TY - RPRT AN - 01508676 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - MA-52 expressway (redesignated I-190), I-290 to MA-12, Worcester and West Boylston : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508675 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Shaw Freeway (proposed), Sumter : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508674 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-35, Chaseburg Road, CTH-K upgrading, Vernon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508673 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-17 widening, Georgetown/Charleston counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508672 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Troy Ave, Pueblo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508671 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 and US-83 proposed interchange construction, Minot : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508670 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NH-111 relocation, Rockingham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Revised draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508669 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 improvements, Carson/Gray counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508668 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Honoapiilani Hwy realignment, Maui : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508665 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Shoreline Parkway construction, Barrancas Ave to Pensacola Bay bridge on US-98, Escambia County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507989 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Improvement of State Highway 30 from its intersection with Interstate 94, southerly to its intersection with State Highway 46, in Stutsman County, State of North Dakota: environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507985 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - The upgrading of 103rd Street and Timuquana Road to a multi-lane facility, Jacksonville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507731 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Pomona Freeway widening from Mednik Ave to east of Rosemead Blvd : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507730 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Spur 351 extension, US-90A to Leissner Road, Guadalupe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507728 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Routes 752 and I-229, Buchanan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507727 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-25 widening, Aiken/Edgefield counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507726 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40, Kingman-Ash Fork Hwy, Ash Fork interstate freeway, Yavapai County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507725 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Klondike International Hwy extension, reconstruction, Skagway to the Canadian border : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507724 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 395 construction east of Pleasant Valley Dam Road to Mono County line, Inyo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507723 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Hastings-Grand Island Expressway, Adams/Hall/Hamilton/Merrick counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507722 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-77/Cliff Ave connector, Sioux Falls : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507721 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-45, US-45 (Mannheim Road) improvements from Lake St to Irving Park Road, Cook County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507720 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-68 construction, SR-1839 to SR-2011, Guilford County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507719 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-52 construction, Winston-Salem to Welcome : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507718 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-70 (CTH-F) realignment, resurfacing, Oneida/Vilas counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507716 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50/US-6 construction, Blue Cut to Cat Canyon, Carbon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v); Air quality and noise pollution B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507715 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90 rest area-tourist information center construction, French Island Rest Area 31, La Crosse to Tomah Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507714 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-393 interchange (formerly US-4, US-202, NH-9), Concord : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507713 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-98 four-laning, Lakeland to IH-4, Polk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final; Discussion of comments of responding agencies and individuals B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507712 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-380, west of Decatur to east of Decatur : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507711 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 55, Clackamas Hwy, Clackamas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507710 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-619, State St grade separation over railroad tracks, Barberton : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507709 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-29/STH-32 proposed expansion, Brown/Shawano/Outagamie counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507708 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Kapiolani Interchange, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507707 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Hornell north-south arterial, SH-5130-5254, Steuben County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Noise level study B1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507706 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 61 imrpovement, Pike County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft,Frev KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507705 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-262 reconstruction, Waterbury-Plymouth : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507704 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-35 relocation, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507703 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90, Garrison East and West : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507702 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 340, McLennan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507701 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-131 construction from M-46 to 20 Mile Road, Montcalm/Mecosta counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507700 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-820, Tarrant County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507699 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-90 reconstruction, Eastgate vicinity, King County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507698 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Macon County Hwy 30 continuation, AL-229 reconstruction, Macon County / Elmore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507697 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAI-55 construction, Normal to Gardner, McLean/Livingston/Grundy counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507696 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-137, Johnson City : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507695 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-30 (US-98), Okaloosa County / Walton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01451570 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Relocation of U.S. Route 45 from the city of Columbus to the town of Shannon, to provide a four-lane divided facility with full control of access: environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1220114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160833 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-190 (MA-52 expressway) from Worcester through West Boylston, Holden, Sterling, and Lancaster, to MA-2 in Leominster near Fitchburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final(3v), Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160831 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-93 from NH state line to I-91, St.Johnsbury : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160830 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40, Kingman, Mohave County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160826 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-14 relocation, Dodge/Olmsted counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160825 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-10A upgrading, Columbia County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160824 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-35 proposed widening, relocation, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160823 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Southside Boulevard extension, Jacksonville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160822 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-52, SR-7, SR-607, Lawrence County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921805 ER - TY - SER AN - 01125631 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Huckstep, Frederick L AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - Evaluation of skid test automatic digital recording system PY - 1974 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - The Virginia skid vehicle has been equipped with a digital data recording system to provide rapid reduction of skid measurement data. It was found that five to ten minutes are required to evaluate a single measurement using the original analog strip chart system, whereas the digital results for a full day of testing can be evaluated within a matter of minutes. The components of the recording system and the calibration and measurement procedures were examined, and the results from the digital system were studied to determine their precision and accuracy as compared to the analog system results. KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Recording instruments KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/75-r511.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36226/75-R511.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01125619 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation AU - Howard, Needles, Tammen & Bergendoff TI - Proposed I-66 corridor transportation improvements : Final Environmental/Section 4(f) statement PY - 1974 SP - 385 p. in various pagings KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Interstate 66 KW - Interstate highways KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886569 ER - TY - SER AN - 01120094 JO - VHRC ; AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - Evaluation of pavement design in Virginia based on layered deflections, subgrade and its moisture content PY - 1974 SP - iii, 40 p. AB - Studies were conducted to relate the deflection of flexible pavements to such environmental factors as temperature and moisture content of the pavements and their subgrade soils. Also considered were the thickness and the relative positions of the different components making up the pavement systems. Seven pavement designs were studied with respect to the above factors. The major conclusions of the study are: 1. The effect of a weak sandwiched layer in reducing pavement strength needs to be considered during pavement design and evaluation. 2. The air temperature considerably affects the pavement modulus. There is a great need for correcting dynaflect deflections for temperature in Virginia. 3. Another factor that affects the value of the pavement modulus is the rigidity of the support to the asphaltic concrete; the greater the rigidity, the, higher the pavement modulus. 4. The temperature sensitivity of the pavement modulus is directly proportional to the pavement modulus and the thickness of the asphaltic concrete layer. 5. The primary factor that affects the subgrade modulus appears to be the relative density of the subgrade soil. Low density soils cause high subgrade moisture and low subgrade modulus and high variations in both the moisture and modulus. The reverse is also true. KW - Deflection tests KW - Design KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavements KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil water KW - Testing KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/73-r52.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37400/37420/73-R52.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880303 ER - TY - SER AN - 01105791 JO - VHRC ; AU - McGhee, Kenneth H AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - Evaluation of experimental flexible pavements : construction of Altavista Bypass experimental pavement PY - 1974 SP - iii, 21, A-26 p. KW - Altavista (Virginia) KW - Bypasses KW - Deflection tests KW - Design KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavements KW - Testing KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/73-r56.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37400/37497/73-R56.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100923 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Southern Tier Expressway, sections 5M,5N,5P, construction from Salamanca west city line to Allegany, Cattaraugus County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062215 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Microscopic and X-ray diffraction examination of basalt to determine factors affecting durability : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060056 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 3A Highway System, Baltimore regional environmental impact study technical memoranda; Socio economic and land use analysis B1; Travel simulation, traffic analysis B2; Air quality analysis B3; Water and solid waste analysis B4; Noise analysis B5; Analysis of environmentally sensitive areas B6; Summary analysis and evaluation : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Background documents7 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060055 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-31 relocation from Muskegon County line to Mason County line, Oceana County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060054 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-30 improvement from I-94 to SH-46, Stutsman County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060053 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 and US-83 interchange : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060052 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-20, east of Irondale to east of interchange with Old Leeds Road, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060051 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-14 (IL-13) relocation, New Athens bypass construction, St.Clair County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060045 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North-south arterial from south city line to south Main St and Allen St, Jamestown : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060042 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-49 widening, improving from North Auburn underpass to north of Dry Creek Road, Placer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060040 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Petersburg to Kake Hwy, Proposal for construction of a road and bridge or shuttle ferry crossing of the Wrangell Narrows : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060039 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-426 improvement, Marion County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060036 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-285 and US-285-SR-74 jct reconstruction, Rio Arriba County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060025 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-41 relocation and improvement, Springfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060022 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-30 proposed improvement, I-94 to SH-46, Stutsman County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060021 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Gantt Freeway construction, Greenville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060016 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Westbrook arterial from Westbrook connector to I-295 interchange, Portland : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060011 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Las Positas interchange revision, Santa Barbara : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060010 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Routes 1 and 29, Wayne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060009 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-33 relocation, improvement, Lancaster : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060007 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Charlotte Inner Loop (2), Mecklenburg County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060002 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-1 (FAP-29) proposed improvement, San Luis Obispo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060000 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-37 construction, Tell City to I-64 interchange, Perry County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059989 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-59 proposed improvement to freeway standards on new location, Lawrence, Douglas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059986 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-6 construction to augment Route 6, Barnstable County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059983 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Park Ave West widening, resurfacing, Mansfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059981 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-81 and SD-34 jct east and west, Miner/Lake counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059979 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-212 improvement, Carver/Hennepin counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059965 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAI-55 construction from Lawndale to McLean, Logan/McLean counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059958 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IL-38 (FA-7, West Lincoln Hwy) resurfacing, widening, reconstruction, DeKalb : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059944 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-405, South Kirkland trail crossing (proposed), King County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059941 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Outer Loop/West Outer Loop construction, Oklahoma City : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059940 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West Peachtree St extension from Pershing Point to Piedmont Road, Atlanta : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059939 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-10 reconstruction, STH-114 to West Seymour St, Winnebago/Calumet/Outagamie counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059938 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 111, Moca-San Sebastian : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059929 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-19, Dodge/Jefferson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059928 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-131, Viola-La Farge Road reconstruction, Richland/Vernon counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059927 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-190 bypass eastward extension, Covington : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059915 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-22, LR-1101 (William Penn Hwy), Delmont to Blairsville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059914 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-251, Boundary to international boundary bituminous surface treatments, Stevens County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059909 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-1, White Castle-Plaquemine Hwy, Iberville Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059908 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-143 Hohokam Expressway construction, Maricopa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059906 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-140 relocation, Gardner-Westminster : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059905 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-67 proposed improvement, Delafield Road to Oconomowoc Road, Waukesha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059904 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-37 improvement, Lincoln County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059903 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NH-111 relocation, Windham-Salem-Derry-Atkinson : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059901 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-25 from SR-1101 to US-25/I-26 connector : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059899 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-231 (SR-75) multi-laning, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059893 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-876, Richmond Bypass improvement, KY-52 to US-25 and 421, Richmond : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059890 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15 construction, Escondido, San Diego County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059885 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MR-41 improvement, Scott/Carver counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059878 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Elkins bypass, Appalachian Development Hwy Corridor H : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059876 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sunset Highway, Austin section, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059871 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-4, Otowi Junction to Rio Tesuque crossing Santa Fe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059868 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-101 freeway development, Sonoma County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059865 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-21 reconstruction, I-96 east to Ada, Kent County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059864 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 380 extension and Route 1 improvements, San Bruno and Pacifica : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059862 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Baldorioty De Castro Expressway (PR-26) reconstruction and realignment, De Diego Ave to San Jorge St to Barbosa Expressway to Airport to Los Angeles, San Juan and Carolina : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Puerto Rico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059853 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 60 lane addition, east of Fisk to east of Dexter, Stoddard County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059850 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pedestrian overpass construction, Fontenelle Blvd and Center St, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059849 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-1197 grading, bridge replacement, Bourbon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059848 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Versailles-Lexington Road reconstruction, Woodford/Fayette counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059842 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Far West and South Bypasses, Oklahoma City : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059838 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1134 sections A00 and B30 (I-80/I-81 connector), Northumberland/Montour/Schuykill counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059833 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-55, Ponchatoula-Frenier Hwy, St.John the Baptist Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059830 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-1472 improvement, Coffey County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059829 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-14, Penn Central Railroad underpass replacement, Winamac : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059818 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-80 proposed improvement, Demopolis to Faunsdale, Marengo County / Hale County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059808 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Western access road construction from Kougarok Road on the Seward Peninsula to Kobuk : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059807 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-82, Parker (Union Gap) to Prosser : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final(fol), Draft supplement to the final(in FHWA-WA-750667-D), Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059806 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Twelfth St widening, MI-3 to Howard, Bagley to I-75, Detroit : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059800 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Colbert-Lawrence County Road construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059796 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-409 realignment, US-50 to Township Road 104, St.Clair County / Clinton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059791 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-23-441 widening, Franklin bypass to SR-1300, Jackson/Macon counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059786 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-24 widening, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059785 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-22 grading, draining, paving, Guernsey County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059778 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-85, Claire/Dunn counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059768 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-27 (SR-25) improvements, SR-826 (Palmetto Expressway) in Dade County through Broward County to South Bay in Palm Beach County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059767 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94 conservation, Stearns County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059764 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-495 rest area construction at the Bolton-Harvard town line : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059752 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-421 relocation, Siler City to Staley : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059750 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-93, SR-75, Blaine County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059743 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Clarks Fork Canyon Road, Park County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059742 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-113 dualization, Little Heaven, Frederica, Kent County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059741 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AL-5 proposed improvement, Haleyville to Phil Campbell, Winston County / Marion County / Franklin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059740 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 84th St/I-80/96th St interchange modification, construction, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059731 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-140 relocation or reconstruction, Franklin : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059726 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Marquam Bridge I-280 section, I-80N and I-205-122nd Ave construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059722 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-25, SR-28 improvements, extension, Bourne : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059720 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 262 construction from I-81 to Route 250, Staunton, Augusta County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059719 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-394 on US-12 corridor, Hennepin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059714 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Howard St extension, Kalamazoo : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059712 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-83 improvement, Coleharbor north and souuth, McLean County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059710 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-90 reconstruction, Issaquah to West Snoqualmie : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft(fol), F(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059709 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90 (US-10) upgrading, Wolf Lodge interchange to Rose Lake junction, Kootenai County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01059708 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-69 from US-27 to Morrice, Clinton/Shiawassee counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01056198 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Administrative action for F030-4, Beadle County: environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/815575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349160 AU - DABBERDT, W F AU - Stanford Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDIES OF AIR QUALITY ON AND NEAR HIGHWAYS. FIRST INTERIM REPORT PY - 1974 SP - 100 p. AB - The first year effort on the study "Analyses, Experimental Studies, and Evaluations of Air Control Measures for Air Flow and Air Quality On and Near Highways" is presented. The objectives were amplified to indicate a better understanding of the role of vehicle traffic, meteorological parameters, adjacent building anddroadway configurations. The development of simulations or models for concentrations of air pollutants near roadways and guidelines for management of air quality on and near highways were also presented. A conceptual framework for assessment of air quality was developed. This framework shows the iterative roles of wind tunnel scale experiments, field atmospheric measurements, and descriptive and other models for and air quality assessment methodology. References are given to pertinent theoretical and experimental fluid mechanics and meteorology studies. A theoretical framework for highway air contaminant entrainment and transport is developed using statistical methods on earlier studies coupled with analysis of vehicle turbulence and air flows. The vehicle wake structure and on drag force roles in creation of significant air flow parallel to the highway air discussed. A descriptive model was developed. Essential guidance for wind tunnel simulation and road atmospheric experiments was obtained from the descriptive modeling. The development of the wind tunnel facility to study vehicle-roadway atmospheric interactions in the dispersion of air contaminants is given. The physical model consists of two moving belts with attached vehicles, whose spacings, scales, speeds, and directions can be varied. The model roadway can be varied in its geometric configuration and rotated in azimuth to provide varying wind directions. Tunnel wind speed and roughness can also be varied. (FHWA) KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air pollution KW - Building KW - Drag KW - Flow KW - Fluid mechanics KW - Highways KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Traffic KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083977 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRIP DISTRIBUTION FRICTION FACTORS PY - 1974 SP - 90 p. AB - Trip distribution study reports are summarized and graphs are presented which show friction factors that were developed by various cities (taken from final reports and various technical reports). The curves are grouped by purpose and city size and are plotted directly from the given information. The graphs or composites could be utilized for synthesis, or borrowed to run a gravity model for a city. They may also be useful as an initial set of factors to any city calibrating a gravity model using origin destination data. KW - Friction factor KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Gravity models KW - Origin and destination KW - Traffic assignment KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158127 AU - McClellan, T J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECOLOGICAL RECOVERY OF REALIGNED STREAM CHANNELS PY - 1974 AB - A field investigation of 18 highway related stream channel changes in Oregon was made in 1973 to evaluate the effectiveness of natural processes in restoring conditions favorable or conducive to use of the altered streams as habitat by fish and streamside areas by small game. Known conditions prior to channelization, the channel design, construction methods followed, and any measures taken to mitigate harm to the ecology of the stream were used as a basis for comparing the local effects of the various types of alteration. Design features found to be significantly damaging to the stream fishery or to wildlife are discussed in the report. Some measures to prevent or alleviate similar damage by future highway construction are suggested. Appendix C of the report presents the findings of a preliminary review of pertinent literature and the detailed case study made in 1972 of a representative stream alteration. KW - Alignment KW - Channelization KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Ecology KW - Fishes KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Loss and damage KW - Realignment KW - Recovery KW - Road construction KW - Stream channels KW - Streams KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092485 AU - Harris (Curtis C) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1974 SP - 640 p. AB - A four-part report decribes how a multiregional, multi-industry forecasting model was used to evaluate alternative highway systems. The driving force in the forecasting model is a set of equations that explain industry location by the relative prices that industry faces at each location. These prices include land, labor, capital and transportation cost. Using an ICC relationship between speed and line-haul cost, the truck vehicle cost per mile is substituted for the speed data in the DOT national highway network model. KW - Analysis KW - Building sites KW - Cargo transportation KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Economic models KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equations KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway location KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Industrial engineering KW - Industrial location KW - Industries KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Prices KW - Regional economics KW - Regional transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136918 AU - Institute for Analysis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF UTILIZING HIGHWAY BRIDGES TO WEIGH VEHICLES IN MOTION PY - 1974 SP - 518 p. AB - No abstract available. KW - Bridges KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway bridges KW - Motion KW - Traffic measurement KW - Vehicles KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130603 AU - Fingalson, W A AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT AXLE LOADS FOR MINNESOTA FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1974 SP - 107 p. AB - The traffic phase of Minnesota's AASHO Road Test satellite study consisted of an attempt to determine the total traffic load experience which each of the 58 test sections in the project was subjected to since its construction. Extensive traffic studies were performed in 1964 and again in the 1969-1971 period to obtain the required data. The traffic loading, in terms of summation of equivalent 18,000-lb. single axle loads, was required so that a correlation with other structural and performance data could be made. This correlation was part of the development of a new flexible pavement design procedure. Large variations occurred between individual test sections in vehicle weights and type classification. Test section data were compared with rural Minnesota statewide trends. Sigma N18 projection difference of less than 30 percent for a particular design project do not significantly affect the ultimate pavement design. /FHWA/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Axle loads KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Test sections KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097451 AU - Clark, P C AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Gilliland, W J AU - Kansas State Highway Commission TI - WATER DRAINAGE FROM HIGHWAY FILLS PY - 1974 SP - 45 p. AB - Water has been found to be induced into highway fills in Kansas through cracks, rodent burrows, and bowl or funnel shaped depressions in the median of four lane highways. Dye tracer studies and increased flow from special drains after rains have verified the primary water source as surface water. Groundwater, however, has been found to contribute some water to the supply at one location. One or more poorly consolidated layers of limestone blocks was found in each fill that was studied in detail. These layers of rocks contained much open space between blocks which acts as a reservoir for water moving into the fill. Over a period of several years the water gradually soaks the shale and soil used in the fill embankment resulting in unstable fill conditions especially those with steep slopes. This in turn sometimes results in a fill slide. Special vertical and horizontal drains have been used to drain thousands of gallons of water from these fills thus improving the stability. A small volunteer growth of trees at one location has retarded sliding in spite of a large water buildup suggesting that these long known natural stabilizers should be used more in engineering applications where they do not create any hazard to the driving public. KW - Drains KW - Dyes KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Thermosetting resins KW - Vertical drains KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091378 AU - Wolters, R O AU - Minnesota Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODERN CONCEPTS FOR GRADATION CONTROL. PHASE IV. GRANULAR BASE COURSES PY - 1974 SP - 55 p. AB - During 1970, 1971 and 1972 gradation data were obtained on granular base courses that were being constructed on several Minnesota trunk highways. Data were collected and analyzed from randomly selected locations on ten projects. A statistical analysis was also performed on job control data for the ten projects and also on results from numerous other granular base projects. Variation was determined from these data by computing the mean and standard deviation to reveal existing variability in acceptable construction of granular base aggregates. The results were used to evaluate present specifications and to develop a new acceptance sampling plan based on statistical concepts that will define the degree of acceptable variation upon which decisions can be made with an established degree of confidence. Proposed statistical specifications are presented. KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Data collection KW - Gradation analysis KW - Granular bases KW - Highways KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Minnesota KW - Primary highways KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Sampling KW - Screens KW - Sizing apparatus KW - Sizing screens KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stochastic processes KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091421 AU - Clark, P C AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Gilliland, W J AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WATER DRAINAGE FROM HIGHWAY FILLS PY - 1974 SP - 45 p. AB - The objectives of the present study are to determine the conditions that lead to fill slides on highways in Kansas and to develop means of preventing or halting such slides. This interim report is being prepared to relate progress in the study, describe the general fill conditions, installation of drains to remove trapped water, and the observations made to date. KW - Building KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Dyes KW - Embankments KW - Facilities KW - Fills KW - Highways KW - Installation KW - Kansas KW - Landslides KW - Limestone KW - Prevention KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Surface waters KW - Trees KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00084993 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1973 PY - 1974 SP - 270 p. AB - Annual series of selected statistical tabulations are presented which relate to highway transportation in 3 major areas: highway use - the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; highway finance - the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and the highway plant - the extent and changing characteristics of the mileage of public highways, roads and streets. The statistics presented here have been analyzed and reported on a calendar year basis using procedures which provide comparability of values among states. The tables on motor fuel provides an analysis of fuel consumption, as well as rates and revenues. Motor vehicle and driver licensing statistics cover vehicle registration, drivers' licenses, rates and revenues, and travel characteristics. Detailed coverage is given to federal fuel and automotive taxes, the Highway Trust Fund, highway finance and mileage of public roads and streets. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Driver licenses KW - Energy KW - Finance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Highway travel KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Rates KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tabulation KW - Taxation KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082852 AU - Epstein, G AU - Stevens, E R AU - Maine Department of Transportation TI - ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION IN MAINE PY - 1974 SP - 19 p. AB - Evidence of alkali aggregate reaction has been observed in thirty year old structures located in south-western Maine. The survey contained in this report covers the aggregate presently being used in portland cement concrete for Maine Department of Transportation structures. The testing was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the determination of the existence of soluble silica. Analysis of the developed data indicated that none of the aggregates presently in use contain sufficient soluble silica to be considered deleterious because of silica alkali reactivity. KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Atomic absorption KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Silica KW - Spectophotometry KW - Spectrophotometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083594 AU - Oakes, D T AU - McCain, W D AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State TI - IMPROVEMENT IN THE DURABILITY OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENT PY - 1974 SP - 21 p. AB - This report is a formalization of several oral and written reports to representatives of the Mississippi State Highway Department and the Federal Highway Administration over the past year. The report summarizes the progress to date as conclusions strongly suggest that degradation of asphalt Conclusions strongly suggest that degradation of asphalt concrete is dependent on: The wettability of the solid substrate (aggregate as it affects the strength of the asphalt-aggregate) bond, particularly in the presence of water, and temperature as it affects both the internal pore pressure of the system and the redistribution of the asphaltic binder within the system, again the presence of water. Further, it is suggested that: Field modification of existing asphalt hot-mix plants is technically feasible and would require relatively small additional capital to apply the process in the field. It is further suggested that the deleterious effects of wettability, water, and temperature can largely be obviated by treating the surface of the aggregate to render it oleophilic (asphaltophilic). This results in a practical means of producing more durable asphalt concrete pavements. Improvement in yield value, ultimate unconfined compressive strength, elasticity and tensile strength are demonstrated. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compressive strength KW - Degradation KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength KW - Wettability KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082906 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND BRIDGES ON FEDERAL HIGHWAYS PROJECTS PY - 1974 SP - 461 p. AB - Specifications are presented for those items of work, materials, and construction methods that are generally applicable to direct Federal highway contracts, and which may also be adapted for use by other highway agencies. This publication, which is dualized in order to familiarize the user with the metric system, is patterned to the extent possible after the AASHTO Guide Specifications for Highway Construction in order to establish a nationwide uniformity and consistency of specifications and contractural matters in highway construction. The specifications, which are designed to prevent early obsolescence and controversy in the administration of contracts, and to encourage increased production and decreased costs consistent with high quality work, cover various aspects of general requirements and construction details. Earthwork base courses, bituminous pavements, and rigid pavements are covered in detail, as well as bridge construction, incidental construction and materials. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bridge engineering KW - Building materials KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Earthwork KW - Federal aid highways KW - Flexible pavements KW - Metric system KW - Paving KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080925 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION USAGE FACTORS FOR AGGREGATES PY - 1974 SP - 5 p. AB - In an effort to aid commercial pit and quarry operators as well as highway contractors, engineers and economists in plannning highway construction programs, tables are presented of usage factors for aggregates. Aggregates constitute between 20 and 30 percent of the cost of all materials and supplies and between 9 and 13 percent of the total construction cost (excluding the cost of right-of-way and engineering). The data employed in the development of the factors are quantities od the major materials used and the factors are quantities of the major materials used and construction projects on the Federal-aid Primary System. The factors are quotients obtained when total quantities are divided by corresponding totals in millons of dollars of final construction costs. These factors may be applied to any program of highway construction expenditures to obtain estimated requirements. Percentage distribution of cost for aggregate are tabulated, as well as the estimated construction expenditures for all public highways. Estimated national average secondary road factors are also presented. KW - Aggregates KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Expenditures KW - Federal aid highways KW - Road construction KW - Secondary roads KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080926 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION USAGE FACTORS FOR LUMBER TIMBER PILING, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND EXPLOSIVES PY - 1974 SP - 5 p. AB - The report which provides tabulated data on usage factors, is intended to aid producers, manufacturers and suppliers of lumber, timber piling, petroleum products and explosives. The usage factors, in terms of units of the various materials per million dollars of construction cost, when multiplied by the number of millions of dollars for either Federal-aid highway construction programs, will give reasonably accurate estimates of material requirements. Percentage distributions of cost for lumber, timber piling, petroleum products and explosives are tabulated, as well as estimated construction costs for all public highways. The estimated national average secondary road factors are also presented. KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Explosives KW - Federal aid highways KW - Lumber KW - Petroleum KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Road construction KW - Secondary roads KW - Timber KW - Timber piles KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080927 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION USAGE FACTORS FOR STEEL PY - 1974 SP - 5 p. AB - Tables are presented of usage factors that are intended to aid mills, fabricators, annd related industries as well as highway contractors, engineers, and economists in planning to meet the needs of highway construction programs. The usage factors, in terms of units of the various materials per million dollars of construction cost when multiplied by the number of millions of dollars for either a Federal-aid or non-Federal-aid highway construction program, will result in reasonably accurate estimates of material requirements. Steel constitutes between 16 and 29 percent of the cost of all materials and supplies, and between 7 and 13 percent of the total construction cost (excluding the costs of right- of-way and engineering). The percentage distributions of costs for various steel classifications are presented, as well as the estimated construction expenditures for all public highways. The estimated national average secondary road factors are tabulated. KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Federal aid highways KW - Road construction KW - Secondary roads KW - Steel KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265459 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BICYCLE AND PEDESTRAIN FACILITIES IN THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM PY - 1974 SP - 18 p. AB - This guide is for those organizations interested in encouraging the development of bicycle and pedestrian pathways along Federal-aid highway routes. Bikeways are a further use of our nation's highway system which are not only low cost but also energy efficient and pollution free. Under the provisions of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973, FHWA can authorize states to use their regularly apportioned Federal-aid highway funds for the construction of bikeways and pedestrian walkways outside the normal Federal-aid highway rights-of-way. The ever-increasing importance of the potential of the bicycle as an urban commuter and recreational vehicle is attested to by the fact that more than 40 percent of all urban trips are of four miles or less. KW - Bikeways KW - Construction KW - Energy KW - Federal aid highways KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/137181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264623 AU - Shinar, D AU - McDowell, D AU - Rockwell, E D AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - IMPROVING DRIVER PERFORMANCE ON CURVES IN RURAL HIGHWAYS THROUGH PERCEPTUAL CHANGES PY - 1974 SP - 103 p. AB - The perceptual processes involved in curve negotiation were studied in road and laboratory tests. Visual search patterns and motor control movements were measured on the road, and curve psychophysics, information processing abilities and susceptibility to visual illusions were studied in the laboratory. The major results of the study were (a) traditional measures of curve length and central degree were unrelated to accident statistics, drivers' perception of curvature, and drivers' tendencies to decelerate before the curve. (b) Two driver-performance indexes of curvature were developed and were found to be significantly related to accidents on curves. Curves' perspective angle (as viewed by the driver correlated highly with accidents (r=0.51) but drivers are relatively insensitive to this information. Eye-movement patterns showed that drivers tend to successively fixate the edge-line of the curve before entering it, indicating that drivers perceptually negotiate the curve several seconds before entering it. KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Measurement KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265173 AU - Taylor, F S AU - Nevada Department of Highways TI - NEVADA'S EXPERIENCE WITH FINISHING CONCRETE STRUCTURES PY - 1974 AB - This report discusses the history, application, problems, results, specifications, costs and recommendations relative to finishing concrete structures in the State of Nevada. The Navada State Highway Department is pleased with the results of their concrete surface finishing program which results in a durable and aesthetically pleasing surfacing. Included in the report are cost construction details, cost data and recommended specifications. /FHWA/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Concrete structures KW - Costs KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264017 AU - Olson, R C AU - Hale, J C AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - CRITERIA FOR SEAL COATING BITUMINOUS SURFACES PY - 1974 SP - 42 p. AB - Maintenance Engineers of the Minnesota Department of Highways were interviewed to determine the criteria used in selecting projects to be seal coated. Surveys were conducted on a number of projects prior to and periodically following application of the seal coat to determine their effectiveness in improving various surface deficiencies. These included amount of cracking and ratings of dusting, skid resistance, crack conditions, appearance uniformity and popouts. The deficiency defined as dusting corresponded most closely with opinions as to when a bituminous surface should be seal coated. /NTIS/ KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surface treatments KW - Dust KW - Dusting KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Popout KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Standardization KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261724 AU - Dana, J S AU - Peters, R J AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - EXPERIMENTAL MOISTURE DETERMINATION FOR DEFINING SATURATED SURFACE DRY STATE OF HIGHWAY AGGREGATES PY - 1974 AB - The objective of the research project was to investigate various moisture testing techniques in an attempt to improve present methods of specific gravity testing for fine aggregate. A testing technique to reduce the wide range of specific gravity test results and the time necessary to test for saturated surface dry condition is needed. A direct test method to measure surface moisture conditions would be desirable where as an indirect test method is presently in use. A prototype test apparatus was developed to directly measure surface moisture condition of mineral aggregate using basic principles of thermodynamics. The new test apparatus enables the laboratory technician to determine saturated surface dry state in a few minutes with satisfactory reliability. A reasonable cost was incurred for the construction of the prototype test apparatus (Under $500). Range of test results from differential drying of various aggregate sizes during preliminary testing was eliminated with the test apparatus. The test apparatus responded equally well to a variety of materials and demonstrated surface moisture changes accurately. Initial research tests using the prototype apparatus produced a moisture percentage range of plus or minus 1 for each test sample. The range of test results for the standard cone test (AASHO T84-70) has previously shown to deviate plus or minus 2.3% or plus or minus .06 for a specific gravity of (2.60). Further evaluation is necessary to verify the range of test results for the new test equipment. A wide variety of material classifications should be tested with the prototype to verify the advantages of the apparatus. KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Fine aggregates KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Percent saturation KW - Specific gravity KW - Specific gravity tests KW - Testing equipment KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00071852 AU - Sorenson, H C AU - KRUKAR, M AU - Cook, J C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - STUDDED TIRE PAVEMENT WEAR REDUCTION AND REPAIR. PHASE III. COMPOSITE PRESENTATION OF PHASE I AND PHASE II RESULTS AND EXTRAPOLATION OF THE CONCLUSIONS TO REAL WORLD CONDITIONS PY - 1973/12/31 SP - 161 p. AB - The report presents results obtained from the analyses of data which were collected during the performance of Phase I and Phase II of this project. Regression analyses were performed in order to relate various factors to each other. The factors used included stud type, stud protrusion, speed, air temperature, pavement temperature, environmental conditions, stud hardness and tire tread depth. The purpose was to evaluate the relative importance of these factors on pavement wear. It was found that the type of overlay, the type of stud and the stud protrusion length were the most important factors affecting pavement wear under WSU Test Track conditions. The other factors could not be sufficiently isolated to determine their relative importance. Average wear rates were calculated for the different types of pavements and overlays caused by the different stud types. A formula was developed which can be used to calculate pavement life under certain conditions. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/20454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454670 AU - Grecco, William Louise AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recreational Impact of Multi-Purpose Reservoirs: Final Summary Report : Technical Paper PY - 1973/12/13 SP - 65p AB - The principal objectives of this study were to develop recreational demand models and to determine their stability. Models were of the form Y = A e-Bx and utilized easily obtainable and predictable variables. A technique was developed illustrating how the model can be used to predict future attendance and traffic volumes. Three parks on reservoirs in Indiana were used in the study. Data were collected by interviewing 25 percent of arriving trips at the park entrances. About 13,000 interviews were conducted in 1965 and 1966 and an additional 12,000 over the period 1967 through 1969. Models were developed by non-linear regression analysis utilizing distance, population and the influence of other similar facilities. Two equations constituted the prediction model, one for the condition when there is no other similar facility closer to a county than the reservoir under study, and one for the condition when there is another such facility closer to the county than the reservoir under study. A comparison was made between the characteristics of the model as developed in the two phases of the study. It was found that while parameter B remained fairly constant over time, there was an increase in parameter A. KW - Indiana KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Recreational trips KW - Reservoirs KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Travel demand UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313871 UR - http://ia600405.us.archive.org/16/items/recreationalimpa00grec/recreationalimpa00grec.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208124 AU - Croce, C A AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - LIVE-LOAD STRESSES IN A STRAIGHT BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1973/12 SP - 25 p. AB - CURRENT AASHO DESIGN CRITERIA GOVERNING TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOADS IN STEEL BOX-GIRDER BRIDGES WERE DEVELOPED AS THE RESULT OF NUMEROUS ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES. HOWEVER, SINCE THESE STUDIES WERE CONFINED TO RIGHT SIMPLY SUPPORTED STRUCTURES, APPLICATION OF THESE DESIGN RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS IS QUESTIONABLE. CONSEQUENTLY, A FIELD TESTING PROGRAM WAS INITIATED TO VERIFY THE APPLICABILITY OF THESE RELATIONSHIPS TO ATWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS TWIN BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE WITH SKEWED END SUPPORTS. EXPERIMENTAL TRANSVERSE INFLUENCE LINES FOR STRESS AND VERTICAL DEFLECTION WERE DEVELOPED AND EMPLOYED IN DETERMINING LIVE-LOAD DISTRIBUTON FACTORS FOR BOTH THE POSITIVE AND THE NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENT REGIONS. THE TEST RESULTS SHOW THAT FOR THIS STRUCTURE, THE EXPERIMENTAL DISTRIBUTION FACTORS, WHICH VARIED FROM 2.59 TO 3.08,ARE DEPENDENT UPON BOTH THE LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE POSTIION OF THE GIRDER CROSS-SECTION CONSIDERED. ALTHOUGH THESE FACTORS DIFFERED BY +5 TO -11 PERCENT OF THE DESIGN VALUE OF 2.933, EXISTING CRITERIA GOVERNING LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOADS IN COMPOSITE BOX-GIRDER BRIDGES ARE CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE FOR THIS STRUCTURE. IN ADDITION, IN THE POSITIVE MOMENT REGIONS THE TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL LIVE-LOAD BENDING MOMENT AVERAGED ONLY 85 PERCENT OF THE DESIGN CONTINUOUS BEAM MOMENT. ALTHOUGH THE MAGNITUDE OF THIS REDUCTION IN MOMENT WILL DIFFER FOR STRUCTURES OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES, THE IMPLICATION IS THAT FOR SKEWED BOX-GIRDER BORIDGES IN GENERAL, A REDUCTION IN DESIGN LIVE-LOAD MOMENT WOULD BE APPROPRIATE FOR THE POSITIVE MOMENT REGIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Bending moments KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cross sections KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Field tests KW - Live loads KW - Skew bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219790 AU - McCarty, W M AU - Hiss, J G AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - LENSED RAIL LIGHTS FOR PAVEMENT ILLUMINATION PY - 1973/12 SP - 58 p. AB - THIS STUDY WAS INITIATED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT RAIL LIGHTS EQUIPPED WITH FRESNEL LENSES, AND TO VERIFY SOME ASSUMPTIONS MADE WHEN SPECIFYING ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INTERCHANGE OF THE RIVERFRONT ARTERIAL AND SOUTH MALL EXPRESSWAY IN ALBANY. INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED FROM OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS ON MOCKUP INSTALLATIONS, AS WELL AS A COMPLETED PORTION OF THE INTERCHANGE. THE DATA CONFIRMED THAT LIGHT DISTRIBUTION WAS BETTER THAN OBTAINED FROM REFLECTOR-TYPE FIXTURES. IN-SERVICE PERFORMANCE ON THE OPENED PORTION OF THE INTERCHANGE HAS REVEALED PROBLEMS WITH DIRT ACCUMULATION, PILED SNOW, LENS BREAKAGE, AND ELECTRICAL FAILURES DUE TO WATER. A THERMOSTAT CONTROL TO ENERGIZE THE LIGHTS WHEN TEMPERATURES DROP BELOW 5 DEG F HAS PERFORMED SATISFACTORILY. FIXTURE SPACING IN THIS INSTALLATION DOES RESULT IN A FLICKERING SENSATION WHEN ONE DRIVES PAST, AS ANTICIPATED. ILLUMINATION AND DELINEATION PROVIDED BY RAIL LIGHTS IN FOG IS SUPERIOR TO THAT PROVIDED BY OVERHEAD LUMINAIRES. IN AN EFFORT TO REDUCE LENS BREAKAGE, LENSES MOLDED FROM A HIGH-IMPACT-RESISTANT POLYCARBONATE PLASTIC ("LEXAN") HAVE BEEN TESTED. USING THIS MATERIAL AND SLIGHTLY MODIFYING LENS CONFIGURATION RESULTS IN A LENS MORE RESISTANT TO IMPACT THAN THE ACRYLIC LENSES NOW USED. SOME REDUCTION IN ROADWAY ILLUMINATION DOES RESULT FROM THIS CHANGE IN LENS MATERIAL AND CONFIGURATION, BUT OBSERVERS BELIEVE SUFFICIENT LIGHT IS AVAILABLE FOR THE DRIVING TASK. /FHWA/ KW - Interchanges KW - Lenses (Excluding soils) KW - Lenses (Geology) KW - Light KW - Lighting KW - Luminaires KW - Night visibility KW - Plastics KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Street lighting KW - Thermostats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261824 AU - Olateju, O T AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE RESPONSE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE TO INTERNAL VIBRATION PY - 1973/12 SP - 10 A p. AB - The objectives of this first phase of a proposed two-phase study were (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of various vibratory efforts on several reinforced concrete specimens, and (2) to determine which parameters most affect the compaction of reinforced concrete in slipform paving. To achieve these objectives, a statistically designed experiment was performed. In this experiment, three different mix designs and nine different combinations of frequency and duration of vibration (treatments) were examined. The factors measured included the frequency and amplitude of vibration, particle acceleration in the concrete, pulse velocity, nuclear density and several pertinent concrete parameters. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by computer and the results indicated that the 13,200, 12,000, and 10,800 cycles per minute (cpm) frequencies were at 5% level of significance equally effective in compacting concrete and that all the three frequencies were significantly more effective than the 9,600 and the 7,300 cpm frequencies. Other results were that the measured frequency in concrete was about 15% lower than the frequency input at the vibrator; that the mean density below steel was about 6.5% lower than the density above steel; and that consistency (slump) was a very important factor in the vibratory compaction of concrete. These results were followed by the recommendations that (1) a slump range between 1 and 2-1/4 inches should be adopted for slipform paving; (2) that a frequency range between 10,800 and 12,000 cpm, and an amplitude range between 0.0045 and 0.00055 inches should also be adopted; and (3) that studies should be initiated to determine the reason for the reduction of the input frequency in concrete. /FHWA/ KW - Amplitude (Physics) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Consistency KW - Density KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slip form paving KW - Vibratory compaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264622 AU - Radelat, G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMULATION OF URBAN BUS OPERATION ON SIGNALIZED ARTERIALS PY - 1973/12 SP - 251 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a simulation model that represents urban bus operation on signalized arterial streets. The model is to be used as an evaluation tool in the formulation of new schemes to improve bus service in urban areas. To pave the way for the development of such a model, two basic relationships in urban bus systems were investigated. They respectively involve: (1) the time required to load and unload a certain number of passengers and (2) the bus speed and acceleration characteristics. The model developed was named "SUB" (Simulation of Urban Buses) and its program written in FORTRAN language. Traffic is simulated on the model by groups of vehicles that are processed at constant time intervals. Buses, on the other hand, are represented individually and processed only when significant events occur. The model has been calibrated in Washington, D.C. verified and subjected to sensitivity tests. It has been validated by comparing its results with real-life data and its usefulness has been demonstrated by applying the model to predict the effect of an exclusive bus lane. KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Arterial highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Passengers KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Streets KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165744 AU - Monismith, C L AU - McLean, D B AU - Ogawa, N AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1973/12 SP - 111 p. AB - This report describes some research which has been completed to permit estimation of the accumulation of permanent deformation from repeated traffic loading in asphalt-bound layers resting directly on subgrade. Constitutive relationships which attempt to define the distortion characteristics of a fine-grained soil as a function of water content, dry density, stress state, and number of stress repetitions are presented. In addition such relationships for asphalt concrete as a function of time, loading, temperature, and stress state are developed. The data for the asphalt concrete have been incorporated in analysis procedures using both layered elastic and viscoelastic theory to represent pavement response to load to illustrate a preliminary framework by means of which rutting in the asphalt bound layer can be estimated. /FHWA/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deformation KW - Dry density KW - Matching KW - Moisture content KW - Repeated loads KW - Stresses KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165752 AU - Nix, H D AU - Reinl, H AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FIELD DYNAMIC STUDIES OF A LONG-SPAN SIGN STRUCTURE SN - 14030 PY - 1973/12 SP - 50 p. AB - A field study of a long-span, tubular signal bridge, very susceptible to wind-induced vibration, is described. Portions of a theoretical analysis performed by a recently developed computer program for the evaluation of "Wind Effects on Luminaires and Traffic Signals" (WEFFLS), were verified by field testing. The predicted resonant frequencies and lowest critical wind velocity--that wind velocity which will cause structure resonance--were confirmed by the tests. An in-situ value of structure damping, 0.2% of critical damping, was measured. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Dynamic conditions KW - Dynamics KW - Luminaires KW - Resonance KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Tubular structures KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind resistant design KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158998 AU - West, T R AU - Woodring, S M AU - Frederking, R L AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF MULTISPECTRAL DATA USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES: KANSAS TEST SITES PY - 1973/12 SP - 87 p. AB - This report documents the processing and analysis of multispectral aircraft scanner data collected over two FHWA test sites in Kansas. Day and nighttime flights, at 1500 feet, were flown for Site 4 (in Kansas City) using two thermal IR channels. The overall objective for this investigation, as well as for the other test sites studied under this contract, is to develop techniques for identifying and classifying, through computer applications, those surface materials which are of significance to highway location and construction. Specific accomplishments of the study were made under three separate tasks: (1) evaluation of a computer-assisted classification of the Kansas City Site thermal response to determine whether subsurface cavities could be located--they could not; (2) a detailed study of Site 5 to determine relationships between spectral classes of soil, selected landform types, and soil textural types (Unified Soil Classification) plus determine an engineering soils mapping technique using the current LARS capabilities--this task yielded positive results; (3) a continued assessment of the effects of various topographic elements on spectral response in order to improve soils mapping accuracies. KW - Classification KW - Data collection KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Highway classification KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Imagery KW - Information processing KW - Infrared detectors KW - Kansas KW - Location KW - Mapping KW - Multispectral imagery KW - Optical detection KW - Optical detectors KW - Photogrammetry KW - Remote sensing KW - Road construction KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Soils KW - Streets KW - Terrain KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses KW - Topography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263665 AU - Ballinger, C A AU - Gade, R H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF TYPICAL HIGHWAY INLET GRATES, WITH RECOMMENDED STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA PY - 1973/12 SP - 81 p. AB - This research study involved the load testing and structural analysis of eight typical State Highway Department inlet grates; six roadway and two median grates. Oher grate variables were: steel or cast iron, shape of grate members, and flat or sloped installed grate surface. The objectives of the study were: (1) to determine the structural behavior of the selected grates under static and dynamic wheel loads, (2) to develop criteria for designing inlet grates on the basis of structural strength and behavior, and (3) to make recommendations for possible revision of Federal Specificat RR-F-621b (dated 9/14/67), "Frames, Covers, Gratings, Steps, Sump and Catch Basin, Manhole", which may be used for acceptance of inlet grates. The inlet grates were subjected to incremental static wheel loads up to 10,000 pounds and 6000-pound rolling and impact dynamic wheel loads. Each grate was also subjected to flat plate load tests to determine the ultimate load capacity and mode of failure. Computer analyses were made to determine whether the behavior of the subject grates under static wheel loads could be predicted. This report contains the results of the static and dynamic loading tests, and recommended criteria for the structural design of inlet grates. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Grates KW - Load tests KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00057892 AU - Balmer, G G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD ROUGHNESS TECHNOLOGY, STATE OF THE ART PY - 1973/12 SP - 39 p. AB - The paper gives an overview of road roughness technology, lists the most prominent equipment used in longitudinal profile evaluations, and discusses uses of the measurements. Several types of roughness measurement equipment are operational for the purpose of measuring riding quality; whereas, development of equipment, reduction procedures, and meaningful acceptance criteria of roughness for highway safety, for predicting pavement loading from heavy vehicles, and for determining pavement life expectancy have not reached the point where the equipment and procedures are operational for large scale road inventory purposes. KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Service life KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/17619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092495 AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Kagan, L S AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - RTKL Associates, Incorporated TI - A COMPARISON OF COSTS AND BENEFITS OF FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRIANS PY - 1973/12 SP - 311 p. AB - The report discusses the costs and benefits of facilities for improving pedestrian circulation, safety, and environment. The report categorizes the various types of facilities and improvements for pedestrains in downtown areas and at grade separation projects. A general framework for estimating total facility cost over time is developed and examples of costs are provided. The nature of pedestrian travel is examined as an aid to determining the requirements for and impacts of pedestrians, vehicles, and abutting properties. Finally, examples of cost and benefit analyses of highway crossings are provided along with case studies of grade separated facilities in central business districts. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridges KW - Central business districts KW - Central city KW - Crosswalks KW - Escalators KW - Facilities KW - Human characteristics KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Sidewalks KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Tunnels KW - Urban transportation KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00057025 AU - Pilkington, G B AU - Howell, P D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR COMPUTING VEHICLE OFFTRACKING ON CURVES PY - 1973/12 SP - 28 p. AB - The report presents a simplified procedure for computing vehicle offtracking on curves. It was developed during a research effort to determine what the offtracking requirements were if the width of buses for operation on the Interstate Highway System was increased from 96 to 102 inches. The procedure was developed by modifying the existing procedures to identify critical bus offtracking. Modification consisted of the use of an additional geometric relationship required to calculate 'swept width', a parameter considered to be more significant than 'offtracking' , per se. Swept width is not a problem for buses using the through traffic lanes on the Interstate Highway System, because curves as sharp as 27 degrees occur only on ramps designed for low speed and one-lane operation. The procedure developed can be used by highway design personnel to select a maximum degree of curvature which would permit a vehicle to stay within the selected lane width and by regulatory agencies when permits are requested for movement of vehicles that exceed the legal maximum width, length or both. KW - Buses KW - Highway curves KW - Offtracking KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/17114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090540 AU - Crandell, D R AU - Deaver, R W AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR USE OF A PHOTOGRAPHIC ROAD INVENTORY PROCEDURE PY - 1973/12 SP - 53 p. AB - The project objective was to determine the feasibility of using photographic procedures for inventorying and investigating features of highway facilities. Photologging systems developed by other states and instrumentation available commercially are comparatively studied from performance, benefit and economic standpoints. A photologging system and work plan is designed for Georgia's needs and compared with the road inventory system now in use. A work plan for a pilot implementation study is included. KW - Georgia KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Photographic equipment KW - Photographic methods KW - Photographic techniques KW - Photography KW - Photologging KW - Photologging systems KW - Rims KW - State government KW - State highways KW - Surveys KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090105 AU - Crawford, R A AU - Anderson, D W AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH COEFFICIENT OF MATERIALS PY - 1973/12 SP - 49 p. AB - The study investigates the relationship of strength to thickness and type of material for six different construction materials; two bituminous paving materials, the same two aggregates without asphalt and two gravels typical of those normally used for base or subbase materials. Testing was conducted at a test site where each material was placed in thicknesses of 3 to 24 inches in three inch increments. In addition to normal laboratory and construction test procedures, plate bearing, Benkelman beam and Dynaflect tests were performed. Coefficients of strength were determined for the test materials and examples of design based upon these coefficients are shown. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Building materials KW - Dam foundations KW - Field tests KW - Gravel KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pavements KW - South Dakota KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083586 AU - Arman, A AU - Munfalch, G A AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge TI - THE EFFECT OF DENSIFICATION ON THE ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOILS SN - Engr Bulletin #113 PY - 1973/12 SP - 335 p. AB - Mixtures of clay, silt, and sand with known organic contents were molded at their liquid limits in special cylinders and statically loaded for 48 hours under various simulated overburden pressures. Both unconfined and quick triaxial compression tests indicated usable shear strengths of 0.3 to 0.7 ksf. Static surcharging also increased the dry densities, reduced the moisture contents, and resulted in greatly reduced permeabilities of the clays and silts. Shear strengths generally increased directly with the surcharge and organic content. Rebound after removal of the surcharges was negligible. From standard consolidation tests, only the square root-of-time plots provided classically-shaped curves that could be used to determine the end of primary consolidation. Primary consolidation of organic soils occurs in two overlapping stages. Organic soils gain in stiffness under cyclic loading, generally after six cycles. Extensive appendices provide data for the preliminary estimating of settlement rates. The text gives numerical examples of embankment settlements and shear distribution based on the finite-element analyses. /FHWA/ KW - Clay KW - Compression KW - Consolidation KW - Consolidations KW - Densification KW - Organic soils KW - Primary consolidation KW - Sand KW - Settlement rate KW - Shear strength KW - Silts KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil mechanics KW - Surcharge KW - Triaxial compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264018 AU - Bellini, P X AU - Youngstown State University TI - SONIC TESTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PY - 1973/12 SP - 118 p. AB - The purpose of this project is to determine the material properties of in-situ concrete using ultrasonic testing methods. Specifically, an attempt is made to correlate the pulse velocity of sound waves in concrete with its ultimate compressive strength. A variety of aggregate types native to Ohio are tested. Concrete strength is various by control of both the water-cement ratio and the cement-aggregate ratio. The effect of the presence of reinforcing bars on the variation of pulse velocity is considered. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Cement aggregate ratio KW - Compressive strength KW - Mix design KW - Pulse velocity KW - Pulses KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Sonic testing KW - Sonic tests KW - Sound KW - Sound KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Velocity KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263672 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - FIELD STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1973/12 AB - In this report, the results of field observations on CRC pavements constructed in the state of Ohio are presented. The field performance parameters such as deflection, moduli variability, support conditions, crack spacing and pattern and drainage conditions are evaluated and related to pavement structural conditions. The results of pavement core strength data are utilized to develop interrelations between material properties and life expectancy of the CRC pavement structure. The concept of concrete maturity and the strength-maturity relations are used as a basis for a proposed design scheme. The results of field curing conditions and the effects of curing methods on the crack spacing and patterns have also been investigated. This field study has shown that the crack spacing and pattern is independent of curing conditions and is mostly affected by the climatic condition prevailing during construction. It is also shown that in CRC pavements constructed using soil- cement or lime-flyash mixture, the transverse cracks in the pavement structure have, in all instances, penetrated into the base course. The drainage conditions in these pavements have been shown to be of critical significance. Similarly, this study has demonstrated the extent of variability observed in the construction of these pavements. The field observation of the performance of an overlayed structure on a CRC pavement has indicated that reflection cracking would occur in areas where the continuity of steel reinforcement has been destroyed. KW - Concrete curing KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Pavement cores KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Reflection cracking KW - Service life KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261728 AU - Safford, M C AU - Swanson, H N AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - SEIBERT EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT SN - 44D1-074 PY - 1973/12 SP - 15 p. AB - Lime shafts and lime till were used to prevent swelling on Interstate 70 in Eastern Colorado. The grading contract for a section of Interstate 70 had been completed in 1964. By spring of 1965 two cut areas had significant swelling. Before the concrete paving began lime shafts were built in one cut and lime till in the other. No swelling has been observed in either section in the eight years of evaluation that have just been completed. KW - Calcium oxide KW - Concrete mixers KW - Excavations KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Swelling KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261826 AU - Douglas, T R AU - Gambrell, S C AU - University of Alabama, University TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF THE HOMEWOOD BRIDGE PY - 1973/12 SP - 69 p. AB - A complete analysis of the twelfth span of the southbound off ramp of the Homewood Interchange in Birmingham, Alabama was made which included comparisons between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions of primary bending stress, lateral flange bending stress, deflection, and neutral axis position. Comparisons were made for static live loads. Calculations were made to determine the significance of composite action in both longitudinal and lateral directions. Effects of longitudinal and lateral placement of the loads were determined. Effects of guard rails on stresses and deflections of exterior girders were determined. KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Deflection KW - Girders KW - Guardrails KW - Lateral placement KW - Off ramps KW - Static loads KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134973 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00260212 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Clements, R F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE OF ASPHALT SURFACE BY HEATER REMIX AND OVERLAY PY - 1973/12 SP - p. 1-7 AB - In an effort to improve the bond of pavement overlays and reduce cracking caused by water infiltration, the Idaho Department of Highways contracted to have a bituminous plantmix overlay of a section of Interstate Route 80 N which was badly cracked. The project was unique in that the top half-inch of road surface was to be heated, scarified, and treated with an asphalt rejuvenating agent immediately before being paved. There are 2 burners which operate in tandem. Each unit has thirteen diesel burners mounted at the front end, and a heavy duty spring tooth harrow on the rear. The contract specified a depth of one-half inch to be searified, but the depth is determined by the speed of the heater units. The teeth penetrate the entire heated part of the surface. Following closely upon the heating and scarifying processes was the distribution of "Reclamite", an emulsified petroleum resin oil base, which left an oily film on the surfacing. The ordinary paving process followed this operation by one to three hours. The ultimate success of this treatment will only be determined with time. Density tests showed the presence of air voids in the range of 9 to 12 percent, and repeated rolling did not improve the density. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bonds KW - Burners KW - Density KW - Harrows KW - Heat treatment KW - Metal heating KW - Pavement cracking KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Scarifying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134516 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00260214 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Anderson, M H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIAL REPORT ON MOBILE SCAFFOLD FOR PAINTING STRUCTURAL STEEL BRIDGES PY - 1973/12 SP - p. 22-25 AB - No Abstract. KW - Girder bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Mobile equipment KW - Painting KW - Portable equipment KW - Scaffolds KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134518 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00260213 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Christianson, C T AU - Almquist, K L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF PHOTOLOGS IN MAINTENANCE PY - 1973/12 SP - p. 12-15 AB - No Abstract. KW - Cameras KW - Crash investigation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Photologging KW - Photologging systems KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00260215 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Thompson, C L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ZERO DISCHARGE WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM PY - 1973/12 SP - p. 26-30 AB - No Abstract. KW - Effluents KW - Recycling KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Sewage effluents KW - Sewage treatment KW - Sewerage KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Sludge disposal KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263012 AU - International Road Federation TI - 1973 WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT PY - 1973/12 SP - 574 p. AB - This is the 1973 annual world survey of research and development on roads and road transport reports on current studies in 71 countries excluding the United States. A total of 5,123 studies are reported with a brief abstract. The studies are classified by country and by technical subject area. Two special studies are classified by country and by technical subject area. Two special indepth studies are included: "Prevention of Bridge Deck Deterioration" by Mr. Russell H. Brink and "Long-Span Bridges in Europe" by Mr. D. Allen Firmage. /FHWA/ KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Foreign KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research projects KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214563 AU - Green, J T AU - Woodruff, J M AU - Blazer, R E AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg TI - STABILIZING DISTURBED AREAS DURING HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION FOR POLLUTION CONTROL PY - 1973/12 AB - EXPERIMENTS ALONG VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS ON VARIOUS SOIL MATERIALS IN ALL MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF VIRGINIA WERE ESTABLISHED TO FIND: (A) THE BEST MULCHES AND CHEMICAL BINDING AGENTS FOR EROSION CONTROL AND (B) THE MOST SUITABLE SEEDING MIXTURES AND FERTILIZER COMBINATIONS FOR SEEDINGS IN ALL SEASONS OF THE YEAR. STAIR-STEP GRADING, SHALLOWER SLOPES, ROUGHENED SOIL SURFACES, AND INCORPORATING LIME AND FERTILIZER REDUCED EROSION PER SE OR GAVE EROSION CONTROL BY ESTABLISHING A VEGETATIVE COVER QUICKLY. GOOD GRADING PRACTICES WITH MULTI-STEP APPLICATIONS OF SEED AND FERTILIZER IF NEEDED MAKE TOPSOILING UNNECESSARY. ALTERING SEED MIXTURES WITH THE ADDITION OF CERTAIN ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL SPECIES HAS GIVEN MARKED IMPROVEMENTS FOR ESTABLISHING VEGETATIVE COVERS IN VARIOUS SEASONS OF THE YEAR. WEEPING LOVEGRASS AND GERMAN MILLET HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF VEGETATIVE COVER IN SUMMER SEEDINGS, AND CERAL RYE HAS EXTENDED THE SUCCESSFUL SEEDING DATES IN LATE FALL-EARLY WINTER. SUCH SUCCESS WITH "OFF-SEASON" SEEDINGS HAS MADE IT UNNECESSARY TO DISTURB SOILS A SECOND TIME, THUS AVOIDING ADDITIONAL POTENTIAL EROSION. PERENNIAL SPECIES CAN BE SEEDED WITH THE "TEMPORARY" SPECIES OR IN A SECOND-STEP APPLICATION DURING A FAVORABLE SEEDING SEASON. RESULTS WITH CROWNVETCH IN NEW SEEDINGS OR ON OLD SLOPES WITH SPARSE GRASS VEGETATION HAS BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL, ESPECIALLY IN NORTHERN AND MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS. THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF TOPSOILING, FERTILIZER INCORPORATION, SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT, AND EROSION CONTROL AS RELATED TO POLLUTION CONTROL ON CONSTRUCTION SITES WAS DISCUSSED. AN INTERPRETIVE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION FOR ESTABLISHING VEGETATION OR CONTROLLING EROSION AT ANY SEASON OF THE YEAR FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITES IS GIVEN. /NTIS/ KW - Air quality management KW - Erosion control KW - Experiments KW - Fertilizers KW - Plants KW - Pollution KW - Road construction KW - Roadside improvement KW - Seeds KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99368 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00226852 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - True, J AU - Rosen, D TI - MOVING MERGE--A NEW CONCEPT IN RAMP CONTROL PY - 1973/12 VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - p. 229-45 AB - MOVING MERGE CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE DEVICES INSTALLED ON FREEWAY ENTRANCE RAMPS TO HELP DRIVERS ENTER A FREEWAY FOR THOSE SITUATIONS WHERE THEY WOULD OTHERWISE HAVE DIFFICULTY IN DETERMINING ADEQUATE SIZE FREEWAY GAPS. IN THE MOVING MODE SYSTEM ACCEPTABLE GAPS IN THE RIGHT LANE OF THE FREEWAY LANE, THOSE WHICH WILL PERMIT SAFE MERGING, ARE SHOWN AS MOVING BANDS OF GREEN LIGHTS IN THE RAMPSIDE DISPLAY. BY DRIVING BESIDE ONE OF THESE BANDS A RAMP VEHICLE WILL BE PLACED IN THE PROPER RAMP MERGING POSITION FOR ENTERING A SAFE AVAILABLE GAP. IN THE STOPPED MODE OPERATION, RAMP VEHICLES ARE REQUIRED TO STOP AT A TRAFFIC SIGNAL LOCATED ON THE RAMP SHOULDER. VEHICLE DETECTORS IN THE RIGHT LANE OF THE FREEWAY ARE USED TO SEARCH FOR GAPS WHICH WILL PERMIT SAFE MERGING AND THE TRAFFIC SIGNAL IS TURNED GREEN AT THE PROPER TIME. KW - Freeway operations KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramps KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/116043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226877 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REAL-TIME CONTROL SYSTEM FOR DIAMOND INTERCHANGES PY - 1973/12 SP - 18 p. AB - THIS COMPREHENSIVE EFFORT ON DIAMOND INTERCHANGE RESEARCH BEGAN IN 1966. INITIALLY, RESEARCH WAS AIMED AT DEVELOPMENT OF A VALIDATED SIMULATION MODEL FOR USE IN STUDYING GEOMETRIC AND FIXED TIME CONTROL ASPECTS OF DIAMOND INTERCHANGES AND THEIR ADJACENT FREEWAY SECTIONS. AT THE COMPLETION OF THIS RESEARCH, DECISIONS WERE MADE TO ENLARGE THE SIMULATION MODEL TO INCLUDE THE NEARBY STREET INTERSECTIONS AND TO EXTEND CONTROL RESEARCH INTO DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERIZED REAL-TIME CONTROL. THESE DECISIONS WERE MADE IN CONCERT WITH THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS AND THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES, BOTH OF WHICH CONTRIBUTED SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT. THIS BROCHURE DECRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THE REAL-TIME SYSTEM WHICH EVOLVED THROUGH SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF REAL-TIME CONTROL USING A SERIES OF CANDIDATE CONTROL ALGORITHMS, CONSTRUCTION OF A COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM AT THE WESTERN AVENUE--SANTA MONICA FREEWAY INTERCHANGE IN LOS ANGELES, AND FIELD TESTING OF THE ALGORITHM WHICH BEST MINIMIZED AVERAGE VEHICLE DELAY. TEST RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE CONTROL SYSTEM CAN PRODUCE A 20-30 PERCENT REDUCTION IN BOTH DELAY AND STOPS FOR MOTORISTS USING THE DIAMOND INTERCHANGE COMPLEX. KW - Algorithms KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Field tests KW - Information processing KW - Interchanges KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203075 AU - Wolf, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AERIAL ANALYTICAL TRIANGULATION; DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 1 PY - 1973/12 SP - 32 p. AB - THIS PROJECT DEMONSTRATES THE COST SAVINGS THAT ACCRUE WHEN AERIAL ANALYTICAL TRIANGULATION IS USED, RATHER THAN GROUND SURVEYS ALONE, TO DEVELOP MAPPING CONTROL. AERIAL ANALYTICAL TRIANGULATION UTILIZES A COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRECISE X-Y COORDINATE MEASUREMENTS OF ARTIFICIAL IMAGES, MARKED IN THE TRIPLE OVERLAP AREA OF A SERIES OF THREE, ADJACENT, OVERLAPPING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS, COMBINED WITH A LIMITED NETWORK OF GROUND SURVEY DATA TO DEVELOP A COMPLETE NETWORK OF CONTROL POINTS FOR USE IN STEREOSCOPIC MAPPING. RESULTS OF THE PROJECT SHOWED A SAVING OF $550 PER MILE UTILIZING AERIAL ANALYTICAL TRIANGULATION. /DOT/ KW - Aerial surveying KW - Costs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Photographs KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262997 AU - Hedley, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE ART ON RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SURFACES PY - 1973/11/30 SP - 28 p. AB - An attempt is made to provide a summary of the latest available information on physical characteristics, riding quality, and relative costs of the various types of surfacing materials used at railroad-highway grade crossings. The crossing surface types considered are: bituminous, full wood plant, sectional treated timber, concrete slab, concrete pavement, steel-reinforced rubber panels, metal sections, and unconsolidated. Emphasis is given to the nesessity for proper preparation of the track structure and good drainage of the subgrade. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Costs KW - Drainage KW - Highway design KW - Precast concrete KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad tracks KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rubber KW - Slabs KW - Surface treating KW - Trestles KW - Wood KW - Wood trestles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580322 AU - Krukar, Milan AU - Cook, John C AU - Voss, Didrik A AU - Terrel, Ronald L AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement Research at the Washington State University Test Track. Volume 6, The Application of the WSU Test Track Data to Flexible Pavement Design PY - 1973/11 SP - 111p AB - The purpose of this report is to review all of the information collected during the design, construction, and testing of the first four rings of the test track constructed at the Washington State University in 1964 and summarize the conclusions and recommendations made. The specific objectives of this study are as follows: (1) Review experiment design and procedures used, and make recommendations on improvements to experiment design if applicable; (2) Explain performance of test sections in terms of the Hveem Design Method (R-value) and elastic layer theory, and establish criteria if possible; (3) Evaluate pertinent parameters from the test track data for pavement design application; and (4) Evaluate field equivalency ratios established for test sections and modify if necessary. KW - Circular test tracks KW - Field data KW - Flexible pavements KW - Layered elastic theory KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - R-values (Subgrades) KW - Test sections KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/015.6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579728 AU - Brown, C B AU - Evans, R J AU - Fox, T AU - LaChapelle, E R AU - Mcclung, D M AU - Smith, L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Methods of Avalanche Control on Washington Mountain Highways -Third Annual Report PY - 1973/11//Annual Report SP - 197p AB - This document contains a collection of reports on several different aspects of avalanche formation. The reports are entitled: (1) Some Considerations for Avalanche Defense Design for the Washington Cascades; (2) Incorporation of Glide and Creep Measurements into Snow Slab Mechanics; (3) Avalanches and Synoptic Weather Situations in the Cascades during the Winters of 1971-72 and 1972-73; (4) Indication of Snow Avalanche Periodicity Through Interpretation of Vegetation Patterns in the North Cascades, Washington; (5) A Visit to the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research; and (5) Decision Methods. KW - Avalanche control methods KW - Avalanches KW - Cascade Mountains KW - Snow mechanics KW - Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research KW - Time intervals KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/008.4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01344821 AU - Demetsky, Michael J AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis of Express Bus-Fringe Parking Operations PY - 1973/11 SP - 63p AB - This report is the first in a series by .this agency dealing with the planning and evaluation of express bus-fringe parking operations. It was originally intended that this report include an application of the methodology in at least one case study in Virginia. However, due to implementation problems• projects in Richmond and Norfolk were delayed and evaluation is only in the initial stages at this time. However, as soon as these studies are completed, periodic reports will be made available. This report describes the methodological framework to be employed in the analysis of particular projects, and which will eventually be refined into practical procedures for general application. KW - Case studies KW - Express buses KW - Express service KW - Methodology KW - Norfolk (Virginia) KW - Park and ride KW - Parking facilities KW - Richmond (Virginia) KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36227/73-R23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214560 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Rider, R W AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - CONSTRUCTION CONTROL OF RIGID PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS PY - 1973/11 SP - 54 p. AB - PAVING PROCEDURES WERE MONITORED AND PERFORMANCE SURVEYED FOR 5 YEARS ON 108 PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PROJECTS TO DETERMINE THE FACTORS AFFECTING AS-BUILT SURFACE ROUGHNESS. THE CALIFORNIA PROFILOGRAPH WAS REPORTED EARLIER IN THIS INVESTIGATION TO BE A FAST, ACCURATE, AND REPRODUCIBLE METHOD OF MEASURING ROUGHNESS WITHIN A FEW HOURS AFTER PAVING. BY CONTRAST, CONSCIENTIOUS INSPECTION WITH A 10-FT STRAIGHT EDGE AND CORRECTION OF OUT-OF-TOLERANCE BUMPS DURING CONSTRUCTION DO NOT ASSURE SMOOTH-RIDING PAVEMENT. SLIP-FORM PAVING GENERALLY PRODUCES A MUCH SMOOTHER SURFACE THAN PAVING WITH CONVENTIONAL FIXED SIDE-FORMS. ALTHOUGH GOOD RESULTS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY EITHER METHOD, NEITHER ASSURES SMOOTHNESS. AMONG THE FACTORS FOUND TO AFFECT THE RESULTS FOR SIDE-FORM PAVEMENT ARE PAVING MACHINE BACKUP, PAN FLOATS, NUMBER OF SCREEDS, NIGHT JOINTS, PAVING EQUIPMENT CONDITION, AND PAVEMENT ALIGNMENT AND CROSS-SLOPE. FOR SLIP-FORM PAVING, THE MOST IMPORTANT ARE CONDITION OF THE FINE GRADE AND SUBGRADE, MESH PLACEMENT, NIGHT JOINTS, AND CHANGES IN CONCRETE SLUP. THE CLARY SCREED ALSO SHOWS PROMISE AS A MEANS OF REDUCING PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS WITH SLIP-FORM PAVING. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A SPECIFICATION TO ASSURE CONSTRUCTION OF SMOOTH PAVEMENT ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Slip form paving KW - Smoothness KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206533 AU - McCarty, W M AU - Hiss, J F AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - TRANSVERSE JOINT CONSTRUCTION METHODS RELATED TO PERFORMANCE PY - 1973/11 SP - 95 p. AB - TRANSVERSE JOINTS ARE CONSTRUCTED IN RIGID PAVEMENTS TO RELIEVE INTERNAL STRESSES. THE MANY DIFFERENT METHODS THAT HAVE BEEN USED FOR THEIR CONSTRUCTION MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN THREE CATEGORIES: HAND-FORMING, INSERT-FORMING, AND SAWING. THE STUDY REPORTED WAS UNDERTAKEN TO EVALUATE THESE METHODS FROM THE STANDPOINTS OF BOTH CONSTRUCTION AND LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE. CONSTRUCTION WAS OBSERVED AND SPALLING SURVEYED AT SELECTED JOINTS THROUGHOUT THE STATE FOR OVER 10 YEARS. EARLY IN THIS PERIOD, IT WAS DETERMINED THAT CERTAIN VARIABLES COULD INFLUENCE JOINT PERFORMANCE -- WEATHER DURING PAVING, MINOR MODIFICATIONS TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS, VARYING CLIMATE DURING SERVICE, AND DIFFERING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS. THUS, TO EVALUATE JOINTS CONSTRUCTED BY VARIOUS METHODS, BUT WITH MANY OF THESE VARIABLES CONTROLLED, A TEST AREA WAS CONSTRUCTED AT FISHKILL ON A SECTION OF I 84. FROM THE DATA COLLECTED IN FIELD OBERVATIONS BOTH STATEWIDE AND AT FISHKILL, THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ASSOCIATED WITH EACH METHOD WERE IDENTIFIED. ALTHOUGH NO ONE CONSTRUCTION METHOD RESULTED IN SPALL-FREE JOINTS, THOSE FORMED BY HAND OR WITH PLASTIC V-WEDGE INSERTS SEEMED TO PERFORM MORE SATISFACTORILY THAN THOSE CONSTRUCTED BY OTHER METHODS. IN ADDITION, ELEVEN GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN THAT CAN SERVE AS GUIDELINES IN DEVISING OR EVALUATING A JOINT CONSTRUCTION METHOD. KW - Distress KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sealing compounds KW - Specifications KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345776 AU - DiCocco, J B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING OF STEEL REINFORCING BARS PY - 1973/11 SP - 38 p. AB - Most sampling schemes in general use for inspection of construction materials are rule-of-thumb sampling plans, whose inefficiency has long been known. This is now being recognized nationally. To begin correcting this situation, the New York State Department of Transportation Materials Bureau requested that valid acceptance sampling plans be prepared for four construction materials. This report is the first of a series in response to that request, and deals with acceptance sampling of steel reinforcing bars. A new acceptance sampling plan is presented, designed to assure the quality levels set as requirements by the Department's Structures Subdivision. In addition, reasons and supporting data for the sampling plan chosen are also presented. (FHWA) KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Quality control KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171163 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00792249 AU - Cedergren, H R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBDRAINAGE DESIGN PY - 1973/11 SP - p. 146-164 AB - A pavement drainage system must be designed; using rules-of-thumb is simply not adequate. There are two criteria for establishing minimum required permeabilities of materials to be used in drainage systems: the quantity of water that might enter such a system and the permeability needed to carry that water out, and the permeability that is needed to get the water out fast enough so that there is inadequate time for freezing. To calculate the needs of systems, it is necessary to work with reasonable values for permeability factors, hydraulic gradients, and cross-sectional areas. Darcy's Law, although not used much for the purposes of designing pavement drainage systems, is an excellent way to determine an order-of-magnitude numerical solution to the kind of materials needed. Guidelines recommend that the designer assume some percentage of rainfall intensity is coming through the pavement surface or joints. The direction of flow of this water in the drainage layer is in the direction of the maximum gradient or perpendicular to the contour lines, as the water makes its way to the drain. It is generally more economical to go to a higher permeability material down to the point where it becomes not practical to build anything that thin. The drain capacity required to accommodate intercepted groundwater can also be determined from the application of Darcy's Law. If direct and indirect costs are included in an economic analysis, drains and drainage systems are not an expensive luxury. A chart is appended for determining the coefficient of transmissibility in inch feet per day. U1 - Water in Pavements Workshop--Detailed Report--1973 KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Darcy's law KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Drainage structures KW - Flow KW - Freezing KW - Groundwater KW - Highways KW - Hydraulic gradient KW - Infiltration KW - Interstate highways KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Rainfall KW - Slopes KW - Subdrains KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142864 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - DIVERSION OF INTERCITY TRAFFIC AT A SINGLE POINT. FINAL DESIGN REPORT PY - 1973/11 SP - 204 p. AB - The Final Design Report describes the basic software and equipment approach recommended for the design of the Single Point Diversion System (SPD System). The features which make this system unique are the unusual diversion function which the system must perform and the system must perform research functions as well as traffic operations functions. The SPD System was designed to direct the southbound through motorists to the better route around the Baltimore area and provide information by means of variable message signs at the bifurcation of I-95 and I-695 north of Baltimore. The sign messages are to change as a result of automatic detector surveillance information from both routes. This Final Design Report describes the traffic problem, the implications of the data obtained under this program and from other sources, and the simulation effort. It defines five preliminary candidate control strategies and describes eight measures of effectiveness. (See also "Software Specification, Diversion of Intercity Traffic at a Single Point," February 1974). A plan for fixed and changeable message signing is presented along with a series of candidate messages. The system design layout includes detector placement, detection station sites and Central Office locations. The physical placement of detectors is described and ninety-four detection stations involving approximately 200 detectors are sited. In addition, five potential central office locations are considered, the requirements for a dynamic map display and a control panel in the central office are identified, and the computer complex and police communications tie-in are described. /FHWA/ KW - Computers KW - Highway operations KW - Intercity travel KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Variable message signs KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261656 AU - Pratsch, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CARPOOL AND BUSPOOL MATCHING GUIDE (THIRD EDITION) PY - 1973/11 SP - 31 p. AB - Important aspects of any comprehensive carpool include public information to inform the commuter of the benefits of carpools, incentives in the form of parking priorities and priority lanes, a locator service for matching and a continuing program to maintain locating services for new or moving employees. The critical factor in carpools and vanpools is Time-Origin-Destination, from that point, public information can promote the time, cost, convenience, ecological and energy saving advantages of carpools. Data processing can make the Time-Destination-Origin available by collecting the information, matching it by manual or computer methods and distributing the information. Methods of matching include hand matching and grid overlays of maps in conjunction with computer programs. A continuing service keeps the program up to date. Well established programs include McDonnell Douglas Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri, the Connecticut Department of Transportation, Hartford, Conn., the Bouroughs Corporation and Operation Oxygen, Pasadena, California, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and several other agencies in Washington, D.C. KW - Buspools KW - Carpools KW - Computer programs KW - Energy KW - Grids (Transmission lines) KW - Incentives KW - Information dissemination KW - Location KW - Matching KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092047 AU - Randill, A AU - Greenhalgh, H AU - Samson, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. REPORT NO. 9, MODE OF TRANSPORTATION AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIPMAKERS PY - 1973/11 SP - 51 p. AB - The report presents personal characteristics of all individuals 5 years old and over who reported making a one-way trip by a motorized vehicle, including automobile (driver and passenger separately), motorcycle, truck, schoolbus, taxicab, bus, subway, train, and airplane. The percent distributions of these trips by mode are related to age, sex, race, and place of residence in unincorporated areas and incorporated places. KW - Age KW - Aircraft KW - Buses KW - Census KW - Demographics KW - Gender KW - Highway traffic KW - Households KW - Human factors KW - Intercity travel KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Modal split KW - Passenger transportation KW - Passengers KW - Race KW - Railroads KW - Rapid transit KW - Road marking materials KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Standard metropolitan statistical area KW - Statistics KW - Subway railways KW - Subways KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Travel habits KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181928 AU - Maring, G AU - Hazen, P AU - Geest, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATEWIDE TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING PY - 1973/11 SP - 193 p. AB - The purpose of the guide is to provide a discussion of current techniques, practice, recommendations where appropriate, and areas of needed development in the field of statewide travel demand forecasting. Data sources and reference manuals describing procedures for collecting travel data are discussed. Population, economic, and travel forecasting inputs and procedures are discussed. Statewide zones and networks for simulation and forecasting of link volumes are discussed. Pertinent examples from efforts by several states are provided. KW - Cargo transportation KW - Economic forecasting KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Passenger transportation KW - Population KW - Simulation KW - State government KW - Strategic planning KW - Systems analysis KW - Systems engineering KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265038 AU - Svetich, R R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FULL DEPTH ASPHALT CONCRETE TEST SECTION INSTRUMENTATION SN - DOT-TL-3489-1-73-39 PY - 1973/11 SP - 47 p. AB - This report contains descriptions of the asphalt concrete pavement measuring devices and the instrumentation techniques used by the California Division of Highways on three full-depth asphalt concrete pavement test sites. The pavement measuring devices included the following: 1) Gentran pressure cells and pressure gauges developed by U. C. Berkeley to determine pavement stress; 2) BLH and TML polyester strain gauges to measure strain in the pavement; 3) Iron-Constatan (Type J) thermocouples to measure pavement temperatures at different depths; 4) Schaevitz LVDT's installed in the pavement to measure deflection. The majority of the effort was used in determining ways to adhere the strain gauges to the asphalt concrete pavement. The various techniques tried included adhering the gauges to AC specimens and then placing the specimens in the pavement, epoxying the gauges directly to the pavement, epoxying gauges to sand asphalt carriers, and epoxying gauges to polymide sheets. The different devices and techniques are discussed in full with recommendations given as to their effectiveness and validity. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deflection KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Evaluation KW - Instrumentation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pressure gages KW - Strain gages KW - Temperature measurement KW - Test sections KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262716 AU - KRUKAR, M AU - Cook, J C AU - Voss, D A AU - Terrel, R L AU - Washington State University, Pullman TI - THE APPLICATION OF WSU TEST TRACK DATA TO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1973/11 SP - 108 p. AB - The purpose of this report was to try to apply the results obtained from WSU Test Rings no. 1 to no. 4 for use in flexible pavement design. The problems of obtaining data from the 4 test rings illustrate the complexites of a pavement system. An attempt was made to explain the performance of the test sections in terms of the parameters measured by the Hveem method and the elastic layer theory. The correlation between excessive permanent deformantion (Hveem method design) and actual wheel loads was poor. There were too many variables; one of them being the difficulty of knowing the actual R-value. Elastic theory predicted well the life of the test rings' pavements for the asphalt pavements. Neither field nor laboratory fatigue data predicted very well the crushed rock base test sections. Other parameters were examined with respect to their initial values. It was found that deflections and vertical stresses had definite critical levels which would be used for design. There were no critical strain levels in the true sense of the work. Field equivalencies were examined and were adjusted in the light of other studies and experiences. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Ring test KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263037 AU - CHRISTMAN, R AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY DATA-SYSTEM--REPORT 2 PY - 1973/11 SP - 106 p. AB - This report summarizes system design work on two of three phases of the development of a computerized system to store and retrieve standard materials testing data. The system design, to date, to input and store testing data is presented. Phase III, still to be developed, treats the output formats required. The system developed is designed to function from remote terminals. Currently used forms and procedures are reviewed, and changes are recommended to facilitate the use of data processing techniques and technology. /FHWA/ KW - Computers KW - Data storage KW - Data systems KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Laboratories KW - Materials tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263040 AU - Melancon, J L AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - SOIL-CEMENT STUDY SN - 44D3-092 PY - 1973/11 SP - 110 p. AB - This study consisted of an examination of the compressive strengths of soil-cement mixtures on 15 construction projects from the standpoint of design and actual achievement. The laboratory design test was examined closely along with the present field method of density control for soil-cement bases and the distribution of cement within the bases. The examination of the laboratory design test showed inconsistencies, inherent in the procedure, existed in the laboratory design method; therefore, additional controls were established in the testing procedure. In addition, a new cement recommendation system was developed and implemented. Field investigation indicated that, based on compressive strength, the quality of the soil-cement bases varies greatly both within an individual project and between different projects. Under the present construction techniques of cement application and moisture control, it was found that 75 percent of the construction projects checked achieved 75 percent (225 psi) of the laboratory design strength (300 psi) at 28 days. Using the present method of controlling densities there is an implication of greater degree of compaction than actually achieved. Determination of cement contents of in-place mixed soil-cement bases indicated large variation within the bases and from the design percentages. /FHWA/ KW - Cement content KW - Compaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Density KW - Foundations KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Soil cement KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2007/72_2-web.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262203 AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - PAVEMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STUDY; PHASE B--DEFLECTION STUDY: NUCLEAR MEASUREMENT OF SUBGRADE MOISTURE PY - 1973/11 AB - The basic consideration in evaluating subgrade moisture conditions under pavements is the selection of a method of determining moisture contents that is sufficiently accurate and can be used with minimal effort, interference with traffic, and calibrations. In this study, the electrical resistance method and a nuclear method were tried, and the nuclear method was adopted. The devices and procedures used in both methods are described. Modified methods for eliminating errors in the measurement of moisture by nuclear depth probes were tried and some of these are recommended for use. A method of reducing the standard error of estimate in the use of a nuclear calibration curve for moisture content by utilizing the sieve analysis of a soil is discussed. KW - Calibration KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear tests KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Sieve analysis KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic interference UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260317 AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - PAVEMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STUDY-PHASE B-DEFLECTION STUDY. SUBGRADE MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS UNDER ROAD PAVEMENTS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1973/11 AB - In this investigation the changes in the subgrade moisture content under five road pavements ranging in age from new to about ten years old were determined and evaluated. The moisture content was determined by means of a nuclear moisture depth probe. This investigation has shown that: (i) The higher compaction and dry density of the subgrade soil, the lower is the moisture content. (ii) The subgrade moisture content continues to increase sharply from the beginning to the end of construction and then the rate of increase slows. (iii) There is a sharp increase in moisture content- due to precipitation - within a year or two from the date of the construction of the subgrade. After this period the rate of increase in moisture decreases. (iv) After about 10 years there is very little increase in subgrade moisture content. /NTIS/ KW - Compaction KW - Deflection KW - Dry density KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260415 AU - Broughton, J AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - VARIATIONS IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IN NEBRASKA PY - 1973/11 SP - 36 p. AB - This is a report of historical data in a statistical manner which is usable in formulating statistically based specifications for Portland Cement Concrete. The report covers data from the 1969, 1970, and 1971 construction seasons. Two possible methods of utilizing this data in a statistically based specification are suggested. /FHWA/ KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Data KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260071 AU - Tooke, W R AU - Hurst, D R AU - University of Georgia, Experiment TI - PAINT CHARACTERIZATION BY ELECTRICAL TECHNIQUES PY - 1973/11 SP - 70 p. AB - Apparatus and methods for the measurement of capacitance and water permeation, polarization and corrosion inhibition characteristics of paint films on steel substrates were developed. The theoretical background of these methods was discussed, and experimental work demonstrating applicability to practical paint systems was presented. Uses of the techniques as practices in this study appeared to be limited to research and development, or paint film diagnostic investigation. /FHWA/ KW - Capacitance KW - Corrosion protection KW - Electricity KW - Film KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Paint KW - Painting KW - Polarization KW - Steel structure painting KW - Steel structures KW - Water entry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240356 AU - Stout, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1973/11 SP - 44 p. AB - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MUST BE IDENTIFIED EARLY AT THE SYSTEM PLANNING PHASE. THESE INCLUDE AIR QUALITY, NOISE, WATER QUALITY, PHYSICAL EFFECTS ON PARKLAND, HISTORIC SITES AND OPEN SPACE, ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON FLORA AND FAUNA, AND COMMUNITY VALUES WHICH INCLUDE GROWTH AND LAND USE PATTERNS. POSSIBLE REPORTING TECHNIQUES ARE MAPPING, GRAPHICAL REPRESENEATIONS, MATRICES, INDICES, ENVIRONMENTAL DENSITIES, AND CARRYING CAPACITIES. THE PLANNER MUST DEVELOP ALTERNATIVES THAT PRESENT REAL CHOICES IN TERMS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, AND MOST IMPORTANTLY, HE MUST INVOLVE THE PUBLIC IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND IN MAKING THE TRADE-OFFS AMONG ALTERNATIVES. /DOT/ KW - Community values KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Social values KW - Substitutes KW - Transportation effects KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/128938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154058 AU - Hammer, Siler, George Associates AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF CENTRAL CITY RADIAL FREEWAYS ON MANUFACTURING LOCATION DECISIONS. VOLUME 2 PY - 1973/10 SP - 197 p. AB - Contents: Corridor transportation and land-use analysis; Corridor economic and manufacturing analysis; Critical location factors. KW - Central business districts KW - Central city KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Freeways KW - Highway transportation KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Industries KW - Land use KW - Manufacturing KW - Plant location KW - Plating KW - Plating (Ships) KW - Radial highways KW - Revenues KW - Taxation KW - Taxes KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142905 AU - White, M C AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIERS. VOLUME 2 - MOLDED FIBERGLASS MEDIAN BARRIER--VEHICLE CRASH TEST AND EVALUATION SN - 31F1-134 PY - 1973/10 SP - 44 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143209 AU - McDonald, R E AU - Chen, Y S AU - Yilmaz, C AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF OPEN STEEL BOX SECTIONS WITH BRACING PY - 1973/10 SP - 45 p. AB - Braced open thin-walled steel box girders under combined bending and torsion were studied. Two model box girders were tested in the elastic range. Analytically, the top bracing of open box sections was converted to an equivalent plate thus forming an equivalent closed box. Experimental results on braced open boxes and computed stresses for the equivalent closed boxes agreed well. Rotations calculated from deflections without adjustment of support rotations were higher than the values computed for the equivalent closed boxes. Deformation of cross section was neglected in the analysis. The stresses in the bracing members were estimated using stresses in the equivalent top plate as loads on a bracing frame. The estimated stresses also compared well with experimental results. Based on the concept of equivalent closed box, a procedure was recommended for the selection of bracing member sizes. KW - Box beams KW - Box girders KW - Bracing KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Elastic analysis KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Metal bridges KW - Normal stress KW - Shear stress KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225072 AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated TI - INFORMATION LEAD DISTANCE STUDIES - ELECTRONIC ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1973/10 SP - 77 p. AB - THIS IS A REPORT ON A SERIES OF STUDIES THAT WERE PERFORMED ON THE INFORMATION LEAD DISTANCE (ILD) REQUIRED BY DRIVERS IN ORDER TO EXECUTE SUCCESSFULLY CERTAIN HIGHWAY TURN MANEUVERS, SUCH AS LANE CHANGES AND TURNS. EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO COLLECT EMPIRICAL DATA TO BE USED IN ILD ESTIMATING PROCEDURES. MEASURES WHICH WERE BOTH SENSITIVE AND RELIABLE INN DETERMINING ILD'S WERE IDENTIFIED AND USED TO ESTIMATE ILD'S FOR SELECTED INTERSECTIONS. A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING ILD'S FOR ANY GENERIC INTERSECTION BASED UPON A TRACE CONCEPT WAS DEVELOPED. ADESCRIPTION OF HOW THE RESULTS FROM THE DRIVING EXPERIMENTS CAN BE APPLIED TO HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PROBLEMS IS PART OF THE REPORT. /FHWA/ KW - Electrical equipment KW - Estimating KW - Guidance KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Lane changing KW - Lead time KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Route signs KW - Traffic engineering KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090452 AU - Smith, W S AU - Nair, K AU - Materials Research and Development, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF UNTREATED GRANULAR BASE COURSE AND ASPHALT-TREATED BASE COURSE MATERIALS PY - 1973/10 SP - 221 p. AB - The report describes a study on the characterization of untreated granular base course and asphalt-treated base course materials. The applicability of elastic and linear viscoelastic characterization have been evaluated. A review of previous information and an experimental program which consisted of dynamic and creep triaxial tests at a variety of temperatures and stress states was conducted and the results analyzed. A sensitivity study using a linear elastic model, together with a fatigue mode of failure, was conducted to evaluate the significance of material characterization relative to other factors as they influence pavement performance. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Dynamic tests KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Road beds KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tests KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265061 AU - Rand, D AU - HENRY, P AU - Maine Department of Transportation TI - CORRELATION OF MAYS RIDE METER TO A CHLOE PROFILOMETER PY - 1973/10 SP - 28 p. AB - This report presents a mathematical correlation between the CHLOE Present Serviceability Index (PSI) and roughness as measured by a number 890 Mays Road Meter. A graph showing the relationship is presented. Also included as part of this study are minor studies that show the effects of speed and the confidence limits expected for various speeds on roads with varying PSI'S. The results indicate that a high degree of correlation does not exist between the two methods of measuring the pavement serviceability. The information obtained indicates that data collected by one method cannot be accurately converted to the other method; yet, either method can measure serviceability. The preferred speed to operate the Mays vehicle is 40-50 miles per hour; if other speeds are used, a correction factor should be applied. Speeds below 35 miles per hour should not be used because the results will be very erratic. Comparison of operational characteristics of the two methods indicates that the Mays Meter is more efficient. /FHWA/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chloe profilometer KW - Correlation analysis KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Measuring instruments KW - Profilometers KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262566 AU - Rosenthall, R N AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - VEGETATIVE COVER FOR HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY PY - 1973/10 SP - 47 p. AB - A four year study of landscape plant establishment as affected by a number of environmental conditions was initiated in April, 1970. The relationship between plant survival and soil texture, soil temperature and exposure was evaluated. The effect of exposure on percent ground coverage of various grass species used in erosion control was also evaluated. KW - Crash exposure KW - Environment KW - Erosion control KW - Exposure KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Plants KW - Soil temperature KW - Soil texture KW - Soils KW - Temperature KW - Texture UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/014.2.pdfhttp://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/014.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262565 AU - Sengupta, S AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - THE EFFECT OF DIAPHRAGMS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDER AND SLAB BRIDGES PY - 1973/10 SP - 256 p. AB - Four scale microconcrete model bridges were tested. Experimental variables included span, skew angle, stiffness, location and number of diaphragms. Service load level behavior was studied under static, cyclic and impact loads with successive removal of diaphragms. Behavior at overload and ultimate load conditions was documented from ultimate static and impact load tests. Characteristics studied were load distribution under static service loads and overloads, ultimate load capacities and failure modes of girders, cracking and ultimate load capacities of slabs, dynamic amplification, bridge damping, fundamental modes of vibration and natural frequencies, response to lateral impacts, and stresses in diaphragms. A computer program was verified with experimental results and used to generalize findings. The only significant role of interior diaphragms found is to distribute the load more evenly. In no case was an appreciable reduction in the governing design moment found. A cost analysis showed it would be more economical to provide increased girder strength than to rely on improved distribution of load decreasing the girder design moment due to provision of diaphragms. Design live loads for girders determined from the distribution factors of the 1969 AASHO specifications were found to be conservative even without diaphragms. Provision of interior diaphragms made the girders more vulnerable to damages from lateral impacts. It was recommended that interior diaphragms not be provided in simply supported prestressed concrete girder and slab bridges. Provision of exterior diaphragms or some alternate method of supporting or strengthening the free edge of the transverse slab was considered necessary for reliable serviceability. /FHWA/ KW - Breaking loads KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete bridges KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Girder bridges KW - Impact tests KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Repeated loads KW - Static loads KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262460 AU - Brickman, A D AU - Park, W H AU - Wambold, J C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - THE EVALUATION OF THE PASS/NO PASS HIGHWAY MARKING SYSTEM PY - 1973/09/15 SP - 67 p. AB - This report describes the evaluation made of a system for continuously marking the locations of passing/no-passing zones on two-lane highways. The system was developed several years ago by the HRB-Singer Company under contract with FHWA and consists of two trucks equipped with paint sprayers, a sight distance measuring system, a marking code computer, and operator console. It was found that the prototype equipment was not sufficiently reliable to permit full-scale performance testing. Furthermore, the operating principle of the marking system studied was found to have several inherent shortcomings with respect to related equipment available commercially. Recommended courses of action are suggested for further exploration of the zone marking problem. KW - Equipment KW - Marking materials KW - No passing zones KW - Painting KW - Painting equipment KW - Passing KW - Performance tests KW - Sight distance KW - Two lane highways KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616173 AU - Prescott, David M AU - Coyle, Harry M AU - Bartoskewitz, Richard E AU - Milberger, Lionel J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Measurements of Lateral Earth Pressures on a Pre-Cast Panel Retaining Wall PY - 1973/09//Interim Report SP - 70p AB - Terra Tee pneumatic earth pressure cells are used to measure lateral earth pressures acting on a pre-cast panel retaining wall. Force transducers are used between the panel and the supporting structural members to measure the total force exerted on the panel by the backfill material. Accurate measurements of panel movements are made during and after backfilling. Data are presented for measured pressures, forces, and movements covering a period of 65 days. Physical and engineering properties of the backfill material are determined. Reasonably good correlation between the forces calculated from the pressure cell measurements and those measured by the force transducers tend to verify the adequacy of the pneumatic pressure cell calibration procedures. Measured pressures in the upper elevations of the wall correlate fairly well with theoretical pressures computed according to Coulomb and Rankine. However, measured pressures in the lower elevations are considerably higher than the theoretical pressures. KW - Backfill soils KW - Calibration KW - Earth pressure KW - Lateral earth pressures KW - Load cells KW - Measurement KW - Pressure transducers KW - Retaining walls UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/169-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1428743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214548 AU - DiCocco, J B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1973/09 SP - 157 p. AB - QUALITY ASSURANCE HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY USED IN MOST INDUSTRIES, BUT THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND STATE AGENCIES ARE ONLY NOW BEGINNING TO RECOGNIZE ITS IMPORTANCE. THE WORK REPORTED HERE RESULTS FROM THIS RECOGNITION AND IS ONE ATTEMPT TO SHOW HOW THE ELEMENTS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE CAN BE APPLIED TO CONCRETE. CHAPTER I DEALS WITH CONCRETE UNIFORMITY AND COMPLIANCE WITH SPECIFICATIONS REQUIREMENTS, UNDER THE CURRENT DEGREE OF PROCESS CONTROL AND INSPECTION. BOTH UNIFORMITY AND COMPLIANCE ARE FOUND TO BE POOR. CHAPTER II DEALS WITH TECHNIQUES THAT PRODUCERS SHOULD USE TO ACHIEVE COMPLIANCE WITH CONCRETE REQUIREMENTS AND INCLUDES THREE CASE STUDIES TO SHOW THAT PROCESS CONTROL DOES INDEED LEAD TO COMPLIANCE. IT IS ALSO STRESSED THAT PROCESS CONTROL IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF PRODUCERS, BUT RECOGNIZING THAT INSPECTING AGENCIES (HAVING DONE MOST OF THE TESTING IN THE PAST) MAY HAVE MORE PERTINENT INFORMATION THAN PRODUCERS, GUIDELINES ARE SUGGESTED FOR PRODUCERS TO USE UNTIL THEY ACCUMULATE DATA OF THEIR OWN. THE NEXT THREE CHAPTERS DEAL WITH ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING (INSPECTION). IN CHAPTER IV, CURRENT INSPECTION SCHEMES ARE REVIEWED WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THOSE USED IN NEW YORK. IT IS CONCLUDED THESE SCHEMES AFFORD LITTLE PROTECTION TO CONCRETE BUYERS AND ALTERNATIVE STATISTICALLY SOUND SAMPLING PLANS ARE SUGGESTED FOR INSPECTION OF FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE. THE ADVANTAGES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE SUGGESTED PLANS ARE DISCUSSED IN CHAPTER V, ALONG WITH THE MONETARY VALUE OF SUCH PLANS AS APPLIED TO CONCRETE. FINALLY, RECOGNIZING THE TREND TOWARD THE IMPROPER USE OF ACCEPTANCE CONTROL CHARTS FOR INSPECTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, THESE TOOLS ARE REVIEWED IN CHAPTER VI. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT CONCRETE ACCEPTANCE CONTROL CHARTS ARE INAPPROPRIATE AND SHOULD NOT BE USED IN CONCRETE INSPECTION. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete KW - Inspection KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Process control KW - Quality control KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766260 AU - Shah, S C AU - Smith, J T AU - Hirschmann, J J AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTERIZATION OF MATERIAL TEST DATA REPORTING SYSTEM PY - 1973/09 SP - 71 p. AB - This study was initiated to provide an integrated system of reporting, storing, and retrieving of construction and material test data using computerized (storage-retrieval) and quality control techniques. The findings reported in this interim report cover the development and implementation of the system of reporting test data generated by the materials section. The operational system has replaced the manual system of typing and filing test reports. The system is capable of generating, for distribution, standard test reports for aggregate, cement, steel, and bituminous material. Input is from punched cards. The system is also capable of generating a special summary report for quality control evaluation of stored data. The system has provided, in addition to convenience, a monetary savings from reduction in typing and filing effort. The system will be expanded to cover data generated by project construction and material within the highway department. KW - Computers KW - Data files KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Materials tests KW - Quality control KW - Reports UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20071.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335934 AU - Cohen, S L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF NETWORK SIMULATION MODELS TO THE ANALYSIS OF URBAN INTERSECTION PERFORMANCE PY - 1973/09 SP - 44 p. AB - It was objective of this study to adapt and validate the UTCS-1 Network Simulation Model for use in the analysis of traffic performance of single urban intersections. Modifications to UTCS-1 in order for it to be applicable to a single intersection are described. The modified model which is hereafter referred to as UTCS-1S, was tested for reasonableness and compared to two other single intersection simulation models described in a report from Traffic Research Corporation (2). The model was then validated by simulating isolated intersections in Oakland, California, and Arlington, Virginia. As a demonstration of the model, two examples of applications were made. In the first example, the effectiveness of allowing right turns against a red signal indication was examined. In the second, a sampling procedure for estimating stopped delay at intersections was analyzed. It is concluded that UTCS-1S is an accurate and flexible model suitable for use in the analysis of the performance of individual intersections. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Intersections KW - Networks KW - Right turn on red KW - Simulation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335937 AU - Chang, FFM AU - Chang (Fred FM) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE CAUSE AND COST OF BRIDGE FAILURES PY - 1973/09 SP - 42 p. AB - This report presents a statistical summary of the cause and cost of bridge failures based only on a review of damage reports in the FHWA Emergency Relief files for major floods that have occurred during the last few years. As was anticipated, these reports yielded very limited reliable data; so the dollar projections must be viewed accordingly. The general trends, however, should serve as guidelines for future research in related areas. Of 383 cases, 14.9 percent reported damages to the superstructure, 24.5 percent to the pier, and 71.8 percent to the abutment; in 43.2 percent of the cases, the damage extended to the approach roads. In 341 cases where the causes of failure were either stated in the original files or theorized by the reporter, only 6.9 percent of the failures were attributed to riverbed changes (aggradation and degradation), 29.6 percent were attributed to vigorous change in flow, 38.8 percent to flowpath deficiency, 20 percent to floating debris, and only 4.7 percent to structural deficiency. The federal government will be spending about $20 million per average year for bridge failure caused by floods in the next few years. This amount does not include the costs that will be incurred by state and local governments. (FHWA) KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Causes KW - Costs KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Degradation KW - Failure KW - Floods KW - River beds KW - Streambeds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304621 AU - Johnston, R R AU - Day, R H AU - Glandt, D A AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RATING AND ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (BRASS). VOLUME II. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS PY - 1973/09 SP - 456 p. AB - State bridge engineers are required by the 1971 National Bridge Inspection Standards to determine the safe load carrying capacity for each highway bridge in his State. In addition, he is required to determine a structural rating for each bridge. This report describes a computerized Bridge Rating and Analysis Structural System (BRASS), developed by the Wyoming Highway Department, which can be used by bridge engineers as a tool in making these determinations. The material in this volume--Example Problems--includes test data for eight typical highway bridge loading analysis and rating problems. In addition, it includes the solutions to these problems. The included test data allows an organization to implement and initially execute the Rating System without extensive data collection and codification. The output examples provide a system checkout and they serve a tutorial function. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridge foundations KW - Capacity KW - Computer programming KW - Data collection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Standards KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304620 AU - Johnston, R R AU - Day, R H AU - Glandt, D A AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RATING AND ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (BRASS). VOLUME I. SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1973/09 SP - 196 p. AB - State bridge engineers are required by the 1971 National Bridge Inspection Standards to determine the safe load carrying capacity for each highway bridge in his State. In addition, he is required to determine a structural rating for each bridge. This report describes a computerized Bridge Rating and Analysis Structural System (BRASS), developed by the Wyoming Highway Department, which can be used by bridge engineers as a tool in making these determinations. The material in this volume lists and describes the components of the System which include Bridge Design, Structural Inventory, Deck Design and Review, Structural Analysis, Structural Loading, and Girder Section Design and Review. The System consists of a set of 45 computer programs which are flexible and user oriented. The bridge design processes included in these programs adhere to uniform bridge design standards. The programs will work for any State highway organization. This volume, Volume I, describes in detail the coding of highway bridge structural and loading data for processing by the System's computer programs. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Capacity KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Reviews KW - Standards KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158997 AU - West, T R AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF MULTISPECTRAL DATA USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES: PENNSYLVANIA TEST SITE PY - 1973/09 SP - 147 p. AB - This report documents the processing and analysis of multispectral aircraft scanner data collected over the FHWA test site in southeastern Pennsylvania. The data were collected in May 1969 at 3,000 foot altitude in 15 discrete bands between 0.4 and 14.0 micrometers with subsequent analysis performed using computer-assisted techniques developed at the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS). The overall objective for this investigation as well as for the other test sites studied under this contract is to develop techniques for identifying and classifying through computer applications, those surface materials which are of significance to highway location and construction. The specific accomplishments of this study were (1) mapping of basic cover types (soil, vegetation, water and man-made objects such as roads, highways, large buildings, town areas, etc.) and (2) differentiating soils according to the parent materials from which they were derived (river alluvium, limestone-derived soil, shale-derived soil, etc.). Evaluation of results was accomplished through a comparison with existing agricultural soils-and surface geology-maps. Advances were also made toward determination of engineering significance of spectral patterns in soils and effects of topography on spectral response. KW - Classification KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Highway classification KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Imagery KW - Information processing KW - Infrared detectors KW - Location KW - Mapping KW - Multispectral imagery KW - Optical detection KW - Optical detectors KW - Pennsylvania KW - Photogrammetry KW - Remote sensing KW - Road construction KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Soils KW - Streets KW - Terrain KW - Topography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154057 AU - Hammer, Siler, George Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF CENTRAL CITY RADIAL FREEWAYS ON MANUFACTURING LOCATION DECISIONS. VOLUME 1 PY - 1973/09 SP - 238 p. AB - The influence of central city radial freeways on manufacturing development is explored in ten study areas located in 8 central cities of the Northeast and Southeast. Radial freeway influence is found to be positive in (1) revitalizing existing, declining central city industrial areas; (2) strengthening existing, stable industrial areas; and (3) developing new industrial areas. The 264 manufacturing firms located in the study areas employed more than 36,700 workers, generated nearly $6.8 million in local tax revenues and an estimated $231 million in annual wages. No major negative environmental impacts were identified beyond those normally associated with urban development or beyond the scope of contemporary performance standards. Operating characteristics of the sample firms showed them to be central city-oriented, given the presence of the nearby freeway. Open-ended interview results demonstrated that most manufacturing location decisions were based on one to three of six critical factors; availability of space, price of space, access to sales, labor, and supplies, and the presence of the freeway itself. KW - Central business districts KW - Central city KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freeways KW - Highway transportation KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Industries KW - Land use KW - Manufacturing KW - Plant location KW - Radial highways KW - Revenues KW - Taxation KW - Taxes KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260074 AU - Wardlaw, R L AU - National Research Council of Canada TI - THE AERODYNAMICS OF BRIDGE ROAD DECKS AND THE ROLE OF WIND TUNNEL INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1973/09 SP - 39 p. AB - A review of aerodynamic bridge deck instability. Wind tunnel section model tests of cable-stayed bridge decks are presented. A degree of streamlining of the bridge deck profile is shown to reduce vibrational amplitudes due to critical wind velocities to insignificant levels. Results of dynamic sectional model tests of the proposed Pasco-Kennewick Intercity cable-stayed bridge are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge decks KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Model tests KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind tunnels KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208117 AU - Varney, R F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RESONANT VIBRATION RESPONSES OF TWO HORIZONTALLY CURVED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1973/09 SP - 27 p. AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES WHAT IS BELIEVED TO BE THE FIRST INSTANCE OF SUSTAINED RESONANT EXCITATION OF HORIZONTALLY - CURVED BRIDGES TO DETERMINE THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS RAPIDLY EVOLVING TYPE OF DETERMINE THE RESONANT VIBRATION RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIMPLE-SPAN AND A 2-SPAN CONTINUOUS BRIDGE, BOTH FABRICATED WITH HORIZONTALLY-CURVED GIRDERS. A PAIR OF IDENTICAL VARIABLE-FREQUENCY HARMONIC FORCE GENERATORS WERE INSTALLED ON EACH BRIDGE IN TURN AND EACH BRIDGE WAS EXCITED AT ITS VARIOUS RESONANT FREQUENCIES. ONE VIBRATION GENERATOR WAS LOCATED IN EACH TRAFFIC LANE AND THEY WERE OPERATED EITHER IN-PHASE OR OUT-OF-PHASE AS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP THE NORMAL AND TORSIONAL NATURAL MODES OF THE BRIDGES. THE VARIOUS RESPONSES DURING EXCITATION WERE MONITORED BY ACCELEROMETERS, STRAIN GAGES AND DEFLECTO-METERS AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS ON THE STRUCTURES. BOTH BRIDGES WERE HS20-44 DESIGN HORIZONTALLY-CURVED WELDED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES WITH A COMPOSITE CONCRETE DECK SLAB. THE MEASURED FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATION RESPONSE FEQUENCY AND MODE SHAPE OF EACH BRIDGE COMPARED FAVORABLY WITH THE RESPONSE PREDICTED ON THE BASIS OF AN ASSUMED SINGLE EQUIVALENT STRAIGHT BEAM. THE SIMPLE-SPAN BRIDGE WAS READILY EXCITED IN THE FUNDAMENTAL MODE AND IN THE FIRST TORSIONAL MODE. THE CONTINUOUS-SPAN BRIDGE WAS EXCITED IN THE FUNDAMENTAL MODE AND IN TWO COUPLED MODES./FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Compressors KW - Concrete KW - Curvature KW - Curved bridges KW - Deflectometers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Resonance frequency KW - Vibration KW - Vibrators KW - Vibrators (Electricity) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214564 AU - Clough, G W AU - Duke University TI - ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS IN MODELING SLURRY WALL CONSTRUCTION PY - 1973/09 SP - 61 p. AB - THREE ASPECTS OF SLURRY WALL CONSTRUCTION ARE CONSIDERED. THESE ARE (1) THE ALTERATION OF THE INITIAL STRESS STATE IN THE SOIL ADJACENT TO THE WALL BY THE TRENCH EXCAVATION AND SUPPORT PROCESS, (2) THE FURTHER ALTERATION OF THE INITIAL STRESS CONDITION FOR A CAST-IN-PLACE WALL BY PLACEMENT OF THE HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE SLURRY AND SUBSEQUENT SHRINKAGE OF THE SLURRY UPON SET-UP, AND (3) THE MODIFICATION OF THE SOIL STRUCTURE INTERFACE DUE TO THE IMPREGNATION OF SLURRY UPON SET-UP, AND (3) THE MODIFICATION OF THE SOIL ADJACENT TO THE WALL AND THE FORMATION OF A SLURRY CAKE BETWEEN THE SOIL AND THE WALL. ANALYTICAL METHODS, INCLUDING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND ASSOCIATED FIELDS, FOR MODELING SLURRY WALL CONSTRUCTION ARE REVIEWED AND EVALUATED. THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH INSUFFICIENT FIELD DATA, BEHAVIORAL MODELS, FAILURE CRITERIA, YIELD CRITERIA, INITIAL CONDITIONS, AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ARE DESCRIBED. A RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR IMPROVING SLURRY TRENCH TECHNOLOGY IS PROPOSED. /NTIS/ KW - Analysis KW - Boundaries KW - Construction KW - Criteria KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Research KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Trenches KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00051337 AU - Hedley, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE ART REPORT ON RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SURFACES PY - 1973/09 SP - 28 p. AB - This state of the art report has been prepared from information available from, and following extensive review and comment by, various railroad, highway and industry sources. The report provides information on the various types of grade crossing surfaces currently being used in significant amounts and describes some other types more recently developed. KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad tracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/14116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130713 AU - Johnston, R R AU - Day, R H AU - Glandt, D A AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - BRIDGE RATING AND ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (BRASS). VOL. I. SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1973/09 SP - 189 p. AB - This report is the first volume in a series of three volumes. The titles of the three volumes are: I, System Reference Manual; II, Example Problems; and III, Programming Aids. The material in this volume lists and describes the components of the System which include Bridge Design, Structural Inventory, Deck Design and Review. Structural Analysis, Structural Loading, and Girder Section Design and Review. The System consists of a set of 45 computer programs which are flexible and user oriented. The bridge design processes included in these programs adhere to uniform bridge design standards. The programs will work for any State highway organization. This volume, Volume I, describes in detail the coding of the highway bridge structural and loading data for processing by the System's computer programs. Portions of this document are not fully legible. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Needs assessment KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130714 AU - Johnston, R R AU - Day, R H AU - Glandt, D A AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - BRIDGE RATING AND ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (BRASS). VOLUME II. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS PY - 1973/09 SP - 303 p. AB - This report is the second volume in a series of three volumes. the titles of the three volumes are: I, System Reference Manual; II, Example Problems; and III, Programming Aids. The material in this volume-Example Problems-- includes test data for eight typical highway bridge loading analysis and rating problems. In addition, it includes the solutions to these problems. The included test data allows an organization to implement and initially execute the Rating System without extensive data collection and codification. The output examples provide a system checkout and they serve a tutorial function. Portions of this document are not fully legible. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Highway bridges KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130844 AU - Grieser, D R AU - Epstein, M M AU - PRESTON, J AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW LOW-PROFILE HIGHWAY STRIPING FOR WET-NIGHT VISIBILITY. PHASE 2: ROAD TESTS PY - 1973/09 SP - 60 p. AB - No Abstract. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080237 AU - Cohen, S L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF NETWORK SIMULATION MODELS TO THE ANALYSIS OF URBAN INTERSECTION PERFORMANCE PY - 1973/09 SP - 44 p. AB - It was the objective of the study to adapt and validate the UTCS-1 Network Simulation Model for use in the analysis of traffic performance of single urban intersections. Modifications to UTCS-1 in order for it to be applicable to a single intersection are described. The modified model was tested and compared to two other single intersection simulation models. The model was then validated by simulating isolated intersections in Oakland, California and Arlington, Virginia. As a demonstration of the model, two examples of applications were made. In the first example, the effectiveness of allowing right turns against a red signal indication was examined. In the second, a sampling procedure for estimating stopped delay at intersections was analyzed. It is concluded that UTCS-1S is an accurate and flexible model suitable for use in the analysis of the performance of individual intersections. KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Networks KW - Right turn on red KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090547 AU - Klingerman, D J AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - THRESHOLD CRACK GROWTH IN A36 STEEL PY - 1973/09 SP - 61 p. AB - Objectives of the study were to investigate the regions of high cycle and threshold fatigue crack propagation and to correlate the findings with observed results from tests of welded structural details. The crack propagation phase focused on cycling plate specimens at low ranges of stress to determine levels of stress for which no crack extension appeared. Results indicated a definite trend towards a threshold for fatigue crack propagation. Through a fracture mechanics analysis this threshold region of cyclic stress was described in terms of the range of the stress intensity factor for the plate specimens. The crack growth and threshold value were used to predict stress ranges which would not cause failure at the weld toe of cover plates fillet-welded to beam flanges. A mathematical model was used to relate the stress conditions existing at the weld toe to the stress applied on the detail. Using the threshold value of the stress intensity factor range found in the crack growth studies, a runout stress range was derived which agreed well with results of coverplated beam studies. KW - Alloy steel KW - Beams KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - High strength steel KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mathematical models KW - Metallurgy KW - Steel plates KW - Stress cycle KW - Stresses KW - Structural steel KW - Thresholds KW - Welded joints KW - Welded steel beams KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262644 AU - Sharma, H D AU - Purdue University TI - EFFECT OF ACCELERATION ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES. PHASE II PY - 1973/09 SP - 116 p. AB - The two-fold objective of this study was to determine the effect of accelerations on material properties and to develop procedures for measuring these properties. A special centrifuge testing device was designed, construced and calibrated for this study. In this device accelerations can be changed at will. A VIDAR-54-4-Teletype writer with printed page and punched tape record was employed as the data recording system. Triaxial compression tests on sheet-asphalt samples reveal that both strength parameters, c and phi, decrease as accelerations are increased (greater than lg). Parameters (c and phi) obtained from hollow cylinder tests are seen to be higher than the corresponding values obtained from the triaxial tests. A few tests were conducted on dry sand for comparisons. These samples show that, for a given confining pressure, accelerations may decrease the void ratio. Triaxial compression tests on this dry cohesionless soil show a slight initial increase in shear strength with accelerations. A few unconfined compression tests were also conducted on a compacted conhesive soil. These indicate that the cohesion parameter, c, appears to decrease slightly as accelerations are increased (greater than lg). KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Asphalt tests KW - Cohesive soils KW - Granular soils KW - Materials tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Properties of materials KW - Sand KW - Shear strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Unconfined compression tests KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262410 AU - Colson, B E AU - Wilson, K V AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF BRIDGES - EXCAVATIONS AT BRIDGES PY - 1973/09 SP - 37 p. AB - Excavation increases the hydraulic capacity of gridges where the minimum flow area occurs under the bridge. Excavation under bridges as a means of increasing the hydraulic capacity was studied by observing the fall and discharge through five bridge openings across a single flood plain. Three of the bridges had total get-a-way areas larger than the areas under the bridges before excavation and increases in hydraulic capcity were indicated. A fourth bridge had a get-a-way sub-area larger than the excavated areas near the plant performance and field conditions. At sites severely indicated. One bridge had a restricted area just downstream which acted as the control area and no increase in hydraulic capacity was indicated. Data from one bridge indicated that the maximum effective area is equal to the minimum area measured along the upstream of downstream perimeter of the excavation. After excavation, velocities were less uniform and were greater near the bottom than at the surface. The usable data in this report are limited to a single excavation for each bridge. Therefore, optimum excavation geometry for bridges will require further study. /NTIS/ KW - Bridge waterways KW - Bridges KW - Capacity KW - Excavations KW - Flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Streamflow KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263045 AU - Gibeily, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS--CONVERSION FACTORS AND TABLE EQUIVALENTS PY - 1973/09 SP - 31 p. AB - In an effort toward the promulgating of the International System of Units commonly referred to as "Systeme International d'Unites" or SI, conversion tables are presented here which have been developed for values that are believed to be most widely used in the highway and bridge engineering fields. Conversion of other values not included in the tables could be arrived at either by interpolation, or by the use of the conversion formula on top of each table. The simplicity of the SI system results from the fact that numerical progression or regression is accomplished by shifting the placement of the decimal and adding the necessary zeros. Attention is drawn to the fact that unlike the U.S. Standard System which allows the use of pound for unit mass as well as force, the SI utilizes kilogram for mass only and newton for the unit force. KW - Bridge engineering KW - Conversion KW - Equivelency factors KW - Highway engineering KW - International compacts KW - Mass KW - Standards KW - Systems KW - Systems of measurement KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263033 AU - Neal, B F AU - Howard, D D AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Spellman, D L AU - Transportation Laboratory TI - A COMPARISON OF TRANSVERSE WEAKENED PLANE JOINTS FORMED BY SAWING AND BY PLASTIC INSERT PY - 1973/09 SP - 33 p. AB - This report compares the performance of two types of weakened plane joints presently used in California--the type formed by the plastic insert method and that formed by sawing. A survey was made of a number of both types and defects were compiled. It was found that, with proper construction techniques, either method will produce satisfactory joints. Also, with either method, many joints have undesirable defects. Changes in specifications are needed to better assure quality joints, and proposed end result type specifications are included. /FHWA/ KW - Defects KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Plastics KW - Sawed joints KW - Sawing KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00262076 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Granley, E C AU - Olsen, R E AU - Department of Transportation TI - PROGRESS REPORT ON DRYER DRUM PROCESS FOR PRODUCING BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXES PY - 1973/09 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - p. 205-210 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated an evaluation of the dryer drum mixing process in which cold aggregates are blended on belts according to formula, and fed into the dryer drum where penetration grade asphalt is introduced. The mixture is discharged onto a conveyor and elevated to a hot storage bin and then to the hauling equipment. The correct blending of aggregate is accomplished (at the cold feed source) by mechanical feeders and good stockpiling techniques. The evaluation process was directed primarily toward answering two questions concerning quality: (1) was the mixture being harmed by exposure to the direct flame in the dryer? and (2) would the equipment consistantly produce a uniform product? Answers to the first question were obtained by determining the degree of hardening of asphalt through the various stages of the process. The tests performed are detailed. The uniformity of asphalt and the uniformity of aggregate gradation is discussed. In some plants, the changes in the rate of flow of asphalt were controlled automatically by the aggregate belt scale system to match the variation in aggregate flow rates. The standard deviations of extracted asphalt content for the plants investigated in this study were compared with standard deviations of conventional batch plants. Aspects of compaction are discussed and the need is indicated for research on the effect of water as an aid to compaction. Advantages in the use of this process include a reduction of many pieces of operating equipment and a reduction of fuel consumption. Variations in plant design and operation can affect production and cost. The control of dust emissions from the exhaust stack is expected to be easier than with a conventional plant. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Design KW - Driers (Devices) KW - Dust control KW - Equipment KW - Feeders KW - Plant mix KW - Stockpiling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263005 AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Griffin, R G AU - LaForce, R F AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - COLORADO TUNNEL VENTILATION STUDY PY - 1973/09 SP - 69 p. AB - Mechanical ventilation of tunnels is costly because of the initial installation and the continued maintenance and operation. However, at some tunnel length corresponding to a particular altitude, traffic configuration and topography there is a need for this forced ventilation. This study was undertaken to help determine the pollution concentration in existing tunnels in Colorado, and predict the length of tunnels which will need mechanical ventilation. The study indicated that, even at high altitudes, tunnels will vent very well when the length is less than 2000 feet and traffic is less than 1500 vph. Above these limits, combinations of increased length and increased traffic may require some type of mechanical ventilation for tunnels serving vehicles with internal combustion engines similar to those used today. The greatest pollution concentration condition occurs when vehicles are stopped and engines continue the "idle." When vehicles are in motion the induced wind will be approximately 7 mph and contribute significantly to the dispersion of pollutants. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Machines KW - Mechanisms KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00217375 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Zoller, J H TI - FROST HEAVE AND THE RAPID FROST HEAVE TEST PY - 1973/09 VL - 37 N SP - p. 211-20 AB - A RAPID TEST TO MEASURE THE FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MATERIALS FOR USE IN SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES OF PAVEMENTS IS DESCRIBED IN THIS ARTICLE. A FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY CLASSIFICATION, BASED ON THE HEAVE RATE OF THE TESTED MATERIAL, IS PRESENTED. THE MECHANICS OF FROST HEAVE AND PARAMETERS AFFECTING FROST HEAVE OF SOIL MATERIALS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. USE OF THE TEST TO SELECT NONFROST-SUSCEPTIBLE MATERIALS FOR SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES SHOULD REDUCE PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE COSTS. THE TEST METHOD SHOULD BE EVALUATED IN OTHER STATES, WITH LOCAL MATERIALS, TO DETERMINE THAT THE HEAVE RATES OBTAINED IN THE LABORATORY TEST APPROXIMATE THOSE IN THE HIGHWAY STRUCTURE, AND THAT THE RANGE IN HEAVE RATES DESIGNATED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE FOR VARIOUS FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY CLASSES ARE APPROPRIATE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Classification KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Laboratory tests KW - Parameters KW - Subbase materials KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109656 ER - TY - SER AN - 00214306 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Hwy Eng Rpt JHRP PB - way Research Project AU - WINSLOW, D N AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIFIC SURFACE OF HARDENED PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE AS MEASURED BY LOW-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING PY - 1973/08/29 SP - 148p AB - LOW-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY OF MEASURING THE SURFACE AREA OF CEMENT PASTE IN A MANNER NOT SUBJECT TO THE ASSUMPTIONS INHERENT IN ANALYZING SORPTION DATA, AND IS FREE FROM THE POSSIBILITY OF SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ADSORBENT AND ADSORBATE. FURTHER, IT PERMITS SPECIFIC SURFACE MEASUREMENTS TO BE MADE ON SATURATED, I.E., UNDISTURBED SAMPLES. NITROGEN ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS FAIL TO REGISTER MOST OF THE SURFACE THAT IS PRESENT IN CEMENT PASTE. WATER VAPOR ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS ARE COMPARABLE IN MAGNITUDE TO THOSE OBTAINED BY X-RAY SCATTERING FOR DRIED SAMPLES. KW - Adsorption KW - Nitrogen KW - Portland cement KW - Specific surface KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Water vapor KW - X ray analysis UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313854 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766261 AU - Walters, W C AU - Bokun, S G AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROOVING OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1973/08 SP - 40 p. AB - This project was initiated to determine whether transverse diamond cut grooves of Christensen Style 7 placed in hardened concrete in several configurations including a solid pattern and various gapped patterns--cut 3 ft (0.9 m) and skip 2 ft (0.6 m), 3 ft (0.9 m), and 4 ft (1.2 m)--would result in skid resistance improvement and accident reduction. Three types of locations were chosen for investigation: rural, low traffic; rural, high traffic; and urban. Generally, it was found that the skid resistance was improved initially, but the improvement fell back within the original value range after approximately 4 million vehicle passes. At this point, wear was evident; and 5.5 years after cutting, the grooves had virtually disappeared in the wheel paths. Others who use a relatively soft material will probably find that the wear will be much faster. Louisiana's concrete aggregate is exclusively chert gravel, a hard substance. No conclusion could be drawn with regard to accident reduction because at the rural sites no accidents whatsoever have been recorded, and at the urban site the accident incidence actually went up. However, in the latter case, the data were too sketchy to evaluate. Finally, the research concludes that, since the cost of this type of improvement runs to 2.5 times the cost of skid resistant overlays, and the durability of this type of transverse groove is less than the durability of most overlays, the state should turn to some other type of skid improvement technique both in the case of rural roadways and spot locations of high-accident incidence in urban areas. KW - Cherts KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Durability KW - Louisiana KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement grooving KW - Rural highways KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban highways UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20070.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092497 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT, AUGUST 1973. METHODS, APPLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS PY - 1973/08 SP - 212 p. AB - The guide has four major purposes: first to present the techniques currently available for estimating loads on a transportation network; second, to discuss operational decisions involved in applying traffic assigment techniques; third, to describe the uses for the traffic assigment procedure; and finally, to present an evaluation of the products of the assignment. The report will prove useful to transportation planning personnel and to administrators in Federal, State, and local government. In addition, the publication includes a significant bibliography of traffic assignment procedures and techniques. KW - Applications KW - City planning KW - Estimating KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway transportation KW - Methodology KW - Networks KW - Regional planning KW - Routes KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation KW - Transportation networks KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation routes KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091473 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIAL AREA ANALYSIS PY - 1973/08 SP - 173 p. AB - The report encourages the consideration of social and environmental factors in planning urban transportation systems, discussing the analytical tools for addressing some of the issues involved. These issues include accessibility, air quality, noise, and dislocation impacts. Tools include criteria, methodology guidelines, reporting methods, and use of computer assistance in the planning. KW - Access KW - Air pollution KW - Analysis KW - Analyzing KW - Computer programs KW - Criteria KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Management KW - Management methods KW - Manuals KW - Noise KW - Reporting KW - Reporting methods KW - Reports KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172068 AU - Pense, A W AU - Lehigh University TI - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF BRIDGE STEELS--PHASE III REPORT: STATE OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTING OF WELDMENTS PY - 1973/08 SP - 54 p. AB - A variety of fracture toughness tests, ranging from those designed to measure only linear elastic behavior to those that permit extensive yielding, have been developed in the past 10 years. In reviewing these test methods, it can be seen that many can be applied to weldments. However, weldment tests have special problems associated with them, and these must be identified and understood if they are to be correctly interpreted. Since the typical structural weldment contains a gamut of microstructures, the fracture toughness of weldments is really a composite of several zones of different toughness. The relative toughness of these zones depends on a number of factors such as weld metal and base plate composition, and welding process and procedure. However, in typical structural weldments, the weld and heat-affected zone are frequently as tough as, or tougher than, the base plate that is welded. /Author/ KW - Base plates KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Heat KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Structural design KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Thermal conditions KW - Toughness KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142906 AU - Ivey, D L AU - Buth, E AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIERS. VOLUME 3 - LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE CRASH CUSIONS--STATE-OF-THE-ART SN - 31F1-134 PY - 1973/08 SP - 119 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092046 AU - Asin, R H AU - Svercl, P V AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. REPORT NO. 8, HOME-TO-WORK TRIPS AND TRAVEL PY - 1973/08 SP - 107 p. AB - The report discusses characteristics of home-to-work travel by various modes of transportation and by population size-group of the workers' place of residence. The first part of the report presents characteristics of the worker by place of residence and place of employment, and the characteristics of travel such as distance, time, daily home-to-work trips, miles of travel and trip lengths by mode and by place of residence. The second part of the report discusses the modes of transportation used by workers and how income, occupation and age of workers affect choice of transportation mode. The third part of the report stresses the role of the automobile, as the predominant mode of home-to-work travel. KW - Automobile travel KW - Automobiles KW - Census KW - Demographics KW - Employment KW - Highway traffic KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Modal split KW - Mode S KW - Ownership KW - Passenger transportation KW - Population KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Standard metropolitan statistical area KW - Statistics KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel habits KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Trip length KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206521 AU - Friberg, B F AU - Pasko, T J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE HIGHWAY PAVEMENT AT DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT: RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT TO ONE HUNDRED DAYS PY - 1973/08 SP - 119 p. AB - THIS FIRST PRESTRESSED 24-FOOT HIGHWAY PAVEMENT IN THE U.S.A. HAS 6-INCH SLABS FROM 400 TO 760 FEET LONG BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STEEL BULKHEAD DOWELED JOINTS. TWELVE 1/2-INCH 7-WIRE STRANDS WERE POST-TENSIONED AT BOTH ENDS OF EACH SLAB TO 29,000 POUNDS IN THREE STEPS. THE 200-PSI LONGITUDINAL PRESTRESS PREVENTED TRANSVERSE CRACKS AT EARLY AGE. A DOUBLE LAYER OF POLYETHYLENE ON THE CEMENT-TREATED BASE REDUCED FRICTION. STUDIES OF SLAB MOVEMENTS GAVE FRICTION COEFFICIENTS OF ABOUT 0.5 FOR THE DAILY FRICTIONAL RESTRAINT STRESSES. IN THREE SLABS, THE STRANDS WERE IN STEEL TUBING, GROUTED AFTER PRESTRESSING; IN THREE, THE PREFABRICATED TENDONS WERE GREASED AND PLASTIC ENCASED. HAVING THE STRANDS ONE-HALF INCH BELOW MID-DEPTH PREVENTED SLAB LIFT AT THE ENDS. STRAND FRICTION WAS 16 POUNDS PER FOOT IN STEEL TUBING, BUT 40 POUNDS IN THE PLASTIC. AT MID-LENGTH OF THE 760-FOOT SLAB, STRAND TENSION WAS UNDER 14,000 POUNDS, AND THE 95-PSI PRESTRESS WAS TOO LOW TO PREVENT TENSION DURING CONTRACTION. A CRACK OPENED NEAR MID-LENGTH DURING A 60-DEGREE TEMPERATURE DROP. CONTROLLED TESTS WITH 10- AND 17-TON AXLE LOADS BEFORE OPENING THE ROAD REVEALED FOUNDATION CONSOLIDATIONS UNDER INITIAL AXLE LOADS. THE HIGHEST LOAD STRESSES WERE UNDER WHEELS AT PAVEMENT AND JOINT EDGES. KW - Airport runways KW - Bulkheads KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Deflection KW - Ethylene resins KW - Foundation loading KW - Foundations KW - Grouting KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Polyethylene KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs KW - Strands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208090 AU - Scanlan, R H AU - Princeton University TI - AEROELASTIC STABILITY OF LONG-SPAN BRIDGES PY - 1973/08 SP - 34 p. AB - A SUMMARY REPORT, DEFINING STATE-OF-THE-ART METHODS AND NEEDED RESEARCH RELATIVE TO STABILITY OF BRIDGES UNDER WIND. /NTIS/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Long span bridges KW - Stability analysis KW - Stability methods, structural KW - Structural design KW - Wind pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097934 AU - Panak, J J AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - FINAL REPORT FOR PROJECT 3-5-63-56 PY - 1973/08 SP - 82 p. AB - The research completed under this project was directed toward the development of basic analytical methods using computer simulation for highway bridges, pavements, and similar structures. This report presents a summary of the major computer developments made during the course of the project. Each development is described briefly and those that are of continuing importance are explained in more detail. The three major areas of development that are included are for line members, two-dimensional plane frames, and plates and grids. These areas encompass most of the structural problems encountered by design engineers. Research investigators in other areas and engineers of the Texas Highway Department are currently using a number of the completed developments in their daily work. Experimental and other analytical comparisons have shown that very satisfactory results can be obtained and thus lend confidence to application of the computer programs. KW - Bridges KW - Computers KW - Discrete element method KW - Discrete systems KW - Pavements KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097795 AU - Kessmann, R AU - Bolling, L AU - Cooper, D L AU - Ritter, J AU - Bravo, E AU - Houser, G AU - TRW Transportation and Environmental Operations TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM: TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE NETWORK SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM (TANSTP) SN - FC 32B2-283 PY - 1973/08 SP - 350 p. AB - This document describes the Traffic Adaptive Network Signal Timing Program (TANSTP) of the Urban Traffic Control System/Bus Priority System. The TANSTP software package uses the executive structure, the surveillance data, and the command software of the first generation package which was installed in the original UTCS System. (The first generation utilizes a pre-stored timing pattern.) TANSTP is a second generation on-line optimization of signal timing patterns using real-time predictions of volume patterns and on-line subnetwork determination. This document is divided into seven sections. Section 1 is the introduction and Section 2 contains an overview of the entire UTCS/TANSTP software system. Section 3 provides a description of the softward routines; Section 4 includes a description of the subroutines which were constructed to interface the second generation softward with the first generation data base; and Section 5 gives a description of the modifications made to the first generation routines to support the second generation package. Section 6 discusses the procedures to be used in operating the UTCS/TANSTP System and Section 7 describes the data base. The Appendix contains a description of two off-line programs used to support the prediction. /FHWA/ KW - Bus priority KW - Computers KW - On line computers KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265070 AU - Walker, R S AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - THE USE OF SPECTRAL ESTIMATES FOR PAVEMENT CHARACTERIZATION PY - 1973/08 SP - 72 p. AB - An investigation of the uses of road profile spectral estimates for characterizing pavements has been made and is reported herein. This investigation included the development of a serviceability index prediction model based entirely on the road profile wavelength amplitude estimates. This model has been used extensively in both research and field operations and is also currently being used as the SI model standard for Mays Road Meter calibration procedures. Other pavement characterization techniques are also discussed, including the use of digital filtering techniques for obtaining more comprehensive wavelength-amplitude descriptors. KW - Amplitude (Physics) KW - Calibration KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Estimates KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Wavelength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265067 AU - Drysdale, F R AU - Benner, D K AU - Ohio University, Athens TI - THE SUITABILITY OF SALT TOLERANT SPECIES FOR REVEGETATION OF SALINE AREAS ALONG SELECTED OHIO HIGHWAYS PY - 1973/08 SP - 89 p. AB - Suitability of three salt tolerant species (Atriplex patula var. hastata, Hordeum jubatum, and Puccinellia distans), a marginally salt-tolerant species (Festuca elatior var. arundinacea, Kentucky-31-Fescue) for revegetation of salt affected soil was investigated. Lolium perenne (Perennial Rye) was used as a non-salt-tolerant control species. Field plots were located within a 40 mile study region along Interstate Highway 71 between Columbus and Cleveland, Ohio. Deicing salt application rates are given for the region. Extensive soil sampling was conducted. Methods and data regarding soil pH, moisture, total salinity, sodium, chloride, calcium and magnesium are presented. Methods and data regarding plant performance are given. Relationships are drawn between plant performance and field conditions. Productivity and sodium content of vegetation is given. Though leaching usually reduces levels of sodium and chloride, all areas sampled possessed levels normally outside the range favorable to plant growth. At sites severely affected by sodium accumulation the soil becomes hard, infiltration of water is reduced, soil moisture declines, and cover is damaged. Soil improvement and restoration of vegetation are suggested as immediate counter measures to be taken. Other implementation suggestions include reduction of salt application in affected areas, further evaluation of H. jubatum and P. distans, formation of a task force and monitoring program to assess deicing salt impact. KW - Chlorides KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Field performance KW - Leaching KW - Performance KW - Plants KW - Saline soils KW - Salts KW - Sampling KW - Sodium KW - Soil sampling KW - Soils KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264019 AU - Gowda, H AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - EFFECTS OF RETARDING ADMIXTURES ON PLASTIC SHRINKAGE OF PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE PY - 1973/08 SP - 96 p. AB - This paper describes the effects of water reducing and retarding admixtures, ASTM Type D, on plastic shrinkage of portland cement paste under different controlled relative humidities. Three types of commercial admixtures were used each representing a different common chemical classification of such retarders. Concentration of each retarder was that which gave fifty percent retardation of a 0.50 water cement ratio mortar by penetration resistance. The length change measurements were made on thin cement paste sections floating on mercury. A magnetic proximeter was used to measure the length changes. The results of this work indicate that plastic shrinkages, when using retarding admixtures, are higher compared with the plastic shrinkage of plain paste. The higher shrinkage is due to the increased time in the plastic stage of paste and possible changes in paste microstructure evidenced by bleeding characteristics with some retarders. The appearance of plastic shrinkage cracks occurred during the transition from a higher measured rate of shrinkage to a subsequent lower one. Evidence indicates that plastic shrinkage is influenced by the rate of evaporation, hydration and microstructure of the paste. KW - Admixtures KW - Nonmetals KW - Pastes KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260167 AU - Gamble AU - Langley AU - Pashek AU - Sauerlender AU - Downing AU - Twark AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - COMMUNITY EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS REFLECTED IN PROPERTY VALUES PY - 1973/08 SP - 308 p. AB - Four residential communities abutting Interstate highways were examined to determine the effects of highway generated noise, air pollution, and regional accessibility on single-family residential property values. Numerous household characteristics, traffic data (mix, volume, speed) and measures for noise, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and particulates were utilized. Noise and residents were interviewed to record their perceptions of the environmental disturbances. In the one community where accessibility indices were available, highway disturbances (primarily noise) were estimated to reduce the value of abutting properties by an average of 4.5 percent, while simultaneously these properties' values were estimated to be benefitting by an average increase of 9 percent in value due to accessibility. Because many more properties benefit from accessibility than suffer losses (primarily abutters), total benefits to 1,694 properties in that community amounted to over $5,000,000, while losses amounted to $303,000. KW - Accessibility KW - Air pollution KW - Communities KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Noise KW - Property values KW - Residential areas KW - Residential location UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260073 AU - Ingram, L L AU - Furr, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - CREEP AND SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE BASED ON MAJOR VARIABLES ENCOUNTERED IN THE STATE OF TEXAS PY - 1973/08 SP - 49 p. AB - The effects of creep and shrinkage strains in concrete are dependent on variables such as materials, stress level, and environment. In this investigation, creep and shrinkage strains as functions of time were determined for four different concretes from four different geographical areas of Texas. These locations were chosen to represent four major areas of Texas for climate and aggregate for producing concrete. The concretes were made of materials commonly used in the respective areas. They were made, cured, and stored in those areas. Standard 6 x 12 in. cylinders were used to determine strength and the stress-strain relationship, and prisms, 3 x 3 x 16 in., were used to determine creep and shrinkage strains. Duplicate sets of specimens were made at each place of fabrication. Each set contained 4 non-loaded prisms for shrinkage strains, 4 loaded prisms for compressive creep strains, and 18 cylinders. One set of specimens were stored in a protected area near the place of fabrication and the other set was stored at laboratory conditions, 73 degrees F and 50 percent relative humidity. The specimens were cured alongside pretensioned prestressed bridge beams cast at the same time as the test specimens. The curing time in the molds ranged from approximately 20 hours to 42 hours. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate analysis KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete curing KW - Creep KW - Cylinders KW - Deformation curve KW - Materials tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Prisms KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263008 AU - ISHAI, I AU - Herrin, M AU - Leverenz, D G AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - FAILURE MODES AND REQUIRED PROPERTIES IN ASPHALT-AGGREGATE COLD MIX BASES PY - 1973/08 SP - 69 p. AB - This interim report summarizes the first part of phase 1.1 of the research project. The report introduces the objectives, scope and basic approach of the research, and describes the analytical study and actual field survey. The study and analysis described include: 1) Identification and classification of different types of failure and distress frequently occurring in actual cold mix bases. 2) Analysis of the failure modes to identify factors that cause the various types of distress and the properties needed in the mixture (required properties). 3) Quantitative determination of a) the relative significance of a given required property as related to the performance of actual cold mix bases and b) the local frequency of occurrence of the given failure group in actual service performance of the base. The analysis was based on data collected from a) comprehensive and critical literature review, b) survey study of local country roads, c) field visits and interviews. A foundation thus has been established for identifying feasible test methods and relating them to the major required properties which affect the behavior of actual cold mixes. /FHWA/ KW - Behavior KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Distress KW - Failure KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Properties of materials KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206543 AU - Davis, J L AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Meyer, A H AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - FIRST PROGRESS REPORT ON CONCRETE EXPERIMENTAL TEST SECTIONS IN BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS PY - 1973/08 SP - 73 p. AB - SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT HAVE RECEIVED MUCH ATTENTION IN RECENT YEARS ESPECIALLY AS THEY RELATE TO SKID RESISTANCE. SEVEN EXPERIMENTAL TEST SECTIONS WERE CONSTRUCTED IN ORDER TO QUANTIFY THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF THE SURFACE TEXTURES. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS REACHED, AFTER THE FIRST YEAR'S OBSERVATION, WERE: 1. THE OVERALL CONTROL OF CONCRETE QUALITY AND UNIFORMITY DURING CONSTRUCTION WAS GOOD TO EXCELLENT, AND THERE WERE NO APPRECIABLE DIFFERENCES IN ANY OF THE CONCRETE PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF SURFACE FINISH. 2. DURING THE FIRST YEAR IN SERVICE, SKID VALUES FOR ALL EXPERIMENTAL TEXTURES WERE HIGHER THAN THE BURLAP DRAG TEXTURE NOW GENERALLY USED BY THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT (THD). 3. THE CHANGE IN THD SKID TRAILER VALUES AT 40 MPH WITH TIME AS THE PAVEMENT IS SUBJECTED TO WEAR IS INCONSISTENT AND CANNOT BE EXPLAINED AT THIS TIME. 4. UNDER SIMULATED RAINFALL THE SKID RESISTANCE VALUES FOR DEEP-TEXTURED PAVEMENTS ARE MARKEDLY DIFFERENT FROM VALUES USING THD TRAILER WATER. 5. UNDER "LIGHT" RAINFALL, ALL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL TEXTURES EXHIBITED HIGHER SKID RESISTANCES THAN THE BURLAP DRAG TEXTURE. UNDER "HEAVY" RAINFALL, SOME OF THE BENEFICIAL SKID RESISTANCE EFFECTS OF THE DEEPER EXPERIMENTAL TEXTURES WERE MASKED, WHILE THE TRANSVERSE TINES EXHIBITED THE BEST OVERALL SKID RESISTANCE. 6. IN GENERAL, THE GREATER THE TEXTURE DEPTH OF A CONCRETE SURFACE, THE GREATER THER ASSOCIATED SKID NUMBERV AS MEASURED USING THD TRAILER WATER. HOWEVER, THIS TREND WAS NOT AS CLEAR WHEN SIMULATED RAINFALL WAS USED. 7. WITH AN INCREASE IN TEXTURE DEPTH, THERE IS AN ASSOCIATED INCREASE IN SOUND, AS MEASURED BY SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Physical properties KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rainfall KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Test sections KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225078 AU - Messer, C J AU - Whitson, R H AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DALLAS CORRIDOR FRONTAGE ROAD EVALUATION PLAN PY - 1973/08 SP - 34 p. AB - THE TRAFFIC SIGNALS ON THE FRONTAGE ROADS ALONG THE NORTH CENTRAL EXPRESSWAY IN DALLAS, TEXAS ARE BEING PUT UNDER COMPUTER CONTROL. THIS WILL PROVIDE THE MAXIMUM PROGRESSION POSSIBLE ALONG B OTH FRONTAGE ROADS WHILE STILL PROVIDING TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE SIGNAL PHASINGS. A VARIABLE SEQUENCE MULTIPHASE PROGRESSION OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE WILL BE USED TO OPTIMIZE PROGRTESSION IN REAL-TIME. THE EVALUATION OF THE COMPUTER CONTROLLED TRAFFIC SYSTEM WILL INVOLVE MAKING RUNS ALONGTHE FRONTAGE ROADS WITH AN INSTRUMENTED VEHICLE TO RECORD STOPPED TIME, TRAVEL TIME, SPEED, MEAN VELOCITY GRADIENT, GREENSHIELD'S INDEX, STOPS PER MILE, AND BORAKE APPLICATIONS. ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE PLANNED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF CURB SIDE PARKING, ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE, AND TRANSIT VEHICLE OPERATIONS. /FHWA/ KW - Evaluation KW - Frontage roads KW - Information processing KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00209989 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY FOCUS PY - 1973/08 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 111 p. AB - IN THE HOPE THAT IT WILL PROMOTE SERIOUS CONSIDERATION AND UNDERSTANDING AMONG BRIDGE ENGINEERS, THIS PUBLICATION PRESENTS PAPERS ON THE SUBJECT OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGES. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES IS REVIEWED AND DISCUSSED. A PAPER ON CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE IS PRESENTED ON A CASE-STUDY BASIS WITH THE INTENT OF ENCOURAGING DESIGNERS TO CONSIDER IT'S FEASIBILITY. THE PAPER ON SINGLE PLANE STATIC ANALYSIS OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES DISCUSSES THE ANALYSIS OF SUCH BRIDGES INCLUDING THE NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR OF THE CABLES AND SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MANY VARIABLES. PRESENTATIONS ALSO COVER SUCH ASPECTS AS WIND EFFECTS AND ECONOMIC COMPARISONS OF STAYED GIRDER BRIDGES. KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Comparative analysis KW - Costs KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - History KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Static conditions KW - Statics KW - Steering KW - Wind pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205408 AU - Cook, J P AU - Minkarah, I AU - University of Cincinnati TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED CONTRACTION JOINT FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1973/08 AB - THIS REPORT DEALS WITH THE CONTRACTION JOINTS IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT. THE VARIABLES STUDIED WHICH AFFECT JOINT BEHAVIOR ARE 1) JOINT SPACING, 2) SUB-BASE STABILIZATION, 3) COATING OF DOWEL BARS, 4) CONFIGURATION OF THE SAWCUT, AND 5) USE OF SKEWED JOINTS. HAND GAGE READINGS, TAKEN MONTHLY, GIVE THE YEARLY CURVE OF JOINT MOVEMENT. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION IS USED TO GIVE A CONTINUOUS RECORD OF THE DAILY SLAB MOVEMENTS. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION IS USED TO MEASURE PAVEMENT DEFLECTION UNDER KNOWN AXLE LOADS. A CONDITION REPORT OF THE PAVEMENT AFTER ONE YEAR'S USE IS INCLUDED AND TENTATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR AN IMPROVED CONTRACTION JOINT. KW - Contraction joints KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218099 AU - Sawyer, R G AU - Boyko, L L AU - Hunt, G M AU - Syracuse University Research Corporation TI - MICROWAVE HEATING FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE PY - 1973/08 SP - 130 p. AB - THE REPORT DESCRIBES A ONE YEAR FEASIBILITY STUDY TO DETERMINE THE APPLICABILITY OF MICROWAVE POWER IN CONJUNCTION WITH POLYMER CONCRETE (POLYMERS PLUS AGGREGATE) FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE. THE SPECIFIC CONCERN WAS RELAIVE TO CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. WORK COVERED IN THE REPORT INCLUDES THE DEFINING OF POLYMERIZATION PARAMETERS AND OPTIMUM MATERIALS COMBINATIONS TO BE RAPIDLY CURED IN-SITU WITH MICROWAVE POWER. IN THE PORTION OF THE PROGRAM CONCERNED WITH MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT, A FIELD UNIT WAS DESIGNED, BUILT AND TESTED. THIS UNIT WAS USED FOR FIELD TESTING ALONG WITH A SERIES OF MICROWAVE APPLICATORS DESIGNED AND BUILT UNDER THE PROGRAM. WITH THE MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT COBINED, THE RESEARCH TEAM IS ABLE TO FILL A VOID IN A CONCRETE SECTION AND COMPLETELY CURE THE PATCH IN LESS THAN THREE MINUTES. KW - Concrete curing KW - Energy transfer KW - Evaluation KW - Heating KW - Highway maintenance KW - Microwave radiometry KW - Microwaves KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Prototypes KW - Radiometry KW - Road construction KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208094 AU - Willems, N AU - University of Kansas, Lawrence TI - EXPERIMENTAL STRAIN ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SKEW SLAB BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1973/08 AB - THE INVESTIGATION CONSISTED OF STRAIN GAGING A CONTINUOUS SKEW BRIDGE DECK SLAB. WELDABLE STRAIN GAGES WERE WELDED ON REINFORCING BARS WHILE EMBEDMENT GAGES WERE USED FOR MEASURING CONCRETE STRAINS. STRAIN MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN PRIOR AND AFTER FORMWORK STRIPPING, FOR THREE SERIES OF EIGHT LIVE LOADING COMBINATIONS EACH CONSISTING OF TWO TRUCKS, AND FOR TEMPERATURE STRESSES. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE SLABS EXPERIENCE HIGH TEMPERATURE STRAINS DUE TO SUPPORT CONSTRAINTS AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS. ALSO THE SLAB SHOWED BEAM BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN PLATE BEHAVIOR WITH AN EFFECTIVE WIDTH LARGER THAN RECOMMENDED BY AASHO SPECIFICATIONS. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Continuous skewed slab bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Skew bridges KW - Slabs KW - Strain gages KW - Strain measurement KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208092 AU - Huang, T AU - Lehigh University TI - PRESTRESS LOSSES IN PRETENSIONED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS PY - 1973/08 SP - 143 p. AB - THIS REPORT CONTAINS THE RESULTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PRESTRESS LOSSES IN PRETENSIONED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM INCLUDED A PRELIMINARY COMPARISON OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERAL CONCRETE MIXTURES REGULARLY USED IN PENNSYLVANIA, AN EXTENSIVE STUDY OF THE ELASTIC, CREEP AND SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOR OF TWO OF THESE CONCRETES REPRESENTING RESPECTIVELY THE UPPER AND THE LOWER BOUNDS, AND A STUDY OF THE RELAXATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESTRESSING STRANDS. STRESS-STRAIN-TIME RELATIONSHIPS WERE DEVELOPED EMPIRICALLY FOR BOTH CONCRETE AND STEEL, DEPICITING THEIR ELASTIC, CREEP, SHRINKAGE AND RELAXATION PROPERTIES. A BASIC PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF STRESS CONDITIONS IN A PRETENSIONED MEMBER WAS ESTABLISHED BY LINKING THESE STRESS-STRAIN-TIME RELATIONSHIPS BY CONDITIONS OF COMPATIBILITY AND EQUILIBRIUM. A PRACTICAL PROCEDURE IS RECOMMENDED FOR PREDICTING PRESTRESS LOSSES AT VARIOUS TIMES, BASED ON AN EXTENSIVE PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE BASIC PROCEDURE. ATTENTION IS FOCUSED ON PRESTRESS LOSSES AT THE TWO CRUCIAL DESIGN STAGES, NAMELY, IMMEDIATELY UPON TRANSFER AND AT THE END OF SERVICE LIFE. EFFECT OF APPLIED LOAD IS FULLY TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION. EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF THE RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER METHODS ARE GIVEN. KW - Admixtures KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Shrinkage KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206522 AU - Bransford, T L AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT SLIPPERINESS PY - 1973/08 SP - 140 p. AB - THIS IS THE FINAL REPORT FOR PROJECT 930-043 COVERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SPECIFICATION FOR A SKID TRAILER AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT IN 4 YEARS OF STATEWIDE SURVEYS OF THE SLIPPERINESS OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS USING BOTH THE DECELEROMETER AND THE TWO WHEEL SKID TRAILER. THIS DATA COVERS TESTS ON 23 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAVEMENT SURFACES. APPROXIMATELY 14,811 TESTS WERE RUN ON THE STATEWIDE SURVEYS. THE VARIOUS TYPES OF PAVEMENTS ARE ANALYZED ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SKID NUMBERS IN RELATION TO WEAR FACTORS. THEY ARE THEN CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT'S CRITERIA INTO THREE DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS, AS TO WHETHER THEY ARE DANGEROUS, REQUIRE CAUTION TO BE EXERCISED BY THE DRIVER WHEN THE PAVEMENT IS WET OR POSSESS GOOD SKID RESISTANCE EVEN WHEN WET. ALSO INCLUDED IN THE REPORT IS A SUMMARY REPORT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF 28 EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT SURFACES IN REGARD TO THEIR SKID RESISTANCE. KW - Durability tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Slipperiness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222633 AU - Friesz, T L AU - Trentacoste, N P AU - JRB Associates Incorporated TI - LARGE VECHICLE-INDUCED AERODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES CRITIQUE OF PAST STUDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH PY - 1973/07/31 SP - 33 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS A CRITIQUE AND EVALUATION OF RESEARCH RELATED TO LARGE VEHICLE-INDUCED AERODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES. THE FINAL CONCLUSION REACHED IS THAT ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL WORK IS REQUIRED TO RESOLVE DISCREPANCIES IN PREVIOUSLY GATHERED EXPERIMENTAL DATA, AND TO EXTEND THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN SUCH A WAY AS TO ALLOW THE FORMULATION OF COST-EFFECTIVE AERODYNAMIC HAZARD REDUCTION STRATEGIES. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Disturbances KW - Hazards KW - Research KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097935 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION, VOLUME6--CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, IMPLEMENTATION, AND MANAGEMENT PY - 1973/07/01 SP - 68 p. AB - Approximately $50 million is expended each year on Federally supported highway research. In addition, substantial research is conducted by States, universities, private industry and foreign countries. It is important, therefore, that the results coming from this research effort are not only implemented, but are also documented in an appropriate form for use by others. More often than not, research and development results are not immediately or directly useful to others because some additional assembly, interpretation, or similar action is needed. To be truly useful, research results must be stated in a language and format that is most useful to operating personnel. The Federally Coordinated Program emphasizes the development and transfer of research results into practice; e.g., bridging the gap between research and operations. The objective of this category is to stimulate and expand the application and practical use of the products of highway research and development. To achieve this objective, the program will emphasize the development of an environment that is conducive to nationally coordinated and cooperative implementation efforts by FHWA, State highway agencies and other highway organizations. It will also emphasize systematic management and the assessment of the success of implementation including the benefits realized. /FHWA/ KW - Applications KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01349526 AU - Newlon, Howard H AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Several Types of Curing and Protective Materials for Concrete. Interim Report Part III--Performance PY - 1973/07//Interim Report SP - 38p AB - Various curing and/or protective coatings were evaluated under three conditions: (1) accelerated laboratory freezing and thawing of specimens in 2 percent sodium chloride solution, (2) exposure in an outdoor area of slabs which were subjected to controlled application of deicers, and (3) exposure of some of the materials on three bridges. The performance of the outdoor slabs and bridge decks has been observed during the interim since the last report. Based upon observations after additional exposure of the outdoor slabs and the field test sections, the conclusions from the two previous parts of this report were confirmed. Continued observation merits emphasis on the following: (1) Properly entrained air is overwhelmingly the most effective defense against scaling caused by deicing chemicals. This fact is evident from the continued good performance of,the outdoor exposure slabs that contain entrained air and by the absence of scaling on the bridge decks, which also were built with concrete that was uniformly and adequately air entrained. (2) When insufficient entrained air is obtained, linseed oil treatments delay the onset of scaling. KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Bridges KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete structures KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Linseed oil KW - Preservation KW - Scaling (Concrete) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37707/73-R1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107905 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316454 TI - METHODE DE RENCENSEMENT PERMANENT DE LA CIRCULATION EN RASE CAMPAGNE. AB - L'ETUDE CHERCHE A OBTENIR LE MEILLEUR RAPPORT COUT-EFFICACITE POUR LE RECENSEMENT PERMANENT EFFECTUE SUR 80.000 KILOMETRES DE ROUTES ET AUTOROUTES DEPUIS 1968. ELLE EST A BASE DE SIMULATION SUR ORDINATEUR A PARTIR DES DONNEES ACCUMULEES DEPUIS SIX ANS ET DEVRAIT PERMETTRE DE DETERMINER LE NOMBRE ET LA LOCALISATION DES COMPTEURS PERMANENTS, LA DUREE ET LA FREQUENCE DES COMPTAGES TEMPORAIRES. KW - Analyse cout benefice KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Calculateur numerique KW - Comptage (trafic) KW - Digital computers KW - Methode KW - Methodology KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Traffic counts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077656 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310335 TI - PERMANENT TRAFFIC CENSUS METHOD FOR RURAL AREAS T2 - METHODE DE RECENSEMENT PERMANENT DE LA CIRCULATION EN RASE CAMPAGNE AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IS TO ESTABLISH A BETTER COST/ BENEFIT RATIO FOR THE PERMANENT TRAFFIC CENSUS CARRIED OUT ON 80000KM OF ROADS AND MOTORWAYS SINCE 1968. THE STUDY USES A COMPUTER SIMULATION APPROACH AND DATA COLLECTED OVER SIX YEARS. IT SHOULD ENABLE THE NUMBER AND POSITION OF PERMANENT COUNTERS, AND THE DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF TEMPORARY COUNTS TO BE DETERMINED. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Digital computer KW - Digital computers KW - France KW - France KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Traffic count KW - Traffic counts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263024 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF PAVEMENT BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS TEST TRACK AND THE AASHO ROAD TEST PY - 1973/07 SP - 138 p. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to correlate performance of pavements in the University of Illinois Pavement Test Track with findings from the AASHO and to examine some of the fundamental factors influencing performance of flexible pavements. Forty (40) test pavements were placed in the test track facility in 10 Test Sets and tested to failure under 4 and 6 kip axle loads on a single tire wheels. Serviceability trends for the pavements were recorded in terms of slope variance, rutting, cracking and patching. Physical responses of the pavements to load were also recorded. Deflection under load and serviceability trends were compared to findings from comparable pavements in the AASHO Road Test. Regression analyses were made on the comparable data and weighting functions established between the AASHO Road Test and the University of Illinois Pavement Test Track for two service conditions: as-placed and high degree of saturation. Results indicated that the Pavement Test Track and high degree of saturation. Results indicated that the Pavement Test Track is a useful tool for evaluating behavior and relative performance of pavement systems; and that, within reasonable bounds, the facility can be used to predict performance of pavements in service. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Serviceability KW - Test tracks KW - Testing UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263027 AU - Taylor, J I AU - Olsen, R A AU - Hayward, J C AU - Raymond, W L AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - MAJOR INTERCHANGE DESIGN, OPERATION, AND TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOL 3. APPENDIXES H-M PY - 1973/07 VL - 3 SP - 251 p. AB - The objectives of this research project were to develop improved design procedures and guidelines for major (i.e., Freeway-to-freeway) interchanges through the examination and analysis of existing design procedures and current freeway operational characteristics. Pertinent informantion was gathered through a review of the literature, conversations with and workshop participation by practicing design engineers and traffic operations specialists, and through written questionnaires. The criteria and guidelines used in the design of major interchanges at both the overall configuration level and the individual component level (such as entrances, exits, lane drops, major forks) are reviewed; conclusions and recommendations for future practices are stated. Freeway traffic control systems are examined in the context of major interchange design and operation, and the implications of various systems are explained. A methodology for interchange evaluation using decision theory and tradeoff analyses is presented, with example applications. Extensive case studies of a lane drop and exit ramps at a major interchange are described to illustrate the manner in which the recommended quidelines might be applied in practice. Two sample "Fact Sheets" illustrating the manner in which design experience information might be disseminated to the design community are included. A bibliography of over 200 pertinent references accompanies the report. This report is in 3 volumes. KW - Decision theory KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Freeway design KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263011 AU - Chisholm, D B AU - Viner, J G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTING OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS PY - 1973/07 SP - 74 p. AB - This report examines current breakaway designs for luminaire support structures in terms of existing and proposed impact testing procedures and criteria. Improvements in each type of breakaway base are presented. Test data from relevant laboratory and full-scale tests on these structures are analyzed according to the Nov. 16, 1970 FHWA notice "Application of Highway Safety Measures, Breakaway Luminaire Supports." Alternate test procedures, including target mounting specifications, instrumentation requirements, evaluation procedures, and field installation guidelines are presented. Specific problems currently found in each of the breakaway designs are discussed, and solutions offered. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Breakaway supports KW - Dynamic tests KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263028 AU - Taylor, J I AU - Olsen, R A AU - Hayward, J C AU - Raymond, W L AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - MAJOR INTERCHANGE DESIGN, OPERATION, AND TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOL. 2. APPENDIXES A-G PY - 1973/07 VL - 2 SP - 251 p. AB - The objectives of this research project were to develop improved design procedures and guidelines for major (i.e., freeway-to-freeway) interchanges through the examination and analysis of existing design procedures and current freeway operational characteristics. Pertinent information was gathered through a review of the literature, conversations with and workshop participation by paracticing design engineers and traffic operations specialists, and through written questionnaires. The criteria and guidelines used in the design of major interchanges at both the overall configuration level and the individual component level (such as entrances, exits, lane drops, major forks) are reviewed; conclusions and recommendations for future practices are stated. Freeway traffic control systems are examined in the context of major interchange design and operation, and the implications of various systems are explained. A methodology for interchange evaluation using decision theory and tradeoff analyses is presented, with example applications. Extensive case studies of a lane drop and exit ramps at a major interchange are described to illustrate the manner in which the recommended guidelines might be applied in practice. Two sample "Fact Sheets" illustrating the manner in which design experience information might be disseminated to the design community are included. A bibliography of over 200 pertinent references accompanies the report. This report is in three volumes. KW - Decision theory KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Freeway design KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00135045 AU - Bodle, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAMPLING SURVEYS FOR ESTIMATING LOCAL, RURAL AND URBAN VEHICLE-MILES OF TRAVEL PY - 1973/07 SP - 36 p. AB - Two probability sampling procedures are described which are based on different types of samples-the sample area and the link-day-and pilot studies which utilized these procedures are reviewed. In the area sampling procedure, the state is divided into areas each containing about 50 miles of local rural roads. Two sample areas are randomly selected for each week within the year, and counters are set out for a one week period at every fifth milepoint on the roads. With this procedure it is possible to select the same area more than once but for different weeks of the year. The link-day statistical procedure is based upon a sampling of 24-hour volume counts on city streets. The design involves stratified random sampling utilizing the link-day as the basic sampling unit. A link in a street system is considered to be one street intercepted by two other streets. Area sampling pilot projects conducted in Colorado and Oregon are described and the details are outlined of link-day pilot sampling projects in Wisconsin and Idaho. Areas in the design which need improvements are noted. A detailed description of the two sampling procedures are appended. KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Estimating KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Samples KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic measurement KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00134665 AU - Miller, A S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE 73-3: SLOTTED CMP SURFACE DRAINS PY - 1973/07 SP - 17 p. AB - Guidelines are presented for the design and construction of slotted corrugated metal pipe surface drains which have proven effective in the areas of safety, economy, hydraulic maintenance and aesthetics. The special grate slot design is recommended for areas which may be subjected to occasional motorcycle or bicycle traffic. In normal installations where sheet flow is intercepted, simple weir formulas can be used to check inlet capacities. In special cases where slotted drains are used in place of conventional drop inlets to pick channel flow, the slot acts as an orifice when depths reach 2.5 inches. While no unusual construction methods are requred to install slotted surface drains, extra care in material selection and in preparation of the bed, backfilling and compaction is required. In tight situations, a lean grout might be the most economical backfill. All coupling bands and the concrete plug or metal cap should be in place prior to backfilling. The best results are obtained by screeding directly over the 1-inch by 3-inch hood cover. Further construction details are listed in a sample specification. KW - Bicycles KW - Construction KW - Corrugations (Defects) KW - Design KW - Flow KW - Grates KW - Guidelines KW - Holes KW - Implementation KW - Motorcycles KW - Screeds KW - Slotted holes KW - Specifications KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225046 AU - Stone, W H AU - Banks, T E AU - System Development Corporation TI - DIAMOND INTERCHANGE TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOL. 8. USER'S GUIDE FOR COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL PROGRAM PY - 1973/07 SP - 43 p. AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE PROCEDURES EMPLOYED BY THE OPERATOR IN USING THE REAL-TIME TRAFFIC CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE COMPUTERIZED SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEM WHICH WAS DESIGNED, DEVELOPED, AND IMPLEMENTED AT WESTERN AVENUE INTERCHANGE OF THE SANTA MONICA FREEWAY. THE OPERATOR INTERFACE SECTION DESCRIBES THE COMMANDS THAT CAN BE TRANSMITTED AND MESSAGES THAT CAN BE RECEIVED FROM THE COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM THROUGH THE TELETYPE UNIT LOCATED AT THE CONTROL CENTER. OPERATOR PROCEDURES FOR STARTING UP THE SYSTEM, INITIALIZING, RETURNING THE SYSTEM TO THE LOCAL CONTROL (BACKUP) SYSTEM, AND SYSTEM SHUTDOWN ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. THE PROCEDURES FOR RECORDING OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE STATISTICS ARE ALSO DESCRIBED. KW - Computers KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Interfaces KW - Operator KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Signalization KW - Systems KW - Teletype systems KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131005 AU - Taylor, J I AU - Olsen, R A AU - Hayward, J C AU - Raymond, W L AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - MAJOR INTERCHANGE DESIGN, OPERATION AND TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOL. 1. TEXT OF REPORT PY - 1973/07 VL - 1 SP - 125 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Data analysis KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Interchanges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225056 AU - Torres, J F AU - System Development Corporation TI - DIAMOND INTERCHANGE TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOL 16. SUMMARY REPORT ON CONTROL AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF DIAMOND INTERCHANGES PY - 1973/07 VL - 16 SP - 33 p. AB - A COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SIGNALIZED DIAMOND INTERCHANGES INCLUDING THE NEARBY SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS WAS CONDUCTED. A SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL FINDINGS FROM THIS INVESTIGATION IS PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT. THE GEOMETRICS AND SIGNALIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A LARGE REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF EXISTING DIAMOND INTERCHANGES IS FIRST DISCUSSED. DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION MODELS OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS IN DIAMOND INTERCHANGES (INCLUDING THE NEARBY SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS) WERE DEVELOPED. THESE SIMULATION MODELS WERE COMPREHENSIVE VALIDATED AGAINST AERIALLY-COLLECTED TIME-LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA. THESE MODELS WERE USED, IN TURN, TO PERFORM SEVERAL SUBSTUDIES. OPTIMUM SIGNAL CONTROL METHODOLOGY WAS DEVELOPED WHICH WAS EVALUATED THROUGH THE USE OF THESE MODELS. THE PREDICTIVE QUALITY OF THESE MODELS WAS DEMONSTRATED THROUGH THE PERFORMANCE OF BEFORE-AND-AFTER SIMULATION AND FIELD STUDIES. A PRETIMED SIGNAL CONTROL DESIGN MANUAL WAS A NATURAL OUTCOME OF THESE SERIES OF STUDIES. THE PROGRAM CULMINATED IN THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM ON AN OPERATIONAL INTERCHANGE IN THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES WHICH PRODUCED SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Information processing KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Simulation KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130729 AU - Knapp, B G AU - Peters, J I AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Catholic University of America TI - HUMAN FACTOR REVIEW OF TRAFFIC CONTROL AND DIVERSION PROJECTS PY - 1973/07 SP - 106 p. AB - This review is concerned with the design of diversion signs intended to persuade motorists to shift from a congested to a less congested route. Studies of driver behavior were reviewed, including: (1) Origin-destination studies-these studies indicate the objective route characteristics which make a particular roadway path attractive to the driver; (2) Economic studies of the dollar value of time-these studies indicate the influence of economic factors on route choice; and (3) Studies of drivers' attitudes towards route diversion. Design principles are suggested for signs of route diversion, ramp diversion, and freeway condition diversion (usually called incident management). /FHWA/ KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Economic analysis KW - Human factors KW - Origin and destination KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225043 AU - Barooshian, C T AU - System Development Corporation TI - DIAMOND INTERCHANGE TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOL. 7. DIAMOND INTERCHANGE TRAFFIC CONTROL INTERFACE UNIT PY - 1973/07 VL - 7 SP - 27 p. AB - DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT IS THE TRAFFIC CONTROL INTERFACE UNIT THAT INTERFACES A VARIAN 620/I TO THE STREET ELECTRONICS AT THE WESTERN AVENUE TEST SITE. INCLUDED IS A DISCUSSION ON THE WESTERN AVENUE GENERAL CONFIGURATION, DETECTOR CONFIGURATION WITH IDENTIFYING NUMBERS, AND A DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATION OF THE LOGIC MODULES. INPUT DATA WORD AND OUTPUT WORK FORMATS ARE ALSO DEFINED. MAINTENANCE DOCUMENTATION IS INCLUDED AS AN APPENDIX. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data analysis KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260168 AU - Newlon, H H AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - EVALUATION OF SEVERAL TYPES OF CURING AND PROTECTIVE MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE SN - VHRC 73-R1 PY - 1973/07 AB - Various curing and/or protective coating were evaluated under three conditions: (1) accelerated laboratory freezing and thawing of specimens in 2 percent sodium chloride solution, (2) exposure in an outdoor area of slabs which were subjected to controlled application of deicers, and (3) exposure of some of the materials on three bridges. The performance of the outdoor slabs and bridge decks has been observed during the interim since the last report. Based upon observations after additional exposure of the outdoor slabs and the field test sections, the conclusions from the two previous parts of this report were confirmed. Continued observation merits emphasis on the following: (1) Properly entrained air is overwhelmingly the most effective defense against scaling caused by deicing chemicals. This fact is evident from the continued good performance of the outdoor exposure slabs that contain entrained air and by the absence of scaling on the bridge decks, which also were built with concrete that was uniformly and adequately air entrained. (2) When insufficient entrained air is obtained, linseed oil treatments delay the onset of scaling. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete curing KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Protective coatings KW - Testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37707/73-R1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263002 AU - Iddings, F A AU - Arman, A AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge TI - DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENT IN SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES AND CONCRETE PY - 1973/07 SP - 64 p. AB - The interim report summarizes the results from laboratory work conducted to establish the necessary analytical parameters for determination of cement content in soil-cement mixtures. The technique of activation analysis using neutrons from an isotopic source was selected for this application. The type, size, and spectrum of the neutron source, the sample size, source-sample geometry, and detector size are the most important parameters determined in this effort. The report also describes other less successful approaches that were explored such as sample analysis using prompt capture gamma rays. Additionally, the suitability of activation and measurement hardware is considered. The laboratory experiments described determined the baseline parameters needed for the required sensitivity and precision. Typical data influencing the configuration of the field system are presented. Design and operational considerations for the field system, especially the activation/shield assembly, follow the discussion of laboratory experiments. One section deals with equipment recommendations with the specific sources of commercially available hardware used in this system being noted. Some preliminary data on the determination of cement in concrete are also given. KW - Cement content KW - Concrete tests KW - Gamma rays KW - Mix design KW - Neutron sources KW - Neutrons KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Radioisotopes KW - Soil cement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205413 AU - Chastain, W E AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - FINAL SUMMARY REPORT. A STUDY OF THE AASHO ROAD TEST. PHASE 2-EVALUATION AND APPLICATION OF THE AASHO ROAD TEST RESULTS PY - 1973/07 AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE RESEARCH EFFORTS UNDERTAKEN TO EVALUATE AND APPLY THE AASHO ROAD TEST RESULTS TO THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PAVEMENTS IN ILLINOIS. PRESENTED IS A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH APPROACH, THE PROJECT ACCOMPLISHMENTS, AND THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS UTILIZED TO PUT THE RESEARCH FINDINGS INTO PRACTICE. INCLUDED IS A LISTING OF ALL PUBLISHED REPORTS, TOGETHER WITH SUMMARIES, EMANATING FROM THE PROJECT. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Structural design KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215998 AU - Lanz, L J AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - ROAD MARKING MATERIALS. 2ND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1973/07 SP - 41 p. AB - THIS REPORT OF ROAD MARKING MATERIALS IS AN INTERIM REPORT ON A TYPE B STATE STUDY. TRAFFIC PAINT, THERMOPLASTIC AND RAISED MARKERS ARE DISCUSSED AND MERITS AND SHORTCOMINGS NOTED IN EVALUATIONS ARE LISTED. RESULTS OF PAINT AND BEAD STUDIES WERE PUBLISHED IN A PREVIOUS REPORT FOR THIS STUDY BUT ARE INCLUDED FOR COMPARISONS. THERMOPLASTIC SECTIONS HAVE BEEN IN SERVICE FOR ELEVEN YEARS IN THE STATE AND ALL BUT TWO SECTIONS ARE STILL IN SERVICE. RESULTS SHOW THE STATE CAN PLAN ON TEN YEARS SERVICE FOR THERMOPLASTIC INSTALLATIONS. RAISED CERAMIC AND REFLECTIVE MARKERS HAVE BEEN IN PLACE ON MISSISSIPPI ROADWAYS FOR OVER THREE YEARS AND EXPERIENCE WITH THESE MARKERS IS LIMITED. ESTIMATED ANNUAL LOSS RATE IS 2-5% OF REFLECTIVE MARKERS AND 5-10% OF CERAMIC MARKERS. MANY OF THESE MARKERS FAILED BECAUSE OF POOR BOND. TRAFFIC IS DETRIMENTAL TO CERAMIC MARKERS IN CURVES AND IN AREAS WITH MUCH LANE CROSSING. REPLACEMENT OF CERAMIC MARKERS IS NECESSARY IN SEVERAL LOCATIONS WHERE UP TO FIFTY PERCENT ARE MISSING IN ONE-HALF MILE STRETCHES. RAISED REFLECTIVE MARKERS ARE RECOMMENDED TO SUPPLEMENT PAINT OR THERMOPLASTIC STRIPES TO PROVIDE LANE DELINEATION DURING INCLEMENT WEATHER. REFLECTIVE MARKERS MUST BE USED WITH CERAMIC MARKERS TO PROVIDE NIGHT TIME DELINEATION. /FHWA/ KW - Ceramic materials KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Glass beads KW - Highway delineators KW - Night visibility KW - Raised separators KW - Reflectorized paint KW - Road marking materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201244 AU - Baker, M AU - Reiners, A P AU - Hammer, L M AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ROADSIDE BEAUTIFICATION AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PY - 1973/07 SP - 52 p. AB - HIGHWAY USERS ATTITUDES AS TO WHAT IS CONSIDERED AESTHETICALLY PLEASING WAS DETERMINED BY SCALING TECHNIQUES. THE RESULTS INDICATE THEY PREFER TREES, PLANTINGS AND A NEAT PARK-LIKE APPERANCE. THEY ALSO HAVE FAVORABLE ATTITUDES TOWARD FARMLAND. PUBLIC CONTROL OF LAND USE ADJACENT TO THE INTERSTATE IS MINIMAL THUS NO MEANS OF ASSURING SCENIC VALUE EXIST. ALTHOUGH LANDOWNERS INDICATE FEW PLANNED CHANGES IN LAND USE, PUBLIC CONTROLS SUCH AS ZONING, SCENIC EASEMENTS OR DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS NEED TO BE EXPLORED IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT THE RESULTS. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY FOR PRIVATE RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAND ADJACENT TO HIGHWAYS WAS EXPLORED. THE RETURNS TO THE REACTIONAL ENTERPRISE DO NOT SUGGEST A GREAT AMOUNT OF ACTIVITY IN THIS AREA. PROBLEMS REQUIRING EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR REACTIONAL OPERATORS ARE IDENTIFIED. /FHWA/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Attitudes KW - Easements KW - Economics KW - Land use KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Recreation KW - Scenic easements KW - Trees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225060 AU - Torres, J F AU - Banks, T E AU - Barooshian, C T AU - Stone, W H AU - System Development Corporation TI - DIAMOND INTERCHANGE TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOLUME 10. DESIGN MANUAL FOR COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1973/07 VL - 10 SP - 186 p. AB - A COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED, DEVELOPED, IMPLEMENTED, AND SUCCESSFULLY TESTED AND DEMONSTRATED AT THE WESTERN AVENUE INTERCHANGE OF THE SANTA MONICA FREEWAY. THIS DOCUMENT DESCRIBES THE DESIGN CONFIGURATION OF THIS TRAFFIC-RESPONSIVE, SECOND-GENERATION TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM. THE HARDWARE CONFIGURATION OF THE SYSTEM AND THE REAL-TIME CONTROL PROGRAM ELEMENTS ARE DESCRIBED, PRIMARILY FROM A FUNCTIONAL STANDPOINT. THE SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED IN A FLEXIBLE MANNER SO THAT IT WOULD ALLOW MODIFICATIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS OF THE MAJOR SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS TO BE MADE CONVENIENTLY. THE SYSTEM PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE OPERATION ARE IDENTIFIED, AND THEIR EFFECT ON SYSTEM OPERATION IS INDICATED. PREFERRED OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATIONS HAVE EVOLVED AND ARE DESCRIBED TOGETHER WITH THE PREFERRED MODES OF SYSTEM OPERATION. KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Systems engineering KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227546 AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated TI - AIRPORT TRAVEL SURVEY MANUAL PY - 1973/07 SP - n.p. AB - THE MANUAL CONTAINS GUIDELINES FOR THE COLLECTION OF DATA DESCRIBING GROUND TRAVEL PATTERNS AND TRIP-MAKER CHARACTERISTICS TO AND FROM AIR CARRIER AIRPORTS. THE MANUAL IS WRITTEN FOR PROFESSIONALS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTING AIRPORT TRAVEL SURVEYS. THE INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL DESCRIBES THE NATURE OF TRAVEL PATTERNS AT AIR CARRIER AIRPORTS AND PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE EIGHT MAJOR STEPS IN THE TRAVEL DATA COLLECTION PROCESS. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE SURVEY STRATEGIES ARE PRESENTED ALONG WITH FIVE TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES (PERSONAL INTERVIEWING, COLLECTED QUESTIONNAIRES, MAIL-BACK QUESTIONNAIRES, COUNTS OR OBSERVATIONS, AND INFERENCE FROM EXISTING DATA SOURCES.) CRITERIA ARE GIVEN FOR THE SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SURVEY STRATEGIES AND DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES. SURVEY SPECIFICATIONS ARE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF SAMPLE BASE, METHODS FOR SAMPLE SELECTION, METHODS FOR CONTROL COUNTS, FORMATS FOR QUESTIONNAIRES, AND APPROXIMATE UNIT COSTS INVOLVED. GUIDELINES ARE INCLUDED FOR PROCESSING SURVEY DATA AND MONITORING AIRPORT TRAVEL PATTERNS AFTER COMPLETION OF THE BASIC SURVEYS. AN EXTENSIVE GLOSSARY AND AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY APPEAR AT THE END. THE APPENDICES DEAL WITH HOW TO TRAIN INTERVIEWERS TO REDUCE BIAS AND HOW TO CALCULATE THE APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE. KW - Access roads KW - Airports KW - Bibliographies KW - Data collection KW - Ground transportation KW - Guidelines KW - Interviewing KW - Manuals KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Traffic surveys KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel surveys KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/118687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204053 AU - Miller, A S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE FOR SLOTTED CMP SURFACE DRAINS PY - 1973/07 SP - 17 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORRUGATED METAL PIPE SURFACE DRAINS, WHICH HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AND REFINED OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS. THE CONCEPT HAS PROVEN EFFECTIVE IN THE AREAS OF SAFETY, ECONOMY, HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY, MAINTENANCE AND AESTHETICS. STANDARD PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE INCLUDED. KW - Construction KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Metal pipe KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226808 AU - Treiterer, J AU - Nemeth, Z AU - Vecellio, R AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF SIGNAL SPACING ON PLATOON DISPERSION PY - 1973/07 SP - 195 p. AB - THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE PLATOON MOVEMENTS ON URBAN ARTERIALS AND TO RELATE VARIATION IN PLATOON BEHAVIOR TO VARIATION IN SIGNAL CONTROL AND TO CHANGES IN TRAFFIC VOLUMES. THIS OBJECTIVE WAS ACCOMPLISHED IN THE FORM OF DETERMINING PLATOON CHARACTERISTICS FOR TRAFFIC TRAVELING ON SIGNALIZED URBAN ARTERIALS AND DEVELOPING A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO SIMULATE THE BEHAVIOR OF A GROUP OF VEHICLES AS IT PASSES THROUGH A SERIES OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. THE DEVELOPED MODEL CAN BE USED TO ESTABLISH SIGNAL SETTINGS ALLOWING FOR THE DISPERSION OF TRAFFIC AND TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN A SIGNAL SYSTEM ON EXPECTED QUEUE LENGTHS AND MEAN DELAYS PER VEHICLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Arterial highways KW - Dispersion KW - Mathematical models KW - Queuing KW - Signalization KW - Signalized intersections KW - Streets KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204533 AU - Miller, A H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE FOR SLOTTED CMP SURFACE DRAINS PY - 1973/07 SP - 17 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORRUGATED METAL PIPE SURFACE DRAINS, WHICH HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AND REFINED BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAY, SINCE 1967. THESE DRAINS PROVIDE THE DESIGNER AND MAINTENANCE ENGINEER WITH A FLEXIBLE TOOL FOR PREVENTIVE, CORRECTIVE AND SUPPLEMENTAL DRAINAGE APPLICATIONS. DRAINAGE MODIFICATIONS ON WIDENING AND SAFETY PROJECTS CAN BE INSTALLED AT LESS COST THAN CONVENTIONAL METHODS; AESTHETICS CAN BE IMPROVED AND MAINTENANCE COSTS REDUCED; AND MODIFICATION OF EXISTING INADEQUATE DROP INLETS CAN BE MADE CHEAPER AND FASTER. STANDARD PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE INCLUDED. KW - Aesthetics KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Drop inlets KW - Guidelines KW - Pipe KW - Slotted pipes KW - Specifications KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225039 AU - Torres, J F AU - System Development Corporation TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM. (DIAMOND INTERCHANGE TRAFFIC CONTROL) PY - 1973/07 VL - 9 SP - 145 p. AB - THE WESTERN AVENUE INTERCHANGE OF THE SANTA MONICA FREEWAY WAS INSTRUMENTED TO OPERATE UNDER COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL. A SERIES OF TESTS WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM WITH RESPECT TO PRETIMED, 3-DIAL OPERATION. THE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM, WHICH IS PART OF THE COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM, WAS USED AS ONE OF THE BASIC METHODS OF COLLECTING OPERATIONAL DATA. FLOATING-CAR TEST WERE ALSO CONDUCTED OVER THE FACILITY. THE BROAD SET OF RESULTS OBTAINED SHOWED THAT THE REAL-TIME CONTROL OF THE FACILITY PRODUCED REDUCTIONS IN DELAY IN THE ORDER OF 20-30 PERCENT. STOP TIME AND NUMBER OF STOPS WERE ALSO REDUCED. THE DEGREE OF IMPROVEMENT OBTAINED DEMONSTRATED THAT THE COMPUTERIZED CONTROL SYSTEM IS COST/EFFECTIVE. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Information processing KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225044 AU - Barooshian, C T AU - System Development Corporation TI - DIAMOND INTERCHANGE TRAFFIC CONTROL: FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR A DIAMOND INTERCHANGE SIGNAL CONTROLLER PY - 1973/07 SP - 56 p. AB - THIS SPECIFICATION HAS BEEN WRITTEN TO DEFINE THE REQUIREMENTS OF A SPECIAL-PURPOSE DIAMOND INTERCHANGE TRAFFIC CONTROLLER THAT WILL UTILIZE SUBSTANTIALLY LESS COMPUTATIONAL POWER THAN IS PROVIDED BY THE TYPICAL MINI-COMPUTER, AT SUBSTANTIALLY LESS COST, AND YET PERFORM THE REQUIRED FUNCTIONS. THE SPECIFICATION IS DISCUSSED IN FOUR SECTIONS. THE FIRST SECTION PRESENTS A SUMMARY OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND SIGNALIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIAMOND INTERCHANGES. THE SECOND SECTION DISCUSSES SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ALTERNATIVES. THE THIRD SECTION DISCUSSES THE TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL PROGRAMS. THE FOURTH SECTION DISCUSSES THE FUNCTIONAL IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS. THE SPECIFICATION HAS BEEN WRITTEN AS A RESULT OF THE WORK PERFORMED LEADING TO THE DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND OPERATION OF A REAL-TIME CONTROL SYSTEM AT THE WESTERN AVENUE DIAMOND INTERCHANGE OF THE SANTA MONICA FREEWAY. KW - Anchoring KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Embedments (Concrete) KW - Geometric design KW - Information processing KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215999 AU - Parry, W T AU - Chachas, C AU - Sorbe, V K AU - Utah State Department Highways TI - UTILIZATION OF THE ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYZER IN HIGHWAY MATERIALS ANALYSIS - FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1973/06/30 SP - 29 p. AB - THIS REPORT DEALS WITH THE USE OF THE ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYZER IN STUDYING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CEMENTS, AGGREGATES, REINFORCING BARS, AND DEICING SALTS. AN ORIGINAL QUESTION RAISED WITH RESPECT TO THE VALIDITY OF THE DATA FROM THIS STUDY WAS THAT SPECIMENS WOULD BE DAMAGED BY EXPOSURE TO THE VACUUM SYSTEM IN THE SAMPLE CHAMBER. IT WAS FOUND THAT DAMAGE BY EXPOSURE TO THE HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRON BEAM CAN BE MINIMIZED BY PROPER SELECTION OF OPERATING CONDITIONS. THE ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYZER OFFERS A NEW DIMENSION IN STUDYING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CEMENTS, AGGREGATES, REINFORCING BARS, AND DEICING SALTS. PHASE CHANGES IN THE CEMENT AND AGGREGATE INVOLVING REDISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS SUCH AS SODIUM OR POTASSIUM CAN BE IDENTIFIED AND STUDIED. SUSPECTED AREAS OF REACTION CAN BE SCANNED AND ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN THE REACTION CAN BE IDENTIFIED AND QUANTITATIVELY ANALYZED. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Cement KW - Chemical reactions KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Electron probes KW - Electrons KW - Microanalysis KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204659 AU - Mcgowan, J M AU - Salac, S S AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln TI - SPECIES RECOMMENDED FOR HIGHWAY PLANTINGS SELECTED FROM A NATURAL VEGETATION SURVEY IN THE PANHANDLE OF NEBRASKA PY - 1973/06/19 SP - 61 p. AB - A NATURAL FLORA SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED IN WESTERN NEBRASKA FROM WHICH SELECTED SPECIES ARE RECOMMENDED FOR PROPAGATION ON THE HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAYS. ONLY SPECIES FOUND TO BE SUCCESSFULLY SELF-SUSTAINING IN THE SEMI-ARID PORTION OF THE REGION ARE DESCRIBED. INCLUDED ARE TREES, SHRUBS, AND ESPECIALLY THE SUMMER FLOWERING FORBS. THE RECOMMENDED SPECIES ARE PREDOMINANTLY PERENNIALS, WITH BUT A FEW SELF-SEEDING ANNUALS. PERTINENT ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON HABITAT AND LOCATION IS FURNISHED FOR THE SELECTIONS. IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE ADAPTABILITY OF THE CHOSEN PLANTS IS SUFFICIENTYL FLEXIBLE THAT MOST WOULD SUCCEED IN SIMILAR REGIONS WELL BEYOUND THE AREA SURVEYED. THE REPORT INCLUDES A DESCRIPTION OF THE SURVEY REGION, DISTRIBUTION MAPS OF THE RECOMMENDED SPECIES, AND COLORED PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE PRINCIPAL CHOICES. SPECIES HAVE BEEN PLACED IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA HERBARIUM. /NTIS/ KW - Beautification KW - Ecology KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Landscape design KW - Mapping KW - Plants KW - Right of way KW - Shrubs KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265040 AU - Hesse, J F AU - Salac, S S AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln TI - EFFECTS OF MOWING ON THE VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIES OF WILD FLOWERS PY - 1973/06/18 SP - 38 p. AB - The response of 11 species of wild flowers to 12 mowing dates was studied. The following results were obtained: 1) All species survied the mowing treatments but plant vigor was generally reduced; 2) With the exception of shell-leaf penstemon, height was reduced by mowing and this reduction was directly correlated with the lateness of mowing. Mowed plants also showed no lodging problem and had more uniform height as compared to the unmowed plants; 3) In most cases, the number of lateral buds forced on mowed plants was significantly greater than those left unmowed. The peak number of lateral buds forced was generally noted from plants mowed 2 to 4 weeks before blooming was initiated on the unmowed plants of any one species; 4) Mowing extended and delayed the blooming of all species except shell-leaf penstemon. The longest period of delay was 2 months in the case of grayhead prairie coneflower; 5) The number of flowers produced per plant was generally reduced by mowing. However, the esthetic value of the taller species was enhanced because mowing eliminated the open type of growth associated with lodging. /FHWA/ KW - Aesthetics KW - Mowing KW - Plants KW - Roadside improvement KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142911 AU - Wolff, A K AU - Martin, A D AU - Massachusetts Materials Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICAL CHEMICAL, AND METALLURGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEELS FURNISHED FROM TYPICAL HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1973/06 SP - 103 p. AB - Structural members from four different highway bridges were studied in terms of their chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, and these properties were related to evidence of deterioration or potential failure mechanisms in the structures. The steels were generally satisfactory in terms of the properties normally specified by the ASTM for structural parts. Microstructural quality of the steels was satisfactory and residual stress levels were negligible. However, all of the steels exhibited a tendency toward brittle, catastrophic failure during impact, drop-weight, and fracture toughness testing. This behavior was particularly evident at the lowest test temperature (-30 deg F). However, for steels having high phosphorus contents, some indications of brittle behavior were evident even at room temperature. In some instances, corrosion had caused appreciable thinning of the structure. The suitability of doubling plates as a repair method for this problem was evaluated. Crevice corrosion and corrosion-cracking were other observed modes of deterioration. KW - Brittle failures KW - Brittleness KW - Chemical properties KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Low temperature tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Metal bridges KW - Metallography KW - Microstructure KW - Phosphorus KW - Physical properties KW - Residual stress KW - Steel KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093435 AU - Barton, J R AU - Kusenberger, F N AU - Birchak, J R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SYSTEM FOR DETECTING FATIGUE CRACKS IN STEEL BRIDGES PY - 1973/06 SP - 147 p. AB - The nondestructive detection and characterization of fatigue cracks during field inspection of steel bridge structures are put in perspective in terms of the magnitude of the problem and viable nondestructive methods. The results of nondestructive method assessment, selection, evaluation, and experimental confirmation are presented in detail. Developed as a useful and effective solution to the problem, the inspection system consists of two independent, complementary, lightweight, battery-powered electronic instruments-an acoustic crack detector (ACD), which uses ultrasonic principles, automatic signal analysis, and a simple digital data display for rapid survey, and a magnetic crack definer (MCD), which uses magnetic principles and a simple ON-OFF light data display for defining the precise location and crack length. The features and functioning of the equipment are briefly described, and laboratory and field demonstrations, presentations, and field inspections are reviewed. The technical basis for equipment development, including equipment concepts, is summarized. KW - Acoustic detection KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Acoustics KW - Construction KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Electromagnetic properties KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Field tests KW - Fluxes KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic flux KW - Metal bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Steel KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel construction KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143259 AU - Alves, F R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DEPARTMENT EDP DEVELOPMENT PY - 1973/06 SP - 66 p. AB - This report presents the results of an eight-year project of EDP development in subjects of interest to the Bridge Department. The project yielded a substantial collection of usable EDP applications. They emphasize structural analysis and other bridge engineering processes. They also include a variety of management and administrative applications. The report describes project organization and performance, and discusses the resulting applications. Application abstracts are included. KW - Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Information processing KW - Loads KW - Management information systems KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260316 AU - Fothergill, J W AU - Lee, H Y AU - Fothergill, P A AU - Integrated Systems, Incorporated TI - PREDICTION OF LONG-TERM STRESS RANGES - STUDY REPORT PY - 1973/06 SP - 288 p. AB - The development of a computer simulation program system for generating highway traffic crossing a bridge and calculating the resulting stresses and stress ranges is described. The total system consists of four stand-alone programs which can be used either independently or as a dependent series where output from one program is used as input to the next. Output consists of loading and stress range histograms. A summary of all work performed and a description of each of the developed computer programs is presented. Included is a discussion on methods employed in the development including the stress calculations, the traffic generator, the preparation of stress histograms, results of a sensitivity or parameter study, and deficiencies in the methods of analysis. Comparisons of predicted and experimentally measured results are given. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Forecasting KW - Simulation KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Traffic simulation KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210502 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Kauffmann, E M AU - Chang, C W AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - VERIFICATION OF FRACTURE MECHANICS CONCEPTS TO PREDICT CRACKING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1973/06 SP - 358 p. AB - A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF ART OF APPLICATION OF FRACTURE MECHANICS CONCEPTS TO THE PREDICTION OF FATIGUE CRACKING OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES IS PRESENTED. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FRACTURE MECHANICS AND THE METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF CRACKED PLATES RESTING ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ARE DISCUSSED. ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF STRESS-INTENSITY FACTOR FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL AND THREE- DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS USING PLATE BENDING ANALYSIS, FINITE ELEMENT AND BOUNDARY COLLECTION PROGRAMS ARE PRESENTED. THE EXPERIMENTAL WORKS CONSISTING OF TESTING OF SAND ASPHALT BEAMS AND SLABS RESTING ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ARE PRESENTED. THE EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED TO VERIFY THE APPLICABILITY OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TO ESTIMATE THE FATIGUE LIFE OF ASPHALTIC MIXTURES SUBJECTED TO LOADS OF VARIABLE AMPLITUDE, PATTERN, HIGH STRESS LEVELS, AND VARIOUS TEMPERATURE CONDI- TIONS. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS INDICATE THAT CRACKING CRACKING PROPAGATION PROCESS OF ASPHALTIC MIXTURES CAN BE PREDICTED USING THE POWER LAW RELATION BETWEEN THE CRACK GROWTH RATE AND THE STRESS-INTENSITY FACTOR. A FRAMEWORK FOR THE RATIONAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT FATIGUE USING FRACTURE MECHANICS PRINCIPLES IS PRESENTED. AVAILABLE EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON FULL-SCALE PAVEMENT IS USED TO SHOW THE APPLICABILITY OF THE CONCEPTS DEVELOPED TO ANALYSIS IN- SERVICE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. /FHWA/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130707 AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY PY - 1973/06 SP - 103 p. AB - The four related papers in this report explore the relationships of driver psychology to traffic flow. The paper on "The Driver in Single Lane Traffic" describes the speed patterns of 20 driver who were unobstrusively observed on a single lane road. The drivers were impeded by a "plant" car which moved at a constant speed on the road. The paper "Driver Interactions and Delays in Freeway Traffic" describes the actions of 166 drivers who were impeded by the plant car on the freeway. The paper on "Driver Characteristics and Traffic System Design" discusses driver motivation, expectancy and anticipation. These psychological states affect the driver's behavior in traffic. Driver expectancy should be considered in highway geometric design. The final paper in the series, "Driver Characteristics and Traffic Flow Theory" presents the implications of the previous studies and related researches for traffic flow theory. /FHWA/ KW - Behavior KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Geometric design KW - Human characteristics KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130983 AU - Fothergill, J W AU - Lee, H Y AU - Fothergill, P A AU - Integrated Systems, Incorporated TI - PREDICTION OF LONG-TERM STRESS RANGES. USER'S MANUAL - BRIDGE LOAD GENERATOR PY - 1973/06 SP - 191 p. AB - No Abstract KW - Bridges KW - Forecasting KW - Loads KW - Manuals KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130703 AU - Fothergill, J W AU - Lee, H Y AU - Fothergill, P A AU - Integrated Systems, Incorporated TI - PREDICTION OF LONG-TERM STRESS RANGES. USER'S MANUAL - STRESSES HISTOGRAM PREDICTION SYSTEM PY - 1973/06 SP - 160 p. AB - The development of a computer simulation program system for generating highway traffic crossing a bridge and calculating the resulting stresses and stress ranges is described. The total system consists of four stand-alone programs which can be used either independently or as a dependent series where output from one program is used as input to the next. Output consists of loading and stress range histograms. A description of two computer programs which operate as a system with BRGSTRS (Report FHWA-RD-73-44) is given. The first, SYNGEN, generates single axle loads for the BRGSTRS program, which in turm generates a stress signature curve for each axle load. The second, HISGEN, generates long-term stress range histograms from the single axle stress trace. Included are utilization and data preparation instructions and a sample case. KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Histograms KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Stresses KW - Traffic simulation KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265042 AU - Wang, J J AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - ANALYSIS OF FREEWAY ON-RAMP CONTROL STRATEGIES PY - 1973/06 SP - 246 p. AB - This report presents the results of developing a computerized analytical technique which could determine the optimum metering rates for a group of on-ramps. Need for a freeway model and a decision model is identified. An existing freeway model is described and its application to the problem of ramp control, when no decision model is available, is discussed. Two linear programming decision models, based on two different traffic diversion assumptions, are formulated and a computer program is prepared. The freeway model and the decision models are then integrated into a single computer program. The user can select either maximizing total input or maximizing total vehicle-miles as the objective. Problems related to the applications to fixed-time control are discussed. A traffic-responsive control logic which is efficient on a short-term basis and stable on a long-term basis is presented. Finally, areas of future research are discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programming KW - Freeway design models KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Linear programming KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - On ramps KW - Optimization KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic control KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263668 AU - BURG, A AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - THE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO RISK ON DRIVING RECORD PY - 1973/06 SP - 131 p. AB - Exposure to risk is a critical element in accident causation, yet only a limited amount of research has been conducted in an attempt to understand in detail the manner in which it operates. This study utilized comprehensive data that had been collected on over 14,000 California drivers in an earlier study, and subjected them to detailed analysis in an attempt to shed light on the role that exposure to risk plays in accident causation, with particular emphasis on qualitative aspects of exposure. A total of 33 variables were analyzed, including three personal variables (age, sex, marital status), four driving background variables (relating to driving experience and driver education), ten quantitative and qualitative exposure variables, and 16 driving record variables. The results confirm the significant role that exposure to risk plays in determining accident and conviction experience, and further shows that: 1) of all the exposure variables studied, the quantitative measure of Average Annual Mileage is the best single predictor of driving record, and 2) the qualitative exposure variable of daytime/nighttime driving ratio is second only to quantitive exposure in being a useful predictor of driving record. Other qualitative variables also contribute significantly as predictors, but not to the same extent. KW - Age KW - Crash causes KW - Crash exposure KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Hazards KW - Human characteristics KW - Night visibility KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261732 AU - Falls of the Ohio Metropolitan Council of Governments TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT/SECTION 4 (F) STATEMENT FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF NEW CUT ROAD, LOUISVILLE KENTUCKY PY - 1973/06 SP - 104 p. AB - This report documents a part of the Urban Corridor Demonstration Program for Louisville, Kentucky, funded by the U. S. Department of Transportation. The objective of the program is to demonstrate whether transportation problems in an intensely developed corridor of an urban area can be effectively alleviated through implementation of innovative solutions. This report is the Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Statement for the reconstruction of New Cut Road. The report contains a description of the project and possible impacts of the project. Alternatives are discussed. The appendix of the report contains the comments received on the statements. /FHWA/ KW - Corridors KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Road construction KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261831 AU - Kentuckiana Regional Planning & Development Agency TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM, TRANSIT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM EVALUATION, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY PY - 1973/06 SP - 104 p. AB - This report documents a part of the Urban Corridor Demonstration Program wholly funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation under the supervision of the Falls of the Ohio Metropolitan Council of Governments. The objective of the Program is to demonstrate whether transportation problems in an intensely developed corridor of an urban area can be effectively alleviated through implementation of innovative solutions. The report documents the evaluation of the transit improvement program for Louisville's South Corridor. The reverse direction, exclusive lane express bus service operating in the Corridor began in October 1971 and averaged approximately 12,500 riders per month with all but the first 2 months not diviating 10 percent from this average. During the same period the metropolitan-wide system experienced a 20 percent decline. Eight critical intersections in the southern part of the Corridor were equipped with Opticom, a traffic signal preemptive device. The express buses were equipped with emmiters to control the signals at the eight intersections. The express bus with Opticom experienced a 9 to 19 percent time saving over express buses without Opticom and a 17 to 26 percent time saving over the local buses operating in the Corridor. The Opticom equipment did not significantly interfere with the traffic flow at the intersections. Forty-seven bus shelters were installed at 43 locations in the Corridor. The shelters were well received by the public; however, no significant change in loading patterns was measured. KW - Bus stop shelters KW - Express buses KW - Productivity KW - Time savings KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261827 AU - Spannagel, D W AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A FLEXIBLE METAL CULVERT UNDER A DEEP EARTH EMBANKMENT USING METHOD A BACKFILL SN - CA-HY-BD-624111-73-6 PY - 1973/06 SP - 66 p. AB - A culvert consisting of twin 108-inch-nominal-diameter structural steel plate pipes was buried under 160 feet of highway embankment at Apple Canyon using Method A backfill. Two cross-sections were heavily instrumented to determine soil pressures, displacements, strains, and settlements at various fill heights and following construction completion. Results indicated that the soil pressures were linear functions of fill height and produced fairly uniform peripheral distributions. Displacements were small. Stresses exceeding the specified minimum yield were observed without apparent structural distress. Theoretical analysis procedures were applied to the installation to determine their relative merit. The finite element procedure proved the best, although sufficient soil property data were not available to predict accurately pipe displacements and stresses. Comparisons were made between this installation and a similar structural plate pipe at Chadd Creek using Method B (baled straw) backfill. The Method A backfill technique was found to be superior to Method B due to the uniformity of pressures, stresses and moments obtained. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Construction KW - Culverts KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Installation KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261578 AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FIELD ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR BRIDGE DECK MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY AND REINFORCING STEEL CORROSION SN - CA-HY-BD-7120-3-73-5 PY - 1973/06 SP - 74 p. AB - This article dicusses the problems associated with electrical resistance testing of bridge deck membranes for permeability and electrical potential testing of bridge decks for reinforcing steel corrosion. Obtaining an adequate electrical connection, or ground, to the deck reinforcing was found to be a major problem. Various methods of obtaining a good ground are discussed as well as ways to check the adequacy of a ground connection. It was found that the relationship between the hole area in a waterproofing membrane and the associated electrical resistance is defined by a band described by two curves. Various aspects of the practical use of the electrical potential method as a working tool are discussed. It was found that the limits of undersurface fracturing in a bridge deck cannot be adequately determined by using only the electrical potential method. Also that deck potentials cannot be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy from soffit potentials. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion tests KW - Electric potential KW - Electrical measurement KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Permeability KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Resistance (Electricity) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260177 AU - Hamada, H S AU - Suzuki, T J AU - Chiu, ANL AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa TI - CREEP AND SHRINKAGE STUDY OF CONCRETE MADE FROM HAWAIIAN AGGREGATES, PHASE II PY - 1973/06 AB - The results from experimental studies on axially loaded and stress-free concrete cylinders are reported. Four sources of Hawaiian coarse aggregates were used to supply aggregates to manufacture two normal weight and two lightweight concretes. The nominal compressive strengths for study were 4000-psi, 5000-psi and 6000-psi. The specimens were stored at 73 degF and 50 percent relative humidity. The cylinders were stressed to three levels: 0.25f'c, 0.40f'c and 0.60f'c. The cylinders were initially loaded for a period of 450 days. Subsequently, the loads were removed, the cylinders left without loads for 90 days, and then were reloaded to the original stress levels for 90 days. A second 90-day duration stress-free state was followed by a second 90-day duration stressed state. The last 90 days of measurements were taken in the stress-free state. The values of ultimate shrinkage strains and ultimate creep coefficients are reported. Mathematical models for predicting shrinkage strains and creep strains under constant and variable stress histories are discussed. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Creep KW - Cylinders KW - Mathematical models KW - Repeated loads KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00205418 JO - Ohio State University Research Fdn PB - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Luther, M TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF A SYSTEM FOR RAPID EVALUATION OF RATIONAL PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1973/06 SP - 127 p. AB - IN THIS RESEARCH REPORT, THE FEASIBILITY OF DESIGNING A TEST FACILITY FOR RAPID EVALUATION OF RATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS IS PRESENTED. THE GEOMETRICAL AND OPERATIONAL FEATURES OF VARIOUS EXISTING FACILITIES AND THEIR INHERENT ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS TO VERIFY RATIONAL PAVEMENT DESIGN THEORIES ARE DISCUSSED. THE CONCEPT OF PAVEMENT MODELING USING SIMILITUDE PRINCIPALS IS REVIEWED AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE PROBLEM UNDER INVESTIGATION IS PRESENTED. THE EFFECT OF ROLLING FRICTION ON A PAVEMENT SYSTEM IS STUDIED BY USE OF A PRISMATIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL WHICH EVALUATES STRESSES AND STRAINS IN A HYPOTHETICAL PAVEMENT STRUCTURE. TWO TEST FACILITIES HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN VERIFICATION OF RATIONAL DESIGN THEORIES. A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF VARIABLES INFLUENCING PAVEMENT LIFE HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT, AND A DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT FULFILLING THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH INVESTIGATION HAS VEEN DOCUMENTED. THE GEOMETRICAL AND OPERATIONAL FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED FACILITIES, PRELIMINARY DRAWINGS, AND COST ESTIMATE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FACILITY ARE PRESENTED. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Finite element method KW - Friction KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Rapid methods KW - Rational formula KW - Rational formula (Hydraulics) KW - Rolling KW - Service life KW - Test facilities KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/103404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208125 AU - Davis, R E AU - Castleton, G A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - California Department of Public Works AU - Calif Business & Transportation Agency TI - LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN A COMPOSITE STEEL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1973/06 AB - FIELD TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE BEHAVIOR OF A STEEL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE HAVING A COMPOSITE, CONCRETE, ROADWAY DECK SLAB. THE STRUCTURE WAS INSTRUMENTED AT ONE MIDSPAN CROSS-SECTION AND A SECTION NEAR THE SUPPORT OF SPAN 20, ONE OF THE SIMPLE APPROACH SPANS, TO PERMIT STUDIES OF BENDING AND SHEAR STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS. LIVE LOAD WAS APPLIED WITH A SIMULATED AASHO DESIGN TRUCK AND A DOUBLE GOOSE-NECK, LOWBED HAULER BALLASTED TO A GROSS LOAD OF 220,000 POUNDS. THEORETICAL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED WITH A FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM CALLED FINPLA. LIVE LOAD MEMBRANE STRAINS WERE ACCURATELY PREDICTED BY THE PROGRAM, BUT FIBER STRAINS, ESPECIALLY IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION, WERE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY PLATE WARPAGE AND INITIAL, LOCAL, DEAD LOAD DEFLECTIONS. MEASURED DEAD LOAD STRAINS WERE LARGER THAN THEORETICAL AND MAY HAVE BEEN INFLUENCED IN SOME DEGREE BY FALSEWORK. DEAD AND LIVE LOAD DEFLECTIONS WERE APPROXIMATED BY THE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS, BUT THE PROGRAM OVER-ESTIMATED THE TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE. LIVE LOAD STRAINS WERE NEGLIGIBLY CHANGED BY THE ADDITION OF CONCRETE BARRIER RAILINGS. LIVE LOAD SHEAR STRESSES NEAR THE SUPPORT WERE CORRECTLY PREDICTED BY THE PROGRAM ON THE UNLOADED SIDE, BUT THE MEASURED STRESSES DIFFERED IN MAGNITUDE AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE WEB FROM THOSE PREDICTED BY THE PROGRAM ON THE LOADED SIDE; HOWEVER, THE STRUCTURE HAD BEEN MATHEMATICALLY MODELLED FOR ACCURATE PREDICTION ON MIDSPAN STRAINS RATHER THAN SHEAR STRESSES. /FHWA/ KW - Bending KW - Box girders KW - Bridges KW - Composite construction KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Slabs KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227034 AU - MINISTER, R D AU - Ouaici, K AU - Lew, L P AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - OPERATIONS ON FREEWAYS PY - 1973/06 SP - 315 p. AB - THE SUBJECT REPORT DESCRIBES THE COMPUTER PROGRAM TITLED PRIFRE. THE PROGRAM IS USED TO EVALUATED VARIOUS PRIORITY LANE OPERATIONS ON FREEWAYS (RESERVING ONE OR MORE LANES FOR BUSES AND CARPOOLS). THE TOTAL PASSENGER TIME EXPENDED UNDER NORMAL LANE OPERATIONS IS COMPARED WITH TOTAL PASSENGER TIME EXPENDED UNDER PRIORITY OPERATIONS. THE MODEL HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO HANDLE VARIOUS CONDITIONS SUCH AS: QUEUING AND NONQUEUING SITUATIONS; VARYING THE NUMBER OF RESERVED LANES; VARYING THE OCCUPANCY OF VEHICLES PERMITTED TO USE RESERVED LANES; VARYING THE DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICLE OCCUPANCIES, ETC. IN ADDITION, THE STUDY INVESTIGATED A POSSIBLE MEANS OF RELATING SHIFTS IN OCCUPANCY AND CHANGES IN MODAL SPLIT TO VARIOUS PRIORITY LANE OPERATION STRATEGIES IN AN ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM USE OF LANES. KW - Bus lanes KW - Carpools KW - Computer programs KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupancy KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206518 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Neal, B F AU - Mason, P E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - RECENT EXPERIMENTAL PCC PAVEMENTS IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1973/06 SP - 56 p. AB - THE CONSTRUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL PCC PAVEMENT SECTIONS IS DESCRIBED. THE PREDOMINANT EXPERIMENTAL FEATURE WAS CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT WITH THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT. ALSO INCLUDED WERE UNREINFORCED SECTIONS WITH (1) WEAKENED PLANE JOINTS AT ABOUT ONE-HALF THE NORMAL INTERVALS, (2) HIGHER CEMENT CONTENT, (3) OVER DESIGNED THICKNESS, AND (4) USE OF A LEAN CONCRETE (4-SACK) BASE. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS ARE PRESENTED ALONG WITH A COMPARISON OF THE CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF THE VARIOUS SECTIONS. EARLY PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. THE PAVEMENTS WILL BE MONITORED PERIODICALLY TO DETERMINE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE. KW - Cement content KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242860 AU - International Road Federation TI - IN-DEPTH STUDY REPORTS FROM THE WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT PY - 1973/06 SP - 474 p. AB - THIS REPORT CONTAINS 27 SPECIAL IN-DEPTH STUDIES PERFORMED UNDER A PROGRAM CONDUCTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD FEDERATION IN COOPERATION WITH THE U.S. FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION. THE TECHNICAL SUBJECTS INCLUDE MANY ASPECTS OF HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION SUCH AS: LAND ACQUISITION, DESIGN, PAVEMENTS, BRIDGES, CONSTRUCTION, MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT, SAFETY, TRAFFIC AND LEGAL STUDIES. THE STUDIES WERE PERFORMED DURING THE PERIOD 1966-1972. THEY HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED IN IRF ANNUAL REPORTS AND ARE CONSOLIDATED HERE FOR GREATER IMPLEMENTATION. KW - Case studies KW - Equipment KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Materials KW - Pavement design KW - Property acquisition KW - Research KW - Road construction KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00202363 AU - Wallerstein, L B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO THE HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT PY - 1973/06 SP - 15 p. AB - THREE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT ARE CONSIDERED HERE. THEY ARE NAMELY, EMPLOYMENT, TAXES, AND PROPERTY VALUES. THE LEGISLATIVE MANDATES REQUIRING CONSIDERATION OF THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE FEDERAL AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM ARE OUTLINED. THE LONGER RANGE EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON TAX REVENUES HAVE PROVED TO BE FAVORABLE. ANALYSES OF LAND VALUES NEAR HIGHWAYS HAVE SHOWN THAT GAINS IN VALUE ARE MORE COMMON THAN LOSSES. TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF A PROPOSED HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT AND ITS ALTERNATIVES ON COMMUNITY TAXES, CONSIDERATION MUST BE GIVEN TO THE NET CHANGE (PLUS OR MINUS) IN REAL ESTATE TAXES BASED ON THE LOSSES FROM THOSE PROPERTIES TAKEN FOR USE AS TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES, AND ANY GAINS (OR LOSSES) IN TAXES RESULTING FROM CHANGED VALUATIONS OF NON-RELOCATED PROPERTIES AND FROM JOINT DEVELOPMENT OR OTHER CONSTRUCTION STIMULATED BY THE FACILITIES. THE IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT ON PROPERTY VALUES IS DISCUSSED. IN AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAYS ON EMPLOYMENT, THE FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED MUST INCLUDE INDIRECT LOSSES AND GAINS FROM TAKINGS AND REPLACEMENTS, AND THE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES THEMSELVES. THE NUMBER AND KINDS OF JOBS TAKEN AND THE EARNINGS ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH JOBS MAY BE ESTIMATED FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE. A MATRIX IS PRESENTED WHICH IS DESIGNED TO ASSIST IN DETERMINING THE EMPLOYMENT IMPACT. SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ARE REVIEWED. THESE INCLUDE PUBLIC RECORDS SUCH AS LAND SALES ETC., AND UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATA SUCH AS CENSUS INFORMATION. IN A DISCUSSION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT, THE NEED IS EXPRESSED FOR QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS TO SUPPORT ECONOMIC OBSERVATIONS. TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF THE ECONOMIC COVERAGE IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS ARE PRESENTED. KW - Community consequences KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway economics KW - Highways KW - Land values KW - Laws KW - Social impacts KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89909 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00226776 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maloney, M F AU - Lindberg, H A AU - Cleven, G W TI - SOLUTION TO INTERCITY TRAFFIC CORRIDOR PROBLEMS? PY - 1973/06 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - p. 173-83 AB - THE FREQUENCY OF ACCIDENTS, INCIDENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES, AND OTHER UNPREDICTABLE EVENTS PORTENDS WE CAN NO LONGER AFFORD THE LUXURY OF OPERATING OUR HIGHWAYS ON AN "AVERAGE GOOD DAY" PERFORMANCE BASIS. IN RECOGNITION OF THE INCREASINGLY SERIOUS PROBLEMS ON INTERCITY TRAFFIC CORRIDORS, THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN FUNDING THE DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF REMEDIAL TECHNIQUES. ONE SCENARIO DEPICTS ADVANCED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS HAVING SEVERAL BASIC FUNCTIONS: MOTORIST ADVISORY INFORMATION, ROUTE DIVERSION, FREEWAY INCIDENT DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT, RAMP METERING, MOTORIST AID/EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS, AND CARGO SECURITY. A PROTOTYPE INTEGRATED OPERATIONAL LINK OR CORRIDOR UTILIZING STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNIQUES IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY IS PROPOSED BASED ON EXPERIENCE GAINED UNDER REAL-WORLD OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS. KW - Driver information systems KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Ramp metering KW - Routing KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115998 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00217345 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pike, R G TI - NONMETALLIC COATINGS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCING BARS PY - 1973/06 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - p. 185-97 AB - THE STUDY REPORTED HERE WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF USING ORGANIC COATINGS, ESPECIALLY EPOXIES, TO PROTECT STEEL REINFORCING BARS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE FROM CORROSION ACCELERATED BY CHLORIDE IONS. COATINGS WERE EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF THEIR CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DURABILITIES AS WELL AS THEIR PROTECTIVE QUALITIES. IN THIS STUDY, ATTENTION WAS ALSO DIRECTED TO THE APPLICATION METHODS AND SURFACE PREPARATION OF THE STEEL REINFORCING BARS. FOUR DIFFERENT MATERIALS APPEAR TO BE SUITABLE FOR SUCH COATINGS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/109633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204056 AU - Reich, B M AU - Reich, Brian M, Pe TI - AN EVALUATION OF HURRICANE AGNES' FLOODS IN COMPARISON TO BRIDGE DESIGN INFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR PENNSYLVANIA CONTEMPORANEOUSLY PY - 1973/05/14 SP - 56 p. AB - IN THE YEARS 1970, 1971, DESIGN MANUALS HAD BEEN ISSUED FOR STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA ON PREDICTION OF EXTREME RAINFALL AND ANTICIPATED FLOODS. ON JUNE 22, 1972, HURRICANE AGNES DUMPED UP TO 13" OF RAIN IN FIVE DAYS, PRODUCING VERY SEVERE FLOODS. THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF COMPARISON OF EXTREME FLOODS STATISTICALLY PREDICTED TO ACTUAL FLOODS CAUSED BY HURRICANE AGNES, WITH FOLLOWING RESULTS: 1. PREDICTIONS FOR A LARGE PART OF PENNSYLVANIA WERE VIRTUALLY UNAFFECTED. 2. AGNES PRODUCED THE MAXIMUM FLOOD PEAK IN 24 OUT OF 44 STREAMS SMALLER THAN 200 SQUARE MILES. 3. INCLUSION OF 1972 YEAR INTO ANNUAL FLOOD SERIES INCREASED THE SLOPE OF THEIR GUMBEL LINES BY AN AVERAGE OF 42%. 4. THE REGIONAL FLOOD FREQUENCY METHOD GENERALLY GAVE PREDICTIONS WHICH STILL APPEAR SATISFACTORY FOR MOST WATERSHEDS. 5. THE EXCEPTION TO 4 ABOVE APPEARS TO TO BE IN CAVERNOUS LIMESTONE WATERSHEDS, WHICH GAVE UNEXPECTEDLY HIGH RESPONSE TO AGNES. 6. ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THE INADEQUACY OF GUMBEL STRAIGHT LINE. LOG-GUMBEL MIGHT BE BETTER FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Floods KW - Forecasting KW - Frequency distributions KW - Limestone KW - Random walk KW - Statistical analysis KW - Streams KW - Structural design KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95698 ER - TY - SER AN - 00202359 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Hwy Eng Rpt JHRP PB - way Research Project AU - Fabbroni, Lawrence P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LAND USE DEVELOPMENT AT INTERSTATE INTERCHANGES IN INDIANA PY - 1973/05/03/Final Report SP - 125p AB - THE PROJECT REPORTS THE EXTENT OF LAND USE DEVELOPMENT, LAND USE CHANGE, AND LAND USE CONTROL AT INTERSTATE INTERCHANGES OPEN TO TRAFFIC FOR MORE THAN TWO YEARS. RESULTS OF THE INVENTORIES AND THE AGGREGATE LAND USE DEVELOPMENT MAGNITUDE MODEL SHOULD ENABLE HIGHWAY PLANNERS TO PINPOINT EXISTING AREAS REQUIRING IMMEDIATE COMPREHENSIVE INTERCHANGE LAND USE PLANNING, AND TO REFER TO TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN PLANNING FOR NEW INTERCHANGES ALONG LIMITED ACCESS ROADWAYS. DATA WAS GATHERED FROM STATE DEPARTMENTS AND FROM IN-FIELD INTERVIEWING SURVEYS. ROAD USER SERVICES WERE FOUND TO CONSTITUTE THE BULK OF EARLY POST INTERCHANGE OPENING DEVELOPMENT. RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAND USES, WHILE INCREASING IN AREA COVERAGE AS THE NEARBY URBAN CENTER SIZE INCREASES, OCCURRED BEFORE, DURING, OR AFTER INTERSTATE OPENING DEPENDING ON THE EXTENT OF URBAN GROWTH OUT TO THE INTERSTATE AND INTERCHANGES WHEN FIRST OPENED. LAND USE CONTROL WAS FOUND TO BE VIRTUALLY NONEXISTENT. HOWEVER, THE PORTIONS OF THE INTERCHANGE AREA WHICH WERE PLANNED AND CONTROLLED WERE ACCUMULATED IN A LAND USE CONTROL LISTING WHOSE REALISTIC APPLICATION IS DEMONSTRATED IN A SAMPLE OF HOW AN EXISTING INTERCHANGE AREA MIGHT BE DEVELOPED FOR THE BENEFIT OF USERS, DEVELOPERS AND PLANNERS IF PLANNING THROUGH LAND USE CONTROL PACKAGE IS EFFECTIVELY IMPLEMENTED. PAST RESEARCH IN THIS AREA IS REVIEWED AND THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE STUDY IS DETAILED. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED AND TEN INTERCHANGE CASE STUDIES ARE PRESENTED. AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ARE INDICATED. KW - Case studies KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway planning KW - Interchanges KW - Interstate highways KW - Inventory KW - Land use KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Research UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313849 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/92482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108748 AU - Robnett, Quentin L AU - Thompson, Marshall R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Resilient Properties of Subgrade Soils Phase I--Development of Testing Procedure PY - 1973/05//Interim Report SP - 48p AB - Proper characterization of the response of fine-grained subgrade soils subjected to repeated, dynamic load of short duration is essential to the development of more realistic and rational pavement design procedure. Findings from prior studies are presented which show the close relation between resilient behavior of the pavement and pavement performance. Additionally, prior studies are referenced which indicate that a majority of the resilient deformation displayed by a pavement is accumulated in the subgrade. A resilience laboratory testing procedure for fine-grained soils (developed during Phase 1 activities) is described. Results from a preliminary laboratory testing program (10 soils) are presented which indicate that: (1) the resilient testing procedures is a valid realistic method for evaluating subgrade support; (2) fine-grained surficial soils, typical of those found in Illinois, is not adequate for proper characterization of the repeated load response of many fine-grained Illinois soils. KW - Fine grained soils KW - Illinois KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Repeated loads KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/868314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073594 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 668, Pittsylvania county, final environmental impact statement PY - 1973/05//Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204657 AU - Everett, H W AU - Schultz, G V AU - Dudley, R F AU - Soil Conservation Service TI - EVALUATION OF WOODY PLANTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ESTABLISHMENT PROCEDURES FOR DIRECT SEEDING AND/OR VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION PY - 1973/05 SP - 52 p. AB - A LITERATURE REVIEW WAS MADE TO PREPARE A LIST OF POTENTIAL SPECIES BASED ON ADAPTABILITY, STRATIFICATION REQUIREMENTS, AESTHETIC VALUE AND SEED AVAILABILITY. SPECIES WERE RATED FOR ADAPTABILITY, EASE OF ESTABISHMENT AND GROWTH RATES IN INITIAL PLANTINGS. FROM AT LEAST 56 POTENTIAL SPECIES, 25 SPECIES ARE STILL UNDER INVESTIGATION AND 10 SPECIES ARE CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTINGS. RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE: SEEDING DATES, COVER-COMPANION MIXTURES, SUCCESSFUL WOODY SPECIES, LIME AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION, SEED INCORPORATION, MULCH AND MULCH ANCHORING AND LEGUME INOCULATION. STRATIFICATION REQUIREMENTS, SEEDING DEPTH RECOMMENDATIONS AND SEED PER POUND STATISTICS ARE PRESENTED. KW - Easements KW - Landscape design KW - Methodology KW - Mulches KW - Plant cover KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Roadside improvement KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95871 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00230354 JO - Publication of: Wyoming University PB - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Vijayvergiya, V N AU - SULLIVAN, R A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFYING HEAVE POTENTIAL PY - 1973/05 VL - 1 SP - p. 275-94 AB - IDENTIFYING SURFACE HEAVE OF AN EXPANSIVE CLAY IS OF CONSIDERABLE HELP IN SELECTING AN APPROPRIATE FOUNDATION SYSTEM TO AVOID COSTLY DAMAGES TO LIGHT STRUCTURES. A CORRELATION IS DEVELOPED BETWEEN PERCENT SWELL, LIQUID LIMIT, AND DRY UNIT WEIGHT FROM A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF MANY SWELL TESTS PERFORMED IN CONNECTION WITH ROUTINE FOUNDATION INVESTIGATIONS ALONG THE TREXAS-LOUISIANA GULF COAST AREA. EMPIRICAL CRITERIA ARE PRESENTED FOR RECOGNIZING HEAVE POTENTIAL OF THE BEAUMONT CLAY FROM ESTIMATED NEAR-SURFACE SWELL. HIGH HEAVE POTENTIAL SHOULD BE ANTICIPATED WHEN THE NEAR-SURFACE SWELL EXCEEDS ABOUT 4 PERCENT. KW - Clay minerals KW - Encapsulation KW - Expansive clays KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Highway design KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Road construction KW - Shale KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil structure KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swell test KW - Swelling KW - Swelling index KW - Swelling soils KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/122898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090549 AU - Worrall, R D AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR AN URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1973/05 SP - 46 p. AB - The system is designed to help state and local planning agencies maintain a current data base to support the 'surveillance' component of the continuing urban transportation planning process. Particular emphasis is placed on the needs of urban areas of 50,000 - 500,000 population and on the use of existing, local government data sources. Separate sections deal with: (1) The continuing transportation planning process; (2) system design and data sources; (3) computer requirements and software support; (4) system implementation and management; and (5) estimated staff and resource requirements. KW - Computer programs KW - Computer systems hardware KW - Computer systems programs KW - Computers KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Management KW - Regional planning KW - State planning KW - States KW - Surveillance KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00135030 AU - Dale, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS PY - 1973/05 SP - 13 p. AB - A table is presented, of 634 studied classified by 17 improvement codes, which evaluates the effectiveness of the various types of safety improvements. A summary is also tabulated of the construction cost data contained in the before-and-after evaluation studies. Teh average cost of a safety improvement project was $109.968. Tables also show that for 15 types of improvements, the percentage reduction in total accidents varied from 4.8 percent for code 60 (installation or up-grading of traffic signs) projects to 61.5 percent for code 31 (replacement of bridge or other major structure) projects, with 10 of the 15 reductions statistically significant at the 5 percent level. Comparision of the types of improvements on the basis of equivalent uniform annual construction costs per accident reduced, reveals different types of improvements as more effective. Thus, the 4 most cost-effective types of improvement are shown to be codes 64 (installation of striping and/or delineators), 99A (installation of flashing beacons), 60 (installation or up0grading of traffic signs), and 11 (traffic signals installed or improved). Tables are also presented which show the accident rate per 1,000,000 vehicles for the various types of improvements, and the percentage distribution of the number of accidents by accident severity before and after safety improvements. A summary is also presented of safety improvement project data from state highway Departments which could enlarge the base for evaluating the accident-reducing effectiveness of safety improvement projects. The test for statistical significance is discussed in an appendix. KW - Beacons KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Equipment replacement KW - Flashing beacons KW - Prevention KW - Replacement KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233758 AU - Lamb, D R AU - Hanna, S J AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie TI - SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS OF WORKSHOP ON EXPANSIVE CLAYS AND SHALES IN HIGHWAY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PY - 1973/05 SP - 22 p. AB - RESPONSES TO A QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND PUERTO RICO SHOWED THAT: (1) 36 HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS HAVE PROBLEMS WITH EXPANSIVE CLAYS OR SHALES, AND (2) 19 HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS RECOGNIZE EXPANSIVE CLAYS IN PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA. GENERAL INFORMATION IS GIVEN REGARDING DISTRIBUTION OF EXPANSIVE CLAYS IN THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING A MAP SHOWING OUTCROP-FORMATIONS HAVING ABUNDANT MONTMORILLONITE. A DISCUSSION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF CLAYS AND RELATION OF SOIL SWELLING TO STRUCTURE AND INTERLAYER WATER IS GIVEN. SOME OF THE LABORATORY AND FIELD METHODS FOR MEASURING SWELL POTENTIAL OF CLAYS, GIVEN IN PROCEEDINGS PAPERS, ARE MENTIONED. EIGHT PROCEDURES OR TECHNIQUES FOR TREATING EXPANSIVE SOILS ARE LISTED, AND SOME ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED. FACTORS AND CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN ON EXPANSIVE CLAYS ARE LISTED, BUT FURTHER RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF SOME OF THESE FACTORS IS NEEDED BEFORE A RATIONAL PREDICTION METHOD FOR SWELL POTENTIAL CAN BE FORMULATED, BASIC RESEARCH ON THE SWELLING MECHANISM IS NEEDED. FACTORS NEEDING EVALUATION IN LONG-TERM FIELD STUDIES ARE LISTED. OTHER PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS, PARTICULARLY THERMAL OR OTHER TREATMENT OF CLAYS IN PLACE, NEED TO BE CONSIDERED. GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMETATION OF KNOWN TREATMENT METHODS FOR CLAYS ARE GIVEN. /FHWA/ KW - Clay minerals KW - Development KW - Expansive clays KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219792 AU - Powell, G H AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - BARRIER VII: A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR EVALUATION OF AUTOMOBILE BARRIER SYSTEMS PY - 1973/05 SP - 70 p. AB - THE FEATURES AND USE OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM BARRIER VII ARE DESCRIBED. THE PROGRAM ANALYZES THE BEHAVIOR OF AN AUTOMOBILE OR OTHER VEHICLE STRIKING A DEFORMABLE PROTECTIVE BARRIER. THE PROGRAM SUPERSEDES THE EARLIER PROGRAMS BARRIER IV AND BARRIER V. THE NEW PROGRAM INCORPORATES FEATURES ABSENT IN THE EARLIER PROGRAMS, IN PARTICULAR AN ENERGY BALANCE COMPUTATION AND THE ABILITY TO ACCOMMODATE BARRIERS WITH LAYERS AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS ABOVE THE GROUND. A DETAILED USER'S GUIDE TO THE PROGRAM AND A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE DEMONSTRATING IDEALIZATION AND DATA PREPARATION PROCEDURES ARE INCLUDED. /FHWA/ KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218994 AU - Steere, L B AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - NOISE LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT MIX SEALS PY - 1973/05 SP - 44 p. AB - FIELD TESTING WAS PERFORMED ON COLORADO HIGHWAYS ON OPEN GRADED PLANT MIX SEALS, DENSE GRADED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT, AND PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. THE DATA DEVELOPED BY THESE TESTS SHOW THAT A MOTOR VEHICLE TRAVELING AT 45 MPH PRODUCES LESS NOISE ON OPEN GRADED PLANT MIX SEAL COATS, AS A GROUP, THAN ON OTHER TYPES OF PAVEMENT. TRAFFIC NOISE MEASURED AT 25 FEET FROM THE MOVING VEHICLE IS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER FOR THE MORE OPEN GRADED COLORADO "TYPE A" THAN FOR ANY OTHER PAVEMENT TESTED. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Field tests KW - Noise KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Plant mix KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212138 AU - HAY, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF A SILICONE ADMIXTURE ON DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PY - 1973/05 SP - 19 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS INFORMATION ON THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF A SILICONE ADMIXTURE, DOW CORNING 777B, ON THE PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. THE ADMIXTURE WAS EVALUATED FOR ITS EFFECT ON THE FREEZE-THAW RESISTANCE, AIR CONTENT, WORKABILITY, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, AND PERMEABILITY OF THE CONCRETE. THE PRIMARY CONCLUSIONS WERE: (1) USE OF THE ADMIXTURE DID NOT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE CONTROL OF THE AIR CONTENT OF THE CONCRETE; AND (2) USE OF THE ADMIXTURE MAY IMPROVE THE FREEZE-THAW RESISTANCE OF AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE. /FHWA/ KW - Admixtures KW - Air content KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Silicones KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082856 AU - Wu, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - LONG-TERM DEFORMATION IN CLAY PY - 1973/05 SP - 295 p. AB - The first part of this investigation consisted of an analysis of the stress-strain time properties of clay soils. The formulation of stress-strain-time behavior was used to calculate the deformations of a cut and an embankment of the Independence Interchange near Cleveland. The calculated deformations were compared with the measured deformations and general agreement was observed. During construction, a slide occurred in a section of the embankment. A seperate part of the investigation studied the causes of the slide. The shear strength was measured and a stability analysis was made. KW - Clay KW - Clay soils KW - Deformation KW - Deformation curve KW - Embankments KW - Landslides KW - Shear strength KW - Slides (Earth) KW - Stability analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082731 AU - Bernard, Da AU - Ferragut, T R AU - Neumann, D L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY STUDY ON LARGE-CAPACITY, RUBBER-TIRED FRONT-END LOADERS PY - 1973/05 SP - 53 p. AB - In an effort to determine the capabilities of the machine in loading bank material into off-highway hauling units and to locate the delays associated with the operation, 27 large-capacity, rubber-tired, front-end loader operations were studied on both highway and non-highway construction projects. The loaders ranged in size from 5.5 to 15 cubic yards heaped, and the productive work time averaged 59 percent of the Total Available Work Time (TAWT). Minor delays (lasting less than 15 mins.) totalled 27 percent of the TAWT, and 14 percent was attributed to major delays. Weather delays were not included. Productive output was more dependent on an adequate payload per loading cycle than on a quick cycle time. Equipment and maintenance repair delays totalled over 65 percent of the major delay time. Minor delay time was largely due to hauling unit shortages at the load site, and the impact of these delays was dependent on the use of this time by the loader operator. Findings of this investigation are summarized. Based on the study, the conclusion is drawn that a greater in-depth evaluation of the loading operation by the contractor is needed to determine to what extent delay time can be decreased, and further evaluation of loader performance can be accomplished with minimum field data and minimum calculations. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Freight handling KW - Front end loaders KW - Hauling KW - Productivity KW - Road construction KW - Time and motion studies KW - Tires KW - Traffic delays KW - Work measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080234 AU - Nuckles, N B AU - Dudek, C L AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF URBAN FREEWAY INCIDENTS PY - 1973/05 SP - 90 p. AB - An automatic incident detection model using the standard normal deviate (SND) of the control variable (energy or lane occupancy) was proposed, developed, and evaluated. Two strategies were tested using a 3- and 5-minute data base for each control variable. The first strategy (A) required one SND value to be critical; whereas the second strategy (B) required two successive SND values to be critical. Strategy B using lane occupancy with a 5-minute time base was found to produce the best results. It detected 92 percent of the 35 incidents studied during moderate and heavy flow (750-1800 vph per lane) with a computer response time of 1.1 minutes, and operated at a 1.3 percent false alarm rate during the peak period, which can be reduced to 0.2 percent by using a two-station control criterion in which an incident would not be flagged until two successive upstream stations register critical SND values. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263554 AU - Nuckles, N B AU - Dudek, C L AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF URBAN FREEWAY INCIDENTS PY - 1973/05 SP - 74 p. AB - An automatic incident detection model using the standard normal deviate (SND) of the control variable (energy or lane occupancy) was proposed, developed, and evaluated. Two strategies were tested using a 3- and 5-minute data base for each control variable. The first Strategy (A) required one SND value to be critical, whereas the second strategy (B) required two successive SND values to be critical. Strategy B using lane occupancy with a 5-minute time base was found to produce the best results. It detected 92 percent of the 35 incidents studied during moderate and heavy flow (750-1800 vph per lane) with a computer response time of 1.1 minutes, and operated at a 1.3 percent false alarm rate during the peak period. There were no cases of false incident detections during the off-peak periods. The peak period false alarm rate can be reduced to 0.2 percent by utilizing a two-station control criterion in which an incident would not be flagged until two successive upstreams stations register critical SND values. The study results showed that the SND model was as effective as the Composite model which was considered to be the best existing model. Since the SND model does not require separate distribution curves for various traffic conditions, it may be a more attractive model for an operational systems. Relationships were developed and presented that identify sensor spacing requirements for an incident detection system using a station model. /FHWA/ KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Errors KW - Freeway operations KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Spacing KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261729 AU - Donner, R L AU - Welsh, L E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - APPLICATION OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING THROUGH AUTOMATED DATA COLLECTION PY - 1973/05 AB - This is a report concerning the design, development and installation of an automatic data collection system. The system was developed at the Materials and Research Department to record data from 24 Terzaghi Consolidometers. The data is permanently recorded on digital magnetic tape for subsequent computer analysis. The system has been in operation for 14 months. KW - Consolidometers KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Information processing KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Terzaghi's rule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263036 AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Segal, D J AU - Calspan Corporation TI - VEHICLE REDIRECTION EFFECTIVENESS OF MEDIAN BERMS AND CURBS SN - N78 PY - 1973/05 SP - 173 p. AB - Results of an analytical investigation using the Highway-Vehicle-Object Simulation Model (HVOSM) to determine and evaluate the capability of earth berms and curbs for redirecting vehicles that accidentally leave the roadway are presented in this report. Two median berm cross section designs and three curb configurations contacted by both a full size and a compact automobile traveling at speeds between 20 and 80 mph and departing the roadway at angles between 3 and 25 degrees were simulated in over 80 computer runs. Some gross comparisons of model predictions with results of experimental berm traversals and curb impacts reported in the literature are also presented which indicate reasonabley good correlation. Redirection boundaries that define combinations of vehicle speed and angle of departure at which the vehicles are successfully redirected are defined for each of the included earth berm and curb configurations. Data from predicted dynamic jump trajectories of vehicles that mount the curbs form the basis for recommended rates at which the height of safety barriers should be increased if the barriers are installed behind a curb. However, it is concluded that the use of curbs in conjunction with a safety barrier installation should be avoided wherever possible. Updated versions of the HVOSM computer programs were prepared and magnetic tapes distributed to 15 additional organizations within the User Services task of the overall project effort. /FHWA/ KW - Angle of incidence KW - Automobiles KW - Berms KW - Computer programs KW - Curbs KW - Deflection KW - Simulation KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260076 AU - Egan, B A AU - Epstein, A AU - Keefe, M AU - Lague, J AU - Lavery, T AU - Reifenstein, E AU - WILLIS, B AU - Environmental Research & Technology, Incorporated TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES TO SIMULATE MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION LEVELS PY - 1973/05 AB - This report presents the results of a program to develop procedures to predict motor vehicle air quality concentrations in the vicinity of highways as a function of highway design configuration, traffic characteristics and meteorological conditions. The study consisted of several phases involving: (1) the development of both a numerical simulation, conservation of mass dispersion model for the study of vertical cross-sections of concentrations very near the roadways, and a Gaussian plume diffusion model for plan view, corridor and regional-scaled analyses; (2) field measurement program for model evaluation purposes at six different roadway sites in Washington, D.C. including the measurement of carbon monoxide on both sides of the road, measurements of traffic volumes, speed distributions and vehicle mix and continuous meteorological measurements of wind speed and direction; (3) a detailed validation of the models and the calculation of statistical factors quantifying model accuracy; and (4) implementation of the modeling capabilities and graphical display programs on DCDHT computer facilities, including the preparation of a User's Manual, training staff in model usage and a case study demonstrating model applications. The models developed are shown to predict air pollution potential very well over a wide range of imput quantities. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263015 AU - Connell, D H AU - Garlanger, J E AU - Ladd, C C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - PERFORMANCE OF AN EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTED OF VARVED CLAY PY - 1973/05 SP - 121 p. AB - The performance of a 36 ft high embankment constructed in two stages on a deep deposit of varved clay as part of I-91 in Northampton, Mass. is analyzed. The geology, site conditions, field settlement and pore pressure data, and the results of an extensive laboratory program are presented. Emphasis is placed upon comparisons of calculated versus measured field behavior. Factors of safety were determined from total stress analysis with various types of undrained strengths and from effective stress analyses using measured pore pressures, Undrained settlements and pore pressures were analyzed and compared to those calculated with a finite element program. Field consolidation behavior was studied considering both vertical and horizontal drainage. Recommendations are made regarding soil parameters and methods of analyses for desing of future embankments in the area. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Consolidations KW - Embankments KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Structural analysis KW - Undrained strength KW - Varved clays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00230353 JO - Publication of: Wyoming University PB - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Obermeier, S F AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF SWELL POTENTIAL OF CLAYS PY - 1973/05 VL - 1 SP - p. 214-47 AB - IN EVALUATING THE HEAVY POTENTIAL OF A SOIL, IT IS DESIRABLE TO DO AS MUCH TESTING AS POSSIBLE IN THE LABORATORY, WHERE THE PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT SWELLING CAN BE CONTROLLED. A RESEARCH EFFORT ORIENTED TOWARD THE EVALUATION OF SOME NEWLY DEVELOPED TYPES OF LABORATORY APPARATUS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TESTING TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS THE SWELL POTENTIAL ARISING FROM SOME OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF SWELLING IS CURRENTLY BEING CONDUCTED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH OF THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION. THE STUDY HAS FOUR PRINCIPAL GOALS: (1) EVALUATION OF THE OSMOTIC CELL-CONSOLIDOMETER APPARTUS AS A DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING SOIL SUCTION; (2) DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES TO EXPEDITE LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF SUCTION ON THE HEAVE POTENTIAL OF SOILS; (3) DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES TO ESTIMATE THE HEAVE POTENTIAL OF WELL-BONDED, OVERCONSOLIDATED PLASTIC SOILS, SUBJECTED TO STRESS RELEASE; AND (4) ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF CYCLIC DRYING AND WETTING ON THE HEAVE POTENTIAL. THESE GOALS ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT AND THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS ARE REACHED: (1) THE OSMOTIC CELL-CONSOLIDOMETER APPARATUS HAS THE POTENTIAL O BEING A USEFUL APPARATUS FOR LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE STATE OF SUCTION ON ONE DIMENSIONAL SWELLING. THE APPARATUS IS SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE. THE TECHNIQUE, HOWEVER, MAY REQUIRE UNDULY LONG EQUILIBRATON PERIODS, ESPECIALLY AT HIGHER SUCTION LEVEL. (2) IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT POOR CONTACT BETWEEN A SOIL SPECIMEN AND THE SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE IN THE OSMOTIC CELL DEVICE, OR BETWEEN A SOIL SPECIMEN AND THE CERAMIC PLATE IN THE PRESSURE PLATE DEVICE, RESULTS IN LONG EQUILIBRATION PERIODS. IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THIS TESTING TIME FOR SOME COMBINATIONS OF CHANGES IN LOADING AND SUCTION. (3) THE TIME-DEPENDENT HEAVING OF OVERCONSOLIDATED WELL-BONDED PLASTIC CLAY-SHALES INVOLVES A NUMBER OF INTERDEPENDENT PHENOMENA. BOTH SHEAR AND TENSILE STRESSES MAY BE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO THE HEAVING OF SUCH CLAY-SHALES. THERE IS A NEED FOR TECHNIQUES THAT CAN BE USED TO PREDICT THE LONG TERM HEAVE POTENTIAL THAT ARISES FROM STRESS RELEASE DURING THE EXCAVATION OF CLAY-SHALES. (4) DRYING AND WETTING CAN BE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO THE SWELLING POTENTIAL OF PLASTIC SOILS HAVING EITHER WEAK OR WELL-DEVELOPED DIAGENTIC BONDS. THERE MAY BE FIELD SITUATIONS WHERE DRYING AND WETTING IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SIGNIFICANT HEAVING OF PAVEMENTS FOUNDED OVER SUCH SOILS. KW - Clay minerals KW - Encapsulation KW - Expansive clays KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Highway design KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Road construction KW - Shale KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil structure KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swell test KW - Swelling KW - Swelling index KW - Swelling soils KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/122897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00230348 JO - Publication of: Wyoming University PB - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Tourtelot, H A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOLOGIC ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF SWELLING CLAYS PY - 1973/05 VL - 1 SP - p. 44-69 AB - ALL CLAYS UNDERGO VOLUME CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES. THESE CHANGES INCLUDE CONSOLIDATION VOLUME CHANGES AND HYDRATION VOLUME CHANGES. IN CONSIDERING CONSOLIDATION CHANGES, ONE MUST REVIEW THE "STRESS HISTORY" OR GEOLOGIC PROCESSES THROUGH WHICH AN EARTH MATERIAL HAS PASSED. IN THE CASE OF CLAYS OF SEDIMENTARY ORIGIN, THIS GEOLOGIC HISTORY INVOLVES CHIEFLY THE RCORD OF SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION. HYDRATION VOLUME CHANGES OFTEN ARE MEASURED BY DETERMINING THE FREE-SWELL CAPACITY. THE LARGE SWELLING CAPACITY OF MONTMORILLONITES, PARTICULARLY SODIUM MONTMORILLONITES, MARKS THESE MINERALS AS THE MOST TROUBLESOME ONES WITH RESPECT TO ENGINEERING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. KW - Clay minerals KW - Encapsulation KW - Expansive clays KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Highway design KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Road construction KW - Shale KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil structure KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swell test KW - Swelling KW - Swelling index KW - Swelling soils KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/122893 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00230352 JO - Publication of: Wyoming University PB - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Gibbs, H J AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF CONSOLIDOMETER FOR MEASURING EXPANSION, POTENTIAL OF SOILS PY - 1973/05 VL - 1 SP - p. 206-13 AB - THE CONSOLIDOMETER DEVICE DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT HAS THE SOIL SPECIMEN ENCLOSED BETWEEN TOW POROUS PLATES. THE SOIL CAN BE WETTED FROM THE BOTTOM OR TOP. AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THE DEVICE IS THE ABILITY TO HOLD THE UPPER LOADING BAR AT A CONSTANT VOLUME, PERMITTING MEASUREMENT OF THE MAXIMUM UPLIFT PRESSURE OF THE SOIL WITH NO VOLUME CHANGE. WITH THIS EQUIPMENT IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO LOAD THE SAMPLER WITH VARIOUS SMALL LOADS TO OBSERVE THE AMOUNT OF EXPANSION. THREE EXAMPLES WERE GIVEN WHICH ILLUSTRATED THE USE OF THE CONSOLIDOMETER. IN THE FIRST EXAMPLE, A DETERIORATING SHALE FROM A TUNNEL WAS TESTED TO DETERMINE WHAT EXPANSION CHARACTERISTICS COULD BE RELATED TO ITS DETERIORATION. THE SECOND EXAMPLE INVOLVED A CLAY GOUGE MATERIAL BETWEEN THE ROCK SEAMS IN A TUNNEL. THE MATERIAL WAS BULGING OUT APPRECIABLY. IT WAS TESTED TO DETERMINE IF THIS CONDITION WAS AN EXPANSIVE CLAY PROBLEM OR WAS DUE TO THE STRESS RELIEF OF THE TUNNEL. THE THIRD EXAMPLE WAS A MODERATELY EXPANSIVE CLAY IN A CANAL. IT WAS DESIRED TO SHOW THAT THIS MATERIAL, ALTHOUGH A MODERATELY EXPANSIVE MATERIAL, IF KEPT AT THAT CONDITION COULD BE TOLERATED WITHOUT APPRECIABLE DAMAGE TO THE CANAL LININGS. KW - Clay minerals KW - Encapsulation KW - Expansive clays KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Highway design KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Road construction KW - Shale KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil structure KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swell test KW - Swelling KW - Swelling index KW - Swelling soils KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/122896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00230355 JO - Publication of: Wyoming University PB - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Basu, R AU - Arulanandan, K AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NEW APPROACH FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SWELL POTENTIAL OF SOILS PY - 1973/05 VL - 1 SP - p. 315-339 AB - THE DIELECTRIC DISPERSION CHARACTERISTICS OBTAINED ON SEVERAL ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL SOILS GIVE EVIDENCE TO THE FACT THAT THE MAGNITUDE OF DIELECTRIC DISPERSION IS A USEFUL PARAMETER WHICH DESCRIBES MAINLY BOTH THE AMOUNT AND TYPE OF CLAY. A CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS BASED ON THE AMOUNT AND TYPE OF CLAY IS PROPOSED. THE USEFULNESS OF THE NEW CLASSIFICATION IS EVIDENCED BY THE FACT THAT THE SWELL POTENTIAL CAN BE QUALITATIVELY EVALUATED FROM A KNOWLEDGE OF AMOUNT OF CLAY AND THE MAGNITUDE OF DIELECTRIC DISPERSION, WHICH CAN BE EASILY DETERMINED. KW - Clay minerals KW - Encapsulation KW - Expansive clays KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Highway design KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Road construction KW - Shale KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil structure KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swell test KW - Swelling KW - Swelling index KW - Swelling soils KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/122899 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00230351 JO - Publication of: Wyoming University PB - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - SMITH, A W AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHOD FOR DETERMING THE POTENTIAL VERTICAL RISE, PVR (TEXAS TEST METHOD TEX-124-E) PY - 1973/05 VL - 1 SP - p. 189-205 AB - A PROCEDURE IS PESENTED WHICH PROVIDES A MEANS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE POTENTIAL VERTICAL RISE (PVR) IN A SOIL STRATA, SUCH AS MAY BE ENCOUNTERED IN THE PLACEENT OF A ROADWAY, BRIDGE, OR BUILDING FOUNDATION. A SHORT EXAMPLE IS GIVEN WHICH ILLUSTRATES HOW THE TEST METHOD WORKS. BY USING THE DETERMINATION OF PVR IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE UNIT LOADS TO BE IMPOSED BY THE STRUCTURE, THE ENGINEER CAN MAKE CHOICES ON THE METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION TO BE EMPLOYED AND THE REMEDIAL PROCEDURES TO USE IN SECURING THE GREATEST VALUE FOR HIS CONSTRUCTION MONEY. SOME OF THE CHOICES, DEPENDENT UPON THE DEPTH, AMOUNT OF SWELLING CLAYS, AND OTHER CONDITIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1) REMOVAL OF NEAR THE SURFACE CLAY LAYERS AND REPLACEMENT WITH GRANULAR MATERIAL; (2) PONDING WITH WATER FOR THIRTY OR MORE DAYS TO BRING DRIER CLAYS TOWARD OPTIMUM CONDITIONS; (3) STABILIZATION OR MODIFICATION OF CLAY LAYERS NEAR THE SURFACE USUALLY USING LIME; (4) UTILIZATION OF DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTROL METHODS AND MOISTURE PRESERVATION SUCH AS ASPHALT MEMBRANES OR WIDE GRANULAR SECTIONS, WHICH IS OF GREAT MERIT AFTER PONDING; (5) EMPLOYING IN BUILDINGS THE USE OF AMPLE STEEL IN GRADE BEAMS, TOP AND BOTTOM, OR THE USE OF HEAVY STEEL IN FOUNDATION SHAFTS AND INSULATING THEM FROM THE CLAY; AND (6) SUCH OTHER MEASURES AS LEAVING AIR SPACE UNDER GRADE BEAMS, SUSPENSION OF FLOORS FROM FOUNDATION SHAFTS OR THE USE OF EXPANSION JOINTS TO SEPARATE THE FLOOR FROM FOUNDATION GRADE BEAMS. KW - Clay minerals KW - Encapsulation KW - Expansive clays KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Highway design KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Road construction KW - Shale KW - Soil lime mixtures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil structure KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swell test KW - Swelling KW - Swelling index KW - Swelling soils KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/122895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205419 AU - Darter, M I AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - PROBABILISTIC DESIGN CONCEPT APPLIED TO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM DESIGN PY - 1973/05 SP - 202 p. AB - A MAJOR PROBLEM IN PAVEMENT DESIGN HAS BEEN THE INHERENT UNCERTAINTY AND VARIATION OF THE DESIGN PARAMETERS AND MODELS. EMPIRICAL SAFETY FACTORS AND JUDGEMENT FACTORS HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO "ADJUST" FOR THE UNCERTAINTIES INVOLVED, BUT THE RESULT HAS BEEN MUCH OVERDESIGN AND UNDERDESIGN. A METHOD WAS NEEDED WHICH WOULD CONSIDER THE VARIATIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES OF PAVEMENT DESIGN QUANTITATIVELY AND MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO DESIGN FOR A SPECIFIC LEVEL OF RELIABILITY. AS A BASIC START IN THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM, A THEORY AND PROCEDURES WERE DEVELOPED, BASED ON CLASSICAL RELIABILITY THEORY, TO APPLY PROBABILISTIC DESIGN CONCEPTS TO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM DESIGN. THE PROBABILISTIC THEORY AND PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN BOTH PRACTICAL AND USEFUL AS THJEY HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED INTO THE PAVEMENT DESIGN OPERATIONS OF THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. ORIGINAL IMPLEMENTATION WAS WITH THE DETERMINISTIC FPS-7 PROGRAM, WHICH WAS MODIFIED TO INCLUDE SOME PROBABILISTIC DESIGN CAPABILITY AND RENAMED FPS-11. THAT VERSION, WHICH HAS BEEN USED BY TEN DISTRICTS OF THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT SINCE LATE 1971, HAS BEEN FURTHER DEVELOPED TO INCLUDE VARIATIONS OCCURRING IN INDIVIDUAL PAVEMENT LAYERS AND SUBGRADE, AND THE CONSIDERATION OF TRAFFIC FORECASTING ERROR. THE OVERLAY MODE WAS IMPROVED BY MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO "ADJUST" THE PERFORMANCE MODEL TO A SPECIFIC PAVEMENT BY CONSIDERING ITS PAST PERFORMANCE HISTORY, AND THE NEW PROGRAM WAS NAMED FPS-13 (CFHR). /FHWA/ KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Probability theory KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Reliability KW - Stochastic processes KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208085 AU - Wong, A Y AU - Gamble, W L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - EFFECTS OF DIAPHRAGMS IN CONTINUOUS SLAB AND GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1973/05 SP - 123 p. AB - THE RESULTS OF A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF DIAPHRAGMS ON LOAD DISTRIBUTION OF CONTINUOUS, STRAIGHT, RIGHT SLAB AND GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGES ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED. THE PARAMETERS FOR THE STUDY ARE: THE RELATIVE GIRDER STIFFNESS, H; THE RATIO OF THE GIRDER SPACING TO SPAN, B/A; THE BEAM SPACING, B; AND THE POSITION AND THE STIFFNESS OF THE DIAPHRAGMS. LOAD DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BRIDGES SUBJECTED TO A SINGLE LOAD, 4-WHEEL LOADINGS ALIGNED IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION AND TWO TRUCK LOADINGS WERE STUDIED. IN GENERAL, THE CRITERION FOR COMPARISON IS THE MAXIMUM MOMENTS, BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE, IN THE BEAMS DUE TO 4-WHEEL LOADINGS. THE VARIATIONS OF THE MAXIMUM MOMENTS WITH DIAPHRAGM STIFFNESS WERE STUDIED, AND THE CONCLUSIONS OF THIS INVESTIGATION WERE BASED ON THE ANALYSES OF A THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS BRIDGE AND VARIOUS TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS BRIDGES ALTHOUGH DIAPHRAGMS MAY IMPROVE THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME BRIDGES WHICH HAVE A LARGE B/A RATIO, THE USEFULNESS OF DIAPHRAGMS IS MINIMAL AND THEY ARE HARMFUL IN MOST CASES. ON THE GROUND OF COST EFFECTIVENESS, IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT DIAPHRAGMS NOT BE INSTALLED IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES. THE COMPARISON OF THE DESIGN MOMENT COEFFICIENTS AS OBTAINED IN THIS INVESTIGATION AND THE AASHO RECOMMENDED DESIGN VALUES SHOWS THAT THE AASHO DESIGN COEFFICIENTS ARE UNCONSERVATIVE IN MANY CASES AND UNDULY CONSERVATIVE IN OTHERS. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Girder bridges KW - Load transfer KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00222241 AU - Dale, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS PY - 1973/05 AB - IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS, THE 634 STUDIES WERE CLASSIFIED BY 17 IMPROVEMENT CODES. IN FOUR OF THE SEVEN TYPES OF IMPROVEMENTS FATALITIES WERE ELIMINATED, TWO SHOWED NO CHANGE, IN FOUR AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF FATALITIES WAS EXPERIENCED, AND IN THE REMAINING SEVEN FATALITIES WERE REDUCED BY VARIABLE AMOUNTS LESS THAN 100 PERCENT. NONE OF THE CHANGES IN THE NUMBERS OF FATALITIES WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. IN TWO OF THE SEVEN TYPES OF IMPROVEMENTS PERSONAL INJURIES WERE INCREASED, AND IN THE REMAINING 15 PERSONAL INJURIES WERE REDUCED BY VARIABLE AMOUNTS LESS THAN 100 PERCENT. THIRTEEN OF THE 15 REDUCTIONS IN PERSONAL INJURIES WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. IF THE TYPES OF IMPROVEMENTS WERE COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS PER ACCIDENT REDUCED, THEN, IN SOME CASES, DIFFERENT TYPES OF IMPROVEMENTS EMERGE AS MORE EFFECTIVE. TABLE 4 SHOWS, THAT ON THE BASIS OF CONSTRUCTION COST EXPENDED PER ACCIDENT REDUCED, THE FOUR MOST COST- EFFECTIVE TYPES OF IMPROVEMENTS WERE, IN ORDER OF EFFECTIVENESS, INSTALLATION OF STRIPING AND/OR DELINEATORS; INSTALLATION OF FLASHING BEACONS, INSTALLING OR UPGRADING OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS, TRAFFIC SIGNALS, INSTALLED OR IMPROVED. THE RESULTS IN PART I SEEM TO INDICATE THAT CERTAIN TYPES OF IMPROVEMENTS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN OTHERS. HOWEVER, IT MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT MOST OF THE SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS DESCRIBED IN THIS BROCHURE WERE MADE ON RURAL HIGHWAYS OFTEN HAVING LOW TRAFFIC VOLUMES. ALSO, SOME OF THE LESS EFFECTIVE TYPES OF IMPROVEMENTS ARE NOT, IN REALITY, SPOT IMPROVEMENTS AND ARE, BY THEIR VERY NATURE, SPEED INCREASERS WHICH WOULD TEND TO MODIFY THE SAFETY EFFECTS OF THE IMPROVEMENTS. FINALLY, THESE ARE BUT 634 OF THOUSANDS OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS PROJECTS; THE DEGREE TO WHICH THEY REPRESENT THE TOTAL IS UNKNOWN. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/114246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215670 AU - Bernard, D A AU - Ferragut, T R AU - Neumann, D L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY STUDY ON LARGE-CAPACITY, RUBBER-TIRED FRONT-END LOADERS PY - 1973/05 AB - TWENTY-SEVEN LARGE-CAPACITY, RUBBER-TIRED, FRONT-END LOADER OPERATIONS WERE STUDIED ON BOTH HIGHWAY AND NON-HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. THESE FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE CAPABILITIES OF THE MACHINE IN LOADING BANK MATERIAL INTO OFF-HIGHWAY HAULING UNITS AND TO LOCATE THE DELAYS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPERATION. PRODUCTION OUTPUT WAS MORE DEPENDENT ON AN ADEQUATE PAYLOAD PER LOADING CYCLE THAN ON A QUICK CYCLE TIME. EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE REPAIR DELAYS TOTALLED OVER 65% OF THE MAJOR DELAY TIME. MINOR DELAY TIME WAS LARGELY DUE TO HAUL UNIT SHORTAGES AT THE LOAD SITES, AND THE IMPACT OF THESE DELAYS WAS DEPENDENT ON THE USE OF THE TIME BY THE LOADER OPERATOR. THIS REPORT IS INTENDED TO BE A WORKING MANUAL FOR USE AT THE FIELD OPERATIONS LEVEL BY HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS. /DOT/ KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Field studies KW - Front end loaders KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading time KW - Manuals KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/107977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211814 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPEN GRADED PLANT MIX SEALS PY - 1973/05 SP - 21 p. AB - OPEN GRADED PLANT MIX SEALS PRESENTLY OFFER THE BEST POTENTIAL OF ANY BITUMINOUS SURFACE FOR PROVIDING AS HIGH A LEVEL OF SKID RESISTANCE THROUGHOUT THE LIFE OF THE PAVEMENT AS IS ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE. A MIX DESIGN MUST BE USED WHICH ALLOWS THE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SKID PROPERTIES OF THE AGGREGATE TO BE DEVELOPED. THESE SURFACES ALSO RESULT IN MUCH LESS SPLASH AND SPRAY FROM TRUCK TIRES, ARE QUIETER, AND PRESENT A SMOOTHER RIDING SURFACE. THIS PAPER IS A SUMMARY OF STATE EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICES, AND CONTAINS A RECOMMENDED MIX DESIGN. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Mix design KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Plant mix KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01349576 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Strains in Bituminous Surfaces. Phase II: Stiffness-Fatigue Investigation PY - 1973/04//Final Report SP - 24p AB - Fatigue failure is a primary source of distress in asphaltic concrete pavements, and in recent years a great deal of time and effort have been directed toward investigations of the mechanism of this type of failure. Most of the investigations have been carried out in the laboratory on small asphaltic concrete test specimens; however, at least one agency, Ohio State University, has performed large-scale pavement fatigue testing on a section housed in a tent. Fatigue investigations have studied the effect of materials characteristics such as asphalt type and aggregate type and gradation; the effect of asphaltic concrete properties such as void content and asphalt content; and the effects of temperature and the mode of loading. The single material characteristic which has been found to be most closely associated with fatigue life is mixture stiffness. It is generally true that an increase in stiffness will increase fatigue life under constant stress fatigue tests but decrease fatigue life under constant strain fatigue tests. The equipment necessary for performing fatigue tests is quite expensive and the tests are quite lengthy, which make routine design fatigue testing for each mix impractical. A simple, inexpensive fatigue test that could be performed routinely and incorporated into the pavement design is needed. Since fatigue life had been shown to be dependent on stiffness, a study was undertaken to determine if a relationship could be developed between fatigue life and tensile stiffness as.determined by the indirect tensile test. It was reasoned that if a relationship was found to exist, the indirect tensile test, which is simple and inexpensive, might be used to predict fatigue life. The correlation developed showed promise of being useful in predicting fatigue life. In order to determine if the strains were sufficient to cause premature fatigue failure, fatigue life-strain lines were.developed for each mix tested in the study. These lines indicated that approximately a 140 micro in./in. strain level could be maintained for 1 million cycles. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt content KW - Failure KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Service life KW - Stiffness KW - Tension tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36313/72-R34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092491 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR TRIP GENERATION ANALYSIS PY - 1973/04 SP - 125 p. AB - The report documents the uses and techniques of trip generation analysis, a key variable in the urban transportation planning process. Three approaches to the subject are discussed: regression analysis; land area trip rate analysis; and cross-classification analysis. The report presents new techniques and statistical procedures brought to light in recent research and reevaluates data obtained from the analysis. The bibliography provides the most complete list of publications on the topic. KW - Analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic KW - Land use KW - Regression analysis KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092045 AU - Goley, B T AU - Brown, G AU - Samson, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. REPORT NO. 7, HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1973/04 SP - 41 p. AB - The report presents daily and annual automobile tripmaking rates by trip purpose, household income and place of residence. KW - Automobiles KW - Census KW - Demographics KW - Highway traffic KW - Households KW - Income KW - Location KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Passenger transportation KW - Standard metropolitan statistical area KW - Statistics KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel habits KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092044 AU - Gish, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. REPORT NO. 6, CHARACTERISTICS OF LICENSED DRIVERS PY - 1973/04 SP - 37 p. AB - Motor-vehicle drivers are examined within three parameters: (1) geographic distribution; (2) population distribution of licensed drivers by age-groups and sex; and (3) travel distribution of licensed drivers by age-groups, sex and estimated annual miles of driving. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Census KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Geography KW - Highway traffic KW - Human characteristics KW - Licenses KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Passenger transportation KW - Standard metropolitan statistical area KW - Statistics KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel habits KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip distribution KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212149 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - HAY, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME-TO-CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE SLABS. VOLUME 2: ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DATA PY - 1973/04 SP - 139 p. AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS INVESTIGATION IS TO PROVIDE ADMINISTRATORS AND DESIGNERS WITH FACTURAL DATA ON WHICH TO BASE DECISIONS ON THE TYPE OF PROTECTION TO PROVIDE TO BRIDGE DECKS CONSTRUCTED IN CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS. SPECIFICALLY, THE OBJECTIVE IS TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE TIME-TO-CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE SLABS, FABRICATED FROM VARIOUS MIX DESIGNS AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES, WHEN THE SLABS ARE SUBJECT TO PERIODIC WETTING WITH A 3 PERCENT NAC1 SOLUTION. ONE HUNDRED TWENTY FOUR, 4 FT. BY 5 FT. BY 6-IN. REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS WERE FABRICATED, CURED, AND PLACED IN THE OUTDOOR EXPOSURE YARD ON ELEVATED STANDS. THREE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES WERE USED TO ASCERTAIN THE PERFORMANCE OF EACH VARIABLE: 1) CHLORIDE CONTENT AT THE LEVEL OF THE REINFORCING; 2) VISUAL EXAMINATION OF THE CONCRETE; 3) ELECRICAL HALF-CELL POTENTIAL OF THE REINFORCING STEEL. THIS VOLUME CONTAINS THE DATA OBTAINED USING THE THIRD EVALUATION TECHNIQUE. THE DATA ARE PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF PLOTS OF ELECTRICAL HALF-CELL POTENTIAL TO THE COPPER-COPPER SULFATE ELECTRODE VERSUS TIME (WITH INCREASED DEICER APPLICATIONS) FOR EACH OF THE 124 SLABS. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete curing KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive environments KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slabs KW - Sodium chloride UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200091 AU - Douglas, M AU - Computer Sciences Corporation TI - COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HANDBOOK FOR STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS SN - 953-41-32-10 PY - 1973/04 SP - 168 p. AB - THIS HANDBOOK HAS BEEN REDUCED FROM THE HANDBOOK PREPARED BY COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, AND IN COOPERATION WITH THE ILLINOIS DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS. THE COMPLETE HANDBOOK CONSISTS OF FOUR VOLUMES. IT SUMMARIZES THE NEED FOR A WELL DESIGNED INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM AND DESCRIBES HOW IT CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED IN A STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. /UMTA/ KW - Capital KW - Communication systems KW - Costs KW - Handbooks KW - Information systems KW - State highway departments KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00216000 AU - Moore, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC TEST FOR COMPACTION OF EMBANKMENT, BASE COURSE, AND PAVEMENT LAYERS PY - 1973/04 SP - 37 p. AB - SEISMIC VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS WERE CORRELATED WITH IN-PLACE DENSITY TESTS (SAND CONE, BALLOON, OIL DISPLACEMENT, ETC.) IN RESEARCH TO ESTABLISH NEW NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST PROCEDURES FOR USE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. USING SMALL, SINGLE-CHANNEL, HAMMER-IMPACT TYPE SEISMIC UNITS, A 3 TO 5 MINUTE TEST PERIOD IS PRACTICAL. TIME OF WAVE TRAVEL IS MEASURED AT 0.5-FOOT INTERVALS OVER A 1.5-FOOT DISTANCE OVER A 6-IN COMPACTED LAYER. A TIME-DISTANCE GRAPH IS DEVELOPED, THE RECIPROCAL OF THE SLOPE BEING EQUATED TO THE MEASURED VELOCITY. SECONDARY WAVE ARRIVALS BELIEVED TO BE SHEAR OR RAYLEIGH WAVES WERE USED IN A COMPUTATION OF POISSON'S RATIO. THE FINDINGS PRESENTED WERE BASED, IN LARGE PART, ON FIELD TESTS ON ACTIVE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. THE DATA FOR 254 TESTS CORRELATING SEISMIC VELOCITY AND STANDARD IN-PLACE DENSITY MEASUREMENTS ON COMPACTED ROADWAY LAYERS INDICATED AN ESSENTIALLY STRAIGHT-LINE RELATION EXISTS BETWEEN THE TWO. STANDARD DEVIATIONS FROM THE STRAIGHT LINE RANGED FROM AN AVERAGE OF 2.30 PERCENT AND 2.20 PERCENT OF MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY FOR TESTS MADE ON GRANULAR AND SUBGRADE MATERIALS, RESPECTIVELY, TO 0.67 PERCENT OF LABORATORY DENSITY FOR TESTS MADE ON BITUMINOUS MATERIALS. /FHWA/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction tests KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Dry density KW - Elastic waves KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Measurement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Road construction KW - Soil compaction test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212145 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - HAY, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME-TO-CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE SLABS VOL 1. EFFECT OF MIX DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS PY - 1973/04 SP - 103 p. AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS INVESTIGATION IS TO PROVIDE ADMINISTRATORS AND DESIGNERS WITH FACTUAL DATA ON WHICH TO BASE DECISIONS ON THE TYPE OF PROTECTION TO PROVIDE TO BRIDGE DECKS CONSTRUCTED IN CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS. SPECIFICALLY, THE OBJECTIVE IS TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE TIME-TO-CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE SLABS, FABRICATED FROM VARIOUS MIX DESIGNS AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES WHEN THE SLABS ARE SUBJECT TO PERIODIC WETTING WITH A 3 PERCENT NAC1 SOLUTION. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FOUR, 4 FT. BY 5 T. BY 6-IN. REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS WERE FABRICATED, CURED, AND PLACED IN THE OUTDOOR EXPOSURE YARD ON ELEVATED STANDS. CONCRETES COVERING THE FEASIBLE RANGE OF MIX DESIGNS WERE INVESTIGATED. CLEAR CONCRETE COVER OVER THE REINFORCING STEEL WAS VARIED FROM 1 TO 3 INCHES. FINISHING METHODS STUDIED INCLUDED WOOD FLOATING AND BROOMING, COMPACTING WITH A STEEL TROWEL, THE USE OF ABSORPTIVE FORM LINER, AND VACUUM PROCESSING OF THE FRESH CONCRETE. SURFACE REVIBRATION AND THE USE OF CHROMATE AND SILICONE ADMIXTURES WERE INVESTIGATED. MEMBRANE, POLYETHYLENE SHEET AND WET BURLAP CURING PROCEDURES WERE INCLUDED. SURFACE PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS INCLUDED BOILED LINSEED OIL AND STEARATE. SPECIAL TREATMENTS STUDIEND WERE POLYMER-IMPREGNATED CONCRETE, PERMANENT STEEL BRIDGE DECK FORMS, GALVANIZED REINFORCING STEEL, LATEX-MODIFIED CONCRETE, EPOXY-MODIFIED CONCRETE, A LOW WATER-CEMENT RATIO PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE OVERLAY, AN EXPANDED PUMICE ADDITIVE, AND FERRO-CEMENT. AN EVALUATION OF THE ELECTRICAL HALF-CELL CORROSION DETECTION TECHNIQUE WAS ALSO PERFORMED. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cement additives KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Corrosion protection KW - Durability KW - Environment KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slabs KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212144 AU - Mitchell, T M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A RADIOISOTOPE BACKSCATTER GAUGE FOR MEASURING THE CEMENT CONTENT OF PLASTIC CONCRETE PY - 1973/04 SP - 54 p. AB - A GAMMA-RAY BACKSCATTER GAUGE FOR MEASURING THE CEMENT CONTENT OF PLASTIC (FRESH) PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE HAS BEEN EVALUATED AND MODIFIED TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED ACCURACY AND FIELD APPLICABILITY. THE GAUGE WAS INITIALLY DEVELOPED FOR FHWA UNDER AN ADMINISTRATIVE RESEARCH CONTRACT. AN AMERICIUM-241 SOURCE IS USED WITH A 1-INCH X 1-INCH NAI(TI) SCINTILLATION CRYSTAL IN A PROBE WHICH IS PLACED WITHIN A CU. FT. CONCRETE SAMPLE BY MEANS OF AN ACCESS TUBE. ACCURACY OBTAINABLE VARIES FROM STANDARD ERRORS OF 22 PC/CYC (1BS. CEMENT/CU.YD. CONCRETE) WITH SILICEOUS AGGREGATE MIXES TO 31 PC/CYC WITH CALCAREOUS AGGREGATE MIXES. ACCURACY MAY BE IMPROVED BY AVERAGING CEMENT CONTENT DETERMINATIONS FROM TWO OR MORE SAMPLES. GAUGE RESPONSE IS VERY DEPENDENT ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE AGGREGATE MATRIX, BUT THE CEMENT CONTENT DETERMINATIONS ARE NOT DEPENDENT ON BULK DENSITY, WATER CONTENT, OR AIR CONTENT. INDIVIDUAL CALIBRATION CURVES MUST BE ESTABLISHED FOR MIXES WITH CHEMICALLY DISTINCT AGGREGATES AND FOR MIXES WITH DIFFERENT RATIOS OF COARSE TO FINE AGGREGATE WHEN THE TWO SIZES ARE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT CHEMICALLY. ACCURACY AND SENSITIVITY TO VARIATIONS IN CEMENT CONTENT GENERALLY ARE WORST FOR MIXES WITH CALCAREOUS AGGREGATES AND WITH OTHER AGGREGATES WHICH CONTAIN SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES OF ELEMENTS WITH HIGH ATOMIC NUMBERS SUCH AS IRON, TITANIUM, CALCIUM, AND BARIUM. TEMPERATURE AND ELECTRONIC STABILITY EFFECTS ARE MINIMIZED BY USING A COUNT-RATIO PROCEDURE WITH POLYMER IMPREGNATED CONCRETE STANDARDS. DENSITY MEASUREMENTS EMPLOYING A CESIUM-137 SOURCE IN THE SAME SAMPLE GEOMETRY AND WITH THE SAME DETECTOR SYSTEM ARE REPORTED. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregates KW - Backscattering KW - Calibration KW - Cement content KW - Gamma rays KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Radioisotopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203190 AU - Viner, J G AU - Boyer, C M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE WITH IMPACT ATTENUATION DEVICES PY - 1973/04 SP - 32 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FIELD ACCIDENT DATA OF THE IMPACT ATTENUATORS APPROVED BY INSTRUCTIONAL MEMORANDUM 40-1-71 AND AS REPORTED BY THE STATES UNDER THE NATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL AND EVALUATION PROGRAM PROJECT NO. NEEP-4, "IMPACT ATTENUATOR DEVICES", ADMINISTERED BY THE OFFICE OF HIGHWAY OPERATIONS, FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION. KW - Attenuators KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Equipment KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Runaway vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265065 AU - Buth, E AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Marquis, E L AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - PENDULUM TESTS ON TRANSFORMER BASES FOR LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS PY - 1973/04 SP - 53 p. AB - Energy absorbing characteristics of four cast aluminum transformer bases for luminaire supports were determined using a 2000 lb pendulum. Complete luminaire supports including the base, pole, mast arm, and simulated luminaire were tested. Velocity of the pendulum at impact was 20 mph. High-speed photography was used as the primary source of data acquisition. Change in momentum of the pendulum during impact was used to characterize the behavior of the bases. Details of the data analysis procedure and their influence on the results are discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Cast aluminum alloys KW - Data collection KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - High speed photography KW - Luminaires KW - Momentum KW - Pendulum tests KW - Transformers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260178 AU - Kuo, JTC AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON SIMPLE SPAN STEEL I-BEAM COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGES AT ULTIMATE LOAD PY - 1973/04 AB - The purpose of this research work is to establish a more realistic lateral load distribution factor, in conjunction with the AASHO Load Factor design method. At present this technique utilizes the elastic distribution criteria, which is not consistent with the philosophy of the Load Factor technique. The distribution factor, at ultimate load and designated as the plastic distribution factor (Dp) is: Dp = 3.45 - 1.809 gamma + .315 gamma2, where gamma = No. of Girders/No. of Lanes. The parameters of the bridges are: 6' to 9' girder spacing, 4 to 9 girders, and 2 to 4 lanes. KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Girders KW - Load factor KW - Management KW - Parameters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218091 AU - Bazarth, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE FOR USE OF LIQUID CALCIUM CHLORIDE TO IMPROVE DEICING AND SNOW REMOVAL OPERATIONS PY - 1973/04 SP - 19 p. AB - THIS IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE PRESENTS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE METHODS DEVELOPED BY THE IOWA STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION FOR ACCELERATING THE DEICING OF ROADWAYS BY USING SLAT PREWETTED WITH LIQUID CALCIUM CHLORIDE. SOLUTIONS ARE SOUGHT TO THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS: 1) HOW TO REDUCE THE OVER $1 MILLION ANNUAL COST OF SALT USED ON IOWA HIGHWAYS; 2) HOW TO OBTAIN EFFECTIVE MELTING ACTION AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 20 DEGREES F.; 3) HOW TO REDUCE THE ROADSIDE POLLUTION POTENTIAL DUE TO SALT; AND 4) HOW TO REDUCE OVERTIME LABOR COSTS ON WINTER MAINTENANCE WORK. /FHWA/ KW - Calcium chloride KW - Cold weather KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Deicing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Hours of labor KW - Melting KW - Operations KW - Overtime KW - Pollution KW - Salts KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Temperature KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208122 AU - Kuo, J T AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON SIMPLE SPAN STEEL I-BEAM COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGES AT ULTIMATE LOAD PY - 1973/04 AB - THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH WORK IS TO ESTABLISH A MORE REALISTIC LATERAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION FACTOR, IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE AASHO LOAD FACTOR DESIGN METHOD. AT PRESENT THIS TECHNIQUE UTILIZES THE ELASTIC DISTRIBUTION CRITERIA, WHICH IS NOT CONSISTENT WITH THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE LOAD FACTOR TECHNIQUE. THE DISTRIBUTION FACTOR, AT ULTIMATE LOAD AND DESIGNATED AS THE PLASTIC DISTRIBUTION FACTOR (DP) IS: DP = 3.45 - 1.809 GAMMA + 0.315 SQ GAMMA, WHERE GAMMA = NO. OF GIRDERS/NO. OF LANES. THE PARAMETERS OF THE BRIDGES ARE: 6' TO 9' GIRDER SPACING, 4 TO 9 GIRDERS, AND 2 TO 4 LANES. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Load factor KW - Load transfer KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225070 AU - King, L Ellis AU - Plummer, R W AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown TI - MEANING AND APPLICATION OF COLOR AND ARROW INDICATIONS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNALS PY - 1973/04 SP - 279 p. AB - IN THE CASE WHERE A LEFT TURNING MOVEMENT AT AN INTERSECTION IS TO BE TERMINATED WHILE THE STRAIGHT-THROUGH MOVEMENT CONTINUES, THE MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES REQUIRES THAT A SEPARATE SIGNAL FACE BE PROVIDED TO CONTROL THE TURNING MOVEMENT. IN MANY INSTANCES THE PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS OF AN INTERSECTION OR FOR REASONS OF ECONOMY IT IS DIFFICULT TO COMPLY WITH THIS STANDARD. PRESENT PRACTICE AT SUCH LOCATIONS IS TO MOUNT A FOURTH LENS, DISPLAYING A TURN ARROW EITHER ON THE THROUGH FACE OR ADJACENT TO IT. INSTALLATIONS SUCH AS THIS RESULT IN A WIDE VARIETY OF CLEARANCE INTERVAL INDICATIONS. THIS RESEARCH PROJECT WAS DESIGNED TO DEVELOP A STANDARD FOR THIS SITUATION. A LITERATURE REVIEW AND MAILED QUESTIONNAIRE WERE EMPLOYED TO DETERMINE PRESENT PRACTICES. A CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDY, UTILIZING BOTH COLOR MOVIES AND COLOR SLIDES, INVESTIGATED NINETEEN SIGNAL INDICATIONS FOR THEIR EFFECTIVENESS. FOUR OF THE INDICATIONS WERE FURTHER TESTED UNDER ACTUAL FIELD CONDITIONS. BASED UPON THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY, A SINGLE INDICATION WAS RECOMMENDED. KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Intersections KW - Standardization KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signal indications KW - Traffic signals KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224517 AU - Viner, J G AU - Boyer, C M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE WITH IMPACT ATTENUATION DEVICES PY - 1973/04 SP - 31 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FIELD ACCIDENT DATA OF THE IMPACT ATTENUATORS APPROVED BY INSTRUCTIONAL MEMORANDUM 40-1-71 AND AS REPORTED BY THE STATES UNDER THE NATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL AND EVALUATION PROGRAM PROJECT NO. NEEP-4, "IMPACT ATTENUATOR DEVICES", ADMINISTERED BY THE OFFICE OF HIGHWAY OPERATIONS, FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION. KW - Attenuation KW - Attenuators KW - Barrier types KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Runaway vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00051601 AU - Viner, J G AU - Boyer, C M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE WITH IMPACT ATTENUATION DEVICES PY - 1973/04 SP - 33 p. AB - The report presents a summary and analysis of the field accident data of the impact attenuators approved by Instructional Memorandum 40-1-71 and as reported by the states under the National Experimental and Evaluation Program Project No. NEEP-4, 'Impact Attenuator Devices', administered by the Office of Highway Operations, Federal Highway Administration. KW - Attenuation KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/14268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00051595 AU - Bazarth, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE FOR USE OF LIQUID CALCIUM CHLORIDE TO IMPROVE DEICING AND SNOW REMOVAL OPERATIONS PY - 1973/04 SP - 22 p. AB - The report presents highlights of the methods developed by the Iowa State Highway Commission for accelerating the deicing of roadways by using salt prewetted with liquid calcium chloride. The following areas were researched: How to reduce the over $1 million annual cost of salt used on Iowa highways; how to obtain effective melting action at temperatures below 20F; how to reduce the roadside pollution potential due to salt; how to reduce overtime labor costs on winter maintenance work. KW - Budgeting KW - Calcium chloride KW - Deicing KW - Highways KW - Inorganic salts KW - Iowa KW - Labor market KW - Maintenance KW - Melting KW - Roads KW - Snow removal KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/14263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206524 AU - Teng, T C AU - Coley, J O AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN MISSISSIPPI PY - 1973/04 SP - 84 p. AB - THIS REPORT COVERS A FIVE YEAR OBSERVATION STUDY OF CONTINUOUSLY-REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION IN MISSISSIPPI. MEASUREMENTS FROM THE DESOTO COUNTY AND JONES COUNTY EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS CONSTRUCTED IN 1961 AND 1962 WERE CONTINUED. THE BACKGROUND HISTORY OF THE TWO PROJECTS IS REVIEWED BRIEFLY AND THEIR DESIGN FEATURES, DATA ON END MOVEMENT, CRACK WIDTH AND CRACK FREQUENCY ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED. MISSISSIPPI'S CURRENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE FOR CRCP WERE REVIEWED AND SPECIAL ITEMS SUCH AS SPLICES, TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT, TERMINAL TREATMENTS, END CONSTRUCTION ARRANGEMENT, VIBRATION OF CONCRETE, CURING OF CONCRETE AND LONGITUDINAL CENTER JOINT ARE DISCUSSED. FIELD MEASUREMENTS ON PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX, CRACK SPACING AND DEFLECTION ARE INCLUDED AND EVALUATED. ALSO INCLUDED IN THE REPORT IS A PROPOSED MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE FOR CRC PAVEMENTS. /NTIS/ KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete vibrators KW - Continuous reinforcement KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - End movements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement design KW - Splicing KW - Transverse reinforcement KW - Vibratory equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579727 AU - Krukar, Milan AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Studded Tires on Traffic Striping Paints: Phase II PY - 1973/03/30/Interim Report SP - 14p AB - Four different types of pavement marking materials were tested in Ring #6; three brands of striping paints and one thermoplastic striping tape. These striping materials were applied on two sections, the polymer cement concrete and the Class "G" asphalt concrete. The results were ranked on the basis of appearance, wear and whiteness. The thermoplastic striping material consistently outperformed the three paints. The materials wore more rapidly on the polymer cement concrete than on the asphalt concrete and the ranking order for the paints was different for the two sections. The Type #3 stud seemed to have worn the paints more rapidly than either #4, #2, #1, GST, US and UST studs and tires in that order respectively. The superiority of the thermoplastic striping tape was due to its thickness and its construction. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Durability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Road marking tapes KW - Striping materials KW - Studded tires KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic paint UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/009.3A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579724 AU - Krukar, Milan AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stud Tire Effects on Pavement Overlays PY - 1973/03/30/Interim Report SP - 31p AB - This report presents some data obtained from testing twenty-two different types of overlays on three concentric tracks at the G.A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility at Washington State University. Six different passenger winter tires were tested, including unstudded, a garnet dust snow retread, and four different types of studs. The data represent a testing period from November 20, 1972 to February 20, 1973 and a total 300,000 revolutions, that is 900,000 wheel applications on the inside track and 300,000 wheel applications on the outside track.The results reveal that the different polymer concretes show the least wear, and that rubber additives improved the performance of some of the asphalt concrete overlays. The type %2 stud continually showed less wear than the other types of studs. Comparisons with the previous ring reveals that the present ring overlays showed less wear, and that stud protrusions are much less. A comparison and discussion of the results from both rings at this wheel application range is presented. The results from the present data are also discussed. The results are tentative and may change as the present test continues. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer concrete KW - Studded tires KW - Test tracks KW - Wear UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/009.2A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073600 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAI route 70, US 40 and Randolph Street in and adjacent to Vandalia, Illinois, final environmental impact statement PY - 1973/03//Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219775 AU - Capelli, J T AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF GLARE SCREENS PY - 1973/03 SP - 43 p. AB - AVAILABLE LITERATURE ON GLARE SCREENS WAS REVIEWED AND SELECTED INSTALLATIONS WERE INSPECTED. IT WAS FOUND THAT GLARE SCREENS ARE EFFECTIVE BUT THAT WARRANTS HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR THEIR USE. EXPANDED METAL MESHES ARE THE MOST SATISFACTORY OF THE AVAILABLE ALTERNATIVES, AND A MODULAR SYSTEM OF ERECTION IS PREFERRED. POSSIBLE AREAS FOR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH INCLUDED DEVELOPMENT OF WARRANTS AND EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTION OF GLARE SCREENS AND FLEXIBLE MEDIAN BARRIERS. /FHWA/ KW - Glare KW - Screens UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206504 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Phillips, R G AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF TRANSVERSE JOINT SUPPORTS IN RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1973/03 SP - 36 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS FIELD PERFORMANCE OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS AS WELL AS LABORATORY TEST RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT TRANSVERSE JOINT SUPPORTS IN FIVE NEW YORK STATE TEST PAVEMENTS. THE DEVICES TESTED INCLUDE PLAIN STEEL DOWELS, STAINLESS-STEEL-CLAD AND NICKEL- COATED DOWELS, AND TOW-COMPONENT MALLEABLE IRON SLEEVES. JOINTS WITHOUT MECHANICAL LOAD TRANSFER DEVICES, WHICH RELY INSTEAD ON AGGREGATE INTERLOCK AND SUBBASE SUPPORT, WERE ALSO OBSERVED. AFTER 10 TO 13 YEARS OF SERVICE, NONE OF THE TEST PAVEMENTS HAD DEVELOPED SIGNIFICANT JOINT FAULTING. ALTHOUGH MOST JOINTS WERE BEGINNING TO DISPLAY NON-UNIFORM OPENING, VERY FEW TRANSVERSE CRACKS HAD FORMED. MOST OF THESE CRACKS WERE OVER DRAINAGE STRUCTURES OR IN CUT-TO- FILL TRANSITIONS, AND COULD NOT BE ATTRIBUTED TO FAILURE OF THE JOINT SUPPORTS. PLAIN STEEL DOWELS AND MALLEABLE IRON SLEEVES CORRODED BADLY, RESULTING N SEVERE DETERIORATION AT SOME JOINTS. STAINLESS-STEEL- CLAD AND NICKEL-COATED DOWELS BOTH EFFECTIVELY RESISTED CORROSION. THE CLADDING AND COATING, HOWEVER, DID NOT EXTEND THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE DOWELS, AND IN A FEW CASES THE UNPROTECTED FIXED END CORRODED, RESULTING IN JOINT DETERIORATION. WHERE EXPANSION JOINTS WERE USED, THE CAPS ON THE SLIDING END OF THE DOWELS WERE PLAIN STEEL, AND THUS MAY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO SOME JOINT DETERIORATION. /FHWA/ KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Performance KW - Protective coatings KW - Rigid pavements KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00942008 AU - Beckwith, G H AU - Bedenkop, D V AU - Sergent, Hauskins & Beckwith, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF DRILLED CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES BEARING ON COARSE GRANULAR SOILS AND CEMENTED ALLUVIAL FAN DEPOSITS PY - 1973/03 SP - v.p. AB - Seven load tests of drilling piles were performed on coarse granular soils and 20 tests on cemented alluvial fan deposits. Maximum test load was 1000 tons. Detailed site selection and site soil investigation studies were performed. A special trailer-mounted portable load frame was designed and fabricated for the project. Belled, straight, small multiple bell, end-bearing only and side shear only tests were performed. A comparison of various settlement analysis and bearing capacity calculation methods was made. Calculations for the fine grained cemented alluvial fan soils were based upon consolidation, direct shear and field pressuremeter and penetration tests. Design recommendations and construction procedures are presented. KW - Arizona KW - Caissons KW - Instrumentation KW - Load tests KW - Penetration resistance KW - Pile hammers KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Plate bearing test KW - Pressure resistance KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/644119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00047261 AU - Bernard, D A AU - Houser, C R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF THE TRACKED AIR CUSHION RESEARCH VEHICLE (TACRV) PY - 1973/03 SP - 29 p. AB - Exceptionally high bid prices were received on the first contract to construct the initial portion of a proposed 22-mile guideway test facility for the TACRV. As a result, production-cost studies were conducted on the guideway construction to determine the factors contributed to the high cost, and a design review was made to determine if an alternate design of lower cost was feasible. (Modified author abstract) KW - Advanced systems KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Analysis KW - Concrete construction KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Contract administration KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Estimates KW - Experimental vehicles KW - Guideways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Labor market KW - Materials KW - Mechanical guides KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit railways KW - Tacrv tracked air cushion research vehicles KW - Tracked air cushion research vehicles KW - Tracked air cushion vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212135 AU - Jenkins, G H AU - Monsanto Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE - PHASE 1 PY - 1973/03 SP - 63 p. AB - INVESTIGATION OF INTERNALLY SEALING CONCRETE BY INCORPORATING SMALL PARTICLES OF POLYMERS AND WAXES AT THE TIME OF MIXING, AND SUBSEQUENTLY WARMING TO INDUCE FUSION AND FLOW OF THESE ADDITIVES, IS REPORTED. FIVE TYPES OF ADDITIVE WERE EVALUATED USING A CONSTANT PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. SEALED SPECIMENS AND STANDARDS WERE EXPOSED TO A SALINE SOLUTION FOR UP TO NINETY DAYS AT CONSTANT (70 DEG) TEMPERATURE AND THIRTY FREEZE/THAW CYCLES. ALL ADDITIVES EVALUATED SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT ABILITY TO BLOCK CHLORIDE AND WATER PENETRATION. THE MOST SUCCESSFUL, AN ESTER WAX, LIMITED CHLORIDE PENETRATION TO APPROXIMATELY .05 PERCENT IN THE TOP (EXPOSED SURFACE) 0.5 INCH AFTER NINETY DAYS EXPOSURE. BY COMPARISON, THE UNMODIFIED CONCRETE SPECIMENS REACHED A SATURATION CONTENT OF APPROXIMATELY .40 PERCENT IN LESS THAN 7 DAYS. PHASE II OF THIS ON-GOING PROGRAM WILL CONCENTRATE ON OPTIMIZATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEALING ADDITIVE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT TREATING METHODS NECESSARY TO UTILIZE THIS TECHNIQUE IN BRIDGE DECK CONSTRUCTION. /FHWA/ KW - Chlorides KW - Heat treatment KW - Metal heating KW - Pendulum tests KW - Polymers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Temperature KW - Water KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212134 AU - Bean, B L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENTS IN THE RAPID ANALYSIS OF PORTLAND CEMENT BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY PY - 1973/03 SP - 28 p. AB - A RAPID METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF PORTLAND CEMENT IS GIVEN USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AA), IN WHICH EITHER REAGENT STANDARDS OR STANDARD CEMENTS MAY BE USED FOR CALIBRATION PURPOSES. A NOVEL FEATURE OF THE METHOD IS THAT MEANS ARE PROVIDED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SILICA IN THE SAME SOLUTION AS OTHER CONSTITUENTS WITHOUT FURTHER STEPS OR SEPARATE SOLUTIONS. KW - Atomic absorption KW - Cement KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical composition KW - Portland cement KW - Spectophotometry KW - Spectrophotometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098421 AU - Gibboney, W B AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PAVEMENT CROSS-SLOPE INSPECTION DEVICE PY - 1973/03 SP - 10 p. AB - A pavement cross-slope measuring device was developed for use in construction inspection and in obtaining data for the evaluation of construction tolerances. The device utilizes a damped pendulum as a reference from which cross-slope is measured by means of a battery powered wheatstone bridge circuit. /FHWA/ KW - Curvature KW - Data collection KW - Inspection KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pendulum tests KW - Radius KW - Radius of curvature KW - Slopes KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00081907 AU - Hearld, J L AU - Lag, L D AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE DUE TO STORAGE IN SURGE BINS PY - 1973/03 SP - 12 p. AB - This study was initiated to seek data relative to the effects of storage time and temperature on the physical properties of asphaltic concrete. Thermocouples were installed at various locations within an unheated insulated surge bin to record temperatures. Specimens for Marshall stability and flow were molded at different time intervals during loading and unloading of the surge bin. The asphalt cement, recovered by the Abson Method, was tested for penetration and viscosity. The study was confined to wearing course sand gravel mix. The data indicated oxidation of asphalt cement and increase in stability value with storage time. Some minor segregation of finer fractions was indicated by the gradation analysis. The temperature recordings indicated considerable variation at different depths within the surge bin. However, the data indicated that the storage time can be increased from the presently allowed two hours to a maximum of 12 hours without any detrimental effect on the mix. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Handling and storage KW - Mechanical properties KW - Oxidation KW - Sandy gravels KW - Storage facilities KW - Surge bins KW - Temperature KW - Thermocouples KW - Viscosity KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265060 AU - Post, E R AU - Buth, E AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - HEAD-ON TEST OF CABLE GUARDRAIL PY - 1973/03 SP - 22 p. AB - This study contains information on the performance of the Minnesota wood-post triple cable guardrail under the head-on impact test conditions of 60 mph and 5 degrees using a 4500 pound automobile. The average vehicle longitudinal deceleration level was well below the current FHWA acceptable level of 12 g's for a lap belted or lap and shoulder belted occupant. Also, the vehicle damage sustained (FC-4) was below the mean at which injury type accidents occur for an unrestrained occupant as established by the National Safety Council. /FHWA/ KW - Deceleration KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263375 AU - Forsyth, R A AU - McCauley, M L AU - Mearns, R AU - Hoover, T P AU - California Division of Highways TI - PRESPLITTING INTERIM REPORT 3 SN - CA-HY-MR-2955-3-73-0 PY - 1973/03 SP - 31 p. AB - This report on presplitting highway cut slopes by the California Division of Highways discusses and analyzes the construction methods and problems, the specifications, and the economics involved with the presplitting of sedimentary rocks. It is the third report in a series on presplitting in different rock types. The first two reports of similar content dealt respectively with metamorphic and granitic rock presplitting. /CDH/ KW - Economics KW - Embankments KW - Evaluation KW - Granite KW - Highways KW - Metamorphic rocks KW - Presplitting KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Road construction KW - Sedimentary rocks KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263378 AU - Murphy, E L AU - Heins, C P AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN OF CURVED I-GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1973/03 SP - 33 p. AB - In recent years we have witnessed an ever-increasing demand for curved girder bridge systems. This has created a need for reliable methods by which such systems may be designed and analyzed. Methods developed to date do not adequately account for the effects of both girder warping and the interaction of adjacent girders due to radial diaphragm action. For bridge systems subjected to dead load with no composite action, significant error in the calculation warping stress (flange bending) may result. The objective of this report was to develop a method of anlaysis for curved girder bridge systems and to develop a set of design aids for dead load. Also included are design guides for live load effects (static & impact), which were developed during a previous study. The design aids are limited to single span bare steel (DL) and composite curved structures (LL). Vaslov's Equations expressed in finite difference form are used to describe the structural response of the individual girders. The stiffness method is employed to express diaphragm action in terms of relative displacements of the adjacent girders. Inclusion of the expressions for diaphragm action into the finite difference form of Vaslov's Equations yields a system of linear algebraic equations which govern the behavior of curved bridge systems. This method of analysis is incorporated into a computer program, which was then used to conduct a parametric study. A thorough study of the interaction of the various bridge parameters has resulted in a set of design aids for dead load effects. /Author/ KW - Analysis KW - Bending KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Equations KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flanges KW - Girder bridges KW - Live loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Static loads KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffness KW - Warpage KW - Warping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263034 AU - Moore, W M AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ELASTIC MODULI DETERMINATION FOR SIMPLE TWO-LAYER PAVEMENT STRUCTURES ON SURFACE DEFLECTIONS PY - 1973/03 SP - 74 p. AB - This report gives the theoretical background and description of a new computer program which is cabable of converting routine Dynaflect deflection measurements obtained on the surface of a two-layer highway pavement system to give the elastic moduli of the pavement and subgrade layers. A description of the program and several solutions to example problems are included with the report. The program has been designed to operate at less cost and to eliminate fitting problems encountered in similar existing programs. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface phenomena UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263022 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Seymour, W M AU - Cornette, D L AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation TI - EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATIONS OF IMPACT-ATTENUATING DEVICES PY - 1973/03 AB - From a survey of the interstate system in Kentucky, 26 gore sites were found to be eligible for safety improvements. Energy absorbing barriers have been installed at five. Barriers are planned at 11 sites; seven sites have been contour graded: and three sites have been dismissed from consideration. HI-DRO Cushions and Fitch Inertial Barriers were found to be effective crash cushions. Hi-dro cushion maintenance costs per impact were less than those for Fitch Inertial Barriers; however, initial costs of materials and installation were higher. The HI-DRO Cushion is generally more adaptable to narrow and relatively short areas than either the Fitch Inertial Barrier or the Steel Crash Cushion. Desirability of redirectional capabilities is dependent upon site geometrics, traffic volumes, and speeds. If there is no feasible alternative, installation of an impact attenuating device is advocated in terms of warrants. /FHWA/ KW - Attenuators KW - Barrier types KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Equipment KW - Gore KW - Gore area KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Installation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263013 AU - Martin, R T AU - Wissa, AEZ AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MASSACHUSETTS SOILS-EVALUATION OF RAID FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTS PY - 1973/03 SP - 253 p. AB - Two promising approaches to the development of a rapid laboratory procedure for evaluation of frost susceptibility of soils are investigated in detail. Measurement of pore water pressure change during freezing of soil in a closed system under constant temperature gradients is shown to be extremely sensitive to experimental technique so that its usefulness as a rapid routine test is limited. Heave pressure measurement during the freezing of soil in an open system, at essentially constant volume under constant temperature gradients, is shown to be a simpler, faster and less sensitive approach to experimental technique than the pore water pressure approach. The heave pressure method is therefore recommended. Evaluation of frost susceptibility is based upon the characteristics shape of the heave pressure of pore pressure versus log time curves. Once a constant temperature gradient has been established, the characteristic curve shows a straight line segment. The slope and the duration of the straight line segment is used to rate the continued relative frost susceptibility of soils. To effectively apply this laboratory procedure, data must be collected relating results from this test with detailed field frost susceptibility data. /FHWA/ KW - Evaluation KW - Freezing KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Heave KW - Heaving KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pressure KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206526 AU - Stromberg, E J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - PREFORMANCE STUDY OF THE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SECTION O E THE JOHN F. KENNEDY EXPRESSWAY (I-95) PY - 1973/03 SP - 25 p. AB - THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS TO EVALUATE THE STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY OF THE RECENTLY REHABILITATED AND RESURFACED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SECTION OF THE JFK EXPRESSWAY (I-95). THIS EVALUATION WILL BE DONE USING THE "ASPHALT INSTITUTE'S DEFLECTION METHOD FOR DESIGNING ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAYS FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS." RESULTS OF BENKELMAN BEAM STATIC REBOUND DEFLECTION TAKEN BEFORE AND AFTER RESURFACING I-95 INDICATE THAT THE RESURFACING WITH FOUR INCHES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE HAS IMPROVED THE STRUCTURAL CAPACITY OF THE PAVEMENT SECTION. RESULTS OF DYNAMIC DEFLECTION TESTS RUN WITH THE "ROAD RATER" CORRELATE POORLY WITH THE BENKELMAN BEAM STATIC REBOUND TESTS. AS A RESULT OF THE FIRST YEAR OF DEFLECTION TESTING, IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT DYNAMIC TESTS USING THE "ROAD RATER" BE DISCONTINUED. DEFLECTION TESTS FOR THE REMAINDER OF THIS INVESTIGATION WOULD THEN BE CONTINUED USING THE BENKELMAN BEAM REBOUND DEFLECTION METHOD RECOMMENDED BY THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection tests KW - Dynamic tests KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Resurfacing KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240276 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEMATIC INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DESIGN PY - 1973/03 SP - 45 p. AB - THE PANEL DISCUSSED SUCH SUBJECTS AS THE MEANING OF A SPECIALISTS WERE NECESSARY OFR THE EVALUATION OF THE INPUT. OTHER STATE AGENCIES COULD CONTRIBUTE TO SUCH AN APPROACH, AND HOW THE APPROACH WOULD RELATE TO DECISION-MAKING. THE DISCIPLINES THAT SHOULD BE REPRESENTED ON A HIGHWAY AGENCY STAFF AND THE ATTITUDINAL CHANGES NECESSARY FOR AN EFFECTIVE INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH ARE REVIEWED. THE PANEL DEFINED THE MEANING OF THE SYSTEMATIC INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL FROM OTHER AGENCIES AND INCREASED DEVELOPMENT FROM SYSTEM PLANNING TO CONSTRUCTION. AS THE ENCOURAGE THE BROADENING OF OUTLOOK AMONG PERSONNEL. ORDER. CRUCIAL ASPECTS OF HIGHWAY AGENCY MANAGEMENT WERE POINTED OUT. THE NEED FOR RESPONSIVENESS OF THE MANAGEMENT TO ISSUES RAISED BY ALL DISCIPLINES AND A POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD THE INTERDISCIPLINARY METHOD IS STRESSED. THE PANEL BELIEVES THAT OTHER AGENCIES (PARTICULARLY ENVIRONMENTALLY ORIENTED AGENCIES) AND CONSULTANTS CAN SUPPLEMENT AND ENHANCE THE HIGHWAY AGENCYS APPROACH BUT CANNOT SUBSTITUTE FOR IN-HOUSE CAPABILITIES. THE SYSTEMATIC INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH SHOULD PROVIDE DECISION-MAKERS WITH AVAILABLE DATA, ALTERNATIVES, TRADEOFFS AND VIEWPOINTS WHICH WILL LEAD TO FULLY INFORMED DECISIONS. SUCH DECISION-MAKING WILL LEAD TO A REDUCTION OF CONTROVERSIES AND COURT TIE-UPS. THE OPINION WAS EXPRESSED THAT THE PARTICULAR DISCIPLINES NEEDED COULD NOT BE DETERMINED IN GENERAL BUT MUST DEPEND ON THE SITUATION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL STATE. A CORE STAFF OF KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Education KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Interdisciplinary KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Management KW - Personnel KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/128904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00204656 AU - Franks, K N AU - Kentucky Bureau of Highways TI - ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADSIDE PLANTINGS AND TURF PY - 1973/03 AB - A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS INITIATED BY THE KENTUCKY HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OVER A SIX-YEAR PERIOD WERE DESIGNED FOR THE PURPOSE OF STUDYING THE ADAPTABILITY, ESTABLISHMENT, AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADSIDE PLANTINGS AND TURF, INCLUDING THE STABILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ROADSIDE SOILS. /FHWA/ KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Easements KW - Grasses KW - Maintenance KW - Planting KW - Roadside KW - Soil conservation KW - Soil management KW - Soil remediation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219789 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Messer, C J AU - Friebele, J D AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - INVESTIGATION OF LANE OCCUPANCY AS A CONTROL VARIABLE FOR A SAFETY WARNING SYSTEM FOR URBAN FREE-WAYS PY - 1973/03 SP - 53 p. AB - LANE OCCUPANCY WAS EVALUATED AS A TRAFFIC VARIABLE FOR DIGITAL COMPUTER CONTROL OF A SAFETY WARNING SYSTEM FOR URBAN FREEWAYS. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS WERE STUDIED OF MEASURED LANE OCCUPANCY AS AN INDICATOR OF SHOCK WAVES RESULTING FROM FREEWAY INCIDENTS. A CONTROL STRATEGY WAS DEVELOPED, PROGRAMMED, AND EVALUATED FOR DIGITAL COMPUTER OPERATION OF THE WARNING SYSTEM. COMPARISONS WERE MADE WITH ENERGY AS A CONTROL VARIABLE. BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH A NEW CONTROL ALGORITHM WAS DEVELOPED INCORPORATING THE BEST PERFORMANCE FEATURES OF OF BOTH ENERGY AND LANE OCCUPANCY. KW - Computer programming KW - Control KW - Controller characteristics KW - Freeways KW - Lane occupancy KW - Safety KW - Shock waves KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban highways KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200097 AU - Genl Analytics, Inc AU - COMSIS Corp TI - OBJECTIVE-PRIORITY PROGRAMMING PROCEDURES-NARRATIVE AND USER'S DOCUMENTATION PY - 1973/03 SP - 164 p. AB - THE PROCEDURES AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR THE STATES TO USE IN DEVELOPING PRIORITY PROGRAMS OF PROJECTS. THE PROCEDURES INCLUDE THE SUFFICIENCY RATING FACTORS DETERMINED TO BE SIGNIFICANT FROM AN INVENTORY OF CURRENT PROCEDURES AND FROM AN EVALUATION OF OTHER FACTORS FELT TO BE IMPORTANT BY SOCIETY TODAY. SUCH OTHER FACTORS INCLUDE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FACTORS. ALTHOUGH SPECIFIC FACTORS AND VARIABLES HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED, THEIR USE BY INDIVIDUAL STATES IS ENTIRELY OPTIONAL. THE COMPUTER PROGRAM RANKS HIGHWAY PROJECTS BY THEIR NECESSITY TO BE BUILT. SINCE THE PROGRAM IS FLEXIBLE, STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS CAN USE THEIR OWN FACTORS AND RATING VALUES IN DETERMINING THE NECESSITY. THE REPORT DISCUSSES THE INVENTORY OF PRIORITY PROGRAMMING METHODS, THE SURVEY AND EVALUATION OF CURRENT AND PROPOSED PROCEDURES, THE DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY, THE SPECIFICATION OF FACTORS AND VARIABLES, PROCEDURES FOR APPLICATION OF THE METHOD, AND THE TEST OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM. THE APPENDICES OF THE REPORT CONTAIN A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFICIENCY VARIABLES, RESULTS OF THE MAIL AND DIRECT CONTACTS WITH STATES AND AGENCIES, A SUMMARY OF STATE HIGHWAY SUFFICIENCY RATING METHODS, AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND A COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES. KW - Bibliographies KW - Computer programs KW - Economic factors KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Gas industry KW - Gas production KW - Policy KW - Social factors KW - State highway departments KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strategic planning KW - Sudden drawdown UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208080 AU - Lee, H W AU - Sarsam, M B AU - South Dakota State University, Brookings AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGES PY - 1973/03 SP - 242 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Contraction KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Model tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Structural analysis KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00224298 AU - Harano, R M AU - McBride, R S AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PREDICTION OF ACCIDENT LIABILITY THROUGH BIOGRAPHICAL DATA AND PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS PY - 1973/03 IS - 39 SP - 107 p. AB - A CONTRASTED SAMPLE OF ACCIDENT AND ACCIDENT-FREE DRIVERS WERE EVALUATED IN DETAIL IN ORDER TO DETERMINE FACTORS RELATED TO ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT. COLLECTED INFORMATION REPRESENTED BIOGRAPHICAL AND DRIVING- RELATED DATA, PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ATTITUDES, PARENTAL RELATIONSHIPS, PERCEPTUAL STYLE, PERCEPTUAL MOTOR COORDINATION, AND DRIVING SIMULATOR PERFORMANCE. THE VARIABLES WHICH WERE SIGNIFICANT UPON CROSS- VALIDATION WERE MARITAL STATUS, MILEAGE, TRAFFIC CONVICTION RECORD, SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS, RATING OF ONE'S DRIVING ABILITY IN COMPARISON TO ELDERLY DRIVERS, AND PERSONALITY AND ATTITUDINAL FACTORS DERIVED FROM A PSYCHOMETRIC INVENTORY CALLED THE CIDAO. NONE OF THE VAST ARRAY OF PERCEPTUAL MOTOR AND SIMULATOR PERFORMANCE MEASURES PROVED SIGNIFICANT, ALTHOUGH THERE WAS SOME SUGGESTIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIMULATOR SPEED VARIABILITY, TWO PSYCHOMOTOR MEASURES AND FIELD DEPENDENCE AND ACCIDENTS. CLASSIFICATION OF DRIVERS THROUGH CLUSTER ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES REVEALED SEVERAL HIGH AND LOW ACCIDENT TYPES. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT A COMBINATION OF CLUSTER ANALYSES AND MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES IS A MORE POWERFUL METHOD THAN EITHER ALONE, AND THAT CONVENTIONAL MULTIPLE REGRESSION PROCEDURES CAN OBSCURE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS. THE RESULTS FOR FEMALES CLOSELY PARALLELED THE FINDINGS FOR MALES. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Cluster analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Psychrometric charts KW - Psychrometrics KW - Regression analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226733 AU - King, L Ellis AU - Plummer, R W AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A RECOMMENDED CLEARANCE INTERVAL SIGNAL INDICATION FOR PROTECTED LEFT TURNS PY - 1973/03 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - THIS RESEARCH WAS AN EFFORT TO DEVELOP A STANDARD CLEARANCE INTERVAL INDICATION, USING A SINGLE SIGNAL HEAD, FOR THE SITUATION WHERE A PROTECTED LEFT TURN MOVEMENT AT AN INTERSECTION IS TO BE TERMINATED WHILE THE STRAIGHT-THROUGH MOVEMENT CONTINUES. FROM A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERS IT WAS FOUND THAT A VARIETY OF LEFT TURN SIGNAL INDICATIONS ARE BEING USED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO STUDY DRIVER RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT SIGNALS. STUDY CONCLUSIONS ARE GIVEN AND RECOMMENDATIONS MADE. KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Left turns KW - Standardization KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00046250 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS, 1971 PY - 1973/03 SP - 253 p. AB - The publication presents the 1971 statistical and analytical tables of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, State highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1970 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. The Highway Statistics series has been published annually beginning with 1945. (Author) KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Interstate highways KW - Licenses KW - Local government KW - Motor vehicles KW - Revenues KW - Roads KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00214542 AU - Forsyth, R A AU - McCauley, M L AU - Mearns, R AU - Hoover, T P AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESPLITTING INTERIM REPORT 3 PY - 1973/03 AB - THIS REPORT ON PRESPLITTING HIGHWAY CUT SLOPES BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS DISCUSSES AND ANALYZES THE CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND PROBLEMS, THE SPECIFICATIONS, AND THE ECONOMICS INVOLVED WITH THE PRESPLITTING OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. KW - Construction management KW - Economics KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Road construction KW - Rock presplitting KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201240 AU - Boeglin, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ACCESS CONTROL ALTERNATIVES FOR RURAL PRINCIPAL ARTERIALS PY - 1973/03 AB - WHAT EFFECT DIFFERENT ACCESS CONTROL CRITERIA FOR RURAL ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS, USED IN THE 1970-1990 NATIONAL HIGHWAY FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION AND NEEDS STUDY, WOULD HAVE ON THE REPORTED RESULTS WERE ESTIMATED. TWO ALTERNATIVES WERE DEVELOPED AND TESTED. ESTIMATES OF THE DIFFERENCES IN COST, ACCIDENTS, AND FATALITIES; BENEFIT/COST RATIOS AMONG THE THREE STRATEGIES WERE THEN DEVELOPED IN TERMS OF NATIONWIDE SYSTEM TOTALS. THE RESULTS ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE TRADEOFFS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN HIGHWAY INVESTMENT POLICY, THE RELATIVE WEIGHT TO BE GIVEN COST ECONOMY, DIRECT ROAD USER BENEFIT, AND SAFETY CONCERNS. OTHER USER AND NON-USER EFFECTS WERE DISCUSSED BUT NOT QUANTIFIED. /FHWA/ KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Accident costs KW - Arterial highways KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Estimates KW - Investments KW - Rural highways KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00214245 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lizzio, A M TI - STATUS OF CONCRETE-POLYMER COMPOSITES IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD PY - 1973/03 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - p. 129-35 AB - THE DEVELOPMENT, TYPES, AND PROPERTIES ARE REVIEWED OF COMPOSITES OF PLASTIC OR POLYMER AND CONCRETE. SINCE 1965, MOST OF THE RESEARCH EFFORTS IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE CENTERED ON PIC (POLYMER IMPREGNATED CONCRETE) - A HARDENED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE WHICH IS IMPREGNATED WITH A LOW VISCOSITY MONOMER THAT IS POLYMERIZED IN SITU. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY RESEARCHERS HAVE INDICATED THAT THE TIME IS APPROPRIATE TO START DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING PIC STRUCTURES AND BRIDGE MEMBERS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Composite materials KW - Polymer concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100451 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00209884 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Heins, C P AU - Robinson, E P TI - DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS CURVED BRIDGES PY - 1973/03 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - p. 161-8 AB - UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND LABORATORIES HAVE DEVELOPED A SOPHISTICATED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE WHICH INCORPORATES INTERACTION OF ALL CURVED BRIDGE ELEMENTS. RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATE THAT THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN SECTION PROPERTIES ARE SUFFICIENT TO WITHSTAND THE DEAD AND LIVE LOAD EFFECTS, AND WILL NOT EXCEED DESIGN STRESSES. THE STRESS RESULTANTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE DEAD LOAD WARPING CONDITION IS IMPORTANT AND MUST BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN. GENERALLY, THE LIVE LOAD EFFECT IS NEGLIGIBLE. THE STIFFENING EFFECT OF BRACING CAN REDUCE THE TORSIONAL EFFECTS, AND THUS REDUCE WARPING STRESSES. A DESIGN TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING THIS INFLUENCE SHOULD BE EXAMINED IN DETAIL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Static loads KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods (Structural) KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Warpage KW - Warping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/99868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00046238 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON FEDERAL-AID AND OTHER HIGHWAY SYSTEMS/1971 PY - 1973/02 SP - 41 p. AB - The statistics in this series of annual reports are compiled from summaries of fatal and personal injury accident data and exposure data submitted to the Federal Highway Administration by the State highway departments. The reports contain numbers of fatal accidents, injury accidents, fatalities and injuries--and associated rates--classified by State and highway system for rural and urban areas. These reports are published as basic reference material for users of motor-vehicle traffic accident statistics. (Author) KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Mortality KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/9077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00240825 AU - Cruz, J O AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BUS SHELTERS PY - 1973/02 SP - 60 p. AB - THE SUBJECT REPORT, "BUS SHELTERS," HAS BEEN PREPARED FROM INFORMATION FURNISHED IN RESPONSE TO THE DECEMBER 22, 1971, FHWA NOTICE, AS WELL AS FROM INFORMATION FURNISHED BY THE AMERICAN TRANSIT ASSOCIATION AND THE URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION. PART I PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF BUS SHELTERS. PART II SUMMARIZES THE EXPERIENCES OF STATE HIGHWAY AGENCIES AND PART III SUMMARIZES THE EXPERIENCES OF TRANSIT COMPANIES. KW - Bus stop shelters KW - Experience KW - Knowledge KW - Public transit KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00242432 AU - Pratsch, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CARPOOL AND BUS POOL MATCHING GUIDE PY - 1973/02 SP - 21 p. AB - ALTERNATIVES COMPARABLE TO THE INDIVIDUALLY DRIVEN AUTOMOBILE HAVE BEEN PROVIDED IN SUCCESSFUL CARPOOL PROGRAMS WITH OCCUPANCY AVERAGES UP TO 3.85 PERSONS PER CAR AND BUSPOOL PROGRAMS WITH PHENOMENAL GROWTH IN PATRONAGE. THIS REPORT BRIEFLY DESCRIBES THESE PROGRAMS AND SUMMARIZES THEIR SUCCESSFUL INGREDIENTS. A COMPREHENSIVE CARPOOL-BUSPOOL PROGRAM, IN ADDITION TO MATCHING COMMUTERS WITH SIMILAR TIME-ORIGIN- DESTINATION NEEDS, SHOULD INCLUDE PUBLIC INFORMATION, INCENTIVE, AND CONTINUING SERVICE PHASES. KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Carpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200090 AU - Reid, D M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS) THROUGH THE USE OF THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) PY - 1973/02 SP - 229 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179458 AU - Armstrong, W L AU - Langdon, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTING OF A CURVED BOX BEAM BRIDGE PY - 1973/02 SP - 118 p. AB - This paper presents and discusses the dynamic testing of a simple span, curved, steel box beam bridge having two boxes with intermediate diaphragms and a composite concrete deck. An equivalent HS20-44 truck crossed the bridge at designated speeds in three established lanes. Oscillograms and FM analog tape recorded strain and deflection from gages on each of the steel boxes, one end-diaphragm, one mid-diaphragm, four tie-down rods, and the concrete walk and parapet. The discussion includes box rotations and distortions, web behavior, frequencies and damping, impact factors, bridge accelerations, maximum stresses and deflections of boxes, diaphragms, and tie-down rods, and the distribution of the total moments to each box. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deflection tests KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Distortion (Structural) KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Dynamic tests KW - Filtration KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Girders KW - Impacts KW - Metal bridges KW - Rotation KW - Steel bridges KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263026 AU - Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Incorporated TI - CUT-AND-COVER TUNNELING TECHNIQUES. VOLUME 2. APPENDIX PY - 1973/02 SP - 175 p. AB - This study of cut-and-cover tunneling techniques in urban areas considers environmental quality, geotechnical investigation and analysis, ground support, ground water control, permanent sturcture, restoration, cost considerations and major problems. Both United States and Foreign techniques are reviewed. This volume consists of summaries of recent noise-control legislation, and the Ontario, Canada, expropriations act. /FHWA/ KW - Cut and cover tunneling KW - Environmental impacts KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Groundwater KW - Methodology KW - Noise control KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133967 AU - Olsen, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RUBBER-ASPHALT BINDER FOR SEAL COAT CONSTRUCTION PY - 1973/02 SP - 29 p. AB - This paper describes the development and use of a rubber- asphalt binder for seal coat construction. Whereas rubber has been added to asphalt in low percentages (3 to 5 percent) in the past, this binder uses high percentage (25 to 30 percent) additions of granulated tread rubber reclaimed from discarded automobile tires. The granulated rubber is mixed with hog asphalt to form a tough and elastic binder with less susceptibility to temperature changes. It has been used very successfully in seal coat construction for maintenance operations in the city of Pheonix, Arizona, for several years and has been especially successful in overlaying pavements that exhibit severe fatigue or "alligator" cracking. The paper describes the construction procedure used in Phoenix, and includes a recommended specification for seal coat construction using the rubber-asphalt composition as the binder. KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Reclaimed rubber KW - Rubber KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144107 AU - Slaughter, G M AU - University of Georgia, Experiment TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN METHODS OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES FOR HIGHWAYS PY - 1973/02 SP - 192 p. AB - The primary purposes of the study were to evaluate the methods used by the State Highway Department of Georgia for the design of highway subsurface drainage facilities, to compare these methods with what other States are doing, and to recommend, if applicable, research projects and/or additional studies which would lead to an improvement in these methods. The study consisted mainly of a library search and the analysis of two questionnaires on subsurfaces drainage which were sent to the fifty State Highway Departments plus District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. What Georgia is doing in connection with subsurface drainage is in keeping (for the most part) with what other States are doing. No two States have evolved to exactly the same place in their approach to solving the problem of subsurface drainage. In general, the highway departments have not kept abreast with many of the advances in problem solving techniques for flow through porous media. Recommendations were made which outlined research projects. Basically these amounted to better utilization of the aforementioned problem solving techniques and more effort expended in obtaining better data for design and verification of the design models. /FHWA/ KW - Highway drainage KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00072442 AU - Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Incorporated TI - CUT-AND-COVER TUNNELING TECHNIQUES. VOLUME I. A STUDY OF THE STATE OF THE ART PY - 1973/02 SP - 284 p. AB - This study of cut-and cover tunneling techniques in urban areas considers environmental quality, geotechnical investigation and analysis, ground support, ground water control, permanent structure, restoration, cost considerations and major problems. Both United States and foreign techniques are reviewed. In addition to describing alternate methods of construction, it identifies key problems, needed construction improvements, and future research goals. KW - Costs KW - Cut and cover tunneling KW - Environmental impacts KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater control KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/20693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233761 AU - Cedergren, H R AU - Arman, J A AU - O'Brien, K H AU - Cedergreen, Ken O'Brien and Associates TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINE FOR THE DESIGN OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS FOR HIGHWAY PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL SECTIONS PY - 1973/02 SP - 198 p. AB - THE REPORT PRESENTS RESULTS OF INTERVIEWS WITH STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL, FIELD RECONNAISSANCE OF PAVEMENTS IN 9 CASE STUDIES OF SELECTED PAVEMENTS IN THE FHWA REGIONS. PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING DRAINAGE DESIGN CONCEPTS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS ARE POINTED OUT, SHOWING WHY MANY PAVEMENTS ARE SATURATED WITH WATER FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME EACH YEAR. IT IS DEDUCED THAT THIS SATURATION CONTRIBUTES TO CONSIDERABLE SHORTENING OF PAVEMENT LIFE. A NEW METHOD OF DESIGN IS PRESENTED TO TAKE CARE OF THE INFILTRATION OF SURFACE WATER. INFLOW-OUTFLOW ANALYSES AND HIGHWAY GEOMETRICS ARE INCLUDED IN A PROCEDURE UTILIZING A TWO-LAYER GRADED FILTER TO RAPIDLY REMOVE ANY WATER ENTERING THE STRUCTURAL LAYERS. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Filters KW - Graded filters KW - Highway drainage KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Percent saturation KW - Service life KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage systems KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130544 AU - Lindow, E S AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Bass, G Q AU - Larson, T D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - INTERIM REPORT VOLUME 2: CONSTRUCTION, INSTRUMENTATION, AND OPERATION PY - 1973/02 SP - 187 p. AB - This report is the second of an eight-volume series which constitutes the Interim Report for PennDOT Research Project 71-7 entitled "An Evaluation of Pennsylvania's Flexible Pavement Design Methodology." This volume is a documentary of the construction, instrumentation, and proposed operation during the first cycle of research at the Pennsylvania Pavement Research Facility. The construction-related data are presented in this volume. KW - Flexible pavements KW - Instrumentation KW - Operations KW - Pavement design KW - Paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130545 AU - Lindow, E S AU - Sharma, M G AU - Han, H C AU - Dunn, H C AU - Larson, T D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - INTERIM REPORT VOLUME 3: FIRST CYCLE PRELIMINARY RESULTS PY - 1973/02 SP - 67 p. AB - This report is the third of an eight-volume series which constitutes the Interim Report for PennDOT Research Project 71-7 entitled "An Evaluation of Pennsylvania's Flexible Pavement Design Methodology." This volume contains a statement of the first cycle objectives, a discourse on research procedures, and a discussion of the preliminary results. KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225035 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM SOFTWARE MANUAL. VOL I. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION AND FLOW CHARTS PY - 1973/02 SP - 456 p. AB - AN URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED BY THE SPERRY SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT DIVISION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNDER FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT NO. FH-11-7605, ADVANCED CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS-INSTALLATIONS. THE SYSTEM INCLUDES ON-STREET SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL ELEMENTS AND A CENTRAL OFFICE DATA PROCESSING FACILITY. THIS MANUAL DESCRIBES THE SOFTWARE FOR THIS SYSTEM. THIS IS VOLUME 1 OF 2 VOLUMES WHICH COMPRISE THE UTCS/BPS SOFTWARE MANUAL. IT CONTAINS SECTION 1, INTRODUCTION AND SECTION 2, PROGRAMMING SPECIFICATIONS. KW - Administration KW - Bus priority KW - Bus transportation KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225036 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM SOFTWARE MANUAL. VOL II. VARIABLE DEFINITIONS; ALGORITHMS AND OFF-LINE SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS PY - 1973/02 SP - 174 p. AB - AN URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND PRIORITY SYSTEM HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED BY THE SPERRY SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT DIVISION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNDER FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT NO. FH-11-7605, ADVANCED CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS-INSTALLATION. THE SYSTEM INCLUDES ON-STREET SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL ELEMENTS AND A CENTRAL OFFICE DATA PROCESSING FACILITY. THIS MANUAL DESCRIBES THE SOFTWARE FOR THIS SYSTEM. THIS IS VOLUME II OF 2 VOLUMES WHICH COMPRISE THE UTCS/BPS SOFTWARE MANUAL. IT CONTAINS SECTION 3, GLOSSARY AND SECTION 4, APPENDICES. KW - Administration KW - Algorithms KW - Bus priority KW - Bus transportation KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265048 AU - Yoder, S M AU - Hopkins, T C AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet TI - SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS: A COMPUTERIZED SOLUTION OF BISHOP'S SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF SITES PY - 1973/02 AB - A computer program based on Bishop's simplified method of slices (1954) and capable of analyzing the slope stability of a multilayered soil mass is described. The computer program was specifically developed for analyzing the slope stability of highway bridge approach embankments; however, it can be applied to a broad spectrum of practical slope configurations and bearing capacity problems. Details of the use, applications, and accuracy of the program are presented. Important features of the computer program include a grid type, search operation for locating the critical shear surface and a ledger printout of the forces acting on each individual slice. The latter feature was included so that results of the computer program could be compared to those obtained from manual computations. Pore pressures in the computer program are handled in a manner described by Bishop (1954). Additionally, for seepage cases, infinite slope conditions are assumed and used to simulate a flow net. /FHWA/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bishop slice method KW - Bridge approaches KW - Computer programs KW - Embankments KW - Method of slices KW - Slices KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265059 AU - Kulicki, J M AU - Kostem, C N AU - Lehigh University TI - USER'S MANUAL FOR PROGRAM BEAM PY - 1973/02 SP - 123 p. AB - This user's manual contains a detailed description of the application of program BEAM. This program performs an incremental iterative tangent stiffness finite element analysis of beams. The cross-section must be symmetric about the plane of loading and plane sections must adequately describe the strain field. This report describes the input required and the output generated. The various input options and their application are explained through five complete example inputs. A listing of the program is included. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Input KW - Manuals KW - Output UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261725 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - TEST EVALUATION OF EARTH BERM MEDIAN BARRIER PY - 1973/02 SP - 94 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to present test data and evaluation of a median barrier earth berm design developed with the aid of a powerful existing predictive tool. A series of full scale tests have been conducted on the berm design. The data for all tests has been reduced and selected results compared to the highly sophisticated computer model. A related report to this project is "Vehicle Redirection Effectiveness of Median Berms and curbs," by Norman J. Delays and David J. Segal, Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y., May 1973. Calspan Report No. HF-5095-V-2, DOT Contract FH-11-7913. /FHWA/ KW - Berms KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Median barriers KW - Simulation KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260179 AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - COMPACTED COHESIVE TEST EMBANKMENT-DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF FIELD INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1973/02 SP - 76 p. AB - This report describes the design, installation and operation of field instrumentation for a forty foot high test embankment or SR 37 near Bloomington, Indiana. Photographs and descriptions of detailed features of the installation are included for guidance of those who may make similar installations in the future. KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation KW - Load cells KW - Operations KW - Piezometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212141 AU - Fowler, D W AU - Houston, J T AU - Paul, D R AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - POLYMER-IMPREGNATED CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS PY - 1973/02 SP - 165 p. AB - POLYMER-IMPREGNATED SURFACE TREATMENTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO IMPROVED DURABILITY OF BRIDGE DECKS. SEVERAL MONORMER SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT, AFTER SOAKING INTO CONCRETE, CAN BE POLYMERIZED AT TEMPERATURES OF 125 DEGREE F OR HIGHER. THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF THE POLYMER-IMPREGNATED CONCRETE ARE INCREASED BY SEVERAL TIMES. SURFACE TREATMENT EVALUATIONS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TREATMENTS. FREEZE-THAW TESTS INDICATED THAT FIELD TREATED SLABS WERE MORE DURABLE THAN NON-AIR-ENTRAINED CONTROL SLABS. AIR-ENTRAINED CONTROL SLABS WERE QUITE DURABLE BUT WERE LESS RESISTANT TO SCALING THAN TREATED SLABS. TREATED SLABS RESULTED IN IMPROVED WATER TIGHTNESS IN ALL CASES. AFTER UNDERGOING FREEZE-THAW TESTS, MANY IMPREGNATED SLABS, MAINTAINED A RELATIVELY WATERTIGHT CONCRETE SURFACE. IN WEAR TRACK TESTS, 8 OF 9 POLYMER TREATMENTS PROVIDED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SKID RESISTANCE TAHN CONTROL SLABS. AFTER GRIT AND WATER WERE APPLIED, THE SKID RESISTANCE OF ALL TREATED SPECIMENS DECREASED; HOWEVER, AT THE TERMINATION OF THE TEST ALL TREATED SPECIMENS HAD A SKID RESISTANCE EQUAL TO OR SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN THE CONTROL SPECIMENS HAD. SURFACE WEAR WAS ABOUT EQUAL FOR TREATED AND UNTREATED SLABS. WEAR MEASURED BY SANDBLAST TESTS SHOWED A HIGHER ABRASION RESISTANCE FOR TREATED SLABS. TESTS ON SURFACE-TREATED REINFORCED BEAMS INDICATED A 22% HIGHER STRENGTH THAN FOR UNTREATED BEAMS. UNDER CYCLIC LOADING, NO SPALLING OF THE SURFACE HAS BEEN OBSERVED TO DATE. UNREINFORCED BEAMS BROKEN IN FLEXURE HAVE BEEN REPAIRED SUCCESSFULLY WITH MONOMER SYSTEMS THAT YIELD APPROXIMATELY THE ORIGINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH. SIGNIFICANT SAVINGS ARE LIKELY IF THE SURFACE TREATMENT PROCEDURES ARE IMPLEMENTED. /FHWA/ KW - Abrasion tests KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Flexure KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Polymer concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams KW - Scaling KW - Skid resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210494 AU - Mensing, R W AU - Lee, D W AU - David, H T AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - EVALUATION OF GAP-GRADED ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES. PART II: STATISTICAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PY - 1973/02 SP - 61 p. AB - THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A COMPARATIVE LABORATORY STUDY BETWEEN WELL- AND GAP-GRADED AGGREGATES USED IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVING MIXTURES. A TOTAL OF 424 BATCHES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES AND 3,960 MARSHALL AND HVEEM SPECIMENS WERE EXAMINED. THE MAIN THRUST OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS CONDUCTED IN THIS EXPERIMENT WAS IN THE CALIBRATION STUDY AND IN PART I OF THE EXPERIMENT. IN THE FORMER STUDY, THE COMPACTION PROCEDURE BETWEEN THE IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY LAB AND THE IOWA HIGHWAY COMMISSION LAB WAS CALIBRATED. BY AN ANALYSIS OF THE ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MEASUREMENTS WE WERE ABLE TO SEPARATE THE "PREPARATION" AND "DETERMINATION" ERRORS FOR BOTH LABORATORIES AS WELL AS DEVELOP THE CALIBRATION CURVE WHICH DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPACTION PROCEDURES AT THE TWO LABS. IN PART I, THE USE OF A FRACTIONAL FACTORIAL DESIGN IN A SPLIT PLOT EXPERIMENT IN MEASURING THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL FACTORS ON ASPHALT CONCRETE STRENGTH AND WEIGHT WAS EXHIBITED. ALSO, THE USE OF HALF NORMAL PLOTTING TECHNIQUES FOR INDICATING SIGNIFICANT FACTORS AND INTERACTIONS AND FOR ESTIMATING ERRORS IN EXPERIMENTS WITH ONLY A LIMITED NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS WAS OUTLINED. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calibration KW - Compaction KW - Errors KW - Evaluation KW - Gap grading KW - Laboratory studies KW - Measurement KW - Plotting KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strength of materials UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19631 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00225049 AU - Whitson, R H AU - White, B AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ARTERIAL PROGRESSION CONTROL AS DEVELOPED ON THE MOCKINGBIRD PILOT STUDY PY - 1973/02 SP - 495 p. AB - AS PART OF A PROJECT TO IMPROVE TRAFFIC MOVEMENT THROUGH A CORRIDOR, FOUR INTERSECTIONS HAVE BEEN INSTRUMENTED AND CONTROLLED AS A SYSTEM. ADDITIONAL DETECTORS WERE ADDED TO THE SYSTEM AND ADDITIONAL ELECTRONICS ADDED TO THE CONTROLLERS TO PERMIT VARIABLE PHASE SEQUENCE OPERATION. A TRAFFIC SIGNAL PROGRESSION PROGRAM HAS BEEN DEVELOPED AND TESTED THAT CAN MAXIMIZE PROGRESSION ALONG A FACILITY HAVING MULTIPHASE SIGNALS. THE PHASE SEQUENCES OF LEFT-TURNS FIRST, THROUGH MOVEMENTS FIRST, LEADING GREEN, AND LAGGING GREEN CAN BE EVALUATED AT AN INTERSECTION. THE PROGRESSION PROGRAM CAN DETERMINE WHICH OF THE FOUR PHASE SEQUENCES WOULD PROVIDE THE MAXIMUM PROGRESSION. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY SHOW AN IMPROVEMENT IN SEVERAL TRAFFIC PARAMETERS WHEN THE COMPUTER PROGRESSION PROGRAM IS IN USE AS COMPARED TO LOCAL ISOLATED CONTROL. THE HARDWARE SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED ALONG WITH FLOW CHARTS AND LISTINGS OF THE SOFTWARE SYSTEM DEVELOPED IN THE COURSE OF THE STUDY. KW - Computer programs KW - Control KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Intersections KW - Progression KW - Progression (Mathematics) KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/112784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00216016 AU - Ekstrom, D H AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL WELD DEFECTS ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED CONNECTIONS PY - 1973/02 SP - 90 p. AB - THE OBJECT OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL FLAWS ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF BUTT-WELDED CONNECTIONS IN MILD STRUCTURAL STEEL, THE INITIATION OF FATIGUE CRACKS FROM THESE FLAWS AND THE PROPAGATION RATES OF THESE CRACKS IN THE CONNECTIONS. SINCE INTERNAL FLAWS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, 6 TO 9 INCHES OF THE STYROPOR UNDERSTANDING OF THE BEHAVIOR OF FLAWED CONNECTIONS SO THAT ADEQUATE, YET REALISTIC, CODE REQUIREMENTS CAN BE ESTABLISHED. THE STUDY IS LIMITED TO TWO MAJOR TYPES OF DEFECTS, POROSITY AND INCOMPLETE PENETRATION. THE POROSITY WAS FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES BASED ON THE SEVERITY OF THE DEFECT. THE SPECIMENS WITH INCOMPLETE PENETRATION WERE MADE WITH AN INITIAL 3/16" CENTRALLY LOCATED CRACK THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SPECIMEN. THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF THE CONNECTIONS WITH THE DEFECTS IS COMPARED WITH THAT OF SOUND WELDS TO OBSERVE THE EFFECTS OF THE DEFECTS ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF THE CONNECTIONS. THE DATA ARE COMPARED WITH RESULTS OF SIMILAR STUDIES FOUND IN THE LITERATURE AND ALSO WITH THE AASHO 1970 SPECIFICATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. THREE OF THE SPECIMENS WITH INCOMPLETE PENETRATION WERE EXAMINED RADIOGRAPHICALLY DURING THE FATIGUE TESTING TO DETERMINE WHEN INITIATION OF THE FATIGUE CRACKS OCCURRED, AND HOW RAPIDLY THEY PROPAGATED. THE RESULTS OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION TESTS ARE COMPARED WITH SIMILAR RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOPED FOR HIGH STRENGTH STEELS. A RELATIONSHIP THAT BETTER FITS THE DATA FOR MILD STEEL HAS BEEN DEVELOPED IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO THAT USED FOR THE HIGH STRENGTH STEELS. KW - Butt welds KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Porosity KW - Structural steel KW - Weld defects KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00200088 AU - Reid, D M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS) THROUGH THE USE OF THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) PY - 1973/02 SP - 229 p. AB - THIS PROGRAM IS AT PRESENT BEING UPDATED TO INCLUDE MULTIPROJECT SCHEDULING. WHEN THIS PROCESS IS COMPLETED (IN ABOUT 6 MONTHS), THE UPDATED PROGRAM WILL BE SENT TO NTIS FOR DISTRIBUTION. THE NEW PROGRAM WILL SUPERSEDE BOTH THE PRESENT PUBLICATION AND "BPR PROGRAM NO. A-4, CRITICAL PATH METHOD," NOW LISTED BY NTIS AS PB 168740. THE LATTER WILL BE WITHDRAWN WHEN THE UPDATED PROGRAM IS DISTRIBUTED BY NTIS. THE PROGRAM IN THIS REPORT IS AN UPDATED VERSION OF THE PRESENT "BPR PROGRAM NO.A-4, CRITICAL PATH METHOD." PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS) PROVIDES SCHEDULING, COST AND RESOURCE CONTROL, AND INFORMATION HANDLING CONVENIENCE; BUT IT DOES NOT DESIGN A NETWORK, OR PLAN OUT A PROJECT. PMS FUNCTIONS AS A HANDLER, COMPUTER SELECTOR, AND DISPLAYER OF INFORMATION WHICH WILL INCREASE THE ABILITIES OF THE PROJECT PLANNER. THIS REPORT INCLUDES AN INTRODUCTION TO PMS THROUGH CPM, CPM PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION, USER INSTRUCTIONS, AND SOURCE PROGRAM LISTING. KW - Computer programs KW - Critical path method KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Management KW - Programming (Planning) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00205230 AU - Geest, J G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1972 UPDATE OF THE REST AREA INVENTORY AND THE 1971 REST AREA USAGE STUDY PY - 1973/02 IS - 29 SP - 23 p. AB - THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE REST AREA USAGE STUDY CONDUCTED DURING THE SUMMER OF 1971 AND THE INVENTORY OF REST AREAS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC AS OF THE SUMMER OF 1972. THIS IS THE CONTINUATION OF A NATIONAL USAGE STUDY BEGUN IN 1968 AND THE ANNUAL INVENTORY INITIATED IN THE FALL OF 1967. THE UPDATE OF THE INVENTORY INCORPORATES NEWLY CONSTRUCTED AREAS, AREAS PREVIOUSLY OVERLOOKED, SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN AREAS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED, AND DELETES AREAS TAKEN OUT OF SERVICE OR AREAS NO LONGER MEETING THE DEFINITION. THIS REPORT PROVIDES A CURRENT NATIONAL SUMMARY OF ALL REST AREAS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. ANALYSES HAVE BEEN MADE OF THE VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF AREAS AND OF THE FACILITIES AVAILABLE AT THE AREAS. USABLE DATA WERE RECEIVED ON 54 SELECTED AREAS ON THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN 35 STATES FOR THE 1971 USAGE STUDY. COMPARISONS HAVE BEEN MADE WITH SIMILAR DATA FROM THE PREVIOUS STUDIES TO DETERMINE IF ANY PATTERNS OR TRENDS ARE EVIDENT WITH RESPECT TO THE USAGE OF THE AREAS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Recreational facilities KW - Roadside rest areas KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/95947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00226728 AU - Butcher, T A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS AT HIGHWAY-RAILWAY GRADE CROSSINGS PY - 1973/02 IS - 1 SP - 125 p. AB - IN RECOGNITION THAT ADDED EFFORT MUST BE PLACED ON REDUCING THE CONFLICT AT HIGHWAY-RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS, THIS RESEARCH TO EVALUATE MEANS OF SUPPLYING MOTORISTS WITH MORE CREDIBLE AND FORCEFUL INFORMATION WAS DEVELOPED. MANY INNOVATIVE ACTIVE PROTECTION DEVICES FOR GRADE CROSSINGS HAVE BEEN TRIED OR PROPOSED. MANY SUCH DEVICES ARE REVIEWED WITH EVALUATIONS OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS, IF ANY WERE AVAILABLE. THE "MONON GREEN LIGHT" SIGNAL, SEVERAL OF WHICH ARE IN INDIANA, WAS FIELD OBSERVED FOR EFFECTIVENESS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR IMPROVEMENTS. A STUDY OF SPEED PROFILES OF VEHICLES APPROACHING A CROSSING PROTECTED BY A STANDARD FLASHING LIGHT SYSTEM IS ALSO REPORTED. A PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED WHICH ALLOWED DETERMINATION OF VEHICLE SPEED PROFILES, THUS INDICATING DRIVER REACTION TO THE CROSSING CONDITION. SPEED PROFILES FOR NONACTUATED AND ACTUATED SIGNAL CONDITIONS ARE ANALYZED. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT DRIVERS APPROACHING THE CROSSING UNDER PROGRESSIVELY GREATER STIMULUS RELATIVE TO AN APPROACHING TRAIN ENTERED THE APPROACH AT CORRESPONDINGLY SLOWER SPEEDS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Photographic surveys KW - Photography KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad signals KW - Safety KW - Signaling KW - Speed studies KW - Studies KW - Surveys KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206511 AU - Weaver, G D AU - Hankins, K D AU - Ivey, D L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING VEHICLE SKIDS: A BASIS FOR WET WEATHER SPEED ZONING PY - 1973/02 SP - 73 p. AB - AN ASSIMILATION OF FINDINGS, FROM VARIOUS RELATED SKID RESEARCH EFFORTS TO FORM A BASIS FOR EQUATING THE AVAILABLE FRICTION AT A SITE (PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE) TO THE EXPECTED FRICTION DEMAND FOR SELECTED MANEUVERS, ARE PRESENTED. FRICTION NORMALLY DECREASES WITH INCREASED SPEED. SINCE THE SPEEDS IN QUESTION ARE USALLY IN EXCESS OF 40 MPH, THE SPEED OF WHICH SKID NUMBERS ARE NORMALLY DETERMINED, THE CHANGE IN AVAILABLE FRICTION WITH RESPECT TO SPEED MUST BE CONSIDERED. NOMOGRAPHS AND CURVES ARE PRESENTED TO ILLUSTRATE THE CRITICAL SPEED FOR HYDROPLANING, STOPPING MANEUVERS, CORNERING MANEUVERS, PASSING MANEUVERS, EMERGENCY PATH-CORRECTION MANEUVERS, AND COMBINED MANEUVERS. A PROCESS IS RECOMMENDED BY WHICH WET WEATHER SPEED ZONING MAY BE IMPLEMENTED AT SELECTED SITES. A DESIGN PROCESS TO ESTABLISH THE WET WEATHER SPEED LIMIT IS DISCUSSED. /FHWA/ KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Critical speed KW - Critical velocity KW - Hydroplaning KW - Moisture content KW - Passing KW - Skid resistance KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Steering KW - Stopping KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239761 AU - Suhrbier, J H AU - Bennett, E D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - PROCEEDINGS OF A PANEL DISCUSSION ON COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DESIGN PY - 1973/01/26 SP - 531 p. AB - EFFECTIVE INVOLVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC, AS WELL AS OF STATE, REGIONAL, AND LOCAL OFFICIALS AND AGENCIES, IN ALL PHASES OF HIGHWAY PLANNING IS RECEIVING CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION. WHILE PAST PRACTICES GENERALLY HAVE BEEN ORIENTED AROUND THE USE OF ONE OR MORE PUBLIC HEARINGS, MANY NOW RECOGNIZE THE LIMITATIONS OF THIS APPROACH AND HAVE BEEN EXPLORING A VARIETY OF CHANGES IN THE WAY A HIGHWAY AGENCY CAN INTERACT MUUH THE FULL SPECTRUM OF COMMUNITY INTERESTS. TEN TRANSPORTATION PROFESSIONALS MET IN WASHINGTON, D.C. ON JANUARY 26, 1973, TO DISCUSS QUESTIONS CONCERNING COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT NOW FACING STATE TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES. THE GROUP REPRESENTED A RANGE OF PROFESSIONAL AND GEOGRAPHIC VIEWPOINTS AND EXPLORED A NUMBER OF PRACTICAL, AS WELL AS MORE GENERAL, ASPECTS OF ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT. MICHAEL LASH, DIRECTOR OF THE U.S. FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, SERVED AS MODERATOR OF THE DAY'S DISCUSSION. TOPICS DISCUSSED DURING THE DAY INCLUDED EXPERIENCE WITH VARIOUS TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES, MEANS OF OBTAINING EFFECTIVE COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT DURING SYSTEM PLANNING, POSSIBLE CHANGES IN PERSONNEL AND IN INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES, AND AN EXPLORATION OF WHY THERE IS A NEED FOR MORE INVOLVEMENT TODAY THAN IN PAST YEARS. THIS REPORT IS AN EDITED TRANSCRIPT OF THE DAY'S PROCEEDINGS. THE MATERIAL SHOULD BE OF INTEREST TO ALL THOSE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN TODAY'S HIGHWAY AND PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM. KW - Community values KW - Highway departments KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/128823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01575749 AU - Lee, Dah-Yinn AU - David, Herbert T AU - Mensing, Richard W AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Highway Research Board AU - Iowa State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Gap-Graded Asphalt Concrete Mixtures, Vol. 1. Physical Properties (Part I: Mechanical Properties) PY - 1973/01//Final Report SP - 130p AB - This report presents the results of a comparative laboratory study between well- and gap-graded aggregates used in asphalt concrete paving mixtures. A total of 424 batches of asphalt concrete mixtures and 3, 960 Marshall and Hveem specimens were examined. There is strong evidence from this investigation that, with proper combinations of aggregates and asphalts, both continuous- and gap-graded aggregates can produce mixtures of high density and of qualities meeting current design criteria. There is also reason to believe that the unqualified acceptance of some supposedly desirable, constant, mathematical relationship between adjacent particle sizes of the form such as Fuller's curve p = 100(d/D) supra n is not justified. It is recommended that the aggregate grading limits be relaxed or eliminated and that the acceptance or rejection of an aggregate for use in asphalt pavement be based on individual mixture evaluation. Furthermore, because of the potential attractiveness of gap-graded asphalt concrete in cost, quality, and skid and wear resistance, selected gap-graded mixtures are recommended for further tests both in the laboratory and in the field, especially in regard to ease of compaction and skid and wear resistance. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Gap graded aggregates KW - Mechanical properties KW - Skid resistance UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19630 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454723 AU - Law, Wing-Kwong AU - Stafford, George K AU - Luttrell, Bronson AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 90 : Progress Report PY - 1973/01 SP - 64p AB - This report is the annual continuing study of speeds of vehicles on rural Indiana Highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on Interstate, four-lane, and two-lane highways throughout the state during the months of June, July and August 1972. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for passenger cars was 65.20 miles per hour. The overall average speed for heavy trucks was 57.56 miles per hour. This was 0.33 mph more for passenger cars and 0.79 mph more for trucks than similar data given for 1971 at the same locations (except for station 10 which had been shifted 0.8 mile northward). Simple linear regression analysis shows an overall 0.75 mph increase of speed for all classification of vehicles and highways over the last 11 years. This trend is a bit less than that of a ten year period ending five or six years ago and appears to result from a "leveling-of f" of maximum speeds in recent years. KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Indiana KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Private passenger vehicles KW - Rural highways KW - Spot speed KW - Traffic speed UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficspeedrepo90laww UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2897&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314548 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454721 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Clay County, Indiana PY - 1973/01 SP - 50p AB - The engineering soils map of Clay County, Indiana which accompanies this report, was compiled from aerial photographs taken in July and August of 1939 for the United States Department of Agriculture and were purchased from that agency. Aerial photographic interpretation of the land forms and engineering soils of this county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference. A two day field trip was made to the area for the purposes of resolving ambiguous details and correlating aerial photographic patterns with soil textures. Standard mapping symbols developed by the staff of the Airphoto Interpretation Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, were employed to delineate land forms and soil textures. The text of this report largely represents an effort to overcome the limitation imposed by adherence to a standard symbolism and map presentation. KW - Aerial photography KW - Clay County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping UR - http://archive.org/details/engineeringsoils7326yehp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2898&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314549 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454719 AU - Deo, Purushottam AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Shale in Embankments : Technical Paper PY - 1973/01 SP - 46p AB - Guidelines for the design and construction of soil embankments are sufficiently developed so that unsatisfactory performance by these fills is relatively rare. The same is true for rock fills, where the sound and durable rock is placed in large chunks, and with large voids between the chunks. However, there are transition materials or "soft rocks" for which placement in large chunks may lead to highly unsatisfactory embankment performance. Shales afford the prominent example, since the large pieces may degrade (slake) into soil in service. This soil may in turn sift down into the large voids, with the net result that large settlements, and even slope instability, may occur. Embankment failure due to the above mentioned circumstances resulted in closing lanes on Interstate 74 in Indiana and required costly repairs. Similar failures have occurred in other states in the midwest. The harder and more durable shales can probably be placed as rock fills with certain safeguards. The shales of very low durability must be throughly degraded at the end of compaction, i.e., must be treated as Soil fills. A full spectrum of durabilities exists between these limits. The engineer obviously needs a classification system which will establish where, in the possible range of relative durabilities, a potential embankment shale lies. To develop such a classification for Indiana shales, materials were sampled and subjected to a battery of durability, stability and miscellaneous type tests. The durability tests were those used as standard for mineral aggregates, but modified in severity to account for the "soft rock" being evaluated. It was concluded that the desired classification into four groupings, viz., soil-like, intermediate-1, intermediate-2, and rock-like shales, could be accomplished with no more than four rather simple tests: one cycle slaking in water, slake durability on an initially dry sample, slake-durability on a soaked sample, and a modified sodium sulfate soundness test. The paper describes the Indiana shales tested, the tests proper, and the response of the Indiana shales in the tests. It concludes with a flow chart showing how the tests are used to accomplish the shale classification. KW - Classification KW - Durability tests KW - Embankments KW - Indiana KW - Shale KW - Slope stability UR - http://archive.org/details/useofshaleinemba00deop UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2201&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313853 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454717 AU - Muszynski, Larry Chester AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution PY - 1973/01 SP - 108p AB - The kinetics of the dissolution of calcite in dilute hydrochloric acid were studied at these temperatures, 15°C, 25°C, and 35°C. Velocities, rate constants, and activation energies were determined. The influence of various substances, including proprietary retarders and other reagents that are influential in controlling the rate of setting of portland cement were studied. Admixtures, and especially the commercial retarders, decreased the reaction velocities and rate constants. The activation energies were generally increased, in some instances greatly, to a maximum of 13.2 kcal/mole. The pre-exponential factors in the Arrhenius equation were also greatly changed in some instances. It is concluded that the presence of the proprietary retarders can cause a change in the nature of the rate-determining step of the reaction studied. KW - Calcites KW - Dissolution KW - Kinetics KW - Portland cement KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Setting (Concrete) UR - http://archive.org/details/kineticsofcalcit00musz UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2208&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313860 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454716 AU - Faiz, Asif AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Factors Influencing the Performance of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements : Technical Paper PY - 1973/01 SP - 47p AB - A statewide condition survey of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavements was conducted in Indiana in 1972. The survey was statistically designed and the resulting data were analyzed by using a weighted least squares analysis of variance procedure. The results of the survey were used to evaluate the effects of subbase and subgrade type, the methods of paving, steel placement and steel fabrication, concrete slump and traffic on CRC pavement performance. The measure of performance was extent of failures, parallel cracks with less than 30 in. (76 cm) crack spacing, random cracks, spalled cracks and edge pumping. The results of the statistical analysis show that subbase type, the methods of steel placement and steel fabrication, concrete slump and traffic significantly influence CRC pavement performance. Gravel subbases showed poorer performance than crushed stone and bituminous stabilized subbases. Better performance was indicated where deformed wire fabric or loose bars were used as compared with the use of tied bar mats. Depressed steel resulted in superior performance than using steel preset on chairs. The data showed little difference between performance of pavements that were slipformed as compared to those which were side formed. Relative to good performance, an optimum range of concrete slump between 2.0 to 2.5 in. (5.0 to 6.5 cm) was indicated. It was further noted that distress of CRC pavements is associated with traffic. Most of the pumping was observed on pavements with gravel subbases though some pumping was also indicated where bituminous stabilized or crushed stone subbases were used. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Failure KW - Indiana KW - Least squares method KW - Pavement performance KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Surveys UR - http://archive.org/details/factorsinfluenci00faiz UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2216&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313868 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454715 AU - Gadallah, Ahmed Atef AU - Russell, Eugene Robert AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of Atterberg Limits Using Moisture Tension Methods : Technical paper PY - 1973/01 SP - 36p AB - This research presents the results of a laboratory investigation of the relationship between the Atterberg limits and the moisture content as obtained by the moisture tension method. The study was conducted in two basic parts. First, a series of tests was made on 38 soils for the purpose of establishing mathematical models for predicting liquid and plastic limits. The results of these tests showed very good correlation between the standard test results and the moisture tension test results. The soils used had liquid limit values < 50 percent and plasticity index < 21 percent. The second part of the study dealt with verifying the mathematical models mentioned above using a total of 144 samples having a wide range of plasticity values. The results of this series of tests showed good correlation for the liquid limit and fair correlation for the plastic limit. The results of this investigation indicate that a linear relationship exists between the consistency limits (LL and PL) and the moisture content, WC sub i, obtained at various pressure intensities 6, 10, 12 and 18 psi (41.4, 68.9, 82.7 and 124.1 kPa) The results of the study also strongly suggest that the moisture tension test can be used on a routine basis for determining the consistency limits of soils. KW - Atterberg limits KW - Index tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Plasticity KW - Soils by consistency KW - Soils by moisture content or potential UR - http://archive.org/details/determinationofa00gada UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2217&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313869 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454714 AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Lovell, C W AU - Deo, Purushottam AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Building Embankments with Shales : Technical paper PY - 1973/01 SP - 42p AB - Highway embankments must be built on foundations which do not fail by shearing or settle excessively under the embankment weight. In addition, the embankment must not shear within itself or settle excessively within itself due to its own weight or pavement loadings. The usual embankment material in Indiana is glacial drift, or soil weathered in place from bedrock. Such materials are placed in relatively thin lifts and compacted with density and (sometimes) moisture control. With the usual compaction specifications and control, and with somewhat conservative side slopes, the performance of soil embankments is predominately satisfactory. Although rock fills are much less common than soil fills in Indiana, satisfactory performance is expected from rock fills when built in accordance with current standards and specs. But, what would happen if a rock fill were built of rocks which weathered rapidly in the fill. The rock pieces would become soil, which could in turn fall down into the voids. The cumulative result of this would be at least a lot of settlement of the embankment, and it could lead to a slope failure. KW - Embankments KW - Shale KW - Slope stability UR - http://archive.org/details/buildingembankme00wood UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2203&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313855 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454713 AU - Brown, Fred A AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Impact Studies in Indiana PY - 1973/01 SP - 64p AB - This Report presents a summary of thirteen earlier reports submitted on this ten-year research project. The summary is reported under six topic areas as follows: 1. Impact of Remainder Parcels; 2. Early Impact of a Rural Highway with Complete Control of Access; 3. Impact of Small City Bypasses; 4. Impact of a New River Crossing in a Small City; 5. Modeling the Impact of Highway Improvements; and 6. Impact of a Major Interstate Interchange. KW - Bypasses KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Indiana KW - Interchanges KW - Remainders (Property law) KW - River crossings KW - Rural highways KW - Small cities UR - http://archive.org/details/highwayimpactstu00brow UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2900&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314551 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454711 AU - Anderson, David Albert AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mechanical Behavior and Reinforcement of Mineral Filler-Asphalt Mixtures : Technical Paper PY - 1973/01 SP - 104p AB - Asphaltic concretes are mixtures of three components: mineral aggregate, asphalt, and air. The proportion of each component and the gradation of the aggregate is generally determined by one of several mixture design methods. Additional constraints are generally placed on the individual components in terms of asphalt consistency and aggregate characteristics. In the usual dense-graded asphaltic concrete the aggregate portion is well graded from the coarsest size down to the 200 mesh size. The Intent of the uniform gradation is to build an aggregate framework with maximum particle contact wherein each subsequent size just fills the voids of the larger size. Typically, the minus 200 material may be 5 per cent of the total mixture volume and the asphalt 13 per cent. Allowing some of the asphalt to be absorbed or otherwise trapped in the plus 200 fraction, a minus 200-asphalt ratio as high as 40-60, by volume, is very realistic. At a 40-60 ratio the mineral is floating in the asphalt and particle-particle contact between the aggregate particles no longer predominates. The 40 value represents a solids concentration less than that at densest packing. Under these conditions, the mixture consistency is controlled by the volume filling and physico-chemical reinforcing nature of the filler rather than by mineral to mineral contact. This is in contrast to the behavior of the overall mixture where a significant contribution to the load-deformation behavior is made by the nature of the binder as well as by the nature of the particle-particle contact. It is customary to specify a range of consistency for the asphalt used in asphaltic concrete. To assume that this in turn specifies a corresponding range of consistency in the filler-asphalt matrix is to imply that the consistency of the asphalt in the matrix is uninfluenced by the nature of the filler. In other words, the tacit assumption in customary usage is that there is an absence of interaction between the asphalt and the filler. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Mechanics KW - Mineral fillers KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - http://archive.org/details/mechanicalbehavi7305ande UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2193&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313845 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454710 AU - McNiel, Robert E AU - Carpenter, Philip L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Nitrogen Fixation by Woody Plant Species as Measured by Acetylene Reduction Assay : Technical Paper PY - 1973/01 SP - 19p AB - Nodules from 13 woody plant species were analyzed by acetylene reduction assay to determine their nitrogen fixation activity, The present study, part of a search for N-fixing species for use in highway plantings, was to determine the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of several leguminous and nonleguminous woody plants. KW - Nitrogen KW - Nitrogen fixation KW - Roadside flora KW - Shrubs UR - http://archive.org/details/nitrogenfixation00mcni UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313852 UR - Nitrogen Fixation by Woody Plant Species as Measured by Acetylene Reduction Assay : Technical Paper UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454709 AU - Baker, Stephen Daugherty AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Investigation of the Effects of Variations in Coarse Aggregate Gradation on Portland Cement Concrete PY - 1973/01 SP - 125p AB - This investigation was concerned with determining the extent to which typical variations in coarse aggregate gradation affect the properties of a highway concrete paving mixture. The sole variable under investigation was coarse aggregate grading. Numerous batches of concrete, each containing like materials and proportions except for the varying gradation, were mixed and tested in the laboratory. The various gradings taken as a set represent the fluctuations in gradation of natural gravel estimated to occur in typical highway construction. The estimates were obtained from statistical studies of gradation variability by state highway agencies and by the author's statistical analyses of Indiana State Highway Commission sieve analysis reports. Each batch was tested for compressive strength, slump and unit weight after compacting with three levels of effort. The results of these tests were analyzed in a manner which allowed evaluation of the contribution of coarse aggregate gradation variability to overall property variation during typical paving operations. Slump and strength were found to be significantly affected by variations in gradation of gravel. Also, gradation was shown to affect uniformity of compressive strength of paving concrete as much as uniformity of slump. In regards to compactability , the effect of variation in gradation on density was shown to be inconsequential if a reasonable compaction effort was applied. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Physical properties KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slump test KW - Strength of materials UR - http://archive.org/details/investigationofe00bake UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2196&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313848 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454706 AU - Scholer, Charles F AU - Baker, Stephen Daugherty AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effect of Variations in Coarse Aggregate Gradation on Properties of Portland Cement Concrete : Technical Paper PY - 1973/01 SP - 56p AB - Variations in coarse aggregate gradation can be expected to occur on nearly any construction job due to variations in the source material, production, or due to segregation and/or degradation in the stockpiling operation. The extent of these variations is, of course, partly an economic matter, for close control can be achieved but generally only at greater cost to both the producer and the specifying - inspecting agency. Unique gradations are therefore questionable economically and may or may not be better than other gradations. This paper reports an investigation directed toward determining the quantitative effect of variation in coarse aggregate gradation on the workability and strength of a highway concrete mixture. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://archive.org/details/effectofvariatio00scho UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2199&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313851 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454705 AU - Mulinazzi, Thomas Ernest AU - Satterly, Gilbert T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation Methodology for the Selection of an Interchange Configuration : Technical Paper PY - 1973/01 SP - 58p AB - The evaluation methodology for selection of an interchange configuration which is presented in this paper is divided into four parts: 1) scrutinize the evaluation criteria to determine which ones are relevant; 2) estimate the initial cost of each reasonable alternative interchange design; 3) develop an Effectiveness Profile for each such alternative design; and 4) compare the initial cost and the Effectiveness Profile for each alternative design and then select an interchange configuration. The selection of pertinent evaluation criteria is fundamental to the evaluation methodology. The criteria chosen should measure differences between the alternative interchange designs. If no such criteria exist, then there is no difference between the alternative designs and the interchange configuration with the lowest initial cost should be selected. The initial cost was used as the cost indicator for each alternative interchange design. The initial cost was selected because it is easily obtainable and does not include some of the uncertainties associated with the calculation of road-user costs. The next step in the evaluation methodology is the development of an Effectiveness Profile for each alternative interchange design. An Effectiveness Profile is a graphical technique which shows each alternative's effectiveness rating for every evaluation criterion. It is based on the cost effectiveness approach of economic analysis and is the accumulation of several cost-effectiveness plots into a single graph. The final step in the evaluation methodology is to analyze the initial cost and the Effectiveness Profile for each alternative interchange configuration. This analysis will provide the decision maker with the necessary information to select an adequate interchange configuration for the given conditions. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges UR - http://archive.org/details/evaluationmethod00muli UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2215&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313867 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219052 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310284 TI - DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR STUDYING THE MECHANISM OF INTERNAL INJURIES CAUSED BY RAPID DECELERATION IN MONKEYS T2 - MISE AU POINT D'UNE METHODOLOGIE EN VUE DE L'ETUDE DES LESIONS VISCERALES ET DE LEUR MECANISME DE PRODUCTION SOUS L'EFFET D'UNE FORTE DECELERATION SANS CHOC DIRECT CHEZ LE SINGE AB - IMPROVEMENTS IN RESTRAINT SYSTEMS, THE STRENGTHENING OF STRUCTURES AND INCREASE IN SPEED PRODUCE INTERNAL INJURIES, THE MECHANISM AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WHICH ARE NOT CLEARLY KNOWN. SERIES OF TESTS WILL BE CARRIED OUT, DURING WHICH ACCELERATIONS AND DECELERATIONS SUSCEPTIBLE OF CAUSING THE DISPLACEMENT OF AND INJURIES TO THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF AN ANIMAL NOT SUBJECTED TO DIRECT IMPACT WILL BE APPLIED. AN ENDOSCOPIC METHOD WILL BE USED TO EXAMINE THE INTERNAL ORGANS TOGETHER WITH AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE ANIMAL AFTER DEATH. THE MAIN PART OF THE RESEARCH WILL CONSIST IN FINDING A PHYSICAL PROCESS OF SHOWING THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS. IN SPITE OF THE DIFFICULTY OF EXTRAPOLATING THE RESULTS FROM ANIMALS TO MAN, THIS RESEARCH SHOULD RESULT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TESTS THE AIM OF WHICH IS TO LEAD TO A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE TYPE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEM BEST ADAPTED TO THE PREVENTION OF INTERNAL INJURIES. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Test KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071466 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310283 TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A MECHANICAL MODEL OF A THORAX AND TEST FOR DEVELOPING A METHOD OF TRANSFERRING TO A DUMMY DATA RECORDED ON A CADAVER T2 - ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE DES PERFORMANCES D'UN ANALOGUE MECANIQUE DE THORAX ET ESSAI DE DETERMINATION D'UNE METHODE DE TRANSFERT SUR MANNEQUIN DES DONNEES RELEVEES SUR CADAVRE. AB - BASED ON AN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD USED IN THE USA, THIS STUDY SUBJECTS CADAVERS AND DUMMIES TO THE SAME TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS. MEASUREMENTS MADE AT SOME SENSITIVE AREAS SUBJECTED TO IMPACT (HEAD, CHEST, FEMUR) WILL ENABLE A CURVE OF "INJURY" VARIATION TO BE OBTAINED AS A FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS (SPEED,EFFORT).FROM THESE DATA,IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP A GENERAL METHOD OF DEFINING THE LEVEL OF SEVERITY OF POTENTIAL INJURIES. THIS RESEARCH PROJECT SHEET REPLACES RESEARCH PROJECT SHEET NO 54555, HRIS 51-068284. KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - SEVERITY UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071465 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310282 TI - VEHICLE INTERNAL DEFORMATION INDEX (VIDI) T2 - INDICE DE DEFORMATION INTERIEURE DU VEHICULE OU VIDI AB - THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF INTERNAL DEFORMATION, COMBINED WITH THAT OF OCCUPANT INJURY SEVERITY, SHOULD ENABLE "SURVIVAL TIME" TO BE DEFINED. THIS STUDY WILL ONLY DEAL WITH SEVERE ACCIDENTS DURING WHICH THE INTERIOR OF THE CAR BECOMES DEFORMED. THIS RESEARCH PROJECT SHEET REPLACES RESEARCH PROJECT SHEET NO. 54541, HRIS 51-068287. KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Inside KW - Interior KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - SEVERITY UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071464 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310281 TI - EVALUATION OF THE VEHICLE EXTERNAL DEFORMATION INDEX (VDI). ESTABLISHMENT OF A PHOTOGRAPH BANK IN COOPERATION WITH VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS T2 - EVALUATION DES INDICES DE DEFORMATION EXTERIEURE DU VEHICULE OU VDI CONSTITUTION DE LA PHOTOTHEQUE EN LIAISON AVEC LES CONSTRUCTEURS AB - THE EXTERNAL DEFORMATION INDEX (VDI) IS USED TO INVESTIGATE VEHICLE DEFORMATIONS.THIS INDEX FACILITATES THE CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS IN A LOGICAL WAY AND THE COMPARISON OF VEHICLES OF THE SAME TYPE SUBJECTED TO IMPACTS FROM THE SAME DIRECTION, BUT IT DOES NOT PERMIT COMPARISONS BETWEEN VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS. SIMULATED ACCIDENTS WILL HELP TO DEFINE A MORE REFINED DEFORMATION INDEX, WHICH WILL PERMIT THE COMPARISON OF VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES. THIS INDEX WILL BE ESTABLISHED, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ENERGY SPENT. SUCH A STUDY CAN ONLY BE CONDUCTED IN COOPERATION WITH VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS USING PHOTOGRAPHS OF PAST AND PRESENT TESTS. KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - France KW - France KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071463 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310280 TI - A PRIORITY STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME SAFETY DEVICES T2 - ETUDE A PRIORI DE L'EFFICACITE DE CERTAINS DISPOSITIFS DE SECURITE AB - THIS RESEARCH DEALT WITH THE ROLE OF SELDOM USED PROTECTIVE DEVICES: HEAD RESTS, SAFETY BELTS. KW - France KW - France KW - HEAD REST KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety belt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071462 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310279 TI - STUDY OF INJURIES SUSTAINED IN REAL ACCIDENTS DURING WHICH SAFETY BELTS WERE USED T2 - ETUDE TRAUMATOLOGIQUE D'ACCIDENTS REELS AU COURS DESQUELS DES CEINTURES DE SECURITE ONT ETE UTILISEES AB - DURING THIS RESEARCH, AN ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED OF: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY BELTS, THEIR OPERATION AND INJURIES SUSTAINED. A RECONSTRUCTION OF ACCIDENTS WITH CADAVERS OR ANIMALS COULD BE ENVISAGED FOR SOME WELL DEFINED CASES. KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety belt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071461 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310278 TI - STUDY OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A NEW INJURY SEVERITY INDEX T2 - ETUDE DE FAISABILITE D'UN NOUVEL INDEX DE GRAVITE DES BLESSURES AB - THE INJURY SEVERITY INDEX USED AT THE PRESENT TIME: (1) APPLIES, WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NATO SURVEY, TO THE OVERALL CONDITION OF THE INJURED PERSON DURING THE FIRST DIAGNOSIS. IT QUANTIFIES, SO TO SPEAK, THE "DEFORMATIONS" SUSTAINED BY THE PERSON DURING THE IMPACT. (2) APPLIES TO EACH CODED INJURY; THE SUM OF ALL INDICES FOR EACH INJURY LOGICALLY LEADS TO THE OVERALL INDEX. HOWEVER, INJURY SEVERITY AS DEFINED BY THIS INDEX REMAINS SUBJECTIVE. TO MAKE A BETTER ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY, OTHER PARAMETERS SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, SUCH AS : LENGTH OF STAY IN HOSPITAL, COST OF THE TREATMENT OR RESULTING DISABILITY. THIS RESEARCH WILL DEFINE: (1) THE INITIAL CONDITION OF THE INJURED PERSON (2) LENGTH OF STAY IN HOSPITAL,(3) EVOLUTION (4) PROGRESSIVE, PERMANENT DISABILITY (5) SOCIAL COST (COST OF TREATMENT, COST OF ALLOWANCES), (6) PROFESSIONAL REHABILITATION. THE FIRST STAGE WILL CONSIST IN CONFIRMING THE POSSIBILITY OF COLLECTING THE ABOVE DATA. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN INJURY SEVERITY AND LEVEL OF ENERGY WILL BE ESTABLISHED ONLY AFTER IT HAS BEEN PROVED THAT THE MATERIAL ASPECT OF THE PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED AT THE LEVEL OF THE INJURED OCCUPANTS AND VEHICLE ALREADY INVESTIGATED IN THE SURVEY. KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - SEVERITY UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071460 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310277 TI - RESEARCH ON THE BIOKINETICS OF INTERNAL ORGANS DURING IMPACT ON THE CHEST T2 - RECHERCHE SUR LA BIOCINETIQUE DES VISCERES LORS D'IMPACTS THORACIQUES AB - TWO-DISCIPLINARY SURVEYS SHOW THE FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF CHEST INJURIES SUSTAINED BY DRIVERS; HOWEVER THE PROCESS OF THESE TYPES OF INJURY IS NOT KNOWN WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH WILL BE TO DEFINE:- THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF DECELERATION IN CONDITIONS COMPARABLE WITH THOSE OF REAL ACCIDENTS, - THE ROLE OF DIRECT IMPACT (STEERING COLUMN, DASHBOARD), - THE INFLUENCE OF THE MANNER IN WHICH SAFETY BELTS ARE WORN. MEASUREMENTS WILL BE TAKEN ON CASUALTIES.THIS RESEARCH PROJECT SHEET REPLACES RESEARCH PROJECT SHEET NO 54537, HRIS 51-068274. KW - Dashboard KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Instrument panels KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety belt KW - Steering column KW - Steering columns KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071459 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310276 TI - INJURIES CAUSED BY LATERAL IMPACTS DURING MOTORVEHICLE ACCIDENTS T2 - MECANISME DES LESIONS CREES PAR LES CHOCS LATERAUX AU COURS DES ACCIDENTS AUTOMOBILES AB - THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH IS TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISM OF INJURIES CAUSED BY LATERAL IMPACTS DURING MOTORVEHICLE ACCIDENTS, IN PARTICULAR TO EXAMINE WHETHER THE INJURIES SUSTAINED DURING LATERAL IMPACT RESULT FROM THE CAVING IN OF THE CAR INTERIOR OR FROM THE MOVEMENTS OF THE OCCUPANTS BEING THROWN AGAINST THE PART OF THE INTERIOR WHICH HAS REMAINED INTACT. AN ATTEMPT WILL BE MADE TO SHOW THE INTERACTION OF FRONT PASSENGERS DURING LATERAL IMPACT. KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Side KW - Side UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071458 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310274 TI - ERGONOMY OF SAFETY BELTS T2 - ERGONOMIE DE LA CEINTURE DE SECURITE AB - THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH IS TO EXAMINE THE THEORETICAL POSSIBILITIES OF THE OPTIMUM USE OF PRESENT SAFETY BELTS AND TO COMPARE THEM WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF USE UNDER REAL CONDITIONS.TO THIS END: (1) A LABORATORY STUDY WILL BE CONDUCTED ON DIFFERENT MAKES OF CAR TO EVALUATE THE THEORETICAL POSSIBILITIES OF THE CORRECT USE OF BELTS BY ALL DRIVERS (2) A SURVEY WILL BE CARRIED OUT ON THE ROAD TO CHECK THE MANNER IN WHICH SAFETY BELTS ARE WORN AND HOW THEY CAN BE ADJUSTED (SEAT AND BELT). (3) THE RESULTS WILL BE COMPARED WITH AVAILABLE DATA ON INJURIES SUSTAINED BY OCCUPANTS WEARING BELTS. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OBTAINED, VARIOUS CONCLUSIONS -RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF PRESENT SYSTEMS -RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF OTHER SYSTEMS, -RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INFORMATION AND TRAINING OF USERS. KW - Ergonomics KW - Ergonomics KW - France KW - France KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety belt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00212130 AU - Amsler, D E AU - Eucker, A J AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING AIR VOID CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE PY - 1973/01 IS - 11 SP - 40 p. AB - THE CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF EQUIPMENT TO MEASUREMENT OF AIR VOID SYSTEM PARAMETERS OF HARDENED CONCRETE ARE DESCRIBED. SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM EARLY NEW YORK STATE TEST ROADS, LABORATORY MIXTURES, AND OTHER SOURCES. WHILE THE VALUE OF MANY OF THESE DATA IS LARGELY HISTORICAL, THEY WERE THE BASIS UPON WHICH USEFUL CORRELATIONS AND TECHNIQUES WERE DEVELOPED. THE DATA INDICATED THAT BLENDS OF PORTLAND AND NATURAL CEMENTS PRODUCED CONCRETES WITH LEVELS OF AIR CONTENT AND SPACING FACTORS GENERALLY SUPERIOR TO THOSE OF PLAIN PORTLAND CEMENT WITHOUT AIR ENTRAINMENT. HOWEVER, THE OUTSTANDING DURABILITY OF MANY OF BOTH TYPES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS STUDIED COULD NOT BE ATTRIBUTED SOLELY TO PARAMETERS OF THE AIR VOID SYSTEM. TWO PIECES OF EQUIPMENT WERE CONSTRUCTED DURING THE COURSE OF THIS PROJECT -- A LINEAR TRAVERSE AND HIGH-PRESSURE AIR METER. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH ARE DEFINED, AS WELL AS CORRELATIONS AMONG VARIOUS AIR VOID SYSTEM PARAMETERS MEASURED BY THE DIFFERENT METHODS. A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND AIR CONTENT ON THE SAME SAMPLE OF HARDENED CONCRETE IS OUTLINED. /FHWA/ KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Cement KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardened concrete KW - Measuring instruments KW - Portland cement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335929 AU - Kenis, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISONS BETWEEN MEASURED AND PREDICTED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RESPONSES. PHASE I PY - 1973/01 SP - 67 p. AB - A linear three layer viscoelastic computer program "VESYS I" was utilized to predict the surface deflections at, 70 deg F, of two flexible pavement geometries for both static and dynamic loading conditions. Linear elastic, non-linear elastic and linear viscoelastic type laboratory tests were conducted on the layer component materials to determine the appropriate material properties of each material for input to the computer programs. An iterative technique "VESYS I W/ITERATION" was devised which also made it possible to compute the pavements responses when the subgrade material is assumed non-linear elastic. Such an analysis may be termed pseudo non-linear viscoelatic. The computed pavement responses were then compared with responses which were measured during the testing of two prototype flexible pavements at 70 deg F subjected to static and dynamic loading conditions. The results indicated the potential use of viscoelastic multi-layer theory to account for rutting in flexible pavements. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Measurement KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Static loads KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179460 AU - Walker, G W AU - Young, B O AU - Energy Absorption Systems, Incorporated TI - CRASH TEST RESULTS FOR HI-DRI CELL CRASH CUSHION PY - 1973/01 SP - 25 p. AB - The lightweight concrete Hi-Dri Cell energy absorbing gore barrier has been further tested to demonstrate the barriers capability to stop light cars without excessive G loads, and to fender standard size automobiles when impacted at high speeds and angles. Favorable test results were experienced in both the full stop and fendering phases of the testing. A VW was impacted at 58 mph and driven away with only 9-1/2 inches of front-end crush. Fendering tests involving standard size cars at speed up to 68 mph have been successfully performed without destroying the unit's head-on capability. /FHWA/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete structures KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashworthiness KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168984 AU - Bukovatz, J E AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Worley, H E AU - Kansas State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF D-CRACKING IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. REPORT 1. FIELD PHASE PY - 1973/01 SP - 38 p. AB - D-crack deterioration in Portland Cement concrete pavements was common in Kansas in the 1930's, however, no large scale investigation was made until 1944. This survey indicated a significant relationship between coarse aggregate and D-cracking. The aggregate size was reduced and aggregate testing was improved. In 1951-52 another pavement condition survey was made to determine the effect of materials or designs on deterioration. Again coarse aggregate was brought under suspicion. For a time after this survey it appeared that there was little additional trouble with D-cracking. In 1962 deterioration was noticed in pavements less than 5 years old. In 1964 another study was begun with objectives of determining the extent of damage, reasons for occurrence, effective methods to repair existing damage, and prevention of future damage. The first report covers field operations related to determining the extent of damage and its clues for the prevention of future damage. KW - Aggregates KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - D cracking KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Kansas KW - Limestone KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Prevention KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00203188 AU - Feeser, L J AU - University of Colorado, Boulder AU - University of Colorado, Denver TI - HIGHWAY PERSPECTIVE PLOT PROGRAM (REVISED) SN - 144021359 PY - 1973/01 SP - 140 p. AB - THIS COMPUTER PROGRAM REPRESENTS ONE OF THREE FORTRAN IV PROGRAMS NECESSARY TO GENERATE PERSPECTIVE VIEWS OF HIGHWAYS FROM DESIGN DATA. THE THREE PROGRAMS COMPRISING THE PERSPECTIVE PLOT SYSTEM ARE: 1. TEMPLATE CONVERTER PROGRAM (REPORT FHWA-RD-72-5). 2. HIGHWAY PERSPECTIVE PLOT PROGRAM (REPORT FHWA-RD-72-6). 3. PLOT COMMAND LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR PROGRAM (REPORT FHWA-RD-72-4). THE HIGHWAY PERSPECTIVE PLOT PROGRAM ACCEPTS OUTPUT FROM THE TEMPLATE CONVERTER PROGRAM IN THE FORM OF THREE-DIMENSION COORDINATES OF TEMPLATE POINTS AND POINT CODES. THE DATA OUTPUT BY TEMPLATE CONVERTER ORIGINATES FROM THE EARTHWORK AND ALIGNMENT COMPUTATIONS. THE PERSPECTIVE PLOT PROGRAM PERFORMS A PERSPECTIVE TRANSFORMATION, REMOVES THOSE LINES NOT VISIBLE TO THE VIEWER AND OUTPUTS DATA TO THE PLOT COMMAND LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR PROGRAM WHICH IN TURN CREATES THE MAGNETIC TAPE USED FOR PLOTTING THE PERSPECTIVE VIEWS. THE REPORT INCLUDES A USER GUIDE, PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION, SOURCE PROGRAM LISTING AND AN EXAMPLE PROBLEM. KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Highways KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263017 AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERNATIONAL ENQUIRY ON TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INFORMATION TRANSFER PY - 1973/01 SP - 105 p. AB - This report describes an international enquiry into the information activities of organizations that handle transportation information and transportation-related information. KW - Air transportation KW - Bus transportation KW - Documents KW - Foreign KW - Highway transportation KW - Information systems KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00208114 AU - Mozerj AU - Cookj AU - Culverc AU - Carnegie Mellon University TI - HORIZONTALLY CURVED HIGHWAY BRIDGES-STABILITY OF CURVED PLATE GIRDERS-P3 PY - 1973/01 SP - 120 p. AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE THIRD PART OF AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE STRENGTH AND STABILITY OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED STEEL PLATE GIRDERS WITH I-SHAPED CROSS-SECTIONS. INCLUDED HEREIN ARE DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS AND RESULTS FROM EIGHT (8) STATIC LOAD TESTS ON A SIMPLE SPAN FRAME SYSTEM COMPOSED OF TWO CURVED PLATE GIRDERS CONNECTED BY END DIAPHRAGMS AND INTERMEDIATE CROSS-FRAMES. THE WEB OF THE INSIDE GIRDER (LOCATED TOARD THE CENTER OF CURVATURE) AS STIFFENED WITH SINGLE-SIDED TRANSVERSE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS HILE THAT OF THE INNER GIRDER WAS UNSTIFFENED BETEEN THE LOAD BEARING STIFFENERS. MEASURED FORCES, STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS IN THE ELASTIC RANGE PROVIDED INFORMATION ON THE WORKING LOAD BEHAVIOR OF A FRAME SYSTEM WITHOUT THE CONCRETE DECK. FURTHERMORE, COMPARISONS OF MEASURED FAILURE LOADS TO CALCULATED ULTIMATE STRENGTHS BASED ON ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPED ELSEWHERE ARE GIVEN TO ASCERTAIN THE APPLICABILITY BENDING, SHEAR ANDCOMBINED BENDING AND SHEAR. /FHWA/ KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Girders KW - Model tests KW - Plate girders KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Static loads KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210498 AU - Scrimsher, T AU - Mann, G W AU - Sherman, G B AU - Johnson, M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SELECTION OF OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT FOR BITUMINOUS TREATED BASES PY - 1973/01 SP - 32 p. AB - THIS REPORT DISCUSSES A TEST METHOD FOR SELECTING THE OPTIMUM ASPHALTIC BINDER CONTENT NECESSARY TO TREAT AN IN-PLACE MATERIAL IN ORDER TO MAKE IT SUITABLE FOR USE AS A BITUMINOUS TREATED BASE. THIS METHOD WAS DEVELOPED CONSIDERING COHESION (TENSILE STRENGTH) AS DETERMINED BY THE CALIFORNIA COHESIOMETER AND THE REDUCTION IN PERMEABILITY AND CAPILLARY ACTION OF THE BITUMINOUS TREATED MATERIALS AS MEASURED BY A 5-DAY MOISTURE ABSORPTION OF THE MIXTURE. ALSO DISCUSSED ARE THE SUITABILITY OF MATERIAL FOR TREATMENT AND THE USE OF LIQUID ASPHALTS AND EMULSIONS USED FOR TREATMENT. THE REPORT RECOMMENDS ADDITIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE STRUCTURAL THICKNESS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. KW - Absorption KW - Asphalt content KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Binders KW - Bituminous bases KW - Cohesion KW - Emulsions KW - Permeability KW - Stabilized materials KW - Tensile strength KW - Test procedures KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219786 AU - Blackwell, O M AU - Blackwell, H R AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - A STUDY OF HIGHWAY LIGHTING: ASSESSMENT OF TARGET VISIBILITY IN A SCALE-MODEL SIMULATOR UNDER DIFFERENT LAYOUTS OF CONVENTIONAL FIXED LIGHTING PY - 1973/01 SP - 108 p. AB - QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE OF THE VISIBILITY OF SAMPLE TARGET OBJECTS UNDER EACH OF FIVE LAYOUT ARRANGEMENTS OF FIXED HIGHWAY LUMINAIRES, WITH EACH OF TWO PAVEMENT SURFACES. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN A MODEL SIMULATION OF AN 8-LANE URBAN FREEWAY, CONSTRUCTED AT A SCALE OF 1:15. TARGETS INCLUDED A HUMAN FIGURE, AN UNLIGHTED VEHICLE, AND A WHITE LINE MARKER. LUMINAIRES RESEMBLED THE CONVENTIONAL TYPE III MEDIUM SEMI-CUTOFF VARIETY, AND WERE PLACED AT A 35-FOOT MOUNTING HEIGHT. PAVEMENT SURFACES RESEMBLED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AND BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. VISIBILITY WAS ASSESSED BY A COMBINATION OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES IN TERMS OF THE EFFECTIVE VISIBILITY LEVEL (VLEFF). VALUES OF VLEFF ARE PRESENTED FOR EACH TARGET UNDER EACH LUMINAIRE LAYOUT WITH EACH PAVEMENT MATERIAL. SEPARATE MEASUREMENTS ARE PRESENTED FOR EACH OF THE FOUR LANES OF EACH PAVEMENT MATERIAL, AT LOCATIONS SEPARATED BY 20-FOOT INTERVALS ALL ALONG THE ROADWAY. PROFILES OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ILLUMINATION ARE ALSO PRESENTED FOR EACH ROADWAY LANE UNDER EACH LIGHTING CONDITION. THE DATA ARE CONSIDERED USEFUL PRIMARILY IN ESTABLISHING THE USEFULNESS OF THE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES FOR DIRECT FIELD ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING HIGHWAY LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS. THEY ALSO GIVE SOME IDEA AS TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH VISIBILITY DEPENDS UPON THE TARGET OBJECT, THE ROADWAY LOCATION, THE LUMINAIRE LAYOUT, AND THE PAVEMENT METERIAL. VISIBILITY ESTIMATES ARE AVAILABLE FOR TYPE III MEDIUM CUTOFF LUMINAIRES. KW - Human beings KW - Layout KW - Luminaires KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavements KW - Scale models KW - Simulation KW - Street lighting KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Target detection KW - Texture KW - Tracking systems KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206534 AU - CARNEY, J F AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs TI - ANALYSIS OF THERMALLY LOADED LAMINATED CIRCULAR PLATES PY - 1973/01 SP - 75 p. AB - THE INVESTIGATION IS CONCERNED WITH THE FORMULATION OF A METHOD TO DETERMINE STRESS LEVELS IN LAMINATED PLATE SYSTEMS, WHEN SUBJECTED TO THERMAL AND/OR MECHANICAL LOADINGS, FOR USE IN SIMULATION OF A HIGHWAY PAVEMENT SYSTEM. THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS WHICH AFFECT THE STRESS ARE LISTED. PARAMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS ARE CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL PARAMETERS ON THE TEMPERATURE-INDUCED STRESS LEVELS IN ONE-, TWO-, AND THREE-LAYERED PAVEMENT SYSTEMS. IN ADDITION, THE FORMULATION IS MODIFIED TO INCLUDE IN THE STUDY THE SIMULTANEOUS APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL (WHEEL AND SUBBASE) AND THERMAL LOADINGS. RESULTS ARE OBTAINED FOR THE THERMALLY LOADED THREE-LAYERED SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT MECHANICAL LOADINGS TO DETERMINE WHEN AND HOW MUCH VEHICULAR TRAFFIC INCREASES THE STRESS LEVELS IN THE PAVEMENT PRESENT DUE TO A TEMPERATURE GRADIENT. TWO EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FIELD ARE CONSIDERED: A) TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ASSUMED TO DECREASE WITH PAVEMENT DEPTH AS AT MIDDAY IN WINTER; B) TEMPERATURE IN PAVEMENT IS INCREASED WITH DEPTH TO SIMULATE EARLY MORNING HOURS CONDITIONS. A SERIOUS PROBLEM IS ENCOUNTERED BECAUSE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOPHISTICATED EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, TO MEASURE THE REQUIRED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS, HAS LAGGED BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL TOOLS TO MODEL AN EXISTING PAVEMENT SYSTEM. KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical loads KW - Models KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Structural analysis KW - Temperature KW - Temperature distribution KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/96405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00218092 AU - Burke, C A AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates TI - MANAGING HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE--TRAINING GUIDE AND CATALOG PY - 1973/01 SP - 40 p. AB - MANAGING HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE IS A MODEL CURRICULUM FOR TRAINING PERSONNEL WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE FIELD OPERATIONS. THE TRAINING IS ORGANIZED AND SEQUENCED BY FIVE BROAD AREAS--MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS, MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE, WORK PLANNING, WORK CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. IN EACH AREA, ONE OR MORE TRAINING UNITS ARE PROVIDED FOR EACH OF THREE GENERAL MANAGEMENT LEVELS. ONE LEVEL IS DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR FOREMEN OR CREW LEADERS; ANOTHER FOR INTERMEDIATE SUPERVISORS, AND THE THIRD FOR FIELD ENGINEERS. THE CURRICULUM ALSO INCLUDES A GUIDE AND SEVERAL MANUALS FOR INSTRUCTORS. THE TRAINING GUIDE AND CATALOG DESCRIBES THE CONTENT OF EACH TRAINING UNIT AND THE TRAINING APPROACH USED. IT ALSO PROVIDES GUIDELINES ON HOW TO USE THE MATERIAL IN A TRAINING PROGRAM AND INFORMATION ON HOW TO OBTAIN COPIES OF THE MATERIALS. /NTIS/ KW - Education KW - Highway maintenance KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210486 AU - Stephens, J E AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs TI - BITUMINOUS MIX DENSITY BY COATED SPECIMEN PY - 1973/01 SP - 17 p. AB - CORE WEIGHT COMBINED WITH THE SATURATED WEIGHT IN WATER RESULTS IN A VALUE APPROACHING TRUE SOLID DENSITY. CORE WEIGHT, SATURATED SURFACE DRY WEIGHT AND SATURATED WEIGHT IN WATER ARE USED TO DETERMINE APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY. CORE WEIGHT AND SATURATED WEIGHT IN WATER CAN BE ADEQUATELY DETERMINED IN THE LABORATORY. THE SATURATED SURFACE DRY WEIGHT HAS A DEGREE OF VARIABILITY INHERENT TO THE MEASUREMENT. SAMPLES WITH LARGE VOIDS SATURATE EASILY BUT ALSO DRAIN QUICKLY PRIOR TO WEIGHING THUS GIVING HIGH DENSITIES. THOSE WITH SMALL VOIDS SATURATE SLOWLY BUT RETAIN WATER WELL AND MAY INDICATE A LOW DENSITY. A NEW METHOD OF TEST HAS BEEN DEVISED AS AN IMPROVEMENT ON THE OLD TEST METHOD USING A PARAFFIN SEAL ON THE CORES. MODERN BLISTER PACKAGING METHODS, WHICH ARE DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED, ARE USED TO FIT A PLASTIC JACKET TO EACH CORE AND PREVENT WATER PENETRATION DURING WEIGHT IN WATER DETERMINATION. THE PLASTIC COATED PROCEDURE RESULTS IN THE MOST PREDICTABLE DENSITY. THE TIME REQUIRED IS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN THE SATURATED METHOD AND THE COST OF PROCESSING IS NOMINAL. /FHWA/ KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Plastic coatings KW - Weight measurement UR - http://www.cti.uconn.edu/pdfs/jhr73-59_67-5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00201243 AU - Stein, M M AU - Harris, Curtis Assoc, Inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ALTERNATE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1973/01 AB - THIS REPORT DESCRIBES HOW A MULTIREGIONAL, MULTI- INDUSTRY FORECASTING MODEL WILL BE USED TO EVALUATE ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS. THE DRIVING FORCE IN THE FORECASTING MODEL IS A SET OF EQUATIONS THAT EXPLAIN INDUSTRY LOCATION BY THE RELATIVE PRICES THAT INDUSTRY FACES AT EACH LOCATION. HIGHWAY SYSTEMS EFFECT FORECASTS IN THREE PRINCIPAL WAYS: (1) IMPROVED HIGHWAYS DECREASE THE TRANSPORTATION COSTS OF SHIPPING GOODS FROM ONE REGION TO ANOTHER AND THUS INFLUENCE THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRY; (2) IMPROVED HIGHWAYS REDUCE THE CONGESTION WITHIN A REGION, PARTICULARLY IN METROPOLITAN AREAS; AND (3) THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAYS STIMULATES EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME. PROJECTION OF ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ARE MADE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ECONOMIC AREAS FOR THE YEAR 1990 UNDER FIVE ALTERNATIVE ASSUMPTIONS CONCERNING HIGHWAY SYSTEMS. THE ALTERNATIVES ARE :(1) THE BASE YEAR SYSTEM WHICH ASSUMES THAT WORK ON THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM STOPPED IN 1970; (2) THE COMPLETED INTERSTATE SYSTEM WHICH ASSUMES THAT THE PRESENT INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM WILL BE COMPLETED BY 1976; (3) THE EXTENDED PRIMARY SYSTEM WHICH EXTENDS THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM TO INCORPORATE SMALLER CITIES INTO THE INTERCITY NETWORK; (4) THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM WHICH IS DESIGNED TO SERVE AREAS WITH LOW INCOMES; AND (5) THE URBAN SYSTEM WHICH IS DESIGNED TO LOWER TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN URBAN AREAS. THESE LAST THREE SYSTEMS ARE HYPOTHETICAL ALTERNATIVES SCHEDULED FOR CONSTRUCTION BETWEEN 1976 AND 1986. /FHWA/ KW - Economic impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Industries KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Mathematical models KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/91076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00230770 AU - Scrimsher, T AU - Mann, G W AU - Sherman, G B AU - Johnson, M AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTION OF OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT FOR BITUMINOUS TREATED BASES PY - 1973/01 SP - 32 p. AB - THIS REPORT DISCUSSES A TEST METHOD FOR SELECTING THE OPTIMUM ASPHALTIC BINDER CONTENT NECESSARY TO TREAT AN IN-PLACE MATERIAL IN ORDER TO MAKE IT SUITABLE FOR USE AS A BITUMINOUS TREATED BASE. THIS METHOD WAS DEVELOPED CONSIDERING COHESION (TENSILE STRENGTH) AS DETERMINED BY THE CALIFORNIA COHESIOMETER AND THE REDUCTION IN PERMEABILITY AND CAPALLARY ACTION OF THE BITUMINOUS TREATED MATERIALS AS MEASURED BY A 5-DAY MOISTURE ABSORPTION OF THE MIXTURE. ALSO DISCUSSED ARE THE SUITABILITY OF MATERIAL FOR TREATMENT AND THE USE OF LIQUID ASPHALTS AND EMULSIONS USED FOR TREATMENT. THE REPORT RECOMMENDS ADDITIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE STRUCTURAL THICKNESS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. /FHWA/ KW - Absorption KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Binders KW - Emulsions KW - Foundations KW - Stabilized materials KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/117826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00233750 AU - Mearns, R AU - Carney, R AU - Forsyth, R A AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE ION EXCHANGE LANDSLIDE CORRECTION TECHNIQUE PY - 1973/01 SP - 37 p. AB - A TECHNIQUE FOR CORRECTING LANDSLIDES USING A CHEMICAL TREATMENT IS DISCUSSED. TREATMENT OF A SPECIFIC LANDSLIDE USING THE TECHNIQUE IS DESCRIBED. THE RESULTS OF A MONITORING PROGRAM TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TREATMENT ARE PRESENTED AND ANALYZED. THE TECHNIQUE APPEARS TO BE THEORETICALLY SOUND. TREATMENT OF THE LANDSLIDE WAS SIMPLE AND RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE. THE SLIDE NOW APPEARS STABLE, BUT THIS CONDITION CANNOT BE CLEARLY ATTRIBUTED TO THE CHEMICAL TREATMENT. FUTURE USE OF THE TECHNIQUE IS RECOMMENDED. /FHWA/ KW - Chemical treatments KW - Chemicals KW - Ion exchange KW - Ion exchange tests KW - Landslides KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/123060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00219063 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGING HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE: TRAINING GUIDE AND CATALOG PY - 1973/01 SP - 31 p. AB - THE CURRICULUM INCORPORATES MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES OF STATE, COUNTY, AND CITY MAINTENANCE AGENCIES. IT IS DESIGNED TO MEET THE TRAINING NEEDS OF FIELD MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS, SUPERVISORS, AND FOREMEN, AND CAN READILY BE ADAPTED FOR USE BY MOST HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS. /AUTHOR/ KW - Education KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway maintenance KW - Management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/106253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215986 AU - Stratfull, R F AU - Van, MATRE V AU - California Division of Highways TI - CORROSION AUTOPSY OF A STRUCTURALLY UNSOUND BRIDGE DECK PY - 1973/01 SP - 44 p. AB - AN INVESTIGATION WAS PERFORMED ON A 12-YEAR OLD DEICING SALT-CONTAMINATED REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK WHICH HAD TO BE REPLACED BECAUSE OF ITS DETERIORATED CONDITION. IN THIS INVESTIGATION, THE ELECTRICAL HALF-CELL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS AND CHLORIDE ANALYSIS WERE FOUND TO BE RELATED TO THE MASSIVE CORROSION OF THE STEEL. THE EFFECT OF CHLORIDES PRESENT SEEMS TO BE RELATED TO SOME THRESHOLD AMOUNT THAT CHANGES THE STEEL FROM A PASSIVE TO ACTIVE STATE. BEYONG THIS POINT THE AMOUNT OF SALT PRESENT HAS LITTLE OR NO EFFECT EXCEPT AS IT MIGHT INFLUENCE THE AREA OF CORRSION INVOLVED. THE CHAINING OR SOUNDING OF THE DECK TO LOCATE DELAMINATED CONCRETE PERFORMED THAT FUNCTION VERY WELL, BUT DID NOT NECESSARILY LOCATE THE CORRODED STEEL. FROM THE OBSERVATION OF THE TYPE OF CRACKING, IT APPEARED THAT THE FINAL MODE OF DISTRESS WAS CONCRETE FATIGUE. AN INVESTIGATION OF ACTUAL CONCRETE COVER DISCLOSED THAT THERE WAS REINFORCING STEEL CORROSION AT DEPTHS GREATER THAN 3 INCHES. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT ESTIMATING THE PIT DEPTH OF STEEL BY VISUALLY ESTIMATING THE THICKNESS OF RUST IS NOT A VERY USEFUL INSPECTION TECHNIQUE. IN THIS HIGHLY SALT CONTAMINATED BRIDGE DECK, NO RELATIONSHIP WAS FOUND BETWEEN VARIATIONS IN THE CHLORIDE CONTENT OF THE CONCRETE AND THE RELATIVE SEVERITY OF THE CORROSION OF THE STEEL. /FHWA/ KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Delamination KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Rusting KW - Salts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514166 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-110 (SR-8A) construction, Pensacola Spur, Escambia County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514165 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-170, Pulaski St to Pine St, Baltimore : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514164 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 61 relocation, Lewis County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514163 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-14 proposed relocation, Wetumpka to Tallassee, Elmore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514161 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Howdershell, Shackleford and Charbonier roads intersection, St.Louis County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514160 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-129 (south Sioux City interstate access)/US-77/US-20 connection west, expressway construction, Dakota County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514159 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-31 from Mason-Oceana County line to US-31/US-10, Mason County corridor statement : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514158 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90, Lodge Grass : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514157 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Ahukini-Nawiliwili Cutoff Road, Route 51, Lihue, Kauai : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514156 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 63 improvement, Macon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514155 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-20, Tennessee state line to Natchez Trace Parkway, Lauderdale County : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514154 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-77 construction, Columbia to Rock Hill : environmental impact statement PY - 1973///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298479 ER -