATE PRESENT SPECIFICATIONS AND TO DEVELOP A NEW ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PLAN. THE PLAN IS BASED ON STATISTICAL CONCEPTS THAT WILL DEFINE THE DEGREE OF ACCEPTABLE VARIATION UPON WHICH DECISIONS CAN BE MADE WITH AN ESTABLISHED DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE. PROPOSED STATISTICAL SPECIFICATIONS ARE PRESENTED. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Data collection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Randomization KW - Specifications KW - Standard deviation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface treating KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226834 AU - Stockfisch, C R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTING DIGITAL COMPUTER SIGNAL SYSTEMS PY - 1973 SP - 76 p. AB - THIS REPORT INTRODUCES THE PRACTICING TRAFFIC ENGINEER TO COMPUTER TRAFFIC-SIGNAL-SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND COSTS. IT PRESENTS COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS FOR FIXED TIME SYSTEMS, AS WELL AS DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS. DISCUSSIONS ARE PRESENTED ON TRAFFIC-SIGNAL-SYSTEM COMPONENTS, AND INCLUDE INFORMATION ON SURVEILLANCE, INTERSECTION HARDWARE, COMMUNICATION, AND CENTRAL COMPUTER CONTROL SUBSYSTEMS, AND AVAILABLE ALTERNATIVES. BENEFITS FROM EXISTING COMPUTER INSTALLATIONS INDICATE THE GENERAL DEGREE OF IMPROVEMENTS THAT CAN BE EXPECTED IN FUTURE INSTALLATIONS. KW - Communications KW - Computer components KW - Computer systems components KW - Evaluation KW - Information processing KW - Intersections KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239655 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN ORIGIN-DESTINATION SURVEYS PY - 1973 SP - 309 p. AB - THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN PREPARED TO SERVE AS A GUIDE TO COLLECTING URBAN TRIP AND HOUSEHOLD SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA. IT WILL PROVIDE THE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES NECESSARY TO PLAN, IMPLEMENT, CONTROL, AND CARRY THE DATA COLLECTION EFFORT TO A SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION. IT WILL ALSO PROVIDE SAMPLE DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS THAT MAY BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR DEVELOPING SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR EMPLOYEES DOING SAMPLE SELECTION INTERVIEWING, CODING, AND PROCESSING. THESE GUIDELINES DISCUSS THE VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES THAT ARE AVAILABLE FOR SAMPLE SELECTION, DATA COLLECTION, AND RELATED DATA PROCESSING FOR A DWELLING UNIT SURVEY, A TRUCK SURVEY, A TAXI SURVEY, AND AN EXTERNAL SURVEY. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS SPECIAL PURPOSE STUDIES IS ALSO INCLUDED. THIS DOCUMENT IS NOT DESIGNED TO SATISFY EVERY NEED THAT MAY EXIST WITH REGARD TO DATA COLLECTION. IT IS INTENDED THAT THIS PUBLICATION WILL ASSIST THE USER IN DETERMINING THE DATA NEEDS FOR A PARTICULAR URBAN AREA, EVALUATING THE ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR OBTAINING THE DATA, AND DETERMINING THE PROCEDURES THAT WILL BE MOST APPROPRIATE TO ACHIEVE THE STUDY'S GOALS. KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Origin and destination KW - Quality control KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/128783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218081 AU - Olsen, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RUBBER-ASPHALT BINDER FOR SEAL COAT CONSTRUCTION PY - 1973 SP - 32 p. AB - THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A RUBBER-ASPHALT BINDER FOR SEAL COAT CONSTRUCTION. WHEREAS RUBBER HAS BEEN ADDED TO ASPHALT IN LOW PERCENTAGES (3 TO 5 PERCENT) IN THE PAST, THIS BINDER USES HIGH PERCENTAGE (25 TO 30 PERCENT) ADDITIONS OF GRANULATED TREAD RUBBER RECLAIMED FROM DISCARDED AUTOMOBILE TIRES. THE GRANULATED RUBBER IS MIXED WITH HOT ASPHALT TO FORM A TOUGH ND ELASTIC BINDER WITH LESS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES. IT HAS BEEN USED VERY SUCCESSFULLY IN SEAL COAT CONSTRUCTION FOR MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS IN THE CITY OF PHOENIX, ARIZONA, FOR SEVERAL YEARS AND HAS BEEN ESPECIALLY SUCCESSFUL IN OVERLAYING PAVEMENTS THAT EXHIBIT SEVERE FATIGUE OR "ALLIGATOR" CRACKING. THE PAPER DESCRIBES THE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE USED IN PHOENIX, AND INCLUDES A RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATION FOR SEAL COAT CONSTRUCTION USING THE RUBBER-ASPHALT COMPOSITION AS THE BINDER /FHWA/ KW - Binders KW - Construction KW - Elastomer modified asphalt KW - Granular materials KW - Rubber KW - Rubber coatings KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications KW - Surface treating KW - Tires KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106175 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00242488 JO - Highway Research Board Special Report PB - Highway Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ORGANIZATION FOR CONTINUING URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1973 IS - 139 SP - 29 p. AB - DURING THE WEEK OF 14--18 NOVEMBER 1971 THE HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD CONVENED A CONFERENCE AT MT. POCONO, PA., UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF THREE AGENCIES OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TRANSPORTATION AND TWO PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS TO EXAMINE MEANS FOR COORDINATING TRANSPORTATION PLANNING WITH COMPREHENSIVE AND ORDERLY DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN AREAS. CHANGES THAT HAD TENDED TO RENDER TRADITIONAL TRANSPORTATION PLANNING APPROACHES UNRESPONSIVE WERE IDENTIFIED, CONFERENCE THEMES WERE DEVELOPED IN WORKSHOPS, WORKSHOP REPORTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WERE PRESENTED IN PLENARY SESSION, AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WERE ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE AS A WHOLE. THE MAJOR TOPICS ADDRESSED WERE ORGANIZATION FOR METROPOLITAN PLANNING, THE PLANNING PROCESS, PLAN IMPLEMENTATION, CITIZEN PARTICIPATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, AND FUNDING. ADOPTED RECOMMENDATIONS IN THESE AREAS ARE PRESENTED ALONG WITH A DISCUSSION OF EACH. U1 - Conference on Organization for Continuing Urban Transportation PlanningOffice of the Assistant Secretary for Environment and Urban SystemsFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationHighway Users Federation for Safety and MobilityAutomative Safety FoundationMt Pocono,Pennsylvania,United States StartDate:19711114 EndDate:19711118 Sponsors:Office of the Assistant Secretary for Environment and Urban Systems, Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility, Automative Safety Foundation KW - City planning KW - Environmental impacts KW - Financing KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00228352 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC REVIEWS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY PY - 1973 SP - 31 p. AB - AN OPERATIONAL REVIEW IS AN ORGANIZED AND A CONTINUING PROGRAM OF REPETITIVE FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND AND INSPECTIONS OF HIGHWAY FACILITIES AND TRAFFIC IN ORDER TO DETECT INEFFICIENT AND ERRATIC TRAFFIC OPERATIONS WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY DEFICIENCIES IN GEOMETRIC DESIGN FEATURES, TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, OR OTHER RELATED FACTORS. THE CONCEPT OF SYSTEMATIC OPERATIONAL REVIEWS OR INSPECTIONS RECOGNIZES THE DYNAMIC, EVER-CHANGING CHARACTER OF THE TRAFFIC STREAM ON THE STREET AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM. THE APPLICATION OF THIS CONCEPT PROVIDES A MEANS WHEREBY CHANGING CONDITIONS CAN BE IDENTIFIED AND ACCOMMODATED BY MODIFICATIONS IN THE HIGHWAY OR ITS APPURTENANCES. /FHWA/ KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highway operations KW - Inspection KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206447 AU - Larson, L J AU - South Dakota State University, Brookings AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - FIELD STUDY OF COST AND PERFORMANCE OF A COMPOSITE PAVEMENT ON U. S. 14 BYPASS PY - 1972/12/31 AB - THE OBJECTIVES WERE: (1) A PLACEMENT COST ANALYSIS, AND (2) DETERMINATION OF THE SEASONAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PANELS OVERLAID WITH A BITUMINOUS WEARING SURFACE. THIS SUTDY IS BEING CONDUCTED ON A TEST STRIP OF HIGHWAY 900 FT. LONG LOCATED ON THE U. S. HIGHWAY 14 BYPASS NEAR BROOKINGS, SOUTH DAKOTA. FINDINGS TO DATE INDICATE THAT THE RESENT DAY COST OF TYPE PAVING IS ABOUT $15.00 PER SQUARE YARD. DATA OBTAINED FROM SEASONAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION TESTS SHOW THAT REFLECTION CRACKS IN THE BITUMINOUS MAT OPEN AND CLOSE WITHOUT SHOWING SIGNS OF PAVEMENT DISTRESS. THESE DATA HAVE ALSO SHOWN THAT THE RIDING QUALITY OF THIS PAVEMENT HAS NOT DIMINSHED SINCE THE OPEINING OF THE U. S. HIGHWAY 14 BYPASS IN THE FALL OF U968. /AUTHOR/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Composite pavements KW - Contraction KW - Expansion KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reflection cracking KW - Riding qualities KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547289 AU - McCollum, James R AU - Couper, James R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Correlation of Physical Properties with Chemical Composition of Paving Grade Asphalts PY - 1972/12//Final Report SP - 134p AB - Samples of paving-grade asphalts from eleven different paving projects in the State of Arkansas were subjected to physical and chemical investigations to determine the stress relaxation moduli, chemical composition, and the molecular weight of the chemical fractions. The stress relaxation moduli were determined by means of a rotational conicylindrical viscometer, the chemical compositions were determined by means of a chromatographic separation technique, and the molecular weights of the fractions were determined by means of the melting point depression of a pure solvent method. A step-wise regression analysis was performed to correlate physical properties such as viscosity, ductility, and penetration with the chemical properties such as composition and molecular weight. An attempt was made to determine how the foregoing chemical properties varied with sample age. The regression analysis yielded 206 linear equations of which 114 or 55.3% had a multiple correlation coefficient of 75% or higher. The aging studies indicated that the chemical properties generally changed as the samples aged to the detriment of desirable physical properties. KW - Arkansas KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical composition by material content KW - Chemical properties KW - Chromatography KW - Ductility KW - Molecular weight KW - Physical properties KW - Regression analysis KW - Viscosity UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2021.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398178 AU - Sanders, J H AU - Ganslaw, M J AU - Kolsrud, G S AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research. Traffic Systems Division TI - Diagrammatic guide signs for use on controlled access highways, volume III: traffic engineering evaluation of diagrammatic guide signs: appendixes A, B, and C to part 2 PY - 1972/12 IS - FHWA-RD-73-25 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398177 AU - Mast, T M AU - Chernisky, J B AU - Hooper, F A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research. Traffic Systems Division TI - Diagrammatic guide signs for use on controlled access highways, volume 2: laboratory, instrumented vehicle, and state traffic studies of diagrammatic guide signs PY - 1972/12 IS - FHWA-RD-73-22 SP - 207p KW - Design KW - Design KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Instrumented vehicle KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Laboratory test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398176 AU - Mast, T M AU - Kolstrud, G S AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research. Traffic Systems Division TI - Diagrammatic guide signs for use on controlled access highways, volume 1: recommendations for diagrammatic guide signs PY - 1972/12 IS - FHWA-RD-73-21 SP - 55p KW - Design KW - Design KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398175 AU - Kolsrud, G S AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research. Traffic Systems Division TI - Diagrammatic guide signs for use on controlled access highways, volume 3: traffic engineering evaluation of diagrammatic guide signs, part 1: technical overview of the I-495/I-70S field study PY - 1972/12 IS - FHWA-RD-73-23 SP - 62p KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073599 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dualization of existing U.S. route 15 from Putnam road to Kelly Store road, Frederick County, Maryland PY - 1972/12//Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206501 AU - McCullough, F R AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTION CRACKING OF BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS ON RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1972/12 SP - 62 p. AB - OVERLAYING CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PROLONGS THEIR SERVICE LIFE, BUT THE REFLECTION CRACKING THAT ENSUES CREATES A NEW MAINTENANCE PROBLEM. NEW YORK STATE HAS TRIED SEVERAL METHODS OF RETARDING THIS CRACKING, WITH THE FOLLOWING RESULTS: 1) BREAKING THE CONCRETE PAVEMENT INTO SMALL PIECES HAS PREVENTED REFLECTION CRACKING BUT THE OVERLAY TESTED WAS FAR THICKER THAN THE NORMAL SECTION, AND 2) STONE-DUST BOND-BREAKERS DID NOT RETARD REFLECTION CRACKING. IN ADDITION, THE EXTENT OF THE STATEWIDE PROBLEM WAS SURVEYED, AND THREE OVERLAYS NEAR ALBANY ARE BEING OBSERVED CLOSELY FROM CONSTRUCTION THROUGH SUBSEQUENT SERVICE. FROM THIS WORK, IT APPEARS THAT THE MAJOR CAUSE OF REFLECTION CRACKING IN THIS STATE IS THE EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF THE UNDERLYING CONCRETE SLABS, AND ANY SUCCESSFUL OVERLAY SYSTEM MUST TAKE THIS INTO ACCOUNT. /FHWA/ KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Concrete KW - Contraction KW - Expansion KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Reflection cracking KW - Service life KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96351 ER -