TY - RPRT AN - 01060335 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40, Claybrook St to Bon Air St, Memphis : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060334 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 27th St improvement, A St to N St, Lincoln : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060333 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-80 location, construction, south of Lovlock to northeast of Lovelock, Pershing County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060332 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-495 extension, Route 140 relocation, Bristol/Plymouth counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060331 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cross island hwy continuation, Sion Farm to Christiansted Hwy, St. Croix : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060330 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-25, Algadones to La Bajada Hill, Sandoval/Santa Fe counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060329 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-54 construction, Seneca Ave to 9th St and I-35W, Wichita : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060328 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-54 improvements, Hoover Road to Topeka Ave, Wichita : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060327 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30, Caldwell-Nampa Blvd, Canyon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060326 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-279, East St Valley Expressway, LR-1021-3 : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060325 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-3026, Pineville-Tioga Highway, Rapides Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060324 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-21 upgrading, Clay County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060323 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-252 construction connecting I-5 and I-805, San Diego : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060322 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-985, South Fork Road proposed construction, mileposts 5 to 7, Six Rivers N.F., Del Norte County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060321 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - K-7, junction K-10,K-12,K-7 to K-10 : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final supplement to the final, FDsup KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060320 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Metropolitan Hwy 50, Vickery Viaduct urban high density traffic improvement project, Ft. Worth : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060318 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pan American Hwy Darien Gap construction from Tocumen, Panama to Rio Leon, Columbia : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Environmental impact assessment B1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060317 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-13, SR-96, Tomkins County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060315 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lynchburg area expressway corridor construction, Route 221 to Route 501; accompanying radial from expressway extension to Blackwater Creek area, Bedford/Campbell counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060314 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-83 relocation, North Platte : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060313 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Elk City Hwy, Forest Hwy 18 (SR-14), Idaho County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060312 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-66 corridor transportation improvements, Fairfax/Arlington counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final(fol),Fsum, Draft supplement to the final(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060311 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1, Pacific Coast Hwy, Upper Newport Bay bridge replacement, Newport Beach : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060310 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAU-8399, section 121-1, Sterling Ave, Peoria : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060309 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachian corridor D, Albany thru Athens : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060307 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-219 relocation, Appalachian corridor N, LR-1022 sections 10,11,12, Somerset County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060306 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Salisbury bypass from MD-12 to US-13, Wicomico County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060305 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-84 interchange and improvements, Roscoe : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060304 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-66, Front Royal to Gainesville : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060303 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-70N, Frederick County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060301 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95, west leg construction from Rancho Drive West to Rainbow Blvd and north to US-95, Clark County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060300 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-62, SH-82, Tahlequa : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060299 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-105 freeway-transitway alternative (Century Freeway) additional construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060298 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95 construction, Hanover St to O'Donnell St, Baltimore : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060297 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-137 construction, north of Crownpoint to south of Farmington, McKinley/San Juan counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060296 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-44 proposed improvement, US-59 to 6th St, Harlan : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060295 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mud Lane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road (proposed), Hawaii : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060294 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-431 improvement, Randolph County / Cleburne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060293 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-6 Bypass, Broadway, 8th St to Kimball, Council Bluffs : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060291 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-898 connection (Hoosick St Bridge) Maplewood to Hoosick St arterial, Albany/Rensselaer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Maps B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060290 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-120, San Joaquin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060289 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachian Corridor H construction from Lorentz to Elkins, Upshur/Barbour/Randolph counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060288 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate Spur I-759 extension, Rainbow Drive to Meighan Blvd, Etowah County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060287 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-36 relocation, Jones Creek to east of Brazos River diversion channel, Freeport : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060286 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-333 construction from US-30 to US-62, Canton : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060285 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FM-1382, Spur 303 to Dallas-Ft Worth Turnpike, Grand Prairie : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060284 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Routes 2 and 4, Route 264 to New Patuxent River Bridge : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060283 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-2, Bedford bypass construction, Taylor County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060282 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-275 freeway construction from I-96 to M-59, Oakland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060281 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Beltway 8, North section I : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060280 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-171, DeRidder-Fort Polk Highway, Vernon Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060279 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fredonia University access road improvements from Bennett Road-I-90 intersection : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060278 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-45, Tupelo to Corinth : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060277 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-36, Cedar Ave improvement from I-35E to I-494, Hennepin/Dakota counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060274 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-62 upgrading, McClain County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060273 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-187 (Elk St) reconstruction, Rock Springs : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060272 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Columbus and Thomaston Roads widening, Bibb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060271 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-167, Mequon Road improvements from Wilson Ave to US-141, Ozaukee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060270 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1078, Pulaski Hwy from Delaware Expressway to Roosevelt Blvd, Philadelphia : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060268 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-3 and SR-46 relocation, Greensburg, Decatur County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final; 4(f) statement, SR-3 from west of SR-46 junction to I-74 B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060266 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-420, Richmond-Waukegan Freeway construction, Alleghany Road to US-12, Wisconsin State line, Lake/McHenry counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft(v.2) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060265 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-71 expressway, Clay County / Dickinson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060263 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Canton bypass, SR-20-SR-5 northern intersection to F-012-F-057 intersection, short of Scott Mill Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060262 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-70 construction, Wheeler Junction to Frisco : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060261 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-635, South Mesquite Creek : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060260 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Christiansted bypass construction, Christiansted/St Croix : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060259 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airport Spur connection, I-94 to General Mitchell Field, Milwaukee : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060258 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rogers Lane-Pioneer Expressway interchange, Lawton : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060257 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-64 improvement, Asheboro to Ramseur : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060256 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 construction, Ray to Berthold : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060255 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-61 Expressway, Charleston County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060254 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-67, Bald Knob to Newport, White County / Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060253 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IL-161 realignment, Centralia : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060252 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Steese Hwy upgrading, mile 43.8 to Montana Creek, North Star Borough : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060251 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-86 construction, Manchester to Vernon : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060250 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-9 Bypass, Keene : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060249 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Clinton Parkway proposed improvement, Clinton Lake-Highway K-10, Lawrence : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060248 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North 14th St extension, Sheboygan : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060247 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NH-101 construction, Milford, Hillsborough County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060246 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-36, Danville to Avon : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060244 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-19 (Waterloo-Watertown Road) upgrading, Dodge/Jefferson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060243 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-78 upgrading, Oconee County / Clarke County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060242 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - James Island Expressway and SR-61 connector, Charleston County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060240 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lake and park freeways, downtown freeway loop construction from Milwaukee St to Layton Ave, Milwaukee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060239 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-61 Muscatine Bypass, Muscatine County, Location study report : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060238 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-55 Bypass, Warren County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060237 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West Lee St, I-65 Interchange, Chickasaw : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060236 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-180, Cheyenne Interstate Spur : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060235 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-88, Susquehanna Expressway, Binghamton to the Capital District : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix3-Dapp7, Final, Final Appendix3-Fapp9 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060234 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-213 construction, Chelmsford, Lowell and Dracut, Middlesex County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060233 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Charlotte Inner Loop, Mecklenburg County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060232 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-500, 59th St to junction SR-503, Clark County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060231 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bismarck South bypass construction, bridge reconstruction, Burleigh/Morton counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060229 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 240 reconstruction, Orchard Park Road and Harlem Road from Michael Road to Indian Church Road; Route 16, Seneca St Thruway overpass to Seneca St ramps, Erie County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060228 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-85 construction on new location from SR-2025 east of Holly Grove to Groometown : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060227 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-51 proposed expansion, Portage to STH-54, Marquette/Waushara/Portage counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060225 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95, Moscow couplet, Latah County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060224 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - El Toro Road realignment, 2.6 miles north of Trabuco Road to Live Oak Canyon Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060223 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Vista Ave, Ridenbaugh Canal and US-30 connection improvement, Boise : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060222 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1137-B03, Meadville to Titusville : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060221 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-595 construction, Airport Connector to 12th St, Arlington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, F, Technical analysis B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060220 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Southeastern Beltway section A, Columbia : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060219 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East Locust St reconstruction, North Buffum St to the Milwaukee River, Milwaukee : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060218 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-15-107, Head Road (Biddle Road intersection) to Airport Road, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060215 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-432, Lake-Will Freeway construction, IR-68 (Dundee Road) to FAP-420 (Richmond-Waukegan Freeway) and FAP extension from Alleghany Road to Almond Road, Lake/Cook counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft; Draft drainage report B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060214 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Johnson-Beardsley realignment, Elkhart County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060213 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-77, Lincoln west & east bypasses, Lancaster County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060212 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tenth St improvement from Haw Creek Blvd to US-30, Columbus : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060210 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1 bridge over Penn Central Railroad, Dearborn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00944214 AU - Fenton, Robert E AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES IN THE LONGITUDINAL CONTROL OF AUTOMATED GROUND VEHICLES: FINAL REPORT PY - 1976 SP - 218 p. AB - Four essential aspects of the longitudinal control of vehicles in an automated, individual-vehicle system are considered here: a) Sector- level control; b) Communications between each controlled vehicle and the sector computer; c) The development of techniques for obtaining extremely accurate estimates of a vehicle's state; and d) The control of each individual vehicle. The emphasis was on the design development and testing of hardware subsystems essential for implementing these facets in the context of high- speed, small time- headway operation. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Longitudinal control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00930738 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AMERICA'S HIGHWAYS, 1776-1976. A HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL AID PROGRAM PY - 1976 SP - 553 p. AB - This book has been written to record the story of highway development in the United States, from the colonial days and expanding into the undeveloped areas west of the original colonies, and ultimately evolving into the Federal aid highway program that started with the historic highway legislation of 1956. Part 1 is devoted to the historical background. Part 2 deals with, in some detail, the areas of responsibility for administration, planning and research, design, construction and maintenance of highways and bridges, as authorized under the Federal highway legislation. KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - History KW - Laws and legislation KW - Legislation KW - Maintenance KW - Planning KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774943 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PY - 1976 SP - 185 p. in various pagings AB - This document presents a comprehensive review of the UTCS/BPS program ( urban traffic control bus priority system) which was developed by Sperry Systems Management under contract to the Federal Highway Administration. UTCS/BPS is a real time control system for urban networked traffic signals KW - Fault monitoring KW - Real time control KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772548 AU - Koehler, L E AU - Honeywell Systems and Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST AID TRANSCEIVER PY - 1976 SP - 3 v. AB - Volume 1 covers the development of a short-range motorist-aid transceiver. Volume 2 presents an analysis of CB radio for motorist aid, and Volume 3 summarizes the findings as they apply to FCC actions regarding the Citizens Radio Service. KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774941 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM PY - 1976 SP - 3 v. AB - These documents present the review, operations and maintenance of the UTCS/ BPS program (urban traffic control bus priority system) which was developed by Sperry Systems Management under contract to the Federal Highway Administration. UTCS/BPS is a real time control system for urban networked traffic signals KW - Real time control KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774942 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM SOFTWARE MANUAL PY - 1976 SP - 2 v. AB - These two documents comprise the software manual for the UTCS/BPS program ( urban traffic control bus priority system) which was developed by Sperry Systems Management under contract to the Federal Highway Administration. UTCS/BPS is a real time control system for urban networked traffic signals KW - Computer algorithms KW - Real time control KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488696 AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Appalachian Regional Commission TI - 1976 ESTIMATE OF COST TO COMPLETE THE APPALACHIAN DEVELOPMENT HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE STATE OF TENNESSEE PY - 1976 SP - n.p. AB - This report, updating the estimated cost of completing the Appalachian Development System of Highways in Tennessee, summarizes the results of planning, location design, right-of-way, and all other features necessary to present a realistic estimate. It consists of a series of lane section drawings, tables and maps, showing the individual data for each corridor. KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Regional planning KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299975 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139650 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Seinfeld, John H AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - ACCURACY OF PREDICTION OF URBAN AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS BY DIFFUSION MODELS PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 34-45 AB - Projections of future transportation-related air quality impacts require the use of mathematical models that relate emissions to air quality. Whereas the derivation and use of such models have received much attention (at least for inert pollutants, such as CO), much less attention has been paid to questions of the interpretation of th concentrations these models predict and how the predictions relate to real atmospheric quantities. Concepts of validity and accuracy must be carefully defined for any model that is to be used in order that the predictions from the model can be properly evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to formulate the concepts of validity and accuracy for atmospheric air pollutant diffusion models and to suggest numerical experiments that can be used to test both the validity and the accuracy of the models. /Author/ U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Atmospheric interference KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Experiments KW - Forecasting KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Pollutants KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139647 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Horowitz, Joel AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - ISSUES IN OXIDANT MODELING PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 5-7 AB - Basic questions about oxidant control facing transportation planners and others responsible for formulating and implementing public options are considered, the problems of estimating the magnitudes of the directionality of oxidant changes are discussed, and issues relating to urban-based oxidant models and control strategies are addressed. The questions relating to what kind of emissions should be reduced in order to reduce oxidant concentrations, are addressed in papers presented in this special report. The papers cnclude that ambient air quality standard for oxidant in urban areas requires substantial reductions of emissions of hydrocarbons and other reactive organics in the area. Although reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions may be needed in urban areas, excessive reduction may increase the difficulty of controlling urban oxidant concentations. Papers are also presented which describe 4 techniques for the estimation of changes in oxidant concentrations resulting from changes in precursor emissions: linear or nonlinear rollback methods; smog chamber models; statistical models; and diffusion models. Recent findings that oxidant can be transported over distances of at least 30 miles and that high concentrations exist in rural aras have led to questions regarding urban oxidant models and control strategies. These questions are addressed in papers which conclude that elevated rural oxidant concentrations are attributable to man-made emission sources. However it was suggested at a workshop that the natural contribution may be a significant factor. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air quality management KW - Decision making KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Nonoperating accidents KW - Oxidant KW - Oxidizing agents KW - Rural areas KW - Strategy KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185281 AU - McDonald, E B AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF IN-PLACE SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN PIERRE SHALE PY - 1976 SP - 33 p. AB - Some areas of the upper depositions of Pierre Shale are fractured and lie in jointed platy layers. When these layers are exposed in open roadway cut sections, surface water tends to accululate and build up perched water tables in the roadbeds. The water build up is due to the fact that, in some areas, the platy layers are dyked off by impervious shale beds and have no free drainage outlets. Water build up, in the lower portions of roadbeds, usually result in severe warping of roadway surfaces. Underdrain systems have been placed in areas, where perched water conditions developed, to provide an outlet for the acumulated subsurface water. This study is primarily concerned with the evaluation of ten in-place subsurface drainage systems, in order to ascertain how effective these systems are in removing the surface water which percolates into the jointed shale under the roadbeds. Roughness Measurements, moisture tests and dynaflect readings indicate that the underdrains, when properly installed, have effectively removed the subsurface water. /FHWA/ KW - Deposition KW - Deposition (Materials and soils) KW - Pavement layers KW - Shale KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsurface drainage systems KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface waters KW - Warpage KW - Warping KW - Water areas KW - Water table UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175475 AU - Randolph, W J AU - GAMBLE, C R AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN TENNESSEE PY - 1976 SP - 62 p. AB - Information is presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on natural streams in Tennessee. Flood-frequency characteristics are defined for 281 gaging stations in Tennessee and adjoining states having 10 or more years of record not significantly affected by man-made changes. The frequency characteristics were related to basin characteristics by multiple regression techniques and the equations derived can be used to estimate the magnitude of future floods with recurrence intervals as much as 100 years on ungaged streams if contributing drainage area of the site is known. At or near gaged sites, a weighted average of the regression results and the gaging station data is recommended. KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage basins KW - Estimating KW - Flood damage KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood plains KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Magnitude KW - Mathematical models KW - Probability KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Stream gages KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Tennessee KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158134 AU - Deocampo, S AU - Gruber, T AU - Wasill, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONDITION SURVEY--ASBESTOS-BONDED STEEL CULVERTS IN WESTERN OREGON PY - 1976 SP - 109 p. AB - A field investigation of 33 highway culvert installations was made in December 1975 and January 1976 to evaluate the service life of corrugated metal culverts on coastal highways, with emphasis on the durability of the asbestos-bonded protective treatment in marine and brackish water. The survey was limited to visual examination and qualitative appraisal of the conditions noted, primarily to document performance to date and to collect data for future study and monitoring. No attempt was made to quantify metal loss. The report includes the individual inspection records and some photos. KW - Asbestos KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Culvert materials KW - Culverts KW - Durability KW - Service life KW - Steel KW - Structural materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50596 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139663 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Williams, Marcia E AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - MOBILE SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS: STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE PROGRAMS PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 176-189 AB - Ambient air quality modeling of carbon monoxide is dependent on accurate mobile source emission factors. The paper examines the sensitivity of emission factor projections to input parameters such as ambient temperature, hot-cold sighting, average route speed, vehicle deterioration, and growth rate. The ability to estimate cold vehicle operation at low ambient temperature is as important to localized emission prediction as is the estimation of growth rates and emissions from future emission control technology vehicles. Analysis of existing data indicates that localized emission factors are needed since projected reductions in emissions from base-line levels are not independent of vehicle operating mode. Present emission factors and planned refinements to EPA Publication AP-42 are discussed. /Author/ U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Data collection KW - Diesel engine exhaust gases KW - Environment KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Pollutants KW - State of the art studies KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150428 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION SYSTEM (IRIS); A COMPLEMENT TO THE INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION PLAN PY - 1976 SP - 5 p. AB - The International Registration Information System (IRIS) has been designed as an adjunct to the International Registration Plan, a compact among the States and Canadian Provinces providing registration of vehicles involved in inter-jurisdiction commerce. This System could provide computer-assisted commercial vehicle registration and fee proration without entailing the need for States/Provinces not now automated to become so, or for those that are computerized to purchase new hardware. The System is sponsored by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators and would be contractor-developed by them, input data being transmitted over ordinary telephone lines to a commercial computer. Cost benefits would be derived by reducing unit registration costs and assuring accuracy of transfer payment accounting. Several scenarios are given of on-line and batch type setups. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Computers KW - Foreign KW - Information systems KW - Interstate commerce KW - On line computers KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149618 AU - Coughlin, R E AU - Hammer, T R AU - Kramer, S AU - Reiner, T A AU - Rosenberger, L AU - Steiker, G AU - Regional Science Research Institute TI - SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF MOTOR FREIGHT TERMINAL LOCATION PY - 1976 AB - This study focuses on three broad topics: (1) Examination of freight terminal location patterns within nine metropolitan areas with regard to efficiency of goods movement; (2) delineation of neighborhood impacts created by trucking facilities; and (3) a brief evaluation of policy alternatives. Regarding efficiency of goods movement, the study found that, generally, terminals are well located, with excellent overall accessibility to transportation routes and economic concentrations. The majority of terminals is situated less than 3 miles from an interchange of a major limited-access highway and has good access to manufacturers and wholesalers and to neighboring regions which represent the largest markets. Examination of neighborhood impacts found that more than three-quarters of the 142 terminals surveyed have five or fewer housing units nearby. With more densely developed residential neighborhoods, terminals generate noise and visual intrusion that are often irritating to residents only within a block or two, particularly for night operation. Other potential effects such as air pollution, security, parking, and lighting were generally not found to be major problems. Such wider impacts of noise and vibration and traffic problems on residential streets are caused by trucks traveling to and from terminals. Terminals are generally situated near lower middle- income, blue-collar neighborhoods in which much of the housing stock is old and most is owner-occupied. Residential value tends to decline with nearness to the terminal. A three-part set of planning guidelines is presented for (1) estimating terminal land use requirements, (2) identifying efficient terminal locations, and (3) evaluating neighborhood impacts. The study recommends that buffers be created between the terminal and residential areas; terminals be located in areas surrounded by industrial or commercial land uses; truck traffic be prohibited from residential areas; and truck routes be designated between terminals and Interstate highway interchanges, and between terminals and other major destinations. It is also recommended that terminals be entirely fenced, lighting fixtures be shielded, terminal lots be entirely paved, and nighttime operation be prohibited or permitted only under stringent conditions. /FHWA/ KW - Accessibility KW - Freight terminals KW - Freight transportation KW - Land use KW - Location KW - Neighborhoods KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic noise KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65428 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149917 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Epps, Jon A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP TOPIC 5. WASTE MATERIALS, BY-PRODUCTS, AND RECYCLED PRODUCTS PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 48-53 AB - The report examines current innovative practices and research needs concerning the use of wastes and by-products that result from industry, mineral processing and domestic sources, and considers the recycling of road-building materials. Of the 3.5 billion tons of solid wastes generated annually, the largest tonnage is accounted for by fly ash, blast furnace slag, steel slag, foundry wastes, coal refuse, dredge spil, phosphate slime, and tailings of copper, taconite, and iron ore. In addition to their use as aggregate and filler, many by-products can be used as binders. The probable uses of 53 waste materials is tabulated. Two types of pavement recycling were discussed: in-place recycling and recycling through a central plant. Recent, ongoing and proposed research projects are tabulated and areas requiring research are noted. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Aggregates KW - Binders KW - Building materials KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Fly ash KW - Industrial wastes KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Research KW - Road construction KW - Slag KW - Tailings KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67566 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149920 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Marek, Charles AU - Jones, Truman R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WILL THERE BE A MATERIALS CRISIS? PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 18-28 AB - This paper which discusses the supply of 6 major construction materials (stone sand and gravel, cement, lime, iron and steel, and asphalt), also considers the annual requirements per U.S. citizen, production and consumption data estimates of resources, and factors affecting resource availability. Conclusions are drawn regarding the adequacy of supply and the ability to meet future demands. The new mineral materials required annyally is approximately 40,000 lb. (18 144 kg) per person. Minerals for use in construction and in energy constitute the major fraction of this requirement. Recycling of materials can significantly reduce these requiremnts. Artificial shortages of certain minerals are being created by exhaustion of accessible supplies and factors such as zoing, poor administration, and lack of investment protection. Five primary factors which influence the availability of resources are geology, energy, technology, economics, and law. Comments are made on how these factors may be controlled to minimize artificial shortages in the future. Good resource and environmental management is a prerequisite to an adequate supply of minerals for construction and other applications. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Building materials KW - Demand KW - Economics KW - Energy KW - Laws KW - Minerals KW - Natural resources KW - Productivity KW - Shortages KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67568 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149913 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Halstead, Woodrow J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP TOPIC 1. BINDERS PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 34-38 AB - An examination of existing binder systems showed that little possibility existed for the development of a completely new binder system, and the most probable new binder for substantial use appeared to be sulfur. The necessity is noted for consideration of cost and energy effectiveness of trade-offs among possible alternaties, and for the establishment of universitally acceptable energy use factors. The workshop made the following recommendations; optimize design; eliminate artifical restraints; use emulsions instead of cutbacks for tack coats; evaluate practices for crack sealing; design asphalt mixtures to use less asphalt per volume unit of construction; design portland cement concrete (PCC) to meet the needs; Use fly ash or other available pozzolans in PCC. Innovative techniques were also suggested which included the use of recycling (asphalt in old pavement) procedures, and the use of special water reducing agents in PCC. Combinations of stabilizing materials is recommended for improved performance. The need is indicated for research in the use of emulsions, sulfur and sulfur-asphalt systems, reinforcing additives for asphalt, prime coats, and the performance of PCC pavements. Careful systems analysis is essential in the evaluation of cost of energy-use effectivess to identify areas of promising payoff. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Emulsions KW - Energy KW - Mix design KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Stabilizers KW - Sulfur KW - Water reducing agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67562 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149915 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Allen, G J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP TOPIC 3. AGGREGATES AND OTHER MATERIALS PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 41-42 AB - An attempt was made to evaluate the energy inputs of the design, production and use of aggregates and to consider the cost analysis of each item. The workshop discussion revealed a need for the optimization of design for aggregates to make the best use of local materials. The need was also noted for the effort necessary to produce a specified material from a particular source; the acceptance of a gradation allowing a somewhat larger size aggregate will in many cases reduce crashing costs and yield additional benefits such as lower binder requirements. In many situations, staged construction or larger aggregate production contracts may fit into the scheme of costs and energy conservation. Recycling materials that have often been wasted is another consideration. Other conservation measures are listed. These measures relate to: uniform specifications; the use of the lightweight aggregate; base and surfacing courses in thick lifts; density requirements for base and surfacing courses; and payment by plans. Innovations that may be considered are: recycling asphalt pavements; salvaging PCC; and end-product specifications including statistical acceptance. Research needs in the area of aggregate production are included. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Building materials KW - Conservation KW - Construction management KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Recycling KW - Research KW - Specifications KW - Stage construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67564 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149914 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McLaughlin, J F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP TOPIC 2. QUALITY STANDARDS PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 39-40 AB - The possibility that energy considerations may lead to a reduction of quality in design, materials and construction standards is noted, and some of the points which emerged from the workshop discussions are listed. The adoption of more flexible specifications coupled with design alternatives should be more economical in terms of monetary and energy expenditures. The experience and initiative of the contractor must play a larger role in highway construciton. Several specific quality standards which show promise for reduction of energy requirements should be examined. Such standards relate to: the reduction of mixing temperature for asphalt mixtures; use of the drum dryer; aggregate blend that calls for the least volume of asphalt per unit of mixture; thickness design for full- depth asphalt pavement; use of plain concrete instead of reinforced concrete; the cosmetic aspects of the roadside. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Aggregate blending KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Blending KW - Building materials KW - Dryer drum process KW - Energy KW - Highway design KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Mixing KW - Mixing temperature KW - Public Works Research Institute (Japan) KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Roadside improvement KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Substitutes KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67563 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149928 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AN INTRODUCTION TO OPTIMIZING THE USE OF MATERIALS AND ENERGY IN TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 1-4 AB - The proceedings are presented of a workshop which included 4 keynote papers and 7 sessions on the following topics: binding agents; quality standards and quality control; aggregates and other materials, earthwork or existing roadway preparation; waste materials, by-products, and recycled products; production and construction techniques; new products and procedures post-1985. The first keynote paper recognizes that the energy crisis is real and serious. It is suggested that optimizing involves conserving scarce and expensive items by increasing the use of more plentiful items. A second paper indicates how energy implications can affect roadway decision making. The construction materials situation is discussed in a third paper which points out where materials may be in short supply. The fourth paper presents a contractor's view of how energy and materials can be optimized. Workshop session participants identified current practices that conserve energy and materials in construction, suggested innovative practices in construction and materials technology, and delineated research needs in these areas. It was recognized that the bases for judgments are continually changing, and that energy will become increasingly significant in decision making. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Aggregates KW - Binders KW - Building materials KW - Construction management KW - Earthwork KW - Energy KW - Optimization KW - Quality control KW - Recycling KW - Standards KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149586 AU - Jordan, D AU - Arnstein, S AU - GRAY, J AU - Metcalf, E AU - Torrey, W AU - Mills, F AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated TI - EFFECTIVE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, VOLUME II, A CATALOG OF TECHNIQUES PY - 1976 SP - 308 p. AB - This report is a guide for those actively engaged in organizing or monitoring citizen participation in transportation planning. It identifies and describes 37 major techniques for citizen participation and relates them to the appropriate steps in the transportation planning process, which is divided into 19 sequential steps beginning with the initial inventory and concluding with the evaluation of the completed facility. Among others, the techniques include: Advocacy Planning, Charrette, Citizen Advisory Committees, Hotlines, Surveys, and Workshops. The techniques are presented alphabetically in a standard format: description, positive features, negative features, potential for resolving issues, program utilization, costs, and biliography. Some techniques are from areas other than transportation planning, some have been used only experimentally, and some have been formulated only theoretically. The techniques have been classified by function as Information Dissemination, Information Collection, Initiative Planning, Reactive Planning, Decision- making, and Participation Process Support. Eight case studies either illustrate use of combinations of techniques on the regional, corridor, and design level or focus on individual techniques. The research included a literature survey of 11 functional planning areas, such as model cities or water resources, and visits to each case study site. /Author/ KW - Advisory groups KW - Advocacy groups KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Information dissemination KW - Public participation KW - Reviews KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64848 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149931 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schmidt, R D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP TOPIC 6. PRODUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 54-58 AB - The workshop discussions centered on the acceptable current practices and technology, possible innovations, and research needs. Recommendations were made for the use of higher moisture contents and lower temperatures in a conventional hot-mix plant, the burning of coal in an aggregate dryer, and a state-of-the-art report on performance specifications and associated data base. Acceptable technology recommendations also included those permitting uniform width ramps on interchanges with tapered ends to be defined by paint or seal coats; standardizing repetitive dimensions on bridge designs to permit maximum reuse of forms; permitting surfaces for structural concrete to be painted with epoxy, acrylic or other plastic materials; reducing passes with lay- down equipment and permitting maximum use of vibratory rollers; re- examining restrictions on cold weather construction; developing procedures that will permit work in wet weather or in wet materials; and using nuclear density gauges and moisture gauges to minimize equipment delays. Other technological practices recommended relate to surge bins and storage bins, in-place mixing, slip-form placement of barriers, and stability of work programs. Innovations are also listed which relate to bridge deck design, roadway rock excavation, use of laser beams and line controls on excavators and pavers, and the use of emulsion for dense mats on base courses. Research needs are also indicated. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Aggregate drier KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt plants KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Coatings KW - Cold weather construction KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction management KW - Containers KW - Driers (Devices) KW - Lasers KW - Moisture content KW - Performance based specifications KW - Ramps KW - Research KW - Rock excavation KW - Slip form paving KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Storage bins KW - Storage facilities KW - Structural design KW - Surge bins KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67573 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149912 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cianchette, Ival R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONTRACTOR'S VIEW OF OPTIMIZING MATERIALS AND ENERGY PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 29-33 AB - Changes (which have been necessitated by shortages) in the highway contracting and construction fields are categorized, policies established by general contractors in times of shortages are listed, and 12 suggestions are made for cutting costs in highway construciton. It is recommended that restrictive specifications requiring fixed-form construction be replaced with provisions allowing the option of using slip- form techniques in such areas as the placement, consolidation and finishing of portland cement concrete. The requirements for reinforcing steel could be simplified particularly with respect to median barriers. The increased use of prefabricated bridge components is recommended for standardization of bridge components. It is proposed that precast inlet and manhole standard details be developed and included in contracts as acceptable alternatives, and that efforts be made to use naturally occurring materials as aggregates. Where site conditions permit, alternative designs for pipes should be prepared. Standard contract provisions should permit the elimination of transverse steel in continuously reinforced concrete pavement. It is also recommended that the concept of flare-end section of pipe be implemented in lieu of headwalls. Further recommendations are presented which relate to national standardization of highway elements; the substitution of latex, acrylic and polyester coatings; minimization of geometric complexities in bridges, thick lift bituminous paving, and the use of the dryer drum. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Building materials KW - Coatings KW - Conservation KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Contractors KW - Energy KW - Fuel consumption KW - Pipe KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67561 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149930 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Chiogioji, Melvin H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROADWAY DECISION MAKING AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ENERGY USE: SOME ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 10-17 AB - Energy costs are discussed in relation to the many other factor costs that are considered as a part of the complex resource allocation problem that is at the center of every roadway design problem. Efforts (housekeeping measures, non-output-related investments, capital turnover) now under way to conserve energy in the industrial sector are considered and similarities between this area and those in the roadway area are suggested. Potential areas for saving roadway energy are distributed between actions involving capital use and factor substitution and measures to stop waste through little or no use of capital. In this category, ways to change procedure and thereby reduce energy use are listed and include; judicious use of maintenance vehicles; minimize double handling during construction; reduce frequency of maintenance operations; and minimize waste of materials. In the factor substitution category are direct substitutions of capital for energy as well as more subtle forms of substitution of one material for another. Examples are listed of possible material substitution decisions with consequences for first and life-cycle energy costs. The dependence of product prices on the energy prices is discussed and a set of calculations is provided for energy price increases associated with President Ford's 1974 proposed deregulation and tax program. It is pointed out that energy use considerations requirea broad look at several implications. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Calculation KW - Capital KW - Computation KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Energy KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Prices KW - Resource allocation KW - Substitutes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67572 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149927 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OPTIMIZING THE USE OF MATERIALS AND ENERGY IN TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - 74 p. AB - This presentation of the workshop proceedings includes 4 keynote addresses and the summaries of discussions on 7 topics. The first paper notes that the energy crisis is real and that the situation will worsen in the future. Statistical tabulations and graphs support the statements. The second paper indicates how energy implications can affect roadway decision making. This paper discusses energy costs in relation to the many other factor costs that are considered as a part of the complex resource allocation problem that is at the center of every roadway design problem. The third paper discusses the construction materials situation and points out where materials may be in short supply. One contractor's view of how energy and materials can be optimized, is presented in the last paper. The 7 workshop sessions were designed to identify current practices that conserve energy and materials, suggest innovative practices, and delineate research needs. The workshops focused on the following topics: binders; quality standards; aggregates and other materials; earthwork; waste materials, by-products, and recycled products; production and construction techniques; and new products and procedures post-1985. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Aggregates KW - Binders KW - Building materials KW - Conservation KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Earthwork KW - Energy KW - Optimization KW - Recycling KW - Research KW - Resource allocation KW - Road construction KW - Standards KW - Transportation KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67569 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149929 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McKetta, John AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE ENERGY CRISIS: FACT OR FICTION PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 5-9 AB - The seriousness of the energy crisis is illustrated with tabulated and graphically represented statistics, and it is suggested that the problem may be alleviated by more reasonable environmental demands, and by energy conservation measures, the adoption of new forms of energy, energy research and development, and letting the market place determine the price of energy. Statistics giving the production, imports and costs of liquid products are tabulated. Figures illustrate the total energy, gas, oil, and coal produced, found, and used in the U.S. The proven recoverable gas and oil reserves at the end of 1972 are illustrated, as well as the total wells drilled in the U.S. from 1956 through 1974. The total demand for all tyupes of energy in the U.S from 1970 to 2000 is shown, and the actual and predicted energy demand and energy sources are tabulated. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Development KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Prices KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67571 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149916 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Moore, Lyndon H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP TOPIC 4. EARTHWORK OR EXISTING ROADWAY PREPARATION PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 43-47 AB - The workshop discussions covered all phases of design, construction beneath the pavement section including earthwork, appurtenances such as walls and drainage, use of waste materials, and geometric design standards. The discussions concluded that more effective use of on-site materials, improved construction procedures, and use of new materials and methods for the construction of appurtenant structurs will make a significant contribution to conservation of energy & materials in highway construction. Research for the improvement of procedures for investigation of cut-slope stability problems in earth and rock is suggested. The nationwide improvement of earthwork construction specifications could be a measure that could contribute to optimum use of energy and materials. The need for research to improve the efficiency of embankment construction is empasized. Materials and energy savings in roadway appurtenances result from the use of long-span corrugated plate structures, improved subdrainage inthe pavement section, reinforced earthwall construction, temporary erosion controls, and the use of recharge basins. The use of sanitary land fill in earthwork grading is discussed, as well as the modification of current geometric standards for earthwork. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Building materials KW - Conservation KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Drainage basins KW - Earthwork KW - Embankments KW - Energy KW - Erosion control KW - Geometric design KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Grading (Earthworking) KW - Groundwater recharge KW - Highway design KW - Landfills KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Research KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Subdrains KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67565 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00149918 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Beaton, John L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP TOPIC 7. NEW PRODUCTS AND PROCEDURES POST-1985 PY - 1976 IS - 166 SP - pp 59-60 AB - This workshop discussion which viewed transportation construction in its broadest sense (covering planning, design, builidng operation, and maintenance) suggested innovations and delineated applicable research needs. It was determined that in the design of a highway, the energy requirements should be determined for the entire life of the project and not just for the construction phase-i.e. operational and maintenance energy requirements including vehicle operating needs should be considered. The need was indicated for gathering local information of the energy requirements of producing construction items. The basic energy demands should first be determined before decisions are made concerning transportation corridor planning. Research should be initiated into the energy requirements of moving heavy loads by highway trucks to determine optimum energy versus load information. Recommendations are also listed which relate to research for: a new binder to use with rock products to create hard surfaces for vehicular traffic,; a low energy material with no content energy for quick traveled-way maintenance repairs; energy expenditures of the total transport system; asphalt pavements as solar cells; optimization of cooperation in the transportation industry; and the increase of funding for research. U1 - Conference on Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation ConstructionFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Energy AdministrationEnergy Research and Development AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751112 EndDate:19751114 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Energy Administration, Energy Research and Development Administration KW - Energy KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Road construction KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142669 AU - Hornbeck, P L AU - Okerlund, G A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISUAL VALUES FOR THE HIGHWAY USER: AN ENGINEER'S WORKBOOK PY - 1976 SP - 118 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Catalogs KW - Handbooks KW - Highway engineers KW - Travelers KW - Visual classifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142667 AU - Moore, W T AU - Ridel, F J AU - Rodriguez, C G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INTRODUCTION TO URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODELS AND GUIDELINES FOR THEIR USE IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1976 SP - 151 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Catalogs KW - Guidelines KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61990 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139649 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Demerjian, Kenneth L AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - PHOTOCHEMICAL DIFFUSION MODELS FOR AIR QUALITY SIMULATION: CURRENT STATUS PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 21-33 AB - The development and implementation of photochemical diffusion models for air quality simulation provide one technique for carrying out the mandates of the 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act. Mathematical models currently available for evaluating the impact of emissions on air quality consider source emission data, meteorological variables characterizing transport and dispersion processes, and reaction mechanisms describing chemical transformation and removal processes of atmospheric pollutant species. The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate the status of several photochemical diffusion models currently available. These models, which vary in complexity, were developed to assess the impact of anthropogenic emissions on ambient photochemical oxidant levels in urban aras. Three approaches to photochemical air quality simulation modeling are considered: the grid point model, the trajectory model, and the box model. /Author/ U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Models KW - Oxygen KW - Photochemistry KW - Pollutants KW - Simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46910 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139651 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Myrabo, Leik N AU - Wilson, Kent R AU - Trijonis, John C AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - SURVEY OF STATISTICAL MODELS FOR OXIDANT AIR QUALITY PREDICTION PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 46-62 AB - The statistical-empirical approach to oxidant modeling is reviewed with particular reference to oxidant prediction. Such modeling is currently proceeding in 2 directions. The first, short term oxidant forecasting over the range of hours to days, has the goal of episode control by short-term emission control as well as the issuance of health and perhaps agricultural warnings. The major tools as Box-Jenkins time series analysis, multiple regression, and aspects of pattern recognition. The second direction is long term prediction over the scale of years of the expected changes in oxidant levels due to changes in total reactive hydrocarbons (RHC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions, either aggregated for an air basin or more rarely spatially resolved. The goal of such prediction is the assessment of probable effects on oxidant air quality of various emission control strategies, regional planning, transportation planning, and environmental impact reports. The major categories of models are rollback, prediction from HC, prediction from NOX, and spatial resolution. The advantages of using statistical-empirical models include (a) their close relation to the actual air measurement data from which they are derived, allowing the possibility of correct prediction even in the absence of understanding of the underlying phenomena, and (b) their simplicity and low cost of development and use. Disadvantages and dangers in the use of this modeling techniques and other techniques (smog chamber modeling, mechanistic modeling) are noted. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Low costs KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Oxidant KW - Oxidizing agents KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Regional planning KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46912 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139648 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dimitriades, Basil AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - CHEMISTRY PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 8-20 AB - This examination of the various methods now available to relate ambient oxidant to emissions, discusses briefly, the chemical and physical mechanisms by which emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere, get transported and react to form urban, suburban and nonurban oxidant. The chemical process that occurs when hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) in air are irradiated by sunlight are detailed, and comment is made on the oxidant plume mechanism which describes the relation between the emission source area and receptor area. Four alternative methods for relating air quality to emissions are presented: namely, rollback formula in conjunction with a simple proportionality relation; use of rollback formulas in conjunction with oxidant-precursor relations derived from smog chamber data; use of detailed mathematical expressions for the dispersion process in conjunction with expressions for the photochemical processes; and statistically support empirical relations either between early-in-the- morning precusor levels and oxidant or between emission rates and oxidant within a given area. Process for the quantification of the precursor emissions (a) dispersion process and (b) the photo chemical reaction process are presented (in an appendix) and critically examined. The role of nitrogen oxides and of natural emissions in urban and nonurban oxidant problems is discussed. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Chemistry KW - Dispersion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Natural resources KW - Nonoperating accidents KW - Oxidant KW - Oxidizing agents KW - Photochemical oxidants KW - Pollutants KW - Rural areas KW - Suburbs KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139665 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Latshaw, Gary L AU - Schaechter, Wolfgang AU - Taynai, Marilyn H AU - Hulet, Benjamin B AU - Guthman, Lewis E AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - MICROSCALE CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS AND WIND CHARACTERISTICS ON NEW YORK CITY STREETS PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 198-199 AB - In order to determine the dispersal characteristics of carbon monoxide emissions from vehicles and the characteristics of wind flows in street canyons, measurements were made of carbon monoxide concentrations and wind conditions on rooftops and at street levels along with traffic flow for several weeks at 7 sites of differing geometries. Continuous monitoring was performed at both street and avenue sites in Manhattan. This model development program involved derivation of an analytic expression to calculate carbon comoxide concentrations and an analysis involving a stepwise linear regression procedure with both wind and carbon monoxide concentration parameters. This analysis resulted in the definition of several characteristics of wind fields in the street canyons. It was found that winds near the surface of the streets, which are 800 ft. long, are much better correlated to prevailing winds than those on the avenues which are 200 ft. long. In general, the surface winds are less than those at rooftop locations, and greater H (building height)/W (street width) ratios produce higher surface wind speeds. The results are also discussed of 1-way analysis of variance performed on air-bag samples acquired and anlayzed for carbon monoxide. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Budgeting KW - Canyons KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Cities KW - Dispersion KW - Mathematical models KW - Microanalysis KW - Models KW - Monitoring KW - Pollutants KW - Roofs KW - Streets KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicles KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46926 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139652 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Angus, R M AU - Martinez, E L AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - RURAL OXIDANT AND OXIDANT TRANSPORT PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 63-74 AB - The factors that may lead to and affect the observed ozone concentrations are discussed with reference to data from recent field monitoring programs for ozone in nonurban areas. Several meteorological parameters (temperature, fronts, vertical distribution of ozone, pressure systems and surface winds) including transport of ozone and its precursor compounds are examined as factors affecting rural ozone levels that exceed the national ambient air quality standard. The study concludes that man-made sources of precursor compounds are primarily responsible for the violations of the air quality standards. The transport of ozone or ozone precursors from cities to nonurban areas and the importance of synoptic-scale pressure systems are also discussed. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Dispersion KW - Environmental protection KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Monitoring KW - Oxidant KW - Oxidizing agents KW - Ozone KW - Pressure KW - Rural areas KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Urban areas KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46913 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139654 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Chaves, Jesse R AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - ISSUES IN NONREACTIVE MODELS PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 95-96 AB - A 2-day workshop is discussed, the principal objective of which was to provide the latest information on non-reactive models and methodology for carrying out air quality impact assessments at both the microscale and mesoscale levels. Gaussian line source models, their modifications and validations were discussed, as well as the theoretical basis of the microscale numerical (conservation of mass) models. The results were also discussed of the statistical comparison of 13 models using synthetic data samples. A new methodology was described for estimating concentrations of carbon monoxide near signalized intersections. This procedure takes into account the differences in emissions resulting from motor vehicles in various modes on a street or highway. Models that have been used for urban regional analysis were reviewed including the APRAC-1A urban diffusion model and the SAPOLLUT, a regional emissions model used in Virginia EPA's program for measuring motor vehicle emissions is described. Practical advice (based on practical experience) related to setting up a monitoring program is presented. Issues addressed during the 2-day workshop are listed. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Regional planning KW - Signalized intersections KW - Urban areas KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46915 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139661 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kozlowski, Thomas P AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - SAPOLLUT: ESTIMATING THE AIR QUALITY IMPACT OF VEHICULAR EMISSIONS RESULTING FROM A TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 166-172 AB - SAPOLLUT may be used to measure the air quality impact in kilograms of pollutants. The total amount of pollutants may be, at the users option, stratified by hour of day, area type, functional classification, and pollution district. A standard FHWA historical record and default values supplied internally in the program (or user specified values) are used to stratify the volume of each link in the network (except controid connectors) by a battery of factors according to the functional classification and area type of the link. For the required emission factors, the program enters an internal table of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide exhaust emission factors, deterioration factors speed adjustment factors, and hydrocarbon evaporative emission factors. The program will also estimate exhaust emissions from intrazonal travel if the necessary data are input. Details of data requirements and output are given, and practical experience is described. Extensive modifications to SAPOLLUT have improved its operating efficiency, added flexibility to its input requirements, and increased the analysis options. A post processor program, SAPLSM, has been developed to summarize emissions by either link, zone (district), or grid. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Classification KW - Computer programs KW - Contaminants KW - Environmental impacts KW - Estimating KW - Exhaust gases KW - Grids (Coordinates) KW - Grids (Transmission lines) KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Links KW - Links (Networks) KW - Measurement KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Speed KW - Traffic assignment KW - Zone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46922 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139655 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ward, Charles E AU - Ranzieri, Andrew J AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - CALINE2: AN IMPROVED MICROSCALE MODEL FOR THE DIFFUSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS FROM A LINE SOURCE PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 97-120 AB - This paper discusses the Gaussian dispersion theory, the mathematical assumptions of CALINE2, presents a sensitivity analysis, and compare the CALINE2 predictive capabilities with observed data. The mathematical assumptions discussed include general Gaussian assumptions (Gaussian dispersion, atmospheric stability classes) and Gaussian line source assumptions (mixing cell concept, dispersion parameter modifications, parallel wind line source equation, oblique wind line source equation, and source height adjustments). Data format assumptions covered here are time interval, and input data requirements. Analysis of sensitivity to source strength, wind speed, wind angle, pavement height and stability class, and the ranking of sensitive parameters are discussed. Verifications are discribed are separated into highway configurations (at-grade, depressed, and fill), wind angles (cross and parallel), and on- and off-highway sites to better determine how each of these situations can be handled by CALINE2. Comments are made on the overall use of CALINE2, CALINE2 simulations, and on costs and availability. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contaminants KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Highway design KW - Input KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematics KW - Microanalysis KW - Models KW - Ranking KW - Ranking (Statistics) KW - Sensitivity KW - Time KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46916 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139662 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nash, Carlton T AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - USER EXPERIENCE WITH SAPOLLUT PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 173-175 AB - This discussion of transportation and air quality relation at the regional level describes Virginia's experience with the use of the SAPOLLUT air quality analysis emission program, and the adequacy of this approach in relating impacts of proposed transportation plans and programs on air quality. In Virginia, a complete SAPOLLUT analysis was performed in 5 major urban areas and emissions in kilograms per day were calculated for the 3 major transportation- related pollutants: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. Emissions were calculated for 3 functional types of highways; freeways, arterials and local streets. Emissions for each pollutant and for each functional type of facility were calculated according to their location. The results from SAPOLLUT studies were incorporated into a report. The major advantage of SAPOLLUT is that allows pollutant emissions from various transportation alternatives to be compared by using an established data bank of transportation information. It can also be used to determine if changes in the transportation network will cause a change in spatial distribution of pollutant emissions. The shortcomings of the SAPOLLUT model relate to output results which are expressed as total emissions in unit mass, the adequacy of the resolution of carbon monoxide information, and the estimation of nitrogen oxide. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Consumer behavior KW - Data banks KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freeways KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Pollutants KW - Regulations KW - Streets KW - Substitutes KW - Traffic distribution KW - Transportation KW - Urban areas KW - User reactions KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46923 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139658 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Patterson, Robert M AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - AIR QUALITY MODELING AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 138-151 AB - This paper describes an approach for relating the impact of traffic on ambient carbon monoxide concentrations near signalized intersections by (a) computing the emission profiles due to acceleration and deceleration of queuing vehicles for a range of queue lengths and approach and departure speeds, (b) approximating the profiles by simple by simple step functions based on emissions on the portion of roadway occupied by the queues, (c) adding emission components for cruise and idle modes of vehicle operation, and (d) using the derived emission profiles in a line source dispersion model to estimate ambient CO concentrations at selected receptor sites. Steps for estimating emission profiles have been suggested and applied successfully. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gases KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Queuing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Speed KW - Traffic measurement KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139659 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ellis, George W AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - MESOSCALE MODELING: A TRANSPORTATION AGENCY'S EXPERIENCE PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 152-162 AB - The APRAC-1A urban diffusion model computer program is described which estimates concentrations of carbon monoxide resulting from the emissions from a traffic network at specified receptor locations under specified weather conditions. Required input for the model includes emission factors, traffic distribution, and meterological data. An option of the model allows estimates of the street canyon effect. Use of the model for developing isopleth contour maps is made possible by means of the grid point mode in which estimates for a given hour of the day are made at a large number of receptor locations. Details of receptor spacing, traffic input data, and weather are discussed, and comments are made on the application of the model, and data processing considerations. A mobile emission inventory model that integrates traffic emissions and other traffic information in a highly flexible technique is described. The model has been developed as a computer program called GRIDSUM. The importance of the cold-start correction and the trip-making process is discussed, and comments are made on automating computations. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer programs KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Estimating KW - Exhaust gases KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Information processing KW - Inventory KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Models KW - Networks KW - Traffic KW - Travel KW - Trip KW - Urban areas KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46920 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139664 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Palmieri, F L AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - AMBIENT AIR MONITORING FOR HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 190-197 AB - The ever-increasing demands for accurate analysis of air quality impacts of highway proposals have caused ambient air quality monitoring to become a topic of substantial concern to transportation analysts. The data acquired through ambient air monitoring are an essential input to the mathematical models used for highway air pollution forecasting, both for the determination of ambient background levels and for the validation and calibration of the models themselves. Despite its importance, however a standardized body of procedure and good practice for this type of data acquisition has developed slowly. Because of the substantial differences between this type of ambient monitoring and that done routinely by state environmental agencies for their urban-area air quality surveillance programs, the techniques for highway ambient monitoring have largely grown out of the efforts and experimentation of the state and federal transportation agencies themselves. This paper presents some of the considerations and results of such an effort by the New York State Department of Transportation, which has had an active and extensive program in this field since 1972. /Author/ U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Ambience KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - Environment KW - Forecasting KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Monitoring KW - Standardization KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46925 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139653 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ranzieri, Andrew J AU - Shirely, Earl C AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - EXAMINATION OF REGIONAL PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELS BY A USER PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 75-92 AB - This discussion (from the user's point of view) of the applications of regional photochemical models to assess the interrelations of land use, transportation, and air quality planning, covers the problems with using existing emission and aerometric data and presents solutions to remedy these problems. Institutional constraints to running computer simulation models on various computer systems are discussed as well as the advantages and limitations of trajectory and grid models for transportation systems analyses. Input to regional photochemical models include emission inventories (both mobile and stationary sources), meteorology, and the initial hour of air quality data through the region so that the model can simulate the transport and diffusion of the emission fluxes while it attempts to duplicate the chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere. Air quality data are also required so that predictions can be compared with real world observations. Problems with using existing air quality data bases are discussed with reference to definition of grid boundaries or study region, emission inventory, existing meteorological and air quality data bases, verification of photo chemical models customizing regional models for urban areas, and institutional constraints. The implementation of urban air quality models is discussed. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Chemical reactions KW - Databases KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Grids (Coordinates) KW - Grids (Transmission lines) KW - Institutions KW - Inventory KW - Land use KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Models KW - Needs assessment KW - Organizations KW - Photochemistry KW - Simulation KW - Trajectory KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - User needs KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139660 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dabberdt, Walter F AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - SELECTED OBSERVATIONS ON MESOSCALE MODELING PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 163-165 AB - The mesocale simulation model for inert pollutants is defined, the objectives of mesocale modeling are set forth, the purposes of such modeling are stated, and attention is directed toward the evaluation and improvement of mesoscale carbon monoxide (CO) models of 8-hour concentrations, and the improvement of model versatility and resolution. The objectives of mesocale modeling relate to the prediction of absolute pollutant concentration, the prediction of relative changes in pollutant concentration, and a combination of the first and second objectives. Mesocale modeling may be utilized for short-term forecasting, impact assessment of new emission sources, and impact assessment of changes to existing emission sources. Model versatility and resolution improvements are desirable in the areas of meteorology, emission rates, traffic data, and microscale submodels. Improvements are also desirable in user documentation such as user manuals. Most mesoscale CO models are relatively inexpensive to operate, but cost is a major factor when poor meteorological or traffic input data are used. U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Contaminants KW - Costs KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Inert KW - Meteorology KW - Relative KW - Short term KW - Simulation KW - Sources KW - Time duration KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46921 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139656 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sontowski, John AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - MICROSCALE MODELING OF NEAR-ROADWAY AIR QUALITY BY NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 121-130 AB - Numerical techniques provide a powerful tool for the assessment of transportation-related air quality impacts. They are potentially capable of accounting for meteorology and topography of almost unlimited complexity. This paper presents a description of their basic nature, a discussion of existing capabilities including some particular models, suggested ways for improvement of models, and consideration of the relative merits of numerical versus Gaussian models. /Author/ U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Gaussian plume model KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Numbers KW - Topography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46917 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00139657 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Downey, Paul J AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF MODEL RESULTS PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - pp 131-137 AB - In response to legislation requiring that each federal agency carefully and systematically consider the environmental effects of its actions, the Office of the Secretary of Transportation initiated the Technology for Environmental Analysis (TAE) program at the Transportation Systems Center (TSC) in 1972 to develop unified technological capabilities in air pollution assessment as part of a family of techniques and capabilities necessary to support the Office of the Secretary and the operating administrations in their development of planning procedures related to the environmental impact of transportation systems and facilities. One important goal of this program is to develop and maintain expertise on the availability, applicability, and performance of techniques for analyzing the environmental impact of transportation-generated air pollution. To aid in the achievement of this goal, TSC has pursued the acquisition of both dispersion models and air quality data. The work reported here is a step toward the fulfillment of this goal. /Author/ U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Assessments KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Facilities KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Statistics KW - Technology KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00138590 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS PY - 1976 SP - 250 p. AB - This report highlights the effects that modern highways have on individuals, communities, and regions. A narrative portion synthesizes some of the experience gained in highway impact studies during the past 15 years. The report includes abstracts of studies completed during the past 5 years, a brief description of impact studies underway, and an index by author and research agency and by subject matter. The report offers tentative conclusions on several aspects of highway experience. For example, residents and businesses displaced by highway right-of-way are generally being relocated satisfactorily. However, residents in close proximity to highways may have noise, air pollution, or safety problems, and these disadvantages may be reflected in lower property values. Accessibility effects of highways, unlike proximity effects, are ordinarily positive. The benefits of highway accessibility often outweigh the disadvantages of highway proximity, even for residential property. Whether benefits or disadvantages occur near highways depends primarily on the land use involved. Industrial or commercial uses along highways ordinarily benefit. Some uses, such as residences, may be bothered by highway proximity. Some activities such as schools, churches, and hospitals may benefit enough from highway accessibility and visibility to justify locating near highways. Development near highways resembles the unsatisfactory situation in general land use planning except that conflicts near highways are more pronounced and wasteful. The apparent scarcity of freeway frontage compared with space needed for activities that benefit from freeway proximity suggests the need to preclude incompatible uses (e.g. houses) from locating along freeways. KW - Accessibility KW - Air pollution KW - Business districts KW - Commercial districts KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Land use planning KW - Location KW - Property values KW - Proximity KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Residential areas KW - Residential location KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158058 AU - Somerville, R AU - Houston Carshare Program TI - 1975 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AREAWIDE CARPOOLING "EXPANDED TRANSPORTATION SERVICES" (PROCEEDINGS) PY - 1975/12/08 SP - 264 p. AB - Activity toward increasing commuter ridesharing has been steadily increasing throughout this country over the past several years. As the number of programs involved in stressing ridesharing across the country increases, the need for coordination and information also increases. In response to this demonstrated need, the 1975 National Conference on Areawide Carpooling was envisaged. Sponsored Jointly by the Houston CarShare Program, the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Energy Administration, the conference had one paramount objective: to exchange experiences and to heighten the knowledge and effectiveness of areawide ridesharing programs. The 3-day conference was organized around workshop sessions covering a gamut of topics from Marketing and Promotion to Legal and Regulatory Issues. The attendees, numbering over 130, were representative of all regions of the United States, from a wide range of private and public agencies, institutions and organizations actively involved in promoting increased ridesharing. The proceedings presented in this document will help to fill the great need for information and concern for transportation alternatives. KW - Carpools KW - Conferences KW - Conservation KW - Energy KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455017 AU - Gadallah, Ahmed Atef AU - Stafford, George K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 94 : Progress Report PY - 1975/12/01 SP - 42p AB - This report is the annual continuing study of speeds of vehicles on rural Indiana Highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane, and two-lane highways through the state during the months of July, August and September 1975. Starting with this annual study, two new urban interstate highway stations are included in the analysis. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for passenger cars was 58.7 mph. The overall average speed for trucks was 57.4 mph. These were 0.9 mph, and 2.2 mph higher for passenger cars and heavy trucks, respectively, than the results of June-September 1974 (Speed Report No. 92). The increase in speed was mainly on interstate facilities. The speed patterns on rural and urban interstate highways were almost identical. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313908 UR - http://ia700400.us.archive.org/34/items/trafficspeedrepo94gada/trafficspeedrepo94gada.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454520 AU - Shurig, D G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Boone County, Indiana PY - 1975/12/01 SP - 52p AB - Development of an engineering soils map of Boone County was the primary goal of this project. The map is appended to this report; the report supplements the engineering soils map information. The detailed pedological soils maps published in the 1975 Soil Survey of Boone County were the single most important source of data used in the project. Careful study of the soil series descriptios enabled the grouping of the series into appropriate land form and parent material categories. Routine airphoto interpretation techniques supplemented the pedological data. Aerial photographs were examined and the preliminary boundaries checked and modified, if necessary, to produce final land form and parent material boundaries. The final land form and boundaries were graphically reduced to produce the engineering soils map. The map also includes a set of soil profiles which indicate the general soil profiles of topograpicallly high and low sites in the land form parent material areas. KW - Aerial photography KW - Boone County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314558 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455166 AU - Ripple, David Alan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - History of the Interstate System in Indiana: Volume 3, Part 1 - Chapter VI: Route History PY - 1975/12 SP - 150p AB - This work is a reconstruction of the planning, development and implementation of the Interstate Highway Program in Indiana as well as the Nation. The historical data for this record was gathered from Federal reports, documents, and legislation; Federal Highway Administration documents and interviews; Indiana State Highway Commission records and interviews; and other transportation related agency reports and interviews throughout Indiana. Because of the voluminous amount of data involved, a combination of the stages of the systems analysis process and the highway planning and programming process was used in the reconstruction and presentation of the historical record. The work begins with a description of the traditional role of transportation in the economy and the role of government in highway development. The need for an interregional super highway system and the goals and objectives of the Interstate Program are documented. The development of the Interstate Program is traced from its conception in the late 1930's to the landmark legislation in 1956. The highway needs and programs developed by numerous studies during this period are described in detail. The Interstate Program as set forth by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and its evolution are described in terms of policies on construction time, the utilization of manpower, the use of material and equipment, and financing. Under financing, the report covers in great depth the apportionment of funds, federal participation, the use of funds, administrative policy, right-of-way acquisition, the inclusion of toll roads in the Interstate System and the reimbursement to States for completed Interstate sections. All programs are subject to an evolution in policies and standards which ultimately affect the ultimate product. The research covers Interstate route location and selection, the route alternative evaluation process, the public hearing process, the A-95 Review Process (Project Notification and Review Process), the decision-making process and interagency cooperation, the environmental statement process and highway impact guidelines, policies on multiple use and joint development, the evolution of design standards with a heavy emphasis on safety in design, the evolution of interchange location and spacing, federal policies on fund participation, the evolution of landscape design including billboard and junkyard control, the evolution of the land acquisition process and the relocation process and other processes and policies. Leaving the national scene, the work concentrates on designation of the Interstate Routes in Indiana, the formulation of the Indiana Interstate Program, and the historical development of the Indiana System. A description of studies and events leading to the development of each Interstate Route is covered in great detail. Finally, the report assesses the relationship between revenues, expenditures, and cost completion estimates on the Interstate System. The progress of the Indiana System toward completion is documented on a fiscal year basis. A gross overview of the benefits and impacts of Interstate development on the citizens of Indiana concludes the presentation. The history of each Interstate Route in Indiana has been developed from interviews with personnel of the Indiana State Highway Commission, the Indiana Division Office of the Federal Highway Administration, the Indianapolis Department of Transportation, the Indianapolis Department of Metropolitan Development, and other agencies involved in the development or implementation of the Indiana Interstate Program; from an extensive review of route location studies developed by the Indiana State Highway Commission and Consultants; and from an extensive review of correspondence between the Indiana State Highway Commission and other agencies and the general public. The route history concentrates on the development of each route and the special efforts to improve public service. KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - History KW - Indiana KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interstate highways KW - Location KW - Routes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314560 UR - http://ia600407.us.archive.org/14/items/historyofinterst01ripp/historyofinterst01ripp.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455162 AU - Ripple, David Alan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - History of the Interstate System in Indiana: Volume 2 - Chapter V: Evolution of Policies and Standards PY - 1975/12 SP - 291p AB - This work is a reconstruction of the planning, development and implementation of the Interstate Highway Program in Indiana as well as the Nation. The historical data for this record was gathered from Federal reports, documents, and legislation; Federal Highway Administration documents and interviews; Indiana State Highway Commission records and interviews; and other transportation related agency reports and interviews throughout Indiana. Because of the voluminous amount of data involved, a combination of the stages of the systems analysis process and the highway planning and programming process was used in the reconstruction and presentation of the historical record. The work begins with a description of the traditional role of transportation in the economy and the role of government in highway development. The need for an interregional super highway system and the goals and objectives of the Interstate Program are documented. The development of the Interstate Program is traced from its conception in the late 1930's to the landmark legislation in 1956. The highway needs and programs developed by numerous studies during this period are described in detail. The Interstate Program as set forth by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and its evolution are described in terms of policies on construction time, the utilization of manpower, the use of material and equipment, and financing. Under financing, the report covers in great depth the apportionment of funds, federal participation, the use of funds, administrative policy, right-of-way acquisition, the inclusion of toll roads in the Interstate System and the reimbursement to States for completed Interstate sections. All programs are subject to an evolution in policies and standards which ultimately affect the ultimate product. The research covers Interstate route location and selection, the route alternative evaluation process, the public hearing process, the A-95 Review Process (Project Notification and Review Process), the decision-making process and interagency cooperation, the environmental statement process and highway impact guidelines, policies on multiple use and joint development, the evolution of design standards with a heavy emphasis on safety in design, the evolution of interchange location and spacing, federal policies on fund participation, the evolution of landscape design including billboard and junkyard control, the evolution of the land acquisition process and the relocation process and other processes and policies. Leaving the national scene, the work concentrates on designation of the Interstate Routes in Indiana, the formulation of the Indiana Interstate Program, and the historical development of the Indiana System. A description of studies and events leading to the development of each Interstate Route is covered in great detail. Finally, the report assesses the relationship between revenues, expenditures, and cost completion estimates on the Interstate System. The progress of the Indiana System toward completion is documented on a fiscal year basis. A gross overview of the benefits and impacts of Interstate development on the citizens of Indiana concludes the presentation. KW - Contracts KW - Decision making KW - Design standards KW - Highway planning KW - History KW - Indiana KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interstate highways KW - Policy making KW - Property acquisition KW - Specifications KW - Transportation policy UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314559 UR - http://ia600406.us.archive.org/30/items/historyofinterst7527ripp/historyofinterst7527ripp.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455159 AU - Ripple, David Alan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - History of the Interstate System in Indiana: Volume 3, Part 2 - Chapter VI: Route History PY - 1975/12 SP - 319p AB - This work is a reconstruction of the planning, development and implementation of the Interstate Highway Program in Indiana as well as the Nation. The historical data for this record was gathered from Federal reports, documents, and legislation; Federal Highway Administration documents and interviews; Indiana State Highway Commission records and interviews; and other transportation related agency reports and interviews throughout Indiana. Because of the voluminous amount of data involved, a combination of the stages of the systems analysis process and the highway planning and programming process was used in the reconstruction and presentation of the historical record. The work begins with a description of the traditional role of transportation in the economy and the role of government in highway development. The need for an interregional super highway system and the goals and objectives of the Interstate Program are documented. The development of the Interstate Program is traced from its conception in the late 1930's to the landmark legislation in 1956. The highway needs and programs developed by numerous studies during this period are described in detail. The Interstate Program as set forth by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and its evolution are described in terms of policies on construction time, the utilization of manpower, the use of material and equipment, and financing. Under financing, the report covers in great depth the apportionment of funds, federal participation, the use of funds, administrative policy, right-of-way acquisition, the inclusion of toll roads in the Interstate System and the reimbursement to States for completed Interstate sections. All programs are subject to an evolution in policies and standards which ultimately affect the ultimate product. The research covers Interstate route location and selection, the route alternative evaluation process, the public hearing process, the A-95 Review Process (Project Notification and Review Process), the decision-making process and interagency cooperation, the environmental statement process and highway impact guidelines, policies on multiple use and joint development, the evolution of design standards with a heavy emphasis on safety in design, the evolution of interchange location and spacing, federal policies on fund participation, the evolution of landscape design including billboard and junkyard control, the evolution of the land acquisition process and the relocation process and other processes and policies. Leaving the national scene, the work concentrates on designation of the Interstate Routes in Indiana, the formulation of the Indiana Interstate Program, and the historical development of the Indiana System. A description of studies and events leading to the development of each Interstate Route is covered in great detail. Finally, the report assesses the relationship between revenues, expenditures, and cost completion estimates on the Interstate System. The progress of the Indiana System toward completion is documented on a fiscal year basis. A gross overview of the benefits and impacts of Interstate development on the citizens of Indiana concludes the presentation. The history of each Interstate Route in Indiana has been developed from interviews with personnel of the Indiana State Highway Commission, the Indiana Division Office of the Federal Highway Administration, the Indianapolis Department of Transportation, the Indianapolis Department of Metropolitan Development, and other agencies involved in the development or implementation of the Indiana Interstate Program; from an extensive review of route location studies developed by the Indiana State Highway Commission and Consultants; and from an extensive review of correspondence between the Indiana State Highway Commission and other agencies and the general public. The route history concentrates on the development of each route and the special efforts to improve public service. KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - History KW - Indiana KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interstate highways KW - Location KW - Routes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314561 UR - http://ia600405.us.archive.org/26/items/historyofinterst02ripp/historyofinterst02ripp.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455157 AU - Ripple, David Alan AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - History of the Interstate System in Indiana: Volume 4 - Chapters VII and VIII: Cost, Funding and General Benefits PY - 1975/12 SP - 198p AB - This work is a reconstruction of the planning, development and implementation of the Interstate Highway Program in Indiana as well as the Nation. The historical data for this record was gathered from Federal reports, documents, and legislation; Federal Highway Administration documents and interviews; Indiana State Highway Commission records and interviews; and other transportation related agency reports and interviews throughout Indiana. Because of the voluminous amount of data involved, a combination of the stages of the systems analysis process and the highway planning and programming process was used in the reconstruction and presentation of the historical record. The work begins with a description of the traditional role of transportation in the economy and the role of government in highway development. The need for an interregional super highway system and the goals and objectives of the Interstate Program are documented. The development of the Interstate Program is traced from its conception in the late 1930's to the landmark legislation in 1956. The highway needs and programs developed by numerous studies during this period are described in detail. The Interstate Program as set forth by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and its evolution are described in terms of policies on construction time, the utilization of manpower, the use of material and equipment, and financing. Under financing, the report covers in great depth the apportionment of funds, federal participation, the use of funds, administrative policy, right-of-way acquisition, the inclusion of toll roads in the Interstate System and the reimbursement to States for completed Interstate sections. All programs are subject to an evolution in policies and standards which ultimately affect the ultimate product. The research covers Interstate route location and selection, the route alternative evaluation process, the public hearing process, the A-95 Review Process (Project Notification and Review Process), the decision-making process and interagency cooperation, the environmental statement process and highway impact guidelines, policies on multiple use and joint development, the evolution of design standards with a heavy emphasis on safety in design, the evolution of interchange location and spacing, federal policies on fund participation, the evolution of landscape design including billboard and junkyard control, the evolution of the land acquisition process and the relocation process and other processes and policies. Leaving the national scene, the work concentrates on designation of the Interstate Routes in Indiana, the formulation of the Indiana Interstate Program, and the historical development of the Indiana System. A description of studies and events leading to the development of each Interstate Route is covered in great detail. Finally, the report assesses the relationship between revenues, expenditures, and cost completion estimates on the Interstate System. The progress of the Indiana System toward completion is documented on a fiscal year basis. A gross overview of the benefits and impacts of Interstate development on the citizens of Indiana concludes the presentation. This chapter is an overview of the progress of the Interstate System toward completion. Like other projects, the constraints in constructing the Interstate System were time, manpower, materials, and funding. Inter-governmental cooperation is the essential element that has manipulated these constraints to attain the goals of the Interstate Program. The basic relationship between costs and expenditures is developed to describe the effect of funding on Interstate construction progress. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Expenditures KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - History KW - Indiana KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interstate highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313910 UR - http://ia700406.us.archive.org/0/items/historyofinterst00ripp/historyofinterst00ripp.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398171 AU - Freedman, M AU - Janoff, M S AU - Koth, B W AU - McCunney, W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Fixed illumination for pedestrian protection; final report PY - 1975/12 IS - FHWA-RD-76-8 SP - 149p KW - Accident KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Crashes KW - Crosswalks KW - Lighting KW - Lighting KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrian crossing KW - Pedestrians KW - Street lighting KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159025 AU - Honeywell AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION - PHASE III. PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1975/12 SP - 1388p-in 4 AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151197 AU - Ainsworth, D P AU - Keale, M J AU - LIBA, C J AU - Levinson, H M AU - REEBIE ASSOCIATES AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN IMPROVED TRUCK/RAIL OPERATION: EVALUATION OF SELECTED CORRIDOR - A SUMMARY OF THE FINAL REPORT PY - 1975/12 SP - 20 p. AB - Presuming an improved truck/rail transportation service would offer significant opportunities for the future, this study had as its objective the consideration of potential impacts upon trucking companies, shippers, Teamsters and the highways. The analysis was directed to a single corridor - Los Angeles to Portland with Sacramento as an intermediate point. Drawing upon traffic statistics for conventional rail service, all forms of trucking, existing piggyback and intra-coastal water movement, it was possible to identify nearly 500 forty foot container equivalents (FCE) of available merchandise type freight moving between the study cities on a typical day in 1971. Of the potentially divertible traffic, however, only 160 FCEs, or one 45 car train in both directions could be scheduled and meet the operational, economic and service constraints. What emerged from the first stage of the analysis was not free from ambiguities. While an improved intermodal service is conceivable, both economically and operationally, it is questionable whether the actual initiation of such a service, which would necessitate overcoming several barriers, would be worth the benefits it might generate. KW - California KW - Cargo transportation KW - Common carriers KW - Coordination KW - Demand KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway transportation KW - Level of service KW - Oregon KW - Railroad transportation KW - Services KW - Statistical analysis KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130565 AU - Kissane, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTING OF AN ORTHOTROPIC BRIDGE PY - 1975/12 SP - 33 p. AB - Field measurements of static live-load strains and deflections of an 88-ft 4-in. simple-span orthotropic- plate-deck bridge are compared with a theoretical analysis that represents the structure as a planar grid. Design values based upon the AISC design manual are evaluated. Test results show that the planar-grid analysis method is a reliable analytical tool for predicting stresses and deflections. Design procedures based upon the AISC manual give correct stress values at critical locations on the structure. However, the design estimate of plate deflection is conservative. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Grids (Coordinates) KW - Grids (Transmission lines) KW - Live loads KW - Manuals KW - Orthotropic KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Simple span KW - Static loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Test results KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136989 AU - Urban Wildlife Research Center, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY-WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS PY - 1975/12 SP - 623p-in2v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151167 AU - Ainsworth, D P AU - Keale, M J AU - LIBA, C J AU - Levinson, H M AU - Reebie (Robert) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN IMPROVED TRUCK/RAIL OPERATION: EVALUATION OF A SELECTED CORRIDOR PY - 1975/12 SP - 258 p. AB - Contents: Description of the corridor; Estimating traffic diversions to an improved intermodal operation; The impact of diversion on carriers and shippers; The impact of diversion on motor carrier labor; The impact of diversion in highway programs; Economic geography statistics; Development of freight traffic flow data; Development of teamster wage impact data; Evaluation of major teamster policy alternatives; Highway traffic statistics; Relating changes in highway traffic composition to maintenance expenditures. KW - California KW - Cargo transportation KW - Common carriers KW - Competition KW - Coordination KW - Demand KW - Finance KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Level of service KW - Modal diversion KW - Oregon KW - Piggyback transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Services KW - Shippers KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic managers KW - Transportation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation modes KW - Trucks KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139821 AU - O'Leary, J R AU - Ward, R G AU - West Virginia Department of Highways TI - ROAD TEST RESEARCH OF SKID RESISTANT BITUMINOUS SURFACES PY - 1975/12 SP - 136 p. AB - In 1968, the West Virginia Department of Highways began preliminary deisgn work on twenty (20) bituminous mixes, which were to be used as thin, skid resistant overlays. The aggregates selected for this project were those commonly used in West Virginia, as well as other aggregates, which were being considered for possible use in bituminous paving mixes. In August, 1969, the F.H.W.A. approved the research project titled "Road Test Research of Skid Resistant Bituminous Surfaces". The purpose of the project was to "proof try" the laboratory design mixes. Construction began in September of 1970. During the four (4) year study, densities, texture (sterophotographs) road profiles, and visual observations were made yearly. Periodic skid tests were conducted. The skid numbers declined considerably during the first year; then became cyclical, i.e., high in the winter and spring and low in the fall. The skid resistance of the limestone paving mixes was found to be unsatisfactory. Of those mixes made with other commonly used aggregates, high skid resistance was usually accompanied by poor durability. Some of these mixes did not last the duration of the project. Exceptions were synopal and the metallurgical slag, which were found to be both skid resistant and durable. KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Durability KW - Research KW - Road tests KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335939 AU - Segal, D J AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY-VEHICLE-OBJECT SIMULATION MODEL-1976 ENGINEERING MANUAL-ANALYSIS PY - 1975/12 SP - 188 p. AB - A series of reports have been written to document revised and updated versions of the simulation of highway-vehicle-object interactions in a single vehicle highway environment. The programs documented were developed under FHWA sponsorship to provide the highway safety community with an analytical means of evaluating the effects of highway/roadside environment on safety. This manual is addressed to the engineer who wishes to become familiar with the mathematical model which is the basis for the HVOSM computer simulation. It contains a detailed description of the governing equations and logic for the three documented versions of the HVOSM. (FHWA) KW - Equations KW - Highway safety KW - Interaction KW - Logic KW - Logic (Mathematics) KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Roadside KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159029 AU - Lubke, R AU - Wick, D AU - Honeywell, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION. PHASE III. PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME III. VEHICLE SIGNATURE ACQUISITION PY - 1975/12 SP - 435 p. AB - Analysis and design of a successful passive bus detector cannot even begin until the characteristic features of the bus and other vehicles are known. These characteristic features are contained in the time history signals (signatures) detected by transducers located in the pavement. Three transducers were candidates for the passive bus detector: the inductive loop detector (ILD), the magnetic-gradient vehicle detector (MGVD), and the magnetometer. Early analysis eliminated the magnetometer from the candidate list. A total of 450 signatures were acquired from the ILD and MGVD from various vehicle types and test conditions. These signatures depicted all necessary feature data for the vehicles and test conditions, and allowed for subsequent analysis, design, and demonstration of a successful passive bus detector. KW - Adaptive control KW - Automatic control KW - Buses KW - Control devices KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic materials KW - Magnetic signatures KW - Passive detection KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic signals KW - Transducers KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159027 AU - ANDERSON, P AU - Larson, R AU - Lubke, R AU - Putnam, G AU - Wick, D AU - Honeywell, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION - PHASE III. PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME II. PART 1. APPENDIXES A, B, AND C-COMPUTER PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1975/12 SP - 319 p. AB - The volume contains the description of the software developed for the Passive Bus Detector/Intersection Priority System. The program documentation is formatted according to the Program Documentation section of the FHWA Documentation Standards. The computer program documentation is referenced in other volumes of this report as the following appendices: Appendix A. Fortran IV Version of the Vehicle Classification Algorithm; Appendix B. BPCU Program for Minneapolis Installation; Appendix C. BPCU Program for Washington Installation. Appendix C is to be treated as an addendum to Appendix B and contains documentation of only those modules which are different from the Minneapolis Installation program in Appendix B. Appendix D, Software and Computer Printouts, is presented separately as Part II of this volume. KW - Adaptive control KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic control KW - Buses KW - Computer programs KW - Control devices KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Microprocessors KW - Passive detection KW - Signal processing KW - Software KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159026 AU - ANDERSON, P AU - Larson, R AU - Lubke, R AU - Putnam, G AU - Wick, D AU - Honeywell, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION - PHASE III. PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME I. PROJECT OVERVIEW AND TECHNICAL DISCUSSION PY - 1975/12 SP - 212 p. AB - The Passive Bus Detector/Intersection Priority System was developed under this project. The system functions as a fully independent traffic controller with completely passive bus detection capability using inductive-loop detectors (ILD) placed in the roadway. Bus detection is based on ILD signal processing (classifier) techniques, thereby eliminating need for any modifications or additions to the bus. Passive bus detection hardware includes special ILD electronics, a high-speed programmable processor, and a microprocessor. Using the same microprocessor, plus programming panel, stored programs, and switching and safety units, the system design is sufficient to exercise bus priority control at urban intersections containing up to 23 signal circuits and 16 ILD transducers. In addition, the system has capability of commanding the traffic signals in either one of three fixed timing patterns, selected at the system by the traffic engineer or controlled by a loop master. KW - Adaptive control KW - Automatic control KW - Buses KW - Computer programs KW - Control devices KW - Electronics KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Passive detection KW - Signal processing KW - Switching KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Transducers KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159028 AU - ANDERSON, P AU - Larson, R AU - Lubke, R AU - Putnam, G AU - Wick, D AU - Honeywell, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION. PHASE III. PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME II, PART II. APPENDIX D. COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTINGS PY - 1975/12 SP - 413 p. AB - This volume contains the description of the software developed for the Passive Bus Detector/Intersection Priority System. The program documentation is formatted according to the Program Documentation section of the FHWA Documentation Standards. Appendix D, Software and Computer Printouts, is presented. (Portions of this document are not fully legible.) KW - Adaptive control KW - Automatic control KW - Buses KW - Computer programs KW - Control devices KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Microprocessors KW - Passive detection KW - Signal processing KW - Software KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144137 AU - Butler, L B AU - Goss, W P AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst TI - A PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR THE AMHERST-FIVE COLLEGE AREA SN - MA-06-0006 PY - 1975/12 SP - 140 p. AB - This study presents a short-range public transportation improvement plan for the Amherst-Five College Areas--12 suburban-rural communities (population approximately 105,000) in Hampshire and Franklin Counties, Massachusetts. By use of a generalized methodology, residential and commercial areas (termed potential service areas) and distinct demographic segments of the Study Area (termed potential service groups) are identified for (1) conventional fixed-route, scheduled bus transit and/or (2) para-transit public transportation services. Patronage levels are estimated with ridership, "reach," and "penetration" data gathered during an UMTA fare-free bus service Research and Demonstration Project at the Amherst campus of the University of Massachusetts (UMass). A total of 15 potential service areas are identified in the Study Area as deserving of fixed-route, scheduled bus transit service, where the frequency of bus service proposed for the potential service areas ranges from a high of six bus-trips per hour to a low of seven bus-trips per day. Para-transit public transportation services find justifiable application for many of the potential service groups identified in the Study Area, including the worker-commuter, the midday shopper, and the limited mobility potential service groups. Para-transit is also justifiably applicable in those rurally-located potential service areas with relatively low predicted patronage levels. Moreover, it is concluded that the market applications of the many public transportation modes considered in this study are not mutually exclusive but rather intersecting (or overlapping) sets. A list of policy-oriented recommendations is included in the report. The Appendix contains a detailed analysis of the costs of operation. /FHWA/ KW - Bus transportation KW - Commuters KW - Free fares KW - Free transportation KW - Paratransit services KW - Public transit KW - Ridership KW - Rural areas KW - Shoppers KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198939 AU - Kerr, A D AU - El-Aini, Y M AU - Princeton University AU - National Science Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF ADMISSIBLE TEMPERATURE INCREASES TO PREVENT VERTICAL TRACK BUCKLING PY - 1975/12 SP - 43 p. AB - An analysis is presented for the determination of the range of "safe" temperature increases in a railroad track, in order to prevent vertical buckling. A general nonlinear formulation of the problem is derived by using the theory of elasticity, the principle of virtual displacements and the variational calculus for variable matching points. In order to simplify the solution it is shown, on a closely related problem, that a number of highly nonlinear terms may be neglected without affecting the final results. The obtained nonlinear formulation for the railroad track is simplified accordingly. The resulting nonlinear equations are then solved, in closed form, and the obtained results are presented graphically. KW - Buckling KW - Differential thermal analysis KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - High temperature KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Rail thermal stresses KW - Railroad tracks KW - Temperature gradients KW - Temperature measurement KW - Thermal stresses KW - Vertical displacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142914 AU - SMITH, L M AU - Larew, H G AU - Gillette Research Institute TI - USER'S MANUAL FOR SULFATE WASTE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION PY - 1975/12 SP - 33 p. AB - This manual presents background information for people interested in the possibility of using waste sulfates in highway construction. Known sources of waste sulfate and fly ash in the eastern part of the United States are presented. Results of laboratory tests on compacted specimens composesd of fly ash, waste sulfate, lime and water are summarized. These tests include: compressive strength, tensile strength, California Bearing Ratio, permeability, freeze-thaw resistance and wet-dry stability. While the mixtures were found to have acceptable strength properties, high California Bearing Ratio and low permeability, the durability properties were judged to be marginal. This requires that care and proper precautions must be taken in using these mixtures for construction purposes. Finally, laboratory test procedures for mix design and typical specifications which might be used are suggested. KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compressive strength KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Manuals KW - Mix design KW - Permeability KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Sulfates KW - Tensile strength KW - Wastes KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165778 AU - Hartbower, C E AU - Sunbury, R D AU - California Department of Transportation TI - VARIABILITY OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN A514/517 PLATE, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1975/12 SP - 34 p. AB - On June 13, 1970, a brittle fracture developed in one of the three tension flanges of a large steel box girder bridge under construction at Bryte Bend, California, as the concrete deck was being placed. This report presents a summary evaluation of the extensive fracture toughness and failure analysis data that were gathered by and for the California Department of Transportation in connection with the investigation of the cause of the brittle fracture. The study also included consideration of the steels used in a second bridge at Tuolumne River, California, which was simultaneously under construction and incorporated the same type of steel used in the Bryte Bend bridge. In addition, the characteristics of steels used to repair and reinforce these two bridges were also studied. The report recommends that bridges which have been fabricated from A514/517 Grade-F or Grade-H steels comparable to those used in the Bryte Bend and Tuolumne River Bridges be given frequent careful inspections as well as a realistic design review. The report also recommends that whenever A514/517 Grade-H steel is proposed for use in bridge construction, stringent test requirements should be imposed (depending upon thickness, redundancy, welding process, etc.) as a condition of use in main load carrying member. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Failure KW - Flanges KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Inspection KW - Steel KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Toughness KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158081 AU - Shah, S C AU - Joches, V AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSIS, PART V. REVIEW OF DATA GENERATED BY STATISCAL SPECIFICATIONS ON ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1975/12 SP - 84 p. AB - The report represents a review of asphaltic concrete data generated by statistical specifications which have been in effect since the middle of 1971. The review covered analysis of data for determination of price reduction for deficient material and overall variability of these data. The analysis and evaluation indicated: (1) an overall reduction of 1.5% in the contract unit proce; (2) that most of the reduction in payment occurred as a result of deficiency in roadway compaction followed by surface tolerance and Marshall stability; (3) an overall reduction in the level of uniformity in the production of asphaltic concrete as indicated by the magnitude of standard deviations for extraction and stability data; and (4) a necessity to increase the sample size, from fraction of the lot to the entire lot, for surface smoothness measurements. Results of questionnaire are presented with a view toward overall assessment of these specifications as gauged by field construction engineers. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Chemical analysis KW - Compaction KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Prices KW - Quality control KW - Questionnaires KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Resource extraction KW - Sample size KW - Specifications KW - Standard deviation KW - Standardization KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling KW - Surface tolerance KW - Surfaces KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137323 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - THERMAL ACTIVITY OF BASE COURSE MATERIAL RELATED TO PAVEMENT CRACKING PY - 1975/12 SP - 128 p. AB - An initial computer study using a heat transfer program showed that freeze-thaw activity during a winter, for Perryton, Texas, was centered mainly in the base course for a typical pavement. Comprehensive freeze-thaw testing showed the base course to be more active, thermally, than asphaltic concrete. The thermal activity is composed of a freeze deformation and a residual deformation. Both quantities are related to the soil moisture suction of the material. The soil moisture suction which develops in a sample is a function of the grain size, moisture, pore structure and clay mineralogy. Clay mineralogy determinations were done using x-ray diffraction to obtain the relative percentages of the clay minerals present. A direct relationship is established between the freeze deformation and clay mineralogy of the material tested. The data also demonstrate the validity of using clay mineralogy properties as a design quantity for base course material. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Clay minerals KW - Cold weather KW - Concrete KW - Design KW - Diffraction KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Freezing KW - Heat transfer KW - Highways KW - Operations KW - Pavement cracking KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Testing KW - Texas KW - Thermal properties KW - Thermal stability KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137422 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Bailey, S N AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE AGGREGATE DURABILITY TESTS PY - 1975/12 SP - 45 p. AB - Several procedures are studied in an attempt to develop a less time consuming substitute for the sodium sulfate soundness test. Considered were procedures using elastic fractionation, heavy media separation, autoclave degradation, freezing and thawing of aggregates, and others. One procedure, detrition value test, correlates fairly well with soundness test losses for aggregates from one area of the state where the soundness test is a controlling factor in aggregate processing. This procedure consists of the dynamic abrasion of water and aggregate in a 5 gallon bucket on a paint shaker. A test method was developed and an alternate specification to the soundness test requirement written for control of aggregate quality. The specification is currently limited to aggregates from the Santa Clara River area near Ventura. KW - Aggregates KW - Autoclave curing KW - Autoclaves KW - Autoclaving KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Durability KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Quality control KW - Sodium sulfate KW - Sodium sulfate test KW - Soundness test KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137319 AU - Beede, B K AU - Shelley, T L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF RAISED TRAFFIC MARKERS, 1971-1974 PY - 1975/12 SP - 33 p. AB - Six reflective and three combination reflective and nonreflective pavement markers were evaluated. None of the new raised reflective pavement markers submitted to the Laboratory for testing and evaluation have shown better performance than the current State adopted ceramic and retroflective cube corner markers. One combination day/night ceramic marker which was tested is being recommended as an alternative to the presently specified system in median areas or on low volume roads. KW - Aggregates KW - Cement KW - Ceramic materials KW - Durability KW - Glass KW - Low volume roads KW - Markers KW - Medians KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Reflectance KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflector markers KW - Retroreflectors KW - Road markings KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141879 AU - Freedman, M AU - Janoff, M S AU - Koth, B W AU - McCunney, W AU - Franklin Institute TI - FIXED ILLUMINATION FOR PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION SN - 31L2082 PY - 1975/12 SP - 149 p. AB - This document reports the findings and applications of research investigating the effectiveness of specially designed low pressure sodium luminaires to increase pedestrian safety at intersection crosswalks at night. It was found that the LPS systems had beneficial effects on the crossing environment, driver performance, and pedestrian behavior. Illumination intensity was increased as much as thirty-fold, resulting in an average of 9% increase of available time for drivers to respond. Pedestrians appeared to be more alert in crossing and make better use of the crosswalk. The driving environment has been improved by reduction in headlight glare effects. Local residents and business people expressed satisfaction with the system applications at all seven test sites. /Author/ KW - Crosswalks KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fixed structures KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Intersections KW - Light KW - Low pressure KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Personnel performance KW - Pressure KW - Residents KW - Sodium lamps KW - Sodium vapor lamps KW - Structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141832 AU - Beede, B K AU - Shelley, T L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC MARKERS, 1971-1974 SN - 41I2-024 PY - 1975/12 SP - 33 p. AB - Evaluation and development of traffic delineators by the State of California, is a continuing project. Six reflective and three combination reflective and nonreflective pavement markers were evaluated and are described in this report. None of the new raised reflective pavement markers submitted to the Laboratory for testing and evaluation have shown better performance than the current State adopted ceramic and retroflective cube corner markers. One combination day/night ceramic marker which was tested is being recommended as an alternative to the presently specified system in median areas or on low volume roads. /Author/ KW - Ceramic materials KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Highway delineators KW - Intersections KW - Multileg intersections KW - Pavements KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Retroreflectors KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149589 AU - Mckee, D C AU - Turner, H T AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge TI - DESIGN AND REVIEW OF PRECAST CONCRETE BRIDGE ELEMENTS PY - 1975/12 IS - 5F309 SP - 55 p. AB - This study is part of an effort directed to the reduction of short span (lengths to 50') bridge costs in Louisiana. In particular the emphasis is placed on superstructure types which can be erected rapidly and progressively using erected portions as a working platform. Precast, prestressed concrete elements suitable for erection with a 100 ton crane are of primary interest. The study includes a review of what is found to be the best solution to the short span bridge problem by several other states. Rather popular solutions of the types sought are obtained in many states by use of voided slabs, channels and box sections, generally with positive lateral load transfer mechanisms and either a bituminous or cast in place concrete overlay. Designs for box, spread box, and channel sections along with cost estimates are included for consideration by the Louisiana Department of Highways. It does not appear that substantial savings will be achieved by use of new sections. A substantial breakthrough in both manufacturing and construction procedures along with increased competition in the industry appear as the only real solutions to this problem. /Author/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Structural design KW - Superstructures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151137 AU - Manke, P G AU - Oteng-Seifah, S AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS MIXES IN PAVEMENT STRUCTURES: INTERIM REPORT II. CHARACTERISTICS OF RUTTING ON HIGH QUALITY BITUMINOUS HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - 1975/12 SP - 137 p. AB - Rutting of high quality flexible pavements was studied to determine the contribution of the asphalt bound paving materials to this type of failure. Sixteen test sites were selected on Interstate Highways 35 and 40 in Oklahoma. These pavement sections of various ages were constructed on four different types of base course materials. A profile apparatus was developed to plot the transverse profile of the pavement surface. Rut depths and surface humps outside the wheelpath locations were scaled from the profile tracings. Cores of the asphalt paving layers were obtained at selected points across the pavement and densities of the respective layers determined. Stereo-photography was used to obtain quantitative estimates of surface wear in the wheelpaths. From 8 to 58 percent of the total rut depths at the test sites was attributed to post construction densification of the asphalt bound layers. Evidence of laternal creep or instability in these layers was found at eleven of the sixteen sites and this factor contributed from 30 to 78 percent of the rut depths at these locations. Surface wear or attrition in the wheelpaths also contributed a significant amount to the depth of rut. KW - Attrition KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Creep KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Flexible pavements KW - Oklahoma KW - Profilometers KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Turnover KW - Wheel path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146499 AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Prodoehl, R F AU - Dusel, J P AU - Stoker, J R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTS OF BREAKAWAY LIGHTING STANDARDS USING SMALL AUTOMOBILES PY - 1975/12 SP - 51 p. AB - Results of a study to determine the effectiveness of the current breakaway slip base lighting standards with long mast arms when impacted by small cars are reported. Results show that the current Type 31 slip base used in California is an effective breakaway device when impacted by small cars, and relatively high slip base bolt torques do not seriously affect the slip characteristics of the base. The changes in vehicle momentums measured in both tests were below the desirable maximum of 750 lb-sec (3335 N.s) specified in NCHRP Report 153. The deceleration data and apparent injuries to the dummy also indicate a relatively mild crash for both tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Breakaway supports KW - California KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy absorption KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Lighting columns KW - Lighting equipment KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Street lighting KW - Structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144112 AU - Moreland, P B AU - Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments TI - IMMEDIATE ACTION PROGRAM, URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND MARYLAND PY - 1975/12 SP - 106 p. AB - The Washington Metropolitan Area Urban Corridor Demonstration Program sought to improve peak period travel conditions through major transportation improvements, the planning for which extended over a 12 to 18 month period. The opportunity existed to make transportation service improvements that would alleviate obvious deficiencies recognized while larger improvements were being developed. These constituted the Immediate Action Program. They included fringe parking, express bus service and bus shelters, with an associated public information effort. An employment demand survey to explore the potential counterflow bus service was also included. The implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the various projects of this program are documented. /FHWA/ KW - Bus stop shelters KW - Demonstration projects KW - Employment KW - Express buses KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Park and ride KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144133 AU - Perry, H D AU - Wright, D L AU - Blaser, R E AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg TI - PRODUCING VEGETATION ON HIGHWAY SLOPES CONCURRENTLY WITH AND SUBSEQUENT TO HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1975/12 SP - 97 p. AB - Experiments on slopes in West Virginia highway corridors were established to ascertain methods of producing vegetative covers quickly during all seasons of the year. Presistent vegetation was established on stair-step graded cut slopes in one seeding operation compared to bench cut slopes which usually required two or more seedings. Uncompacted fill slope surfaces prevented erosion of approximately 400 tons of soil material/A during a torrential rain. A two- to four-fold increase in the amount of vegetative cover was obtained when seeded on fill slope surfaces left uncompacted or roughened with a sheeps foot roller rather than compacting similar slopes with a dozer. Soil chemical binders applied without woodfiber or straw were unsatisfactory for establishing a vegetative cover. The addition of soil chemical binders to woodfiber generally did not significantly enhance the persistence of woodfiber or the rate and amount of vegetation established as compared to woodfiber without a soil chemical binder. Woodfiber @ 750 lbs/A was equal or superior to asphalt or other chemiclas for tacking straw. German millet or weeping lovegrass in summer seed mixtures provided a vegetative cover quickly and controlled erosion while Kentucky 31 fescue and crownvetch became established. Persistent vegetation was established by overseeding into temporary vegetation. Establishing woody species from seed is also discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Crownvetch KW - Embankments KW - Erosion control KW - Plant cover KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Road construction KW - Roadside flora KW - Shrubs KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139792 AU - Leedy, D L AU - Franklin, T M AU - Hekimian, E C AU - n Wildlife Research Center, Incorporated TI - HIGHWAY-WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS. VOLUME 2: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1975/12 SP - 427 p. AB - This study assesses, primarily through an extensive literature review, what is known about highway-wildlife relationships and suggests research and management approaches to protect and enhance fish, wildlife, and environmental quality. A cooperative effort to this end among natural resource and highway agency personnel is needed on a continuing basis from the initial planning stages for new highway construction through operation and maintenance. The 20 million or more acres in highway rights-of-way have been largely neglected as wildlife habitat. Opportunities exist for creating valuable fish and wildlife impoundments during construction, yet the minimal effort needed to locate and design such impoundments has generally not been made. The Nation's four million miles of streets and highway often create "edges" conducive to wildlife. Many millions of wild vertebrates are killed annually, but apparently most wildlife populations are not seriously affected by such losses. Highway construction through limited ranges of endangered species can be a serious problem, as can erosion, wetland drainage, stream alteration, structures which block the passage of anadromous fish, and pollutants resulting from highway maintenance and use. Better measures for mitigating habitat losses, predicting effects of highway on fish and wildlife, reducing animal-vehicle accidents, and enhancing highway environment for fish, wildlife, and people are sorely needed. KW - Bibliographies KW - Environmental protection KW - Erosion KW - Fishes KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highway maintenance KW - Management KW - Pollution KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Road construction KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139790 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - SPEL (SPECIAL PRODUCTS EVALUATION LIST) PY - 1975/12 SP - 382 p. AB - This document is a listing of special products which have been evaluated in some manner by State highway or transportation departments. It is intended only to provide interested governmental employees with a guide as to who has made tests on these products. The listing contains 3539 evaluations. KW - Evaluation KW - Government employees KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Products KW - State departments of transportation KW - State highway departments KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142875 AU - Berger, W G AU - Sanders, J H AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF TIME-LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHY IN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PY - 1975/12 SP - 37 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139791 AU - Leedy, D L AU - Urban Wildlife Research Center, Incorporated TI - HIGHWAY-WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS. VOLUME 1: A STATE-OF-THE- ART REPORT PY - 1975/12 SP - 193 p. AB - This study assesses, primarily through an extensive literature review, what is known about highway-wildlife relationships and suggests research and management approaches to protect and enhance fish, wildlife, and environmental quality. A cooperative effort to this end among natural resource and highway agency personnel is needed on a continuing basis from the initial planning stages for new highway construction through operation and maintenance. The 20 million or more acres in highway rights-of-way have been largely neglected as wildlife habitat. Opportunities exist for creating valuable fish and wildlife impoundments during construction, yet the minimal effort needed to locate and design such impoundments has generally not been made. The Nation's four million miles of streets and highway often create "edges" conducive to wildlife. Many millions of wild vertebrates are killed annually, but apparently most wildlife populations are not seriously affected by such losses. Highway construction through limited ranges of endangered species can be a serious problem, as can erosion, wetland drainage, stream alteration, structures which block the passage of anadromous fish, and pollutants resulting from highway maintenance and use. Better measures for mitigating habitat losses, predicting effects of highways on fish and wildlife, reducing animal-vehicle accidents, and enhancing highway environment for fish, wildlife, and people are sorely needed. KW - Environmental protection KW - Fishes KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highway maintenance KW - Management KW - Research KW - Right of way KW - Road construction KW - State of the art studies KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143218 AU - Freedman, M AU - Janoff, M S AU - Koth, B W AU - McCunney, W AU - Franklin Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIXED ILLUMINATION FOR PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION: USERS MANUAL PY - 1975/12 SP - 47 p. AB - This users' manual represents the practical recommendations and guidelines for implementation of special crosswalk illumination systems. It contains information describing the illumination systems, specifications, installation recommendations and design information. Warrants for crosswalk illumination are presented. Site selection procedures are recommended. Methods of evaluation of system effectiveness and a step-by-step procedure for development of an implementation program are reported. KW - Crosswalks KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Illuminating KW - Installation KW - Lighting KW - Lighting systems KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Protection KW - Protective lighting KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Site investigation KW - Sodium lamps KW - Sodium vapor lamps KW - Specifications KW - Street lighting KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143025 AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TREATMENT OF SWELLING SOILS, WEST OF AGATE, COLORADO. PROJECT I 70-4(48)347 PY - 1975/12 SP - 47 p. AB - This research was an attempt to determine the effectiveness of a 2 foot (.6 m) subexcavated section, a 4 foot (1.2 m) subexcavation and a catalytically blown membrane section in counteracting the effects of a swelling soil on a pavement system. Roadways in similar subgrade areas just east of this project had shown as much as 15 inches (38 cm) of vertical rise after a 1960 construction project. However, an eastbound lane of Interstate 70 only 100 feet (30 m) south of the experimental westbound lane was also constructed in 1960, and it is in good condition after 15 years of service. KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Catalytic blowing KW - Colorado KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139823 AU - Carey, D E AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - RAPID TEST METHODS OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS SN - 40M3154 PY - 1975/12 SP - 39 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was two-fold: to verify for Louisiana asphalts the close agreement as found by others (Ref. 1-5) between the standard Thin Film Over Test (AASHTO T179-74) and the newly adopted Rolling Thin Film Over Test (AASHTO T240-734); and second, to seek a correlation between the standard ductility test (AASHTO T51-74) and a Micro-Ductility Test (Ref. 1 and Appendix). The oven comparison was made by testing numberous asphalts for such residual properties as viscosity, penetration, and ductility following exposure in both ovens. The data indicate that, except for very high viscosity residual asphalts, the tests are in very good agreement and could be used interchangeably. A correlation between the standard ductility test and the micro-ductility test is presented, which suggests that a reasonable relationship does exist. However, due to the nature of the resulting correlation, no unique micro-ductility value corresponding to a 100 plus ductility value (current Louisiana acceptance specification) can be chosen. Therefore, this test should not be substituted for the well accepted and nationally used standard ductility test. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Oven tests KW - Rolling thin film KW - Soil penetration test KW - Test procedures KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20099.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139737 AU - SMITH, L M AU - Kawam, A AU - Whitcraft, M S AU - Karew, H G AU - McCormick, F AU - Rude, L C AU - Gillette Research Institute TI - TECHNOLOGY FOR USING SULFATE WASTE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION PY - 1975/12 SP - 199 p. AB - Mixtures of fly ash, lime and sulfate waste were examined for their potential use in highway construction. Initially, pure calcium sulfate componds such as gypsum were used as the source of sulfate. In most cases, gypsum were found to increase the compressive strength of lime-fly ash-water mixtures. During this initial phase of the project, variables such as fly ash source, form of calcium sulfate, lime type, mixture consistency, curing temperature, admixtures and impurities expected in waste sulfates were examined. Also, studies of compound development in selected mixtures were performed. The second phase of the study was designed to obtain strength-compositional relationships for samples prepared with actual waste sulfates. These waste sulfates included neutralized acid mine drainage, titangypsum, hydroflouric acid by-product, gas scrubber waste and neutralized steel pickling liquor. Results of this phase were used for the selection of mixtures for engineering evaluation. These mixtures were examined for compressive and tensile strength, freeze/thaw resistance, wet/dry stability, California bearing ratio, permeability and leachability. Finally, the possibility of reparing aggregate from mixtures containing waste sulfate was examined. The aggregate, as well as portland cement concrete and asphaltic concrete prepared with it, was tested using standard techniques. KW - Artificial aggregates KW - California bearing ratio KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Permeability KW - Road construction KW - Strength of materials KW - Sulfates KW - Technology KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43929 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00139357 JO - Highway Focus AU - Brown, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN FLORIDA PY - 1975/12 VL - 7 N IS - 2 SP - p. 47-55 AB - Sixty 10-foot long sections of movable barrier wall were precast and assembled on the job to separate the work area from the travel lanes, in a project which consisted of the replacement of an exterior prestressed concrete I-Beam together with a portion of the deck and handrail on the Florida Turnpike bridge. When installed, the barrier sections are tied together near the base by chain or cable to form a continuous unit. The temporary barrier was placed on the side away from the driver. Two lanes of traffic were maintained by reducing the width of the lanes through the work area. To date there has been no accidents where a workman has been injured. To date, the bid item for the temporary barrier wall has included the cost of construction of the wall sections plus moving, resetting, and final storage of the wall sections. This wall concept for traffic maintenance and safety has been used on several major reconstruction projects through the state. KW - Barricades KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Building KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Highway bridges KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Portable equipment KW - Precast concrete KW - Reconstruction KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Temporary barriers KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136977 AU - Castanon, D R AU - Chan, E AU - Chang, J C AU - HANNON, J B AU - Forsyth, R A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION STANDARDS FOR NUCLEAR GAGES - DENSITY AND MOISTURE STANDARDS PY - 1975/12 SP - 64 p. AB - A search for suitable materials to serve as calibration standards for nuclear moisture-density gages was undertaken. A series of six blocks were fabricated for these standards. Each standard consisted of stone from a separate source. Three were quarried and cut to suitable size from stone and three were cast of portland cement and selected natural aggregate from separate sources. These were chosen as the calibration standards for all nuclear density gages used by the California Department of Transportation. Questionnaire replies from District Materials Engineers indicated that the use of standardized blocks improved accuracy, uniformity, and flexibility. Also, monetary savings are attributed to this procedure. The research involved the selection of suitable nuclear moisture gage calibration standards which resulted in a recommendation to adopt a series of silica sand water mixtures as the moisture gage calibration standards. The investigation of several soils and materials revealed a greater understanding of moisture gage response to various soil minerals. The results of these laboratory tests indicated the magnitude of gage measurement errors that could occur during moisture determinations. KW - Calibration KW - Densitometers KW - Field tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moisture meters KW - Natural aggregates KW - Nuclear tests KW - Portland cement KW - Silica sands KW - Standards KW - Stone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136888 AU - Chang, T Y AU - Stephens, H L AU - Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMER CONCRETE AS A HIGHWAY PATCHING MATERIAL PY - 1975/12 SP - 93 p. AB - A study has been conducted on the preparation and properties of polymer-concrete using polystyrene and/or poly(methyl methacrylate) as the polymeric component in the concrete composites formed. Both thermal and catalyzed polymerization methods were used to transform monomer-polymer mixtures into the polymeric component of polymer-concrete. Catalyst promoters were used to develop room-temperature polymerization systems which developed full strength within two hours. The effect of aggregates (silica sand, brown sand, gravel and limestone) on the physical properties of polymer-concrete compositions was also studied. In general, it was found that systems involving methyl methacrylate produced the best properties. Combinations containing from 9 to 15% of the polymer were studied, all gave higher compression, tensile, flexural and bonding strength than the corresponding control samples prepared without polymer. Abrasion resistance, water absorption, acid resistance and freeze-thaw durability were greatly improved with the use of either polymer system. KW - Abrasions KW - Absorption KW - Acid resistance KW - Acids KW - Aggregates KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Catalysts KW - Chemical resistant materials KW - Composite materials KW - Compressive properties KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete composition KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Materials selection KW - Monomers KW - Polymerization KW - Polymers KW - Polymethyl methacrylate KW - Polymethyl methoacrylate KW - Polystyrene KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00135029 AU - Corry, M L AU - Thompson, P L AU - Watts, F J AU - Jones, J S AU - Richards, D L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR CULVERTS AND CHANNELS PY - 1975/12 IS - 14 AB - This aid to selecting and designing an energy dissipator wihch will meet the requirements indicated by an erosion hazard assessment, details the design concept, and the erosion hazards, and discusses such aspects as culvert outlet velocity, velocity modification, flow transitions and the erosion of culvert outlets. Forced hydraulic jump and increased resistance, and details of impact basins, drop structures, stilling wells and riprap are also discussed. Preliminary energy dissipator selection is made by comparing the input constraints or design criteria flow regime, debris problems, location, channel characteristics, allowable scour, etc., with the attributes of the various energy distributiors. The attributes of individual dissipators include: Froude number (Fr) range for best performance; discharge velocity or other limitations; possible maintenance; operational or location problems; maximum size; and limiting features such as culvert slope or shape. Dissipator designs fall into 2 general groups: those with Fr less than 3 (most designs are in this group), and those with Fr greater than 3. The designs are treated as illustrated by the conceptual models, and are related to actual situations through example problems. KW - Culverts KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Discharge velocity KW - Dissipation KW - Ditches KW - Erosion KW - Flow KW - Froude number KW - Frounde number KW - Hydraulic jump KW - Hydraulics KW - Riprap KW - Scour KW - Selecting KW - Stilling basins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131425 AU - Behrens, F A AU - Barry, T M AU - International Road Federation TI - 1975 WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT' PY - 1975/12 SP - 744 p. AB - The eleventh in a series of annual reports on research and development projects conducted by governmental, academic and commercial research agencies in 49 countries, as reported by surveyors of the International Road Federation and the International Road Research Documentation program of the OECD, as well as information collected by the HRIS for such activities within the United States. The report lists 4,375 projects from overseas countries and 2,764 projects in the United States, classified in accordance with the subject area classification system of the Transportation Research Board. The U.S. information is now included for the first time in this series of reports and will replace a now-discontinued publication of TRB, "Highway Research in Progress." Two special in-depth studies are included: "Highway Transport and Energy Problems in Europe" and "European Experiences in Highway Noise". /IRF/ /TRRL/ KW - Development KW - Energy KW - Foreign KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Noise KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131373 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY FOCUS; VOLUME 7, NUMBER 2, DECEMBER 1975 PY - 1975/12 SP - 89 p. AB - This bulletin presents material composed from narrative reports covering highway engineering and construction operations, with emphasis on safety. Massachusetts' safety program and its underlying philosophy is described in one article, and safety measures taken at the Perrine Bridge Project in Idaho is described in another. Methods and equipment used to satisfy requirements in Austin, Texas are illustrated, and the safety aspects involved in deck construction is discussed. Safety during bridge widening in California is described, and safety features associated with bridge falsework is detailed. Traffic and safety precautions during the replacement of an I-beam together with a portion of the deck and the handrail on the Florida Turnpike Bridge is described. Other articles cover the following areas: "U" type framework for erection and removal of bridge falsework, safety handrails for steel girder construction, bridge construction safety in Arkansas, 'A' frames used in Alabama, bridge construction safety in Oregon, and the challenge posed by bridge construction safety. KW - A frames KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge railings KW - Bridges KW - Construction safety KW - Falsework KW - Frames KW - Girders KW - Highway engineering KW - I beams KW - Metal bridges KW - Pavement widening KW - Road construction KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural members KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00131374 JO - Highway Focus AU - Kamp, R N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY HANDRAILS FOR STEEL GIRDER CONSTRUCTION PY - 1975/12 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - p. 63-71 AB - The protection of workmen during the steel erection and placement of concrete deck is identified as the principal safety problem. The number of workers and the exposure time warrant the best protection that can be provided. Photographs are presented which illustrate the hazards involved and some of the protective measures used. Workers have used safety belts tied to shear studs or attached to the top girder flanges. Safety boats and life jackets have sometimes been provided. Sometimes, the safety lines to the top flanges cannot provide protection to the full deck. After the area has been decked out, the work area can be secured with guardrails and barricades. Guardrails and scaffolding are some effective measures which are illustrated here. KW - Barricades KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Consumption KW - Flanges KW - Girders KW - Guardrails KW - Metal bridges KW - Personnel KW - Protection KW - Scaffolds KW - Shear strength KW - Steel KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel construction KW - Studs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359618 AU - Mample, Steven J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Portable Drum-Dryer-Mixer for Maintenance PY - 1975/11//Implementation Package SP - 29p AB - This report is a user package outlining the experience that Idaho has gained in operating its mini-drum dryer-mixer asphalt hot plant. The report covers plant operating characteristics, breakdown of costs, equipment dimensions, labor requirements and materials used for mix. This report is intended for use by other organizations to evaluate its potential as it would apply to their repair activities. The cost breakdown is based on the 1974 work season, while descriptions of plant equipment and operation are of the plant as it exists at the time of this report. It is concluded that the plant meets all of Idaho's requirements. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphalt plants KW - Dryer drum process KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Idaho KW - Mixers KW - Pavement maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302054 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM. EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST SPECIFICATION MANUAL PY - 1975/11 SP - 156 p. AB - The Urban Traffic Control System (UTCS)/Bus Priority System (BPS) was developed and implemented in Washington, D.C. jointly under contract to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA). The functions of this system include on-street surveillance of private vehicles as well as buses, and the digital computer control of traffic signals. The specifications used in the procurement of the various subsystems have been generalized and condensed into a checklist format, and combined into a manual. This manual serves as a guide in checking equipment specifications which have been prepared, or are in the process of being prepared, for a similar traffic system. /FHWA/ KW - Bus priority KW - Digital computers KW - Equipment KW - Manuals KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179487 AU - Lun, F W AU - Neuhardt, J B AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - FIELD TEST AND EVALUATION CENTER FOR EASTERN STATES ANALYSES OF 1975 DYNAMIC CORRELATION DATA PY - 1975/11 SP - 35 p. AB - 15 Skid Measurement systems from the Eastern States were evaluated and calibrated at the test center. Analyses of the dynamic correlation data for each system was submitted to each State in individual reports. This report attempts to summarize the findings from all State reports during the period April 7 through August 11, 1975. Analyses were performed, addressing two major issues: 1) The average skid number variation over the entire period (April to August); and 2) The short-term skid number variation (within correlation) relative to long term variation. The two factors examined related to long term variation and pad wear and temperature (both ambient and pavement temperature), using data from the first and second dynamic correlation data. The report also includes the results of an independent study concerned with the procedures used in the correlation program itself. Details of data collection, analyses and finding may be found in the appendix. Finally, the question of errors introduced as biases in computing the skid number (SN) from tractive force (F) and skid trailer dynamic load (W) is examined. /FHWA/ KW - Calibration KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dynamic conditions KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamics KW - Errors KW - Evaluation KW - Force KW - Measurement KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid trailers KW - Skidding KW - Temperature KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178803 AU - TUNG, C C AU - Kusmez, K M AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF AASHTO FATIGUE SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1975/11 SP - 81 p. AB - Laboratory experimental data provided by Lehigh University of fatigue properties of various weldment details commonly used in steel highway bridges are subjected to statistical analysis. 1972 North Carolina vehicle traffic data obtained from the Federal Highway Administration are also analyzed. These two pieces of information are utilized to evaluate the fatigue life of two highway bridges. One of the bridges is very narrow and the other is of wider variety. It is found that the probabilities of fatigue failure of these two bridges are very small and wider bridges tend to be safer than narrower bridges. The data of fatigue properties of weldments and vehicular traffic are used also to evaluate the adequacy of the fatigue provisions of the 1973 AASHTO Specifications. Results indicate that the Specifications are overly conservative for wide bridges but adequate for narrower bridges. The manner in which the Specifications may be modified to yield bridges of uniform safety against fatigue is recommended. /FHWA/ KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Highway bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Performance based specifications KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Steel bridges KW - Traffic loads KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179467 AU - Gallagher, V AU - Koth, B AU - Freedman, M AU - Franklin Institute Research Laboratories TI - THE SPECIFICATION OF STREET LIGHTING NEEDS PY - 1975/11 SP - 146 p. AB - This document is the Final Report on studies of roadway lighting and visibility. The purpose of these studies were fivefold: To identify a method for the quantification of visibility; To determine the precision of this method as a measure of motorists' visual performance; To develop a method of the specification of motorists' visibility needs; To develop a method for the prediction of the distribution of visibility along a roadway, and To develop warranting conditions affecting the level of visibility required for a variety of situational factors common to urban roadways. A visibility metric was developed which is based in well-documented psychophysical studies. This metric was shown to be a strong predictor of the visual performance of a large sample of unalerted motorists. A manual method for the calculation of the distribution of visibility along a roadway was developed. This method relies on luminance prediction procedures and yields values of a visibility index point-by-point along the roadway. The extensive calculations required for visibility "mapping" of a roadway provides evidence for the need for automated approach to lighting systems design. The problems of the development of warrants for roadway visibility are reviewed and concepts of potential application are highlighted. These include warrants based on opposing vehicle glare, a traffic conflicts rating system and roadway design speed. /FHWA/ KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Luminescence KW - Performance based specifications KW - Physical distribution KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Specifications KW - Street lighting KW - Urban highways KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165770 AU - Fuca, T AU - Gazzillo, V AU - Wong, C AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - NOISE MEASUREMENTS PY - 1975/11 SP - 232 p. AB - Noise Measurements for 24-hour periods were made at various microphone positions at six sites adjacent to existing roadways. Traffic volume and speed measurements were made simultaneously with noise measurements. The noise measurement sites were surveyed using standard surveying techniques to determine distances and elevations, relative to the roadway, of microphone positions and noise barriers for input into the Michigan Traffic Noise Prediction Program and the Transportation Systems Center Traffic Noise Prediction Program. Noise level predictions were made for each site using the two prediction programs. The measured and predicted noise levels were statistically compared to determine the accuracy of the programs. A method to produce corrections to predicted levels was developed and corrections for the six noise measurements sites were determined. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Microphones KW - Noise barriers KW - Sound level KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveying KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142899 AU - REISS, M L AU - Shinder, A E AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - SCHOOL TRIP SAFETY AND URBAN PLAY AREAS. VOLUME VII - GUIDELINES FOR THE CREATION AND OPERATION OF URBAN PLAY STREETS PY - 1975/11 SP - 95 p. AB - The purpose of the School Trip Safety and Urban Play Areas research project was to develop guidelines for the protection of young pedestrians (5 to 14 yrs.) walking to and from school. The play street is a street temporarily closed to traffic while a variety of supervised recreational activities for all age groups take place. The report describes what a play street is, why they should be considered by urban policy makers, how a program is set up, how the streets are selected from candidate neighborhoods, criteria for traffic engineering surveys, street closure, vehicular control, parking strategies, and street and user demongraphics in New York City. The information is based on surveys and observations of the New York City and Pheladelphia play streets. KW - Adolescents KW - Child safety KW - City planning KW - Guidelines KW - Minors KW - Particles KW - Pedestrians KW - Playgrounds KW - Recreational facilities KW - School children KW - Streets KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142910 AU - Gallagher, V AU - Koth, B AU - Freedman, M AU - Franklin Institute Research Laboratories AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SPECIFICATION OF STREET LIGHTING NEEDS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1975/11 SP - 17 p. AB - The summary outlines the research performed toward accomplishing five specific goals as follows: (1) identify a method of quantifying the level of visibility provided by roadway lighting, (2) determine the precision of this method as a measure of driver visual performance, (3) develop a method for specifying driver visibility needs, (4) develop a method for predicting the distribution of visibility along a roadway, and (5) identify warranting conditions affecting the level of visibility required for a variety of situational factors common to urban roadways. KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Specifications KW - Street lighting KW - Urban highways KW - Visibility KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153967 AU - Flanakin, HAM AU - KRAFT, M A AU - VANVECHTEN, T AU - District of Columbia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFICACY OF RED AND YELLOW TURN ARROWS IN TRAFFIC SIGNALS PY - 1975/11 SP - 192 p. AB - The objective of the study was determination of efficacy of red, yellow and green turn arrow indications in traffic signals. Four basic study methods were: (1) history of traffic signals and use of arrows for traffic controls; (2) determination of current practices among traffic engineers throughout the Nation; (3) public understanding and acceptance of arrow indications in lieu of conventional circular lenses in traffic signals through the medium of questionnaires mailed in by highway users; and (4) before and after field studies, by time-lapse photography, to determine motorist response, accident experience and cost effectiveness at six experimental sites in Washington, D.C. and two sites in the suburban area of Montgomery County, Maryland. All elements of the study are described in detail. Arrows were found to be beneficial in some circumstances. Conclusions and recommendations, are expressed. Guidelines for use of three color turn arrow displays have been developed, and a Users Manual to aid in implementing arrow displays, is included. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Before and after studies KW - Color KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Geometric forms KW - Green interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Manuals KW - Questionnaires KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Symbols KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic signals KW - Travelers KW - Turn signals KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00148415 AU - Gonzalez, G AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - EVALUATION OF THE RESILIENT ELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT MIXTURES USING THE INDIRECT TENSILE TEST SN - 6 PY - 1975/11 SP - 80 p. AB - This report reviews the basic elastic materials properties required as inputs in elastic layer structural analyses and possible test methods for obtaining these elastic properties. The proposed test method for estimating the repeated-load elastic properties, i.e., the resilient modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio, is the repeated-load indirect tensile test. Techniques for obtaining these properties for asphalt mixtures are evaluated and a preliminary repeated-load indirect tensile test method is proposed. Relationships between various engineering properties and optimum asphalt contents are evaluated in terms of their application to mixture design. This evaluation indicates that the optimum asphalt contents for various mixture properties are different, and it is recommended that this fact be recognized and considered during the design of the mixture. /Author/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Repeated loads KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146483 AU - Bolourchi, Z AU - Temple, W H AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LOAD TRANSFER DEVICES PY - 1975/11 SP - 56 p. AB - This report describes the procedures and findings of a study conducted to evaluate two types of load transfer devices used in Louisiana--steel dowel bars and starlugs (a patented device). A statistical comparison was accomplished by evaluating existing concrete roadways with 58.5-foot (17.8-m), 30-foot (9.1-m), and 20-foot (6.1-m) slabs. The two primary aspects evaluated were: (1) measured load transfer capability (Dynaflect device), and (2) pavement deterioration. The report relates installation problems and the results of a questionnaire sent to highway field engineers. It is concluded that, for a given slab length, the dowel bar projects exhibited less faulting, better load transfer capability, and less pavement deterioration. Random coring indicated no major corrosion of either device. The report recommends that measured distress mechanisms be correlated with maintenance efforts required on the projects evaluated on this study, and that the evaluation of 20-foot (6.1-m) slabs continue along with a comparison of mechanically and hand placed devices. KW - Building KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Control joints KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Durability KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Faulting KW - Highways KW - Installation KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Louisiana KW - Lugs KW - Maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Slabs UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20097.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144128 AU - Zenewitz, J A AU - Welborn, J Y AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTING ASPHALT PERFORMANCE PY - 1975/11 SP - 53 p. AB - Further statistical analyses of data on mixture properties and asphalt binder properties that had been available for a previous study "Changes in Fundamental Properties of Asphalts During Service in Pavements" indicated the following: 1. Pavements should be sampled at several random sites to obtain meaningful estimates of the existing levels of mixture properties. 2. Because significantly lower sampling plus testing variability of the bulk specific gravity measurement is obtained in 8-inch (203 mm) core smaples than for the 6-inch (152 mm) or 4-inch (102 mm) core samples, the 8-inch (203 mm) core should be used whenever possible. 3. Lower variabilities of some mixture properties were significantly characteristics of "surviving" pavement projects and higher variabilities of some mixture properties were significantly associated with "non-surviving" or poorly performing pavement projects. 4. Lower project variability of bituminous mixture properties such as percentages of asphalt, air voids, mineral voids, mineral voids filled, bulk specific gravity, and aggregate percent passing the 3/8 inch (9.5 mm), Nos. 4, 8, 16, 30, 100, and 200 sieves were significantly characteristic of higher rated "surviving" pavements. 5. Long-term hardening of asphalt binder in a pavement is essentially dependent on the asphalt content and air voids in the pavement mixture. 6. Regression equations are reported for predicting consistencies of binders in aged "surviving" pavements from the consistencies of the original asphalts or their laboratory aged residues, the percentages of asphalt and air voids in the pavement mixtures, and the percentages of certain chemical fractions in the original binder. /FHWA/ KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt content KW - Binders KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Forecasting KW - Pavements KW - Samples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145625 AU - Kozlov, G S AU - Cosaboom, B AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFORMED ELASTOMERIC JOINT SEALERS FOR BRIDGES. PHASE I: SEALED BRIDGE JOINTS DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION PY - 1975/11 SP - 145 p. AB - In this report with its three supplements a proven effective solution is provided to the problem of sealing joints in bridge decks. At the heart of the solution is the use of specially designed joint armor in combination with currently available preformed elastomeric sealers. The approach recommended is adequate for simple span, composite, concrete and steel structures with span lengths up to 170 feet. The special armored joint system was field tested on three structures. Two of these structures were monitored both manually and with automatic instrumentation to determine the causes and range of magnitudes of bridge end movements. The latter two structures were also tested for leakage with dyes at periodic intervals over a five year time span. The third structure was used to conduct load tests on the joint armor and armor anchorage components. The results of these various monitoring and testing efforts established useful air temperature-movement relationships for bridges, the value of a composite, simple span structures thermal coefficient of expansion, and insite into the load carrying requirements for joint armor. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Armored edge joints KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dye markers KW - Dyes KW - Elastomer modified tars KW - Elastomers KW - End movements KW - Fasteners KW - Highway bridges KW - Joint sealers KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Leakage KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Marking materials KW - Monitoring KW - New Jersey KW - Performance tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tar KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139785 AU - Law, S M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - METAL PIPE COUPLING STUDY PY - 1975/11 SP - 71 p. AB - The Louisiana Department of Highways has been using the conventional test method AASHTO Designation: M 198 for the hydrostatic tests on corrugated metal culvert pipe. The test method for use on metal culvert pipe needed review and evaluation for possible changes or revisions, and a standard design was needed for the coupling systems. The specific aims of the study were: (1) to establish a standard design for the watertight coupling systems for the various kinds of metal culvert pipe and to evaluate the test method for determining watertight systems, (2) to evaluate seam connections of different type metal pipe, and (3) to evaluate some of the various coupling systems commercially available. This was accomplished by: (1) searching the literature, (2) running a series of hydrostatic tests on each type of metal pipe using varius sizes and systems of gasket materials, (3) reviewing policy decisions on pipe usage, and (4) reviewing new products evaluation. Conclusions reached on the study, historical data and policy decisions on pipe usage, enabled the Department to revise our Standard Specifications, to adopt new policies on pipe usage, to consider further review of the test procedure for the determination of watertight systems and their usage, and to partially implement some of these changes. KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Couplers KW - Design standards KW - Hydrostatics KW - Metal pipe KW - Permeability KW - Policy KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20095.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142897 AU - Shinder, A AU - Robertson, H AU - Reiss, M AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - SCHOOL TRIP SAFETY AND URBAN PLAY AREAS. VOLUME V - GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFE WALKING TRIPS AND SCHOOL MAPS PY - 1975/11 SP - 62 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142895 AU - REISS, M L AU - Shinder, A E AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - SCHOOL TRIP SAFETY AND URBAN PLAY AREAS. VOLUME III - A SURVEY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN PLAY STREET PY - 1975/11 SP - 85 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142898 AU - Shinder, A E AU - Robertson, H D AU - REISS, M L AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - SCHOOL TRIP SAFETY AND URBAN PLAY AREAS. VOLUME VI - GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING SCHOOL BUS ROUTING AND SCHEDULING PY - 1975/11 SP - 53 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142896 AU - ROSEN, C AU - Berger, W G AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - SCHOOL TRIP SAFETY AND URBAN PLAY AREAS. VOLUME IV - A REVIEW OF DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME RELATED STUDENT PEDESTRIAN PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1975/11 SP - 41 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139301 AU - Tyson, S S AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TWO-COURSE BONDED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK CONSTRUCTION. INTERIM REPORT NO. 1: AN EVALUATION OF THE TECHNIQUE EMPLOYED PY - 1975/11 SP - 69 p. AB - A two-course bonded technique that has evolved from the continuing national and local interest in bridge deck durability was used in June 1974 to construct six bridge decks in Virginia. During the construction, which was the first phase of a five-year study on the construction, condition and performance of two-course decks, detailed observations were made of the activities used to construct the six two-course decks and two conventional single-lift decks, and data concerning the several concretes utilized in the construction of the decks were recorded. Based on comparisons of two-course and single-lift construction techniques the following conclusions are made. An overlay should be placed not sooner than two days after a base layer is placed. Light sandblasting of the base layer removes laitance that might adversely affect the bond between the base layer and overlay. A bonding layer of cement slurry should be broomed onto the base layer not further than 10 feet (3 meters) nor longer than 15 minutes ahead of the overlay placements. The same depth of clear concrete cover above the top reinforcing steel resulted from the two-course construction as from the single-lift technique. Using conventional equipment selected by the constructor, the construction activities proceeded in an orderly and satisfactory manner and coefficients of variation for the time intervals required to install the base layers and the overlays are comparable to values representing excellent control for single-lift construction. Although a 7-cu yd (5.4 cu m) truckload of concrete was screeded over 3-1/2 times as much surface area for an overlay as for a conventional single-lift deck, the average duration per truckload between the initial depositing and the completion of the screeding activity on the wearing surface was approximately the same in both the two-course and single- lift techniques. Not including texturing and curing activities, the average man-hours required to install was 33% greater than for conventional single-lift decks, but in terms of project days required for construction the two-course and single-lift techniques are equivalent. The total additional cost of the two-course technique is approximately 5% of the cost of the bridge superstructure. Three overlay concretes were selected for use as wearing courses on the two-course concrete decks on the basis of their protective qualities. A broad range of handling characteristics is represented by these concretes, which included a latex modified concrete, a high quality PCC, and a wire fiber reinforced concrete. The differences in these wearing course concretes did not significantly affect the placement activities, other than the batching, during their respective installations. In general the decks constructed by the two-course techniques are equivalent to those resulting from conventional single-lift construction, however these successfully installed special wearing course concretes offer improved potential for deck performance. KW - Bonds KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Deployment KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Sand blasting KW - Screeds KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136896 AU - Baligh, M M AU - Vivatrat, V AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Dept. of Public Works, Wellesley Hills. Research TI - A MANUAL ON PREDICTION OF PILE DOWNDRAG ON END BEARING PILES PY - 1975/11 SP - 28 p. AB - The settlement of soil surrounding pile foundations causes negative skin friction to develop between soil and pile. The resulting downdrag forces represent a major cause of pile failures when not considered in the design. This manual presents a simple method for predicting the magnitude of the maximum downdrag forces on vertical end-bearing piles, together with examples illustrating the use of the method in practice. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Downwash KW - Failure KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Friction factor KW - Loads KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Skin friction KW - Skin resistance KW - Soil mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130592 AU - Smith, P D AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - THE CONE PENETROMETER FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1975/11 SP - 35 p. AB - The Dutch cone penetrometer is gradually being accepted by American engineers as a supplemental in-situ soil investigation device. Its development in the late 1930's by European engineers was followed by widespread use in European countries having soil conditions suitable to cone penetration testing--clays, silts, sands (less than 50 SPT), and gravel (less than 10 percent of 1-in. effective diameter). Some major uses are the following: (1) to identify soil types and establish profiles, (2) to predict bearing capacity and friction resistance of piles, (3) to predict soil settlement, (4) to determine the relative density of cohesionless soils, and (5) to predict in-situ shear strength of cohesive soils. Based on the research reported, it appears highly probable that the test would be useful and beneficial to New York's soils exploration program by (1) predicting certain soil engineering parameters more accurately, and (2) increasing the productivity of field investigations. /FHWA/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Cohesive soils KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Density KW - Engineering soils KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Foundation investigations KW - Foundations KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Granular soils KW - Ground settlement KW - Insitu methods KW - Penetrometers KW - Pile driving KW - Shear strength KW - Site investigation KW - Soil bearing capacity KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil tests KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130561 AU - Cowan, W C AU - Lockman, W T AU - Smoak, W G AU - DePuy, G W AU - Bureau of Reclamation TI - INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE POLYMER MATERIALS SUPPLEMENT NO. 1 PY - 1975/11 SP - 79 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to provide a summary of selected applications for concrete-polymers under development at the Bureau of Reclamation. Discussions are presented on the structural properties of polymer impregnated concrete and its application in prestressed bridge deck panels, polymer impregnation as a bridge deck sealant, polymer concrete, polymer-shotcrete and penetrating protective coatings. This report is the second in a series. The other report in the series is: FHWA-RD-75-507. "Introduction to Concrete Pllymer Materials." This report is available from the National Technical Information Service. Copies are also available to responsible individuals without charge from the Implementation Division. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Panels KW - Polymer concrete KW - Polymers KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed sub-deck panels KW - Prestressing KW - Protective coatings KW - Sealing compounds KW - Shotcrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129374 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Branco, C M AU - Radon, J C AU - Culver, L E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF MEAN STRESS INTENSITY AND ENVIRONMENT ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN A NEW HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM ALLOY PY - 1975/11 VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - p. 407-413 AB - The effects of the mean stress intensity factor K sub m and the range of the stress intensity delta K on fatigue crack propagation during wholly tensile loading cycles in the aluminum (Al) alloy RR58 in laboratory air and in a 3.5% NaCl solution have been studied using contoured double-cantilever beam specimens. In general the fatigue crack growth rate in NaCl solution was greater than in air under similar conditions except for tests in which high values of the maximum stress intensity factor were used when no significant difference was observed. Based on the experimental data a relation between the cyclic crack growth rate da/dN and the tensile loading levels has been proposed. The threshold value of delta K, delta K sub th, is approximately 12% higher in air than in the 3.5% NaCl solution, and its value decreases linearly with increasing values of K sub m. /Author/ KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Analysis KW - Beams KW - Cantilevers KW - Corrosion KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Environment KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Sodium chloride KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Tensile properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093956 AU - Norman, V W AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alaska Department of Highways TI - SCOUR AT SELECTED BRIDGE SITES IN ALASKA PY - 1975/11 SP - 171 p. AB - General scour at bridge crossings and local scour at bridge piers were measured at nine bridge sites in Alaska during the study period 1965-72. A detailed description of the physical setting, hydraulic characteristics, and channel geometry at low and high flows is given for each site to assist the reader in developing a background for the scour phenomenon in various situations. Flood discharges, during which scour data were collected, had recurrence intervals which range from approximately two years at some sites to about 100 years on the Tanana River at Nenana. General scour was minimal at crossings with no channel contraction. Measured general scour in contracted openings at three sites indicated mean depth of flow in contracted openings can be calculated by two established scour formulas to within 10% of the actual mean depth. Measured local equilibrium scour depth and bed material sizes at bridge piers were used to modify an existing pier scour formula to estimate maximum local equilibrium scour depth at round or pointed-nosed piers alined with the flow. The data suggest local equilibrium scour depth at piers during a mean annual flood is approximately as great as that which occurs during floods of greater magnitude. KW - Alaska KW - Bed load KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Building sites KW - Calculation KW - Channel flow KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Computation KW - Design KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Flow channel KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Fluid flow KW - Formulas KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydraulics KW - Loads KW - Location KW - Loss and damage KW - Open channel flow KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Pile foundations KW - Rivers KW - Scour KW - Sediment transport KW - Sedimentation KW - Stream channels KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30561 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129376 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Clark, W G AU - Hudak, S J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - VARIABILITY IN FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE TESTING PY - 1975/11 VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - p. 454-476 AB - To provide the data necessary to develop a recommended practice for fatigue crack growth rate testing, an extensive interlaboratory (round robin) program was conducted and the variability and bias associated with the current state of the art of fatigue crack growth rate testing was determined. Fatigue crack growth rate data (expressed in terms of linear elastic fracture mechanics parameters) were generated for a 190-ksi (1310-MPa) yield strength 10 Ni-8Co-1Mo steel at 15 different laboratories with several test specimen geometries. The results were evaluated statistically and on the basis of a graphical comparison, and the variability and bias associated with both the experimental and analytical aspects of crack growth rate testing were determined. In general, the overall interlaboratory variability was found to be approximately 3 to 1 (on crack growth rate at a given stress intensity range). The interalaboratory variability was typically 2 to 1. No significant geometry or data processing bias was encountered. The results of this study show that the primary source of variability associated with fatigue crack growth rate testing is the experimental procedure used to obtain the raw test data (crack length versus elapsed cycles). /Author/ KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Experiments KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Geometry KW - Information processing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanics KW - Methodology KW - State of the art studies KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129377 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Adepegba, D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE EFFECT OF WATER CONTENT ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF LATERIZED CONCRETE PY - 1975/11 VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - p. 449-453 AB - Laterized concrete is defined as concrete in which laterite fines replace sand. A previous paper highlighted only the salient points of difference between laterized and normal concrete. The results reported in this paper are mainly on the effect of water content on the compressive strength of laterized concrete. Other properties such as durability, resistance to frost action, and creep need to be investigated to decide whether or not laterized concrete would be usable in all climates. It is the aim of the author that this paper and his earlier paper will generate research interest in other parts of the world where facilities and climatic conditions are more favorable for the investigations of properties which are not easily investigated in the tropics. The mix design showed that laterized concrete mixes require more water than normal concrete for equal proportions and weights of dry normal concrete and of dry laterized concrete mix. The water/cement ratio recommended for structural laterized concrete mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1-1/2:3 by weight is 0.65. This water/cement ratio would yield compressive strength of about 23.59 MPa (3425 psi) for 1:1:2 and 21.45 MPa (3110 psi) for 1"1-1/2:3 by weight in 28 days. The water/cement ratio recommended for 1:2:4 mix by weight is 0.75. This would yield about 18.50 MPa (2682 psi) is 28 days. Graphs showing the variation of compressive strength with water/cement ratio and independently with age are presented. A schematic map of the world showing laterite deposits is included. It is suggested that the paper may generate interest in reinforced laterized concrete structural elements and that laterized concrete may eventually be used for structural works in those parts of the world where suitable sharp sand is not available, just as lightweight concrete is now being slowly introduced into major construction works. /Author/ KW - Aging KW - Climate KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Laterites KW - Maps KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Research KW - Sand KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129375 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - RAD, P F AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING RELATIVE STRENGTH OF AGGREGATES PY - 1975/11 VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - p. 477-481 AB - The performance of graded aggregate bases can normally be determined from the property indexes of the aggregate materials such as compressive strength, density, abrasion, hardness, and absorption. All these values can be systematically obtained through standardized laboratory operations. A simple impact technique is advocated for characterization of base materials in the field. This technique, modified from one successfully used in fragmentation operations, uses a cylinder nearly 3 in. (76 mm) in diameter and 26 in. (660 mm) high. A sample of the material is placed on the bottom and impacted with a standard weight. The change in size distribution of the material as a result of several impacts is used to determine the impact strength index (ISI). The value of ISI correlates with unconfined compressive strength and specific energy. Progress is being made to determine correlation of the results of a multisize sample with compressive strength and the Los Angeles number. /Author/ KW - Abrasions KW - Absorption KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Density KW - Fine aggregates KW - Graded coarse aggregate KW - Graded fine aggregate KW - Hardness KW - Impact strength KW - Index properties KW - Index tests KW - Particle size distribution KW - Shock resistance KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093596 AU - McMichael, J M AU - Klebanoff, P S AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF HELICOID ANEMOMETERS PY - 1975/11 SP - 54 p. AB - The results of an analytical and experimental investigation of the dynamic response of a helicoid anemometer are presented. The experimental investigation was conducted using the NBS Unsteady Flow Facility and data are presented which illustrate the dynamic behavior in a spatially uniform, fluctuating flow with varying amplitudes, frequencies, and mean velocities. An analytical model governing the dynamic response is also presented and compared with the experimental results. KW - Anemometers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Experimental data KW - Flow KW - Harmonic analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Perturbations KW - Steady flow KW - Test procedures KW - Torque KW - Unsteady flow KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188513 AU - Corbett, R G AU - Manner, B M AU - University of Akron TI - WATER QUALITY AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF IN OHIO PY - 1975/10/30 SP - 156 p. AB - Runoff from four highway sites and four paired comparison sites away from the influence of urban centers was collected at 20-minute intervals. Three paired sites were sampled for five successive quarters and one paired site was sampled monthly for 16 months. Annual averages require the highway runoff to be classified as sodium chloride type water 9 to 23 times more concentrated than the comparison site runoff. Geographic and seasonal variations and variations of runoff within individual storm events are documented in terms of inorganic chemical composition. Of nine trace elements monitored, only cadmium (up to a level of 3 ppm) was considered a matter of concern. /FHWA/ KW - Environmental impacts KW - Geography KW - Runoff KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Sodium chloride KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136897 AU - Stemmler, R E AU - Scheck, D E AU - Stemmler (RE) and Associates AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION LEVELS AND POWER RATE CONTROL STRATEGY PY - 1975/10/02 SP - 141 p. AB - The research has successfully completed the development of a strategy for negotiation and utilization of electric energy for the rural state highway system of Ohio. The study is expected to generate savings to defray its own cost within one month after implementation. A detailed analysis of the energy costs for highway lighting was completed for the Ohio Department of Transportation by the Transportation Systems Division of RESA - Professional Consultants. The study involved an analysis of energy rate structure and trends, an analysis of alternative illumination service levels, and development of general strategies for negotiation and operation. Based on these results, several recommendations for implementation were presented in the format of an operating systems and procedures manual called SUNUP, Strategies for Uniform Negotiation and Utilization of Power for highway lighting. Potential benefits from the proper use of the SUNUP package in the State of Ohio include estimated savings in operating funds for the next biennium well in excess of $500,000. KW - Analysis KW - Contract administration KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost engineering KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Economic analysis KW - Electric power KW - Energy KW - Expenses KW - Ohio KW - Rates KW - Rates costs KW - Strategy KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141065 AU - French, A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSIDERATION IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT PY - 1975/10/02 SP - 31 p. AB - A number of means for conserving fuel including alternative fuels, alternative modes, and various economic incentives are discussed. The discussion and graphic representations of present energy uses and future energy demand point out that petroleum consumption rates must be reduced, and raise questions concerning how much total reduction is required, where different proportions should occur, and the consequences of different procedures. It is noted that there are a large number of possibilities with significant potential for fuel saving, and that it is important that each be developed promptly and to the fullest extent. Transportation fuel efficiency is discussed and figures are used to show the percentages of highway fuel that would be saved compared to the proportion of usage of various conservation means. Improving auto miles per gallon is one of the means for conservation having the highest potential. In the short run, improvement in consolidation (car pooling or combining truck shipments) of trips has a high potential. Other possibilities include switching to a motorcycle or transit for the trip to work. The management of highway finances and other resources for projects which encourage fuel conservation such as carpool-bus lanes, and which reduce fuel wasting congestion, grades and stops can achieve quick results at moderate cost. KW - Automobiles KW - Bus lanes KW - Carpools KW - Energy KW - Financing KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Highways KW - Incentives KW - Mode S KW - Substitutes KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141064 AU - Liston, L L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROJECTIONS OF MOTOR-VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS, DRIVER LICENSES AND MOTOR-FUEL CONSUMPTION TO 1990 PY - 1975/10/02 SP - 23 p. AB - The historic increases in vehicle registrations and motor- fuel consumption is examined, and the possible growth patterns that could occur through the next two decades is discussed in the light of the petroleum problem, environmental concerns, inflation, and other factors which are applying unusual pressures to the normal patterns. Associated statistics on driver licenses, vehicular travel, and the changes that are occurring in the driver mix, regarding age and sex (which may have some effect on the vehicle use picture) are also presented. Background data is presented regarding the availability of small cars, changes in vehicle technology, the availability and demand for fuel, and projections of driving age population and motor vehicle registrations. Using the estimated automobile registrations as a base, gasoline consumption is estimated using several assumptions. Trucks, buses, and licensed driver data are also discussed. The study found that the annual growth rate for motor vehicles of about 5 percent during the last 20 years is expected to reduce to 2.5 percent or less during the next 20 years. The number of compacts is expected to stabilize in 1990. The period to 1980 is expected to be critical for gasoline use. Alternative power supplies and more efficient systems are expected to ease the situation in the 1980's. The number of licensed drivers and number of registered vehicles are expected to equalize in the future. KW - Age KW - Buses KW - Driver licenses KW - Economic development KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Future policies KW - Gasoline KW - Gender KW - Motor vehicles KW - Policy KW - Projection KW - Registrations KW - Travel KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141062 AU - Ullman, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ANTICIPATED EFFECTS OF THE GASOLINE SHORTAGE ON THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY TRUST FUND PY - 1975/10/02 SP - 12 p. AB - Reasons for the gasoline and special fuels sales figures are analyzed. Federal Highway Trust Fund revenue items, their tax rates and the amount of revenue produced are reviewed, and the operation of the trust fund is described. The effects of the petroleum shortage on future revenues are also discussed. Greater travel, more motor vehicle registrations and domestic supplies which could not meet the increased demand have contributed to the gasoline shortage. Petroleum consumption in 1973 was 114.4 billion gallons, a 5 percent increase over 1972, and 1 percent less than estimated figures. The Highway Trust Fund receives all of the revenue from 3 different types of excise; users, retailers and manufactures. Comments are made on each type, and the effects of the gasoline shortage on such tax. The future of the highway trust fund are discussed. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highway user taxation KW - Manufacturing KW - Retail trade KW - Revenues KW - Sales KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141063 AU - March, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY FINANCING AS AFFECTED BY THE PETROLEUM SHORTAGE AND INFLATION PY - 1975/10/02 SP - 29 p. AB - The declining gasoline consumption is examined in terms of price elasticity, and it is shown how, in some states, gasoline tax revenues are falling to critically low levels, intensified by inflation in the highway construction industry. Data are presented that show that the states' declining revenues will be insufficient to cover projected state highway capital construction programs unless new sources of income are tapped or existing tax rates increased. The price of gasoline, the switch to urban transit, the lower speed limits, and a voluntary reduction in travel have all contributed to the decline in gasoline consumption. From 1968 to 1973, gasoline tax revenues increased at a rate of 8 percent a year. In 1974, the revenues will be about 2 percent below 1973 revenues and 10 percent ($900 million) below 1974 revenues projected before the petroleum shortage. This and other factors which have led to an erosion of the highway construction dollar are discussed. Alternative sources of revenue for highway construction include: a sales tax on gasoline; a sales tax or excise tax on the purchase price of motor vehicle with rates ranging from 2 to 4 percent; and highway bonds. KW - Capital KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Highway economics KW - Industries KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prices KW - Public transit KW - Purchasing KW - Revenues KW - Road construction KW - Sales KW - Speed limits KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131546 AU - Stemmler, R AU - Scheck, D AU - Stemmler (RE) and Associates AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION LEVELS AND POWER RATE CONTROL STRATEGY{ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND FINAL REPORT PY - 1975/10/02 SP - 200 p. AB - This research has successfully completed the development of a strategy for negotiation and utilization of electric energy for the rural state highway system of Ohio. The study is expected to generate savings to defray its own cost within one month after implementation. A detailed analysis of the energy costs for highway lighting was completed for the Ohio Department of Transportation by the Transportation Systems Division of RESA - Professional Consultants. The study involved an analysis of energy rate structure and trends, an analysis of alternative illumination service levels, and development of general strategies for negotiation and operation. Based on these results, several recommendations for implementation were presented in the format of an operating systems and procedures manual called SUNUP, Strategies for Uniform Negotiation and Utilization of Power for highway lighting. Potential benefits from the proper use of the SUNUP package in the State of Ohio include estimated savings in operating funds for the next biennium well in excess of $500,000. KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Electricity KW - Energy KW - Manuals KW - Rural highways KW - State highways KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33230 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257640 TI - MISE AU POINT ET METHODOLOGIE DES CONFLITS DE TRAFIC OU QUASI ACCIDENTS DANS LES ETUDES DE SECURITE AB - EN 1975 UNE APPLICATION AUX AGGLOMERATIONS D'UNE METHODE D'OBSERVATION DE CONFLITS A ETE TENTEE A PETITE ECHELLE SUR 8 CARREFOURS D'UNE COMMUNE DE LA REGION PARISIENNE. LES PROCES-VERBAUX D'ACCIDENTS SURVENUS SUR CES POINTS PENDANT LES DEUX ANS PRECEDENTS ONT ETE DEPOUILLES. ON A TENTE DE METTRE EN RAPPORT LES ACCIDENTS ET LES CONFLITS DANS L'OPTIQUE SUIVANTE : - AFFINER LA METHODE D'OBSERVATION, - DETERMINER LES RELATIONS COMPLEXES ENTRE LES VARIABLES OBSERVEES ET LE RISQUE D'IMPLICATION DANS UN ACCIDENT CORPOREL. ON POURSUIVRA UN DOUBLE OBJECTIF : CONTINUATION DE LA RECHERCHE EN PARTICULIER DANS LES DIRECTIONS SUIVANTES : - UTILISATION DES RESULTATS DE L'ETUDE 1975 POUR REFORMULER LA GRILLE D'OBSERVATION DE MANIERE A LA RENDRE PLUS FACILEMENT UTILISABLE ET EN AUGMENTER LA VALIDITE. - EXAMEN DE TYPES D'APPLICATION PARTICULIERS MAL PRIS EN COMPTE PAR LA GRILLE ACTUELLE, A SAVOIR LES PIETONS, LES DEUX-ROUES, ETC.. KW - Methode KW - Methodology KW - Near midair crashes KW - Presqu'accident KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Urban areas KW - Zone urbaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137362 AU - Scholer, C F AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - THE INFLUENCES OF RETARDING ADMIXTURES ON VOLUME CHANGES OF CONCRETE PY - 1975/10/01 SP - 35 p. AB - A study was made of the effect of 65 different chemical compounds and of three different ASTM Type D admixtures on the characteristics of cement pastes in both fresh and hardened conditions. Setting times, molecular configuration related to the effectiveness of the retarders, oven dry shrinkage, non-evaporable water and the specific surface area were determined for these admixtures. Concrete specimens were prepared to evaluate the long-term drying shrinkage of the proprietary admixtures which had been evaluated as pastes. Long term shrinkage of concrete was not appreciably affected by the admixtures tested. Plastic drying shrinkage of paste was evaluated from the completion of mixing until approximately initial set. The proprietary varieties of admixtures were used in this investigation. The amount of plastic shrinkage varied with the variety of admixture and an interaction was found between admixture variety and drying condition (humidity). KW - Admixtures KW - Cement additives KW - Cement paste KW - Concrete KW - Drying KW - Moisture content KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00127571 AU - Baughman, C B AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARRANTS FOR LOCATION AND DESIGN OF LOCAL SERVICE ROADS PY - 1975/10/01/Final Report SP - 196p AB - The purpose of this research project was to identify differences in operation and safety of highways with service road access control as opposed to direct access; to determine which traffic and geometric factors affect the operation and safety of the service road and highway at their points of intersection; and to apply these factors as criteria for the layout of various service road configurations. Data necessary for the study was collected at eleven service road locations, as well as two direct access locations, found in seven Indiana cities. A total of 51 service road and highway intersections, classified into various types, were studied at these locations. The kinds of data required for the analysis were conflicts data, volume data, accident data, speed data, and questionnaire data. Analysis of a conflicts index developed from conflict and volume data was not reliable, but it is considered important that no conflicts were recorded on approaches of service roads terminating at a crossroad. Accident data was utilized to detect patterns of hazardous movements at both service road and highway intersections. A comparison of speed characteristics for five pairs of locations revealed little difference in speeds on service road highways versus direct access highways. The questionnaire responses indicated that establishments on service roads fare just as well, if not better, than those with direct access. For seven of the intersection types studied, regression analysis was used to determine those variables which best explained the conflicts index. For instance, the volume of traffic on the service road gave a reliable explanation of conflicts at three-legged service road connections to the highway. Evaluation of the range of operational experience at such intersections indicated a maximum service road volume of about 2000 vehicles per day for acceptable operation. In a similar manner the recommendation was made to prohibit four-legged service road intersections unless the expected service road volume is less than 400 vehicles per day. Finally, those three-legged service road intersections at a crossroad which require a left turn off the crossroad when entering from the highway should not be permitted where the expected crossroad volume exceeds 500 vehicles per day; where a right-turn entry is made this crossroad volume would be be about 2000 vehicles per day. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Frontage roads KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Regression analysis KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314557 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29389 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288048 TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE IN STUDYING TRAFFIC CONFLICTS OR NEAR ACCIDENTS IN SAFETY STUDIES T2 - MISE AU POINT ET METHODOLOGIE DES CONFLITS DE TRAFIC OU QUASI ACCIDENTS DANS LES ETUDES DE SECURITE AB - DURING 1975 AN OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE WAS TRIED OUT ON A SMALL SCALE AT 8 ROAD JUNCTIONS IN A BUILT-UP AREA IN A PARIS SUBURB. REPORTS OF ACCIDENTS AT THESE SAME LOCATIONS DURING THE PRECEDING TWO YEARS WERE ALSO STUDIED. ATTEMPTS WERE MADE TO RELATE CONFLICTS AND ACCIDENTS WITH A VIEW TO: - REFINING THE OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE; - DETERMINING THE COMPLEX RELATION BETWEEN THE OBSERVED PARAMETERS AND THE RISK OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING PERSONAL INJURY. DURING 1976 CONTINUED RESEARCH WILL INVOLVE: - USE OF THE 1975 RESULTS IN RE-ARRANGING THE OBSERVATION GRID SO THAT THE TECHNIQUE IS MORE USEFUL AND EASIER TO OPERATE; - STUDY OF PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS FOR WHICH THE PRESENT GRID IS NOT VERY SUITABLE, E.G. PEDESTRIANS, TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES, ETC. KW - Accident KW - Analysis (math) KW - Crashes KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Near midair crashes KW - Near miss KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143039 AU - Bezouska, T J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESS TENDONS ON SHORT RADIUS CURVES PY - 1975/10 SP - 32 p. AB - This report discusses the friction factor and ultimate tensile strength achieved by multi-strand tendons stressed around short radius curves. It was found that a pre-fabricated tendon of as many as 33 one-half-inch diameter strands, stressed through 1.7 radians of arc in a 10 foot radius, can develop its normal ultimate strength. The commonly used friction factors for rigid conduit, of k=0.0002 and u=0.25 were found to be valid for this configuration with some controls. The research project has been terminated because of a change in design philosophy, and because of the permanent cancellation of the construction project which would have completed the structure to be tested. KW - Beams KW - Bridges KW - Cantilever beams KW - Circular prestressing KW - Concrete structures KW - Friction factor KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Radius KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Tendons KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136804 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Bailey, S N AU - Nakao, D AU - Spring, R J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD APPLICATIONS OF POLYMER IMPREGNATION OF CONCRETE PY - 1975/10 SP - 53 p. AB - Oven dried concrete specimens were impregnated with a methyl methacrylate monomer system and polymerized by thermal-catalytic means. This treatment produced concrete having significant improvement in compressive strength, surface abrasion resistance, and reduction in permeability as measured by electrical resistance. A technique for the impregnation and polymerization of concrete with a monomer system was developed and successfully applied under field conditions to obtain 1/2 to 3/4-inch penetration. This application was made on a 10 foot x 90 foot section of a bridge deck. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Abrasion resistant coatings KW - Bridge decks KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete construction KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Methlymethacrylate KW - Methyl methacrylate KW - Monomers KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Polymerization KW - Polymers KW - Polymethyl methacrylate KW - Portland cement KW - Resistance (Electricity) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133343 AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE OPERATION OF INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAMS PY - 1975/10 SP - 58 p. AB - In the state of Washington interdisciplinary teams have been formed for transportation planning for all projects having a major social, economic or environmental impact. The responsibilities of the teams are as follows: (1) Conduct in-depth studies; (2) develop and implement a community involvement program; and (3) develop a departmental recommendation for solutions to transportation problems. The interdisciplinary teams that have been used have had a wide variety of disciplines represented. The purpose of this document is to outline procedures and discuss methods that will assist interdisciplinary team members and project engineers in carrying out their responsibilities. Part 1 deals with the organization and responsibilities of the team and of its members. Part 2 sets forth ten steps recommended for teams to follow in carrying out their charge. Part 3 discusses some of the practical operating problems which teams have experienced and recommends possible solutions. KW - Communities KW - Community action programs KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Highway transportation KW - Implementation KW - Job analysis KW - Management KW - Methodology KW - Organization KW - Organization theory KW - Organizations KW - Public relations KW - Recommendations KW - Regional planning KW - Selection and appointment KW - Social psychology KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/025.4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335949 AU - Hartbower, C E AU - Sunbury, R D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABILITY OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN A514/517 PLATE PY - 1975/10 SP - 288 p. AB - Fracture toughness of A514/517 steel (grades F&H) is reported for 76 plates tested during the Bryte Bend Bridge and Tuolumne River Bridge litigation. Data is compiled, plotted and evaluated to show the variations with respect to steel type, grade, heat, slab, position in thickness, rolling direction and tensile properties. The reproductibility of data from laboratory to laboratory is evaluated. Precracked Charpy impact data is presented and evaluated to show its usefullness in estimating NDT temperature. Data is plotted and evaluated to determine the effect of loading rate on transition temperature based on compact tension testing versus Charpy impact testing and also the effect of notch acuity on transition behavior in the Charpy V-notch and precrack Charpy impact testing. (FHWA) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Grades KW - Heat KW - Impact tests KW - Pile hammers KW - Slabs KW - Slopes KW - Steel plates KW - Tensile properties KW - Thickness KW - Toughness KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178810 AU - Lockman, W T AU - Cowan, W C AU - Bureau of Reclamation TI - POLYMER-IMPREGNATED PRECAST STRUCTURAL CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK PANELS PY - 1975/10 SP - 181 p. AB - This report contains the results of a research program that shows how the inherent structural and durability properties of polymer-impregnated concrete (PIC) can be incorporated into a precast panel system to provide an excellent bridge deck. Panels were designed and tested under both static and fatigue loading. The tests verified the design procedures and load carrying capabilities. Extensive physical property testing in compression, tension, flexure, and fatigue was performed on specimens to verify the quality of the initial concrete and PIC used in the panels. An investigation into prestress losses was performed. Also, various nondestructive tests were evaluated to determine a method for quality control for PIC. KW - Bridge decks KW - Compression tests KW - Durability KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexure KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Polymer concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143977 AU - Leisch, J E AU - Pfefer, R C AU - Smith, B L AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC DESIGN FOR SAFETY. SEMINAR NOTES, 1971-72 PY - 1975/10 SP - 558 p. AB - The notes contain material developed for a series of regional seminars held during 1971-72 and additional material that was introduced during the seminars. The notes include a design philosophy based on what constitutes safe highway design. This requires increased awareness and concern toward the driver and facility operation. Design for safety must be concerned with the system rather than optimization of elements or pieces of the system. The report contains guidance for the development of designs that better fit the needs and expectations of the driver. Suggested uses of the report include background material for seminars, in-house traing, self-study, and university level courses. KW - Crash investigation KW - Design standards KW - Drivers KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Intersections KW - Meetings KW - Prevention KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144026 AU - Mancini, F P AU - O'bannon, C E AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STABILIZATION OF CHINLE CLAY BY ELECTRO-OSMOSIS AND BASE EXCHANGE OF IONS PY - 1975/10 SP - 138 p. AB - A large scale soil stabilization project was initiated in July 1973. A 500-foot section, which is part of a 1300 foot cut on I-40 35 miles east of Holbrook, Arizona, was selected as the test site. The natural soil in the area is Chinle clay, a highly expansive Montmorillonite clay. The stabilization technique used on the Chinle clay was treatment with a 0.4N solution of KCl and electrochemical action. Results show that this method of soil stabilization produced a moderate decrease in the swelling characteristics of the Chinle clay, i.e., about a 50% decrease in expansive pressure and a 36% decrease in percent swell. Moreover, the electron miciographic and x-ray diffraction data have indicated some probable causative factors for the decrease in the swelling characteristics of the Chinle clay. KW - Arizona KW - Base exchange KW - Chinle clay KW - Clay KW - Clay soils KW - Diffraction KW - Eccentricity KW - Electroosmosis KW - Expansive clays KW - Ion exchange KW - Ion exchange reactions KW - Ion exchanging KW - Ions KW - Montmorillonite KW - Soil chemistry KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil swell KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137298 AU - LaCroix, J E AU - SCHWARTZ, D R AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RIDING QUALITY OF NEW PAVEMENT SURFACES IN ILLINOIS PY - 1975/10 SP - 41 p. AB - Between 1960 and 1972 road smoothness measurements were made on 8,778 two-lane miles of PCC and bituminous concrete surfaced pavements in Illinois. The results were evaluated to determine the effects of certain design and construction variables on the as-constructed riding quality of new pavement surfaces. Annual weighted average Roughness Index (RI) values were determined for both types of pavement surfaces, and the RI trends are discussed relative to changes that occurred in construction specifications and in paving equipment and procedures. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Factor analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Human factors engineering KW - Illinois KW - Length KW - Measurement KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Riding qualities KW - Roughness KW - Rural areas KW - Smoothness KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150484 AU - Minkarah, I AU - Cook, J P AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON AN EXPERIMENTAL PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1975/10 SP - 74 p. AB - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the pavement environment, such as temperature change and heavy truck traffic on an experimental P.C.C. pavement in Ross County, Ohio. Variables included in the experimental pavement were (1) Joint spacing, (2) Sub-base stabilization, (3) Coating of dowel bars, (4) Configuration of the saw cut and (5) the use of skewed joints. Horizontal slab movements caused by temperature and vertical movement of the slab ends under known axle loads were measured. A complete record is included of mid-slab cracking and crack growth. Also included is a summary of the surface spalling of the pavement and the spalling of the bottom of the pavement at the joints. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Experimental roads KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Heat KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Joint KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Ohio KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Spacing KW - Spalling KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146508 AU - Orndorff, JAJ AU - Barnoff, R M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS IN A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAM BRIDGE PY - 1975/10 SP - 109 p. AB - A two-span, prestressed concrete beam-slab highway bridge was built and tested at the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility of The Pennsylvania State University. One 60-foot span was constructed with a conventional reinforced deck, and the other 60-foot span was constructed with a composite deck of precast, prestressed concrete planks and a cast-in-place reinforced concrete topping. The bridge was tested using standard highway vehicles. Lateral load distribution was studied using the FHWA HS-20 test vehicle. All tests were conducted with the vehicle crossing the structure at crawl speeds. Instrumentation was provided to monitor beam deflections, beam strains, and deck strains. This report covers the lateral load distribution studies on the bridge, and compares the behavior of the two different spans. Distribution factors derived from field measurements for interior beams compared favorably with those used in the design. Test results indicated that full composite action was developed between the bridge decks and parapets for both spans, which resulted in distribution factors for exterior beams which were 45 percent greater than design values. KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Composite construction KW - Concrete bridges KW - Dynamic loads KW - Field tests KW - I beams KW - Lateral pressure KW - Length KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139788 AU - Fisher, J W AU - Pense, A W AU - Roberts, R AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FRACTURED GIRDER IN BRIDGE NO. 9800, T.H. 56 OVER MISSISSIPPI RIVER IN ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA PY - 1975/10 SP - 55 p. AB - A detailed study of the fractured girder in Bridge 9800 (LaFayette Bridge) over the Mississippi River was made using material from the cracked girder. The results of the study indicate the fracture of a main girder of the LaFayette Street Bridge was due to the formation of a fatigue crack in the lateral bracing gusset to transverse stiffener weld. KW - Bracing KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Transverse stiffeners UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139799 AU - LaCroix, J E AU - SCHWARTZ, D R AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RIDING QUALITY OF NEW PAVEMENT SURFACING IN ILLINOIS PY - 1975/10 SP - 41 p. AB - Between 1960 and 1972 road smoothness measurements were made on 8,778 two-lane miles of PCC and bituminous concrete surfaced pavements in Illinois. The results were evaluated to determine the effects of certain design and construction variables on the as-constructed riding quality of new pavement surfaces. Annual weighted average Roughness Index (RI) values were determined for both types of pavement surfaces, and the RI trends are discussed relative to changes that occurred in construction specifications and in paving equipment and procedures. Relative to both types of surfaces, the results showed that, on the average, longer paving projects were smoother than short projects and that rural projects were smoother than urban jobs. In comparing standard jointed PCC pavement to continuously reinforced, no difference in as-constructed riding quality was found that could be attributed to pavement design. PCC pavements constructed by the slipform process were smoother than those constructed with side forms, and slipform pavers that depend upon the track line for grade control produced smoother pavements than those equipped with automatic grade control. Bituminous concrete pavement surfaces constructed in three separate layers were smoother than those constructed in two layers. Smoothness was not affected by the type of bituminous paver. The use of leveling and grade control devices during the placement of all courses improved riding quality. The length of grade reference device used with automatic control affected pavement smoothness; longer devices produced smoother pavements. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Riding qualities KW - Roughness KW - Slip form paving KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139808 AU - Neal, B F AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Spellman, D L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CALIFORNIA TRIALS WITH LEAN CONCRETE BASE (LCB) PY - 1975/10 SP - 32 p. AB - This report covers details of two large-scale field trials of lean concrete base (LCB). By adding additional cement and water to aggregates used for cement treated base (CTB), a plastic mix is produced which can be placed with a slipform paver using only internal vibration for compaction. Between 50 and 100 percent additional cement was required to produce LCB with compressive strength comparable to the in-place strength of CTB. LCB was found to have greater stiffness and a more sealed and abrasion resistant surface than CTB. Some of the increased costs due to additional cement are offset by greater production and the use of less placing and finishing equipment. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete bases KW - Internal vibration KW - Lean concrete KW - Lean mix concrete KW - Slip form paving KW - Stiffness KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00134706 AU - Ross, J E AU - Law, S M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXTURING OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS-INTERIM REPORT NO. 1 PY - 1975/10 SP - 65 p. AB - The purpose of this research study is to document and evaluate the findings of the Category II experimental concrete texturing project. Under this plan of experimental study, several texturing techniques were tried and will be compared in order to determine which concrete pavement texture will perform best in regard to skid resistance, durability and uniformity. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Standardization KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20098%20A.pdf UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20098%20B.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136819 AU - Diamond, S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - METHODS OF SOIL STABILIZATION FOR EROSION CONTROL PY - 1975/10 SP - 62 p. AB - The objective of the study was to investigate the possible application of inexpensive soil stabilization treatments for the purpose of reducing or preventing soil erosion on construction sites and consequent downstream sediment problems. Treatments were evaluated by measuring erosion loss of treated soil specimens exposed to a severe standardized rainfall test sequence. Treatments investigated included modest percentages of portland cement, hydrated lime, or waste cement plant dust incorporated with the soil by mixing and compaction, or by application in slurry form over the surface of previously compacted specimens. KW - Analysis KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compaction KW - Construction sites KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Dust KW - Erosion control KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Industrial wastes KW - Mixtures KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement KW - Proportioning KW - Rainfall KW - Sediments KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136805 AU - Amsler, D E AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - Jaqueway, J K AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF CRACKING OF SLAG-AGGREGATE CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1975/10 SP - 19 p. AB - The frequency of cracking in some western New York pavements containing blast-furnace slag coarse aggregate and in others containing other coarse aggregates was investigated. Cracking in slag-aggregate pavements was found to be seven times more frequent than in pavements containing other aggregates. No differences were found in riding quality and service life, but slag-aggregate pavements exhibited a higher level of skid resistance. KW - Aggregates KW - Blast furnaces KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Industrial wastes KW - New York (State) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Riding qualities KW - Service life KW - Skid resistance KW - Slag cement KW - Slag coarse aggregates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133174 AU - Thornton, S I AU - Welch, R C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - ARKANSAS BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION PY - 1975/10 SP - 152 p. AB - A review of laboratory testing for bridge foundation design is presented with discussion of application and errors. Testing is primarily composed of classification, shear strength, and consolidation tests. The AASHO and Unified Soil Classification systems are the most widely used systems. Mechanical analysis, hydrometer analysis, and the Atterberg limits are the tests required for classification. Classification test results are insufficient for use as design values. Shear strength testing is done by direct shear, unconfined compression, vane shear, triaxial, and plane strain tests. Triaxial testing with back pressure allows test variations which simulate actual field conditions. Plane strain and residual shear tests can simulate field embankment conditions effectively. Laboratory vane shear devices can be used for testing of samples in sampling tubes. The standard consolidation test yields a good estimate of settlement. The controlled gradient and controlled-rate-of-strain consolidation methods, both of which use back pressure, give improved results, decrease testing time and make data reduction easier. KW - Arkansas KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Ground settlement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Shear strength KW - Shear tests KW - Soil classification KW - Soil classification systems KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil types KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133101 AU - Fechter, J V AU - Pezoldt, V J AU - Persensky, J J AU - Lepkowski, J R AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIRECTIONAL AND OTHER OFFICIAL SIGNS. OVERVIEW OF THEIR ADEQUACY PY - 1975/10 SP - 88 p. AB - The report contains the results of an evaluation of the National Standards for Directional and Other Official Signs (Part 21, Section 131(c), Title 23, United States Code). It is the third in a series of three reports. The other reports in the series are: FHWA-RD-116--Study of the National Standards for Directional and other Official Signs. Synthesis Report. Truman M. Mast, Office of Research, Federal Highway Administration. FHWA-RD-117--Study of the National Standards for Directional and other Official Signs. Laboratory Evaluation. A. G. Klipple and K. M. Roberts, Office of Research, Federal Highway Administration. The results of an evaluation of the Standards conducted by the National Bureau of Standards are presented in this report. The evaluation method made use of a literature review, two different theoretical models and expert opinion. It was concluded that for many speeds, sign locations, and driver characteristics, signs conforming to the Standards but designed for extreme cases of message length and content are inadequate. KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Measurement KW - Position fixing KW - Public opinion KW - Reviews KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Symbols KW - Theoretical studies KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131389 AU - Harding, J C AU - Rubin, L A AU - Still, W L AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRILLING AND PREPARATION OF REUSABLE, LONG RANGE, HORIZONTAL BORE HOLES IN ROCK AND IN GOUGE. VOLUME I. STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSMENT PY - 1975/10 SP - 256 p. AB - The objective of this study is to assess horizontal drilling as an alternative to pilot tunneling in geological investigation prior to the design and construction of highway tunnels and to identify means to increase the penetration capability and accuracy and decrease the cost of horizontal drilling. This volume assesses the horizontal penetration capabilities of available drilling equipment. The drilling of horizontal holes to a maximum length of 5000 ft. (1524 m) is found to be technically feasible and to offer an order of magnitude cost reduction over pilot tunneling. Limitation present day equipment and techniques are identified and means to overcome these limitations are indicated. This is the first of three volumes. Volume II is published as FHWA-RD-75-96, subtitle: Estimating Manual for Time and Cost Requirements. Volume III is published as FHWA-RD-75-97, subtitle: A Development Plan to Extent Penetration Capability, Increase Accuracy, and Reduce Costs. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Boreholes KW - Costs KW - Drilling KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geologic investigations KW - Geological surveying KW - Gouges KW - Pendulum tests KW - Rocks KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131390 AU - Mack, W M AU - Tracy, N AU - Wickham, G E AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRILLING AND PREPARATION OF REUSABLE{ LONG RANGE{ HORIZONTAL BORE HOLES IN ROCK AND IN GOUGE. VOLUME II: ESTIMATING MANUAL FOR TIME AND COST REQUIREMENTS PY - 1975/10 IS - 5B2-0 SP - 106 p. AB - The objective of this study is to assess horizontal drilling as an alternative to pilot tunneling in geological investigation prior to the design and construction of highway tunnels and to identify means to increase the penetration capability and accuracy and decrease the cost of horizontal drilling. This volume presents a model for estimating the time and cost of drilling long horizontal holes. Sample problems are worked in detail to illustrate the application of the model to four (4) different drilling techniques. Procedures to apply the model to any combination of geological conditions are illustrated with an example problem. The logic and format of the model are adaptable to future improvements in the state-of-the-art of horizontal drilling. This is the second of three volumes. Volume I is published as FHWA-RD-75-95, subtitle: A State-of-the-Art Assessment. Volume III is published as FHWA-RD-75-97, Subtitle: A Development Plan to Extend Penetration Capability, Increase Accuracy and Reduce Costs. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Boreholes KW - Construction projects KW - Costs KW - Drilling KW - Estimating KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geologic investigations KW - Geological conditions KW - Geological events KW - Geological surveying KW - Gouges KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pendulum tests KW - Rock drilling KW - Rock tests KW - Rocks KW - Structural design KW - Tests KW - Time KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094637 AU - Nelson, T I AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ICE SENSORS AND INFORMATION SIGNING PY - 1975/10 SP - 12 p. AB - Two commercially available ice detector systems together with informational signs were installed on a long bridge structure over a wide waterway. The systems were monitored for three winter seasons in order to evaluate their sensitivity and efficiency. KW - Bridge waterways KW - Cold weather KW - Detectors KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highway bridges KW - Ice KW - Monitoring KW - Oklahoma KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Sensitivity KW - Sensors KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Symbols KW - Warning signs KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/31032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130708 AU - Klipple, A G AU - Roberts, K M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIRECTIONAL AND OTHER OFFICIAL SIGNS. LABORATORY EVALUATION PY - 1975/10 SP - 37 p. AB - This report contains the results of an evaluation of the National Standards for Directional and Other Official Signs (Part 21, Section 131(c), Title 23 United States Code). It is the second in a series of three reports. The others in the series are: (1) FHWA-RD-116, STUDY OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIRECTIONAL AND OTHER OFFICIAL SIGNS, Synthesis Report, T. M. Mast, Office of Research, Federal Highway Administration; and (2) FHWA-RD-118, STUDY OF THE STANDARDS FOR DIRECTIONAL AND OTHER OFFICIAL SIGNS, Overview of Their Adequacy, J. V. Fechter, V. J. Pezoldt, J. J. Persensky and J. R. Lepkowski, Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards. The results of two laboratory experiments conducted to assess the adequacy of public information signs are presented in this report. The findings indicate that the present standards are adequate for signs positioned near the roadway, but are suboptimal for signs located at points several hundred feet off the right-of-way. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Evaluation KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Materials KW - Size KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130706 AU - Mast, T M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIRECTIONAL AND OTHER OFFICIAL SIGNS. SYNTHESIS REPORT PY - 1975/10 SP - 31 p. AB - This report contains the results of an evaluation of the National Standards for Directional and Other Official Signs (Part 21, Section 131 (c), Title 23, United States Code). It is the first in a series of three reports. The others in the series are: (1) FHWA-RD-117, STUDY OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIRECTIONAL AND OTHER OFFICIAL SIGNS, Laboratory Evaluation, A. G. Klipple and K. M. Roberts, Office of Research, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA); and (2) FHWA-RD-118, STUDY OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIRECTIONAL AND OTHER OFFICIAL SIGNS, Overview of Their Adequacy, J. V. Fechter, V. J. Pezoldt, J. J. Persensky, and J. R. Lepkowski, Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards (NBS). A synthesis of the results obtained in the FHWA laboratory and the NBS efforts as documented in the reports named above is presented in this report. The results indicate that the present size standards are adequate for signs positioned near the roadway, but are suboptimal for signs remotely located off the right-of-way. There is no evidence to support any change to the present standards governing number and spacing of public information signs. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Evaluation KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Materials KW - Size KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32299 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00128797 JO - Federal Highway Administration Newsletter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TWO AIR QUALITY VANS TOUR U.S. PY - 1975/10 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - Demonstration projects No. 35, 18, 1, 37, 2, 32, and 19 are reported. Project No. 35 is designed to provide states and other agencies with information on air quality monitoring equipment. Vans which have begun demonstrations across the country, display equipment used to monitor carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, ozone and suspended particulates as well as to monitor meterological conditions. A 4-day workshop will also be held. A final report and slide/tape presentation on project No. 18, Reinforced Earth Construction, has been distributed to FHWA regional offices. On-going projects in 6 states involve Project No. 1 which demonstrates the advantages of using aerial triangulation to develop control points for photogrammetric mapping. Demonstration Project No. 37 will illustrate various practical applications for abandoned tires in the highway construction and maintenance field. Laboratory and field tests indicate that the performance of several asphaltic paving products can be improved by incorporating correct amounts of recycled rubber tire. Project No. 2 which was developed to promote the practicality of several modern quality assurance concepts in selected phases of highway construction, demonstrates the use of control charts, statistically-based acceptance plans, and rapid test procedures. Project No. 32 involves demonstration of noise measurement techniques, equipment systems, and data interpretation. Project No. 19 will promote the adoption of 2 new bridge rail systems: a high performance rail which contains and redirects vehicles weighing up to 70,000 pounds; an energy absorbing design which substantially reduces the impact servity of all sizes of automobiles. KW - Aerial triangulation KW - Air pollution KW - Bridge railings KW - Charts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Monitoring KW - Noise KW - Photogrammetry KW - Quality assurance KW - Rapid methods KW - Reclaimed rubber KW - Road construction KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Triangulation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/35920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130538 AU - Dierstein, P G AU - SCHWARTZ, D R AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - SKID-RESISTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS IN ILLINOIS PY - 1975/10 SP - 80 p. AB - Over 8,300 skid tests were made between 1969 and 1971 at 404 sites on existing Interstate, primary, and county highways in Illinois. They indicate that textured portland cement concrete surfaces on two-lane highways can provide skid numbers (SN) above 35 throughout most of their 20-year design life as long as studded tire wear is negligible, but most multi-lane highways will need rejuvenating by grooving or by adding a friction course some time during their service life. Bituminous concrete surfaces generally have a lower value and a wider range of SN than PCC pavements. In northern and central Illinois, most two-lane bituminous concrete surfaces, which usually contain dolomite or crushed gravel, can provide an SN above 35 throughout most of their 15-year design life, while similar surfaces containing soft limestone in southern Illinois will need a hard skid-resistant aggregate blended with limestone to maintain an SN above 35. Also, multi-lane highways resurfaced with bituminous concrete will need a hard skid-resistant aggregate blended with or substituted for limestone to keep an SN above 35. Specific recommendations are included for improving skid resistance and for obtaining additional information needed for further improvement. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Multilane highways KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Service life KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Surface treating KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130566 AU - McNaught, E D AU - Hahn, K C AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTING OF TWO FAST-DRYING TRAFFIC PAINTS PY - 1975/10 SP - 29 p. AB - Problems in achieving specified 60-sec drying times using newly adopted heated paint led to evaluation of a faster 20-sec drying time paint. In field tests it was compared with the regular New York 60-sec paint. Drying time was determined by driving an automobile over the fresh paint until no tracking occurred. Performance was evaluated using ASTM Method D 713 ("Conducting Road Service Tests on Traffic Paint"). It was determined that 1) the 20-sec paint essentially met the drying time requirements, 2) the 60-sec paint did not meet the drying time requirement under high temperature and humidity, 3) the 60-sec paint had slightly better serviceability than the 20-sec paint, and 4) bead retention may be a problem for both paints when conditions promote very fast drying. Retention may be improved by locating the bead dispenser closer to the paint spray nozzle. /FHWA/ KW - Drying rate KW - Drying tests KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Glass beads KW - Humidity KW - Paint KW - Performance KW - Reflective beads KW - Road marking materials KW - Road tests KW - Serviceability KW - Temperature KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Wetting and drying tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130691 AU - Thornton, S I AU - Parker, D G AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville TI - FLY ASH AS FILL AND BASE MATERIAL IN ARKANSAS HIGHWAYS PY - 1975/10 SP - 107 p. AB - Fly ash, similar to that to be produced in Arkansas, reacts chemically like quick lime, generating heat and possessing self hardening characteristics. Reactivity of the ash may be due to the relatively high CaO content of 20%. Two Arkansas soils, an organic clay and a sand (classified OH and SP-SM by the Unified system) were stabilized with the fly ash. Addition of 20% fly ash to the clay reduced the fraction of less than 2 micron particles from 58% to 8%. Twenty percent fly ash increased modified compaction density by 0.96 g/cc (6 pcf) in the clay and .32 g/cc (10 pcf) in the sand. Unconfined compressive strengths with 20% fly ash increased by 15.5 Kg/sq. cm (220 psi) in clay and 51 Kg/sq. cm (720 psi) in sand when compacted immediately and cured 7 days. Unconfined compressive strengths were improved with lime and cement admixtures. A delay in compaction causes large decreases in strength and density of sand-fly ash mixtures. After a one hour delay, only 18% of the initial strength and 83% of initial dry density are retained. Delays of 4 hours produced strengths and densities at the same level as 1 hour delays. Addition of salt retards the sand-fly ash reaction. After a one hour delay with 2% salt added, 66% of initial strength and 98% of initial dry density are retained. After 4 hours delay in compaction, however, only 22% of the initial strength and 86% of initial dry density are retained. /FHWA/ KW - Base KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Chemical reactions KW - Clay KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Fills KW - Fly ash KW - Highways KW - Sand KW - Soil stabilization KW - Strength of materials KW - Unconfined compression UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2043.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130685 AU - Scanlan, R H AU - Princeton University TI - RECENT METHODS IN THE APPLICATION OF TEST RESULTS TO THE WIND DESIGN OF LONG, SUSPENDED-SPAN BRIDGES PY - 1975/10 SP - 135 p. AB - The main aspects of a body of theory for the interpretation of bridge section model wind tunnel tests and the subsequent dynamic analysis of the prototype bridge under wind, especially oriented to the elastically suspended, freely-oscillating deck model, is summarized. Chapter I presents an overview of the problems of long-span bridges under wind; Chapter II deals with bridge deck aerodynamic problems under steady flows; Chapter III extends the ideas to problems in the turbulent natural wind. /FHWA/ KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridges KW - Dynamics KW - Length KW - Structural design KW - Suspension bridges KW - Testing KW - Turbulence KW - Wind KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130540 AU - McNaught, E D AU - Capelli, J D AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAISED SNOWPLOWABLE PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - 1975/10 SP - 29 p. AB - Results of a 1973-74 evaluation of Stimsonite Model 99 raised markers, intended for use with tungsten-carbide snowplow blades, are reported and experience with earlier versions of this marker are summarized. It was found that (1) present castings may be suitable for use with steel blades, (2) extensive casting damage occurred when plowed by tungsten-carbide blades, (3) casting shape allows the snowplow nose-shoe and cutting edge to contact and damage the reflector, (4) some snowplow blade damage will occur its extent and effect on plow serviceability cannot now be predicted, (5) the reflector retention method was unsatisfactory at the start of the test (indications are that a modification to the spring clip retention method or use of adhesives may prove satisfactory), (6) markers should not be installed where the possibility of wrong-way plowing exists, and (7) in several early installations some failures observed were due to improper installation practices. KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Raised separators KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Road markings KW - Snowplows KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093612 AU - Allison, J B AU - Gurney, G F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROOVED STRIPES FOR PLOW-RESISTANT WET-NIGHT LANE DELINEATION. PHASE 1. EVALUATION OF SYSTEMS PY - 1975/10 SP - 32 p. AB - An installation of five longitudinal grooved stripes combined with a recessed corner-cube reflector has withstood a full winter of exposure to traffic and snowplowing on a four lane highway without significant loss or damage and has continued to provide wet-night visibility up to the present time. It is used as a supplement to conventional beaded paint strips which provide daytime and dry night visibility. Observations on the wet night visibility and durability of this system are continuing. A more extensive installation of these reflector-groove combinations has been made on 1-1/3 miles of asphaltic and portland cement concrete pavement for a full year's evaluation. The reflector-groove combination is the most promising of several types of grooved striping which have been studied in two field installations in an effort to develop a snowplowable system exhibiting greater wet-night visibility than conventional beaded traffic paints. KW - Beading KW - Concrete KW - Configuration KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Durability KW - Grooves KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Markers KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Night visibility KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Reflectance KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflector markers KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Road markings KW - Shape KW - Snowplows KW - Striping KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic paint KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093547 AU - McCabe, L AU - Ricci, R AU - Concannon, P AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMULATION STUDIES FOR AN URBAN TRAFFIC CORRIDOR PY - 1975/10 SP - 48 p. AB - The report describes the salient features of the SCOT (Simulation of Corridor Traffic) model and a successful calibration and validation. SCOT is a computer model that may be applied to an urban traffic corridor and will simulate vehicular traffic on freeways, including on and off ramps, and urban streets. Vehicles are treated microscopically on the arterial street system and macroscopically as platoons on the freeway. Output statistics for each simmulated link include numbers of vehicles discharged, total times of travel, average occupancy, and average occupancy, and average speeds for specified time intervals. Calibration and validation data collected via photographic techniques on a 1.2 mile test network of the Dallas North Central Expressway are described. A demonstration of the origin-destination (O-D) traffic assignment capability of the model is described. KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Origin and destination KW - Ramps KW - Simulation KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban areas KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth KW - Urban highways KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01575754 AU - Sanders, W W AU - Elleby, H A AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ultimate Load Behavior of Full-Scale Highway Truss Bridges, Summary Report PY - 1975/09//Summary Report SP - 104p AB - As a result of the construction of the Saylorville Dam and Reservoir on the Des Moines River, six highway bridges crossing the river were scheduled for removal. One of these, an old pin-connected, high-truss, single-lane bridge, was selected for a comprehensive testing program which included ultimate load tests, service load tests, and a supplementary test program. A second bridge was used for a limited service load test program. The results of the research are detailed in two interim reports. The first interim report outlines the ultimate load tests and the second interim report details the results of the service load and supplementary test program. This report presents a summary of these findings along with recommendations for implementation of the findings. KW - Breaking loads KW - Des Moines River KW - Highway bridges KW - Iowa KW - Load tests KW - Service loads KW - Truss bridges UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17307 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01365452 AU - Shepard, Frank D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Flow Evaluation of Pavement Inset Lights for Use During Fog -- Before Phase PY - 1975/09 SP - 32p AB - It was the purpose of this research to investigate the traffic flow characteristics during fog within the system of pavement inset lights installed on Interstate 64 across Afton Mountain. This phase of the project was limited to the collection of before data for the inset lights installed on the main line only. It was felt that the amount and reliability of before data should be assured before embarking on an after data collection phase. The time period available for collection of before data was limited since the inset lights will be placed in regular operation as soon as possible, making it difficult to accurately predict the amount of data which would be available for analysis as a result of the variability in the frequency of fog adequate for the purpose of the study. It is the intent of this report to summarize the data accumulated to date and evaluate their reliability. Detailed analyses of each parameter observed will not be made, though various comments concerning the data will he included. KW - Fog KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic flow UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/76-r6.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36401/76-R6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1133948 ER - TY - SER AN - 01291155 JO - IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE 75-6 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - HALL, J L TI - BARRIERES SE DISLOQUANT SOUS L'EFFET DES CHOCS T2 - BREAKAWAY BARRICADES PY - 1975/09 IS - 75-6 SP - + AB - CE RAPPORT PRESENTE LA CONCEPTION, LA CONSTRUCTION ET L'ESSAI D'UNE BARRIERE DE TYPE III CONSTRUITE EN TUBE DE CHLORURE DE POLYVINYLE. SOUS L'EFFET D'UN CHOC LES TUBES SE DISLOQUENT ENTRAINANT UN DOMMAGE MINIMUM POUR LE VEHICULE ET LA BARRIERE. LA CONCEPTION NORMALISEE MODULAIRE ET LES DIMENSIONS UNIFORMES FACILITENT LE REMPLACEMENT DES COMPOSANTS ET ELIMINENT LA NECESSITE D'UN INVENTAIRE IMPORTANT. LA LEGERETE ET LES CARACTERISTIQUES DE DISLOCATION SE COMBINENT POUR DONNER UNE BARRICADE TRES SURE. LES BARRIERES PEUVENT GENERALEMENT ETRE REMONTEES EN 10 A 15 MINUTES SUR LES LIEUX MEMES ELIMINANT LES COUTS DE REMPLACEMENTS. ELLES SONT FACILES A TRANSPORTER (VOIR AUSSI DIRR 224589) (BIBL). KW - Barriere de securite KW - Chlorure de polyvinyle KW - Costs KW - Cout KW - Essai de choc (veh) KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Pipe KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Tube (conduite) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1052328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133427 AU - Chatto, D R AU - Shelly, T L AU - Spellman, D L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS OF HOT AND COLD APPLIED TRAFFIC PAINTS PY - 1975/09 SP - 70 p. AB - Traffic line striping has usually necessitated lane closures and traffic control to keep vehicles from tracking the fresh paint. To alleviate the safety hazards and time consuming coning and retrieving operation, California designed and built a fleet of hot stripers. These stripers heat traffic paint to around 200F, and apply traffic paint stripes that dry to a no-track condition in 30 seconds or less. No cones or other traffic control devices are necessary. To accomplish the 30-second no-track dry time, existing traffic paints had to be reformulated. This report describes the formulation of paints for use in these hot stripers as well as formulations for cold applied paints. It also describes the problems with bead retention in the rapid dry paint. KW - Drying KW - Formulations KW - Heating KW - Highways KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Paint KW - Road markings KW - Specifications KW - Striping KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176010 AU - Mirza, J F AU - Zia, P AU - Rizkalla, S M AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF REPEATED LOADS ON SERVICEABILITY AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF CONTINUOUS BRIDGE GIRDERS UTILIZING TENSION ELEMENTS PY - 1975/09 SP - 139 p. AB - The report describes the static and fatigue behavior of composite T-beams, using a combination of prestressed concrete tension elements and reinforcing bars as the tension reinforcement. Two static tests were conducted on two-span continuous composite beams, one being designed without considering moment redistribution at ultimate load and the other with an assumed 20% moment redistribution. Test results indicated similar behavior for both beams, and there was approximately 35% moment redistribution before failure. Repeated load tests were performed on six specimens producing a load in the tension elements varying from 0.77 Pcr to 1.63 P sub cr, where P sub cr is the load causing initial cracking of the tension elements. It was indicated that the use of multiple tension elements augmented with steel reinforcing bars increased the endurance limit of the composite beam to the cracking load level P sub cr, in contrast to the endurance limit of 0.7 P sub cr revealed by an earlier investigation using specimens reinforced with a single tension element. Repeated load tests were also performed on two additional specimens of equal ultimate moment capacity, one reinforced with tension elements exclusively, while the other reinforced with only reinforcing bars. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Fatigue limit KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcing materials KW - T beams KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365360 AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - National Science Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A USER'S MANUAL FOR A MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR STREET MAINTENANCE PY - 1975/09 SP - 198 p. AB - The objective of this manual is to present a system for planning, scheduling, and measuring the results of work expended in basic street maintenance activities. The manual is intended for the user. In a typical street maintenance organization, this would include the first line foreman, the street maintenance supervisors, and the director of public works. Basically, the work "system" consist of maintenance work standards, a work program, a work calendar, scheduling procedures, work reports, and management analysis of completed work. KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Control systems KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway transportation KW - Industrial engineering KW - Local government KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Scheduling KW - Standards KW - Street maintenance KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093414 AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AVIATION FORECASTS. FISCAL YEARS 1976-1987 PY - 1975/09 SP - 76 p. AB - This report contains the latest Federal Aviation Administration forecast of measures of workload and activity at towered airports, air route traffic control centers, and flight service stations for Fiscal Years 1976 to 1987. The forecasts were made for the four major users of the system; air carriers, air taxi, general aviation and the military. The report has been prepared to meet the budget and planning needs of the various offices and services of FAA for data concerning future trends in aviation activity. This report reflects the impact on aviation activity of a more rapid rate of price increase, especially for fuel, and a slower rate of real income growth than had been assumed in previous forecasts. KW - Air traffic control KW - Airports KW - Axles KW - Budgeting KW - Civil aviation KW - Costs KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Level of service KW - Military KW - Military aircraft KW - Military organizations KW - Planning KW - Services KW - Statistical analysis KW - Towers KW - Transport aircraft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143933 AU - Peterson, D E AU - Gull, R AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIPLE TRAILER EVALUATION IN UTAH PY - 1975/09 SP - 171 p. AB - An evaluation was made of the operation of triple trailer combinations in comparison with doubles and singles during a one year field study in Utah. The evaluation included safety, operating costs, pavement effects, and human factors associated with triples under actual on-line operations as related to the other combinations. The results showed that triples do reduce operating costs and they do conserve fuel. They do shorten pavement life in comparison with single trailers but no more than doubles. The accident data are limited due to the number of miles traveled during the year but it does indicate that triples are safe under the conditions in which they were operated. Questionnaires were completed by truck drivers and the traveling public and the results are summarized in the report. The traveling public became more favorable with time and the truck drivers became less favorable. Braking tests, offtracking, vehicle swerving, effects of road and weather conditions, and passing time were also evaluated. Portions of this document are not fully legible. KW - Braking KW - Cargo transportation KW - Energy conservation KW - Field tests KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Maneuverability KW - Operating costs KW - Pavements KW - Safety KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic safety KW - Trailers KW - Triple trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158118 AU - Smith, R N AU - Elliott, L E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF MINOR IMPROVEMENTS (PART 8), GROOVED PAVEMENT SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT PY - 1975/09 SP - 55 p. AB - A "before and after" technique was used to evaluate 322 lane-miles of grooved portland cement concrete pavement on State freeways in Los Angeles. In addition, 750 lane-miles of ungrooved PCC pavement were used as a "control". Accidents (fatal and injury only) were evaluated for a two-year before and after period on both the grooved and ungrooved sections of freeway. Grooving produced an average 69% reduction in wet pavement accident rates on the 23 projects studied. Dry pavement accident rates did not change. Sideswipe and hit object accidents had the largest reductions during wet weather. Grooving did not appear to have an adverse effect on motorcycle safety during either wet or dry conditions. A different method was developed to predict wet pavement accident rates after grooving on future projects. The method depends on accounting for any trends in the wet and dry pavement accident rates that have occurred in the past. Even after grooving, the wet pavement rates can be expected to be about four times the dry accident rates. KW - Before and after studies KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crash rates KW - Forecasting KW - Motorcycles KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137337 AU - Thornton, J B AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS AND SEALANTS STUDY PY - 1975/09 SP - 133 p. AB - This publication is a final report on a study initiated to evaluate the relative performance of a number of different types of rigid pavement joint sealants. The project has been designed to provide information on the effect that several joint variables might have on the performance of the joint sealant design. These design variables include joint spacing and orientation (skewed or square) as well as sealant design properties. The report describes the equipment and procedures used in establishing the test locations and obtaining performance data. The report contains a detailed discussion on each type of sealant used as well as installation procedures and problems. In addition, cost estimates for each type of sealant and installation were furnished by the Contractor and are tabulated in the report. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Expansion joints KW - Georgia KW - Joint KW - Joint sealers KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141884 AU - Lankard, D R AU - Slater, J E AU - Hedden, W A AU - Niesz, D E AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories TI - NEUTRALIZATION OF CHLORIDE IN CONCRETE PY - 1975/09 SP - 143 p. AB - This study was concerned with one solution to the problem of deterioration of bridge decks due to corrosion of reinforcing steel caused by chloride from deicing salts. Flushing of salts by application of water to the underside of the concrete and electrochemical removal of the chlorides were investigated. Flushing was found to be ineffective and work on it was abandoned early. However, the electrochemical removal technique showed promise of success first in the laboratory and later in a small scale field trial. In the latter chloride present at the level of the top rebar mat was reduced to below the concentration that is known to cause corrosion in 24 hours of treatment, and active corrosion of the steel that was going on was completely stopped. /Author/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Deterioration KW - Electrochemistry KW - Flushing KW - Neutralizing KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094404 AU - Sanders, W W AU - Elleby, H A AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE HIGHWAY TRUSS BRIDGES PY - 1975/09 SP - 104 p. AB - As a result of the construction of the Saylorville Dam and Reservoir on the Des Moines River, six highway bridges crossing the river were scheduled for removal. One of these, an old pin-connected, high-truss, single-lane bridge, was selected for a comprehensive testing program which included ultimate load tests, service load tests, and a supplementary test program. A second bridge was used for a limited service load test program. The results of the research are detailed in two interim reports. The first interim report outlines the ultimate load tests and the second interim report details the results of the service load and supplementary test program. This report presents a summary of these findings along with recommendations for implementation of the findings. KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Field tests KW - Framed structures KW - Highway bridges KW - Iowa KW - Joists KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Truss bridges KW - Trusses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151154 AU - Mirza, J F AU - TUNG, C C AU - Smith, J C AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATIC AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF 'TRI-CHORD TRUSS' OVERHEAD SIGN SUPPORT STRUCTURES PY - 1975/09 SP - 321 p. AB - This report presents the results of a three part research effort on the experimental, static, and dynamic behavior of tri-chord overhead sign support structures. The experimental effort was primarily concerned with the degree of fixity of the column to truss connection required for analytic modeling. Repeated load tests of the chord splice are also included to provide information regarding fatigue strength. Analysis of dynamic response to extreme wind loads indicate that the AASHO Specifications are adequate. It is also shown that Stockbridge dampers are effective in reducing vibrations due to wind excitation. Finally, a computerized and highly reliable approximate method of analysis is devised for this type of structure. The method accounts for tapered chord tubes and permits the columns to be either one tube or two tubes trussed together. The U-bolt connections are assumed not to slip and no consideration is given to precambering or buckling instability. Comparison of approximate and 'exact' methods shows close agreement. The computer program is listed in the Appendix. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Dampers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Fatigue strength KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Load tests KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Repeated loads KW - Splicing KW - Static response KW - Statics KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Trusses KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind load KW - Wind pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139786 AU - Kaiser, F X AU - Coyle, H M AU - Milberger, L J AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - THE MEASUREMENT OF PILE DRIVING FORCES AND ITS APPLICATION TO WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILES PY - 1975/09 SP - 146 p. AB - A new, dynamic peak force readout device was tested and found to be accurate, reliable, and easily used with a proposed new method of analysis of driven piles. Model pile, pile stub in a pendulum loading facility, and actual field pile driving tests are described. The data from the tests are presented for the new device and for a standard carrier amplified system which was also used during the tests. Comparison of the output data shows that the new device measures peak force values which are within 4% of the values obtained with the standard carried amplifier system. Tests conducted under various temperature conditions demonstrate the stability of the new device. The traditional wave equation technique of pile driving analysis is very briefly introduced and a proposed standard method of analysis using measured peak force is presented in a step-by-step manner. A sample problem is presented using the proposed standard method and data obtained from the new device field-evaluation tests. The sample problem is used to demonstrate the use of the new device in conjunction with the proposed method of analysis. Good agreement is indicated between the proposed standard method and the use of measured force in the pile with time when predicting total resistance at the time of driving. Studies of hammer simulation and parameter variations, and test results of a proposed aluminum force transducer are appended. KW - Measuring instruments KW - Peak strength KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Strength of materials KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142913 AU - Sanders, W W AU - Elleby, H A AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Engineering Research Institute TI - ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE HIGHWAY TRUSS BRIDGES. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1975/09 SP - 101 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143022 AU - Rosenstock, H AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF CHINLE CLAY AND MODERATE HEAT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC AGGREGATES PY - 1975/09 SP - 82 p. AB - A testing program was laid out to determine what conditions and factors affected the strength of the synthetic aggregate produced from Chinle Clay. The factors considered in the experimental program were: Temperature of sintering, Time of sintering, Moisture content, Clay content and wet density. The tests showed that the main factors affecting the strength were temperature and wet density. Moreover, the results show that while it is not possible to use moderate heats, i.e., temperatures ranging from 204 C to 650 C it is possible to produce a strong aggregate from Chinle Clay with a temperature of 1100 C. KW - Aggregates KW - Arizona KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Chinle clay KW - Clay KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Differential thermal analysis KW - Fly ash KW - Formulations KW - Highways KW - Manufacturing KW - Mechanical properties KW - Moisture content KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sintering KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Terminations KW - Wet density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136812 AU - Bizette, J G AU - Roussel, C R AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION RECORDS STUDY PY - 1975/09 SP - 70 p. AB - An acute awareness of the large volume of records that are required for construction projects and the nonuniformity with which these records are kept caused the Louisiana Department of Highways to conduct a study of construction documentation practices. Of primary concern was the amount of duplication that was occurring and the amount of time being spent maintaining the duplicate records. The number of forms being used, with no apparent need by any section in the Department, was also of concern. KW - Construction KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Forms KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Highways KW - Louisiana KW - Management KW - Management methods KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Records management KW - Revisions KW - State highway departments KW - Surveys UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20096.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136830 AU - Bragg, GHJ AU - Zeigler, T W AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF COMPACTED SHALE EMBANKMENTS. VOLUME 2. EVALUATION AND REMEDIAL TREATMENT OF SHALE EMBANKMENTS PY - 1975/09 SP - 245 p. AB - The purpose of the three-phase study is to develop design and construction methodologies that will enable shales which have caused settlements and slope failure in highway embankments to be identified and used successfully in future construction. The purpose of Phase II was to develop (a) techniques for evaluating the stability of existing embankments and (b) remedial treatments for distressed embankments. Information obtained from State and Federal agencies and the literature was reviewed. Types and probable causes of distress, evaluation techniques, and remedial treatment measures are discussed. KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Durability KW - Embankment compaction KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Grading earthworking KW - Ground settlement KW - Highways KW - Inclinometers KW - Markers KW - Piezometers KW - Remedies KW - Retaining walls KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Shale KW - Shear strength KW - Slope protection KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136514 AU - Larson, T D AU - Hand, I AU - Poister, T H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROLE OF SUBSTATE REGIONS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, PROGRAMMING, AND BUDGETING PY - 1975/09 SP - 270 p. AB - Contents: History and experience of substate regionalism; Overview of Pennsylvania's transportation planning, programming, and budgeting process; Proposed transportation planning, programming, and budgeting; Proposed organization structure; Implementation and draft legislation. KW - Agreements KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programming KW - Cooperation KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Labor unions KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Local government KW - Organization KW - Pennsylvania KW - Policy KW - Programming KW - Project management KW - Recommendations KW - Regional planning KW - Regional transportation KW - State government KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133420 AU - Doctor, D A AU - Casha, J S AU - Southeast Michigan Council of Governments AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - PROJECTION OF POTENTIAL NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS). VIOLATIONS ON THE SEMCOG 1974 HIGHWAY NETWORK PY - 1975/09 SP - 28 p. AB - The paper is intended to present the results of the 'manual model' presented in TRAN-WP-15-5/75 when run on SEMCOG's 1970 Highway Network File updated for 1974 traffic. The paper includes the variables used as input for the operation of the model. By their use a map of the highway sections and intersection in the region which, in 1974, under the limited assumptions of the model, exhibit the potential for violation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards was constructed (map not included). The application of this model as a 'sketch-type' planning tool is being advanced for review by local, state and federal agencies. If this application is favorably received, further model runs will be made to indicate concentration changes up to and, if necessary, beyond the target year for attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highway transportation KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Michigan KW - Networks KW - Planning KW - Regions KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Standards KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136515 AU - Larson, T D AU - Hand, I AU - Poister, T H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROLE OF SUBSTATE REGIONS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, PROGRAMMING, AND BUDGETING: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1975/09 SP - 55 p. AB - The purpose of this research was twofold: (1) the formulation of alternative concepts for substate regions and regional organizations in Pennsylvania as a basis for transportation planning, programming, and budgeting; and (2) the preparation of draft legislation dealing with substate regionalism in Pennsylvania. Major recommendations of the research indicate that (1) a Regional Planning and Development Council (RPDC) should be established in each substate region; (2) legislation implementing the RPDCs should be of a general comprehensive nature; and (3) certain transportation planning functions should be delegated to an RPDC by PennDOT through a cooperative agreement. KW - Agreements KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programming KW - Cooperation KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Local government KW - Pennsylvania KW - Policy KW - Programming KW - Project management KW - Recommendations KW - Regional planning KW - Regional transportation KW - State government KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133223 AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING SURVEYS CONCERNING TRANSPORTATION PY - 1975/09 SP - 70 p. AB - The purpose of the study is to produce guidelines that provide specific, operational and action oriented assistance to those responsible for planning and implementing transportation surveys as a community involvement tool. A considerable amount of recent transportation survey experience along with the provision of technical information from private urban opinion survey organizations was researched and analyzed for inclusion in these guidelines. By discussing and comparing the relative merits of different survey techniques, the sampling process, questionnaire design, and examples of past surveys, these guidelines cover the theoretical as well as the practical side of the surveying process. The presentation of this information is in such a form that it can be used by field staff to insure that this vital element of a community involvement program can be performed in an efficient and effective manner. KW - City planning KW - Communities KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Information processing KW - Public opinion KW - Public relations KW - Questionnaires KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/025.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133453 AU - Williams, F M AU - Mcadams, M M AU - Reddick, J S AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - A STUDY OF THE USE OF VISCOSITY-GRADED ASPHALT CEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS OF PAVEMENT PY - 1975/09 SP - 58 p. AB - The study treats of the investigation into the feasibility of using viscosity-graded rather than penetration graded asphalt cements. Four projects were constructed using both viscosity graded and penetration graded asphalt cements. They were observed and evaluated durin construction in 1968 and for a five-year period through 1973. This investigation was instrumental in subsequent adoption of viscosity-graded asphalt cement specifications, with corresponding reduction of testing, storage and handling problems. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt grading KW - Asphalt penetration surface KW - Experimental roads KW - Penetrants KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131057 AU - Henry, R D AU - SMITH, S A AU - Bruggeman, J M AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - LOCATING DETECTORS FOR ADVANCED TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1975/09 SP - 213 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to develop procedures for determining locations of detectors for advanced traffic control strategies. The project is a part of the continuing research for the Urban Traffic Control System/Bus Priority System (UTCS/BPS) in Washington D.C. The work included defining criteria for surveillance data for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation UTCS strategies, identifying links requiring detectors, developing detector placement criteria within the link, preparing detector recommendations specific to the UTCS network, and developing detector placement guidelines for other locations. It was found that 3rd generation requires detectors on essentially all links in the UTCS network; 2nd generation requires at least every other link; and 1st generation approximately every fourth link. Critical intersections require data from each approach link. Within a link, a critical lane can usually be identified and that lane best represents demand. One detector, approximately 210 feet upstream of the intersection, tended to be adequate for volume, occupancy, and speed. This volume covers the details of the study and another volume contains the handbook information. The other volume is FHWA No. 75-91. /FHWA/ KW - Guidelines KW - Location KW - Signalization KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131010 AU - Lawrence, L R AU - Hatton, J H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH CUSHIONS: SELECTION CRITERIA AND DESIGN PY - 1975/09 SP - 100 p. AB - The judicial use of crash cushions has saved many lives and reduced the severity of injury to many persons. On new Federal-aid construction, a crash cushion is mandatory where fixed objects cannot be adequately protected by other means. On existing Federal-aid highways, an inventory has been made to identify those locations at which crash cushions can be a definite contribution to traffic safety. Many crash cushion installations have been and are being made. By now, it is almost axiomatic, that fixed objects located hazardously close to the pavement edge should be removed, relocated, redesigned, or shielded. Hazardously close has been interpreted as being within 30 feet, over a relatively level roadside, for highways with high volume and high speed traffic. For other roadside and traffic conditions greater or lesser clearances might be judged hazardous. If shielding is the only practical method of treatment for a fixed object hazard, then either some type of guardrail or a crash cushion (also referred to as an energy absorber, impact attenuator, etc.) will be required. Information received from Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) field offices has indicated that there is some misunderstanding of the basic differences between the "approved" crash cushions. This booklet is an attempt to point out these differences and help designers choose the best type of cushion for the particular location under consideration. It will also attempt to simplify the design of crash cushions. KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Federal aid highways KW - High risk locations KW - Roadside structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131056 AU - Kay, J L AU - Henry, R D AU - SMITH, S A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - LOCATING DETECTORS FOR ADVANCED TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES. HANDBOOK PY - 1975/09 SP - 50 p. AB - This report is a handbook for locating detectors for advanced traffic control strategies. A discussion of criteria is presented and procedures for locating detectors to provide required surveillance data are described. The procedures relate to locating detectors at critical intersections, assessing which link in the network requires detectorization, and locating detectors within the link. Both latitudinal and longitudinal placement within the link are discussed. The procedures were developed as part of the continuing research for the Urban Traffic Control System/Bus Priority System (UTCS/BPS), in Washington, D.C., but are applicable to the more general detector locating studies for traffic control systems. This handbook is a supplement to the Final Report for the detector locating project. The final report includes the study procedures and results for the UTCS/BPS network. The final report volume is FHWA No. 75-92. /FHWA/ KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Location KW - Signalization KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00128270 AU - Kukacka, L E AU - Fontana, J AU - Romano, A J AU - Steinberg, M AU - Pike, R G AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory TI - CONCRETE POLYMER MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS. PROGRESS REPORT NO. 3 PY - 1975/09 SP - 141 p. AB - Experimental work on the use of concrete-polymer composites for highway applications has progressed in three general areas material properties of polymer impregnated concrete, the repair of deteriorated and delaminated bridge decks, and the partial in-depth impregnation of new decks. The structural and durability properties of impregnated normal weight and structural lightweight concretes have been measured. The effect of temperature and cyclic loading was investigated and bond pull-out strength of reinforcement measured. Process variables studied include monomer type, method of polymerization, and air content of the concrete. The feasibility of repairing highly deteriorated and delaminated bridge decks by monomer impregnation has been demonstrated and field testing is in progress. Results to date indicate that highly deteriorated concrete can be reconstituted and bonded to the sound concrete beneath. Compressive and shear strengths of 8000 and 1100 psi respectively have been obtained. No deterioration of the repaired sections has been observed after exposure to traffic for 6 months. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Delamination KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Polymer concrete KW - Repeated loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130613 AU - Patton, R W AU - Harris, H W AU - Shepherd, W S AU - VanVynck, J AU - Powers, G AU - Niles, J H AU - Gould, J S AU - Johnson, L AU - Wheadon, R AU - Dunn, W AU - WELCH, B AU - Miller, A S AU - Sellon, L D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SNOW AND ICE CONTROL; MATERIALS STORAGE AND HANDLING PY - 1975/09 SP - 21 p. AB - This Report details the results of an in-depth review of the various costs involved in the procurement, specifications, processing and storage of abrasives and chemicals used for snow and ice control. The study was conducted in early 1975 by teams of engineers from four States; Colorado, Montana, Utah and Wyoming. The study was successful and the estimate savings among the four states from the implementation of only one of the recommendations (automatic mixing) is $220,000 in one year. The study costs of $60,000 compare favorably to the estimated minimum savings to the public of $5,000,000 annually if implemented Nationwide. The techniques of Value Engineering were proven effective in the analysis of maintenance activities even in States with Operational Maintenance Management Systems. /Author/ KW - Abrasives KW - Costs KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Handling and storage KW - Processing KW - Procurement KW - Savings KW - Snow and ice control KW - Specifications KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130537 AU - Beck, L D AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE STUDY OF THE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SECTION OF THE JOHN F. KENNEDY EXPRESSWAY (I-95) SECOND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1975/09 SP - 19 p. AB - The main objective of this study is to evaluate the structural adequacy of the rehabilitated and resurfaced flexible pavement section of the JFK Expressway (I-95). This evaluation utilizes the "Asphalt Institute's Deflection Method for Designing Asphalt Concrete Overalys for Asphalt Pavements." The average deflection value for all tested sites increased slightly between 1973 and 1974 tests; however, 1973 and 1974 values are lower than the average deflection values for 1970 or 1972 tests which were prior to the completion of the resurfacing program. The final report will be drawn up following the annual readings made in 1976. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093943 AU - Van Daveer, J R AU - Sheret, G D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE COVER STUDY PY - 1975/09 SP - 66 p. AB - In 1972, a nationwide study was undertaken by the Federal Highway Administration to measure the clear cover over the top mat of bridge deck reinforcing steel. This report contains the study findings. Typically of the bridges tested, the average concrete cover depth exceeded design requirements. However, because the cover depth distribution is near normal, a significant portion of the deck (approximately 30 percent) has less than design cover. Those bridges that met design cover requirements by 100 percent have an average cover depth approximately 3/4-inch (19mm) greater than design. Design and construction practices were compared with the field measurement results to determine if a correlation exists between these practices and cover depth. No single practice was found to contribute significantly to cover depth deviating from design depth. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Corrosion KW - Cover KW - Depth KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Structural design KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30550 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126474 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tignor, S C AU - Hess, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNALIZATION OF DIAMOND INTERCHANGES PY - 1975/09 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - p. 38-47 AB - In this article the authors describe a research project in the Federally Coordinated Program of Research and Development in Highway Transportation (FCP) on the signalization of diamond interchanges. This project was performed by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation and the city of Los Angeles. Initial research provided simulation and analytic models for use in developing the signalization of diamond interchanges. Field implementation of new methods for fixed-time control showed a reduction in travel time, stopped time, and number of stops. Furthermore, the total delay was reduced by 25 percent when a real-time system was used to control the traffic signals. KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Stopped time delays KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34930 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126475 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Moore, K R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID MEASUREMENT OF CONCRETE COVER ON BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1975/09 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - p. 48-52 AB - Premature deterioration of concrete bridge decks due to corrosion of the reinforcing steel is a serious problem. Corrosive agents, such as water and deicing salts, are principal contributing factors to this problem. Evaluation tools for testing concrete bridge decks and for determining the effectiveness of bridge deck protective systems are currently being studied by the Federal Highway Administration. One of these studies involves the development of a rolling Pachometer that can be used for nondestructive determination of the cover over the reinforcing steel on concrete bridge decks. This unit is an effective tool for both inspection and quality control. The Rolling Pachometer has proved to be accurate, reliable, and capable of gathering data at a rate 20 times that of conventional, hand-held methods. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pachometers KW - Protective coatings KW - Quality control KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151756 AU - Wright, D L AU - Perry, H D AU - Blaser, R E AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - CONTROLLING EROSION ALONG HIGHWAYS WITH VEGETATION OR OTHER PROTECTIVE COVER PY - 1975/08/31 SP - 82 p. AB - Construction operations in highway corridors disturb the natural vegetation and land contours causing potential erosion sites if left denuded. Minimizing erosion on these areas is based on the principles of maximizing water infiltration and reducing water runoff obtainable with rough and stair-step grading to establish vegetative cover quickly. Rough grading is augmented temporarily by mulches until fast growing temporary canopies develop. Establishing and developing desirable vegetative covers depends on grading and soil preparation, soil amendments, mulches, and changing seed mixtures with seasons. Woodfiber at 750 lbs/A as a tacking agent for straw has provided a persistent mulch for winter seedings that is equal to or better than asphalt at 300 gal/A. The manipulation of these managements, through plant succession, leads to the development of a near maintenance free vegetation that needs little mowing and little or no fertilizer as with crownvetch, flat pea, and sericea. Harsh environments often have partial vegetative covers and multi-step seeding and fertilization is required to develop protective vegetative canopies. Adequate soil amendments applied to a properly prepared seedbed eliminate the need for topsoil which is often of poor quality. Sparsely vegetated grass slopes may be eliminated by overseeding with legumes, phosphorus, lime, and mulches in favorable seeding seasons. KW - Calcium oxide KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Fibers KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Grading (Earthworking) KW - Grading earthworking KW - Highways KW - Infiltration KW - Legumes KW - Leguminous plants KW - Maintenance KW - Mulches KW - Phosphorus KW - Plant growth KW - Plants KW - Runoff KW - Seeds KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Straw KW - Vegetation KW - Water entry KW - Wood KW - Wood fibers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36399/77-R17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137408 AU - Salac, S S AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OUTSTATE TESTING OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WOODY PLANTS PY - 1975/08/18 SP - 46 p. AB - Two studies were conducted to pursue the objectives of this study, namely: (1) outstate variety trials of different species and cultivars of trees, shrubs, and ground covers (2) native prostrate juniper trial for roadside slopes. Several species or cultivars of trees, shrubs, and ground covers were evaluated at 10 trial sites. Plantings were made from 1964 to 1967, evaluated yearly thereafter until 1970, and final evaluations of all trials were made during the 1973 growing season. Those that received consistently good to excellent ratings are listed in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for each of the trial sites. Those that failed to survive or perform well are listed in Tables 6, 7, and 8. The prostrate junipers were planted during the Spring of 1970 and planted on 1:3 north and south-facing slopes of Interstate 80 right-of-way two miles east of the Goehner Rest Area. Two named cultivars and five selections were superior when compared with the others studied. KW - Cells (Biology) KW - Cultures (Biology) KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental data KW - Experiments KW - Ground cover KW - Highways KW - Landscaping KW - Nebraska KW - Plants KW - Propagation KW - Roadside KW - Shrubs KW - Slopes KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tests KW - Trees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01396768 AU - Shamburger, J H AU - Patrick, D M AU - Lutton, R J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Design and construction of compacted shale embankments: vol 1: survey of problem areas and current practices PY - 1975/08 IS - FHWA-RD-75-61 SP - 288p KW - Compaction KW - Compaction KW - Construction management KW - Construction method KW - Design KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Embankment KW - Embankments KW - Shale KW - Shale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1164545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093561 AU - Vyce, J M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BITUMINOUS RESURFACINGS ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1975/08 SP - 34 p. AB - The report summarizes data collected over a 6-year period on 29 bituminous resurfacings on flexible pavement. Twenty-one were measured before the resurfacing was applied and all were measured periodically between 1969 and 1974. The measurements consisted of those necessary to compute serviceability indices, as well as Benkelman beam rebound deflections. The results showed that the standard 1- and 2 1/2-in. overlays used in New York State are sufficient to extend the serviceable life of a flexible pavement from a minimum of 6 to about 12 years. Several factors must be taken into account, however, when determining which roads should be overlaid and what thickness to use, including deflection magnitude, condition of the original pavement, and total asphalt thickness in relation to anticipated traffic loadings. A procedure using these factors is discussed, along with reasons for not depending solely on deflections in establishing necessary overlay thicknesses. The data, as a whole, indicate that New York's current practice for resurfacing flexible pavements is generally a good investment of maintenance money, providing an adequate service life for a reasonable period. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Bituminous materials KW - Covering KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loads KW - Methodology KW - Moisture content KW - New York (State) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Resurfacing KW - Roughness KW - Service life KW - Serviceability KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181980 AU - Foody, T J AU - Wray, J H AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AND SAFETY OF FULL CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGE PY - 1975/08 SP - 129 p. AB - The research study presents development of criteria for altering existing full cloverleaf interchanges to improve the traffic operations and safety of this particular configuration. Only the standard cloverleaf configuration with a loop ramp and an outer connection in each quadrant was considered in this study. The data base from the Interstate System Accident Research-Study II project was used to describe the spatial distribution of accidents within the interchange and its relationship to increasing traffic volume. Highway Capacity Manual procedures were used to describe the capacity characteristics of the various junction points within the standard cloverleaf. The results of these two analyses were combined to describe the range of traffic situations that could cause a breakdown in operations on any standard cloverleaf. A survey of ten major states having experience operating full cloverleaf interchanges led to the identification of two problem situations that are the most likely to lead to operational breakdowns on a standard cloverleaf interchange. The first problem situation identified dealt with the operation of the weaving section as it approached capacity. The second situation dealt with the operation of the free-flow ramp terminals onto a multi-lane, non-access-controlled crossroad with strip development in close proximity to the terminals. Solutions that retained, modified or eliminated the standard cloverleaf flow pattern were examined. The results indicated that solutions involving the redesign and reconstruction of the interchange (modify or eliminate rather than retain) provide the only acceptable level of effectiveness. KW - Capacity KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Highway traffic KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Ramps KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00816465 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAYS AND THE PETROLEUM PROBLEM - FOUR PAPERS PY - 1975/08 SP - 101 p. AB - The four papers in this booklet examine four aspects of the petroleum problem. These reports, based largely on State data provided through the cooperative Federal Highway Administration-State planning process, provide analyses concerning highway revenue and financing impacts at the State and Federal levels, projections of vehicles, drivers and fuels, and transportation energy interactions. The papers are as follows: (1) The Anticipated Effects of the Gasoline Shortages on the Federal Highway Trust Fund, J. Ullman; (2) Highway Financing as Affected by the Petroleum Shortage and Inflation, J.W. March; (3) Projections of Motor-Vehicle Registrations, Driver Licenses, and Motor-Fuel Consumption to 1990, L.L. Liston; and (4) Transportation Energy Considerations in the Urban Environment, A. French. KW - Driver licenses KW - Energy conservation KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highways KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicle licensing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Shortages KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179862 AU - Foody, T J AU - Wray, J H AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - IMPROVING THE TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AND SAFETY OF FULL CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGES PY - 1975/08 SP - 119 p. AB - Development of criteria for altering existing full cloverleaf interchanges to improve the traffic operations and safety of this particular configuration. Only the standard cloverleaf configuration with a loop ramp and an outer connection in each quadrant was considered in this study. The data based form the Interstate System Accident Research-Study II project was used to describe the spatial distribution of accidents within the interchange and its relationship to increasing traffic volume. Highway Capacity Manual procedures were used to describe the capacity characteristics of the various junction points within the standard cloverleaf. The results of these two analyses were combined to describe the range of traffic situations that could cause a breakdown in operations on any standard cloverleaf. A survey of ten major states having experience operating full cloverleaf interchanges led to the identification of two problem situations that are the most likely to lead to operational breakdowns on a standard cloverleaf interchange. The first problem situation identified dealt with the operation of the weaving section as it approached capacity. The second situation dealt with the operation of the free-flow ramp terminals onto a multi-lane, non-access-controlled crossroad with strip development in close proximity to the terminals. Solutions that retained, modified or eliminated the standard cloverleaf flow pattern were examined. The results indicated that solutions involving the redesign and reconstruction of the interchange (modify or eliminate rather than retain) provide the only acceptable level of effectiveness. /FHWA/ KW - Cloverleaf interchanges KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158132 AU - Rowan, N J AU - Andersen, D A AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - CORRIDOR ANALYSIS FOR LEVEL OF SERVICE DESIGN PY - 1975/08 SP - 56 p. AB - Research was conducted to improve the design process for transportation corridor facilities. Part of the research dealt with identifying and evaluating the current design recommendation process, while another phase dealt with functional classification, qualitative measures of traffic service, and the effects of midblock access on traffic operations. KW - Analysis KW - Design methods KW - Functional analysis KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Level of service KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Traffic KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137343 AU - Howerter, E AU - Rudd, J AU - Aronstein, M AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - AUTOMATION OF THE SCHONFELD METHOD OF HIGHWAY SURFACE TEXTURE CODE ASSIGNMENT. VOLUME II. THREE DIMENSIONAL CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNICAL APPROACH PY - 1975/08 SP - 396 p. AB - The volume contains details of the technical approach followed to classify the pavement texture samples in accordance with the Schonfeld methodology. KW - Automation KW - Cables KW - Durability KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Photogrammetry KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Stereographic projection KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137342 AU - Howerter, E AU - Rudd, J AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - AUTOMATION OF THE SCHONFELD METHOD OF HIGHWAY SURFACE TEXTURE CODE ASSIGNMENT. VOLUME I. THREE DIMENSIONAL CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY PY - 1975/08 SP - 51 p. AB - The research involved development of a system for measurement and automatic classification of pavement surface texture properties in accordance with the Schonfeld method. Electronic stereophotogrammetric techniques were adapted to obtain digital data defining the surface from stereophotographs. Algorithms were then developed to process this data on a computer and classify the surface texture automatically. Preliminary designs of camera systems, which could be mounted on a highway vehicle and collect the required data, were developed and shown to be feasible. The automated procedure allows a much more comprehensive and detailed investigation of surface texture to be carried out than the previously available manual method. Comprehensive information about pavement texture can provide valuable data for studying skid resistance characteristics and monitoring wear and polishing of pavements. KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Highway planning KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Photogrammetry KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Stereographic projection KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137344 AU - Howerter, E AU - Rudd, J AU - Aronstein, M AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - AUTOMATION OF THE SCHONFELD METHOD OF HIGHWAY SURFACE TEXTURE CODE ASSIGNMENT. VOLUME III. THREE DIMENSIONAL CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE. APPENDIXES PY - 1975/08 SP - 224 p. AB - Contents: Standard flowcharting symbols and programming conventions; Program listings; Schonfeld results obtained for the selected pavement texture samples using the manual stereointerpretation technique; Final statistical matrices for the selected pavement texture samples. KW - Automation KW - Cables KW - Computer programs KW - Durability KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Network analyzers KW - Pavements KW - Photogrammetry KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Stereographic projection KW - Subroutines KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151835 AU - Glennon, J C AU - Valenta, J J AU - Thorson, B A AU - Azzeh, J A AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL OF DIRECT ACCESS TO ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS. VOLUME I. GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING ACCESS CONTROL TECHNIQUES PY - 1975/08 SP - 96 p. AB - The document is intended to give highway agencies general guidelines toward a more comprehensive application of direct access controls to commercial properties on arterial highways. Volume I discusses the basic problem dimension, summarizes the evaluation of the 70 identified techniques, and gives a general decision framework for implementation of access controls. Consideration for implementation include: (1) comprehensive policy development; and (2) the selection of techniques to counteract operational problems on existing highways. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Manuals KW - Policy KW - Rural highways KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094485 AU - Kinchen, R W AU - LeBlanc, E J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RETROREFLECTIVE DURABILITY OF RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - 1975/08 SP - 48 p. AB - The Louisiana Department of Highways began using reflectorized raised pavement markers on a large scale basis in 1967 when such markers were placed on the Mississippi River Bridge along Route I-10 at Baton Rouge. The Department has engaged in a considerable amount of research since 1967 in order to derive the most benefit from reflectorized raised pavement markers. A standard test procedure for measurement of retroreflection of reflectorized markers has previously been developed and adopted. A supplemental specification was also written which now requires initial minimum retroreflection values before any given brand of marker may be placed on our highways. The report documents a research effort to establish a rapid method of evaluating the nighttime retroreflective durability of reflectorized raised pavement markers and to develop source acceptance criteria keyed to this test method. KW - Darkness KW - Durability KW - Highways KW - Louisiana KW - Markers KW - Marking KW - Measurement KW - Night KW - Pavements KW - Quality assurance KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Retroreflectors KW - Specifications KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094403 AU - Sanders, W W AU - Elleby, H A AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Reeves, M D AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE HIGHWAY TRUSS BRIDGES: PHASE II. SERVICE LOAD AND SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS PY - 1975/08 SP - 106 p. AB - As a result of the construction of the Saylorville Dam and Reservoir on the Des Moines River, six highway bridges crossing the river were scheduled for removal. Two of these were incorporated into a comprehensive test program to study the behavior of old pin-connected high-truss single-lane bridges. The test program consisted of ultimate load tests, service load tests and a supplementary test program. The results reported in this report cover the service load tests on the two bridges as well as the supplementary tests, both static and fatigue, of eyebar members removed from the two bridges. The field test results of the service loading are compared with theoretical results of the truss analysis. KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Catenaries (Railroads) KW - Field tests KW - Framed structures KW - Highway bridges KW - Iowa KW - Joists KW - Loads KW - Truss bridges KW - Trusses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094431 AU - Cozart, G D AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - CORRELATION OF THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT CONE PENETROMETER TEST WITH THE DRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF COHESIONLESS SOILS PY - 1975/08 SP - 84 p. AB - Improved correlations have been developed between the Texas Highway Department (THD) Cone Penetrometer Test N-value and the drained shear strength of cohesionless soils. Cone penetrometer test data and undisturbed sand samples were obtained at five different test sites. To develop the correlations new techniques in sampling and testing of cohesionless soils were implemented. From the results of field and laboratory investigations reasonably good correlations were developed for both drained shear strength, s, and effective overburden pressure, p', with the THD Cone Penetrometer Test N-value. KW - Cohesive soils KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field tests KW - Granular soils KW - Highway bridges KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Internal friction KW - Measurement KW - Pendulum tests KW - Penetrometers KW - Pile foundations KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement KW - Rheological properties KW - Samplers KW - Sand KW - Shear strength KW - Soil tests KW - Texas KW - Undisturbed samples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149580 AU - Richardson, E V AU - Karaki, S AU - Mahmood, K AU - Simons, D B AU - Stevens, M A AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins TI - HIGHWAYS IN THE RIVER ENVIRONMENT-HYDRAULIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. BASIC COURSE INSTRUCTOR'S LESSON PLANS PY - 1975/08 SP - 120 p. AB - Through a coordinated effort between the Federal Highway Administration and Colorado State University a training course was developed to provide training in the practical application of the concepts of open channel flow, fluvial geomorphology, and river mechanics to the planning, location, design, construction, maintenance and operation of highways; and to enable the participants to apply these concepts to environmental problems associated with highway crossings and encroachments. This two-week course was oriented to graduate engineers who have had training in basic hydraulics. The subject publication, Basic Course Instructor's Lesson Plans, contains outlines for each of the thirty-four lessons for this course. A second publication was also developed for this course on Highways in the River Environment. It is subtitled Training and Design Manual and is intended to serve as a text for the course. /Author/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Channel flow KW - Education KW - Fluvial hydraulics KW - Geomorphology KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Open channel flow KW - Rivers KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149583 AU - Azzeh, J A AU - Thorson, B A AU - Valenta, J J AU - Glennon, J C AU - Wilton, C I AU - Midwest Research Institute TI - EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR THE CONTROL OF DIRECT ACCESS TO ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1975/08 SP - 407 p. AB - This research is part of an overall effort to develop cost effective techniques for direct access control that will optimize traffic operational efficiency and safety subject to providing sufficient and suitable access to commercial properties on arterial highways. The research involved (1) a preliminary evaluation to select feasible and cost- effective candidate techniques, and (2) the development of detailed experimental procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of these candidate techniques. The scope of research was limited to control of direct access to commercial properties on two-lane and multilane highways with unlimited access, where traffic volumes are high enough to produce a hazardous situation. The emphasis was on the control of direct access on existing urban and suburban routes under state highway department jurisdiction. To achieve the stated objectives, the research included the following major tasks: (1) a detailed analysis to identify and functionally classify alternative access control techniques; (2) an extensive state-of-the-art synthesis to evaluate the technical, economic, and legal aspects and the traffic operational effectiveness of alternative access control techniques; and (3) the development of detailed experimental procedures for determining more precise measures of effectiveness for the more promising access control techniques. /Author/ KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway operations KW - Multilane highways KW - Rural highways KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149581 AU - Burns, J C AU - Materials Services TI - FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF HIGHWAY SURFACES PY - 1975/08 IS - 1H228 SP - 124 p. AB - Purpose of study was to evaluate effects of differential friction; compare experimental and standard texturing techniques of PCCP; determine if Mu-Meter is capable of measuring frictional effects of grooving and develop wet pavement accident analysis system for use in Arizona. All phases of project were successfully completed. Results of program have shown that differential friction can cause an extremely hazardous condition for a braking vehicle. As this problem can occur at high or low friction levels, and present maintenance and construction techniques can cause differential friction, it should be given major consideration in any pavement friction evaluation. Equations have been derived which will allow engineer to determine magnitude of problem. There is a strong indication that differential friction may be as important in causation of wet pavement accidents as low friction levels. If so, a major reevaluation of present friction evaluation and corrective techniques may be necessary. All burlap drag textures tested produced poor, non-uniform finishes that were significantly less durable than other textures tested. For this reason, it is suggested that burlap drag texture not be used in the future. Nylon bristle broom texture produced best overall results, while magnesium fluted float produced unusual textrue that definitely has merit. The Mu-Meter is capable of measuring side-force effects of grooving PCCP. Benefits obtained from longitudinally grooving, however, are dependent on original friction level. Through study, a viable system has been developed for predicting wet exposure accident rates and for realistically comparing wet-dry accident results. /Author/ KW - Braking KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Highway safety KW - Mumeter KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150488 AU - Adedimila, A S AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE AND RESILIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT MIXTURES BY REPEATED-LOAD INDIRECT TENSILE TEST PY - 1975/08 SP - 250 p. AB - The mixtures studied contained crushed limestone or rounded gravel aggregates and an AC-10 asphalt cement ranging from 4 to 8 percent by weight of total mixture. The fatigue and repeated-load tests were conducted at 50, 75, and 100 F, with the stress level ranging between 8 and 120 psi. From the static tests, an equation which predicts indirect tensile strength in terms of testing temperature and mixture properties was developed. In addition, a strong relationship was found to exist between static modulus of elasticity and indirect tensile strength. From the fatigue study, relationships between fatigue life and various test variables and mixture properties were evaluated and equations were developed for predicting fatigue life from initial strain and from the ratio of repeated tensile stress to the average indirect tensile strength. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Gravel KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Repeated loads KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Static tests KW - Stresses KW - Temperature KW - Tensile properties KW - Tension tests KW - Testing KW - Testing temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146468 AU - Hopkins, J G AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AND SERVICEABILITY PY - 1975/08 SP - 35 p. AB - The emphasis placed on the riding quality of pavements by the traveling public coupled with a need to determine when a pavement has deteriorated to a point requiring correction established the basic goals of this research project. The Pavement Serviceability - Performance Concept was adopted as an objective tool in a pavement surface measurement and evaluation program to define the serviceability level and performance of the state-wide highway system. The application of this concept to a functional classification of the highway system provides a workable solution to the problems of establishing levels of acceptability and priorities for maintenance. KW - Classification KW - Deterioration KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance standards KW - Measurement KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Pennsylvania KW - Riding qualities KW - Roughness KW - Service life KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146493 AU - Breen, J E AU - Cooper, R L AU - Gallaway, T M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - MINIMIZING CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS IN SEGMENTALLY PRECAST BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1975/08 SP - 281 p. AB - The cantilever construction of the first segmental precast prestressed concrete box girder bridge in the United States has been completed on the John F. Kennedy Memorial Causeway, Corpus Christi, Texas. The segments were precast, transported to the site, and erected by the balanced cantilever method of post-tensioned construction, using epoxy resin as a jointing material. This report documents major steps in construction of such a structure with emphasis on detailing lessons learned during the construction which might facilitate or improve similar projects. Many of these are seemingly trivial or obvious, but they were not necessarily such when first encountered. Suggestions involving design and detailing to improve constructability are made based on the Corpus Christi bridge experience. Similarly, recommendations for various steps and procedures in fabrication, casting, erection, and closure are made. An extensive summary is provided of an explanatory investigation of the cause of, and suitable control measures for, web cracking which occurred in some of the units. Cracks similar to those noted in the prototype construction were reproduced in laboratory tests. Several crack prevention or control measures, such as extra stirrups, concentric spirals, and vertical post-tensioning are investigated. The model tests revealed that the cracking load could be increased to a level substantially above the design prestress forces. KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Construction KW - Construction joints KW - Construction management KW - Cracking KW - Epoxy resins KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Model tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Structural design KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144114 AU - Comsis Corporation TI - MAGTOP USER'S MANUAL--SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT SN - FHWA HHP-26 PY - 1975/08 SP - 291 p. AB - This manual documents the MAGTOP Computer System originally developed for the New York Department of Transportation and converted (by Comsis Corporation) into ANSI FORTRAN for the Federal Highway Administration. This volume provides sample input/output runs for each of the modules contained in the MAGTOP system. Separate volume MAGTOP User's Manual - Program Documentation provides program documentation for each module. The Management of Traffic Operations (MAGTOP) computer system has been designed to assist the traffic engineer in developing traffic operations improvements as part of the Transportation Systems Management element of the Urban Transportation Plan. The system provides a convenient method for storing the large amounts of traffic operations data and provides the integrated facilities to easily summarize, analyze, and display this data. Modules are included to calculate capacities, signal offset analysis, statistical analysis and collision diagram analysis. Other modules provide reports on volume counts, speed/delay, accidents, volume/capacity, signal timing, and physical characteristics. Plot modules plot histograms, two variables, network bandwidth, and time space diagrams. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Highway operations KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Traffic KW - Transportation system management KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145592 AU - Grine, R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS COMPUTER SYSTEM (MAGTOP). USER'S MANUAL - SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT PY - 1975/08 SP - 299 p. AB - A sample input and output from each of the MAGTOP programs is given in alphabetical order by program name. An extra sample is included with some programs to further illustrate program operation. For example, the CAPINT (Intersection Capacity) program is given both with and without the use of the BUILDS option if order to show how data can be retrieved from the data base by the CAPINT Preprocessor and alternatively how data can be entered directly from cards. Portions of this document are not fully legible. KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway operations KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Systems management KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145591 AU - Grine, R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS COMPUTER SYSTEM (MAGTOP). USER'S MANUAL - PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1975/08 SP - 312 p. AB - This manual documents the MAGTOP Computer System originally developed for the New York Department of Transportation and converted into ANSI FORTRAN for the Federal Highway Administration. This volume provides program documentation for each of the modules contained in the MAGTOP system. Separate volume MAGTOP User's Manual - Sample Input and Output provides sample input/output runs for each module. The Management of Traffic Operations (MAGTOP) computer system has been designed to assist the traffic engineer in developing traffic operations improvements as part of the transportation systems Management element of an urban transportation plan. The system provides a convenient method for storing the large amounts of traffic operations data and provides the integrated facilities to easily summarize, analyze, and display this data. Modules are included to calculate capacities, signal offset analysis, statistical analysis and collision diagram analysis. Other modules provide reports on volume counts, speed/delay, accidents, volume/capacity, signal timing, and physical characteristics. Plot modules plot histograms, two variables, network bandwidth, and time space diagrams. KW - Capacity KW - Computer programming KW - Computers KW - Crashes KW - Data storage KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Ramps KW - Systems management KW - Traffic KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144120 AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - CENTRAL AVALANCHE HAZARD FORECASTING--PHASE I FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1975/08 SP - 20 p. AB - This report describes the results of a feasibility study comprising Phase I of a Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting Program for mountain passes in the State of Washington. The report describes existing weather and avalanche data sources, and suggests improvements and additions for improved input to and feedback from a centralized avalanche forecaster's office which will improve avalanche predictions for all passes within the State. WSDH and consultant efforts and results during FY 75 are described, and specific recommendations for Phase II, implementation of avalanche hazard forecasting, are provided. /FHWA/ KW - Avalanches KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/023.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144119 AU - Gerhardt AU - NELSON, D D AU - Systems Technology Associates, Incorporated TI - MONITORING AND RECORDING WIND VELOCITIES, DIRECTIONS AND EFFECTS AT LONG SPAN BRIDGE SITES PY - 1975/08 SP - 64 p. AB - The report describes instrumentation, consisting of a digital recording system and an array of sensors, in place at a suspension bridge site in Sitka, Alaska, to measure bridge motions in response to wind and seismic forces. Three-axis anemometers measure winds, servo accelerometers measure bridge motions, and a strong-motion accelerograph measures seismic activity. The system is activated automatically by strong winds, bridge motions, or seismic events, and data are recorded on digital magnetic tape for subsequent processing. Wind data recorded during a tropical storm while the system was installed in Newport, Rhode Island were processed during the year covered by the report. Time-based data were transformed to frequency spectra using various processing techniques and the effects of the techniques are compared. Decimation, detrending, windowing, and spectral smoothing are discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Elastic waves KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Long span bridges KW - Molecular films KW - Molecular structure KW - Suspension bridges KW - Thin films KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092500 AU - Leasure, WAJ AU - Mathews, D E AU - Cadoff, M A AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Office of Noise Abatement AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE TIRE NOISE: RESULTS OF A PILOT STUDY AND REVIEW OF THE OPEN LITERATURE PY - 1975/08 SP - 80 p. AB - Automobiles, the primary mode of transportation in the United States, contribute significantly to the noise environment due to the large number in operation. The contribution to overall vehicle noise resulting from the interaction of the tires with the road surface, as well as the influence of selected parameters which effect automobile tire noise levels, are studied. This program serves as the basis for comparison of parametric trends between truck (for which an extensive noise data base exists) and automobile tires. As was the case with trucks, vehicle speed, road surface characteristics and tread design are major factors affecting automobile tire noise. The effect of pavement surface is more significant for automobile tires than for trucks since the texture within the tire-road interaction zone is on the same scale as the tread element spacing typical of passenger car tires. Load and wear, significant factors for truck tires, do not affect automobile tires as much due to the fact that the majority of automobile tires utilize rib tread designs. On the basis of limited data available in the literature, factors such as inflation pressure, number of piles, tire dimensions, tire cord material, etc., do not appear to be significant factors affecting automobile tire noise. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Highway transportation KW - Noise KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Power spectra KW - Roughness KW - Sound level KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139817 AU - WILLIAMSON, H J AU - Zinn, C D AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS CLASSES OF ROAD-SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND HUMAN RATINGS OF RIDING QUALITY PY - 1975/08 SP - 216 p. AB - In this study, statistical relationships between each of several classes of road roughness and human panel ratings of riding quality are developed. For this purpose, the roughness is categorized through digital filtering methods on the basis of wavelength. Longitudinal and transverse surface effects are also studied. Multiple regression analysis is used to relate the panel ratings to roughness as a whole and to the individual types of roughness. By using the models so developed, one can obtain for any given road section a measure of riding quality corresponding to each of a set of important aspects of roughness. Use of the models is demonstrated by analyzing the roughness of an illustrative road section just before, just after, and a year after an overlay. KW - Human factors KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Riding qualities KW - Roughness KW - Wavelength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137056 AU - Simonsen, J E AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR REPLACING JOINTS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1975/08 SP - 111 p. AB - Two types of concrete pavement repair procedures were developed; pre-cast slab repairs and cast-in-place repairs, both requiring full-depth sawing of the repair limits, removal of the distressed concrete without disruption of the base, and installing sealed joints at the end limits. A one-lane, previously sawed area, up to 12-ft long, can be replaced with a precast slab and opened to traffic in about 1-1/2 hours; a cast-in-place repair; using fast-set concrete in 6 to 8 hours. Although doweled joints were used on a few installations, the report describes the difficulties encountered with using them on a production basis, and undoweled joints have been used on most of the repairs. To date, repairs equivalent to approximately 7 lane miles of pavement have been made. No specific repair recommendations are made, since evaluation of the repairs is not complete. An Appendix, containing a step-by-step repair procedure, current Michigan Specifications, and various plans, is included. KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Highways KW - Joint KW - Joint sealers KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Maintenance KW - Michigan KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Precast concrete KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136807 AU - Helms, JEJ AU - Gleason, J G AU - Green, S AU - Cole, J H AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A CIRCULAR WEAR TRACK PY - 1975/08 SP - 56 p. AB - The report describes a test apparatus For Determining The Wear Resistance of Pavement Surface Materials. The apparatus employs a high torque, low speed, hydraulic vane motor as a direct rotating drive for the axle-wheel assemblies. Tire path radius change is provided by a reciprocating vertical hydraulic cylinder connected to a rack and pinion mechanism. The rate of path radius change relative to tire speed is controlled by an adjustable flow divider. A variable displacement axial piston pump, driven by an electric motor permits infinite adjustment of the rotational speed. The mean tire path diameter is fifteen feet, with a radius change capability of six inches. Features of the apparatus include simplicity of design, high expected reliability, minimal maintenance, protection against overloads during start up and shutdown, and ease of control. KW - Circular test tracks KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Equipment tests KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Operations KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Radius of gyration KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Test equipment KW - Test facilities KW - Testing equipment KW - Velocity UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2040.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136829 AU - Shamburger, J H AU - Patrick, D M AU - Lutton, R J AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF COMPACTED SHALE EMBANKMENTS. VOLUME 1. SURVEY OF PROBLEM AREAS AND CURRENT PRACTICES PY - 1975/08 SP - 307 p. AB - The purpose of the three-phase study is to develop design and construction methodologies that will enable shales causing settlements and slope failure in highway embankments in the past to be identified and used successfully in future construction. During the first year's work (Phase I), state and federal agencies were contacted. Information obtained on the extent and types of problems, possible causes, and problem formations is discussed, and current highway practices are summarized. Physical and chemical weathering of shale placed as rock fill is a primary cause of problems. Nine states do not permit shale to be placed as rock fill, and seven states allow placement as rock fill with special provisions. Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation experiences indicate that heavy compaction equipment and relatively thin lifts produce well compacted embankments having no problems. Data from 16 projects indicate that saturated compacted shale materials have low shear strengths. A review of shale composition, factors contributing to degradation, and laboratory testing emphasizes the importance of mineralogy and slake-durability characteristics. The natural variability of shales collected from formations in five geologic age groups is described. KW - Building sites KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Degradation KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Durability KW - Embankment compaction KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geologic formations KW - Geologic structures KW - Geologically affected surfaces KW - Ground settlement KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Physical properties KW - Reviews KW - Rockfills KW - Shale KW - Shear strength KW - Slope protection KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stratigraphy KW - Tests KW - Variables KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136806 AU - Newlon, HHJ AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SEVERAL TYPES OF CURING AND PROTECTIVE MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE. PART IV. FINAL REPORT ON PERFORMANCE PY - 1975/08 SP - 42 p. AB - Various curing and/or protective coatings were evaluated under three conditions: (1) Accelerated laboratory freezing and thawing of specimens in 2 percent sodium chloride solutions, (2) exposure in an outdoor area of slabs subjected to controlled application of deicers, and (3) exposure of some of the materials on three interstate bridges for five winters. It is concluded that -- (1) properly entrained air is overwhelmingly the most effective defense against scaling; (2) when insufficient entrained air is obtained, linseed oil treatments delay the onset of scaling but do not prevent it; (3) materials intended to cure and protect in a single application are not effective; and, (4) linseed oil treatments applied after curing with membrane curing are effective without prior removal of the curing compound. KW - Bridge decks KW - Coatings KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Corrosion KW - Curing agents KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Entrained air KW - Evaluation KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Highway bridges KW - Linseed oil KW - Performance evaluations KW - Protective coatings KW - Scaling KW - Slabs KW - Winter UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37709/76-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133959 AU - Stockton, W R AU - Dudek, C L AU - Fambro, D B AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGN SYSTEM ON THE INBOUND GULF FREEWAY PY - 1975/08 SP - 109 p. AB - This study is concerned with the evaluation of real-time changeable message signs that inform motorists of freeway traffic conditions. Included in the study is an evaluation of the use of a letter-grade rating scale for indicating freeway conditions. Evaluation was accomplished through the use of a questionnaire survey and a traffic operations analysis. The study results showed that the changeable message signs were effective in providing information to the motorist. Considerable motorist diversion was noted during analysis incidents which were accompanied by a "LANE BLOCKED" display. The signs were highly visible, generally understood, and useful within the constraints of corridor geometry. Lack of understanding of the letter-grade rating scale employed was attributed to the fact that the scale was not anchored to a readily understandable base. Questionnaire results showed that a vast majority of the respondents found the system useful. KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway operations KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Questionnaires KW - Traffic KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133960 AU - Case, H W AU - HULBERT, S F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - WRONG WAY DETERRENTS PY - 1975/08 SP - 9 p. AB - Most wrong-way fatal accidents occur at night and involve drivers with blood alcohol levels exceeding 0.20 percent. Drivers under the influence of alcohol are not proficient in divided attention tasks. The effectiveness of seven devices in getting the attention of drunk drivers was to be tested on the UCLA driving simulator. The devices to be tested were: (1) Standard wrong-way sign package with secondary wrong-way signs; (2) Activated illuminated signs; (3) Activated non-blinding pavement lights; (4) Activated water jets from edge of ramp; (5) Activated pop-up posts; (6) Passive ramp derailer of pavement markers; (7) Blinding lights. The driving simulator tests of these devices required nighttime filming of the devices in operation. Several types of color film and developing processes were tried, but none were capable of producing a film with the required resolution and color density. This study was terminated without testing the wrong-way deterrent devices. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Deterrents KW - Driving simulators KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - High speed photography KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Night KW - Safety KW - Waterjets KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133450 AU - Wright, W V AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Milberger, L J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - NEW RETAINING WALL DESIGN CRITERIA BASED ON LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS PY - 1975/08 SP - 113 p. AB - A procedure for determination of the lateral earth pressure distribution to be used for computation of forces and moments acting on retaining walls which are fixed at their base and backfilled with cohesionless sand are developed. The procedure is based on the analysis of data collected from two instrumented full scale retaining walls. Data are presented covering a period of 1156 days for a cantilever wall founded on drilled shafts. The data consist of pressure cell and movement measurements for both walls. In addition, the force transmitted from the panel wall to its supporting pilasters was measured with force transducers. Structural design considerations and some recommended construction practices are included. Earth pressure distributions and wall movement data are compared with the results of Terzaghi's large scale retaining wall test. This comparison indicates that the foundation of the wall will prohibit the wall from tilting by an amount sufficient to reduce the earth pressures below the at rest value near the base of the wall. Thus for design purposes at-rest pressures are considered to act in this region. Earth pressure changes with time show a seasonal variation in pressure for both walls. The pressure on the panel wall increased as the panel moved outward after backfill. significant changes in pressure appear to result from the movement of construction equipment during backfill and afterward. However, vehicular traffic after construction did not produce measurable changes in pressure during the time periods covered. /FHWA/ KW - Active earth pressure KW - Cantilevers KW - Construction equipment KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Earth pressure KW - Force KW - Lateral pressure KW - Measurement KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Motion KW - Passive earth pressure KW - Retaining walls KW - Structural design KW - Wall movement KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00129631 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIP GENERATION ANALYSIS PY - 1975/08 SP - 150 p. AB - This step-by-step approach which is easily monitored and updated with more efficient use of survey and secondary source data, is based upon cross classification for residential trip generation and upon rates for non-residential generation. The process involves developing trip production and trip attractions as generally used for input to the gravity model trip distribution process. Other trip end values such as origins and destinations may be used with only slight variations. The approach is based upon a control of total trips at the home end. The residential trip generation depends upon the percentage of households with 0, 1, 2, 3 or more autos to household income, and person trips per household to car ownership and income. Density of households is also a suggested variable. The suggested stratification for residential trip generation is described as well as the development of the trip purpose and mode choice models. Statistical and reasonableness checks for trip generation are discussed, areas of consideration in the development and application of procedures are highlighted, and the handling of activities such as external travel and truck and taxi forecasts are covered. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Gravity models KW - Income KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Monitoring KW - Origin and destination KW - Residential areas KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Taxicabs KW - Traffic assignment KW - Trip generation KW - Trip purpose KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/368TGA.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/31420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130988 AU - California Public Utilities Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Office of Traffic Safety TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMATIC PROTECTION IN REDUCING ACCIDENT FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY AT PUBLIC GRADE CROSSINGS IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1975/08 SP - 196 p. AB - To assist the California PUC in performing its duties related to grade crossing regulation, the Office of Traffic Safety sponsored this project to determine the scope of the vehicle-train accident problem in California, to gauge the effectiveness of various types of protective devices and to investigate critically the possible use of warrants or criteria to assist in recommending where money should be spent on railroad-highway crossing protection improvements. A questionnaire was mailed to all cities and counties. The before-and-after accident histories of 1,552 crossings currently protected by automatic devices were examined. The actual and estimated costs of installing automatic devices at 1,296 locations were summarized. The feasibility of criteria to assist in placing grade crossing protection devices was examined. Information on each crossing was used to develop accident rate predictions and hazard indices. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Grade crossing accidents KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Hazard analysis KW - Prevention KW - Questionnaires KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130560 AU - Lane, K R AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTALLATION OF A SAND-TIRE INERTIAL BARRIER SYSTEM IN CONNECTICUT PY - 1975/08 SP - 25 p. AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, has installed a Tire-Sand Inertial Barrier System at the junction of Routes 2 and 17 in Glastonbury. This system utilizes scrap tires as containers for the sand mass and supports fabricated from 55-gallon (208.1 liter) paint drums. Design, fabrication and construction details are presented for the selected test site. /FHWA/ KW - Building KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Fabrication KW - Facilities KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Installation KW - Sand KW - Scrap KW - Test tracks KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130686 AU - Sanders, W W AU - Elleby, H A AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Reeves, M D AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE HIGHWAY TRUSS BRIDGE: PHASE II - SERVICE LOAD AND SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS PY - 1975/08 SP - 101 p. AB - As a result of the construction of Saylorville Dam and Reservoir on the Des Moines River, Six highway bridges crossing the river were scheduled for removal. Two of these were incorporated into comprehensive test program to study the behavior of old pin-connected high-truss single-lane bridges. The test program consisted of ultimate load tests, service load tests and a supplementary test program. The results reported in this report cover the service load tests on the two bridges as well as the supplementary tests, both static and fatigue, of eyebar members removed from the two bridges. The field test results of the service loading are compared with theoretical results of the truss analysis. /FHWA/ KW - Breaking loads KW - Fatigue tests KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Removal KW - Testing KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093621 AU - Amsler, D E AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF THE CLARY SCREED AND TUBE FLOAT ON RIGID PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION PY - 1975/08 SP - 24 p. AB - Effects of the Clary screed and the tube float, used as finishing devices on portland cement concrete pavement placed with a slipform paver, were examined on six construction projects. Alternate sections were finished with and without the Clary screed on three projects, and on three others with either none, two, four, or six tube float passes. Pavement roughness was measured with a California profilograph and surface mortar samples were tested for compressive strength. The screed, used without additional water, resulted in reduction of roughness and was not considered detrimental to the surface mortar. The tube float, normally used with a fog-spray of water, had little effect on roughness, and resulted in a substantial reduction in quality (compressive strength) of the surface mortar. Both devices helped close the pavement surface. KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Mortar KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Profilographs KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Rigid pavements KW - Roughness KW - Screeds KW - Slip form pavers KW - Slip form paving KW - Slip forms KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126966 AU - Russ, R L AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOADS ON BOX CULVERTS UNDER HIGH EMBANKMENTS: POSITIVE PROJECTION, WITHOUT IMPERFECT TRENCH PY - 1975/08 SP - 35 p. AB - This report describes the instrumentation and measurements of settlements and pressures on two box culverts in Clark County, Kentucky, designed without the imperfect trench-- one for yielding and one for unyielding foundation conditions. The structures were primarily instrumented for comparison with three structures previously constructed in McCreary County, which were designed using the imperfect trench method. Pressures on the two structures in Clark County generally exceed the product of the unit weight of the overlying material and its height. The pressures on the culverts in McCreary County appear to be lower than expected --indicating that the imperfect trench is generally effective in reducing loads. /Author/ KW - Box culverts KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Imperfect trench method KW - Instrumentation KW - Loads KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093482 AU - McGhee, K H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1975/08 SP - 41 p. AB - A program of construction and performance evaluation of seven Virginia flexible pavements containing experimental features is reported. The objective of the program is to evaluate the performance of pavements incorporating new or timely design concepts and to assess the applicability of these concepts for further use. Among the major findings of the study are: (1) Pavements having equivalent design thickness indices are not necessarily equivalent in cost or early structural strength; (2) full depth asphaltic concrete pavements can give excellent performance in very poor soil areas, especially when the subgrade is modified with cement stabilization; (3) transverse shrinkage cracks reflect from a cement treated stone subbase through 3 in. (75 mm) of bituminous concrete in as little as 18 months and through 7 in. (175 mm) of bituminous concrete in less than 5 years; and (4) in some cases cement treatment of stone subbases can be omitted in passing (non-truck) lanes with no detriment to performance. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental design KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36249/76-R1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00125521 AU - Kim, J B AU - CARRATO, P J AU - Hollings, W H AU - Bucknell University TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF PILE GROUP STUDIES PY - 1975/07/31 SP - 38 p. AB - The results of the studies on lateral capacities of piles and pile group foundations (1968 to 1973) have been implemented for design practices in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The implementation consists of design charts for pile foundations, existing data available from the literature on the soil parameter to be used with the design charts, data from all existing full-scale pile tests (lateral load), changes in "Design Manual Part 4 - Structures" of Penn. Department of Transportation, and two computer programs - optimization of design and general analysis of pile group foundations. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Implementation KW - Lateral loads KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/27898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137412 AU - Carpenter, P L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL MULCH MATERIALS ON LANDSCAPE PLANT GROWTH, WEED CONTROL, SOIL TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE PY - 1975/07/30 SP - 25 p. AB - The effectiveness of various materials as mulches for landscape sites was evaluated. Factors considered were weed control, effect on growth of landscape plants, and soil environment modification. The latter included measurements of soil temperatures and soil moistures. Mulches investigated were Douglas fir bark chips (2 inches dia), shredded hard wood bark, shredded scrap from rubber tires, and stone approximately 1.5 inches in diameter. Best weed control over a 2 year period was obtained with the Douglas fir bark chips with 2 inches mulch of shredded rubber tires being nearly as good. The best plant growth was obtained when the plants were mulched. Cotoneaster grew better when mulched with Douglas fir bark than any other mulch treatment except 2 inches of shredded rubber tires. This is probably due to a reduction in weed competition. The effect on growth of junipers was less pronounced. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Landscape design KW - Landscaping KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mulches KW - Plant growth KW - Plants KW - Soil temperature KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Temperature KW - Tires KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00099290 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EROSION ALONG HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY PY - 1975/07/22 SP - 2 p. AB - Concern for the numerous design, construction and maintenance problems presented by erosion along highway rights-of-way, particularly at major drainage structures, has led to the institution by the Federal Highway Administration of a special demonstration project. Project Number 31, Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Highway Culvert and Channels, will demonstrate methods for selecting and designing a broad range of flow control devices to representatives of State and local highway agencies. The erosion problems encountered by highway engineers is caused by the disruption and alteration of natural drainage networks by highway construction. KW - Culverts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Dissipation KW - Ditches KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Highway design KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Road construction KW - State highway departments KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/38073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143206 AU - Leonard, L E AU - University of Alaska, College AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alaska Department of Highways TI - COLD START AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS IN FAIRBANKS, ALASKA PY - 1975/07/01 SP - 141 p. AB - Measurements of the cold start and warm-up emissions of more than one hundred in-use motor vehicles in the Fairbanks area were performed during the winter of 1974-75. It was found that, for densely populated areas of the city where large numbers of vehicles are started and allowed to warm-up daily, the major portion of the carbon monoxide (CO) emitted to the ambient is produced during the cold start and warm-up phase of vehicle operation. It appeared that none of the pollution control devices presently in common use were effective in reducing the cold start CO emissions, and that older vehicles were not greater emitters of CO than were the newer vehicles. This investigation also shows that the most effective way of reducing cold start emissions on a per vehicle basis is to utilize smaller engine size. KW - Air quality management KW - Alaska KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Data collection KW - Engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Measurement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollution KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136907 AU - Noll, K E AU - Miller, T L AU - Rainey, R H AU - May, R C AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation TI - AIR MONITORING PROGRAM TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAYS ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY PY - 1975/07/01 SP - 233 p. AB - This work represents the final report on research comparing air pollutant concentrations measured near highways to concentrations predicted by highway atmospheric dispersion models. The procedure used was to conduct six separate field experiments over a two-year period of time at three different locations in Nashville, Tennessee. The three locations chosen represented different types of highway configurations and terrain features. Measurement of air pollution, meteorological conditions (wind speed, direction, and stability) traffic conditions (volume, speed, and HDV) and topographic dimensions were all collected synchronously for use in model comparisons. The models tested include the EPA HIWAY model, the California Line Source model, and SRI's Street Canyon submodel. Also an empirical model was developed which predicts downwind dispersion due to the turbulent wake induced by moving vehicles and the time traveled by the wake as it is transported away from the highway by the wind. The report contains a description of the field monitoring procedures, monitoring sites, and data handling procedures employed. It describes the diffusion models tested and presents general solutions (nomographs) of the models. The results of model validations performed on data from at-grade and complex highway terrain are presented. KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Ambience KW - Atmospheric interference KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Configuration KW - Data KW - Dispersion KW - Environment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Impact studies KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Model atmosphere KW - Models KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Position fixing KW - Shape KW - Terrain KW - Topography KW - Traffic KW - Turbulence KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580321 AU - Brown, C B AU - Evans, R J AU - Johnson, J B AU - LaChapelle, E R AU - Langdon, J A AU - Moore, M B AU - Taylor, P L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alternate Methods of Avalanche Control - Interim Report PY - 1975/07//Interim Report SP - 161p AB - This document contains a collection of reports from the first year's study of alternate methods of avalanche control. The reports are entitled: (1) Air Bag System by E.R. LaChapelle and P.L. Taylor; (2) Gas Exploder System by E.R. LaChapelle and P.L. Taylor; (3) Snow Behavior Behind a Continuous Avalanche Defense Structure by J.A. Langdon; (4) Interface Modification Field Tests by E.R. LaChapelle; (5) Mechanical Resonance of Snow by J.B. Johnson and R.J. Evans; and (6) The 1974-75 Winter by M.B. Moore. KW - Avalanches KW - Control devices KW - Highway safety KW - Snow mechanics UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/019.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094005 AU - Gates, J H AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Business and Transportation Agency TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF BRIDGES TO SEISMICALLY INDUCED GROUND VIBRATIONS. PHASE 1 - PILOT FIELD TESTS - STRONG-MOTION INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION PY - 1975/07 SP - 41 p. AB - Strong-motion accelerometers were installed on bridges located in three seismically active areas in California as a pilot project to assess installation problems and to compare usefulness of data furnished by different types of instruments, including the Teledyne-Geotech, Model RRA-100, and the Nimbus, Model TMA-100, accelerographs, and the Engdahl, Model PSR1200-SL, Peak-Shock Recorder. Instruments were installed during construction and on existing bridges. General guidelines and recommendations for future installations are presented. Data obtained from these installations during future seismic events will be used to assess validity of assumptions and analytical tools employed in the design process. KW - Accelerometers KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - California KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earthquakes KW - Elastic waves KW - Facilities KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182121 AU - Johnson, G O AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF OHIO SOIL SERIES. VOLUME 1. PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING SOILS TAXONOMY PY - 1975/07 SP - 85 p. AB - The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Ohio soil series have been resolved by sampling and testing representative pedons of the 353 soil series identified in the state. The Samples were taken from significant pedological horizons and tested for engineering quantitative characteristics including physical and mechanical analyses. The physical analysis incorporated optimum moisture, maximum dry density, and Atterberg Limits as well as typical range of soil pH. The mechanical analysis incorporated the standard sieve separation of the soil components. The physical and mechanical data were processed through a computerized soil program furnished by the South Dakota Department of Highways. The program calculated and averaged AASHTO, UNIFIED, group index, and estimated the CBR for the sampled soil horizons. The qualitative engineering characteristics were processed from the averaged data. From the averaged quantitative data, qualitative engineering characteristics were evaluated for embankment stability, bearing value, subgrade rating, shrink swell, and corrosivity potential for steel and concrete. From the pedological definitions of the individual soil series, qualitative characteristics for the soil moisture environment, occurrence of the soil series in Ohio, origin of the solum (parent material), general use of the soil scape, depth to bedrock, permeability of the solum, rate of surface runoff, depth to fragipan, dominant clay mineralogy, and flooding potential, were recorded. A series profile diagram was created for the individual soil series to display the ranges in depth of the engineering soil horizons. (Color illustrations reproduced in black and white) KW - Atterberg limits KW - Geological surveying KW - Geomorphology KW - Ohio KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil classification KW - Soil properties KW - Soil science KW - Soil texture KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Taxonomy KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182123 AU - Johnson, G O AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF OHIO SOIL SERIES. VOLUME 3. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF OHIO SOIL SERIES M-Z PY - 1975/07 SP - 328 p. AB - The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Ohio soil series have been resolved by sampling and testing representative pedons of the 353 soil series identified in the state. The Samples were taken from significant pedological horizons and tested for engineering quantitative characteristics including physical and mechanical analyses. The physical analysis incorporated optimum moisture, maximum dry density, and Atterberg Limits as well as typical range of soil pH. The mechanical analysis incorporated the standard sieve separation of the soil components. The physical and mechanical data were processed through a computerized soil program furnished by the South Dakota Department of Highways. KW - Atterberg limits KW - Geological surveying KW - Geomorphology KW - Ohio KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil classification KW - Soil properties KW - Soil science KW - Soil texture KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Taxonomy KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182120 AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF OHIO SOIL SERIES PY - 1975/07 SP - 690p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182122 AU - Johnson, G O AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF OHIO SOIL SERIES. VOLUME 2. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF OHIO SOILS SERIES A-L PY - 1975/07 SP - 377 p. AB - The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Ohio soil series have been resolved by sampling and testing representative pedons of the 353 soil series identified in the state. The Samples were taken from significant pedological horizons and tested for engineering quantitative characteristics including physical and mechanical analyses. KW - Atterberg limits KW - Geological surveying KW - Geomorphology KW - Ohio KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil classification KW - Soil properties KW - Soil science KW - Soil texture KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Taxonomy KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349155 AU - Dale, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF LANE DELINEATION WITH IMPROVED DURABILITY PY - 1975/07 SP - 74 p. AB - Pavement markings provide guidance information to the driver that improves safety and enhances the ease of highway travel. Many of the pavement marking materials used today lack durability and require frequent replacement. The objective of this program was to develop materials or systems with improved durability that function in a manner such that present-day economics and acceptable performance (set time, day and night visibility, etc.) would not be compromised. Laboratory screening followed by accelerated outdoor tests and field road tests were used to evaluate water base materials, solvent base materials, thermosetting materials and thermoplastic materials. As a result of this work a versatile new materials system was developed based on the use of uncatalyzed epoxy resins. More specifically, the materials system consists of a high epoxide equivalent epichlorohydrin/bisphenol-A resin plasticized with a low expoxide equivalent epichlorohydrin/bisphenol-A resin to which pigment, extender and filler are added. The preferred system for applying the new materials is an airless hot spray thermoplastic system. Glass beads may be either dropped-on and/or premixed. (FHWA) KW - Durability KW - Epoxy resins KW - Field tests KW - Glass beads KW - Laboratory tests KW - Road marking materials KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Thermosetting resins KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137438 AU - Fenton, R E AU - Olson, K W AU - Mayhan, R J AU - TAKASAKI, G M AU - Chu, P M AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES IN THE AUTOMATIC LONGITUDINAL CONTROL OF VEHICLES PY - 1975/07 SP - 198 p. AB - The achievement of safe and efficient longitudinal control is probably the most significant technical problem associated with individual-vehicle transport systems such as PRT, dual-mode, and the automatic highway. The accomplishments over the first year of a two-year study include: (a) the development of a technique, which involves the use of discrete elements embedded in the guideway, for measuring vehicle position; (b) the development of an approach employing audio frequencies and helically wound transmission lines for providing continuous position reference information, to a string of moving vehicles; (c) the partial development of a promising technique for the accurate measurement of instantaneous velocity; (d) the development of a validated model for a vehicle's propulsion system dynamics; and (e) the design and testing of a vehicle controller which provides excellent tracking and a comfortable ride under all normal control conditions. KW - Automatic control KW - Automation KW - Doppler radar KW - Dual mode transportation systems KW - Dynamics KW - Electric drives KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Guideways KW - Location KW - Longitudinal KW - Mathematical models KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Pharmacology KW - Position fixing KW - Prosecution KW - Riding qualities KW - Safety KW - Spacing KW - Speed control KW - Telecommunications KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Traffic control KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicles KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094490 AU - Ferrara, A A AU - Haslett, R AU - Grumman Aerospace Corp. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTION OF PREFERENTIAL BRIDGE ICING USING HEAT PIPES PY - 1975/07 SP - 115 p. AB - This report describes the efforts of the first half of a two year study to investigate using heat pipes to avoid the preferential freezing of highway bridge decks. The key parameters influencing the design of a preferential de-icing system using earth heat have been identified using computer analyses. Analysis for New York weather conditions has shown that a system using 2 inch diameter heat pipes installed 30 to 50 feet deep in the earth and converted to 1/2 inch diameter pipes on 6 inch centers in the bridge concrete deck can prevent preferential icing. The system is activated by temperature sensors in the bridge deck and adjacent roadway. Work is continuing to optimize the system and prepare a design manual. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Deicing KW - Highway bridges KW - Icing KW - Preferential icing KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178817 AU - David, N A AU - Norman, J R AU - Stanford Research Institute TI - MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC AND TRAFFIC FEATURES OF HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS: VOLUME II-RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1975/07 AB - This volume is the second of a three-volume final report that describes the relationships between intersection geometry and traffic and the motor-vehicle accident rates for goups of intersections sharing common design features. Detailed multidisciplinary investigations of a sample of accidents were studied. Volume II presents the details for the study area, sampling technique and data-collection methods, analysis methods and data processing, study results, and conclusions and recommendations. Volume I is an Executive Summary for managers, and Volume III contains supporting data in the form of Appendixes. A relatively detailed on-scene inventory of the geometry, design characteristics, and traffic counts at 558 intersections coupled with police reports of the 4372 accidents that occurred there during the past three years were used in the analysis. Forty-one accidents were investigated by a multidisciplinary team to provide causal factor evidence and to evaluate the effects of federal safety standards on intersection accident incidence and severity. The following six intersection design features were demonstrably accident related: (1) sight-distance obstruction, (2) street-name signs, (3) use of left-turn storage lanes, (4) use of raised marker delineation, (5) bus -loading zones and routing and (6) multiphase signilization. Accident countermeasures based on the influence of these six factors are recommended. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175511 AU - Proudy, H AU - GREGORY, G AU - Hodge, J AU - Nevada Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - 1975/07 SP - 66 p. AB - This report describes the equipment, material and procedures used to reconstruct the right lane and shoulder of a badly deteriorated one-mile section of I-15, south of Las Vegas, by recycling the original asphalt 4-inch pavement. Additional asphalt and rejuvenating materials were added to increase penetration of asphalt and to meet mix design. Crushed material was remelted in a contractor designed and patented rotating heat exchanger having a series of flues to carry hot gases through the tumbling mass; emissions were quite minimal. Suggested specifications and unit cost information are included. KW - Analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Heat exchangers KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Land reclamation KW - Maintenance KW - Nevada KW - Reclamation KW - Recycling KW - Solid wastes KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137299 AU - Nelson, C R AU - Yardley, D H AU - Havrilak, RJJ AU - Miller, S M AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC TRANSPORTATION AND SOLIDS SEPARATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS IN TUNNELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1975/07 SP - 178 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed account of the techniques employed in constructing tunnels, i.e., transit guideways, within the St. Peter sandstone by hydraulic means. The St. Peter is a unique, well compacted layer of granular material which can be excavated with relative ease (soft ground techniques) yet behaves similar to a moderately competent hard rock surrounding an opening. This hydraulic method has resulted in tunneling costs substantially below the national average for soft rock, and may provide a basis for reducing cost of tunnel construction in similar materials. Important in hydraulic methods is a tremendous consumption of water. Solutions for the disposal of this water have been to effect a coarse separation and dispose of the fines bearing effluent in the environment. Environmental concerns prohibit this type of pollutant, therefore alternate proposals for the disposal of the contaminant effluent must be developed. Several possibilities are suggested within the text and methods are discussed which will satisfy conditions imposed by each alternative. KW - Contaminants KW - Conveyors KW - Costs KW - Effluents KW - Excavation KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Excavation technology KW - Granular materials KW - Guideways KW - Hydraulic conveyors KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic jets KW - Hydraulic jetting KW - Hydraulic mining KW - Hydraulics KW - Mining KW - Minnesota KW - Pipeline transportation KW - Sandstones KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Solution mining KW - Solvents KW - Tunnel excavation KW - Tunneling KW - Waste disposal KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094496 AU - Suelau, H J AU - B and K Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF EARTH HEAT PIPES AT FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH STATION PY - 1975/07 SP - 21 p. AB - This report describes test and evaluation efforts conducted to determine the performance and degradation of selected heat pipes installed in the pavement deicing system at Fairbank Highway Research Station (FHRS). The primary objectives of this study were: (1) determine the amount of heat that an individual heat pipe can extract from the earth and (2) establish the cause of degraded performance exhibited by many of the heat pipes at FHRS. A calorimetric system capable of extracting and measuring thermal energy was designed and used to test individual heat pipes. The heat pipes' behavior during test and the test results demonstrate conclusively that the degraded performance was due to gas blockage of the condenser section. KW - Deicing KW - Heat pipes KW - Heat transfer KW - Heating KW - Highways KW - Ice prevention KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Piping systems KW - Temperature measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094406 AU - Stelzenmuller, W B AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN. CONTRACTION JOINT SPACING PY - 1975/07 SP - 34 p. AB - A study was made of the effect on riding quality of variation in contraction joint spacing and in skew angle of joints to the centerline on a section of Interstate 10 in Santa Rosa County (West Florida). Nine sections, each one half mile in length, were constructed in 1967, and included sections with standard 20-foot spacing, with two types of irregular spacing, with perpendicular transverse joints, and with a skew of approximately 2 feet in 12 feet. The study extended over a period of seven and one half years from completion of construction in June 1967. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Contraction joints KW - Control joints KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Expansion joints KW - Florida KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement KW - Riding qualities KW - Rigid pavements KW - Skew angle KW - Skewed structures KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145596 AU - Kaplan, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGULAR ADULT BICYCLE USER PY - 1975/07 SP - 140 p. AB - A study of adult bicycle riders who ride at least three times a month was conducted in the spring of 1975. A mailback questionnaire was completed and returned by 50 percent of the 8,405 members of a national bicycle organization. Almost 39 percent, or 3,250 questionnaires, were used in the final analysis. Demographic and bicycle description data and information were recorded along with trip characteristics and accident experience for the year 1974. KW - Adults KW - Bicycles KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Demographics KW - Questionnaires KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142886 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOUNDATION DEFORMATION PREDICTION SYMPOSIUM. VOLUME 1: SYMPOSIUM SUMMARY PY - 1975/07 SP - 164 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Deformation KW - Deformation analysis KW - Foundations KW - Mathematical prediction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142887 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOUNDATION DEFORMATION PREDICTION SYMPOSIUM. VOLUME 2: APPENDIX PY - 1975/07 SP - 315 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Deformation KW - Deformation analysis KW - Foundations KW - Mathematical prediction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142850 AU - Dale, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute TI - DEVELOPMENT OF LANE DELINEATION WITH IMPROVED DURABILITY PY - 1975/07 SP - 74 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092484 AU - Bottiny, W H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1975/07 SP - 42 p. AB - Projections of economic and demographic variables are made by economic area for the year 1990 under six alternative assumptions. These concern highway systems. Results of the study show that the benefits of the Completed Interstate System by size classification of the areas are mixed, but the low-income areas do not benefit. Both low-income and small economic areas benefit by the Extended Primary and Economic Development systems, with relatively more areas benefiting from the latter. The Urban system stimulates growth in the largest urban areas, but the percent gains are not large. KW - Benefits KW - Cargo transportation KW - Demographics KW - Econometric models KW - Economic development KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic impacts KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy resources KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Income KW - Input output models KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Location KW - Low income groups KW - Piggyback transportation KW - Pollution KW - Regional development KW - Regional economics KW - Regional transportation KW - Size KW - Socioeconomic areas KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092501 AU - Beal, D B AU - Ruby, J G AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DESIGN METHOD FOR HORIZONTALLY CURVED PLATE GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1975/07 SP - 25 p. AB - A procedure is presented for design of single-span horizontally curved plate girder bridges, suitable for structures consisting of three to eight girders with span lengths from 50 to 200 ft. Radii are restricted to 150 through 2000 ft, with central angle permitted in the range of 0.05 to 0.50 rad. The procedure has been integrated into a beam design program requiring only fundamental geometric and load information to produce the design of all girders of the curved system. A planar grid analysis routine previously verified by field test results was used to analyze completed designs. It is concluded that preliminary design of structures with central angles less than 0.2 rad can be used as final design without analysis. Designs for structures with central angles exceeding 0.2 rad are adequate for strength, but should be analyzed for deflection and shear. KW - Angles (Geometry) KW - Angularity KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Loads KW - Shear strength KW - Shear stress KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Structural engineering KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139795 AU - Janoff, M S AU - Freedman, M AU - Koth, B AU - Franklin Institute TI - FIXED ILLUMINATION FOR PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION. PHASE II PY - 1975/07 SP - 121 p. AB - Phase II of this research consisted of the design and installation of specialized crosswalk illumination systems at seven locations in Philadelphia, Pa.; a determination of the improvement in visibility provided by these illumination systems; a determination of the improvement in driver detection of the improvement in driver detection of pedestrians at the specially illuminated crosswalks; a determination of pedestrian, driver and local resident attitudes toward crosswalk illumination; and a determination of the improvement in driver and pedestrian behavior under actual crossing situations. The major conclusions are (1) after installation of the specialized crosswalk illumination, illumination levels increased between 4:1 and 33:1; and the pavement luminance, ambient visibility (VI) and dynamic visibility (DVI) all significantly improved; (2) threshold detection increased by a almost 140%; (3) pedestrians, drivers and local resident attitudes toward the specialized illumination was extremely positive: a great majority felt safety, thought the lighting provided better visibility of pedestrians on crosswalks. The "AFTER" observational experiments indicated a safer behavior pattern at the illuminated crosswalks. This was demonstrated by (1) a longer mean search time; (2) a more complete search pattern in all directions in both first half and second half of the crossing; (3) a more distinct motivation and distraction; (4) greater use of the crosswalk area (fewer crossings outside of the crosswalk), especially in observations with potential pedestrian-vehicle conflict; and (5) brighter apparent clothing brightness. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Drivers KW - Lighting KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143031 AU - Huang, T AU - Tansu, J AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESTRESS LOSS BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS IN AN EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE PY - 1975/07 SP - 75 p. AB - This report presents the description and preliminary results through the first year of the work conducted under the research project entitled 'Evaluation of Prestress Loss Characteristics of In-Service Bridge Beams', (PennDOT Research Project 71-9, Lehigh University Project No. 382). By strain measurements on field stored specimens as well as control specimens stored in the laboratory, it was found that indoor specimens suffer somewhat higher shrinkage and creep strains than their outdoor counterpart. Little difference was observed between the members containing stabilized strands and those containing stress-relieved strands. The transfer length for 1/2 inch strands was observed to be approximately 30 inches. Also, preliminary examination indicated that the thermal prestress loss due to elevated curing temperature was completely recovered after the end of curing. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143043 AU - Rimbos, P AU - Huang, T AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE ART REPORT ON PRESTRESS LOSSES IN POST-TENSIONED MEMBERS PY - 1975/07 SP - 66 p. AB - This report presents a survey of the literature concerning the prestress loss characteristics of post-tensioned concrete structural members. Findings by previous researchers related to time-dependent loss components (such as creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation in steel), the effect of temperature, and additional losses due to post-tensioning (namely friction and anchorage take-up) are presented and discussed. Specification and code provisions currently in use are reviewed, and the inadequate nature of such provisions is cited. The need for further research is indicated in the area of prestress losses in post-tensioned concrete structural members. KW - Bridges KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete structures KW - Creep properties KW - Deflection KW - Friction factor KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Structural members KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137051 AU - Hudson, S B AU - Bowery, F J AU - Materials Research and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - DETERMINATION OF STATISTICAL PARAMETERS. PHASE II. CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND STRUCTURES PY - 1975/07 SP - 135 p. AB - The report covers the investigations, findings and conclusions of a research project conducted to obtain reliable information required for the preparation of realistic specifications for Portland cement concrete for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. The research was conducted over a period from October 1973 to April 1975. The work involved (1) the drafting of trial specifications (2) the random sampling and testing of pavement and structure concrete on a statewide basis, and (3) the revision of the trial specifications as required by the findings of the random sampling. Concrete samplings were made on 35 projects distributed over eight counties. Random samplings included 165 of structure concrete and 297 of pavement concrete. To facilitate analysis, the statistical parameters of measurements made on all samples were obtained from the data by means of computer programs specifically developed for the purpose. Field measurements of slump and air content were made on all samples. Tests of compressive and flexural strength were made. Data from all tests were analyzed to determine averages, standard deviation among projects, standard deviation within projects, overall standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. KW - Aggregates KW - Air entrainment KW - Analysis of variance KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete structures KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Field tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Material specifications KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Portland cement KW - Quality assurance KW - Regression analysis KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Standard deviation KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133434 AU - Nielsen, W D AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY PERSONNEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM PY - 1975/07 SP - 55 p. AB - A prior research project disclosed the need to improve the overall efficiency of the Arkansas Highway Department's maintenance personnel. Various methods were utilized to identify training needs. Training materials were developed internally, except for certain topics, which were developed by external experts. The Academy-type training method was chosen to administer the training, and the personnel developing the material were asked to serve as instructors. A pilot Academy was conducted to test the established program. Various methods were used to evaluate the Academy. The pilot effort was so successful that the Academies have been included as a regular part of the continuing AHD training program. KW - Arkansas KW - Decision making KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highways KW - Instructors KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Management KW - Management methods KW - Management training KW - Performance evaluations KW - Public relations KW - State highway departments KW - Supervision KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130601 AU - Nemeth, Z A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF CONTINUOUS TWO-WAY LEFT-TURN MEDIAN LANES PY - 1975/07 SP - 96 p. AB - The objectives of this research project are to consolidate existing information on continuous two-way left-turn median lanes and to conduct before and after studies at sites which were selected in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Transportation. More specifically, the following tasks are to be addressed: (A) Evaluation of continuous two-way left-turn median lanes as a practical measure for increasing the capacity and improving the safety of multilane arterials by accommodating mid-block left-turns; (B) Recommendations and supporting rationale shall be prepared concerning selection criteria for the application of this configuration with due regard for safety and capacity. The research approach selected includes studies in four distinct areas: (a) Literature review; (b) A nationwide expert opinion survey, including some personal interviews; (c) A small scale simulation study; and (d) Before-and-after field studies. This interim report presents the results of the literature review and the opinion survey. Both the literature review and the survey indicate that two-way left-turn lanes work well in spite of a wide variety of methods of signing and marking. There is a uniform agreement that these lanes have excellent safety records and specifically head-on collisions are practically nonexistent. /FHWA/ KW - Access KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Highway capacity KW - Left turns KW - Median lanes KW - Multilane highways KW - Surveys KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130692 AU - Myers, L D AU - Stallard, A H AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL IDENTIFICATION BY REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN KANSAS, PARK II PY - 1975/07 SP - 32 p. AB - An expanded evaluation of thermal infrared imagery for use in the mapping of soil mantle thickness and depth to groundwater was undertaken as recommended in Part I of this report. Data were obtained over three test sites and subjected to a visual analysis. Meteorological conditions, particularly rainfall, caused the more subtle contrasts to degrade and land use practices became the most dominant signature producers on the imagery. Color enhancement did show thermal patterns that were not apparent on black and white versions of the imagery, but information related to the items of interest was not obtained. Targets having differences in temperatures located in areas characterized by uniform surface conditions provide the most optimum conditions for investigations conducted with thermal type sensors. Ground conditions must be dry over a prolonged period of time prior to data acquisition and wind conditions must be calm during the time of data acquisition. Lack of foliage is highly desirable, thus, winter or early spring data would be most advantageous. Imagery acquired during the pre-dawn or nighttime provided the best data for this project as subtle and significant thermal contrasts are not masked by differential solar heating. Significant, useful information was extracted from the imagery acquired over the Oskaloosa Area during Part I of this investigation; however, optimum ground conditions prevailed and only one geologic condition was evaluated. Because of the narrow range of climatic and geologic criteria that must be met to acquire usable and significant engineering soil data from thermal infrared imagery, it is not recommended that thermal infrared imagery be used by the State Highway Commission of Kansas on a routine basis. /FHWA/ KW - Compaction KW - Evaluation KW - Groundwater KW - Infrared imagery KW - Meteorology KW - Remote sensing KW - Soil conditions KW - Soil mapping KW - Soils KW - Thermal imagery KW - Thermal infrared imagery UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130588 AU - Pindzola, D AU - COLLINS, R J AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Franklin Institute TI - TECHNOLOGY FOR USE OF INCINERATOR RESIDUE AS HIGHWAY MATERIAL--IDENTIFICATION OF INCINERATOR PRACTICES AND RESIDUE SOURCES PY - 1975/07 SP - 87 p. AB - A survey was made of present municipal incineration practices in the United States and other countries. Previous world-wide research and development work on the use of incinerator residues as highway material is summarized. The types, quantities, and locations of municipal incinerator residues produced in this country were determined. The predominant factors affecting residue quality are the nature of the burning action and the degree of burn-out. Six basic types of incinerator residues were identified according to a classification system based on incinerator design. At the present time there are 141 incinerator plants and one pyrolysis plant in operation in 22 states plus the District of Columbia. Most of these plants are located in the northeastern states. These plants produce approximately 5.5 million tons of residue per year. Well burned out residue types 1 and 2 comprise 25 percent of the residue total. The incinerator residues available in the United States could supply from 1 to 9 percent of the annual highway aggregate requirements of the states in which the incinerators are located. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by source KW - Building materials KW - Fly ash KW - Incinerators KW - Location KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130589 AU - Trimble, R AU - Kurilow, G AU - Nakao, D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL SPECIFICATION EVALUATION PY - 1975/07 SP - 37 p. AB - A statewide evaluation of test results from Highway Construction Materials was performed. Statistical parameters were determined for physical tests on aggregate base, portland cement concrete, asphalt concrete, and cement treated base. Where possible the current quality levels were compared with prestatistical specification levels. Specifically, a technique known as the Moving Average was monitored to determine what, if any, differences in materials quality level would result, in conjunction with data collection and analysis. Personal contact was established with over 100 resident engineers and materials' men throughout the State to determine their reactions to, and opinions of, the Moving Average. Although the Moving Average method being researched was not in effect long enough for a definitive evaluation, the results obtained indicated that quality levels have not been adversely affected and further that the personnel who worked with the new method generally were in favor of it. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Evaluation KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Materials tests KW - Methodology KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00128596 AU - Skinner, L E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSTRAINTS ON TRAVEL PATTERNS: GASOLINE PURCHASE STUDY PY - 1975/07 SP - 35 p. AB - In response to the OPEC oil embargo of the winter of 1974, the Federal Highway Administration initiated a small scale study into the effect of gasoline shortages on travel patterns. Participants were volunters for the field staff of the Federal Highway Administration. The conclusions of this study on gasoline purchase patterns are as follows: a) that the demand for gasoline was not price responsive for the study population, which was high income and small city oriented; b) that the shortages of the winter of 1974 were of insufficient duration to cause changes in the travel patterns of the study population. Such changes were hypothesized to have been smaller car purchases with small engines, lessened miles traveled, greater frequency of gasoline purchase, and changes in home or work location. These changes did not occur; c) that the only means available to reduce the amount of gasoline purchased for the study population was constrained availability-either by gas rationing or by reduced allocations to stations. KW - Constraints KW - Demand KW - Energy KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Purchasing KW - Supply KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093623 AU - Tooke, W R AU - Hurst, D R AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - WET NIGHT VISIBILITY STUDY PY - 1975/07 SP - 238 p. AB - Apparatus and methods developed for characterization of roadway delineation systems are described, and laboratory and field tests are reported for a selection of eleven retroreflective systems. Hot sprayed and hot extruded thermoplastic striping applied in the standard marking pattern and in other patterns, asphalt bonded granite aggregate overcoated with white beaded paint, asphalt bonded Sinopal aggregate, button reflectors, and GDOT's standard white beaded traffic paint were included in a full factorial field study covering about 15 miles on Interstate 85 northeast of Atlanta. Both visual effectiveness and maintenance studies were performed, and the effects of snow-plow damage were assesed on a section of U.S. 129 at Neel's Gap in North Georgia. Independent photometric methods yielded good correlation in the laboratory and field, wet and dry, and the results were in agreement with visual evaluation. KW - Beading KW - Cost engineering KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintainability KW - Markers KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Night visibility KW - Paint KW - Pavements KW - Photometry KW - Plastics KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Retroreflectors KW - Snowplows KW - Striping materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Thermoplastic resins KW - Traffic paint KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30312 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00125789 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wills, M H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EARLY ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE QUALITY BY ACCELERATING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT WITH HEAT (RESULTS OF ASTM'S COOPERATIVE TEST PROGRAM) PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 251-262 AB - A cooperative test program was conducted among nine laboratories to evaluate several existing test procedures involving the use of either hot water, boiling water, or the heat of hydration of portland cement to provide heat necessary to accelerate the compressive strength development of concrete. Depending upon which procedure was employed, the amount of acceleration ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 times the strength developed after the same period of moist curing. Statistical analyses of the data justified adoption of a standard method that can be used to judge the quality of concrete soon after mixing. This method designated ASTM C 684-74 involves three procedures of accelerated curing which are limited to concrete made with the same materials and tested by the same laboratory. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Evaluation KW - Heat of hydration KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34585 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00125788 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Skalny, J AU - Maycock, J N AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MECHANISMS OF ACCELERATION BY CALCIUM CHLORIDE: A REVIEW PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 AB - Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) is a well known accelerator of the hydration of concrete. Its activity is very complex, and a meaningful mechanistic interpretation requires an assessment of the effect of CaCl2 on each of the individual clinker mineral components. This paper reviews the considerable literature associated with hydration acceleration of calcium silicates, aluminates, and ferrites in the presence of CaCl2. It attempts to cover all of the most meaningful data and observed effects and to relate these effects to various proposed mechanisms. When appropriate, the reviewed work is critiqued, and suggestions for potentially important new fields of research are offered. /Author/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Aluminates KW - Calcium chloride KW - Clinkers KW - Concrete KW - Ferrites KW - Hydration KW - Machines KW - Mechanisms KW - Silicates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126139 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Halsted, L E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A SIMPLE ACCELERATED STRENGTH FOR PORTLAND CEMENTS PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 271-272 AB - A simple accelerated test for measuring the strengths of portland cements is presented. The test uses 2-in. (50-mm) mortar cubes, cured in a standard cement testing autoclave. With this method it is possible to accurately predict the 28-day cube strengths in two days. /Author/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Autoclaves KW - Forecasting KW - Portland cement KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34750 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126141 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bhattacharya, S AU - Schroeder, K AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A NEW METHOD OF DETECTING FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN FERROMAGNETIC SPECIMENS PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 289-291 AB - This paper describes a new method for detecting fatigue crack growth in ferromagnetic specimens. This method is similar to the Barkhausen effect type of measurement, where discontinuous voltage pulses are induced in a pickup coil surrounding a specimen when the specimen is magnetized slowly. As a fatigue crack grows, similar voltage pulses are generated. Simultaneous display of the Bakhausen-type magnetic signals and the acoustic emission signals during fatigue crack propagation show that they are correlected. /Author/ KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Ferromagnetic materials KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic measurements KW - Measurement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Voltage KW - Voltage measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126303 AU - Kienitz, R D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CUTLER REPAVING PROCESS PY - 1975/07 SP - 2 p. AB - The work consists of heating and scarifying the existing AC pavement and overlaying sith a new AC surface. The work is being done with a specialized repaving machine built by Cutler Repaving Associates, Inc. The machine has two butane-fired, open-burner heaters each followed by a scarifier. The Scarified material is redistributed uniformly and asphaltic material is sprayed on. A new layer of AC is then layed down by this same machine which is then compacted by a steel wheel roller. The roller and trucks delivering new AC are the only equipment needed in addition to the repaver. Reclaimite is being added to the scarified original pavement on this project, but any asphaltic product can be used. Eight to ten feet is the normal width of pavement worked in one pass, but it is claimed that with an expert operator a five-foot width can be worked. Narrower widths are sometimes needed to complete the pavement. For standby equipment the contractor has a heater/planer, a boot truck and a conventional paver available. The paver is considered to be making good production at 1000 sy/hr; however, this rate has not been achieved on this project. The state desired to try this machine because it appeared that the one pass unit would give good product with less interference with traffic. The machine did not perform as has been hoped. The major shortcomings appear to be: The existing pavement is not heated enough. The amount of Reclaimite used cannot be controlled adequately. More new AC is being used than is necessary compared to other methods. The riding surface is not satisfactory. The machine is too slow due partly to its great size. The "as bid" cost of the work was about $1.00/sy but overruns in AC, Reclaimite, asphalt, and traffic control will result in a considerable increase in cost. The AHD District Engineer recommends that this method of repaving not be used in the future. /Article/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Heating equipment KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavers KW - Resurfacing KW - Scarifying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28251 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126145 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rosskopf, P A AU - Linton, F J AU - Peppler, R B AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EFFECT OF VARIOUS ACCELERATING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES ON SETTING AND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF CONCRETE PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 322-330 AB - A study of the rate of hardening of concretes which contain inorganic accelerators demonstrates the superior performance of calcium chloride. However, there are significant changes in the compressive strength of concretes at various ages when accelerators are employed. Calorimetric studies of cement mortars show the advantages as an accelerator that calcium chloride maintains over other inorganic salts. Also, calorimetric tests demonstrate what appears to be different mechanisms of acceleration between different kinds of accelerators. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques were applied to a study of the effect of calcium chloride and calcium formate on the early stages of hydration of a cement. DTA patterns show definite differences between the function of the accelerators. /Author/ KW - Accelerators KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Admixtures KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calorimeters KW - Chemical reactions KW - Chemicals KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Differential thermal analysis KW - Hardness KW - Hydration KW - Inorganic salts KW - Machines KW - Mechanisms KW - Portland cement KW - Rates KW - Strength development KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126300 AU - Hoelker, E M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIRTGEN MILLING MACHINE PY - 1975/07 SP - 5 p. AB - A demonstration was held to test the ability of the Wirtgen Milling Machine to improve the riding surface and eliminate the hazardous ponding of water on a 1.7 mile section of the two north-bound lanes of U.S. Route 1, a four lane divided facility south of New Brunswick, New Jersey. The existing lanes had depressions in the wheelpaths of up to 1-1/2 inches and rutting of up to 3/4 inch on the outside lane. The milling machine used was capable of planning off asphalt 12 feet wide and up to 1-1/2 inches deep. The pavement was heated ahead of the operation, but only to about 120 to 150 degrees F. or just high enough to raise the temperature at the cutting surface to approximately 20 degrees over the ambient air temperature. The roadway was milled in two passes, with no material cut from the inside of the passing lane on the first pass to a maximum cut of 3/4 inch between wheel paths. The second pass matched the elevation of the previous milled surface on the inside with maximum cuts of approximately 2 inches on the outside edge which extended 2 feet into the shoulder. The milling machine left a clear uniform vertical edge at the outside limits of the removal area which facilitates forming a smooth joint with the overlay material and left a feathered edge on the passing lane. The speed of the milling machine varies according to the depth of cut and thehardness of aggregate in the asphalt which in this case was traprock (basalt). The equipment progressed at about 30 to 35 feet per minute on the first pass (3-1/2 hours for 1.7 miles) and at 8 to 12 feet per minute on the outside lane. The material was windrowed behind the unit to be picked up, hauled away, and used on another location. The pavement was then swept with broom sweepers, traffic lines were applied, and the entire roadway was open to traffic at the end of each working day. An overaly was provided on this section 5 weeks after the milling operation. Tests conducted with a Mays Ride Meter yielded the following results, before miling 174.8 inches/mile; Milled surface 69.8 inches/mile; After overlay 34.0 inches/mile. The end result of the milling operation is good riding surface which, in this case, was practically undisturbed. There was a slight cracking of some of the aggregate but no tearing of aggregate from the surface, no bleeding, and other problems which cause the surface to be unsuitable for immediate use by traffic. /HRIS/ KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous materials KW - Heating KW - Machines KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Milling KW - Milling machines KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Ponding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126297 AU - Clarke, RAW AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KLARCRETE CONCRETE REPAIRS AND TREATMENTS PY - 1975/07 SP - 6 p. AB - The Klarcrete concrete cutting machine is designed to eliminate hand labor and to speed up the actual cutting of concrete. It is composed of a number of percussive tools, each fitted with a compartively heavy head, that can be moved over the area to be cut in a controlled and repetitive manner. In the design of the machine, one of the first considerations was that the equipment should operate dry, to avoid problems of drainage and hinderance by frost. At the same time care was taken to ensure lack of damage to the remaining concrete slab, e.g. through loosening of the aggregate particles within the matrix, a problem associated with the use of percussive tools making a wedge-shaped impacted into the surface. The machine is based on a self-propelled frame able to tow its own power supply, a 600 cfm portable compressor. It is mounted on four pads from which air is evacuated after the machine has been positioned, the resulting vacuum causing a downward thrust capable of holding the unit firm during its operation, and thus ensuring clean edges to the area cut out and preventing spalling and cracking beyond. All operations on the machine are carried out by one man. The machine has been adapted, not only to cut square or rectangular holes in concrete, but it is now capable of mass area brush hammering to expose the aggregate and provide a key for subsequent topping such as granalithic concrete, resin, etc. Another operation developed was bump cutting, which can remove localized high spots in the concrete. Using the cutting technique, machines have been designed to cut circular holes, up to 4 in. deep and up to 16 in. in diameter to receive airfield lighting fittings. /HRIS/ KW - Airport runways KW - Bumps KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cutting KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Hammers KW - Holes KW - Lighting equipment KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavement maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126299 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAST SETTING CONCRETE PY - 1975/07 SP - 5 p. AB - Steelcote Fast-Crete is a mixture of fine calcined magnesia and aggregate combined with amonia phosphorous liquid to produce high early strength concrete. According to the company, the concrete sets in five to ten minutes and hardens in two hours; the product's immediate application is highway and bridge deck repairs where vehicle traffic can be restored within hours. The new product bonds to structural steel, old concrete, wood, glass, and paper. Field tests have demonstrated that the product's ability to bond old concrete makes it possible to further speed repairs by eliminating a time-consuming sawing step now required to create an interlocking edge around the pot holes to secure the patch. The application procedure and other technical data are provided. /HRIS/ KW - Ammonium compounds KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete saws KW - Glass KW - Magnesium KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Saws KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Structural steel KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126138 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Goldberg, J L AU - O'Toole, K M AU - Roper, H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY FOR MEASURING SWELLING OF HARDENED CONCRETE PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 263-270 AB - Holographic interferometry is used to study the deformation of one surface of a concrete test specimen while water is allowed to diffuse into the body of the material. The potential of this new approach for examining the dynamic behavior of swelling concrete is demonstrated by applying the technique to two hardened concrete test specimens made with different aggregate materials. /Author/ KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Deformation KW - Hardened concrete KW - Holography KW - Interferometers KW - Shrinkage KW - Specimens KW - Swelling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34749 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126142 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McLellan, D L AU - GORANSON, U G AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FAILURE LOAD CRITERIA FOR TWO COLLINEAR CRACKS IN A FINITE WIDTH STRIP PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 292-299 AB - The failure load characteristics of finite width strips containing eccentrically located collinear cracks have been determined for a variety of crack combinations. In addition to single cracks, the three cases of two edge cracks of unequal lengths, one edge crack with one internal crack, and two internal cracks have been investigated and analyzed. Combined with the confirmed behaviors for the center crack, the single edge crack, and the symmetrical double edge crack, criteria have been developed to characterize the failure loads for each case. Two internal cracks are described by an ellipitical failure load surface with limits of single eccentrically located cracks. The ellipitical failure load surface also applied to the case of one edge crack with one internal crack. Two edge cracks demonstrate behaviors which are described by a hyperbolic failure load surface, and are limited by the single edge crack condition. The axis of symmetry for this type of surface is the symmetrical double edge crack behavior. /Author/ KW - Cracking KW - Criteria KW - Failure KW - Finite strip analysis KW - Loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34754 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126144 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kantro, D L AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TRICALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATION IN THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS SALTS PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 312-321 AB - The hydration of tricalcium silicate in the presence of various salts have been investigated by means of conduction calorimetry. The salts used have been classified into four groups on the basis of their reactions with tricalcium silicate. The temperature dependence of hydration has been examined for tricalcium silicate by itself and in the presence of four salts. The apparent activation energy varies with extent of hydration, decreasing initially to a nearly constant value, and falling off again as diffusion control sets in. /Author/ KW - Activation KW - Activation (Chemistry) KW - Calorimeters KW - Chemical reactions KW - Hydration KW - Portland cement KW - Salts KW - Temperature KW - Tricalcium silicate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126296 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CUSHION SAFE PY - 1975/07 SP - 3 p. AB - The cushion safe under-ride protector and cushion system was specifically developed to effectively shield highway construction and maintenance crews, trucks and passenger vehicles against serious injury and damage. The unit itself is situated on the lower, back end portion of the truck to prevent under-ride by an approaching vehicle. An impact attenuator is located on the heavy duty steel underside plate. It cushions the impact between the two vehicles by compressing and expelling water from cushion cells through holes in the cap, thereby dissipating the collision force. The under-ride protector and impact cushion system may be installed in minutes by a 2 or 3 man crew working as a team. Following assembly of the unit at the factory, cushion safe is attached after adjustment has been made for vehicle height. Triangulated, reinforced braces are than attached on either side of the truck from points on the lower rigid structure of the unit. The cushioning system, consisting of liquid filled vinyl tubular cells, each containing approximately 3 gallons of water-calcium chloride anti-freeze mixture, is factory mounted on the under-ride protector platform. After an impact, most often, the cushion only needs to be refilled. /HRIS/ KW - Crash cushions KW - Cushions KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126143 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Findley, W N AU - Reed, R M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN EXTENSOMETER FOR CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRAINS PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 300-302 AB - An instrument is described for measuring circumferential strains in plactic specimens of circular cross section. It consists of four direct-current differential transformers (DCDTs) suitably mounted on an invar ring. The DCDTs probe the position of the surface of the specimen at opposite ends of two mutually perpendicular diameters. Examples of performance are given for creep of a thin-walled tube of polyurethane. /Author/ KW - Circumferential stressing KW - Creep KW - Extensometers KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Ring stress KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126298 AU - Burnett, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POWERAY INFRARED ASPHALT HEATER PY - 1975/07 SP - 1 p. AB - Four potholes were dug in order to evaluate a Poweray TR20 heater used for patching bituminous concrete. Each hole measured about 20 inches square and all were dug to the bottom of the existing material, 3-1/4-4 inches deep. Three of the holes were heated, the fourth was not. The heater was placed over the hole and turned on for four to six minutes then removed. The existing material around the hole was fluffed with rakes, then the patch material was put in at temperatures near 300 degrees F and compaction was employed. No densities were determined. The following observations were made: (1) the temperatures of the existing material were raised significantly by the heater. Thermocouples 1/2 to 1-inch into the sidewalls at various depths showed temperatures of over 150 degrees F after a four minute application and over 200 degrees after six minutes, all before the patch material was placed. (2) There was little difference between heated and unheated pavement in (a) penetration at 77 degrees F, (b) viscosity at 140 degrees F, and (c) viscosity at 275 degrees F. (3) There was a better knit and bond between existing pavement and patch material in the heated potholes. (4) Because of the workability of the existing surface surrounding the hole, the surface could be feathered to the patch material, resulting in a better appearance, excellent overall smoothness and riding quality. In summary, the heater did prove to be advantageous in patching potholes in windy, 50 degree F weather. /HRIS/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous materials KW - Heating KW - Heating equipment KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Patching KW - Potholes (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126140 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Blachere, J R AU - Young, J E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FREEZING AND THAWING TESTS AND THEORIES OF FROST DAMAGE PY - 1975/07 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 273-277 AB - Cyclic freezing and thawing tests on structural clay materials are reported. These results and those of recent studies on the freezing of water in consolidated porous materials and the theories of frost damage are used to discuss the mechanisms of pressure generation and relief mechanism. It is concluded that the major mechanisms of stress generation and relief during the freezing of water in porous materials may be different for small or large cooling rates, and that it is probable that freezing and thawing tests can be accelerated, although it should be done with great caution. /Author/ KW - Clay KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Frost damage KW - Machines KW - Mechanisms KW - Porous materials KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126301 AU - Kilareski, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECAST CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER PY - 1975/07 SP - 8 p. AB - Keystone Concrete Pipe Company of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, has developed a precast concrete median barrier that is simple to install and more economical than conventional methods (20% - 23% savings per linear foot). The barrier, which has dimensions similar to the "New Jersey" type barrier, is constructed of two precast outer shells. These shells can be set in place in the median area over existing steel barrier posts, or in the case of new construction, steel dowels can be inserted for the purpose of anchorage. The precast shells are then tied together with four bolts and spacers and a 1/2 inch expansion joint is placed between successive sections. Next, concrete is placed between the shells, filling the core to the top. This top surface is the only area that requires finishings and spray curing. On April 24, 1973, a demonstration was held at the plant site to demonstrate that the barrier could withstand a simulated impact of an automobile at 60 mph. In order to simulate the impact, a 2,000 lb. steel "headache" ball was pendulum-swung from a height of 10 ft. and 12 ft. - 7 in. into the face of the barrier. The ball was allowed to swing into the barrier at angles of 90 and 25 degrees. Four, full-scale test sections of the precast barrier were constructed on a full-scale mock-up of a two lane highway. Three different mix designs were used for the test sections. It was concluded that the precast concrete median barrier withstood the impacts very well. Remembering that an automobile will distribute the impact load and absorb most of the shock, the barrier should perform adequately under field conditions. With the addition of steel fibers to the concrete in the shell, the possibility of projected pieces of concrete is eliminated. The durability of the precast concrete median barrier coupled with the expected economical savings over cast-in- place barriers should make the precast barrier very competitive with other forms of rigid concrete median barriers. /HRIS/ KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Impact tests KW - Installation KW - Median barriers KW - Precast concrete KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126302 AU - Overton, J B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARIZONA SIGN SUPPORT STUDY REPORT PY - 1975/07 SP - 13 p. AB - It was determined in 1973 that the Arizona Highway Department was using unsafe, unsatisfactory, and inadequate methods of supporting their signs. A committee was formed to find a solution; it was decided to investigate adjoining states to determine if they had the same problems and if they had found any solutions. The committee, finding nothing in the other states to satisfy its needs, decided to expand some of its own ideas. The following ideas were researched and developed: (1) 3 in. plastic sewer pipe support; (2) 1 in. plastic sewer pipe support; (3) thick wall 1 in. square tubing support; (4) thin wall 1 in. square tubing support; (5) delineator type sign support; (6) barricade type sign supports; (7) flashing arrow signs. The Committee made the following recommendations: A. Interstate, Rural, or Urban (48" Signs Only) (1) Truck or trailer mounted electric Flashing Arrow Sign device capable of flashing left, right, or both sides. (2) Thin Wall 1" Square Tubing folding sign. If additional weight is needed it was recommended to use sample bags filled with sand. The sign, sign support, and sand bags should prove to be safe and the most functional support in any situation. B. Semi- permanent Installations: (Detours, Road Closures, etc.) (1) Take the time to use drive post and mount your signs. (2) Use standard type barricades listed in the traffic manual. (3) Use the Thin Wall 1" Square Tubing sign supports if Item B (1) is not used. C. Non-Interstate: 30", 36" Signs (Long term - "Level with Premix" or all day activities.) (1) Thin Wall 1" Square Tubing, folding sign supports. (2) Truck or trailer mounted electric Flashing Arrow device, D. Non-Interstate Installations: (Short term - "Hand Patch", "Mowing", "Bridge Work", etc.) (1) Barricade Type Sign Support an additional brace across the bottom, and sand bags can be used for additional stability. /HRIS/ KW - Barricades KW - Heave KW - Heaving KW - Pipe KW - Plastic tubing KW - Plastics KW - Sewers KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Traffic signs KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094613 AU - Terry, D S AU - Shuken, H L AU - Los Angeles, City of, California AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation TI - THE IMPROVED EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS SEMI-ACTUATED SIGNALS ON ARTERIAL STREETS PY - 1975/06/10 SP - 139 p. AB - This report describes an investigation of the effectiveness of semi-actuated signal controllers compared to fixed-time signal controllers at minor cross streets along progressively timed arteries. The effectiveness was determined by measuring the stopped-time delay and travel time on the artery during three times of the day, AM peak period, off-peak period, and PM peak period at three types of sites at five locations: a heavily travelled arterial with 1/4 mile signal spacing and very little cross traffic at the minor cross street, a heavily travelled arterial with moderate cross traffic at the minor cross street, and a heavily travelled arterial with a great deal of circulatory and cross street traffic. Fixed-time signal control was found to be as effective as, and sometimes more effective than, semi-actuated control at the majority of the locations studied. As installation costs are slightly higher for semi-actuated control, fixed-time control would be more cost-effective. However, the differences in delay and travel time for the two modes of control are slight. Recommendations are made for further investigation to aid in selecting the most effective mode of control at minor cross-street intersections. KW - Actuators KW - Arterial highways KW - California KW - Control devices KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway traffic KW - Instruments for measuring time KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak traffic KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Semi traffic actuated controllers KW - Semiactuated traffic signal controller KW - Semiactuated traffic signals KW - Signal lights KW - Signalized intersections KW - Stopped time delays KW - Streets KW - Time lag KW - Time measurement KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveys KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/31004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137361 AU - PAVLOVICH, R D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - LIMITING STRAIN AS A FAILURE CRITERION FOR BITUMINOUS MIXTURES PY - 1975/06/04 SP - 365 p. AB - Experiments were conducted to measure strain at failure (limiting strain) for bituminous concretes. A secondary study was included to evaluate the possibilities of using acoustic emission techniques to detect and monitor cracking in portland cement and bituminous concretes. Parameters for the limiting strain experiment included asphalt type, aggregate gradation, temperature, and strain rate analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effect of each of the parameters and regression equations are presented that relate significant independent variables to limiting strain. The most significant parameter affecting limiting strain is temperature; strain rate and gradation do show some effects, but these are minor when compared to temperature. There was no measurable effect, in this experiment, due to asphalt type within a range which included a high and low viscosity material in each of three penetration grades (60-70, 85-100, 120-150). Acoustic emission experiments showed that this technique is effective for detecting micro-cracking long before visual observation indicates the occurrence. KW - Acoustics KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highways KW - Loads KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Strains KW - Theses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01349556 AU - Shepard, Frank D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Raised Pavement Markets for Reducing Incidences of Wrong-Way Driving PY - 1975/06 SP - 18p AB - The research reported here was undertaken to determine the feasibility of using raised pavement markers on interstate off-ramps in such a configuration that the driver will be alerted as a result of viewing an unexpected phenomenon The results of this preliminary investigation show that the raised pavement system, consisting of marking a pattern of 45 markers, was effective in alerting drivers and would cause a wrong-way driver to realize his mistake and act accordingly. Based on the results of this initial phase, it is recommended that the study be expanded by permanently placing raised markers at two or three interchange off-ramps for further study. It is anticipated that this recommendation will be implemented in the near future. KW - Alertness KW - Driver errors KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Off ramps KW - Raised road markings KW - Road markings KW - Wrong way driving UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36363/75-R67.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1107902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01344911 AU - Demetsky, Michael J AU - Cleveland, Robert P AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Planning Criteria for Express Bus-Fringe Parking Operations. Volume I of Express Bus-Fringe Parking Planning Methodology PY - 1975/06 SP - 26p AB - Tripmaker reactions to two recent express bus-fringe parking operations in Richmond and Norfolk-Virginia Beach, Virginia, are examined. This travel behavior is interpreted to establish planning and design guidelines for locating and designing fringe lots and establishing operational policy for associated bus services. A market area for each service is defined in view of residential accessibility to the terminal. The primary improvements to the service that were suggested by automobile travelers who were surveyed related to the level of service provided; specific improvements here included expansion of the service area and hours of operation. The transit riders cited comfort and system design features for upgrading the service to their standards as their primary recommendations. KW - Express buses KW - Express service KW - Fringe parking KW - Guidelines KW - Level of service KW - Norfolk (Virginia) KW - Park and ride KW - Passenger comfort KW - Planning and design KW - Public transit KW - Richmond (Virginia) KW - Transit riders KW - Travel behavior KW - Virginia Beach (Virginia) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37000/37012/75-R64.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073546 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interchange at Castle Junction, Oahu: environmental impact statement PY - 1975/06//Volumes held: Draft. KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00980121 AU - Smoak, W G AU - Bureau of Reclamation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER IMPREGNATION OF NEW CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SURFACES: INTERIM USERS' MANUAL OF PROCEDURES AND SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1975/06 SP - 31 p. AB - A technique of impregnating new concrete bridge deck surfaces with an acrylic polymer to a depth of 1-inch (25mm) or more for protection against chloride ion intrusion and freeze-thaw deterioration is reported. The process technology, materials, equipment, and safety provisions used in the technique are discussed, with the objective of informing potential users of the various steps necessary to insure successful field application of the process. An appended materials and performance specification is included. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deterioration KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/740840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334521 AU - Walters, W C AU - Bokun, S G AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUND VIBRATION INVESTIGATION AT HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITES AND MARKETING PROGRAM PY - 1975/06 SP - 43 p. AB - This report deals with measuring ground vibrations on construction sites in terms of peak particle velocity to determine whether a legal problem exists in relation to these ground vibrations. The report furnishes information needed to protect the Department from unwarranted suits. The report indicates that vibrations associated with pile driving are not of enough magnitude to cause physical damage to surrounding structures. Ground vibrations from haul roads do not appear to be of concern in view of the data from pile driving and measurements made at several haul road sites. The reason some legal suits are filed may be a combination of construction produced effects (sight, sound, feeling) which are irritating to persons near the construction zone. on-board rider surveys and household surveys provided further insight into many qualitative and quantitative measures of the impact of the transit marketing strategies. This monitoring report reviews the Kingston Transit Community Information and Marketing Program and presents analysis and conclusions pertaining to ridership trends and public attitudes. (Author) KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Attitudes KW - Construction KW - Data collection KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Litigation KW - Louisiana KW - Pile driving KW - Public opinion KW - Public transit KW - Publicity KW - Ridership KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00815866 AU - Zellin, M A AU - Kostem, C N AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Kulicki, J M AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOAD IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I-BEAM BRIDGES PY - 1975/06 SP - 117 p. AB - This is the second report on the research investigation entitled "Development and Refinement of Load Distribution Provisions for Prestressed Concrete Beam-Slab Bridges" (PennDOT 72-4). The beam-slab bridges included in this study are of the I-beam type. Included are (1) a structural analysis, based on the finite element method, which describes superstructure response to design-vehicle loading, (2) a comparison of the structural analysis with results from the field tests of two in-service bridge superstructures, (3) the analysis of 219 superstructures ranging in length from 30 ft to 135 ft and in roadway width from 20 ft to 78 ft, and (4) equations for evaluating live-load distribution factors for interior and exterior beams, based on the definition of traffic lanes set forth in the AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges - 1973" (1.2.6 - Traffic Lanes). KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Equations KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Live loads KW - Load transfer KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341496 AU - Walters, W C AU - Bokun, S G AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUND VIBRATION INVESTIGATION AT HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITES PY - 1975/06 SP - 33 p. AB - This report deals with measuring ground vibrations on construction sites in terms of peak particle velocity to determine whether a legal problem exists in relation to these ground vibrations. The report furnishes information needed to protect the Department from unwarranted suits. The report indicates that vibrations associated with pile driving are not of enough magnitude to cause physical damage to surrounding structures. Ground vibrations from haul roads do not appear to be of concern in view of the data from pile driving and measurements made at several haul road sites. The reason some legal suits are filed may be a combination of construction produced effects (sight, sound, feeling) which are irritating to persons near the construction zone. (FHWA) KW - Construction sites KW - Litigation KW - Loss and damage KW - Pile driving KW - Road construction KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133227 AU - Price, T O AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION OF ACOUSTICAL UNDERGROUND SURVEY SYSTEM IN THE WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA PY - 1975/06 SP - 136 p. AB - The purpose of the subject study was to demonstrate current capabilities of Acoustical Surveying in conjunction with tunnelling operations to aid in geologic determination and prediction. The Holosonics Acoustical Survey system served as the basic equipment for the survey program. Peripheral equipment such as a fast transient recorder, perforated paper tape punch and CRT storage monitor was used to implement the system. Interfacing and field packaging were fabricated by Holosonics to allow use as an integral system. New computer software was applied to handle the changed input format and to refine the output. Five-hundred-and-ten feet of drill hole were logged in five separate holes requiring four field mobilizations. Four short holes totalling 210 feet were logged under the equipment and software calibration phase. The fifth hole was a 270 feet long cored hole. KW - Acoustic detection KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Acoustic signature KW - Acoustics KW - Data collection KW - Echo ranging KW - Geologic investigations KW - Geological conditions KW - Geological events KW - Geological surveying KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Geophysical surveys KW - Holography KW - Information processing KW - Measuring instruments KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Rock tests KW - Rocks KW - Sonar KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Subways KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Surveys KW - Tests KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels KW - Underground surveying KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145620 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER DOCUMENTATION FOR THE FHWA CARPOOL MATCHING PROGRAM (SECOND EDITION) PY - 1975/06 SP - 61 p. AB - The full documentation for the computerized FHWA Carpool Matching Program is divided into two reports: user documentation and program documentation. This report only covers the user portion of the documentation and is intended to be used as a guide and set of instructions for operating the program. On October 1, 1974, the Federal Highway Administration released the latest, improved version of the program. This second edition of the user documentation includes a description of all the improvements and additions that have been added to this latest version of the program. The FHWA program is written in American National Standard COBOL and thus should be readily transferable to environments other than the IBM 360/65 (OS) under which it has been developed and tested. KW - Automobiles KW - Carpools KW - COBOL (Computer program language) KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Coordination KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Information processing KW - Needs assessment KW - Passenger transportation KW - Project management KW - Urban transportation KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179470 AU - Schofer, J L AU - Gemmel, R AU - Peterson, G L AU - National Bureau of Standards TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS, VOLUME VII--THE JUDGMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX APPROACH: A FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES PY - 1975/06 SP - 70 p. AB - The seven volume sourcebook is designed to provide the planner techniques to assist in the assessment of the social and environmental impact of new and improved highways. Included are relatively unobtrusive techniques for generating social data and validating data obtained from surveys or other direct methods of public inquiry. This volume describes a structured approach for linking components of alternative designs or locations to first order impacts. The technique is described in sufficient detail to permit use by planners with varying amounts of training and experience. /FHWA/ KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Perception KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179469 AU - Szalay, L AU - National Bureau of Standards TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS: VOLUME V--SURVEYING PUBLIC IMAGES AND OPINIONS BY THE ASSOCIATIVE GROUP ANALYSIS PY - 1975/06 SP - 60 p. AB - The seven volume sourcebook is designed to provide the planner techniques to assist in the assessment of the social and environmental impact of new and improved highways. Included are relatively unobtrusive techniques for generating social data and validating data obtained from surveys or other direct methods of public inquiry. The volume described the Associative Group Analysis technique for obtaining attitudinal and perceptual information. The technique is described in sufficient detail to permit use by planners with varying amounts of training and experience. /FHWA/ KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Perception KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178818 AU - David, N A AU - Norman, J R AU - Stanford Research Institute TI - MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC, AND TRAFFIC FEATURES OF HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS: VOLUME III--APPENDICES PY - 1975/06 SP - 120 p. AB - This volume, the third of a three-volume final report, provides supporting data regarding the study area, sampling and data-collection methods, analysis methods and data-processing techniques, and study results obtained in Volume II. The executive summary for managers is presented in Volume I, and the overall study results are analyzed in Volume II. A relatively detailed on-scene inventory of the geometry, other design features, and traffic counts for 558 intersections coupled with police reports on the 4372 accidents that occurred there during the three-year study period were used in the analysis. Forty-one accidents were studied in detail by a multidisciplinary team to determine causal factors and to evaluate the effects of federal safety standards on intersection-accident incidence and severity. Six intersection design features were demonstrably accident related--sight-distance obstruction, street-name signs, left-turn storage lanes, raised-marker delineation, bus-loading zones, and routing and multiphase signalization. Accident countermeasures based on the influence of these six factors are recommended. KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Road markings KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179468 AU - National Bureau of Standards TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS: VOLUME II--THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF URBAN HIGHWAYS: A REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES PY - 1975/06 SP - 122 p. AB - The seven volume sourcebook is designed to provide the planner techniques to assist in the assessment of the social and environmental impact of new and improved highways. Included are relatively unobtrusive techniques for generating social data and validating data obtained from surveys or other direct methods of public inquiry. This volume takes a critical look at a realm of social impact studies, with an emphasis on empirical research. /FHWA/ KW - Data collection KW - Empirical methods KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139784 AU - Indahl, G AU - Quinn, J AU - Afferton, K AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - PAVEMENT PATCHING TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS PY - 1975/06 AB - The New Jersey Department of Transportation has conducted a study to find materials suitable for rapid, relatively long lasting, economical winter patching of portland cement and bituminous concrete pavements and to develop efficient techniques necessary for their placement. Overall, the Department's standard winter mix (RR) performed very well as compared to the other materials tested. It was also the most cost-effective of the cold winter mixes used in the study. The other two cold mixes investigated (Zero-mix, a proprietary patching material used in New Jersey and an asbestos modified RR mix) did not prove to be suitable patching materials. This was due to lack of any significant improvement in patch life and higher seasonal costs as compared to the standard RR mix. Also, there was potential health hazards involved with the asbestos modified material. FABC hot plant mix out performed the standard RR mix technique for technique. It was also the most cost-effective of the materials tested. However, FABC is not readily available at the present time during mid-winter. Also discussed in this report is the effect of weather, traffic volume, and the various compaction and pothole preparation techniques on patch durability. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Patching KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Traffic volume KW - Weather KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144127 AU - Button, J W AU - Buth, E AU - Olson, R M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Minnesota Department of Highways TI - CRASH TESTS OF FIVE FOOT RADIUS PLATE BEAM GUARDRAIL PY - 1975/06 AB - This report relates results of two full-scale vehicle crash tests of a five-foot-radius steel plate beam ("W" beam) end treatment developed by the Minnesota Department of Highways. Tests were conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute of the Texas A & M Research Foundation. The test vehicles, which weighed 2250 lbs. and 4500 lbs., were towed head- on into the end of the median rail system at 60 mph. The performance of the system was considered good in both tests. Tests of angle hit and off- center hits were not conducted. The test results confirmed several years experience with actual field installations used at obstacles in exit ramp gores, as end treatment of median rails at twin bridges and at median bridge piers on divided highways. Vehicle energy is absorbed by rail buckling and progressive post failure as the impacting vehicle inverts the U-shaped installation. Even if a break-through occurs, the severity of the secondary collision of the vehicle with the obstacle behind the guardrail is greatly reduced. The system uses a standard 12.5-foot section of galvanized steel plate beam rail, shop-curved to a give-foot radius. The center of the rail is mounted 21 inches above the ground, blocked out from 6" x 8" treated timber posts 6.0 feet long. Posts are spaced at 6.25 feet. No front anchorages are used. The report contains standard plates showing the usage and details of the system. /FHWA/ KW - Crashes KW - Divided highways KW - Energy absorption KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Intersection elements KW - Median barriers KW - Medians KW - Steel plates KW - Structural design KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158096 AU - Buttz, C W AU - Boeing Computer Services Incorporated TI - MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1975/06 AB - Highway maintenance management involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling maintenance work. This manual was developed with the purpose of updating the existing highway maintenance management system. The manual was prepared to specifically consider four basic tasks as follows: 1. A full review and analysis of the Maintenance Division of functions, responsibilities, organization, structure and operating practices. 2. The conceptual description of a maintenance management system for Rhode Island tailored to the specific needs of this State. 3. The establishment of a basic reporting system and provisional standards upon which a maintenance management system can be built in the future. 4. The establishment of basic standards related to significant maintenance activities and to required levels of maintenance. KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158136 AU - Schneider, V R AU - Board, J W AU - Colson, B E AU - Lee, F N AU - Druffel, L AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - COMPUTATION OF BACKWATER AND DISCHARGE AT WIDTH CONSTRICTIONS OF HEAVILY VEGETATED FLOOD PLAINS PY - 1975/06 SP - 64 p. AB - Data were collected at 20 single opening bridges for 31 floods. Measured backwater ranged from 0.39 to 3.16 feet (0.12 to 0.96 meters). Backwater computed by the Geological Survey method averaged 29 percent less than the measured and that computed by the Federal Highway Administration method averaged 47 percent less than the measured. Discharge computed by the Geological Survey method averaged 21 percent more than the measured. Analysis of data showed that the flood plain widths and the roughness are larger than those used to develop the standard methods. A method to more accurately compute backwater and discharge was developed. The difference between the contracted and natural water-surface profiles computed using standard step-backwater procedures is defined as backwater. The energy loss terms in the step-backwater procedure are computed as the product of the geometric mean of the energy slopes and the flow distance in the reach. An estimate of the average flow distance in the approach reach was derived from potential flow theory. The mean error was 1 percent when using the proposed method for computing backwater and 3 percent for computing discharge. KW - Backwaters KW - Bridges KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Constrictions KW - Discharge KW - Dissipation KW - Flood plains KW - Geometric mean KW - Measurement KW - Roughness KW - Vegetation KW - Water surface profiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151227 AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAYS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 1. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DESIGN CRITERIA PY - 1975/06 SP - 109 p. AB - Fatigue and rutting criteria were developed and incorporated into a design procedure for flexible overlays of flexible pavements. The AASHO Road Test flexible pavement sections were used as a data base. Field studies were conducted to obtain data and materials were sampled and tested to determine modulus of elasticity values. The fatigue criteria developed in this report is based on observations of distress on in-service pavements along with mechanistic analyses using elastic layered theory to predict strains in the asphalt concrete. The traffic prior to the beginning of Class 2 cracking was combined with the strains to develop a regression model for fatigue. Rut depths, traffic, stresses, and strains were combined to develop a regression model for rutting. Consideration was given to the relation of rutting to temperature. The stresses and strains were predicted using elastic layered theory. A summary of the overlay design procedure is presented as well as a comparison with existing procedures. This volume is the first in a series. The other in the series is: Vol. 2. FHWA-RD-75-76 Asphalt Concrete Overlays of Flexible Pavements - Design Procedures. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Covering KW - Cracking KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Development KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Dimensional measurement KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Regression analysis KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Thickness KW - Traffic KW - Trafficability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151228 AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAYS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 2. DESIGN PROCEDURES PY - 1975/06 SP - 96 p. AB - This report is a user's manual for thickness design of flexible overlays for flexible pavements. The design procedure is limited primarily to fatigue cracking and rutting criteria. Three cases of existing pavement condition are recognized by the procedure. These subsystems are: (1) existing pavement with remaining life, (2) existing pavement mildly cracked, and (3) existing pavement severely cracked. Each requires input from the following areas: (1) deflection testing, (2) condition surveys, (3) traffic data, and (4) materials characterization. The deflection testing serves as an aid in establishing 'design sections' and in characterizing the subgrade. The condition surveys are used to select the proper design subsystem. Traffic data must be in the form of 18-kip equivalent axle loads. The materials characterization consists of laboratory testing to determine modulus values for each material. The overlay thickness design involves the use of inputs from the above four areas along with an elastic layered theory computer program, a fatigue equation and a rutting equation to detemine a thickness that satisfies both the fatigue and rutting criteria. A complete example problem solution for the remaining life subsystem is presented. This volume is the second in a series. The first is: Vol. 1. FHWA-RD-75-75 Asphalt Concrete Overlays of Flexible Pavements - Development of New Design Criteria. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Condition surveys KW - Covering KW - Cracking KW - Deflection tests KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Dimensional measurement KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus KW - Needs assessment KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Paving KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Stresses KW - Thickness KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145086 AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - FIRST REPORT ON STATUS AND PROGRESS OF NOISE RESEARCH AND CONTROL PROGRAMS IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: VOLUME 2 PY - 1975/06 SP - 602 p. AB - Issued in compliance with Section 4(c)(3) of the Noise Control Act of 1972 (PL 92-574), this report describes Federal noise control and research activities and establishes a baseline of agency program information that may be used in subsequent years to assess progress in the Federal Government's noise control efforts. Thirty-nine Federal agencies were requested to submit information on their noise related activities to EPA. Volume I of the report contains a summary and assessment of reported activities which are described both by agency and by the following functional areas: noise standards and regulations, noise abatement, hearing conservation, technical assistance, and research. Volume II consists of four reports describing Federal agency noise research, development, and demonstration programs in the areas of surface vehicle noise, aviation noise, noise effects, and machinery noise. The reports include project descriptions and fiscal data and were prepared jointly by the membership of four interagency research panels, formed in 1974 by EPA. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Demonstration projects KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Machinery KW - Noise control KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technical assistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146491 AU - Ovaici, K AU - May, A D AU - Teal, R F AU - Ray, J K AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMULATION OF FREEWAY PRIORITY STRATEGIES (FREQ3CP) PY - 1975/06 SP - 492 p. AB - The report describes the development, computerization, and application of an analytical procedure for entry control at freeway ramps. Two types of control strategies are developed: control on a passenger basis and control on a vehicle basis. The analytical procedure encompasses two models. The first is a simulation model which is deterministic and macroscopic, that predicts the freeway traffic performance as a function of freeway design and allowable ramp flows. The second is a decision model, which has a linear programming formulation, that selects a control strategy meeting the objectives and constraints. The simulation model was validated under field conditions, and the predicted traffic performance compares very favorably to actual, measured traffic performance. The two models were integrated and computerized, and the composite model was applied to a number of sites to demonstrate its applications and to provide some results for possible implementation. KW - Computer programs KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Linear programming KW - Mathematical models KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Simulation KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic control KW - Validity KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144139 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MANHATTAN CBD-NORTH JERSEY CORRIDOR NEW JERSEY ROUTE 3 TRAFFIC DEMONSTRATIONS PY - 1975/06 SP - 54 p. AB - The implementation of traffic operations improvements on New Jersey Route 3 is covered in this report. Four traffic demonstratins were conducted: dedicating a mainline lane to entering traffic, closing to entering traffic ramps, and restriping a major merge. This volume is the second in a five-volume set covering the traffic demonstration studies and surveillance and control design for the New Jersey Route 3 Urban Corridor Demonstration Program. Volume I. New Jersey Route 3 Urban Corrdior - Summary; Volume II. New Jersey Route 3 Traffic Demonstrations; Volume III. New Jersey Route 3 Traffic Surveillance & Control - Design; Volume IV. New Jersey Route 3 Traffic Surveillance & Control - Hardware Specifications; Volume V. New Jersey Route 3 Traffic Surveillance & Control - Software Specifications. /FHWA/ KW - Demonstration projects KW - Highway operations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144142 AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. MANHATTAN CBD-NORTH JERSEY CORRIDOR. NEW JERSEY ROUTE 3 URBAN CORRIDOR--SUMMARY PY - 1975/06 SP - 37 p. AB - A summary of the findings for the implementation of improvements to traffic operations and the design of surveillance and control system in New Jersey Route 3 is presented in this volume. This project was one of five conducted in the Manhattan CBD - North Jersey Corridor under the Urban Corridor Demonstration Program. This volume is the first in a five-volume set covering the traffic demonstration studies and surveillance and control design for the New Jersey Route 3 Urban Corridor Demonstration Program: Volume I. New Jersey Route 3 Urban Corridor - Summary; Volume II. New Jersey Route 3 Traffic Demonstrations; Volume III. New Jersey Route 3 Traffic Surveillance & Control - Design; Volume IV. New Jersey Route 3 Traffic Surveillance & Control - Hardware Specifications; Volume V. New Jersey Route 3 Traffic Surveillance & Control - Software Specifications. /FHWA/ KW - Demonstration projects KW - Highway operations KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139789 AU - Griffin, R G AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - INFRARED HEATING TO PREVENT PREFERENTIAL ICING OF CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1975/06 SP - 86 p. AB - This is a report on the use of infrared heat lamps to heat the underside of the bridge deck in order to prevent preferential icing. Seven watts per square foot was used to heat the underside of the deck within the concrete box. One box was insulated to help contain the heat, the other had no insulation. The system was found to be inadequate because of excessive lap time and insufficient power. Twenty watts per square foot (on the average at least) was determined to be necessary with this type of system to prevent preferential icing. The wind was analyzed along with the deck temperature data and found to control the effect of insulation on preferential icing. Insulation helps prevent preferential icing when the wind is parallel to the bridge but increases the chance when the wind is perpendicular to the bridge. KW - Box girders KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Girder bridges KW - Icing KW - Infrared heating KW - Insulating materials KW - Preferential icing KW - Temperature KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142902 AU - Quinn, B E AU - Kelley, S R AU - Purdue University TI - TENTATIVE ROAD ROUGHNESS CRITERIA BASED UPON VEHICLE PERFORMANCE PY - 1975/06 SP - 104 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142889 AU - Wachs, M AU - Westfall, M AU - National Bureau of Standards TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS. VOLUME IV: THE USE OF SOCIAL DATA ARCHIVES IN HIGHWAY IMPACT ANALYSES SN - 33B1042 PY - 1975/06 SP - 46 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143205 AU - Steele, R J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRAME SYSTEM PY - 1975/06 SP - 160 p. AB - This report presents the results of a four-year project to provide bridge designers with a unified structural analysis tool for plane rectangular frames made up of prismatic and/or non-prismatic members. The program developed will calculate and report section, member and frame properties, fixed end moments, distributed moment and shear ordinates, and deflections for each member. Sidesway can be considered in single story frames. The program accepts prestressed cable information and produces cable path ordinates, cable path eccentricities, force coefficients, moment coefficients, shortening fixed end moments, prestress force, concrete strength, prestress moments and stresses, combined moments and stresses, and prestress deflections. Moment and shear plots may be obtained as optional output. Provision for describing railroad loadings or special overload truck loadings for live load analysis is also available with this program. A separate program provides input data retention and editing capabilities for this system. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Framed structures KW - Frames KW - Highway bridges KW - Live loads KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Needs assessment KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Shear strength KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Trucks KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092089 AU - Way, G B AU - Peters, R J AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR DETERMINATION FROM IN-PLACE TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS UNDER ARIZONA PAVEMENTS PY - 1975/06 SP - 90 p. AB - Arizona at present uses the AASHTO Interim Guide equations to determine thickness of structural layers (flexible and rigid) in the highway prism. Inputs to these equations are based on past experience and have been empirically developed. In the future Arizona intends to adopt a systems approach to design of both flexible and rigid pavements. As such several inputs including traffic, environment, construction, structural and maintenance will be needed. The long term (3-5 years) objective of this study is to quantify the environmental inputs and relate them to highway performance. The purpose of this phase of the study was to develop, test and install the sensors and instrumentation to implement a program to monitor moisture and temperature changes in and under the highway. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Detectors KW - Environmental impacts KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indicating instruments KW - Instrumentation KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sensor characteristics KW - Sensors KW - Temperature KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092027 AU - Thoms, R L AU - Pecquet, R A AU - Arman, A AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOILS PY - 1975/06 SP - 212 p. AB - A computer program, SSOILS, for analyzing displacements of embankments over soft soils is presented. Background development research and experimentation is discussed in the early chapters of the study. The final chapter (7) of the study is essentially self contained and is written for the user who must rely on standard soil tests to obtain input data for the computer program. Immediate (or initial) displacement, and time dependent displacement of settlement due to 2-D consolidation and creep can be accounted for by the program; however, users must become familiar with the program and interpretation of soil test data (for input data) in order to make good use of the program as an aid to the engineering analysis of embankment behavior over soft soils. KW - Computer programs KW - Consolidations KW - Creep KW - Creep rate KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Ground settlement KW - Louisiana KW - Numerical analysis KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soft rock KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil creep KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soils by consistency KW - Unstable soil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139810 AU - Runkle, S N AU - lach, C T AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - AUTOMATED SKID DATA SYSTEM PY - 1975/06 SP - 21 p. AB - This report describes the automated data system developed by the Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council for the collection, storage and retrieval of skid data collected during normal survey (inventory) skid testing. Included in this report is a description of the data files maintained for skid data and the computer programs developed to edit input data, maintain the data files, and provide skid data output listings. KW - Automation KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Data systems KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Skid resistance tests UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/75-r69.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37500/37513/75-R69.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139818 AU - Sneddon, R V AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha TI - STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPACTED NEBRASKA SOILS PY - 1975/06 SP - 53 p. AB - Evaluative tests for strength of compacted subgrade soils are often highly empirical, e.g., CBR, or yield data which are neither fundamental nor consistent with established principles of theoretical soil mechanics. Fundamental stress strain and shear strength data for partially saturated compacted soil is best obtained from triaxial test methods for controlling or monitoring relevant state variables and synthesizes data generated into a compact parametric form for design of flexible pavements. Two constant strain rate triaxial procedures with sigma 3 = 30 psi are defined; a consolidated-constant water content test with sample volume measurement and consolidated-undrained saturated test. These procedures yield fundamental data for five partially saturated, compacted, fine-grained, Nebraska soils. Laboratory stress strain curves are well modeled by Kondner's two constant hyperbolic stress strain function. Exponential function correlations exist between the hyperbolic constants a and b and the state variables of void ratio and percent saturation. Using correlated synthetic stress strain curves can be generated which model soil behavior for any density between Proctor and modified Proctor for degree of saturation from 60-100 percent. Using these correlations, flexible pavement design methods requiring laboratory subgrade stiffness can be utilized for any assumed insitu subgrade condition of the soils tested after a single laboratory validation test. KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hyperbolic functions KW - Pavement design KW - Saturated soils KW - Soil compaction KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143030 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT MEMBRANE PROJECT AT ELK SPRINGS, COLORADO PY - 1975/06 SP - 47 p. AB - The Elk Springs experimental project consists of 15 test sections designed to determine thickness requirements for four full depth asphalt bases. Testing was discontinued in 1975 after almost seven years of traffic. Cracks in the roadway allowed moisture to enter the subgrade and weaken it to the point where all sections with less than 9 inches (23 cm) of deep strength asphalt failed. Asphalt membranes were tried through the borrow ditches also, but they did not prevent moisture migration into the subgrade as it was hoped they would. An asphalt membrane envelope did not work well because of the failure of the membrane to remain waterproof. This report includes conclusions and recommendations for construction and maintenance of highways on swelling soils, and suggests a workshop-demonstration project as a means for acquainting design, maintenance, and construction engineers of the pitfalls in highway construction over swelling soils. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Colorado KW - Cracking KW - Flexible pavements KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils KW - Thickness KW - Trafficability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62201 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00097787 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS AS A TRAFFIC CONTROL MEASURE AT LANE DROPS PY - 1975/06 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-6 AB - Raised pavement markers are an effective means of reducing erratic movements at lane-drop locations, particularly under nighttime driving conditions. The cost of raised pavement markers and their installation is nominal (approximately $150 per lane-drop location). It is recommended that raised pavement markers be installed at other lane-drop locations. Markers installed at locations described in this article have not been in place for a sufficient time to determine their durability; however, reports from other States indicate their durability is sufficient to render them economical. If raised pavement markers are installed routinely, steps should be taken to insure they are not damaged by snowplow operations. Rubber-tipped blades have been used successfully in areas with slushy snow or where chemicals are used in conjunction with snowplows. /Author/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Durability KW - Erratic driving behavior KW - Lane drops KW - Problem drivers KW - Reckless drivers KW - Road markings KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00134695 AU - Smoak, W G AU - Bureau of Reclamation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER IMPREGNATION OF NEW CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SURFACES-INTERIM USERS, MANUAL OF PROCEPURES AND SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1975/06 SP - 1 p. AB - A technique of impregnating new concrete bridge deck surfaces with an acrylic polymer to a depth of 1-inch (25 mm) or more for protection against chloride ion intrusion and freeze-thaw deterioration is reported. The process technology, materials, equipment, and safety provisions used in the technique are discussed, with the objective of informing potential users of the various steps necessary to insure successful field application of the process. An appended materials and performance specification is included. KW - Bridge decks KW - Equipment KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Manuals KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Polymer concrete KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137031 AU - FOUNTAIN, L S AU - Herzig, F X AU - Owen, T E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTION OF SUBSURFACE CAVITIES BY SURFACE REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES PY - 1975/06 SP - 137 p. AB - The research is part of a program underway to evaluate remote sensing instrumentation and methods for locating subsurface cavities that can cause serious highway construction and maintenance problems. Three methods of subsurface cavity detection based on different geophysical techniques were experimentally evaluated, including ground-penetrating radar, gravity profiling, and earth resistivity profiling. Tests were conducted at three sites having different geological environments. Verification tests showed all methods to be capable of locating air-filled cavities. Gravity measurements located large cavernous areas but could not detect mud-filled cavities. Radar detected several air-filled cavities at maximum depths of about 15 feet (4.6 m). Radar only penetrated 10 feet (3 m) with inconclusive results at one site and could not resolve 2-foot (0.6-m) diameter vertical cylindrical cavities at another. Earth resistivity measurements using a pole-dipole electrode arrangement located cavities at all sites, indicating targets at depths of 80 feet (24.4 m). Both air- and mud-filled cavities including vertical cylinders were detected using the resistivity technique, giving accurate depth and size resolution. KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Earth resistivity method (Geophysics) KW - Geological surveying KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Gravitation KW - Gravitational methods KW - Highway maintenance KW - Radar KW - Remote sensing KW - Resistivity method KW - Road construction KW - Subsurface explorations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00135043 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES. OFFICIAL REVISIONS. PART 6 PY - 1975/06 AB - This summary of revisions includes 21 corrections, 11 changes, and notes on interpretations. A table (VI-I) on barricade characteristics is revised and interpretations are presented concerning the number of flagmen required on lane colsures, symbol for construction signs, the width of stripes on barricades, vest and cap requirements for uniformed police officers, and the use of portable traffic signals at construction sites. KW - Barricades KW - Construction sites KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Portable equipment KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs KW - Uniform flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133431 AU - Benson, P E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A CORRELATION PROGRAM PY - 1975/06 SP - 56 p. AB - A statewide correlation program aimed at improving test method reproducibility is discussed. Statistical methods such as analysis of variance, regression analysis, principal components analysis and nonparametric analysis are used for developing an integrated program of interlaboratory testing. Four computer programs using these methods are presented. Guidelines for conducting a correlation program are given. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Correlation analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Nonparametric analysis KW - Nonparametric statistics KW - Regression analysis KW - Reproducibility KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133107 AU - Lacasse, S M AU - Ladd, C C AU - Barsvary, A K AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - UNDRAINED BEHAVIOR OF EMBANKMENTS ON NEW LISKEARD VARVED CLAY PY - 1975/06 SP - 59 p. AB - The performance, including a failure, of two embankments in New Liskeard, Canada is analyzed. The underlying 150 ft. (45.8 m.) of medium to soft varved clay is studied with respect to stability, undrained deformations and excess pore pressure distribution. Total stress stability analyses were performed with undrained strengths based on measured and corrected field vane strengths, the average UC and UU strength and SHANSEP strength parameters with and without anisotropy. Effective stress analyses using pore pressures predicted from finite element analyses showed that either the effective stress strength parameters were much lower than those measured in the laboratory or the predicted pore pressures at failure were much too low. Undrained deformations and excess pore pressures at end of construction were predicted with the finite element program FEECON. KW - Clay soils KW - Deformation KW - Effective stress KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Highways KW - Permeability KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Undrained properties KW - Undrained strength KW - Varved clays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133103 AU - Foss, R N AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - NOISE BARRIER SCREEN MEASUREMENTS: SINGLE BARRIERS PY - 1975/06 SP - 71 p. AB - The Laboratory has undertaken an extensive series of experimental measurements to determine the effect of barrier screens on the transmission of sound from a point source. By exercising great care in the experimental procedures, the data spread was kept within a narrow band about 1 dB wide. The results of these experiments indicate that the correct attenuation curve (in decibels vs Fresnel number 'N') for a point source is given by Fresnel's equations. This is an important determination because computer programs based on the widely used National Cooperative Research Program Report 117 use a curve suggested by the work of Maekawa that is lower than Fresnel's curve. The results of calculations that convert this point source curve to the incoherent line source (and line source segment) case are also given. The measurements were conducted at two frequencies, 5.19 and 10.019 kHz, and employed a variety of source-to-wall and wall-to-microphone spacings. They were carried out indoors using pulse techniques to eliminate unwanted bounces and reflections. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Attenuation KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Diffraction KW - Equations KW - Experimental data KW - Highways KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Pulse methods KW - Sound KW - Walls UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/024.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130711 AU - Obermeir, S F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH PY - 1975/06 SP - 37 p. AB - The vane device offers a simple means for taking shear strength measurements of weak or sensitive clayey soils. So the engineer could better determine how to interpret the test data, this study was undertaken to clarify the influence of testing variables and of in-situ stress and strain conditions on vane shear strength data. The data clearly showed that the measured shear strength of a clay soil is dependent on the test speed. This dependence is probably a function of two independent variables--effective stresses and shear strength properties of the soil. KW - Deformation curve KW - Effective stress KW - Sensitive clays KW - Shear strength KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130687 AU - Lacasse, S M AU - Ladd, C C AU - Barsvary, A K AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - UNDRAINED BEHAVIOR OF EMBANKMENT ON NEW LISKEARD VARVED CLAY PY - 1975/06 SP - 58 p. AB - The performance, including a failure, of two embankments in New Liskeard, Canada is analysed. The underlying 150 ft. (45.8 m.) of medium to soft varved clay is studied with respect to stability, undrained deformations and excess pore pressure distribution. Total stress stability analyses were performed with undrained strengths based on measured and corrected field vane strengths, the average UC and UU strength and SHANSEP strength parameters with and without anisotropy. Several approaches yielded satisfactory factors of safety and reasonable critical arcs. Effective stress analyses using pore pressures predicted from finite element analyses showed that either the effective stress strength parameters were much lower than those measured in the laboratory or the predicted pore pressures at failure were much too low. Undrained deformations and excess pore pressures at end of construction were predicted with the finite element program FEECON. The values were generally consisted with field measurements for an embankment located 200 ft. (61.0 m.) from the failure area. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pore pressure KW - Safety factors KW - Saturated soils KW - Soils KW - Stability analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Undrained conditions KW - Varved clays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130580 AU - Nix, H D AU - Bridges, C P AU - Power, M G AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIND LOADING ON FALSEWORK - PHASE I SN - 14030 PY - 1975/06 SP - 220 p. AB - Full size installations of Modular Tubular Falsework were tested in a wind tunnel. The tests considered various tower spacings, wind velocities to 100 mph, oblique incidence of wind, and varying number of tower units in the wind stream. The angle of wind incidence and the number of towers in the wind stream were found to be major factors in determining the total wind load on a falsework bent. A design method, based on an empirically established wind velocity model and the test data, is presented. /FHWA/ KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Bridge towers KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Falsework KW - Testing KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind load KW - Wind tunnels KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130581 AU - Bowers, D G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE BEHAVIOR UNDER REAL CONDITIONS AT IMPACT-ATTENUATION DEVICES PY - 1975/06 SP - 21 p. AB - Attempts were made to photograph contact and near-miss situations at impact-attenuation devices under real conditions. Still-frame 35-mm camers with automatic exposure control and heated magazines were employed. Magnetometers were used as sensing elements to actuate the camers. The system was designed so that the camera motor would run continuously to reduce lag time between trip signal and first exposure to 25 milliseconds. Failure in the camers gear train and extremely high rates of false alarms at the sites under surveillance, were prime reasons for early cancellation of the project. It is recommended that a video type system with continuous exposure and erasure be employed in future surveillance projects of this nature. In this case, the system would shut down on vehicle contact with the impact attenuator. /FHWA/ KW - Crash cushions KW - Failure KW - Photographic equipment KW - Photographic surveys KW - Photography KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130567 AU - Ladd, C C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOUNDATION DESIGN OF EMBANKMENTS CONSTRUCTED ON CONNECTICUT VALLEY VARVED CLAYS PY - 1975/06 SP - 438 p. AB - The report encompasses three main subjects. These are: (1) Presentation of a general methodology for the foundation design of embankments, especially regarding construction on soft ground; (2) A summary and synthesis of the engineering properties of Connecticut Valley varved clays, with emphasis on anisotropic strength, deformation and consolidation characteristics; and (3) Specific recommendations for the foundation design of embankments constructed on Connecticut Valley varved clays within Massachusetts. The last topic includes field and laboratory test programs; procedures for executing stability, deformation and consolidation analyses; the use of preloading with sand drains and surcharge fills; selection of soil parameters for design; and supervision of construction and evaluation of performance. Use of theoretical analyses and normalized soil properties are illustrated via an example design problem. Chapter 8 of the report presents a detailed summary of the design recommendations. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Anisotropy KW - Anisotropy (Physics) KW - Consolidation KW - Deformation KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Fills KW - Foundation engineering KW - Laboratory tests KW - Methodology KW - Preloading KW - Properties of materials KW - Recommendations KW - Sand drains KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soil deformation KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stability analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Surcharge KW - Valves KW - Varved clays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130719 AU - Orthlieb, M P AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY - PHASE IV REPORT NO. 74-5. FREEWAY CORRIDOR CONTROL STRATEGIES PY - 1975/06 SP - 352 p. AB - In recent years, on-ramp control and freeway redesign to improve freeway traffic operations has received considerable attention. Concrrently, work has been under way to develop coordinated control and design systems to improve street operations. however, only a few studies have used an integrated approach, to control and design both a freeway and an adjacent street network (i.e., an urban freeway corridor). Since corridor control and design systems have already been implemented in some locations and are planned in others, it would be most appropriate to have a methodology available that simultaneously considered all pertinent corridor control and design variables, such as ramp-metering rates, traffic signal timings, quantity of traffic to be diverted, and corridor geometry. The objectives of this study are (1) the development of such methodology and (2) the application of the methodology to corridor control optimization. A fixed-time methodology is developed to provide insight into the interactions between the various corridor design, demand, and control variables. This methodology, after computerization, is used as a tool to evaluate possible corridor control strategies and to select the optimum. As an example, the methodology is applied to the determination of optimum fixed-time corridor control strategies using data from the Northbound Eastshore Freeway Corridor (1-80) in the San Francisco Bay Area. Such research is expected to provide optimum corridor control strategies and to stimulate improved usage of existing facilities by balancing traffic against available capacity throughput a corridor system. /FHWA/ KW - Freeway operations KW - Geometric design KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Optimization KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130550 AU - Sack, R L AU - University of Idaho, Moscow TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BULB TEE MULTI-BEAM BRIDGES PY - 1975/06 SP - 61 p. AB - Multi-beam bridges, constructed from precast and prestressed concrete bulb tee sections, were evaluated through field observations and analyzed using the finite element method. Approximately 50 bridges were inspected in the states of Washington and Idaho, and data for over 100 bulb tee systems was obtained for evaluation. Personnel interviewed from agencies constructing these bridges were very accepting of the bulb tee bridge system. Their reasons for this acceptance included the ease of erection, low installation costs, and low maintenance costs. The field observations of existing bridges revealed some problems. Most of these problems have been eliminated in later designs by careful follow up work carried out by the producers and most agencies. Cost data on 81 bridges showed that the average cost per square foot of deck has been reduced by about 50 percent since 1963. Several finite element models were utilized to investigate the effect of the lateral load transfer devices. These analyses served to quantitatively illustrate the major role played by both the weld tie plate and the grout keyway in transferring the load laterally; furthermore the calculations revealed that a relatively minor amount of stiffness is contributed to the system by the diaphragms. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Finite element method KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094027 AU - Snethen, D R AU - Townsend, F C AU - Johnson, L D AU - Patrick, D M AU - Vedros, P J AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF ENGINEERING EXPERIENCES WITH EXPANSIVE SOILS IN HIGHWAY SUBGRADES PY - 1975/06 SP - 139 p. AB - Volume change resulting from moisture variations in expansive soil subgrades is estimated to cause damage to streets and highways in excess of $1.1 billion annually in the United States. Expansive soils are so extensive that rerouting highways to avoid the material is virtually impossible. This report presents the results of a review of current literature combined with details of experiences of selected state highway agencies on procedures for coping with problems associated with expansive soil subgrades. The report discusses the geologic, mineralogic, physical, and physicochemical properties which influence the volume change characteristics of expansive soils. Currently used techniques for sampling, identifying, and testing expansive materials are reviewed and discussed. Treatment alternatives for the prevention or reduction of detrimental volume change of expansive soil subgrades beneath new and existing pavements are presented and discussed. KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Liquefaction KW - Loss and damage KW - Mineralogy KW - Moisture content KW - Physical properties KW - Physicochemical properties KW - Railroad tracks KW - Sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade stability KW - Subgrade treatments KW - Swelling soils KW - Testing KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00129046 AU - LaCroix, J E AU - Kubiak, E J AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFICATION OF THE BPR-TYPE ROADOMETER PY - 1975/06 SP - 32 p. AB - Modifications were made in the horizontal distance and vertical displacement sensing devices of a BPR-Type Roadometer to improve the capabilities of this device for measuring pavement segments as short as 100 feet in length, and to increase the operating speed. Test results show that the modified system can be operated at test speeds ranging to 50 mph, and strongly suggest that the limiting speed may be in excess of 60 mph. Preliminary tests indicate that the device is capable of measuring pavement segments as short as 100 feet with sufficient accuracy to obtain RI values that are meaningful and usable. Roughness measurements obtained at 30, 40, and 50 mph correlated very well with those obtained at 20 mph. KW - Operating speed KW - Road meters KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093949 AU - Alexander, MMJ AU - Threlkeld, R AU - Williams, J AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS STUDY PY - 1975/06 SP - 60 p. AB - Several methods of classifying vehicles employing mechanical-electrical and television-video tape systems were field tested and evaluated to determine their state of development and possible future use in highway data collection activities. Mechanical-electrical systems tested consisted of an inductance loop detector with two pneumatic road tubes (or two road tubes alone) along with a solid state device which automatically classifies traffic into six categories depending upon axle number and axle spacing. Systems are suitable for both permanent installation and portable use. A permanent system was installed on I-75 south of Atlanta and provides car and truck average speeds in addition to vehicle classification data via telemetry through a dedicated WATS line to a central office computer. The television-video tape system involves the use of a closed circuit television camera and time-lapse video tape recorder to provide a continuous visual record of the traffic stream from which vehicle classification data can be extracted manually from playback on a television monitor. The results of field testing over a 3 1/2 year period indicated that further improvements are necessary and appear attainable before the mechanical-electrical systems can be used with confidence in practical applications. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Axles KW - Classification KW - Field tests KW - Flame photometry KW - Highway traffic KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Loop detectors KW - Pneumatic devices KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Research KW - Solid state devices KW - Surveillance KW - Telemetry KW - Television KW - Television cameras KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic surveys KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093682 AU - Goen, R L AU - WHITE, R K AU - Stanford Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION BETWEEN WEST GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES PY - 1975/06 SP - 112 p. AB - The report examines and explains the differences in per capita energy consumption between the United States and West Germany, and quantifies the factors involved. West Germany uses only half as much energy per capita as the United States. Energy use per capita for transportation is only one-fourth of that of the United States, for residential space heating (climate corrected) only one-half, for other residential uses only one-fourth, and for industrial uses 58 percent. The United States uses at least 40 percent more energy for industry in relation to output as West Germany. The total energy use in the United States in relation to national income is about 50 percent greater than in West Germany. This large disparity in energy use between the two countries suggests that continued economic growth and improvement in the standard of living in the United States should be possible without a proportionate increase in energy consumption. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chemical industry KW - Commercial buildings KW - Cookery KW - Demand KW - Deutsche Bahn KW - Deutsche Bundesbahn KW - Driers (Devices) KW - Dwellings KW - Electric power demand KW - Electric power supply KW - Electricity KW - Energy KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy intensiveness KW - Food industry KW - Fuel consumption KW - Germany KW - Glass industry KW - Heat KW - Heat consumption KW - Heating KW - Hot water heating KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Industries KW - Metal industry KW - Paper industry KW - Petroleum industry KW - Space heating KW - Transportation KW - United States KW - Water heaters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093487 AU - Gatling, F P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUDITORY MESSAGE STUDIES FOR ROUTE DIVERSION PY - 1975/06 SP - 66 p. AB - Four studies on auditory messages to motorists are reported. The results in Studies 1 and 2 indicate that drivers can handle up to four units of route information successfully. When the messages contain more than four units of information, drivers make unacceptably large numbers of errors when attempting to follow a route. Study 3 showed that drivers could choose and retain general information from auditory messages in which they had an interest and that the difficulty of the message was increased as exit and route numbers were increased. Study 4 developed information on the lead distances that visual signs alerting motorists of the availability of auditory information need to be placed from the broadcast areas. KW - Auditory perception KW - Communication systems KW - Drivers KW - Errors KW - Fungi KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Pellets KW - Radio KW - Recall campaigns KW - Retention psychology KW - Route guidance KW - Routes KW - Routing KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30156 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00097633 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Halstead, W J AU - Welborn, J Y AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ASPHALT TESTS AND SPECIFICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1975/06 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 7-15 AB - This article is an excerpt from a paper dealing with the history of asphalt tests and specifications. It presents a descriptive background of the beginnings of the use of asphalt pavements in this country, and the reasons for their advantages. The early sources of asphalt are described as well as early specifications and test methods, complete with their attenuating peculiarities and traditions. Among these early tests were the penetration test for viscosity, ductility test, loss on heating test, water resistance test, and others. Until 1903, there were no standards as yet developed for any of these tests. In 1901, the Federal Government first undertook a major role in roadbuilding by creating the Office of Public Roads with funds to establish a laboraotry for testing materials from all over the country. The American Society for Testing and Materials made the first effort in standardizing these tests and specifications. Their joint efforts are described, with developments leading up to the publication of accepted standards and specifications for testing materials. The creation of the American Association of State Highway Officials is described, and the development of the AASHO standards. Specifications for asphalt were first outlined in a joint conference in 1923, and were soon adopted by AASHO, with resultant modifications in the ensuing years. The use and standardization of both liquid and emulsified asphalts are detailed in the final sections of the article. A combination of historical facts and description of technical specifications for road materials, this narrative seeks to emphasize the Federal Government's role in standardizing the asphalt tests currently in use in the U.S. KW - Asphalt pavement specifications KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphalt tests KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Federal government KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Location KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Materials tests KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - United States KW - Vicinity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39799 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00097634 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Williams, W L AU - Kay, R A AU - Stephens, J K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NOISE PRODUCED BY OPEN-GRADED ASPHALTIC FRICTION COURSES PY - 1975/06 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-20 AB - As a result of more widespread use of open-graded asphaltic friction courses, field tests were undertaken in Arizona, California, and Nevada to determine their noise properties as compared with surfaces of portland cement concrete, chip seals, and asphalt-coated dense-graded materials. Sound-level measuring equipment and microphones were installed at the several test sites, a 1973 Plymouth station wagon was used as the test vehicle, and three tire-tread designs were used: mud and snow tire, standard tire, and radial tires. The measurements were recorded on magnetic tape, and then electronically analyzed. Results (which are given in tables and graphs) show that the open-graded asphaltic friction course is less noisy than the other three surfaces for each combination of speed and each combination of tread design. In conclusion, it can be stated that the open-graded asphaltic friction course has a lower noise level than the other three surfaces tested; that the use of this course to increase skid resistance also results in lower tire-pavement noise; and that the use of snow tires results in a noticeable increase in noise level over the standard and radial rib tires. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Friction KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rolling contact KW - Snow tires KW - Sound level KW - Sound level meters KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137407 AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF VIBRATION ON THE DURABILITY OF UNREINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1975/05/23 SP - 69 p. AB - Because a noticeable difference in durability of concrete pavements in Colorado seemed to be associated with differences in consolidation and void content of the concrete, an effort was made to determine the relationship. After extensive laboratory work to determine the basic characteristics of the designed mixes, test sections were layed out at four different locations. These test sections had internal vibration by vibrators having various diameter eccentrics and vibration speeds. In addition, the angle of the vibrators was changed, as was the height of the vibrators, the paver speed and the slump of the mixes. Performance of these test sections was observed from May 1970 until May 1975. Wear in the wheel paths due to studded tires has been approximately 0.1 inch per year in the heavily traveled non test areas of the experimental sections. Wear in the test sections has averaged 0.07 inch per year, but it has not varied directly with the consolidation effort. Although there is statistical evidence to indicate that good field control and reasonable vibration will assure at least 97% consolidation and sound concrete, there does not seem to be a direct relationship between vibration effort and resistance to surface abrasion. Other factors such as curing, mix design, water cement ratio at the surface and aggregate type appear to control surface hardness. KW - Aggregates KW - Air entrainment KW - Colorado KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Consolidations KW - Durability KW - Eccentricity KW - Mix design KW - Studded tires KW - Timers KW - Vibration KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137415 AU - Robinson, R R AU - Privitzer, E AU - Longinow, A AU - Chu, K H AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING HIGHWAY BRIDGES SUBJECTED TO STRONG MOTION SEISMIC LOADING PY - 1975/05/14 SP - 330 p. AB - The objective of this project was to determine cost effective means for modifying existing intermediate size bridges so as to better withstand the damaging effects of intense earthquake ground motions. Research studies were performed to identify and define, through structural analysis, practical techniques and criteria for retrofitting the bridges selected during the program. The need for retrofitting is based on the philosophy that damage should be limited so that collapse does not occur and traffic can be restored after minimum repairs. Seven different bridge structures were selected throughout the United States in high risk seismic regions. Seismic loads were determined for each bridge based on the soil conditions and seismicity at its site. A simplified analysis procedure was defined during the project and validated by selective comparisons with nonlinear response analyses. Each bridge was analyzed for horizontal seismic loads. Failures and potential weaknesses are indicated for several of the structures and retrofit measures are recommended. All known retrofit concepts which are of potential value in reducing seismic bridge damage are described and illustrated. Based on this study, many bridges located in high seismic risk zones may be subjected to severe damage and potential failure during the life of the structure. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Earth movements KW - Earth movements (Geophysics) KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Elastic waves KW - Highway bridges KW - Loads KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01342882 AU - Kavak, Fuat Can AU - Demetsky, Michael J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Express Bus-Fringe Parking Planning Methodology PY - 1975/05//Volume II SP - 60p AB - The conception, calibration, and evaluation of alternative disaggregate behavioral models of the express bus-fringe parking travel choice situation are described. Survey data collected for the Parham Express Service in Richmond, Virginia, are used to define the service market area and to construct binary and n-dimensional choice models. The performance of these models is tested using a set of comprehensive evaluation criteria. Finally, the Parham Express model is applied to another fringe parking service (Princess Anne Plaza in Virginia Beach, Virginia) to evaluate the transferability of such models for planning applications. It is concluded that a model calibrated for a given urban subarea can be transferred and applied only to other areas which exhibit similar population, service, and urban development characteristics. The requirements of a generalized model are described. KW - Calibration KW - Choice models KW - Data collection KW - Express buses KW - Express service KW - Fringe parking KW - Public transit KW - Richmond (Virginia) KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Virginia Beach (Virginia) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36859/75-R60.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1103874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098580 AU - Reichart, K B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING URBAN MOBILITY THROUGH BETTER TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PY - 1975/05 SP - 30 p. AB - Pressure is building in America to "do something" to improve urban mobility. Many treatments designed to relieve these combined pressures rely on the development and demonstration of new systems technology which usually requires long lead times and high capital costs. However, there are low-cost options available to use now which can significantly improve urban mobility, can be implemented quickly, and also offer environmental and energy conservation benefits. Some of these techniques concentrate on improving the people-moving efficiency of the existing road systems through more effective management; some at improving transit operations. Others concentrate on improved utilization of the automobile through ride-sharing programs. Still other techniques attempt to reduce the demand for motor vehicle transportation services and facilities. The technique or combination of techniques used depends on the needs and resources available in the specific area, but each can be a positive response to the complex issues involved in urban transportation today. This publication illustrates what is being done and what can further be done to improve urban mobility. KW - Administration KW - Carpools KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Improvements KW - Mobility KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091562 AU - DENVER REGIONAL COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS AU - Department of Housing and Urban Development AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REGIONAL BIKEWAY SYSTEMS PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1975/05 SP - 198 p. AB - A final report is more on a current regional bikeway planning design, and on implementation techniques for developing regional bikeway systems. The objective of this report is to provide a uniform set of design recommendations concerning bicycle facility development to all jurisdictions within the Denver Metropolitan Area. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Capacity KW - Colorado KW - Communities KW - Design standards KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Needs assessment KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Recommendations KW - Recreation KW - Recreational use KW - Regional planning KW - Regional transportation KW - Safety KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00132135 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF FHWA ROADSIDE SAFETY DESIGN PY - 1975/05 SP - 136 p. AB - This report completes the actions requested in Mr. Lann's memorandum of January 9, 1975, concerning the assignment of a task force to review and develop a position paper on the following charges addressing the roadside safety design under the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA): 1. Is our present system for devising highway design standards adequate? 2. Are our present highway safety design standards expressed in terms of objective performance criteria? 3. Is our present method of issuing regulations and directives concerning highway safety design standards adequate to provide public input? 4. Is our present operating procedure adequate to insure the application of sound roadside safety design principles on all new highway projects? 5. Is national legislation necessary to overcome the State's concern over liability by providing that formal identification and recognition of hazards does not constitute evidence of negligence provided that an active program of correction executed to the limits of the State's resources is in being? 6. Are there substantive corrections of fact which relate to the conclusions of the report which can be documented and which should be noted? 7. Are there conclusions of the report which are not supported by the data and which should be challenged? 8. How valid is the statement made in the news release of December 16, 1974, by Ms. Ellen S. Miller, that "We concluded that the underlying cause of this safety failure is that highway officials do not accept responsibility for safee roadside design as an integral part of every highway project they build--a failure which results in the unnecessary deaths of at least 18,000 people annually." 9. List actions FHWA should take as a result of the CAS Report--if any. 10. Any other items in the "Report" may be considered by the task force if they appear warranted. The task force, consisting of representatives from the Offices of Chief Counsel, Research, Development, Engineering, Traffic Operations, and Highway Safety has reviewed the charges attached to Mr. Lamm's memorandum and their findings and recommendations are set out in the following sections of this report. KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Roadside improvement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153890 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Schafer, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATTITUDES, OPINIONS, EXPERIENCES AND CHARCTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY RELOCATEES PY - 1975/05 SP - 59 p. AB - This study analyzes the attitudes, opinions, experiences, and characteristics of highway relocatees displaced under the 1968 and 1970 Relocation Programs. Four classifications are used in a comparative analysis as follows: (1) type of relocatee (residential versus business or institutional), (2) type of relocation program (1968 versus 1970), (3) population of urban location, and (4) ethnic background. The sample consists of 444 relocatees. Of these, 76 percent were residential; 70 percent relocated under the 1970 Program; 60 percent lived in urban areas over 100,000 population; and 75 percent were Anglos. The findings indicate that the opinions and attitudes of residential relocatees were more favorable than those of business or institutional relocatees. The classification by type of program indicates that both the 1968 and 1970 programs produced similar attiudes toward the two relocation programs and toward the relocation experience. The classifications according to population of urban location and race reveal few significant differences in relocatee characteristics, experiences, opinions, and attitudes. KW - Attitudes KW - Business districts KW - Characteristics KW - Ethnic groups KW - Experience KW - Institutions KW - Knowledge KW - Organizations KW - Population KW - Public opinion KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Residential areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137429 AU - Bloom, J A AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERIM STANDARDS FOR BRIDGE RAILS REQUIRED TO CONTAIN HEAVY VEHICLES. VOLUME 4. DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLIFIED INPUT AND FLEXIBLE CRITERIA CAPABILITIES FOR THE BARRIER VII PROGRAM PY - 1975/05 SP - 58 p. AB - The BARRIER VII program, which simulates the impact of vehicles with flexible barriers, was modified in order to simplify the input requirements. The simplified format eliminates the complex modeling required of the user and allows selection of prestored vehicle and barrier data from the program's library. The flexible barriers criteria developed under this contract was automated to enable the user to check the general tendency of a barrier design to safely contain vehicles of various weights. KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Flexibility KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway bridges KW - Impact tests KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Structural engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137416 AU - Demich, G F AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION CAUSED BY DE-ICING CHEMICALS PY - 1975/05 SP - 49 p. AB - Forty-eight bridge decks were investigated for deterioration using visual, mechanical, electrical and chemical techniques. Data from the various techniques and the techniques themselves were compared and evaluated. Of the thirty-seven bridges for which all four types of inspection could be accomplished, twenty-nine were deteriorating as evidenced by delaminated concrete, and only two had non-deteriorating scores for all four techniques. None of the investigative techniques used in the project have been shown able to predict deck deterioration problems six to eight years in advance, the desired time period for project planning. The mechanical technique, commonly referred to as the 'chain drag', is the method recommended for continued use by bridge inspection crews. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chemicals KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing KW - Delaminating KW - Delamination KW - Deterioration KW - Inspection KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Spalling KW - Tests KW - Wear UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/020.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151808 AU - Weber, S F AU - Braut, A AU - Montana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - YELLOWSTONE RIVER GRAVELS PY - 1975/05 SP - 92 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to develop a grading specification that would provide a more satisfactory pavement and be more compatible with source characteristics so they would lessen production and construction difficulties. Conservation of materials, cost savings, decreased asphalt requirements, higher friction surfaces, and mineral filler elimination were associated benefits that appeared to be realizeable as the study progressed. Bituminous pavement mixtures using Yellowstone River aggregates exhibited characteristics associated with over-sanding when produced under the Standard Specifications. This specification nominally limited the -40M fraction to a maximum of 25%, however waivers generally allowed 30% and this figure was often exceeded in production. The high sand fraction in turn required a substantial proportion of fine particles (-80 & -200M) to fill void spaces in the sand. In order to ascertain gradation characteristics of the natural gravel deposits, several sites along the river were chosen for statistical analyses. Data was taken from the files of completed projects which were located at more or less equal distances apart and which provided a large number of samples. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Comminution KW - Cost estimating KW - Cost estimtes KW - Costs KW - Crushing KW - Extrusive rocks KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Friction KW - Grading curves KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Granulation KW - Gravel KW - Highway grades KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Mineral fillers KW - Montana KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Sand KW - Specifications KW - Surfaces KW - Variables KW - Variations KW - Yellowstone River UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149582 AU - Richardson, E V AU - Karaki, S AU - Mahmood, K AU - Simons, D B AU - Stevens, M A AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins TI - HIGHWAYS IN THE RIVER ENVIRONMENT: HYDRAULIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. TRAINING AND DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1975/05 SP - 453 p. AB - Through a coordinated effort between the Federal Highway Administration and Colorado State University a training course was developed to provide training in the practical application of the concepts of open channel flow, fluvial geomorphology, and river mechanics to the planning, location, design, construction, maintenance and operation of highways; and to enable the participants to apply these concepts to environmental problems associated with highway crossings and encroachments. This two-week course was oriented to graduate engineers who have had training in basic hydraulics. The subject Training and Design Manual was developed to serve as a text for the course. The manual has eight chapters which are titled: Introduction; Open Channel Flow; Fundamentals of Fluvial Channel Flow; Fluvial Geomorphology; River Mechanics; River Stabilization, Bank Protection and Scour; Needs and Sources for Data; and Hydraulic and Environmental Considerations of Highway River Crossings and Encroachments. A second publication was also developed for this course on Highways in the River Environment. It is subtitled Basic Course Instructor's Lesson Plans and contains outlines for each of the thirty-four lessons for this course. It is also available from the National Technical Information Service. /FHWA/ KW - Bank protection KW - Channel flow KW - Education KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fluvial hydraulics KW - Geomorphology KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Open channel flow KW - Rivers KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094498 AU - Jimenex, R A AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Arizona, Tucson TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS (ARIZONA) PY - 1975/05 SP - 132 p. AB - The report presents findings to supplement the previous report on a new asphalt pavement design concept for Arizona. Laboratory studies of flexural fatigue showed the eleven field paving mixtures could be separated into four distinct groups. Examination of data obtained from a questionnaire and loadometer reports produce a simple procedure for estimating the load and number for each of 5 'design axles'. The study indicated a need to obtain tire inflation pressure and a separation of front axles from single axles in the standard 'W4' table. Dynaflect pavement deflection data showed their great dependence on the surface and base courses (K1) and much less dependence on subgrade (E3). A new procedure for determining compression fatigue and E3 for subgrade soils under repetitive loadings is suggested. The design procedure is illustrated with the new data obtained from the research. KW - Arizona KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flexural strength KW - Loads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Structural design KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126319 AU - Gulden, W AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT FAULTING STUDY PY - 1975/05 SP - 58 p. AB - The report describes the procedures and results of a study to determine the extent and causes of pavement faulting on the Interstate System in Georgia. Several statewide faulting surveys were made during the course of the study. Comparisons are made on the severity of faulting taking into account the type of subbase courses used and the accumulative volume of heavy truck traffic. Recent design changes which have been made by Georgia in order to reduce the rate of faulting are discussed as well as present maintenance practices with respect to faulted pavements. It is concluded that the faulting of joints in Georgia is the result of erosional effects produced by the infiltration of surface water and repeated passage of heavy axle loads which is causing a loss of erodible material from the top of the subbase and from the shoulder area. KW - Axle loads KW - Defects KW - Erosion KW - Faulting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Surface waters KW - Traffic volume KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093369 AU - Tri-State Regional Planning Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Department of Housing and Urban Development TI - REGIONAL PROFILE. THE EXPRESSWAY CONNECTION. VOLUME III. NUMBER 1 PY - 1975/05 SP - 9 p. AB - Expressway 'stub ends' should be completed in order to get the most out of public dollars that have already been spent. This was significantly demonstrated through a systemwide analysis of roadways in the Morristown area after the opening of a four-mile segment of Interstate 287 in Morris County. Opening the missing segment has alleviated congestion on the north-south roadways--U.S.202, N.J.53, Whippany and Parsippany roads and on the east-west routes--N.J.10 and County 510. Total costs of vehicular travel in the Morristown area--including time, accident and operating costs, plus payment for land and construction costs--are now lower per unit of travel than before. KW - Construction KW - Expressways KW - Highway traffic KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Regional planning KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093296 AU - Doctor, D A AU - Southeast Michigan Council of Governments AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - A MANUAL MODEL TO PREDICT HIGHWAY RELATED CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS PY - 1975/05 SP - 43 p. AB - This paper is intended to present the derivation of the manual model used in predicting the region's highway related carbon monoxide concentrations and explain its use in predicting concentrations under different conditions. The model incorporates the variables of meteorology, involving both atmospheric stability and wind, vehicle mix by age and the associated vehicle miles traveled, vehicle type, distinguishing between light and heavy duty vehicles, carbon monoxide emissions by year modified by average link speed, traffic volume, measured for the peak hour and eight hour hourly average, and dispersion factors for both horizontal and vertical directions. With an accurate description of a facility's design, use characteristics and meteorological conditions, very accurate prediction of the carbon monoxide concentrations on or near the facility may be made. These variables and the derivation of the model are discussed in detail in the body of this paper, leading in logical order to the assembly and use of the model. KW - Air pollution KW - Anemometry KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Dispersers KW - Dispersing KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway transportation KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Traffic volume KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092295 AU - Mitrey, R J AU - Amsler, D E AU - Suuronen, D E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SELECTED PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURES ON TIRE NOISE PY - 1975/05 SP - 24 p. AB - Modern methods of surface texturing to enhance concrete pavement skid-resistance by increasing texture depth have resulted in increased tire-pavement noise, as compared to older finishing practices. Measurements of noise associated with new textured concrete pavements representing the range of current and past practice in New York State are reported. A high correlation was found between the depth of textures created by brooming and burlap dragging, as measured by the sand patch method, and the A-weighted sound level of a single vehicle passing over those textures. Methods for measuring texture parameters and tire-pavement noise are described in appendices. It is suggested that sand patch test results may have to be interpreted differently for textures produced by the newer methods than for those produced by older methods (i.e., burlap dragging and brooming). KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Depth KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Flexible pavements KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Noise sound KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Roughness KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Sound level KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092460 AU - Sanders, W W AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Elleby, H A AU - Timm, L W AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE HIGHWAY TRUSS BRIDGES: PHASE I. ULTIMATE LOAD TESTS OF THE HUBBY BRIDGE, BOONE COUNTY SN - ERI-1118-5 PY - 1975/05 SP - 104 p. AB - As a result of the construction of the Saylorville Dam and Reservoir on the Des Moines River, six highway bridges crossing the river were scheduled for removal. One of these, an old pinconnected high-truss single-lane bridge, was selected for a testing program which included ultimate load tests. The purpose of the ultimate load tests, which are summarized in this report, was to relate design and rating procedures presently used in bridge design to the field behavior of this type of truss bridge. The ultimate load tests consisted of ultimate load testing of one span of the bridge, of two I-shaped floorbeams, and of two panels of the timber deck. The theoretical capacity of each of these components is compared with the results from the field tests. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Des Moines River KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Iowa KW - Iron KW - Loads KW - Panels KW - Physical properties KW - Ratings KW - Steel KW - Steel construction KW - Structural design KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Theory KW - Truss bridges KW - Wrought iron UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092037 AU - Blue, V J AU - Parietti, D J AU - Adler, B AU - Computran Systems Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - FEASIBILITY OF AN EXCLUSIVE BUS/CAR POOL LANE ON NEW JERSEY ROUTE 3. VOLUME I PY - 1975/05 SP - 161 p. AB - The feasibility of setting aside one lane for the exclusive use of bus and car pools on New Jersey Route 3 was determined. The PRIFRE Model, a computer model which determines traffic conditions for normal and priority operations, was calibrated to represent Route 3. Numerous configurations of bus and car pool lanes were identified, and five priority configurations were modeled for eastbound traffic. Three other priority configurations were modeled for westbound traffic. A major criteria in the analysis is the occupancy shifts required in terms of cumulative passenger hours, travel time, vehicle miles traveled, and traffic operations. A benefit-cost analysis was performed including user considerations and system costs. The report contains a recommendation that the state of New Jersey implement a bus and car pool lane in each direction according to specified criteria. KW - Automobiles KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bus lanes KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Computers KW - Directional distribution KW - Expressways KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - New Jersey KW - Passenger transportation KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Reserved lanes KW - Simulation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic direction KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic peaks KW - Travel time KW - User benefits KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092203 AU - Amsler, D E AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEPTH OF CONCRETE COVER OVER BRIDGE DECK REINFORCEMENT PY - 1975/05 SP - 30 p. AB - Fifty concrete bridge deck spans in New York State were surveyed with a pachometer for depth of clear concrete cover. Compliance with a design requirement for a minimum of 2 in. occurred at 77.3 percent of the locations measured. Spans having a high degree of compliance also tended to have relatively uniform cover depths. The degree of compliance appeared to be related to construction practices. The distribution of cover depths on individual spans was generally not normal, and a construction tolerance of plus or minus 1/2 in. was determined to be reasonable for the type of design requirement under which the decks were built. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Depth KW - Depth detectors KW - Design standards KW - Highway bridges KW - New York (State) KW - Pachometers KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00138577 AU - Mitchell, T M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUCLEAR CEMENT CONTENT GAGE: INSTRUCTION MANUAL PY - 1975/05 SP - 44 p. AB - Detailed instructions are presented for the operation and maintenance of a nuclear (gamma ray backscatter and absorption) gage for measuring the cement content of plastic (fresh) portland cement concrete. The gage is a prototype based on research results reported in Federal Highway Administration Report No. FHWA-RD-73-48, "A Radioisotope Backscatter Gauge for Measuring the Cement Content of Plastic Concrete." The manual includes: procedures for establishing calibration curves, for determining cement content, and for performing basic maintenance and troubleshooting; a radiation safety discussion; and specifications, a synposis of the principles of operation, a detailed description of the components. KW - Calibration KW - Cement content KW - Concrete tests KW - Manuals KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear gages KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Radiation hazards KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130583 AU - Hernandez, H D AU - Gamble, W L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - TIME-DEPENDENT PRESTRESS LOSSES IN PRETENSIONED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SN - ICHRP No. 157 PY - 1975/05 SP - 171 p. AB - Theoretical time-dependent deformations and prestress losses in pretensioned, prestressed simply supported concrete girders, based on the revised rate of creep method, are presented. The effects of age of precast girders at the time of casting of the deck concrete, time of transfer of prestress, deck dead load, type of prestressing strands (stress-relieved or low-relaxation strands), initial level of stress in the concrete, and the effects of varying environmental conditions on the behavior of concrete structures are studied. Predicted unit creep and shrinkage strains versus time relationships are based on the 1970 C.E.B. recommendations and relaxation losses for stress relieved strands are estimated using the expressions developed by Magura, Sozen, and Siess. A similar expression is used for the case of low-relaxation strands. Predicted deformations are compared with long-term measurements made on full-sized bridge structures located in Illinois. Annual cyclic variations of the total strains and total prestress forces occur in all structures located outdoors. Two recommended sets of factors for the estimation of prestress losses are given, one for the case of stress-relieved strands and the other for the case of low-relaxation strands. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete structures KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Estimating KW - Girders KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strands KW - Stresses KW - Time dependence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130590 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS (ARIZONA). FINAL REPORT - PHASE II PY - 1975/05 SP - 132 p. AB - The report presents findings to supplement the previous report on a new asphalt pavement design concept for Arizona. Laboratory studies of flexural fatigue showed the eleven field paving mixtures could be separated into four distinct groups. Examination of data obtained from a questionnaire and loadometer reports produce a simple procedure for estimating the load and number for each of 5 "design axles". The study indicated a need to obtain tire inflation pressure and a separation of front axles from single axles in the standard "W4" table. Dynaflect pavement deflection data showed their great dependence on the surface and base courses (K1) and much less dependence on subgrade (E3). A new procedure for determining compression fatigue and E3 for subgrade soils under repetitive loadings is suggested. The design procedure is illustrated with the new data obtained from the research. /FHWA/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Axle loads KW - Compression KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexure KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Repeated loads KW - Structural design KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094138 AU - Murray, B D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF COMPACTION OF CEMENT TREATED BASES PY - 1975/05 SP - 26 p. AB - A persistent small percentage of California's portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements develop a faulting condition. This results in decreased riding quality and, in the extreme case, structural failure. Generally, California's PCC pavements are constructed over cement treated aggregate bases (CTB), which are suspected of abrading and contributing to faulting. Trimming to grade of the CTB during placement is believed to contribute to a loss in its surface integrity. During this investigation twenty-one CTB test sections were studied to evaluate the surface characteristics of both conventionally placed (trimmed) and experimentally placed CTB using a 'no-trim' method. The field investigations indicated that CTB can be placed using a 'no-trim' method and meet the specifications imposed for conventionally placed CTB. The laboratory investigation of samples removed from the test sections did not indicate a significant advantage for either placement method due to variables within the CTB itself. It is recommended that changes be made in construction methods to eliminate the trimming operation from all forms of CTB construction. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California KW - Cement KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compaction KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Compressive strength KW - Construction management KW - Evaluation KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Test sections KW - Trimming KW - Vibratory compaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130559 AU - Gulden, W AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUCLEAR CEMENT CONTENT GAGE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (GEORGIA) PY - 1975/05 SP - 78 p. AB - A nuclear cement content gage designed to measure the cement content of plastic concrete has been evaluated under routine testing and field conditions on three projects by the Georgia Department of Transportation. The evaluation was performed by establishing and verifying calibration curves and by field testing to determine the accuracy, reliability, and maintainability of the gage under routine use. The gage, which uses low energy gamma-rays from an Americium-241 radioactive source, was found to be very sensitive to changes in the aggregate proportions in the design mix. As a result, it was necessary to establish more than one calibration line on two of the three projects, due to changes made in the mix design during the testing phase. All the projects monitored used siliceous aggregates. The test results indicated that the nuclear gage will indicate the cement content of the plastic concrete within FHWA's previously established error margins for the device (36 lbs/cu yd (21 kg/cu m) for a single sample, siliceous aggregate, 90 percent confidence level). KW - Cement content KW - Field tests KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear applications KW - Nuclear engineering KW - Polymer concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00125336 AU - Kissane, R J AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - FIELD TESTING OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES: FOURTH INTERIM REPORT PY - 1975/05 AB - Experimentally determined response of a symmetrical, two-span, continuous, horizontally curved steel box-girder bridge is compared with a theoretical analysis represenging the same structure as a planar grid. The structure evaluated is a three-girder bridge with a centerline span length and radius of 112.7 and 290 ft, respectively. Field measurements consisted of strains, deflections, rotations, and crosssection deformations in one span of the structure. Test results show that the experimental in-plane bending moments for dead and static live loads were approximately 86 percent of their respective theoretical values. Comparisons with the proportion of total load carried by the individual girder, however, were within 6 percent. The maximum live-load distribution factor for this structure is smaller than the value used in design of straight box-girder structures. Increased torsional stiffness resulting from the closely spaced internal diaphragms is believed to have caused this favorable effect. /FHWA/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Curvature KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Field tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Live loads KW - Load transfer KW - Spacing KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design KW - Test results KW - Theory KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00125519 AU - Minkarah, I AU - Cook, J P AU - University of Cincinnati TI - A STUDY OF FIELD PERFORMANCE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1975/05 AB - An experimental section of P.C.C. pavement on U.S. 23 in Ross County, Ohio is studied. Variables included in the study are: (1) Joint spacing; (2) Sub-base stabilization; (3) Coating of dowel bars; (4) Configuration of the saw cut; and (5) The use of skewed joints. The yearly curve of joint movement is plotted from hand gage readings. Electronic instrumentation is used to give a continuous record of daily horizontal slab movements. Deflection of the slab ends under known axle loads is measured. A complete record to date is given of the progress of mid slab cracking. Spalling at the bottom of the pavement is measured and plotted for each of the 101 contraction joints in the project. KW - Axle loads KW - Deflection KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Field performance KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skewed structures KW - Slab action KW - Spacing KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126530 AU - Sanders, W W AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Elleby, H A AU - Tim, L W AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - UTLIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE HIGHWAY TRUSS BRIDGES: PHASE I - ULTIMATE LOAD TESTS OF THE HUBBY BRIDGE _ BOONE COUNTY PY - 1975/05 SP - 114 p. AB - As a result of the construction of the Saylorville Dam and Reservoir on the Des Moines River, six highway bridges crossing the river were scheduled for removal. One of these, an old pin-connected high-truss single-lane bridge, was selected for a testing program which included ultimate load tests. The purpose of the ultimate load tests, which are summarized in this report, was to relate design and rating procedures presently used in bridge design to the field behavior of this type of truss bridge. The ultimate load tests consisted of ultimate load testing of one span of the bridge, of two I-shaped floorbeams, and of two panels of the timber deck. The theoretical capacity of each of these components is compared with the results from the field tests. The bridge was rated using the present AASHTO Maintenance Manual. The ratings of the bridge and its components averaged about 25% of capacity. The ratings were fairly consistent except for the floorbeams, where the assumption on lateral support conditions for the compression flange caused considerable variation. KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge members KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00099905 AU - Lane, F D AU - Pfau, J L AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - SPEED ADVISORY INFORMATION FOR REDUCED VISIBILITY CONDITIONS PY - 1975/05 SP - 131 p. AB - This project is being conducted to develop preliminary design specifications for a speed advisory system for use during periods of reduced visibility (fog). Phase I of the program consisted of developing the necessary facilities, equipment and procedures to conduct controlled experimentation under various levels of fog density. Phase II consists of a series of interrelated experiments to identify optimum advisory information (sign messages and speed values), and the number, locations and interconnections between signs which will results in the smoothest traffic flow. Phase III will utilize this information, as well as the pertinent literature, to develop detailed specifications for a full-scale advisory system for testing on a public highway. This report covers the activities of Phase I and the preliminary results of the first two experiments of Phase II. The facilities, equipment and procedures developed are described as well as some of the problems encountered in their development. The first study of Phase II was concerned with determining what speeds drivers normally drive at under various conditions of reduced visibility. Fifity-one subjects maye a total of 144 fog runs at 100, 200, 300 and 400 foot visibilities. The drivers speed distributions were obtained and the 15th, 50th, and 85th percentile speeds calculated for each condition. The second study was intended to determine which of the percentile speeds from Study I would results in the smoothest traffic flow when used as a posted speed for each of the four visibilities. One hundred five subjects made a total of 140 runs under that 12 speed-visibility conditions. Although only a first level analysis has been completed, the results indicate that the posted speed sign had little or no effect (regardless of which percentile speed was posted) upon driver performance in terms of mean speed through the fog. Additionally, the presence of the posted speed was found to have a slightly deterimental effect upon traffic stability. This was evidenced by an increase in speed variance for the conditions of Study II when a posted speed was present over similar visibility conditions of Study I when the sign was not present. For Study II, little in the way of a systematic effect was found for the posted speeds within visibility conditions. A more detailed analysis of the data is suggested and is being conducted. The report also contains a description of the remaining studies in Phase II. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Experiments KW - Fog KW - Reaction time KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Traffic flow KW - Visibility KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/27564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098829 AU - Netherton, R D AU - Wood, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL OF JUNKYARDS UNDER THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT: A COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS AND REGULATIONS PY - 1975/05 SP - 51 p. AB - Federal and state laws form the framework for carrying out a nationwide program of effective control of junkyards, automobile graveyards, garbage dumps and sanitary landfills along almost 40,000 miles of Interstate highways and more than 250,000 miles of the Federal-Aid Primary System. In two areas, this review of state law seems particularly significant. One of these areas involves the working relationship between states and local units of government responsible for general planning and zoning of land use in the community. Provision for coordination of decisions on site selection for junkyards and salvage facilities within the community goes far toward assuring that needed service for storage and processing of scrap materials are maintained while visual quality of the highway is protected. A second area where the draftsmanship of state law has been innovative concerns the distinction between facilities designed for processing scrap into reusable secondary materials and sites which are essentially reserved for storage of junked items. KW - Beautification KW - Building sites KW - Environmental impacts KW - Federal government KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Junkyards KW - Land use KW - Landfills KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Location KW - Recycling KW - Regulations KW - State government KW - United States KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37825 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00096262 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ducker, W L AU - Vallabhan, V G AU - McMullin, M S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE DESIGN OF BEAM TESTING APPARATUS PY - 1975/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 163-166 AB - A critical evaluation of the mechanical design of beam testing apparatus used to determine the flexural strength of concrete by ASTM methods C 78-64(1972) and C 293-68 is presented. Two approaches were used in the evaluation: (1) an experimental deformation of the concrete beam analysis and (2) a stress-deformation analysis of the same by the finite element method. An alternative design of beam testing fixtures is presented by which the tests can be performed more efficiently and accurately. KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete tests KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Evaluation KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flexural strength KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural tests KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00096263 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hamstad, M A AU - Mukherjee, A K AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING OF UNFLAWED 7075-T6 ALUMINUM PY - 1975/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 167-172 AB - Tensile tests were performed to study the differences in the continuous acoustic emission from 7075-T6 aluminum plates made by five manufactures. The grain structures and the chemical compositions of these plates were determined. Results are given on a sixth plate, which emitted burst-type acoustic emission super-imposed on the continuous acoustic emission. The effect of orientation with respect to the rolling direction within a single plate was studied. Results from interrupted tensile tests are also reported; these tests were stopped at about 4.5% strain for different time periods before they were resumed. The tests indicate that acoustic emission is very sensitive to differences between plates of 7075-T6 aluminum that do not show up on a stress-strain curve. Further-more, the dislocation mechanisms that cause the continuous acoustic emission in this aluminum alloy are altered by room temperature, diffusion-based aging. KW - Acoustic properties KW - Aluminum KW - Chemical composition KW - Deformation curve KW - Metal structure KW - Plate metal KW - Pollutants KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00096266 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Willertz, L E AU - Moon, D M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CORRELATION OF DAMPING AND FATIGUE OF AN AISI 403 STAINLESS STEEL PY - 1975/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 191-198 AB - The changes in the damping properties of AISI 403 with cyclical torsional fatigue stressing have been determined in order to define the cyclical stress sensitivity limit (CSSL) of the material. Comparision of the data with observations of changes in surface features and the torsional and push-pull fatigue lives shows that the CSSL is a good indication of the minimum stress which can cause permanent fatigue damage in this material. The type of test used to determine the CSSL is rapid in that less than one day's testing on one specimen is required to define it, whereas the usual fatigue limit requires testing times of several weeks and a number of different specimens. Application of the Granato-Lucke theory of dislocation damping explains many of the observations of damping and modulus changes encountered. KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Dislocations KW - Fatigue limit KW - Sensitivity KW - Stainless steel KW - Stresses KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00096268 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Berman, H A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DETERMINATION OF LOW LEVELS OF CHLORIDE IN HARDENED PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE, MOTAR, AND CONCRETE PY - 1975/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 208-210 AB - Errors occur in the analysis of cement and concrete samples containing less than 0.02% C1 when the potentiometric ion electrode titration method published earlier is used (Journal of Materials, JMLSA, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1972, pp. 330-335). Slow nucleation of AgC1 and slow equilibration produce large initial voltage increments which may be mistaken for the end point. A preliminary addition of 1 or 2 ml of 0.01 N NaC1 delays the end point and places it in a nonambiguous region of the titration. Examples are given of titrations with the without the NaC1 addition and a technique for handling millivoltmeter needle instability is described. KW - Cement paste KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardened concrete KW - Mortar KW - Portland cement KW - Volumetric analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00096264 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kargol, J A AU - ALBRIGHT, D L AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A FRACTURE MECHANICS METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE CRACK PROPAGATION RESISTANCE OF EMBRITTLED ALUMINUM BICRYSTALS PY - 1975/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 173-178 AB - A fracture mechanics testing method has been adapted to the study of the crack propagation resistance of high purity aluminum bicrystals which fail under liquid metal embrittlement conditions. The tapered double cantilever beam fracture test makes it possible to determine the threshold crack extension force for a propagating crack and the crack velocity as a function of driving force above this threshold. Modifications of this test have been made so that it can be used to determine crack velocity for 99,99+ percent pure aluminum bicrystals in a Hg-3a/o Ga atmosphere. The test is shown to be reproducible, and variations due to differences in crystallographic orientation of the bicrystals are attainable. KW - Aluminum KW - Beams KW - Concrete tests KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Embrittlement KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Liquid metals KW - Rock crystals KW - Structural tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00096269 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Beeler, J R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - RADIATION DAMAGE UNITS FOR STEEL PY - 1975/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 230-237 AB - Damage units are needed to correlate radiation effects data from different types of radiation sources and to standardize experimental and testing procedures. In the case of radiation-induced changes in the mechanical properties of structural materials, useful damage units are the production rates per unit volume of mobile defects, immobile defect clusters, and interstitial dislocation loops. Quantitative recipes are given for the production of these and other related defects in steel at reactor operating temperatures. KW - Defects KW - Loss and damage KW - Mechanical properties KW - Nuclear reactors KW - Radiation effects KW - Radiation hazards KW - Steel KW - Structural materials KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00096267 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Matejka, W A AU - Knoth, R J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A HIGH PURITY APPROACH TO HIGH CHROMIUM FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS PY - 1975/05 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 199-207 AB - This paper discusses merits of a high chromium ferritic stainless steel with extremely low levels of carbon and nitrogen. Data are shown on effects of carbon, nitrogen, and other impurity elements on alloy corrosion properties, mechanical properties, mill processing, and fabricability. Properties of Type XM-27, a 26C4-1Mo high purity ferritic made by electron-beam refining, are discussed for various product forms. Weldability and fabrication characteristics are reviewed with emphasis on heat exchangers and pressure vessels. Use of Type XM-27 in chemical, petroleum, and fertilizer processing equipment is described. Service performance results, in some cases showing 24-month data, are presented. KW - Alloy steel KW - Chromium steels KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Electron beam welding KW - Ferrites KW - Headrests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pressure vessels KW - Purity KW - Weldability KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/39102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092353 AU - Vedam, K AU - Shuler, L AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF HEMISPHERICAL BEADS AS PAVEMENT MARKING RETROREFLECTORS PY - 1975/04/24 SP - 80 p. AB - Since preliminary theoretical calculations indicated that hemispherical beads may act as efficient retroreflectors on pavement markings even under wet conditions, a program of research was undertaken to carry out a systematic study on the effectiveness of the hemispherical beads both from theoretical and experimental points of view. The experimental studies included some actual field tests involving the regular automobile traffic flow conditions as well as a number of passes with snowplows. Studies with various size beads indicate as expected, that the smaller the size of the beads the greater the chance of survival under snow plowing conditions but with normal snowplow practices, with the blade grazing the pavement, no beads survive. These tests indicated that under normal traffic conditions, the chance of survival of the beads appears to be somewhat greater for the larger size beads. Circular Track Testing Facility of PSU indicate that with adequate curing at normal temperature, the survival of the beads under automobile traffic conditions is excellent. KW - Beads KW - Concrete curing KW - Durability KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Glass KW - Glass beads KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Markers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Plastics KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Retroreflectors KW - Road markings KW - Size KW - Snow removal KW - Snowplows KW - Traffic KW - Traffic marking KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092421 AU - Maricopa Association of Governments AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - TRIP GENERATION BY LAND USE PY - 1975/04/01 SP - 189 p. AB - The report provides an assessment of trip generation from small areas for particular land uses; allows determination of internal circulation systems, parking requirements, entrance and exit warrants, and the impact on adjacent streets of a given land parcel. The publication is basically a compilator of land use trip generation studies from across the nation. The methods, procedures, and results are analyzed and evaluated with respect to the Phoenix area. However, the information can serve as a comparison to rates now being measured in any given area, or can help in the selection of appropriate trip rates in lieu of rates developed specifically for an area. This publication is intended for use on a day-to-day basis by traffic engineers, urban planners, zoning staffs, and consultants. KW - Arizona KW - Circulation KW - Demand KW - Handbooks KW - Impacts KW - Information systems KW - Land use KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Parking KW - Parking facilities KW - Rates KW - Regional planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098981 AU - Azar, D G AU - Lacinak, H W AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - EVALUATION OF THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS PY - 1975/04/01 SP - 55 p. AB - In order to find a striping material which would last longer and have greater reflectance than the presently used traffic paint, research work was performed using new thermpolastic compound. Installations were made on four types of roadway surfaces: old concrete, new concrete, old asphalt and new asphalt. Reflectance readings and field inspections were made periodically of both the thermoplastic material and the traffic paint. The results obtained showed that the reflectance of one-year-old white thermoplastic material and generally equal to the initial reflectance of the white traffic paint. The reflectance readings of the yellow thermoplastic material and the yellow traffic paint were relatively close after six months of wear. Periodic inspections showed that the thermoplastic compound was much more abrasion resistant than the traffic paint. Laboratory analysis was performed on the thermoplastic compounds in order to develop specifications to be used in quality control. These specifications have been developed and are included in this report. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Quality control KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Specifications KW - Striping KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Whites KW - Yellow UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20093.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093012 AU - Moon, A E AU - Stanford Research Institute AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tops-On-Line Service, Incorporated AU - KAISER ENGINEERS TI - GUIDEBOOK FOR PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF URBAN RAILROAD PROBLEMS PY - 1975/04 SP - 79 p. AB - The report is the second of four volumes and prepares a methodology for performing future railroad relocation studies. The purposes of Volume 2 are to acquaint community leaders with the problems and opportunities that are presented by planning for railroad relocation, and to enable local government personnel, with assistance from railroad company and highway department sources, to prepare a preliminary estimate of the feasibility for improving a local railroad system--including rough costs, economic consequences, and other community impacts, using minimum resource outlay. Charts, tables, and worksheets aid in estimating costs and impacts of alternative approaches to improving the local railroad system. Volume 1 is an executive summary; Volume 3 is a guidebook for community policymakers and technical specialists for conducting detailed relocation planning projects; and Volume 4 presents a nationwide estimate of the nature and magnitude of urban railroad problems. KW - Abandonment KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - City planning KW - Communities KW - Economic analysis KW - Government planning KW - Governments KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Intersections KW - Land use KW - Line relocation KW - Lines of track KW - Neighborhoods KW - Operating costs KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Railroad transportation KW - Railroads KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Trackage rights KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137411 AU - Tseng, M T AU - Water Resources Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FLOOD RISK FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY STREAM CROSSINGS. VOLUME III. FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR BRIDGE BACKWATER COMPUTATION PY - 1975/04 SP - 184 p. AB - A mathematical model describing the steady, two-dimensional subcritical flow in wide, heavily vegetated flood plains of bridge waterways has been developed using the finite element method of numerical analysis. The basic fluid equations comprising the model consist of the phenomenologic motion equations and the continuity equation, which are solved simultaneously by numerical methods to yield the spatial distribution of water surface elevations and velocities within the flow region for prescribing boundary conditions. The model simulates flow characteristics of arbitrary geometry. Hydraulic computations for various highway stream crossing orientations can be performed by the model. The model also simulates flow overtopping roadway embankments and performs hydraulic computations for a series of bridges across a stream valley without requiring prior assumption of the flow distribution for each bridge opening. The model has been tested for two example problems: a field site near Laurel, Mississippi, and for hydraulic flume data. In both examples good agreement between the model and the observed data was demonstrated. KW - Backwaters KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge waterways KW - Bridges KW - Channel flow KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Computer programs KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flood plains KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Flow fields KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Open channel flow KW - Risk analysis KW - Runoff KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Structural design KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42761 ER -